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[ { "id": "2185", "type": "document", "text": [ "Ursodeoxycholic acid has no influence on function after restorative proctocolectomy in ulcerative colitis . BACKGROUND Poor pouch function is associated with impaired bile acid absorption and increased faecal loss of bile acids . Bile acid replacement therapy might therefore be of clinical benefit , provided that diarrhoea is not aggravated by therapy . AIM To investigate the role of exogenous bile acid therapy in patients with poor pouch function after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis . PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty ulcerative colitis patients with poor pouch function ( score > 4 on a 12-point score ) were recruited for inclusion to a prospective , randomized , double-blind crossover , placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid ( 10 mg/kg per day in two divided doses for 1 month ) . RESULTS A total of 16 patients completed the study . There was no significant difference in the functional score or bowel frequency following treatment irrespective of whether the active treatment was given before or after placebo . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ursodeoxycholic acid given over 4 weeks had no influence on functional score or bowel frequency after restorative proctocolectomy for U.C ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1218 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2186", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2187", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Bile acid replacement therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2188", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "exogenous bile acid therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 387, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2189", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 730 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2190", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 760 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2191", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 760 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2192", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proctocolectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2193", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional score or bowel frequency" ], "offsets": [ [ 913, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2194", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional score or bowel frequency" ], "offsets": [ [ 913, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2195", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "U.C ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1213, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2196", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ulcerative colitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2197", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with poor pouch function" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2198", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty" ], "offsets": [ [ 532, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2199", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ulcerative colitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2200", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "poor pouch function" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2201", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "16" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 838 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2203", "type": "document", "text": [ "Standard-dose lansoprazole is more effective than high-dose ranitidine in achieving endoscopic healing and symptom relief in patients with moderately severe reflux oesophagitis . The Dutch Lansoprazole Study Group . BACKGROUND In the treatment of reflux oesophagitis , H2-receptor antagonists are still widely used in spite of the apparent higher efficacy of proton pump inhibitors . In an attempt to compensate for the lower efficacy , H2-receptor antagonists are now increasingly being used at a higher dose . OBJECTIVE To assess whether or not standard-dose lansoprazole ( 30 mg o.d . ) is more effective than high-dose ranitidine ( 300 mg b.d . ) in moderately severe reflux oesophagitis ( grades II-III ) . METHODS Lansoprazole or ranitidine was given to 133 patients for 4-8 weeks in a double-blind , randomized , parallel group , multicentre trial . RESULTS The percentage of patients with endoscopically-verified healing was significantly higher on lansoprazole than on ranitidine both after 4 weeks ( 79 % vs. 42 % ) and 8 weeks ( 91 % vs. 66 % ) , though smoking had a negative impact on oesophagitis healing with lansoprazole . Heartburn , retrosternal pain and belching improved significantly better with lansoprazole than with ranitidine , as did the patient-rated overall symptom severity . Relief of heartburn appeared somewhat faster with ranitidine , but was more pronounced with lansoprazole . The number of patients with adverse events was similar in both treatment groups . CONCLUSION Standard-dose lansoprazole is better than high-dose ranitidine in moderately severe reflux oesophagitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1610 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2204", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Standard-dose lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2205", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2206", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2207", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "standard-dose lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2208", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2209", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2210", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2211", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2212", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2213", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2214", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2215", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2216", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2217", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2218", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Standard-dose lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2219", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2220", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of patients with endoscopically-verified healing" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 928 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2221", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Heartburn , retrosternal pain and belching" ], "offsets": [ [ 1139, 1181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2222", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Relief of heartburn" ], "offsets": [ [ 1305, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2223", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "number of patients with adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1416, 1454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2224", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "reflux oesophagitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2225", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "133" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 763 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2227", "type": "document", "text": [ "Enalapril ( 10 mg/day ) in systemic sclerosis . One year , double blind , randomised study ( ESS-1 ) : echocardiographic substudy -- three months follow-up . The ESS-1 study was designed to evaluate the long-term effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ( ACEI ) enalapril ( 10 mg per day ) on the cardio-pulmonary system in patients with scleroderma ( SSc ) . We estimated changes in heart diameters , systolic and diastolic left ventricle function and mean values of pulmonary artery pressure after 3 months treatment . The study group comprise 41 patients with SSc . 18 patients received placebo and 23 ones were given enalapril . After 3 months of treatment we did not observe statistically significant differences in heart diameters and left ventricle systolic function parameters between treated group and placebo . Enalapril therapy did not affect left ventricle diastolic function , nevertheless differences in MVA were almost of statistical significance . Echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension were found in 4 patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1055 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2228", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2229", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2230", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 605, 612 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2231", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2232", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2233", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart diameters , systolic and diastolic left ventricle function and mean values of pulmonary artery pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 508 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2234", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart diameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2235", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "left ventricle systolic function parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 756, 799 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2236", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "left ventricle diastolic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 902 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2237", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MVA" ], "offsets": [ [ 933, 936 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2238", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1028 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2239", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "scleroderma ( SSc )" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2240", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "41" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 563 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2242", "type": "document", "text": [ "Ciprofloxacin , lomefloxacin , or levofloxacin as treatment for chronic osteomyelitis . The efficacy and safety of three oral fluoroquinolones ( lomefloxacin , levofloxacin , and ciprofloxacin ) for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis were analyzed . Twenty-seven patients had documented infections with quinolone-sensitive organisms and received either lomefloxacin , levofloxacin , or ciprofloxacin . Levofloxacin was effective therapy for 9 of 15 ( 60 % ) patients . Lomefloxacin was effective therapy for five of seven ( 71 % ) patients , and ciprofloxacin was effective therapy for two of five patients ( 40 % ) . Average follow-up was 11.8 months for patients who completed the course of therapy , and the average duration of therapy was 60.6 days . Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 18 patients , and 11 patients were cured . Oral fluoroquinolones can be safe , effective therapy if they are given for a prolonged course as treatment for infections caused by susceptible gram-positive as well as gram-negative organisms and in combination with adequate surgical debridement ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1093 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2243", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ciprofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2244", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lomefloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2245", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "levofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2246", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral fluoroquinolones" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2247", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lomefloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2248", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "levofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2249", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ciprofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2250", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lomefloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2251", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "levofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2252", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ciprofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2253", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chronic osteomyelitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2254", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2255", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration of therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 723, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2256", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Gram-positive bacteria" ], "offsets": [ [ 759, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2257", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cured" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2258", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe , effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 873, 889 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2259", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic osteomyelitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2260", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2261", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "infections with quinolone-sensitive organisms" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 336 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2263", "type": "document", "text": [ "Partial depletion of tissue factor pathway inhibitor during subcutaneous administration of unfractionated heparin , but not with two low molecular weight heparins . Tissue factor pathway inhibitor ( TFPI ) is released to circulating blood after intravenous ( i.v . ) and subcutaneous ( s.c. ) injections of heparins , and may thus contribute to the antithrombotic effect of heparins . We have recently shown that total TFPI activity , plasma free TFPI antigen , and heparin releasable TFPI were partially depleted during repeated and continuous i.v . infusion of unfractionated heparin ( UFH ) , but not during s.c. treatment with a low molecular weight heparin ( LMWH ) . The difference may be attributed to a different mode of action or the different mode of administration . In the present randomized cross-over study , s.c. administration of therapeutic doses of UFH was compared with s.c. administration of two LMWHs . 12 healthy male volunteers were treated for 3 d with UFH , 250 U/kg twice daily , dalteparin , 200 U/kg once daily , and enoxaparin , 1.5 mg/kg once daily . Six participants were also treated with UFH , 300 U/kg once daily . On day 5 a single dose of either drug was given . Peak levels of total TFPI activity and free TFPI antigen were detected 1 h after injection , whereas maximal prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time ( APTT ) and peak levels of anti-factor Xa activity and anti-factor IIa activity were detected after 4 h. On UFH administered twice daily , free TFPI antigen decreased by 44 % from baseline level before the first injection on day 1 to pre-injection level on day 5 . On UFH administered once daily , basal free TFPI antigen decreased by 50 % , 56 % and 27 % on day 2 , 3 and 5 respectively , compared with day 1 . Minimal depletion of TFPI was detected during treatment with LMWHs . The study demonstrates the different modes of action of LMWHs and UFH and may help to explain the superior antithrombotic efficacy of LMWHs ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1985 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2264", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2265", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "unfractionated heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2266", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2267", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "administration of two LMWHs" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2268", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2269", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dalteparin , 200 U/kg once daily" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2270", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enoxaparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2271", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2272", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2273", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2274", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LMWHs" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2275", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "UFH" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2276", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "depletion of tissue factor pathway inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 8, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2277", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TFPI activity , plasma free TFPI antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 419, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2278", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heparin releasable TFPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2279", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peak levels of total TFPI activity and free TFPI antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2280", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximal prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time ( APTT ) and peak levels of anti-factor Xa activity and anti-factor IIa activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1442 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2281", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "free TFPI antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2282", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "basal free TFPI antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1661, 1684 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2283", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Minimal depletion of TFPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 1775, 1800 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2284", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "12 healthy male volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 924, 950 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2286", "type": "document", "text": [ "Quantitative monitoring of serum hepatitis B virus DNA and blood lymphocyte subsets during combined prednisolone and interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B . Several investigators have reported a significantly reduced CD4/CD8 ratio , as defined by monoclonal antibodies , in the peripheral blood of Caucasian patients with chronic active hepatitis B ( CAHB ) . In Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B , quantitative analyses of subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes have not been able to confirm these findings . In this work , we analysed the frequency of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in 10 Chinese patients with histologically proven CAHB and seven healthy Chinese individuals . Four of the 10 CAHB patients received combined prednisolone/interferon-alpha2b ( IFN-alpha2b ) therapy . Peripheral blood samples were consecutively collected for analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations using an indirect immunofluorescence ( IF ) method , and hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) DNA was quantified by a chemiluminescent , molecular-hybridization assay . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven Chinese control individuals comprised 63 +/- 3 % CD3+ cells , of which 41 +/- 4 % were of CD4+ and 23 +/- 2 % of CD8+ subsets . The mean CD4/CD8 ratio in the healthy controls was 1.9 ( 95 % confidence interval = 1.1-2.7 ) . The CD4/CD8 ratios were significantly reduced ( P < 0.01 ) in the 10 patients with chronic hepatitis B , compared with those of the controls , owing to a significant increase in the number of CD8+ cells ( P < 0.005 ) . During the treatment with prednisolone , a significant increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio was observed in all treated patients . This increase was mainly caused by a decrease in the number of CD8+ cells and was accompanied by an increase in serum HBV DNA levels , which peaked during the latter part of the prednisolone cycle . During the treatment with IFN-alpha2b , a second increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio was observed , which was caused by an increase in CD4+ cells . A marked decrease in viral load was observed , during treatment with IFN-alpha2b , in patients with HBV DNA levels below 10 000 pg ml-1 . Our data indicate that the CD4/CD8 ratios in Chinese CAHB patients do not differ from those of Caucasian patients with CAHB , when analysed using similar methods for the enumeration of lymphocyte subsets . Profound effects on cellular distribution and viral replication were noted during the combined prednisolone/IFN-alpha2b therapy . Additional studies of the modulatory effect of the combined therapy on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profiles in relation to the therapeutic outcome of HBV infection are warranted ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2713 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2287", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combined prednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2288", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon-alpha therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2289", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combined prednisolone/interferon-alpha2b ( IFN-alpha2b ) therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 825 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2290", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2291", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN-alpha2b" ], "offsets": [ [ 804, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2292", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum hepatitis B virus DNA" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2293", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood lymphocyte subsets" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2294", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4/CD8 ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2295", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peripheral blood samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2296", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1082, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2297", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean CD4/CD8 ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1260, 1278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2298", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4/CD8 ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1356, 1370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2299", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of CD8+ cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1534, 1554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2300", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4/CD8 ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2301", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of CD8+ cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1534, 1554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2302", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increase in serum HBV DNA levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1795, 1827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2303", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "viral load" ], "offsets": [ [ 2057, 2067 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2305", "type": "document", "text": [ "Early immunisation with hepatitis B vaccine : a five-year study . We evaluated the response to the recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine using an accelerated schedule versus the traditional schedule by studying the immunologic memory induced in 200 children with HBs-Ag negative mothers . At seroconversion , the traditional schedule presented a higher percentage of children with serum HBs-Ag concentrations over 100 mIU/ml than the accelerated schedule . After five years this difference was no longer statistically significant and children who presented anti-HBsAg concentrations below 10 mUI/ml received an additional booster dose which stimulated the antibody concentration to exceed 100 mIU/ml in all cases . Recombinant HBV vaccine induced better long term immunologic memory when it was administered earlier ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 811 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2306", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hepatitis B vaccine :" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2307", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2308", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Recombinant HBV vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 732 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2309", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "anti-HBsAg concentrations below 10 mUI/ml" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2310", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antibody concentration to exceed 100 mIU/ml" ], "offsets": [ [ 650, 693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2311", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immunologic memory" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 227 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2312", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "200" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2313", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2314", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HBs-Ag" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2316", "type": "document", "text": [ "Gastric carcinoma : expression of c-erbB-2/neu oncoprotein , epidermal growth factor receptor , cathepsin D , progesterone receptor and tumor associated glycoprotein-72 in different histological types . OBJECTIVE Gastric carcinoma can be divided into two main histological and clinical types : diffuse and intestinal . The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of neu/c-erbB-2 oncoprotein , epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , cathepsin D ( catD ) , progesterone receptor ( PR ) and tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 ( TAG-72 ) in gastric carcinoma of these histological types . METHOD In this randomized , prospective study we analyzed 85 biopsy samples from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma . The control group consisted of 40 specimens from normal gastric mucosa . Neu oncoprotein and PR were determined by ELISA . CatD and TAG-72 were quantified with immunoradiometric ( IRMA ) methods , and EGFR were studied by radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) . RESULTS Neu , EGFR , catD and TAG-72 concentrations were higher in the tumoral group ( p = 0.02 , p = 0.00001 , p = 0.002 and p = 0.007 , respectively ) . In diffuse adenocarcinomas , catD and PR expression was increased ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.04 respectively ) , whereas TAG-72 concentration , which correlated with neu ( r = 0.57 ) , was higher in the intestinal type ( p = 0.04 ) . No significant differences in EGFR and neu concentrations were seen between the two histological types . CONCLUSIONS The higher PR and catD concentrations in diffuse adenocarcinomas , and the overexpression of TAG-72 in the intestinal type , support the existence of two modes of gastric carcinogenesis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1656 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2317", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "neu/c-erbB-2 oncoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2318", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ELISA" ], "offsets": [ [ 835, 840 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2319", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "expression of c-erbB-2/neu oncoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2320", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "epidermal growth factor receptor" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cathepsin D , progesterone receptor" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2322", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tumor associated glycoprotein-72" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2323", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "expression of neu/c-erbB-2 oncoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 364, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2324", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 405, 446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2325", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cathepsin D ( catD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 469 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2326", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "progesterone receptor ( PR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 472, 500 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2327", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 ( TAG-72 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 548 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2328", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Neu oncoprotein" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 808 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2329", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PR" ], "offsets": [ [ 496, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2330", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "ELISA" ], "offsets": [ [ 835, 840 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2331", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CatD" ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 847 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2332", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TAG-72" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2333", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "immunoradiometric ( IRMA ) methods" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 914 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2334", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EGFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2335", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "radioimmunoassay ( RIA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 966 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2336", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Neu" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 796 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2337", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EGFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2338", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "catD" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2339", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TAG-72" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2340", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "catD" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2341", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PR expression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1162, 1175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2342", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TAG-72 concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2343", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neu" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2344", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EGFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2345", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neu" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2346", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PR" ], "offsets": [ [ 496, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2347", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "catD concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1487, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2348", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TAG-72" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2349", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Gastric carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2350", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Gastric carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2351", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "gastric adenocarcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2353", "type": "document", "text": [ "Prediction of metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to maximum cycle ergometry : a randomised study . All of the most widely-cited studies for the prediction of maximum exercise responses have utilized either volunteers or referred subjects . Therefore , selection bias , with overestimation of the reference values , is a likely consequence . In order to establish a set of predictive equations for the gas exchange , ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to maximum ramp-incremental cycle ergometry , this study prospectively evaluated 120 sedentary individuals ( 60 males , 60 females , aged 20-80 ) , randomly-selected from > 8,000 subjects . Regular physical activity pattern by questionnaire , body composition by anthropometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( n = 75 ) and knee strength by isokinetic dynamometry were also assessed . Previously reported equations typically overestimated the subjects ' peak oxygen uptake ( p < 0.05 ) . Prediction linear equations for the main variables of clinical interest were established by backward stepwise regression analysis including : sex , age , knee extensor peak torque , bone-free lean leg mass , total and lean body mass , height , and physical activity scores . Reference intervals ( 95 % confidence limits ) were calculated : some of these values differed markedly from those formerly recommended . The results therefore might provide a more appropriate frame of reference for interpretation of the responses to symptom-limited ramp incremental cycle ergometry in sedentary subjects ; i.e . those usually referred for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise tests ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1628 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2354", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "maximum cycle ergometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2355", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "maximum ramp-incremental cycle ergometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2356", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "dual energy X-ray absorptiometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2357", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ramp incremental cycle ergometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 1497, 1529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2358", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximum exercise responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2359", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "gas exchange , ventilatory and cardiovascular responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 461 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2360", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physical activity pattern by questionnaire , body composition by anthropometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( n = 75 ) and knee strength by isokinetic dynamometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2361", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak oxygen uptake" ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2362", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Reference intervals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1230, 1249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2363", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "responses to symptom-limited ramp incremental cycle ergometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 1468, 1529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2364", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "either volunteers or referred subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2365", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "120" ], "offsets": [ [ 543, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2366", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "sedentary individuals" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 568 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2367", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "60" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2368", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "males" ], "offsets": [ [ 574, 579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2369", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "60" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2370", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "females" ], "offsets": [ [ 585, 592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2371", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged 20-80" ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2372", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "randomly-selected from > 8,000 subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 610, 649 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2374", "type": "document", "text": [ "Focal therapeutic efficacy of transcatheter arterial infusion of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin for hepatocellular carcinoma . We evaluated the focal therapeutic effect of oily carcinostatic agents administered by transcatheter arterial infusion ( TAI ) as the initial therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a randomized controlled clinical trial . Group A ( 19 patients ) received 4 mg of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin in 4 ml of Lipiodol , and group B ( 18 patients ) received 100 mg of epirubicin in 4 ml of Lipiodol via the tumor feeding arteries as peripherally as possible . The grade of Lipiodol accumulation and the tumor regression rate were determined 2 weeks after TAI by computerized tomography . Adverse effects within 2 weeks after TAI were evaluated by subjective signs and symptoms such as fever ( maximum body temperature ) and the frequency of shaking chills and abdominal pain , and by biochemical parameters such as albumin , prothrombin time , and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases . Lipiodol accumulation in the tumor was significantly greater in group A ( 12/19 ; 63.2 % showing grade IV Lipiodol accumulation ) than in group B ( 3/18 ; 16.7 % showing grade IV ) ( P < 0.05 ) . The tumor regression rate was also significantly greater in group A ( 8/17 ; 47.1 % showing more than 25 % tumor regression ) than in group B ( 1/13 ; 7.7 % showing more than 25 % tumor regression ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Although clinically significant elevations of aminotransferases and reductions of cholinesterase , and shaking chills were observed more often in group A than in group B ( P < 0.0001 ) , these factors had little influence on the clinical outcome . Our results suggest that styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin in Lipiodol exerts a more favorable focal therapeutic effect than does epirubicin in Lipiodol in the initial treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1906 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2375", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "styrene maleic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2376", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oily carcinostatic agents" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2377", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "4 mg of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin in 4 ml of Lipiodol" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2378", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "100 mg of epirubicin in 4 ml of Lipiodol" ], "offsets": [ [ 506, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2379", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2380", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epirubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 516, 526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2381", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lipiodol" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2382", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Focal therapeutic efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2383", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "focal therapeutic effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2384", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "fever ( maximum body temperature )" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2385", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "frequency of shaking chills" ], "offsets": [ [ 876, 903 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2386", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "abdominal pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 908, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2387", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Lipiodol accumulation in the tumor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1038, 1072 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2388", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tumor regression rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 651, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2389", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "elevations of aminotransferases" ], "offsets": [ [ 1480, 1511 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2390", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reductions of cholinesterase" ], "offsets": [ [ 1516, 1544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2391", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "shaking chills" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 903 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2392", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "more favorable focal therapeutic effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 1779, 1818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2393", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with hepatocellular carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 286, 324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2394", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Group A ( 19 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 369, 390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2395", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2396", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "group B ( 18 patients )" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 496 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2398", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomised controlled trial of patient triggered and conventional fast rate ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome . AIM To compare patient triggered , with conventional fast rate , ventilation in a randomised controlled trial using the incidence of chronic lung disease as the primary outcome measure . METHODS Three hundred and eighty six preterm infants with birthweights from 1000 to 2000 g , and requiring ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome within 24 hours of birth , were randomised to receive either conventional or trigger ventilation with the SLE 2000 ventilator . RESULTS There were no significant differences in the incidence of chronic lung disease ( 28 day and 36 week definitions ) , death , pneumothorax , intraventricular haemorrhage , number of ventilator days , or length of oxygen dependency between groups . CONCLUSIONS Patient triggered ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome is feasible . No significant differences , when compared with conventional fast rate ventilation in important medium and longer term outcome measures , were evident ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1116 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2399", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional fast rate ventilation" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2400", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "trigger ventilation" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 568 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2401", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of chronic lung disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2402", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of chronic lung disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2403", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 729 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2404", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pneumothorax , intraventricular haemorrhage" ], "offsets": [ [ 732, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2405", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of ventilator days , or length of oxygen dependency" ], "offsets": [ [ 778, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2406", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "neonatal respiratory distress syndrome ." ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2408", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomised controlled study of clinical outcome following trophic feeding . AIMS To determine the effect of trophic feeding on clinical outcome in ill preterm infants . METHODS A randomised , controlled , prospective study of 100 preterm infants , weighing less than 1750 g at birth and requiring ventilatory support and parenteral nutrition , was performed . Group TF ( 48 infants ) received trophic feeding from day 3 ( 0.5-1 ml/h ) along with parenteral nutrition until ventilatory support finished . Group C ( 52 infants ) received parenteral nutrition alone . \" Nutritive \" milk feeding was then introduced to both groups . Clinical outcomes measured included total energy intake and growth over the first six postnatal weeks , sepsis incidence , liver function , milk tolerance , duration of respiratory support , duration of hospital stay and complication incidence . RESULTS Groups were well matched for birthweight , gestation and CRIB scores . Infants in group TF had significantly greater energy intake , mean difference 41.4 ( 95 % confidence interval 9 , 73.7 ) kcal/kg p=0.02 ; weight gain , 130 ( CI 1 , 250 ) g p = 0.02 ; head circumference gain , mean difference 0.7 ( CI 0.1 , 1.3 ) cm , p = 0.04 ; fewer episodes of culture confirmed sepsis , mean difference -0.7 ( -1.3 , -0.2 ) episodes , p = 0.04 ; less parenteral nutrition , mean difference -11.5 ( CI -20 , -3 ) days , p = 0 . 03 ; tolerated full milk feeds ( 165 ml/kg/day ) earlier , mean difference -11.2 ( CI -19 , -3 ) days , p = 0.03 ; reduced requirement for supplemental oxygen , mean difference -22.4 ( CI-41.5 , -3.3 ) days , p = 0.02 ; and were discharged home earlier , mean difference -22.1 ( CI -42.1 , -2.2 ) days , p = 0.04 . There was no significant difference in the relative risk of any complication . CONCLUSIONS Trophic feeding improves clinical outcome in ill preterm infants requiring parenteral nutrition ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1905 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2409", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "trophic feeding ." ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2410", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "trophic feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2411", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "trophic feeding from day 3 ( 0.5-1 ml/h ) along with parenteral nutrition" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2412", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ventilatory support" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 316 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2413", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "parenteral nutrition alone . \" Nutritive \" milk feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 536, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2414", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Trophic feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1808, 1823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2415", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "parenteral nutrition ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1883, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2416", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "energy intake and growth over the first six postnatal weeks" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 730 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2417", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sepsis incidence" ], "offsets": [ [ 733, 749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2418", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "liver function" ], "offsets": [ [ 752, 766 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2419", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "milk tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 769, 783 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2420", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration of respiratory support" ], "offsets": [ [ 786, 817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2421", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration of hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 820, 845 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2422", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complication incidence" ], "offsets": [ [ 850, 872 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2423", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "energy intake" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 684 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2424", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight gain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2425", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "head circumference gain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2426", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "episodes of culture confirmed sepsis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1223, 1259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2427", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "parenteral nutrition" ], "offsets": [ [ 321, 341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2428", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tolerated full milk feeds" ], "offsets": [ [ 1407, 1432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2429", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "requirement for supplemental oxygen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1525, 1560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2430", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "discharged" ], "offsets": [ [ 1631, 1641 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2431", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "risk of any complication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1769, 1793 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2432", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ill preterm" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 158 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2433", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "infants" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2434", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "100" ], "offsets": [ [ 226, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2436", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid . In a randomised , double-blind , placebo-controlled study we showed that treatment of hypertensive patients with ascorbic acid lowers blood pressure . Further studies of ascorbic acid to treat hypertension , with clinical endpoints , are warranted ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 296 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2437", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ascorbic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2438", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2439", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ascorbic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2440", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ascorbic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2441", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2442", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2443", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical endpoints" ], "offsets": [ [ 260, 278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2444", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2445", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 133, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2447", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of chemotherapy with chemohormonal therapy as first-line therapy for metastatic , hormone-sensitive breast cancer : An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study . PURPOSE Although hormonal therapy represents standard therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive disease , many patients receive initial chemotherapy because of the location , bulk , or aggressiveness of their disease . It is uncertain whether simultaneous hormonal therapy provides additional benefit compared with chemotherapy alone . Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E3186 was initiated to explore this question . PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1988 and December 1992 , 231 patients with estrogen receptor ( ER ) -positive or ER-unknown metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive either chemotherapy ( cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , and fluorouracil ¿CAF ) or chemohormonal therapy ( CAF plus tamoxifen and Halotestin ¿fluoxymesterone ; Pharmacia-Upjohn , Kalamazoo , MI ¿CAFTH ) as front-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer . Patients who experienced a complete response to induction therapy either received or did not receive maintenance cyclophosphamide , methotrexate , fluorouracil , prednisone , and TH as a secondary randomization . RESULTS The response rates ( complete response and partial response ) of patients who received CAF and CAFTH were similar ( 69.2 % v 68.9 % , respectively ; P =.99 ) . Time to treatment failure ( TTF ) was slightly longer for patients who received chemohormonal therapy compared with chemotherapy alone patients ( 13.4 months v 10.3 months , respectively ; P =.087 ) , and TTF was significantly longer in ER-positive compared with ER-negative patients ( 17.4 months v 10.3 months , respectively ; P =.048 ) . However , ER status had no effect on overall survival ( 30.0 months for CAF v 29.3 months for CAFTH ) . CONCLUSION In patients with potentially hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer , chemohormonal therapy prolongs TTF for ER-positive patients without improving overall survival ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2039 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2448", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2449", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemohormonal therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2450", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2451", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "simultaneous hormonal therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2452", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1257, 1271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2453", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Time to treatment failure ( TTF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2454", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TTF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1441, 1444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2455", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "overall survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1791, 1807 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2456", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "metastatic , hormone-sensitive breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2457", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "231" ], "offsets": [ [ 658, 661 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2459", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of body weight changes and endurance training on 24h substrate oxidation . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of exercise training and dietary macronutrient composition on 24 h substrate oxidation in male , obese subjects . DESIGN A 16 month exercise intervention study was executed , including a weight loss period with a very low energy diet ( VLED ) for 2 months at the start of the study . SUBJECTS Twelve male , obese subjects ( age 36.3+/-5.1 y ; body weight 94.6+/-13.9 kg ; body mass index , BMI 30.8+/-3.0 kg/m2 ) and in an additional study 15 lean , well-trained subjects ( age 36.2+/-7.2 y ; body weight 72.2+/-5.9 kg ; BMI 22.3+/-1.7 kg/m2 ) participated . MEASUREMENTS Substrate oxidation was measured during a standardized 36 h stay in the respiration chamber at the start of the study ( 0 months ) , and at 4 , 10 and 16 months . In the respiration chamber subjects were randomly assigned to a high-fat ( Hi.F ) diet ( 60 % of energy ( En % ) fat ) or a reduced-fat ( Red.F ) diet ( 30 En % fat ) . The well-trained group was measured once in the respiration chamber for 36 h according to the same protocol . RESULTS At any time point , independent of the diet consumed , the 24 h carbohydrate ( CHO ) balances in the chamber were mostly negative ( means ranging from +31 to -98 g/d ) and the fat balances mostly positive ( means ranging from -26 to +38 g/d ) for the obese a well as for the lean , well-trained group . For both diets an increased shortage of 70 g of CHO was found at 16 months compared with 4 months , and an increase in fat balance of 33 g during the same time period in the obese subjects , indicating that CHO oxidation had increased with 12 months endurance training . In the well-trained group the 24h CHO balance was even more negative for both types of diet ( -103 to -185 g/d for the Red.F and Hi.F diet , respectively ) under similar conditions compared with the trained obese group . CONCLUSION The changes in 24 h substrate utilization in the obese , as well as in the well-trained group , suggest that endurance training increased the reliance on carbohydrate oxidation and therefore did not increase 24 fat oxidation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2176 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2460", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "exercise training and" ], "offsets": [ [ 125, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2461", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "dietary macronutrient composition" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2462", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "exercise intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2463", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "very low energy diet ( VLED" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 362 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2464", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 364 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2465", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "high-fat ( Hi.F ) diet" ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 943 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2466", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "( 60 % of energy ( En % ) fat ) or a" ], "offsets": [ [ 944, 980 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2467", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "reduced-fat ( Red.F ) diet" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1007 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2468", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "( 30 En % fat" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2469", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24h substrate oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2470", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24 h substrate oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2471", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Substrate oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 694, 713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2472", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24 h carbohydrate ( CHO ) balances" ], "offsets": [ [ 1203, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2473", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fat balances" ], "offsets": [ [ 1320, 1332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2474", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "shortage of 70 g of CHO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1475, 1498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2475", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fat balance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1320, 1331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2476", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CHO oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1667 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2477", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24h CHO balance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1748, 1763 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2478", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24 h substrate utilization" ], "offsets": [ [ 1965, 1991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2479", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "carbohydrate oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 2104, 2126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2480", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24 fat oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 2158, 2174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2481", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2482", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obese" ], "offsets": [ [ 219, 224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2483", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twelve" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2484", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2485", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obese" ], "offsets": [ [ 219, 224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2486", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "36.3+/-5.1" ], "offsets": [ [ 450, 460 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2487", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "15" ], "offsets": [ [ 562, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2488", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "36.2+/-7.2" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 610 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2490", "type": "document", "text": [ "The relationship between repetitive behaviors and growth hormone response to sumatriptan challenge in adult autistic disorder . Autism is heterogeneous with respect to clinical symptoms and etiology . To sort out this heterogeneity in autism , we investigated whether specific neurobiological markers vary in parallel to core symptomatology . Specifically , we assessed growth hormone response to the 5-HT 1d agonist , sumatriptan , and linked this measure of serotonergic function to the severity of repetitive behaviors in adult autistic patients . Eleven adult patients with autism or Asperger 's disorder were randomized to single dose sumatriptan ( 6 mg SQ ) and placebo challenges , separated by a one-week interval . In adult autistic disorders , severity of repetitive behaviors at baseline , as measured by YBOCS-compulsion score , significantly positively correlated with both peak delta growth hormone response and area under the curve growth hormone response to sumatriptan . Thus , the severity of a specific behavioral dimension in autism ( repetitive behaviors ) parallels the sensitivity of the 5-HT 1d receptor , as manifest by sumatriptan elicited GH response ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1179 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2491", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2492", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-HT 1d agonist , sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2493", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2494", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 668, 675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2495", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2496", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-HT 1d receptor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2497", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2498", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "repetitive behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2499", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2500", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "specific neurobiological markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 268, 300 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2501", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "core symptomatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 321, 340 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2502", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2503", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "linked this measure of serotonergic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2504", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "severity of repetitive behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2505", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "severity of repetitive behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2506", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "at baseline" ], "offsets": [ [ 787, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2507", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "measured by" ], "offsets": [ [ 804, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2508", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "YBOCS-compulsion score" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 838 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2509", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "significantly positively correlated" ], "offsets": [ [ 841, 876 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2510", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak delta growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 887, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2511", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "area under the curve growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 926, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2512", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "severity of a specific behavioral dimension" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1042 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2513", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "( repetitive behaviors )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1053, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2514", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parallels the sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1078, 1103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2515", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sumatriptan elicited GH response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1145, 1177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2516", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2517", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2518", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2519", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2520", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eleven" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2521", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2522", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 235, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2523", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Asperger 's disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 608 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2525", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of the knee . A randomized , controlled trial . BACKGROUND Few investigations include both subjective and objective measurements of the effectiveness of treatments for osteoarthritis of the knee . Beneficial interventions may decrease the disability associated with osteoarthritis and the need for more invasive treatments . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee , applied by experienced physical therapists with formal training in manual therapy . DESIGN Randomized , controlled clinical trial . SETTING Outpatient physical therapy department of a large military medical center . PATIENTS 83 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who were randomly assigned to receive treatment ( n = 42 ; 15 men and 27 women [ mean age , 60 +/- 11 years ] ) or placebo ( n = 41 ; 19 men and 22 women [ mean age , 62 +/- 10 years ] ) . INTERVENTION The treatment group received manual therapy , applied to the knee as well as to the lumbar spine , hip , and ankle as required , and performed a standardized knee exercise program in the clinic and at home . The placebo group had subtherapeutic ultrasound to the knee at an intensity of 0.1 W/cm2 with a 10 % pulsed mode . Both groups were treated at the clinic twice weekly for 4 weeks . MEASUREMENTS Distance walked in 6 minutes and sum of the function , pain , and stiffness subscores of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC ) . A tester who was blinded to group assignment made group comparisons at the initial visit ( before initiation of treatment ) , 4 weeks , 8 weeks , and 1 year . RESULTS Clinically and statistically significant improvements in 6-minute walk distance and WOMAC score at 4 weeks and 8 weeks were seen in the treatment group but not the placebo group . By 8 weeks , average 6-minute walk distances had improved by 13.1 % and WOMAC scores had improved by 55.8 % over baseline values in the treatment group ( P < 0.05 ) . After controlling for potential confounding variables , the average distance walked in 6 minutes at 8 weeks among patients in the treatment group was 170 m ( 95 % CI , 71 to 270 m ) more than that in the placebo group and the average WOMAC scores were 599 mm higher ( 95 % CI , 197 to 1002 mm ) . At 1 year , patients in the treatment group had clinically and statistically significant gains over baseline WOMAC scores and walking distance ; 20 % of patients in the placebo group and 5 % of patients in the treatment group had undergone knee arthroplasty . CONCLUSIONS A combination of manual physical therapy and supervised exercise yields functional benefits for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and may delay or prevent the need for surgical intervention ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2812 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2526", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "manual physical therapy and exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2527", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "physical therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2528", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2529", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2530", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "manual therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 557, 571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2531", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "standardized knee exercise program" ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2532", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2533", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "subtherapeutic ultrasound" ], "offsets": [ [ 1191, 1216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2534", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2535", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2536", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2537", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2538", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2539", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2540", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2541", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2542", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "knee arthroplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 2582, 2599 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2543", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "manual physical therapy and supervised exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 2631, 2678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2544", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2545", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Distance walked in 6 minutes and sum of the function" ], "offsets": [ [ 1363, 1415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2546", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1418, 1422 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2547", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stiffness subscores of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1429, 1528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2548", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "6-minute walk distance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1755, 1777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2549", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "WOMAC score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1782, 1793 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2550", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "6-minute walk distances" ], "offsets": [ [ 1899, 1922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2551", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "WOMAC scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1950, 1962 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2552", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "distance walked in 6 minutes" ], "offsets": [ [ 2113, 2141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2553", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "WOMAC scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1950, 1962 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2554", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "baseline WOMAC scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 2442, 2463 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2555", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "walking distance" ], "offsets": [ [ 2468, 2484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2556", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "knee arthroplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 2582, 2599 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2557", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "functional benefits" ], "offsets": [ [ 2686, 2705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2558", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "surgical intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 2789, 2810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2559", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "osteoarthritis of the knee" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2560", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "osteoarthritis of the knee" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2561", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "83" ], "offsets": [ [ 715, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2562", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "osteoarthritis of the knee" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2563", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "42" ], "offsets": [ [ 813, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2564", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "15" ], "offsets": [ [ 818, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2565", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2566", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "27" ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 831 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2567", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2568", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "60 +/- 11" ], "offsets": [ [ 851, 860 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2569", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "41" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2570", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "19" ], "offsets": [ [ 893, 895 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2571", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "22" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 906 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2572", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "62 +/- 10" ], "offsets": [ [ 926, 935 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2573", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "osteoarthritis of the knee" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2575", "type": "document", "text": [ "Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after stentless versus conventional aortic valve replacement . The goal of this study was to analyze regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after randomization to conventional biological versus stentless aortic valve replacement . Stentless ( Freestyle , Toronto , n = 106 ) or conventional biological aortic valves ( Carpentier-Edwards , n = 74 ) were evaluated prospectively . Preoperatively there were no differences with regard to aortic valve pathology , left ventricular function , and pressure gradients between the two patient groups . The patient annulus index ( 13.55 vs. 13.46 mm ; NS ) measured intraoperatively was used as baseline for further comparison . Postoperatively , left ventricular mass index was 213+/-77 g/m2 ( stentless ) compared with 202+/-72 ( conventional group ) g/m2 ( NS ) , whereas after 6 months it was 141+/-41 g/m2 in the stentless and 170+/-43 g/m2 in the conventional group ( P < .05 ) . Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy occurs in all patients after aortic valve replacement . Nevertheless , the use of stentless bioprostheses leads to a significant enhancement , which may result in a reduction of the cardiac risk profile for the patient ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1237 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2576", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "stentless" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2577", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "conventional aortic valve replacement" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2578", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "conventional biological versus stentless aortic valve replacement ." ], "offsets": [ [ 210, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2579", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Stentless" ], "offsets": [ [ 278, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2580", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional biological aortic valves" ], "offsets": [ [ 325, 362 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2581", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "stentless bioprostheses" ], "offsets": [ [ 1099, 1122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2582", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "aortic valve pathology , left ventricular function , and pressure gradients" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2583", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "patient annulus index" ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 616 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2584", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "left ventricular mass index" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2585", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2586", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "aortic valve replacement" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2587", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "106" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2588", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "74" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 392 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2589", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "aortic valve replacement" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2591", "type": "document", "text": [ "Changes in cardiac muscle mass and function in hemodialysis patients during growth hormone treatment . BACKGROUND Adult patients with chronic renal failure ( CRF ) often show symptoms as fatigue , wasting , and reduced working capacity with concomitant findings of reduced cardiac performance and muscle mass . This state may in part be caused by an imbalance in the somatostatin/somatomedine axis resulting in increased catabolism . During an attempt to correct this catabolic state by administration of exogenous growth hormone , cardiac muscle mass and performance were studied . METHODS In a double-blind , placebo-controlled 6-month study comprising 20 adult enfeebled hemodialysis patients , 9 patients were treated with a single daily subcutaneous injection of recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) 4 IU/m2 and 11 with placebo injections . Left ventricular muscle mass ( LVM ) and ejection fraction ( EF ) were evaluated by echocardiography and the maximal working capacity ( MWC ) was measured by a bicycle exercise test performed before and after the treatment period . Supplementary electrocardiography ( ECG ) was performed before and after 6-month treatment . RESULTS Median LVM increased significantly from 172 to 220 g ( p = 0.03 ) in the rhGH-treated group , while an insignificant decrease was observed in the placebo group from 281 to 200 g ( p = 0.3 ) . The EF showed no significant changes in the two groups . MWC showed a slight , insignificant decrease in both groups . From ECG no significant ST deviations were found and no significant changes regarding B-Hb , blood pressure or pulse were observed in the two groups . Irregular heart rhythm aggravated in one patient during the first month of treatment with rhGH , but was overcome by a -blocking agent . CONCLUSION The treatment with rhGH of adult chronic hemodialysis patients for 6 months increased the left ventricular mass significantly , but without any effect on ejection fraction or maximal working capacity . No electrocardiographic signs of ischemia were associated with the increasing muscle mass and only one patient developed symptoms that might relate to ischemia . No changes in B-Hb , blood pressure or pulse were observed during the treatment period ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2246 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2592", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "growth hormone treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2593", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "exogenous growth hormone" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2594", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2595", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "hemodialysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2596", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 768, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2597", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2598", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "bicycle exercise test" ], "offsets": [ [ 1011, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2599", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiac muscle mass" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2600", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Left ventricular muscle mass ( LVM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 851, 887 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2601", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ejection fraction ( EF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 892, 916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2602", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "electrocardiography ( ECG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1097, 1124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2603", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Median LVM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1184, 1194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2604", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EF" ], "offsets": [ [ 912, 914 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2605", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MWC" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 990 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2606", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "ST deviations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1519, 1532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2607", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Irregular heart rhythm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1646, 1668 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2608", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "the left ventricular mass" ], "offsets": [ [ 1880, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2609", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "B-Hb" ], "offsets": [ [ 1581, 1585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2610", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1588, 1602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2611", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hemodialysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2612", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "growth hormone treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2613", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2614", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic renal failure ( CRF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 163 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2615", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 655, 657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2616", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 658, 663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2617", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "enfeebled hemodialysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 664, 686 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2619", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis . Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy ( VERT ) Study Group . The purpose of this randomized , double-masked , placebo-controlled study was to determine the efficacy and safety of risedronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis . The study was conducted at 80 study centers in Europe and Australia . Postmenopausal women ( n = 1226 ) with two or more prevalent vertebral fractures received risedronate 2.5 or 5 mg/day or placebo ; all subjects also received elemental calcium 1000 mg/day , and up to 500 IU/day vitamin D if baseline levels were low . The study duration was 3 years ; however , the 2.5 mg group was discontinued by protocol amendment after 2 years . Lateral spinal radiographs were taken annually for assessment of vertebral fractures , and bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 6-month intervals . Risedronate 5 mg reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures by 49 % over 3 years compared with control ( p < 0.001 ) . A significant reduction of 61 % was seen within the first year ( p = 0.001 ) . The fracture reduction with risedronate 2.5 mg was similar to that in the 5 mg group over 2 years . The risk of nonvertebral fractures was reduced by 33 % compared with control over 3 years ( p = 0.06 ) . Risedronate significantly increased bone mineral density at the spine and hip within 6 months . The adverse-event profile of risedronate , including gastrointestinal adverse events , was similar to that of control . Risedronate 5 mg provides effective and well-tolerated therapy for severe postmenopausal osteoporosis , reducing the incidence of vertebral fractures and improving bone density in women with established disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1872 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2620", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "risedronate" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2621", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "risedronate" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2622", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2623", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "elemental calcium 1000 mg/day" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2624", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vitamin D" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 710 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2625", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2626", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety of risedronate" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2627", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2628", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2629", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2630", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2631", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fracture reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1243, 1261 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2632", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonvertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1351, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2633", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2634", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "gastrointestinal adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1593, 1624 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2635", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2636", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postmenopausal osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2637", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2638", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2639", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "established osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2640", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2641", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "n = 1226" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2642", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with two or more prevalent vertebral fractures" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 570 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2643", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "severe postmenopausal osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1727, 1761 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2644", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2645", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with established disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1846, 1870 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2647", "type": "document", "text": [ "Bronchodilatory responses to formoterol , ipratropium , and their combination in patients with stable COPD . We studied 27 patients with stable chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) in a randomised , single-blind , within-patient , placebo-controlled clinical study . Each patient was assigned on six separate days to receive one of the following drug regimens in random order : A . 40 micrograms ipratropium bromide ( Atrovent MDI , 20 micrograms/puff ) plus 2 puffs placebo ; B . 12 micrograms formoterol fumarate ( Foradil MDI , 12 micrograms/puff ) plus 3 puffs placebo ; C. 80 micrograms ipratropium ; D. 24 micrograms formoterol plus 2 puffs placebo ; E. 12 micrograms formoterol plus 40 micrograms ipratropium plus 1 puff placebo ; F. 4 puffs placebo . On each study day , spirometric indices and vital signs were measured at 5 , 10 , 15 and 60 minutes , and hourly thereafter up to and including 12 hours after study drug administration . Mean peak FEV1 change ( primary endpoint ) was maximum with the administration of the combination of ipratropium and formoterol ( 335.2 ml , SE 24.6 ) , and it differed significantly from the observed peak changes following single administration of the two tested doses of ipratropium ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively ) . Safety and tolerability were satisfactory throughout the study ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1345 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2648", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "formoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2649", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipratropium" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2650", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2651", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2652", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipratropium bromide ( Atrovent MDI , 20 micrograms/puff )" ], "offsets": [ [ 405, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2653", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "2 puffs placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2654", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "formoterol fumarate ( Foradil MDI , 12 micrograms/puff )" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2655", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "3 puffs placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 581 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2656", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "80 micrograms ipratropium" ], "offsets": [ [ 587, 612 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2657", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "24 micrograms formoterol plus 2 puffs placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 618, 663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2658", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "12 micrograms formoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 490, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2659", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "40 micrograms ipratropium" ], "offsets": [ [ 391, 416 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2660", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "1 puff placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 730, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2661", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "4 puffs placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 765 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2662", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipratropium" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2663", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "formoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2664", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipratropium" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2665", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bronchodilatory responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2666", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "spirometric indices and vital signs" ], "offsets": [ [ 788, 823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2667", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean peak FEV1 change" ], "offsets": [ [ 955, 976 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2668", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety and tolerability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2669", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with stable COPD ." ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2671", "type": "document", "text": [ "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as immunomodulating factor together with influenza vaccination in stem cell transplant patients . The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( GM-CSF ) on the serological response at influenza vaccination was studied in 117 patients who had undergone stem cell transplantation ( SCT ) . The vaccine response was evaluated as significant increases in levels of influenza hemagglutination-inhibition ( HAI ) antibodies and of IgG antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . There was no difference in antibody response to either influenza A or B in 64 patients who received GM-CSF at vaccination , compared with the 53 who did not . In the subgroup of allogeneic SCT patients , HAI showed that the response rate to the influenza B vaccine was significantly higher in the treatment group ( P < .05 ) . ELISA showed that autologous SCT patients with breast cancer who received GM-CSF had a better response to influenza A ( P < .05 ) and B ( P < .01 ) . At early vaccination , 4-12 months after stem cell transplantation , these responses were more pronounced . GM-CSF appears to improve the response to influenza vaccination in some groups of SCT patients , but only to a limited extent ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1278 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2672", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2673", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "influenza vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2674", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( GM-CSF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2675", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "influenza vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2676", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GM-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2677", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "influenza B vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 811, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2678", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GM-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2679", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serological response" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2680", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vaccine response" ], "offsets": [ [ 360, 376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2681", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "levels of influenza hemagglutination-inhibition ( HAI ) antibodies" ], "offsets": [ [ 419, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2682", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IgG antibodies" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 507 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2683", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antibody response" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 610 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2684", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ELISA" ], "offsets": [ [ 556, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2685", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "influenza A" ], "offsets": [ [ 621, 632 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2686", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "influenza vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2687", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "stem cell transplant" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2688", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "117" ], "offsets": [ [ 289, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2689", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "undergone stem cell transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2690", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "SCT" ], "offsets": [ [ 348, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2691", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "SCT patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2693", "type": "document", "text": [ "Differential effects of amino acid and ketoacid on protein metabolism in humans . We examined the effects of insulin , amino acid ( AA ) , and branched-chain ketoacid ( KA ) availability on leucine kinetics in eight healthy volunteers ( age = 22 +/- 2 y , body mass index = 24 +/- 1 kg ) by using the euglycemic insulin clamp and [ 1-14C ] leucine turnover techniques . Four experimental conditions were studied : study I , hyperinsulinemia ; study II , hyperinsulinemia with maintenance of basal plasma AA and branched-chain KA concentrations ; study III , hyperinsulinemia with hyperaminoacidemia and basal plasma branched-chain KA concentrations ; and study IV , hyperinsulinemia plus basal plasma AA concentrations and elevated branched-chain KA levels . Basal endogenous leucine flux ( ELF ) averaged 1.20 +/- 0.05 ( mumol.kg-1.min-1 , mean +/- SE ) ; basal leucine oxidation ( LOX ) was 0.25 +/- 0.01 ; and basal non-oxidative leucine disposal ( NOLD ) was 0.95 +/- 0.04 . ELF significantly decreased in study I ( 0.77 +/- 0.06 mumol.kg-1.min-1 , P < 0.01 versus basal ) . When plasma AA and branched-chain KA were either maintained at their basal levels ( study II ) or increased above baseline values ( studies III and IV ) , ELF declined further ( 0.64 +/- 0.05 , 0.66 +/- 0.02 , and 0.66 +/- 0.03 mumol.kg-1.min-1 , respectively ; all Ps < 0.01 versus basal and P < 0.01 versus study I ) . LOX declined in study I ( 0.12 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1 , P < 0.01 versus basal ) but increased significantly in studies II , III , and IV ( 0.31 +/- 0.04 , 0.37 +/- 0.03 , and 0.40 +/- 0.03 mumol.kg-1.min-1 , respectively , all Ps < 0.01 versus basal , P < 0.05 study IV versus study II , and P < 0.05 study III versus study II ) . NOLD declined in study I ( 0.65 +/- 0.05 mumol/kg.min , P < 0.01 versus basal ) , whereas neither the maintenance of basal plasma AA/branched-chain KA levels ( study II ; 0.89 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1 ) nor the elevation of plasma branched-chain KA concentration ( study IV ; 0.96 +/- 0.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1 ) increased NOLD above baseline level . A stimulation of NOLD was observed only when plasma AA levels were increased ( study III ; 1.23 +/- 0.03 mumol/kg.min , P < 0.01 versus basal ) . In conclusion , the present data do not support the concept of a direct anabolic action of ketoanalogs but do provide additional evidence for the pivotal role of AA availability in the stimulation of whole-body protein synthesis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2456 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2694", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "euglycemic insulin clamp" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2695", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "and [ 1-14C ]" ], "offsets": [ [ 326, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2696", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "leucine turnover" ], "offsets": [ [ 340, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2697", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "techniques" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 367 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2698", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "endogenous leucine flux ( ELF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 796 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2699", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "leucine oxidation ( LOX )" ], "offsets": [ [ 863, 888 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2700", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "non-oxidative leucine disposal ( NOLD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 958 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2701", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ELF" ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 794 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2702", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LOX" ], "offsets": [ [ 883, 886 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2703", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NOLD" ], "offsets": [ [ 952, 956 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2704", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NOLD" ], "offsets": [ [ 952, 956 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2705", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NOLD" ], "offsets": [ [ 952, 956 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2706", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2707", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "age = 22 +/- 2 y" ], "offsets": [ [ 237, 253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2708", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "body mass index = 24 +/- 1 kg" ], "offsets": [ [ 256, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2710", "type": "document", "text": [ "Assessment of therapeutic response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in an area of low malaria transmission in Colombia . Although chloroquine ( CQ ) resistance was first reported in Colombia in 1961 and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( SP ) resistance in 1981 , the frequency of treatment failures to these drugs in Colombia is unclear . A modified World Health Organization 14-day in vivo drug efficacy test for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas with intense malaria transmission was adapted to reflect the clinical and epidemiologic features of a low-intensity malaria transmission area in the Pacific Coast Region of Colombia . Patients > or =1 year of age with a parasite density > or =1,000 asexual parasites per microliter were enrolled in this study . Forty-four percent ( 24 of 54 ) of the CQ-treated patients were therapeutic failures , including 7 early treatment failures ( ETFs ) and 17 late treatment failures ( LTFs ) . Four ( 6 % ) of 67 SP-treated patients were therapeutic failures ( 2 ETFs and 2 LTFs ) . Therapeutic failure in the CQ-treated group was associated with an age < 15 years old ( P < 0.01 ) , but was not associated with initial parasite density , the presence of CQ or sulfa-containing drugs in urine , or a history of malaria . The high level of therapeutic failures to CQ detected in this study underscores the need and importance of drug efficacy evaluation in the development of a rational national antimalarial drug policy . The relatively low level of therapeutic failures to SP compared with other South American countries raises further questions regarding factors that might have prevented the rapid development of in vivo resistance to this drug combination ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1752 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2711", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chloroquine" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2713", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chloroquine" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CQ-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2716", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CQ-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CQ" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2718", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CQ" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2719", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "therapeutic" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2720", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "therapeutic failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2721", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "early treatment failures ( ETFs" ], "offsets": [ [ 909, 940 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2722", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2723", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "late treatment failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 973 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2724", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "( LTFs )" ], "offsets": [ [ 974, 982 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2725", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "therapeutic failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2726", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Therapeutic failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1093 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2727", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "therapeutic failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2728", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 435 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2729", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "therapeutic failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2730", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low malaria" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2731", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "> or =1 year of age" ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 710 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2732", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 810, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2734", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy of primaquine regimens for primaquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Thailand . To define the current efficacy of Fansidar ( F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Basel Switzerland ) ( pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine ) , primaquine in a high dose , and artesunate for treating acute Plasmodium vivax malaria , we conducted a comparative clinical trial of these 3 drugs in an open-label study . Patients ( 15-65 years old ) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments regimens in a serial order . Ninety percent of the patients were infected at Thailand-Myanmar border . Patients in group I ( n = 23 ) received Fansidar ( 3 tablets , 75 mg of pyrimethamine and 1,500 mg of sulfadoxine , a single dose on the first day ) , group II ( n = 23 ) received Fansidar ( 3 tablets , 75 mg of pyrimethamine and 1,500 mg of sulfadoxine , a single dose on the first day ) and then received primaquine ( 30 mg a day for 14 days ) , group III ( n = 23 ) received primaquine ( 30 mg a day for 14 days ) , and group IV ( n = 23 ) received artesunate ( 200 mg once a day for 3 days ) and then primaquine ( 30 mg a day for 14 days ) . Cure rates on day 28 of follow-up were 40 % , 100 % , 100 % , and 100 % in groups I , II , II , and IV , respectively . There were 4 and 5 patients in group I showing post-treatment reappearance of parasitemia at < or = 16 days and between 17 and 28 days , respectively . Patients in the other 3 groups showed negative parasitemias within 7 days after treatment . Artesunate plus primaquine ( group IV ) cleared parasitemia faster than the other 3 regimens . There is a high proportion of ineffectiveness of Fansidar for treatment of P. vivax malaria and it should be no longer used for treatment of P. vivax malaria acquired at the Thailand-Myanmar border . A high dose of primaquine is safe and effective in the treatment of P. vivax malaria during the 28-day follow-up period ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1891 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2735", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "primaquine regimens" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2736", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Fansidar" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2737", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd." ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2738", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Basel Switzerland )" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2739", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyrimethamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2740", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sulfadoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2741", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "primaquine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2742", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "artesunate" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2743", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Fansidar" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2744", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyrimethamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2745", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "1,500 mg of sulfadoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 655, 678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2746", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "primaquine ( 30 mg a day for 14 days )" ], "offsets": [ [ 872, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2747", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "received primaquine ( 30 mg a day for 14 days )" ], "offsets": [ [ 863, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2748", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "artesunate" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2749", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "primaquine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2750", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cure rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2751", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "post-treatment reappearance of parasitemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1278, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2752", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "negative parasitemias" ], "offsets": [ [ 1421, 1442 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2753", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parasitemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1309, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2754", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "ineffectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1600, 1615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2755", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe and effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 1799, 1817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2756", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Thailand ." ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2758", "type": "document", "text": [ "Safety of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal disease . European Group for the Investigation of Valsartan in Chronic Renal Disease . OBJECTIVE Several experimental and clinical studies indicate that the renin system may play a pivotal role in progressing renal disease . The combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker could provide a higher degree of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system than either agent alone . Such enhanced suppression might be of benefit for patients exhibiting a progressive decline in renal function because of chronic renal disease . METHODS A pilot multinational , multicentre , randomized , active-controlled , parallel group open-label study has been conducted in a group of patients with progressive chronic renal failure ( creatinine clearance 20-45 ml/min ) either with or without proteinuria and hypertension . The primary aim of the study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of the combination of valsartan and benazepril . Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups : group 1 received valsartan 160 mg once daily ( n = 22 ) ; group 2 received valsartan 80 mg once daily plus benazepril 5 or 10 mg once daily ( n = 42 ) ; group 3 received valsartan 160 mg once daily plus benazepril 5 or 10 mg once daily ( n = 44 ) . The study lasted for 5 weeks , and in groups 2 and 3 benazepril was added on top of valsartan after the first week of therapy with the angiotensin receptor blocker . RESULTS Serum creatinine increased in all three groups ( mean change within a group : 11 micromol/l in group 1 , P= 0.045 ; 9 micromol/l in group 2 , P= 0.030 ; 15 micromol/l in group 3 , P= 0.0006 ) . Serum potassium also increased in all three groups of patients ( mean change within a group : 0.28 mmol/l in group 1 , P= 0.28 ; 0.48 mmol/l in group 2 , P= 0.0008 ; 0.36 mmol/l in group 3 , P= 0.02 ) . After 5 weeks of treatment , the largest decrease in blood pressure was observed in group 3 ( the mean change from baseline in seated diastolic blood pressure ( SDBP ) and seated systolic blood pressure ( SSBP ) , respectively , were : -2.0 and -11.5 mmHg in group 1 ; -7.6 and -15.4 mmHg in group 2 ; -12.6 and -21.6 mmHg in group 3 ) . In addition , both combination treatments resulted in the reduction of proteinuria . The total number of patients with adverse experiences were 10 ( 45.5 % ) , 14 ( 33.3 % ) and 11 ( 25 % ) in groups 1,2 and 3 , respectively . In six patients ( 5.6 % ) therapy was discontinued as a result of adverse experiences . Only one patient in each of the combined therapy groups withdrew from the study because of hyperkalaemia and no patients were forced to withdraw because of an increase in serum creatinine , acute renal failure or hospitalization . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that short-term combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker is safe and well tolerated in patients with moderate chronic renal failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3044 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2759", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination of valsartan" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2760", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "benazepril" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2761", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Valsartan" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2762", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination of valsartan" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2763", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "benazepril" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2764", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "valsartan 160 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 1136, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2765", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "valsartan 80 mg once daily" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2766", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "benazepril 5 or 10 mg once daily" ], "offsets": [ [ 1226, 1258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2767", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "valsartan 160 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 1136, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2768", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "benazepril 5 or 10 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 1226, 1247 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2769", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 6 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2770", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety and tolerability" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1012 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2771", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serum creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1542, 1558 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2772", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serum potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1736, 1751 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2773", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1992, 2006 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2774", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seated diastolic blood pressure ( SDBP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 2066, 2106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2775", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seated systolic blood pressure ( SSBP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 2111, 2150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2776", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 906, 917 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2777", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 2396, 2415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2778", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hyperkalaemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 2683, 2696 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2779", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2763, 2779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2780", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 2782, 2801 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2781", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospitalization" ], "offsets": [ [ 2805, 2820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2782", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 993 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2783", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "well tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 2980, 2994 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2784", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic renal disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2785", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "progressive decline in renal function" ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 617 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2786", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic renal disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2787", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "22" ], "offsets": [ [ 1170, 1172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2788", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "42" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2789", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "44" ], "offsets": [ [ 1361, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2791", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Administration of tobramycin aerosols in patients with nosocomial pneumonia : a preliminary study ] . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess renal and respiratory tolerance of aerosolized tobramycin in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia . PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multicenter , randomized , double-blind , placebo controlled study . Thirty-eight mechanically ventilated patients with documented nosocomial pneumonia were included . Patients treated with intravenous betalactam and tobramycin were randomly allocated to receive aerosolized tobramycin ( 6 mg/kg/day , n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 17 ) . The aerosol was administered via a pneumatic nebulizer once a day for 5 days . RESULTS Respiratory tolerance was good in all but two patients . No acute renal failure occurred . By day 10 , 7 patients in the tobramycin group ( 35 % ) had been extubated versus 3 in the placebo group ( 18.5 % , p = 0.18 ) . By day 28 , 6 patients had died ( 2 in the tobramycin group and 4 in the placebo group , p = 0.23 ) . CONCLUSION Aerosolized tobramycin was well tolerated in ventilated patients with documented nosocomial pneumonia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1176 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2792", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin aerosols" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2793", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2794", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intravenous betalactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2795", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2796", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aerosolized tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2797", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aerosol" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2798", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "renal and respiratory tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2799", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Respiratory tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 761 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2800", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "No acute renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 819 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2801", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "extubated" ], "offsets": [ [ 896, 905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2802", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "died" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2803", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with nosocomial pneumonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2804", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "intubated and mechanically ventilated patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2805", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nosocomial pneumonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2806", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 387, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2807", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mechanically ventilated patients with documented nosocomial pneumonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 400, 469 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2808", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ventilated patients with documented nosocomial pneumonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 469 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2810", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of sensory stimulation ( acupuncture ) on sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in healthy subjects . UNLABELLED It has been postulated that sensory stimulation ( acupuncture ) affects the cardiovascular system via the autonomic nervous system . Previously , skin temperature , thermography , plethysmography and blood pressure changes have been used in evaluation of sympathetic nerve activity following acupuncture . By using power spectral analysis , the low frequency and high frequency components of heart rate variability can be calculated reflecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity . The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent acupuncture applied into the thenar muscle and into the cavum concha of the ear induced changes in the sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous system in healthy subjects . MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers , six men and six women , mean age 34.4 ( range 23-48 ) participated in three balanced , randomly distributed sessions . At an individual initial visit the 12 volunteers were introduced to the needle sensation by having a needle inserted into the point LI 11 . The needle sensation was evoked and the subject was trained to identify the characteristic needle sensation . The introduction was followed by three test sessions . SESSION A A short acupuncture needle , ( Seirin no 3 , & emptyv ; 0.20x15 mm ) was inserted perpendicular into the earpoint , Lu 1 , in the left inferior hemi-conchae . SESSION B An acupuncture needle ( Hwato , & emptyv ; 0.30x30 mm ) was inserted perpendicular into the Hegu point ( LI 4 ) in the middle of the right dorsal thenar muscle . SESSION C An acupuncture needle ( Hwato , & emptyv ; 0.30x30 mm ) was inserted perpendicular superficially into the skin overlying the Hegu point on the left hand . Results . Stimulation of the ear induced a significant increase in the parasympathetic activity during the stimulation period of 25 min ( P < 0.05 ) and during the post-stimulation period of 60 min ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes were observed in either the sympathetic activity , blood pressure or heart rate . Stimulation of the thenar muscle resulted in a significant increase in the sympathetic and the parasympathetic activity during the stimulation period ( P < 0.01 ) and during the post-stimulation period ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . A significant decrease in the heart rate frequency ( P < 0.05 ) at the end of the post-stimulation period was also demonstrated . The superficial needle insertion into the skin overlaying the right thenar muscle caused a pronounced balanced increase in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity during the post stimulation period of 60 min ( P < 0.01 ) while no changes were observed during the stimulation period . CONCLUSION It is indicated that sensory stimulation ( acupunctura ) in healthy persons is associated with changed activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system depending on site of stimulation and period of observation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3056 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2811", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sensory stimulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2812", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sensory stimulation ( acupuncture )" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2813", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "needle sensation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2814", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "short acupuncture needle" ], "offsets": [ [ 1337, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2815", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "skin temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 271, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2816", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thermography" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2817", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plethysmography" ], "offsets": [ [ 305, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2818", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 325, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2819", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parasympathetic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2820", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sympathetic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2821", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 325, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2822", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 517, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2823", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sympathetic and the parasympathetic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 2224, 2268 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2824", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate frequency" ], "offsets": [ [ 2425, 2445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2825", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sympathetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2826", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parasympathetic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2827", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sympathetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2828", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "parasympathetic nervous" ], "offsets": [ [ 798, 821 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2829", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy subjects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2830", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twelve healthy volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 873, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2831", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "six" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 904 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2832", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 905, 908 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2833", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "six" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 904 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2834", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 917, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2835", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age 34.4 ( range 23-48 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 954 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2837", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of topical rh-TGF-beta 1 on second intention wound healing in horses . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects on wound healing of transforming growth factor-beta 1 as a topical treatment to full-thickness , excisional wounds of the distal limb of horses . DESIGN A randomised block study using four horses , each with wounds assigned to four treatment groups . ANIMALS Four adult Standardbred geldings . PROCEDURE Four , 4 cm2 , full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus of each limb of four horses , giving a total of 64 wounds . For each limb , wounds were randomly assigned to four treatment groups : no treatment ( control ) , carrier ( Methyl Cellulose gel ) , 50 ng/wound rhTGF-beta 1 in carrier , and 500 ng/wound rhTGF-beta 1 in carrier . Wounds were treated on day 0 and day 8 . Effects of treatment were evaluated on the basis of the presence of exuberant granulation tissue requiring excision , number of times excision was required , total wound area , area of epithelialisation , area of granulation , and histological evaluation of biopsy samples of wounds on day 8 and excised wounds on day 21 . RESULTS Topical application of TGF-beta 1 at the two concentrations studied had no significant effect on the total area of wounds ( P = 0.7 ) , the area of granulation tissue ( P = 0.78 ) , the area of epithelialisation ( P = 0.92 ) , histological assessment or subjective clinical assessment of wounds . CONCLUSION TGF-beta 1 had no beneficial effects on wound healing . Additional trials are needed to test if it has value for wound treatment in horses ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1640 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2838", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rh-TGF-beta 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2839", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "growth factor-beta 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2840", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "no treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 677, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2841", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carrier ( Methyl Cellulose gel )" ], "offsets": [ [ 704, 736 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2842", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "50 ng/wound rhTGF-beta 1 in carrier ," ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 776 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2843", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "500 ng/wound rhTGF-beta 1 in carrier" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2844", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TGF-beta 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2845", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "second intention wound healing" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2846", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "presence of exuberant granulation tissue requiring excision , number of times excision was required , total wound area , area of epithelialisation , area of granulation , and histological evaluation of biopsy samples of wounds" ], "offsets": [ [ 917, 1143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2847", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total area of wounds" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2848", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "the area of granulation tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 1328, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2849", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "area of epithelialisation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1038, 1063 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2850", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subjective clinical assessment of wounds ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1446, 1488 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2851", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "wound healing" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2852", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "second intention wound healing" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2853", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "four" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2855", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy and safety of a fixed low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in essential hypertension . A randomised controlled study . This multicenter , double-blind , parallel-group study was designed to assess the efficacy and the safety of fixed low dose combination perindopril 2 mg/indapamide 0.625 mg ( Per/Ind ) versus atenolol 50 mg ( Ate ) . After a 4-week placebo run-in , 446 hypertensive patients ( mean age : 55.8 +/- 11.0 years ) were randomised to receive Per/Ind or Ate for 12 weeks . The primary outcome measures were the changes in trough supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( sSBP , sDBP ) between baseline and the last observation . Equivalence was assessed in an intention-to-treat analysis using a two one-sided tests procedure . Per/Ind and Ate decreased sSBP by -20.5 mmHg and -20.1 mmHg , respectively ; the 90 % confidence interval [ -2.3 ; 1.5 ] of the intertreatment difference ( -0.4 mmHg ) fell within the predefined equivalence interval [ -8 ; +8 mmHg ] . Similarly , the sDBP decreased by -15.1 mmHg ( Per/Ind ) and -16.2 mmHg ( Ate ) with an intertreatment difference of 1.1 mmHg whose 90 % confidence interval [ -0.1 ; 2.2 mmHg ] fell within the predefined equivalence interval [ -4 ; +4 mmHg ] ; thus antihypertensive efficacy of Per/Ind and Ate were equivalent ( P < 0.001 ) . In patients older than 65 , Per/Ind induces a statistically greater decrease in sSBP than Ate ( P < 0.05 ) . Per/Ind was well tolerated . Further controlled studies are needed to confirm these results on a long-term period ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1547 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2856", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "perindopril/indapamide combination" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2857", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "low dose combination perindopril 2 mg/indapamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2858", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2859", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Per/Ind" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2860", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ate" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 347 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2861", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 8 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2862", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2863", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2864", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2865", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "changes in trough supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( sSBP , sDBP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2866", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Equivalence" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 674 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2867", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sSBP" ], "offsets": [ [ 605, 609 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2868", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "confidence interval" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2869", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sDBP decreased" ], "offsets": [ [ 1013, 1027 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2870", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "equivalence interval" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 977 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2871", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "antihypertensive efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2872", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sSBP" ], "offsets": [ [ 605, 609 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2873", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1449, 1458 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2874", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "essential hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2875", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "446" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2876", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2877", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age : 55.8 +/- 11.0 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 442 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2879", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of whiplash associated neck pain [ corrected ] with botulinum toxin-A : a pilot study . OBJECTIVE Up to 87 % of patients with whiplash associated disorder ( WAD ) have some degree of muscle spasm that is contributory to both pain and dysfunction . Botulinum toxin A ( BTX-A ) produces prolonged muscle relaxation that is dose-dependent and can be easily targeted to affected muscles . BTX-A therapy may be an effective form of therapy offering an alternative or adjunct to conventional modalities . We investigated BTX-A as therapy in patients with WAD . METHODS This randomized , double blind , placebo controlled study compares outcome measures in 26 patients with chronic neck pain ( WAD-II chronic ) subsequent to a motor vehicle accident . One-half of the patients received 100 units BTX-A , diluted in 1 ml saline , while the other half received just saline ( 1 ml ) . Five trigger points received 0.2 ml each of injectant via a 30 gauge needle . Outcome measures included total subjective neck , shoulder , and head pain based on visual analog scales ; objective total range of neck motion ( ROM ) , and the Vernon-Mior subjective function index . Followup assessments were carried out at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment . RESULTS Fourteen subjects receiving BTX-A and 12 receiving saline completed the study . The treatment group showed a trend toward improvement in ROM and reduction in pain at 2 weeks post-injection . At 4 weeks post-injection the treatment group was significantly improved from preinjection levels ( p < 0.01 ) . The placebo group showed no statistically significant changes at any post-treatment time . The Vernon-Mior scale revealed a trend to improvement for both groups . CONCLUSION BTX-A treatment of subjects with chronic WAD II neck pain resulted in a significant ( p < 0.01 ) improvement in ROM and subjective pain compared to a placebo group , but only a trend to improvement in subjective functioning ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1948 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2880", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "botulinum toxin-A :" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2881", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Botulinum toxin A ( BTX-A )" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2882", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BTX-A" ], "offsets": [ [ 278, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2883", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 606, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2884", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "100 units BTX-A , diluted in 1 ml saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2885", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "other half received just saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 842, 873 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2886", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BTX-A" ], "offsets": [ [ 278, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2887", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BTX-A" ], "offsets": [ [ 278, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2888", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "total subjective neck , shoulder , and head pain based on visual analog scales" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1067 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2889", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "objective total range of neck motion ( ROM ) ," ], "offsets": [ [ 1070, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2890", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Vernon-Mior subjective function index" ], "offsets": [ [ 1125, 1162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2891", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ROM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2892", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2893", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Vernon-Mior scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 1644, 1661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2894", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ROM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2895", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "subjective pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1843, 1858 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2896", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subjective functioning" ], "offsets": [ [ 1924, 1946 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2897", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "WAD" ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2898", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "26" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2899", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic neck pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 677, 694 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2900", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fourteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1245, 1253 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2902", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of 0.25 % S ( - ) -bupivacaine with 0.25 % RS-bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in labour . We have compared the efficacy of 0.25 % S ( - ) -bupivacaine with 0.25 % RS-bupivacaine in providing epidural analgesia for labour in a randomized , multicentre , double-blind study . Analgesia was initiated with 10 ml of the study solution and maintained with 10-ml top-ups . We studied 137 women and treatments were found to be equivalent for onset , duration and quality of block . Median onset of pain relief was 12 min for both drugs and median duration was 49 ( range 3-129 ) min and 51 ( 7-157 ) min for S ( - ) -bupivacaine and RS bupivacaine , respectively . The estimated treatment difference for duration of pain relief was -4 ( 90 % CI -13 , 6 ) min . Thirty patients failed to achieve pain relief after the first injection ( 20 patients after S ( - ) -bupivacaine and 10 after RS-bupivacaine ; P = 0.039 ) . However , median duration of pain relief from the first top-up was 82 ( range 3-164 ) min for S ( - ) -bupivacaine and 76 ( 22-221 ) min for RS-bupivacaine . There were no significant differences in the quality of analgesia , as assessed by the investigators . There were no significant differences in the extent of sensory block , percentage of patients with motor block or incidence of adverse events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1329 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2903", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "S ( - ) -bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2904", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "RS-bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2905", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2906", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "epidural analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2907", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Median onset of pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 516 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2908", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "duration of pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 734 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2909", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "achieve pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2910", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "median duration of pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 935, 965 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2911", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "quality of analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1128, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2912", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sensory block , percentage of patients with motor block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1296 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2913", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "or incidence of adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1297, 1327 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2914", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "in labour ." ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2915", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "137" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2916", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 401 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2918", "type": "document", "text": [ "Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy . OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of use of external hip protectors on subjects ' fear of falling and falls self-efficacy ( belief in their own ability to avoid falling ) . DESIGN Randomized controlled trial . SETTING Aged-care health services in Sydney , Australia . PARTICIPANTS 131 women aged 75 years or older , who had two or more falls or one fall requiring hospital admission in the previous year and who live at home . Sixty-one subjects were in the intervention group and 70 in the control group . INTERVENTION Use of external hip protectors and encouragement to use the protectors by an adherence nurse . MEASUREMENTS At the time of enrolment into a wider study examining the effect of hip protectors on hip fractures , participants recruited at home completed an assessment of fear of falling and falls efficacy as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale . At 4-month follow-up , these scales were readministered by an observer who was not aware of the allocation of the participant to intervention or control groups . RESULTS Fear of falling and falls self-efficacy , as measured by the Falls Efficacy and Modified Falls Efficacy Scales , were similar at baseline in both groups . Fear of falling was present at follow-up in 43 % of subjects using hip protectors and 57 % of the control group ( chi2 = 2.58 , P = 0.11 ) . Hip protector users had greater improvement in falls self-efficacy at follow-up as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale ( t = 2.44 , P = 0.016 ) and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale ( t = 2.08 , P = 0.039 ) . CONCLUSION Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy . As users of hip protectors feel more confident that they can complete tasks safely , they may become more physically active and require less assistance with activities of daily living ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1868 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2919", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Hip protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2920", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "external hip protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2921", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2922", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "external hip protectors and encouragement to use the protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 638 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2923", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "by an adherence nurse" ], "offsets": [ [ 639, 660 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2924", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "hip protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2925", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Hip protector" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2926", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Hip protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2927", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "hip protectors" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2928", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "fear of falling" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2929", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "falls efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 856, 870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2930", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Falls Efficacy Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2931", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Modified Falls Efficacy Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2932", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Fear of falling" ], "offsets": [ [ 1121, 1136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2933", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "falls self-efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2934", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Falls Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 904 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2935", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Modified Falls Efficacy Scales" ], "offsets": [ [ 1201, 1231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2936", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Fear of falling" ], "offsets": [ [ 1121, 1136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2937", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "self-efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2938", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Falls Efficacy Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2939", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Modified Falls Efficacy Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2940", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Aged-care health services" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2941", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "131" ], "offsets": [ [ 329, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2942", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 338 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2943", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged 75 years or older" ], "offsets": [ [ 339, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2944", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "had two or more falls or one fall requiring hospital admission in the previous year" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2945", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "live at home" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2946", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-one" ], "offsets": [ [ 475, 484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2947", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "70" ], "offsets": [ [ 529, 531 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2949", "type": "document", "text": [ "Sun protection counseling for children : primary care practice patterns and effect of an intervention on clinicians . OBJECTIVES To describe current primary care sun protection advice for children and assess the effect on clinicians of an intervention to enhance their sun protection advocacy . SETTING Primary care practices caring for children in New Hampshire with special attention to clinicians serving 10 towns that were involved in a randomized controlled trial of the multicomponent SunSafe intervention involving schools , recreation areas , and primary care practices . DESIGN/INTERVENTION A statewide survey of all primary care clinicians serving children addressed their self-reported sun protection advocacy practices . Clinicians in 10 systematically selected rural towns were involved in the subsequent intervention study . The primary care intervention provided assistance to practices in establishing an office system that promoted sun protection advice to children and their parents during office visits . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sun protection promotion activities of primary care clinicians as determined by their self report , research assistant observation , and parent interviews . RESULTS Of 261 eligible clinicians responding to the statewide survey , about half provide sun protection counseling \" most of the time \" or \" almost always \" during summer well care visits . Pediatricians do so more often than family physicians . Clinicians involved in the intervention increased their use of handouts , waiting room educational materials , and sunscreen samples . Compared with control town parents , parents in intervention towns reported an increase in clinician sun protection advice . CONCLUSIONS The SunSafe primary care intervention increased sun protection counseling activities of participating clinicians . A single-focus preventive service office system is feasible to include in community interventions to promote sun protection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1963 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2950", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Sun protection counseling for children :" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2951", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "primary care sun protection" ], "offsets": [ [ 149, 176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2952", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "SunSafe" ], "offsets": [ [ 491, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2953", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "primary care intervention provided assistance to practices in establishing an office system that promoted sun protection advice to children and their parents during office visits ." ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 1023 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2954", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effect on clinicians" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2955", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sun protection advocacy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2956", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sun protection advocacy practices ." ], "offsets": [ [ 697, 732 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2957", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Sun protection promotion activities" ], "offsets": [ [ 1046, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2958", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "provide sun protection counseling \" most of the time \" or \" almost always \"" ], "offsets": [ [ 1286, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2959", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "use of handouts , waiting room educational materials , and sunscreen samples ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1507, 1585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2960", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinician sun protection advice" ], "offsets": [ [ 1677, 1708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2961", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sun protection counseling activities" ], "offsets": [ [ 1771, 1807 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2962", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasible" ], "offsets": [ [ 1889, 1897 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2963", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sun protection" ], "offsets": [ [ 162, 176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2964", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "clinicians" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2965", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary care clinicians serving children" ], "offsets": [ [ 626, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2966", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "261 eligible clinicians" ], "offsets": [ [ 1214, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2968", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy of a barrier cream and its vehicle as protective measures against occupational irritant contact dermatitis . The actual advantage of barrier creams over bland emollients for skin protection is still hotly debated . In a randomized , double-blinded study , a newly-introduced barrier cream and its moisturizing vehicle were compared regarding their skin compatibility , efficacy and resulting acceptance . Thus , 2 panels of 25 hospital nurses with mild signs of skin irritation were asked to use 1 of the test products provided ( verum or vehicle ) over a period of 4 weeks . Effects of both types of preparations were studied weekly by clinical examination and the instrumental assessment of bioengineering parameters . Results showed no significant differences between barrier cream and vehicle . In both groups , clinical skin status improved and stratum corneum hydration increased significantly during the study period . Both preparations were tolerated and accepted well , thus showing both skin protection and skin care . These results contribute to the debate as to whether a strict distinction between \" skin care \" and \" skin protection \" products is justified . The vehicle alone is capable of positively influencing skin status . Emphasis must be laid on regular , frequent , and correct application of a product for it to be effective ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1358 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2969", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "barrier cream" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2970", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "its vehicle" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2971", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "barrier creams" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2972", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "barrier cream" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2973", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "verum or vehicle ) over a period of 4 weeks" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2974", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "barrier cream" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2975", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "vehicle" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2976", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vehicle" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2977", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 8 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2978", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "occupational irritant contact dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2979", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "skin compatibility , efficacy and resulting acceptance" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2980", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical skin status" ], "offsets": [ [ 825, 845 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2981", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stratum corneum hydration" ], "offsets": [ [ 859, 884 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2982", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2983", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "and accepted well" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 985 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2984", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "skin protection and skin care ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2985", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "occupational irritant contact dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2986", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2 panels" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2987", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "25 hospital" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2988", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "skin irritation" ], "offsets": [ [ 471, 486 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2990", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effects of hormone replacement therapy on hemostatic variables in women with angiographically verified coronary artery disease : results from the estrogen in women with atherosclerosis study . Data on the effect of hormone replacement therapy on hemostasis are inconsistent , and there are few data in women with coronary artery disease . In a single-center , open , randomized study , 118 postmenopausal women with angiographically verified coronary artery disease were randomized to hormone replacement therapy , given as long-cycle transdermal 17-beta-estradiol ( 50 microg/24 hour ) for 3 months with sequential medroxy-progesterone acetate for 14 days , or to a control group receiving no therapy . Hemostatic parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of therapy . The coagulation inhibitors antithrombin , protein C , and protein S , but not tissue factor pathway inhibitor , decreased significantly from baseline in the hormone replacement therapy group at both 3 and 12 months as compared with the control group . The absolute decreases within the hormone replacement therapy group were 3 to 10 % . No significant differences between the two treatment groups were observed for the coagulation products prothrombin fragment 1+2 or thrombin-antithrombin complex or for D-dimer , although there were significant decreases in the levels within the hormone replacement therapy group . Levels of fibrinogen , activated factor VII , and factor VII antigen were not significantly influenced by hormone replacement therapy treatment . Similarly , nonsignificant changes were detected for the fibrinolytic parameters tissue plasminogen activator activity , tissue plasminogen activator antigen , and global fibrinolytic activity , but plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 was significantly lower in the hormone replacement therapy group due to a questionable increase in the levels in the control group . In conclusion , treatment with transdermal estradiol combined with long-cycle progestins was associated with no net activation of coagulation despite reduced levels of coagulation inhibitors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2122 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2991", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "hormone replacement therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2992", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hormone replacement therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2993", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "long-cycle transdermal 17-beta-estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 568 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2994", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sequential medroxy-progesterone acetate" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2995", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2996", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "transdermal estradiol combined with long-cycle progestins" ], "offsets": [ [ 1961, 2018 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2997", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "coagulation inhibitors antithrombin , protein C , and protein S" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2998", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tissue factor pathway inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 873, 904 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2999", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "coagulation products prothrombin fragment 1+2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1214, 1259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3000", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thrombin-antithrombin complex" ], "offsets": [ [ 1263, 1292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3001", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "D-dimer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1307 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3002", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Levels of fibrinogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1433 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3003", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activated factor VII" ], "offsets": [ [ 1436, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3004", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "factor VII antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1463, 1481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3005", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fibrinolytic parameters tissue plasminogen activator activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1616, 1677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3006", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tissue plasminogen activator antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1680, 1716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3007", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "global fibrinolytic activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1723, 1751 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3008", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1758, 1796 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3009", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activation of coagulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 2046, 2071 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3010", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "coagulation inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 821 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3011", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3012", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "angiographically verified coronary artery disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3013", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3014", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atherosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3015", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "118" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3017", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment with metformin of non-diabetic men with hypertension , hypertriglyceridaemia and central fat distribution : the BIGPRO 1.2 trial . BACKGROUND In the BIGPRO 1 trial , one year of treatment with metformin in non-diabetic obese subjects with a central fat distribution had no significant effect on fasting plasma triglyceride concentration or on blood pressure despite a decrease in weight , fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations . To re-evaluate the effect of metformin on fasting triglyceride concentration and on blood pressure , the BIGPRO 1.2 trial included non-diabetic men ( n=168 ) with a fasting plasma triglyceride concentration > or =1.7 and < or =6.5 mmol/l , high blood pressure ( systolic > or =140 and < or =180 and/or diastolic > or =90 and < or =105 mmHg , or treatment for hypertension ) and a waist-to-hip ratio > or =0.95 . METHODS A randomised double-blind trial comparing metformin treatment ( 850 mg bid ) with placebo . RESULTS Metformin had no significant effect either on blood pressure or plasma triglyceride concentration . In comparison with the placebo group , fasting plasma insulin ( p < 0.04 ) , total cholesterol ( p < 0.05 ) and Apo B ( p < 0.008 ) concentrations decreased more in the metformin group in the BIGPRO 1 . 2 trial , confirming most of the previous results of the BIGPRO 1 trial . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen concentration decreased significantly ( p < 0.01 ) only in the metformin group , but this was not significantly different from the placebo group ( p < 0.12 ) ; further , there were no significant differences in the change in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 . CONCLUSIONS The consistency of the two BIGPRO trials supports the conclusion that metformin affects several cardiovascular risk factors favourably in non-diabetic subjects with a central fat distribution ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1851 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3018", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3019", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3020", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3021", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3022", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 960 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3023", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 971, 980 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3024", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 960 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3025", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3026", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 960 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3027", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metformin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3028", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure or plasma triglyceride concentration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1070 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3029", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fasting plasma insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3030", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1148, 1165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3031", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Apo B" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3032", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3033", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Tissue plasminogen activator antigen concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1348, 1398 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3034", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3035", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertension , hypertriglyceridaemia and central fat distribution" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3036", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-diabetic obese subjects with a central fat distribution" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3037", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-diabetic" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3038", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 5, 8 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3039", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "n=168" ], "offsets": [ [ 601, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3040", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "fasting plasma triglyceride concentration > or =1.7 and < or =6.5 mmol/l , high blood pressure ( systolic > or =140 and < or =180 and/or diastolic > or =90 and < or =105 mmHg" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3041", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "treatment for hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 822 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3042", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "a waist-to-hip ratio > or =0.95 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3043", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-diabetic subjects with a central fat distribution" ], "offsets": [ [ 1796, 1849 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3045", "type": "document", "text": [ "Study of the vaginal tolerance to Acidform , an acid-buffering , bioadhesive gel . Vaginal tolerance tests were performed with a new potential microbicidal and spermicidal product , an acid-buffering vaginal gel ( Acidform ) without or with nonoxynol-9 ( N-9 ) . The potential advantages over other vaginal products include keeping a low pH , decrease of the irritating effect of N-9 on the cervix or vaginal mucosa associated with greater retention of the product after application , and decreasing \" messiness \" as compared to other vaginal products . Three groups of six women were admitted and randomly assigned to use Acidform with 0 % , 2.5 % , and 5 % N-9 . Colposcopic evaluation for vulvar , vaginal , and cervical signs of irritation was performed and photographs were taken , following a specific World Health Organization protocol , at time 0 , and after 24 h and 6 days of application of the gel . No irritation or symptom was reported by users of Acidform without N-9 . A generalized and intense erythema in cervix was observed in 10 of 12 Acidform/N-9 users and abrasion occurred in nine of them . Vulvar irritation was seen in seven of these 10 volunteers . N-9 concentration in the gel ( 2.5 % or 5.0 % ) was not related to the findings . No ulcer , exulceration , or de-epithelialization was observed . Acidform without N-9 was well tolerated by volunteers , but it was unable to protect the cervix , vagina , and vulva from the N-9 effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1460 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3046", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acidform" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3047", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acid-buffering" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3048", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bioadhesive gel" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3049", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acid-buffering vaginal gel ( Acidform )" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 224 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3050", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nonoxynol-9 ( N-9 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3051", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "N-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3052", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acidform" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3053", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "N-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3054", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acidform without N-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 961, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3055", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acidform/N-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1054, 1066 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3056", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Acidform without N-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 961, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3057", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "No irritation or symptom" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 935 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3058", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "A generalized and intense erythema in cervix" ], "offsets": [ [ 984, 1028 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3059", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Vulvar irritation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1113, 1130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3060", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "N-9 concentration in the gel" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1202 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3061", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "No ulcer , exulceration , or de-epithelialization" ], "offsets": [ [ 1256, 1305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3062", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Three groups of six" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 573 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3064", "type": "document", "text": [ "Blood pressure biofeedback treatment of white-coat hypertension . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare blood pressure ( BP ) biofeedback treatment ( BF ) effects between white-coat hypertension and essential hypertension . METHODS Fifteen white-coat hypertensive out-patients and 23 essential hypertensive out-patients were randomly assigned to groups A or B . Subjects in group A underwent BF once a week for a total of four sessions . Those in group B visited the clinic only to measure BP and later underwent the same BF . RESULTS In group A , BPs of white-coat hypertensives and essential hypertensives were significantly reduced by 22/11 and 14/8 mmHg , respectively . In group B , they were unchanged during the same period but later suppressed by BF . Under BF , pulse and respiratory rates were significantly higher , and elevation of diastolic BP due to mental stress testing was better suppressed in white-coat hypertensives than in essential hypertensives . CONCLUSION This treatment was effective in both types of hypertension , and pressor response to stress seems to be important in the differentiated BF effect ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1142 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3065", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "Blood pressure biofeedback treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3066", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "biofeedback treatment ( BF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3067", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "BF" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3068", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "visited the clinic" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 487 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3069", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "BF" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3070", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "BF" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3071", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "BF" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3072", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3073", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3074", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3075", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BPs of white-coat hypertensives and essential hypertensives" ], "offsets": [ [ 562, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3076", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse" ], "offsets": [ [ 785, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3077", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "respiratory rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 795, 812 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3078", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "elevation of diastolic BP due to mental stress testing" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3079", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stress" ], "offsets": [ [ 885, 891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3080", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3081", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "white-coat hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3082", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "23" ], "offsets": [ [ 295, 297 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3083", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "essential hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 298, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3085", "type": "document", "text": [ "Growth hormone ( GH ) responses to GH-releasing hormone alone or combined with arginine in patients with adrenal incidentaloma : evidence for enhanced somatostatinergic tone . Spontaneous and stimulated GH secretion is blunted in hypercortisolemic states due to increased hypothalamic somatostatinergic tone . However , no data are available on the characteristics of GH secretion in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas . They represent an interesting model for studying GH secretion , as a slight degree of cortisol excess may frequently be observed in such patients who do not present with any clear Cushingoid sign . In the present study , 10 patients ( 3 men and 7 women , aged 48-63 yr ) with an adrenal mass discovered serendipitously underwent , on separate occasions , a GHRH injection alone or combined with an infusion of the functional somatostatin antagonist , arginine . Thirteen age-matched healthy volunteers served as controls . Briefly , arginine ( 30 g ) was infused from -30 to 0 min , and GHRH ( 100 microg ) was injected as a bolus at 0 min , with measurement of serum GH [ immunoradiometric assay ( IRMA ) ] every 15 min for 150 min . Plasma IGF-I ( RIA after acid-ethanol extraction ) was measured in a morning sample . The diagnosis of cortical adenoma was based on computed tomography features and pattern of uptake on adrenal scintigraphy . Patients with obesity and/or diabetes were excluded . The study design included also an endocrine work-up aimed to study the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [ urinary free cortisol ( UFC ) excretion , serum cortisol at 0800 h , plasma ACTH at 0800 h , morning cortisol after overnight 1 mg dexamethasone ] . Five of 10 patients showed abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , including borderline or increased UFC excretion in 4 of them accompanied by blunted ACTH in 2 cases and failure of cortisol to suppress after dexamethasone in 1 ; the fifth patient displayed low ACTH and resistance to dexamethasone suppression . However , all patients had a unilateral uptake of the tracer on the side of the mass with suppression of the contralateral normal adrenal gland . As a group , the patients displayed greater UFC excretion and lower ACTH concentrations than the controls . GH release after GHRH treatment was blunted in patients bearing adrenal incidentaloma compared with controls ( GH peak , 5.7 +/- 5.2 vs. 18.0 +/- 7.0 microg/L ; P < 0.0001 ) , whereas GHRH plus arginine was able to elicit a comparable response in the 2 groups ( GH peak , 33.5 +/- 20.3 vs. 33.7 +/- 17.5 microg/L ; P = NS ) . The ratio between GH peaks after GHRH plus arginine and after GHRH plus saline was significantly greater in patients than in controls ( 751 +/- 531 % vs. 81 +/- 45 % ; P = 0.0001 ) . Similar data were obtained when comparing GH area under the curve after GHRH plus saline or GHRH plus arginine between the 2 groups . In summary , the present data suggest that in patients with incidental adrenal adenomas the GH response to GHRH is blunted due to increased somatostatinergic tone , as it can be restored to normal by pretreatment with the functional somatostatin antagonist arginine . The blunted GH release to GHRH may be an early and long lasting sign of autonomous cortisol secretion by the adrenal adenoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3321 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3086", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GH-releasing hormone alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3087", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "combined with arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3088", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH injection alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 798, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3089", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "controls" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 961 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3090", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arginine ( 30 g )" ], "offsets": [ [ 974, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3091", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH ( 100 microg )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1028, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3092", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "serum GH [ immunoradiometric assay ( IRMA ) ]" ], "offsets": [ [ 1103, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3093", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma IGF-I ( RIA after acid-ethanol extraction )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1176, 1226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3094", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "GHRH treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 2301, 2315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3095", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH plus arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2468, 2486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3096", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH plus arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2468, 2486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3097", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Growth hormone ( GH ) responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3098", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [ urinary free cortisol ( UFC ) excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1511, 1588 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3099", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum cortisol at 0800 h" ], "offsets": [ [ 1591, 1615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3100", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma ACTH at 0800 h" ], "offsets": [ [ 1618, 1639 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3101", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "morning cortisol after overnight 1 mg dexamethasone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1642, 1693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3102", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3103", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "borderline or increased UFC excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1794, 1831 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3104", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "UFC excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1818, 1831 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3105", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lower ACTH concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 2238, 2263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3106", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH release after GHRH treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 2284, 2315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3107", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "GH peaks after GHRH plus arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2628, 2661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3108", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "GHRH plus saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 2672, 2688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3109", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH response" ], "offsets": [ [ 3019, 3030 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3110", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "somatostatinergic tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3111", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adrenal incidentaloma" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3112", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adrenal adenomas ." ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3113", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 662, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3114", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "3" ], "offsets": [ [ 676, 677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3115", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 681 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3116", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "7" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 687 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3117", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3118", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "48-63 yr" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 709 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3119", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 911 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3120", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 924, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3121", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "controls" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 961 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3122", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obesity and/or diabetes were excluded" ], "offsets": [ [ 1400, 1437 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3123", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adrenal incidentaloma" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3124", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "incidental adrenal adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 2987, 3014 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3126", "type": "document", "text": [ "Evaluating a test protocol for predicting maximum lactate steady state . BACKGROUND Maximum lactate steady state ( MLSS ) is defined as the highest steady state exercise level one can maintain while also maintaining an equilibrium between the elimination of blood lactate and the diffusion of lactate into the blood . MLSS is an excellent tool for assessing fitness level , predicting endurance performance , and designing training programs . METHODS This investigation assesses the validity of the Lactate Minimum Test ( LMT ) , which consists of inducing lactic acidosis through a VO2peak test , followed by an eight-minute walking recovery and an incremental exercise test , to determine if the running velocity associated with the minimum lactate value predicts the MLSS velocity . Following this LMT , two constant velocity 28-minute runs were performed , one at the predicted MLSS velocity ( trial 1 ) and the other 0.13 m sec-1 ( 4-8 % ) above the predicted MLSS velocity ( trial 2 ) . Ten active female subjects participated ( 32 +/- 7 yrs ( mean +/- SD ) ; 65.7 +/- 16.4 kg ; VO2peak 40.0 +/- 7.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 ) . RESULTS During trial 1 , there was a -0.6 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1 ( mean +/- SE ) change in lactate . Based on a definition of lactate steady state ( LSS ) as less than a 0.5 mmol.l-1 increase , this value signified LSS . A similar comparison during trial 2 revealed a 1.8 +/- 0.3 mmol.l-1 increase in lactate , signifying a workload above LSS and therefore confirming trial 1 as the maximum LSS ( MLSS ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the test protocol accurately predicted the MLSS velocity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1621 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3127", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Lactate Minimum Test ( LMT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 499, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3128", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximum lactate steady state ." ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3129", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in lactate ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3130", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lactate steady state ( LSS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1244, 1272 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3131", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lactate" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3132", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MLSS velocity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 785 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3133", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Ten" ], "offsets": [ [ 993, 996 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3134", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3135", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "32 +/- 7 yrs ( mean +/- SD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1061 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3137", "type": "document", "text": [ "Computer-assisted instruction : an effective instructional method for HIV prevention education ? PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of a computer-assisted instruction ( CAI ) -based intervention to a more traditional lecture-based intervention for influencing psychosocial correlates of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) preventive behaviors . METHODS Students enrolled in a Human Sexuality course ( N = 152 ) were randomly assigned to one of three groups : CAI , Lecture , or No Intervention group . Participants in the CAI group reviewed a 1-hour long CAI program , participants in the Lecture group were presented with a 1-hour long lecture , and participants in the No Intervention group received no intervention . After completing the respective interventions , all participants completed the HIV questionnaire , which measured selected Social Cognitive Theory constructs associated with HIV preventive behaviors . MANCOVA , ANCOVA and Post Hoc analyses were utilized to test for significant differences among the three groups . RESULTS The analyses disclosed that , compared to participants in the Lecture group , participants in the CAI group scored significantly higher on the scales measuring autoimmune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) knowledge , self-evaluative outcome motivation , and intention to practice HIV preventive behaviors with current partner . In addition , compared to the No Intervention group , the CAI group scored significantly higher on the scales measuring physical outcome motivation and social outcome motivation . CONCLUSIONS CAI-based programs can be effective for delivering instruction on HIV prevention . However , because of certain limitations , this type of program is best utilized as part of a more comprehensive intervention that uses several different delivery systems ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1817 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3138", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Computer-assisted instruction" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3139", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "computer-assisted instruction" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3140", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "traditional lecture-based intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3141", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "CAI" ], "offsets": [ [ 171, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3142", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Lecture" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 476 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3143", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "No Intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3144", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "CAI program" ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 570 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3145", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "HIV prevention" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3146", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "HIV questionnaire" ], "offsets": [ [ 803, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3147", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Social Cognitive Theory" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3148", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HIV preventive behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3149", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "scales measuring autoimmune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) knowledge" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3150", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "self-evaluative outcome motivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1293 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3151", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "intention to practice HIV preventive behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3152", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "scales measuring physical outcome motivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1473, 1517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3153", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "social outcome motivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1522, 1547 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3154", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Students" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 365 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3156", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparison of local anaesthetics for venepuncture . AIM To compare the effectiveness of EMLA cream and Ametop gel in providing analgesia for venous cannulation . METHODS Single blind study in 120 children . RESULTS Both anaesthetic agents produced adequate analgesia . However , Ametop gel was more effective , with a statistically significant difference in the pain scores of the two groups ( p < 0.05 ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 408 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3157", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "local anaesthetics" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3158", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EMLA cream" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3159", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ametop gel" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3160", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ametop gel" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3161", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "adequate analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 268 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3162", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 364, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3163", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "venepuncture" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3164", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "venous cannulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3165", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "120" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3166", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3168", "type": "document", "text": [ "Use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase chemotherapy dose-intensity : a randomized trial in very high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia . PURPOSE To determine whether the use of a recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( [ G-CSF ] lenogastrim ) can increase the chemotherapy dose-intensity ( CDI ) delivered during consolidation chemotherapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-seven children with very high-risk ALL were randomized ( slow early response to therapy , 55 patients ; translocation t ( 9 ; 22 ) or t ( 4 ; 11 ) , 12 patients ) . Consolidation consisted of six courses of chemotherapy ; the first , third , and fifth courses were a combination of high-dose cytarabine , etoposide , and dexamethasone ( R3 ) , whereas the second , fourth , and sixth courses included vincristine , prednisone , cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , and methotrexate ( COPADM ) . G-CSF was given after each course , and the next scheduled course was started as soon as neutrophil count was > 1 x 10 ( 9 ) /L and platelet count was > 100 x 10 ( 9 ) /L . CDI was calculated using the interval from day 1 of the first course to hematologic recovery after the fifth course ( 100 % CDI = 105-day interval ) . RESULTS CDI was significantly increased in the G-CSF group compared with the non-G-CSF group ( mean +/- 95 % confidence interval , 105 +/- 5 % v 91 +/- 4 % ; P < .001 ) . This higher intensity was a result of shorter post-R3 intervals in the G-CSF group , whereas the post-COPADM intervals were not statistically reduced . After the R3 courses , the number of days with fever and intravenous antibiotics and duration of hospitalization were significantly decreased by G-CSF , whereas reductions observed after COPADM were not statistically significant . Duration of granulocytopenia was reduced in the G-CSF group , but thrombocytopenia was prolonged , and the number of platelet transfusions was increased . Finally , the 3-year probability of event-free survival was not different between the two groups . CONCLUSION G-CSF can increase CDI in high-risk childhood ALL . Its effects depend on the chemotherapy regimen given before G-CSF administration . In our study , a higher CDI did not improve disease control ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2313 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3169", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 7, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3170", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3171", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( [ G-CSF ] lenogastrim )" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3172", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "consolidation chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3173", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3174", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose cytarabine" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 785 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3175", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "etoposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 788, 797 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3176", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dexamethasone" ], "offsets": [ [ 804, 817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3177", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vincristine" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 895 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3178", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 908 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3179", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 927 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3180", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 930, 941 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3181", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methotrexate" ], "offsets": [ [ 948, 960 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3182", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3183", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3184", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "non-G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3185", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3186", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "post-COPADM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1566, 1577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3187", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3188", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "COPADM" ], "offsets": [ [ 963, 969 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3189", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3190", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3191", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 2229, 2249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3192", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CDI" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3193", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CDI" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3194", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "post-R3 intervals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1515, 1532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3195", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of days with fever and intravenous antibiotics and duration of hospitalization were significantly decreased" ], "offsets": [ [ 1648, 1762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3196", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Duration of granulocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1852, 1880 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3197", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thrombocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1918, 1934 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3198", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "event-free survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2043, 2062 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3199", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3200", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "childhood" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3201", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute lymphoblastic leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 152, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3202", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ALL" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3203", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 477, 488 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3204", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3205", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "high-risk childhood ALL" ], "offsets": [ [ 2143, 2166 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3207", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of different long-term asthma treatments in subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma . In order to compare the efficacy of different asthma treatment in subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma , three groups of 11 patients were treated with nedocromil sodium ( NS ) , beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDP ) and beclomethasone dipropionate plus salmeterol ( BDP + S ) in an open , randomized study . Symptom score , peak expiratory flow ( PEF ) maximal amplitude , forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) , and methacholine reactivity were measured at the baseline and at intervals of 3 months up to 12 months . After 3 months , symptoms reduced significantly in all treatment groups , while PEF variability improved in BDP and BDP + S groups ; FEV1 and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine were significantly improved in comparison with baseline value in the BDP + S group only . No significant difference was observed after 6 and 12 months of treatment in PEF variability , FEV1 or bronchial hyperreactivity in the NS group compared with baseline values , while a significant difference was observed in symptom score . BDP group showed a significant improvement in FEV1 and bronchial reactivity to methacholine after 6 and 12 months of treatment . In the BDP + S group , the improvement in symptoms and pulmonary function persisted until the end of the study . In conclusion , the combination of beclomethasone dipropionate and salmeterol improved pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity earlier than beclomethasone dipropionate alone , while nedocromil sodium improved symptoms but not pulmonary function . Assuming that bronchial reactivity could be an indirect measurement of airway inflammation , overtreatment of asthma in relationship with the classification of asthma severity of the International Guidelines could improve both airway inflammation and the prognosis of airway obstruction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1916 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3208", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nedocromil sodium ( NS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3209", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3210", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "beclomethasone dipropionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3211", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "salmeterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3212", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PEF variability" ], "offsets": [ [ 702, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3213", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FEV1" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3214", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bronchial hyperreactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 998, 1023 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3215", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FEV1" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3216", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bronchial reactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1210 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3217", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 639, 647 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3218", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3219", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary function" ], "offsets": [ [ 1319, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3220", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary function" ], "offsets": [ [ 1319, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3221", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bronchial reactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1210 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3222", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bronchial reactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1210 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3223", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3224", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma , three groups of 11 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 228 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3226", "type": "document", "text": [ "Asthma and the home environment of low-income urban children : preliminary findings from the Seattle-King County healthy homes project . OBJECTIVES Childhood asthma is a growing public health concern in low-income urban communities . Indoor exposure to asthma triggers has emerged as an important cause of asthma exacerbations . We describe indoor environmental conditions related to asthma triggers among a low-income urban population in Seattle/King County , Washington , as well as caregiver knowledge and resources related to control of these triggers . METHODS Data are obtained from in-person , structured , closed-end interviews with the caretakers of children aged 4-12 years with persistent asthma living in households with incomes less than 200 % of poverty . Additional information is collected during a home inspection . The children and their caregivers are participants in the ongoing Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project , a randomized controlled trial of an intervention to empower low-income families to reduce exposure to indoor asthma triggers . We report findings on the conditions of the homes prior to this intervention among the first 112 enrolled households . RESULTS A smoker was present in 37.5 % of homes . Mold was visible in 26.8 % of homes , water damage was present in 18.6 % of homes , and damp conditions occurred in 64.8 % of households , while 39.6 % of caregivers were aware that excessive moisture can increase exposures to allergens . Dust-trapping reservoirs were common ; 76.8 % of children 's bedrooms had carpeting . Cockroach infestation in the past 3 months was reported by 23.4 % of caregivers , while 57.1 % were unaware of the association of roaches and asthma . Only 19.8 % of the children had allergy-control mattress covers . CONCLUSIONS Many low-income urban children with asthma in King County live in indoor environments that place them at substantial risk of ongoing exposure to asthma triggers . Substandard housing and lack of resources often underlie these exposures . Initiatives involving health educators , outreach workers , medical providers , health care insurers , housing agencies , and elected officials are needed to reduce these exposures ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2213 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3227", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 979, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3228", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Mold was visible" ], "offsets": [ [ 1239, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3229", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "water damage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3230", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "damp conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1327, 1342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3231", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Dust-trapping reservoirs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1478, 1502 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3232", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cockroach infestation in the past 3 months" ], "offsets": [ [ 1564, 1606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3233", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "association of roaches and asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1679, 1712 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3234", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "allergy-control mattress covers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1747, 1780 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3235", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3236", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3237", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "4-12" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3238", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3239", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3240", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3241", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "112" ], "offsets": [ [ 1163, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3242", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3243", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3245", "type": "document", "text": [ "Impact of an encounter-based prompting system on resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge . OBJECTIVES To evaluate an encounter-based immunization prompting system on resident performance in administering vaccines and knowledge of immunization guidelines . DESIGN/METHODS Prospective randomized , controlled trial . Subjects were first- and second-year pediatric residents in a hospital-based continuity clinic . The intervention group received manual prompts of immunizations due . Postclinic chart review compared immunizations due with those administered . Acceptable and unacceptable reasons for not administering vaccines were assigned . Resident knowledge was measured by a 70-item examination . RESULTS The intervention group had significantly less missed opportunities/vaccine administration errors ( 11.4 % vs 21.6 % ) . The most common reason for unacceptable errors in the intervention group : vaccine was given too early ; in the control group : vaccine was postponed to next visit . Pre- and postintervention knowledge scores were similar : intervention group ( 75.5 % vs 80.7 % , control group ; 76.5 % vs 81.3 % ) . CONCLUSION An immunization prompting system in a hospital-based pediatric resident continuity clinic reduced missed opportunities/vaccine administration errors without significantly impacting resident knowledge of immunization guidelines.immunization schedule , vaccination , immunization , prompting systems , resident education ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1492 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3246", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "encounter-based prompting system" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3247", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "encounter-based immunization prompting system" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3248", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "manual prompts of immunizations due" ], "offsets": [ [ 475, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3249", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3250", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3251", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Resident knowledge" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3252", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "significantly less missed opportunities/vaccine administration errors" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3253", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "postintervention knowledge scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3254", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "reduced missed opportunities/vaccine administration errors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1262, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3255", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge ." ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3257", "type": "document", "text": [ "The GH response to low-dose bolus growth hormone-releasing hormone ( GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH2 ) is attenuated in patients with longstanding post-irradiation GH insufficiency . OBJECTIVE Previous studies have suggested that post-irradiation GH insufficiency results from a loss of GHRH secretion , since many patients were able to release GH following exogenous GHRH stimulation . However , supramaximal doses of GHRH were used and the response may decline with time after radiotherapy . We re-evaluated the GHRH dose-response curve in patients post cranial irradiation and in controls . DESIGN Randomized controlled study . METHODS Five adult male long-term survivors of childhood brain tumours ( median age 21.8 years ( 18.4-26.7 ) ; 13.7 years ( 11.4-15.7 ) post-radiotherapy , > 30Gy ) and five matched controls were studied . An intravenous bolus of GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 ) was administered in doses at the lower ( 0.05 microg/kg ) and upper ( 0.15 microg/kg ) range of the dose-response curves for young males , as well as the standard supramaximal dose ( 1 . 0 microg/kg ) . GH was measured before stimulation , every 2min for the first hour and every 5min for the second hour . All studies were conducted in a random fashion . RESULTS Significantly lower peak and area under the curve ( AUC ) GH concentrations occurred in the irradiated group using 0.15 microg/kg ( median peak Irradiated , 4 . 5mU/l vs median Controls , 37.4mU/l ; P < 0.01 ) and 1.0 microg/kg ( median peak Irradiated , 4.8mU/l vs median Controls , 15.2mU/l ; P < 0 . 05 ) GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 ) . In irradiated subjects there was an incremental rise in GH output with increasing doses of GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 ) ( median AUC : 122mU/l.min vs 179mU/l.min vs 268mU/l.min ; P=0.007 ) reflecting altered pituitary sensitivity and reduced responsiveness . CONCLUSION The GH response to bolus GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 ) is attenuated in adult long-term survivors of childhood brain tumours . This may reflect direct pituitary damage and/or the loss of the tropic effects of chronic GHRH deficiency ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2058 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3258", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "low-dose bolus growth hormone-releasing hormone ( GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3259", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "supramaximal doses of GHRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 383, 409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3260", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 477 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3261", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3262", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 869 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3263", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 869 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3264", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GHRH ( 1-29 ) NH ( 2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 869 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3265", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 6 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3266", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Significantly lower peak and area under the curve ( AUC ) GH concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1234, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3267", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rise in GH output" ], "offsets": [ [ 1615, 1632 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3268", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pituitary sensitivity and reduced responsiveness ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1769, 1819 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3269", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with longstanding post-irradiation GH insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3270", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients post cranial irradiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3271", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "controls" ], "offsets": [ [ 569, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3272", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Five" ], "offsets": [ [ 625, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3273", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3274", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 640 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3275", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "childhood brain tumours" ], "offsets": [ [ 664, 687 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3276", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "five" ], "offsets": [ [ 786, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3277", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young" ], "offsets": [ [ 995, 1000 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3278", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3279", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "childhood brain tumours" ], "offsets": [ [ 664, 687 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3281", "type": "document", "text": [ "Auditory integration training for children with autism : no behavioral benefits detected . Auditory integration training and a control treatment were provided for 16 children with autism in a crossover experimental design . Measures , blind to treatment order , included parent and teacher ratings of behavior , direct observational recordings , IQ , language , and social/adaptive tests . Significant differences tended to show that the control condition was superior on parent-rated measures of hyperactivity and on direct observational measures of ear-occlusion . No differences were detected on teacher-rated measures . Children 's IQs and language comprehension did not increase , but adaptive/social behavior scores and expressive language quotients decreased . The majority of parents ( 56 % ) were unable to report in retrospect when their child had received auditory integration training . No individual child was identified as benefiting clinically or educationally from the treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 996 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3282", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Auditory integration training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3283", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Auditory integration training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3284", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 127, 144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3285", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "auditory integration training" ], "offsets": [ [ 867, 896 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3286", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3287", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3288", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "parent and teacher ratings of behavior" ], "offsets": [ [ 271, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3289", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "direct observational recordings" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 343 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3290", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "IQ" ], "offsets": [ [ 346, 348 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3291", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "language" ], "offsets": [ [ 351, 359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3292", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "social/adaptive tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 366, 387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3293", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Significant differences" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3294", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "superior on parent-rated measures of hyperactivity and on direct observational measures of ear-occlusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3295", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "No differences" ], "offsets": [ [ 567, 581 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3296", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "teacher-rated measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3297", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Children 's IQs and language comprehension" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3298", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "did not increase" ], "offsets": [ [ 667, 683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3299", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "adaptive/social behavior scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 690, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3300", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3301", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "expressive language quotients decreased" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 765 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3302", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "unable to report in retrospect" ], "offsets": [ [ 806, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3303", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "benefiting clinically or educationally" ], "offsets": [ [ 937, 975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3304", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children with autism :" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3305", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "16 children" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3306", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3308", "type": "document", "text": [ "Antisaccade and smooth pursuit eye movements in healthy subjects receiving sertraline and lorazepam . Patients suffering from some psychiatric and neurological disorders demonstrate abnormally high levels of saccadic distractibility when carrying out the antisaccade task . This has been particularly thoroughly demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia . A large body of evidence has been accumulated from studies of patients which suggests that such eye movement abnormalities may arise from frontal lobe dysfunction . The psychopharmacology of saccadic distractibility is less well understood , but is relevant both to interpreting patient studies and to establishing the neurological basis of their findings . Twenty healthy subjects received lorazepam 0.5 mg , 1 mg and 2 mg , sertraline 50 mg and placebo in a balanced , repeated measures study design . Antisaccade , no-saccade , visually guided saccade and smooth pursuit tasks were carried out and the effects of practice and drugs measured . Lorazepam increased direction errors in the antisaccade and no-saccade tasks in a dose-dependent manner . Sertraline had no effect on these measures . Correlation showed a statistically significant , but rather weak , association between direction errors and smooth pursuit measures . Practice was shown to have a powerful effect on antisaccade direction errors . This study supports our previous work by confirming that lorazepam reliably worsens saccadic distractibility , in contrast to other psychotropic drugs such as sertraline and chlorpromazine . Our results also suggest that other studies in this field , particularly those using parallel groups design , should take account of practice effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1710 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3309", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3310", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lorazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3311", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lorazepam 0.5 mg , 1 mg and 2 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 749, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3312", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline 50 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 800 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3313", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 805, 812 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3314", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lorazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1013 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3315", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1110, 1120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3316", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lorazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3317", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sertraline" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3318", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "direction errors in the antisaccade and no-saccade tasks" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3319", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "no effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 1125, 1134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3320", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "these measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3321", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "direction errors and smooth pursuit measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1242, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3322", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "antisaccade direction errors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1337, 1365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3323", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "saccadic distractibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 208, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3325", "type": "document", "text": [ "Ropivacaine-clonidine combination for caudal blockade in children . BACKGROUND Adding clonidine to weak ropivacaine solutions ( < 0.2 % ) could potentially enhance analgesia as well as further reduce the risk for unwanted motor blockade . The aim of the present study was to compare the postoperative pain-relieving quality of a ropivacaine 0.1 % -clonidine mixture to that of plain ropivacaine 0.2 % following caudal administration in children . METHODS In a prospective , observer-blinded fashion , 40 ASA 1 paediatric patients undergoing subumbilical surgery were randomly allocated to receive a caudal injection of either plain ropivacaine 0.2 % ( 1 ml/kg ) ( R0.2 ) or a mixture of ropivacaine 0.1 % with clonidine 2 microg/kg ( 1 ml/kg ) ( R0.1C ) . Objective pain scale score and need for supplemental analgesia were used to evaluate analgesia during the first 24 h postoperatively . Residual postoperative sedation was also assessed . RESULTS A significantly higher number of patients in the R0.1C group ( 18/20 ) could be managed without supplemental analgesia during the first 24 h postoperatively compared to the R0.2 group ( 11/20 ) ( P=0.034 ) . Both the degree and the duration of postoperative sedation was similar in both groups . No signs of postoperative motor blockade were observed . CONCLUSIONS The combination of clonidine ( 2 microg/kg ) and ropivacaine 0.1 % is associated with an improved quality of postoperative analgesia compared to plain 0.2 % ropivacaine . The improved analgesic quality of the clonidine-ropivacaine mixture is achieved without causing any significant degree of postoperative sedation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1633 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3326", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ropivacaine-clonidine combination" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3327", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3328", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "weak ropivacaine solutions" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3329", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine 0.1 % -clonidine mixture" ], "offsets": [ [ 329, 365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3330", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plain ropivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3331", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plain ropivacaine 0.2 % ( 1 ml/kg )" ], "offsets": [ [ 626, 661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3332", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine 0.1 %" ], "offsets": [ [ 329, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3333", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine 2 microg/kg ( 1 ml/kg )" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 743 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3334", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Objective pain scale score" ], "offsets": [ [ 756, 782 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3335", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clonidine ( 2 microg/kg ) and ropivacaine 0.1 %" ], "offsets": [ [ 1335, 1382 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3336", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plain 0.2 % ropivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1461, 1484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3337", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "enhance analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3338", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduce the risk for unwanted motor blockade ." ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 238 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3339", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain-relieving quality" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3340", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Objective pain scale score and need for supplemental analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 756, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3341", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Residual postoperative sedation" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3342", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "supplemental analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3343", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "degree and the duration of postoperative sedation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1168, 1217 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3344", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "postoperative motor blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3345", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improved quality of postoperative analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1405, 1448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3346", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improved analgesic quality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1491, 1517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3347", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "caudal blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3348", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3349", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "40" ], "offsets": [ [ 501, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3350", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "paediatric patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 510, 529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3351", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subumbilical surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3353", "type": "document", "text": [ "American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology International Study of Angiographic Data Compression Phase I : The effect of lossy data compression on recognition of diagnostic features in digital coronary angiography . OBJECTIVES This study intended to determine the effect of varying degrees of lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group ( JPEG ) compression on detection of coronary angiographic features . BACKGROUND Compression of digital coronary angiograms facilitates playback of images and decreases cost . There are little data on the effect of compression on the accuracy of coronary angiography . METHODS At six centers , 71 angiographers each reviewed a set of 100 angiographic sequences . The 100 sequences were divided into four , 25-sequence subsets . Each subset of 25 was displayed either as original images or at one of three compression ratios ( CRs ) ( 6:1 , 10:1 or 16:1 ) . The effect of lossy compression on the sensitivity and specificity for detection of diagnostic features was determined . The effect of compression on subjective measures of image quality graded by the angiographers was also examined . RESULTS Lossy compression at a ratio of 16:1 decreased the sensitivity for the detection of diagnostic features ( 76 % vs. 80 % p = 0.004 ) . The largest effect was in the detection of calcification ( 52 % vs. 63 % at 16:1 compression vs. original images , p < 0.001 ) . Subjective indicators of image quality indicated a reduction in confidence in interpretation at CRs of 10:1 and 16:1 . CONCLUSIONS With increased ratios of lossy compression , a degradation of digital coronary angiograms occurs that results in decreased diagnostic accuracy . The sensitivity for detection of common diagnostic features was decreased , and subjective assessment of image quality was impaired . Caution is warranted in the interpretation of coronary angiograms that have been subjected to lossy JPEG compression beyond a ratio of 6:1 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1963 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3354", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "data compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3355", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "digital coronary angiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 203, 231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3356", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group ( JPEG ) compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3357", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "coronary angiograms" ], "offsets": [ [ 454, 473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3358", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "JPEG compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1923, 1939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3359", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Photographic" ], "offsets": [ [ 323, 335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3360", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "detection of coronary angiographic features" ], "offsets": [ [ 374, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3361", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effect of lossy compression on the sensitivity and specificity for detection of diagnostic features" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3362", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effect of compression on subjective measures of image quality graded by the angiographers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3363", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Lossy compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1150, 1167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3364", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "detection of calcification" ], "offsets": [ [ 1314, 1340 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3365", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "confidence in interpretation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1477, 1505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3366", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "decreased diagnostic accuracy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1657, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3367", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "The sensitivity for detection of common diagnostic features" ], "offsets": [ [ 1689, 1748 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3368", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "digital coronary angiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 203, 231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3369", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "71" ], "offsets": [ [ 644, 646 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3371", "type": "document", "text": [ "Pharmacokinetic interaction between proton pump inhibitors and roxithromycin in volunteers . BACKGROUND Triple therapy including two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor is a rational approach to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori induced peptic ulcer disease . The interaction of antimicrobial therapy and acid suppression is not yet well elucidated . AIMS To investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitors on roxithromycin levels in plasma and gastric tissue under steady-state conditions in volunteers . METHODS In two crossover studies omeprazole 20 mg b.d. , lansoprazole 30 mg b.d. , roxithromycin 300 mg b.d. , and the combination of roxithromycin with either omeprazole or lansoprazole were administered to 12 healthy volunteers over 6 days . Blood plasma levels of the drugs were measured . In addition , roxithromycin concentrations were also determined in gastric juice and gastric tissue obtained during endoscopy . RESULTS The proton pump inhibitors and roxithromycin did not alter the blood plasma pharmacokinetics of each other . When compared to roxithromycin administered alone , its combination with a proton pump inhibitor significantly increased the roxithromycin concentrations in gastric juice ( 3.0-5.0 microg/mL vs. 0.3-0.4 microg/mL ) and gastric tissue ( antrum : 3.8-4.0 vs. 2.8 microg/g , fundus : 5.9-7.4 vs. 4.2-4.4 microg/g ) . CONCLUSIONS Proton pump inhibitors and roxithromycin do not alter the systemic bioavailability of each other . However , proton pump inhibitors increase the local concentration of roxithromycin in the stomach which may contribute to the clinically proven synergic beneficial action in eradication therapy of H. pylori ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1686 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3372", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "proton pump inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3373", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3374", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "proton pump inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3375", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3376", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole 20 mg b.d." ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3377", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole 30 mg b.d." ], "offsets": [ [ 572, 595 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3378", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin 300 mg b.d." ], "offsets": [ [ 598, 623 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3379", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3380", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole or lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 675, 701 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3381", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "proton pump inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3382", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3383", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3384", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Proton pump inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1379, 1401 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3385", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3386", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "proton pump inhibitors" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3387", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood plasma levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 759, 778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3388", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "roxithromycin concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 822, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3389", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood plasma pharmacokinetics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1007, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3390", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "roxithromycin concentrations in gastric juice" ], "offsets": [ [ 1178, 1223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3391", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "gastric tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 454, 468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3392", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "concentration of roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1530, 1560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3393", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3394", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 723, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3395", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 733 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3397", "type": "document", "text": [ "Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid or placebo for recalcitrant foot and hand warts : randomised double-blind trial . BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid ( ALA ) followed by irradiation with incoherent light ( ALA-PDT ) for recalcitrant warts have had beneficial results . Therefore , we undertook a randomised , parallel , double-blind clinical trial of ALA-PDT versus placeboPDT for recalcitrant foot and hand warts . METHODS Recalcitrant foot and hand warts were randomly assigned to six repetitive ALA-PDT or placebo-PDT interventions combined with standard treatment encompassing paring followed by a keratolytic ( Verucid ) . Standardised photographs of each wart were taken before , during ( week 7 ) and after treatment ( weeks 14 and 18 ) . The area of each wart compared with entry area was the primary outcome variable , measured from photographs by an evaluator unaware of treatment allocation for intervention . Pain intensity immediately and 24 h after each intervention was assessed by a five-point scale . FINDINGS A total of 232 foot and hand warts in 45 patients were entered into the trial : 117 warts were allocated to ALA-PDT and 115 warts to placebo-PDT . In week 14 , the median relative reduction in wart area was 98 % in the ALA-PDT group ( interquartile range 100 % , 55 % ) versus 52 % ( 100 % , 0 ) in the placebo group ( p=0.0006 ) . In week 18 , the median relative reduction in wart area was 100 % in the ALA-PDT group ( 100 % , 57 % ) versus 71 % ( 100 % , 0 ) in the placebo-PDT arm ( p=0.008 ) . Both the number of vanishing warts and the difference in relative wart area of persisting warts at week 14 and 18 were significant ( p < 0.05 ) in favour of ALA-PDT . Significantly more ALA-PDT warts were graded at a higher pain intensity after treatment than placebo-PDT warts . INTERPRETATION ALA-PDT is superior to placebo-PDT when both wart area and number of vanishing warts are considered ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1979 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3398", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "Photodynamic therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3399", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-aminolaevulinic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3400", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3401", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid ( ALA ) followed by irradiation with incoherent light ( ALA-PDT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 272 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3402", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ALA-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3403", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3404", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ALA-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3405", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3406", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ALA-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3407", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ALA-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3408", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3409", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ALA-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3410", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3411", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-PDT" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3412", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "foot and hand warts :" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3413", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "area of each wart compared with entry area" ], "offsets": [ [ 807, 849 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3414", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 992 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3415", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median relative reduction in wart area" ], "offsets": [ [ 1248, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3416", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median relative reduction in wart area" ], "offsets": [ [ 1248, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3417", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of vanishing warts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1592, 1617 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3418", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "difference in relative wart area of persisting warts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1626, 1678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3419", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "higher pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1800, 1821 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3420", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "area and number of vanishing warts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1928, 1962 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3421", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "recalcitrant foot and hand warts" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3422", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Recalcitrant" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3423", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "warts" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3424", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "45" ], "offsets": [ [ 1122, 1124 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3426", "type": "document", "text": [ "Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation : a double-blind randomised study . HAEST Study Group . Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial . BACKGROUND Patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of early stroke recurrence , and anticoagulant treatment with heparins has been widely advocated , despite missing data on the balance of risk and benefit . METHODS Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial ( HAEST ) was a multicentre , randomised , double-blind , and double-dummy trial on the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin ( LMWH , dalteparin 100 IU/kg subcutaneously twice a day ) or aspirin ( 160 mg every day ) for the treatment of 449 patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation . The primary aim was to test whether treatment with LMWH , started within 30 h of stroke onset , is superior to aspirin for the prevention of recurrent stroke during the first 14 days . FINDINGS The frequency of recurrent ischaemic stroke during the first 14 days was 19/244 ( 8.5 % ) in dalteparin-allocated patients versus 17/225 ( 7.5 % ) in aspirin-allocated patients ( odds ratio=1.13 , 95 % CI 0.57-2.24 ) . The secondary events during the first 14 days also revealed no benefit of dalteparin compared with aspirin : symptomatic cerebral haemorrhage 6/224 versus 4/225 ; symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral haemorrhage 26/224 versus 32/225 ; progression of symptoms within the first 48 hours 24/224 versus 17/225 ; and death 21/224 versus 16/225 . There were no significant differences in functional outcome or death at 14 days or 3 months . INTERPRETATION The present data do not provide any evidence that LMWH is superior to aspirin for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation . However , the study could not exclude the possibility of smaller , but still worthwhile , effects of either of the trial drugs ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1961 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3427", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Low molecular-weight heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3428", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3429", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparins" ], "offsets": [ [ 361, 369 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3430", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3431", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "low-molecular-weight heparin ( LMWH" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3432", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dalteparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 638, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3433", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3434", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LMWH" ], "offsets": [ [ 631, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3435", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3436", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dalteparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 638, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3437", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin :" ], "offsets": [ [ 1320, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3438", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LMWH" ], "offsets": [ [ 631, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3439", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "early stroke recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3440", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrent stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 949, 965 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3441", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "frequency of recurrent ischaemic stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3442", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "symptomatic cerebral haemorrhage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1330, 1362 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3443", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral haemorrhage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1384, 1433 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3444", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "progression of symptoms within the first 48 hours" ], "offsets": [ [ 1457, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3445", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional outcome or death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1604, 1631 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3446", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute ischaemic stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3447", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atrial fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3448", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute ischaemic stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3449", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atrial fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3450", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "449" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3451", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3453", "type": "document", "text": [ "Lack of effect of a low-fat , high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas . Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group . BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that dietary intervention can inhibit the development of recurrent colorectal adenomas , which are precursors of most large-bowel cancers . METHODS We randomly assigned 2079 men and women who were 35 years of age or older and who had had one or more histologically confirmed colorectal adenomas removed within six months before randomization to one of two groups : an intervention group given intensive counseling and assigned to follow a diet that was low in fat ( 20 percent of total calories ) and high in fiber ( 18 g of dietary fiber per 1000 kcal ) and fruits and vegetables ( 3.5 servings per 1000 kcal ) , and a control group given a standard brochure on healthy eating and assigned to follow their usual diet . Subjects entered the study after undergoing complete colonoscopy and removal of adenomatous polyps ; they remained in the study for approximately four years , undergoing colonoscopy one and four years after randomization . RESULTS A total of 1905 of the randomized subjects ( 91.6 percent ) completed the study . Of the 958 subjects in the intervention group and the 947 in the control group who completed the study , 39.7 percent and 39.5 percent , respectively , had at least one recurrent adenoma ; the unadjusted risk ratio was 1.00 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0.90 to 1.12 ) . Among subjects with recurrent adenomas , the mean ( +/-SE ) number of such lesions was 1.85+/-0.08 in the intervention group and 1.84+/-0.07 in the control group . The rate of recurrence of large adenomas ( with a maximal diameter of at least 1 cm ) and advanced adenomas ( defined as lesions that had a maximal diameter of at least 1 cm or at least 25 percent villous elements or evidence of high-grade dysplasia , including carcinoma ) did not differ significantly between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Adopting a diet that is low in fat and high in fiber , fruits , and vegetables does not influence the risk of recurrence of colorectal adenomas ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2120 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3454", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-fat , high-fiber diet" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3455", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "diet that was low in fat" ], "offsets": [ [ 601, 625 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3456", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "high in fiber ( 18 g of dietary fiber per 1000 kcal )" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3457", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "fruits and vegetables" ], "offsets": [ [ 721, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3458", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence of colorectal adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3459", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "development of recurrent colorectal adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3460", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "one recurrent adenoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1360, 1381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3461", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "unadjusted risk ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1388, 1409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3462", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of such lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1531, 1553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3463", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrence of large adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 1647, 1675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3464", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "advanced adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3465", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk of recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 2077, 2095 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3466", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2079" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3467", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3468", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3469", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "35" ], "offsets": [ [ 359, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3470", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colorectal adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3471", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1905" ], "offsets": [ [ 1124, 1128 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3473", "type": "document", "text": [ "Human motor responses to simultaneous aversive stimulation and failure on a valued task . The effects of presentation of an aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test upon a subject 's aggressive reactions were studied . The subject 's fist clenching was used as an indicator of aggression . Four conditions , generated by the combinations of two kinds of stimulus delivered to the subjects ( aversive or nonaversive ) and two outcomes of the task ( failure or success ) , were investigated . 20 female and 20 male students ( ages : 17-34 years ) were instructed , upon the reception of an aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal , to press with the right hand a device that displayed a slide . Each slide presented an item from an intelligence test , to which the subjects were either allowed to answer successfully ( success ) or not ( failure ) . Failure increased the subject 's autonomic arousal , as measured by photoplethysmographic sensors , in all stimulation conditions , but only the condition with aversive stimulation increased the speed of clenching . This was interpreted as indicating subject 's tendencies to aggression . These results are discussed in relation to the effects of frustration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1239 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3474", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "aversive stimulation and failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3475", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3476", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "aversive or nonaversive" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3477", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal" ], "offsets": [ [ 619, 658 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3478", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "aggressive reactions" ], "offsets": [ [ 214, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3479", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "fist clenching" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 279 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3480", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "indicator of aggression" ], "offsets": [ [ 295, 318 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3481", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "autonomic arousal ," ], "offsets": [ [ 912, 931 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3482", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "speed of clenching" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3483", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "tendencies to aggression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1141, 1165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3484", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "subject 's fist clenching" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 279 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3486", "type": "document", "text": [ "Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine compared with a group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adolescents in a randomised observer-blind controlled trial . This study evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( MenC ) compared with a group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( MenPS ) in healthy adolescents . Subjects were randomised to receive one dose of either MenC ( n=92 ) or MenPS ( n=90 ) . Group C meningococcal IgG antibody concentrations and bactericidal titres were higher in the MenC group than the MenPS group at 1 month ( 22.8 U/ml vs 4.0 U/ml , p < 0.001 , and 87 vs 20 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) and 12 months ( 6.1 U/ml vs 3.0 U/ml , p < 0.001 , and 81.3 vs 20.2 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . No differences in post immunisation reaction rates were noted between the two vaccinated groups . This study demonstrated the safety and enhanced immunogenicity of the candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccine as compared with the licensed polysaccharide vaccine in adolescents ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1101 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3487", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( MenC ) compared with a group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( MenPS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 271, 392 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3488", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MenC" ], "offsets": [ [ 313, 317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3489", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MenPS" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3490", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Immunogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3491", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reactogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3492", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immunogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 232, 246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3493", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reactogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3494", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "meningococcal IgG antibody concentrations and bactericidal titres" ], "offsets": [ [ 515, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3495", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "post immunisation reaction rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 872 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3496", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immunogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 232, 246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3497", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adolescents" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3499", "type": "document", "text": [ "Language , speech sound production , and cognition in three-year-old children in relation to otitis media in their first three years of life . OBJECTIVE As part of a prospective study of possible effects of early-life otitis media on speech , language , cognitive , and psychosocial development , we tested relationships between children 's cumulative duration of middle ear effusion ( MEE ) in their first 3 years of life and their scores on measures of language , speech sound production , and cognition at 3 years of age . METHODS We enrolled 6350 healthy infants by 2 months of age who presented for primary care at 1 of 2 urban hospitals or 1 of 2 small town/rural and 4 suburban private pediatric practices . We intensively monitored the children 's middle ear status by pneumatic otoscopy , supplemented by tympanometry , throughout their first 3 years of life ; we monitored the validity of the otoscopic observations on an ongoing basis ; and we treated children for otitis media according to specified guidelines . Children who met specified minimum criteria regarding the persistence of MEE became eligible for a clinical trial in which they were assigned randomly to undergo tympanostomy tube placement either promptly or after a defined extended period if MEE remained present . From among those remaining , we selected randomly , within sociodemographic strata , a sample of 241 children who represented a spectrum of MEE experience from having no MEE to having MEE whose cumulative duration fell just short of meeting randomization criteria . In subjects so selected , the estimated duration of MEE ranged from none to 65.6 % of the first year of life and 44.8 % of the first 3 years of life . In these 241 children we assessed language development , speech sound production , and cognition at 3 years of age , using both formal tests and conversational samples . RESULTS We found weak to moderate , statistically significant negative correlations between children 's cumulative durations of MEE in their first year of life or in age periods that included their first year of life , and their scores on formal tests of receptive vocabulary and verbal aspects of cognition at 3 years of age . However , the percent of variance in these scores explained by time with MEE in the first year of life beyond that explained by sociodemographic variables ranged only from 1.2 % to 2.9 % , and the negative correlations were concentrated in the subgroup of children whose families had private health insurance ( rather than Medicaid ) . We found no significant correlations in the study population as a whole or in any subgroup between time with MEE during antecedent periods and children 's scores on measures of spontaneous expressive language , speech sound production , or other measured aspects of cognition . In contrast , by wide margins , scores on all measures were consistently highest among the most socioeconomically advantaged children and lowest among the most socioeconomically disadvantaged children . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest either that persistent early-life MEE actually causes later small , circumscribed impairments of receptive language and verbal aspects of cognition in certain groups of children or that unidentified , confounding factors predispose children both to early-life otitis media and to certain types of developmental impairment . Findings in the randomized clinical trial component of the larger study should help distinguish between causality and confounding as explanations for our findings.language , speech , cognition , development , otitis media , middle ear effusion ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3626 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3500", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "pneumatic otoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 777, 795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3501", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "supplemented by tympanometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 798, 826 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3502", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "otitis media" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3503", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "tympanostomy tube placement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3504", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "measures of language , speech sound production , and cognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 443, 505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3505", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "language development , speech sound production , and cognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 1743, 1805 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3506", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "scores on formal tests of receptive vocabulary and verbal aspects of cognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 2108, 2186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3507", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "spontaneous expressive language , speech sound production , or other measured aspects of cognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 2720, 2818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3508", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "scores on all measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 2853, 2875 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3509", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "developmental impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 3354, 3378 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3510", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "findings.language , speech , cognition" ], "offsets": [ [ 3535, 3573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3511", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "three-year-old children in relation to otitis media in their first three years of life ." ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3513", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomised , double blind , placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : the ISOLDE trial . OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of long term inhaled corticosteroids on lung function , exacerbations , and health status in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . DESIGN Double blind , placebo controlled study . SETTING Eighteen UK hospitals . PARTICIPANTS 751 men and women aged between 40 and 75 years with mean forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV ( 1 ) ) 50 % of predicted normal . INTERVENTIONS Inhaled fluticasone propionate 500 microgram twice daily from a metered dose inhaler or identical placebo . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Efficacy measures : rate of decline in FEV ( 1 ) after the bronchodilator and in health status , frequency of exacerbations , respiratory withdrawals . Safety measures : morning serum cortisol concentration , incidence of adverse events . RESULTS There was no significant difference in the annual rate of decline in FEV ( 1 ) ( P=0.16 ) . Mean FEV ( 1 ) after bronchodilator remained significantly higher throughout the study with fluticasone propionate compared with placebo ( P < 0.001 ) . Median exacerbation rate was reduced by 25 % from 1.32 a year on placebo to 0.99 a year on with fluticasone propionate ( P=0.026 ) . Health status deteriorated by 3.2 units a year on placebo and 2.0 units a year on fluticasone propionate ( P=0.0043 ) . Withdrawals because of respiratory disease not related to malignancy were higher in the placebo group ( 25 % v 19 % , P=0.034 ) . CONCLUSIONS Fluticasone propionate 500 microgram twice daily did not affect the rate of decline in FEV ( 1 ) but did produce a small increase in FEV ( 1 ) . Patients on fluticasone propionate had fewer exacerbations and a slower decline in health status . These improvements in clinical outcomes support the use of this treatment in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2030 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3514", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3515", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluticasone propionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3516", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "corticosteroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3517", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3518", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluticasone propionate 500 microgram twice daily from a metered dose inhaler" ], "offsets": [ [ 628, 704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3519", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lung function , exacerbations , and health status" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3520", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 758 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3521", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of decline in FEV ( 1 ) after the bronchodilator and in health status , frequency of exacerbations" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 873 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3522", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "respiratory withdrawals" ], "offsets": [ [ 876, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3523", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "morning serum cortisol concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 920, 956 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3524", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 959, 986 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3525", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "annual rate of decline in FEV ( 1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1040, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3526", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean FEV ( 1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1089, 1103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3527", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "significantly higher" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3528", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Median exacerbation rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1242, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3529", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Health status deteriorated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1401 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3530", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Withdrawals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1495, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3531", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of decline in FEV ( 1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3532", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "produce a small increase in FEV ( 1 ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1742, 1781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3533", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exacerbations" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3534", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "slower decline in health status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1847, 1878 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3535", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3536", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3537", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 476 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3538", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3539", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged between 40 and 75 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 487, 515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3540", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 152 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3542", "type": "document", "text": [ "Increased growth hormone response to sumatriptan challenge in adult autistic disorders . Serotonergic ( 5-HT ) abnormalities have been documented in autism . To assess sensitivity of the 5-HT1d receptor , growth hormone response to the 5-HT1d receptor agonist sumatriptan was studied in adult autistic patients and matched normal controls . In this study , 11 adult patients with autism or Asperger 's disorder were compared with nine matched controls . All subjects were randomized to single dose sumatriptan ( 6 mg SQ ) and placebo challenges , separated by a 1-week interval , and growth hormone was measured before and during the challenges . The results showed a highly significant diagnosisxdrugxtime interaction on repeated measure analysis covaried for baseline . This suggests that autistic patients had significantly greater growth hormone response to sumatriptan than normal controls , independent of placebo effects . Therefore , abnormalities in 5-HT regulation in autism may be related to increased sensitivity of the 5-HT1d inhibitory receptor in autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1070 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3543", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3544", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-HT1d receptor agonist sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3545", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "single dose sumatriptan ( 6 mg SQ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3546", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo challenges" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3547", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "growth hormone was measured before and during the challenges" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3548", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sumatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3549", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Increased growth hormone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3550", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3551", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "growth hormone" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3552", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diagnosisxdrugxtime interaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 718 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3553", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "growth hormone response" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3554", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3555", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorders" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3557", "type": "document", "text": [ "Outcome of CNS disease at diagnosis in disseminated small noncleaved-cell lymphoma and B-cell leukemia : a Children 's Cancer Group study . PURPOSE To examine the impact of initial CNS involvement on outcome and patterns of failure in patients with disseminated small noncleaved-cell lymphoma and B-cell leukemia who were treated in four successive Children 's Cancer Group trials . PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 462 patients with disseminated disease , 49 ( 10.6 % ) had CNS disease at diagnosis ( CNS+ ) . CNS disease included meningeal disease or CNS parenchymal masses with or without cranial neuropathies ( CSF+/Mass ; CNPs ) in 36 patients and isolated CNPs in 13 . Of the CNS+ patients , 28 had M2 ( 5 % to 25 % blasts ) or M3 ( > 25 % blasts ) bone marrow involvement . All patients received protocol-based systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy . Thirty-six patients also received CNS irradiation . RESULTS Relapses occurred in 21 ( 43 % ) of 49 patients , predominantly in the CNS ( 71 % ) and bone marrow ( 52 % ) . The 3-year event-free survival +/- SE for all patients with CNS+ disease was 45 % +/- 7 % . Patients with CSF+/Mass had a nominally higher treatment failure rate compared with patients with CNS- after adjusting for marrow status and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) diagnosis , with a relative failure rate ( RFR ) of 1.52 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.88 to 2.6 ; P =.15 ) . In comparison , the RFRs for patients with M2 or M3 marrow and for those with LDH levels greater than 500 IU/L after adjusting for CNS disease were 1.4 ( 95 % CI , 0.96 to 2.0 ; P =.029 ) and 2.2 ( 95 % CI , 1.5 to 3.0 ; P < .001 ) , respectively . The RFR for patients with isolated CNPs was 0.87 ( 95 % CI , 0.36 to 2.1 ; P =.76 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that , with the treatments used during the period covered by these studies , the presence of CSF+/Mass CNS disease at diagnosis was associated with a nominally worse outcome independent of initial bone marrow status and LDH level , but the effect was not statistically significant ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2041 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3558", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Children 's Cancer Group trials" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3559", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "protocol-based systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3560", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "CNS irradiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 883, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3561", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Relapses" ], "offsets": [ [ 909, 917 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3562", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "3-year event-free survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1050 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3563", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "higher treatment failure rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1152, 1181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3564", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relative failure rate ( RFR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1302, 1331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3565", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "RFRs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1421, 1425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3566", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CNS disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3567", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "nominally worse outcome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1909, 1932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3568", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "disseminated small noncleaved-cell lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3569", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "B-cell leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3570", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Children 's" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3571", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3572", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "disseminated small noncleaved-cell lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3573", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "B-cell leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3574", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Children 's" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3575", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3576", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "462" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 410 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3577", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "disseminated disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3578", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "49" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3579", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "CNS" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3580", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "CNS+" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3581", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "CNS+" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3582", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "28" ], "offsets": [ [ 689, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3583", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "All" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3585", "type": "document", "text": [ "Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduce circulating complement factors and interleukin-6 in paediatric heart surgery . Children are sensitive to the inflammatory side effects of cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB ) . Our intention was to investigate if the biocompatibility benefits of heparin-coated CPB circuits apply to children . In 20 operations , 19 children were randomized to heparin-coated ( group HC , n = 10 ) or standard ( group C , n = 10 ) bypass circuits . Plasma levels of acute phase reactants , interleukins , granulocytic proteins and complement factors were measured . All were significantly elevated after CPB . Levels of complement factor C3a ( 851 ( 791-959 ) ng/ml [ median with quartiles ] in group C , 497 ( 476-573 ) ng/ml in group HC , p < 0.001 ) , Terminal Complement Complex ( 114 ( 71-130 ) AU/ml in group C , 35.5 ( 28.9-51.4 ) AU/ml in group HC , p < 0.001 ) , and interleukin-6 ( 570 ( 203-743 ) pg/ml in group C , 168 ( 111-206 ) pg/ml in group HC , p = 0.005 ) , were significantly reduced in group HC . Heparin-coated CPB circuits improve the biocompatibility of CPB during heart surgery in the paediatric patient population , as reflected by significantly reduced levels of circulating complement factors and interleukin-6 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1271 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3586", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3587", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "heparin-coated CPB circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3588", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "heparin-coated" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3589", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "standard" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3590", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Heparin-coated CPB circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1076 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3591", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma levels of acute phase reactants" ], "offsets": [ [ 480, 518 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3592", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "interleukins" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 533 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3593", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "granulocytic proteins" ], "offsets": [ [ 536, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3594", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complement factors" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3595", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Levels of complement factor C3a" ], "offsets": [ [ 641, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3596", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Terminal Complement Complex" ], "offsets": [ [ 786, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3597", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "interleukin-6" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3599", "type": "document", "text": [ "Does waiting matter ? A randomized controlled trial of new non-urgent rheumatology out-patient referrals . OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of waiting times on the health status of patients referred for a non-urgent rheumatology opinion . METHODS The study was a randomized controlled clinical study evaluating a 'fast track ' appointment with a 6-week target waiting time against an 'ordinary ' appointment in the main city out-patient clinic of the rheumatology service for the Lothian and Borders region ( population approximately 1 million ) . Health status was measured using the SF12 physical and mental summary component T-scores and pain was measured with a 100 mm visual analogue pain scale . Secondary outcomes were health utility and perceived health both measured with the EuroQol instrument , mental health measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale , disability with the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire and economic costs measured from a societal perspective . RESULTS Mean waiting times were 43 days ( sigma = +/-16 ) and 105 days ( sigma = +/-51 ) for 'fast track ' and 'ordinary ' appointments , respectively . Both groups showed significant improvements in mean [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ] scores for pain : 11 ( 7 , 16 ) ( P < 0.001 ) ; physical health status : 4 ( 2 , 5 ) ( P < 0.001 ) ; mental health status : 2 ( 0.1 , 4 ) ( P < 0.02 ) ; and health utility : 0.11 ( 0.07 , 0.16 ) ( P < 0.001 ) by the end of the 15-month period of the study , but there was no significant difference between either arm of the study . CONCLUSIONS Rationing by delay was not detrimental to either mental or physical health and patients in both arms of the study showed significant and similar improvement in health by 15 months . Expenditure of resources on waiting times without regard to clinical outcomes is likely to be wasteful and additional resources should be directed at achieving the greatest clinical benefit . More research into effective methods of controlling demand and better identification of those who would benefit from access to specialist care is needed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2109 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3600", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "'fast track ' appointment with a 6-week target waiting time" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3601", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "'ordinary ' appointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 383, 406 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3602", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SF12 physical and mental summary component T-scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3603", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3604", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "health utility" ], "offsets": [ [ 725, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3605", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Anxiety and Depression scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 846, 874 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3606", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Mean waiting times" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1022 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3607", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3608", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physical health status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1285, 1307 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3609", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "mental health status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1338, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3610", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "health utility" ], "offsets": [ [ 725, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3612", "type": "document", "text": [ "Identifying the indications for laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy : a prospective , randomised comparison with abdominal hysterectomy in patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids . OBJECTIVE To compare laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy ( LAVH ) and total abdominal hysterectomy ( TAH ) in patients with uterine fibroids . DESIGN A prospective randomised study . SETTING The San Paolo Hospital , Milan . POPULATION Sixty-two patients , who were not suitable for a vaginal hysterectomy , requiring treatment for uterine fibroids . METHODS Randomisation between LAVH and TAH . Comparison of outcomes on the whole series , patients with uteri < or = 500 g ( Group 1 ) and patients with uteri > 500 g ( Group 2 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To establish operating time , blood loss , complications , febrile morbidity , analgesics administration and hospital stay for both treatment approaches . RESULTS Median uterine weight was 400 g in both LAVH and TAH group . Median operating time was longer for LAVH ( 135 min compared with 120 min for TAH ; P = 0.001 ) , but patients undergoing LAVH had less analgesics administration ( 23 % compared with 77 % , P < 0.001 ) and a shorter median hospital stay ( 3.8 compared with 5.8 days ; P < 0.001 ) . LAVH , when compared with TAH in the two weight subgroups , required a significantly longer operating time only in Group 2 , significantly reduced analgesics administration only in Group 1 , and significantly reduced hospital stay in both groups . Conversions of LAVH to laparotomy were significantly more frequent in Group 2 ( 3/11 ) than in Group 1 ( 0/20 ) ( P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Compared with TAH , LAVH has advantages in removing uteri weighing < or = 500 g , with comparable operating time , less post-operative pain and shorter recovery . Among uteri weighing > 500 g LAVH showed a shorter recovery , but longer operating time than TAH and a 27 % rate of conversion to laparotomy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1957 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3613", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3614", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "abdominal hysterectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3615", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy ( LAVH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3616", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "total abdominal hysterectomy ( TAH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 312 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3617", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3618", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3619", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3620", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3621", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3622", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3623", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3624", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3625", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3626", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3627", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3628", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAVH" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3629", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "TAH" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3630", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1536, 1546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3631", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3632", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 799 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3633", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3634", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "febrile morbidity" ], "offsets": [ [ 818, 835 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3635", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "analgesics administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3636", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 868, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3637", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Median uterine weight" ], "offsets": [ [ 922, 943 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3638", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Median operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 983, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3639", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "analgesics administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3640", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "median hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3641", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3642", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "analgesics administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3643", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 868, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3644", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "advantages" ], "offsets": [ [ 1681, 1691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3645", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3646", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "post-operative pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1772, 1791 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3647", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1804, 1812 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3648", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "conversion to laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1931, 1955 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3649", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "symptomatic uterine fibroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3650", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "uterine fibroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3651", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-two" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3652", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "uterine fibroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3654", "type": "document", "text": [ "Secretin and autism : a two-part clinical investigation . Recent anecdotal reports have touted the gastrointestinal ( GI ) hormone secretin as a treatment modality for autism , though there is little clinical evidence or literature to support its viability . We undertook a two-part clinical trial to investigate these claims . Fifty-six patients ( 49 boys , 7 girls , mean age = 6.4 years , SD = 2.7 ) enrolled in an open-label trial of secretin , during which they received one injection of the hormone ( 2 IU/kg ) . All subjects were evaluated by their parents at baseline and follow-up visits ( 3-6 weeks later , M = 3.7 , SD = 1.4 weeks ) with Childhood Autism Rating Scales ( CARS ) . Thirty-four patients were labeled with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified , and 22 met diagnostic criteria for Autistic Disorder . Forty-five patients were concurrently on other drug treatments . At follow-up , some reported minimal but potentially significant improvements including changes in GI symptoms , expressive and/or receptive language function , and improved awareness and social interactions . No adverse effects were reported or observed . Subsequently , 17 of the most responsive patients from Study 1 began a double-blind trial that also included 8 newly enrolled patients . Patients in this second study were alternatively entered into one of two groups and received injections of secretin or placebo with crossover at 4 weeks . Patients from Study 1 entered into Study 2 at an average of 6.5 ( SD = 0.8 ) weeks after beginning Study 1 . Results of both inquiries indicate that although treatment with secretin was reported to cause transient changes in speech and behavior in some children , overall it produced few clinically meaningful changes when compared to children given placebo injections ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1828 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3655", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3656", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3657", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3658", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1422, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3659", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3660", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1422, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3661", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Childhood Autism Rating Scales ( CARS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 649, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3662", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "changes in GI symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 997, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3663", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "expressive and/or receptive language function , and improved awareness and social interactions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1022, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3664", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1122, 1137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3665", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "transient changes in speech and behavior" ], "offsets": [ [ 1662, 1702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3666", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifty-six" ], "offsets": [ [ 328, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3667", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "49" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3668", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "boys" ], "offsets": [ [ 352, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3669", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "7" ], "offsets": [ [ 359, 360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3670", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "girls" ], "offsets": [ [ 361, 366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3671", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age = 6.4 years , SD = 2.7" ], "offsets": [ [ 369, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3672", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3673", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Pervasive Developmental Disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 730, 762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3674", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "22" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3675", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Autistic Disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3676", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-five" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 854 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3677", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "drug treatments" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 906 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3679", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comments on \" Secretin and autism : a two-part clinical investigation \" by M.G . Chez et al ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 93 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3680", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3681", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3682", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3683", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism :" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3685", "type": "document", "text": [ "Assessment in multisite randomized clinical trials of patients with autistic disorder : the Autism RUPP Network . Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology . Assessment of autistic disorder ( autism ) symptoms , primary and secondary , poses more challenging problems than ordinarily found in multisite randomized clinical trial ( RCT ) assessments . For example , subjects may be uncommunicative and extremely heterogeneous in problem presentation , and current pharmacological treatments are not likely to alter most core features of autism . The Autism Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology ( RUPP Autism Network ) resolved some of these problems during the design of a risperidone RCT in children/adolescents . The inappropriateness of the usual anchors for a Clinical Global Impression of Severity ( CGI-S ) was resolved by defining uncomplicated autism without secondary symptoms as a CGI-S of 3 , mildly ill . The communication problems , compromising use of the patient as an informant , were addressed by several strategies , including careful questioning of care providers , rating scales , laboratory tests , and physical exams . The broad subject heterogeneity requires outcome measures sensitive to individual change over a wide spectrum of treatment response and side effects . The problems of neuropsychologically testing nonverbal , lower functioning , sometimes noncompliant subjects requires careful instrument selection/adaptation and flexible administration techniques . The problems of assessing low-end IQs , neglected by most standardized test developers , was resolved by an algorithm of test hierarchy . Scarcity of other autism-adapted cognitive and neuropsychological tests and lack of standardization required development of a new , specially adapted battery . Reliability on the Autism Diagnostic Interview ( currently the most valid diagnostic instrument ) and other clinician instruments required extensive cross-site training ( in-person , videotape , and teleconference sessions ) . Definition of a treatment responder required focus on individually relevant target symptoms , synthesis of possible modest improvements in many domains , and acceptance of attainable though imperfect goals . The assessment strategy developed is implemented in a RCT of risperidone ( McDougle et al. , 2000 ) for which the design and other methodological challenges are described elsewhere ( Scahill et al. , 2000 ) . Some of these problems and solutions are partially shared with RCTs of other treatments and other disorders ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2556 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3686", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "risperidone RCT" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3687", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "risperidone" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3688", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3689", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "autistic disorder ( autism ) symptoms , primary and secondary" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 238 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3690", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "communication problems" ], "offsets": [ [ 935, 957 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3691", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "careful questioning of care providers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1059, 1096 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3692", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "rating scales" ], "offsets": [ [ 1099, 1112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3693", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "laboratory tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 1115, 1131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3694", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "physical exams" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3695", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1278, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3696", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "side effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1291, 1305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "low-end IQs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1531, 1542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3698", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Autism Diagnostic Interview" ], "offsets": [ [ 1822, 1849 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3699", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3700", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children/adolescents" ], "offsets": [ [ 706, 726 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3701", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 197, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3703", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of a 5 day regimen of cefdinir with a 10 day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . Patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with cefdinir 300 mg bd for 5 days or cefprozil 500 mg bd for 10 days in a prospective , randomized , double-blind , multicentre study . Of the 548 patients enrolled , 281 ( 51 % ) were evaluable . The clinical cure rates at the test-of-cure visit were 80 % ( 114/142 ) and 72 % ( 100/139 ) for the evaluable patients treated with cefdinir and cefprozil , respectively . Respiratory tract pathogens were isolated from 409 ( 75 % ) of 548 admission sputum specimens , with the predominant pathogens being Haemophilus parainfluenzae , Haemophilus influenzae , Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis . The microbiological eradication rates at the test-of-cure visit were 81 % ( 157 of 193 pathogens ) and 84 % ( 166 of 198 pathogens ) for the evaluable patients treated with cefdinir and cefprozil , respectively . Adverse event rates while on treatment were equivalent between the two treatment groups . The incidence of diarrhoea during therapy was higher for patients treated with cefdinir ( 17 % ) than for patients treated with cefprozil ( 6 % ) ( P < 0.01 ) , but most cases were mild and did not lead to discontinuation of treatment . These results indicate that a 5 day regimen of cefdinir is as effective and safe in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis as a 10 day regimen of cefprozil ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1546 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3704", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3705", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3706", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3707", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3708", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3709", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3710", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3711", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3713", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3716", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3717", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinical cure rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 428 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3718", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Respiratory tract pathogens" ], "offsets": [ [ 578, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3719", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "microbiological eradication rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 819, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3720", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Adverse event rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1028, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3721", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of diarrhoea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1122, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3722", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective and safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 1417, 1435 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3723", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3724", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3725", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "548" ], "offsets": [ [ 351, 354 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3726", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "281" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 378 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3727", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cefdinir and cefprozil" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3728", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cefdinir" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3729", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3731", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effectiveness of omeprazole , clarithromycin and tinidazole in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in a community screen and treat programme . Leeds Help Study Group . INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment has been proposed as a cost-effective method of preventing gastric cancer . AIM To assess , in a randomized controlled trial , the efficacy of therapy in eradicating H. pylori as part of a screening programme , and to report the adverse events associated with this strategy . METHODS Subjects between the ages of 40-49 years were randomly selected from the lists of 36 primary care centres . Participants attended their local practice and H. pylori status was determined by 13C-urea breath test . Infected subjects were randomized to receive omeprazole 20 mg b.d. , clarithromycin 250 mg b.d . and tinidazole 500 mg b.d . for 7 days ( OCT ) or identical placebos . Eradication was determined by a 13C-urea breath test 6 months and 2 years after the first visit . Successful eradication was defined as two negative 13C-urea breath tests or one negative and one missing test . Adverse events and compliance were assessed at the 6-month visit . RESULTS A total of 32 929 subjects were invited to attend , 8407 were evaluable , and 2329 ( 28 % ) of these were H. pylori-positive . A total of 1161 subjects were randomized to OCT and 1163 to placebo ; over 80 % returned for a repeat 13C-urea breath test on at least one occasion . The eradication rates in those allocated to OCT were as follows : intention-to-treat , 710 out of 1161 ( 61 % ; 95 % confidence interval : 58-64 % ) ; evaluable 710 out of 967 ( 73 % ; 95 % CI : 71-76 % ) ; took all medication 645 out of 769 ( 84 % ; 95 % CI : 81-87 % ) . Adverse events occurred in 45 % of the treatment group and in 18 % of the placebo group ( relative risk 2.5 ; 95 % CI : 2.1-2.9 ) . Compliance , male gender , no antibiotic prescription in the subsequent 2 years and experiencing a bitter taste with the medication were independently associated with treatment success . CONCLUSIONS The OCT regimen has an eradication rate of 61 % in intention-to-treat analysis and is therefore less successful in treating H. pylori as part of a screening programme compared with hospital studies in dyspeptic patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2277 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3732", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3733", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3734", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tinidazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3735", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole 20 mg b.d." ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3736", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin 250 mg b.d" ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 816 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3737", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "and tinidazole 500 mg b.d ." ], "offsets": [ [ 819, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3738", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebos" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 887 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3739", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "eradicating Helicobacter pylori" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3740", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Eradication" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 901 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3741", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Successful eradication" ], "offsets": [ [ 988, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3742", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "negative 13C-urea breath tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 1030, 1060 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3743", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "one negative and one missing test" ], "offsets": [ [ 1064, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3744", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3745", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "compliance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1119, 1129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3746", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pylori-positive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1284, 1299 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3747", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "eradication rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1456, 1473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3748", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3749", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "experiencing a bitter taste" ], "offsets": [ [ 1941, 1968 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3750", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "eradication rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1456, 1472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3751", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "between the ages of 40-49 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 549 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3752", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "32 929" ], "offsets": [ [ 1186, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3753", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "8407" ], "offsets": [ [ 1227, 1231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3754", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2329" ], "offsets": [ [ 1253, 1257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3755", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "H. pylori-positive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1299 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3756", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1161" ], "offsets": [ [ 1313, 1317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3757", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dyspeptic" ], "offsets": [ [ 2257, 2266 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3759", "type": "document", "text": [ "Reduction of oral mucositis by filgrastim ( r-metHuG-CSF ) in patients receiving chemotherapy . Mucositis , the inflammation and necrosis of mucosal membranes , is a serious and debilitating consequence of many cancer therapies . We were interested in the potential role of filgrastim ( recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , r-metHuG-CSF ) in the reduction of mucositis . Patients with newly diagnosed small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC ) were treated with CAE chemotherapy ( cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , and etoposide ) and placebo or filgrastim . If patients had an episode of febrile neutropenia , they received unblinded filgrastim in subsequent CAE cycles . Oral mucositis was considered to have occurred if a patient reported any clinical sign or symptom of oral mucositis with or without oral candidiasis . Oral mucositis was analyzed using the unadjusted chi-square test , and time to first episode of mucositis was analyzed using the stratified log-rank test as well as the Cox proportional hazards regression model . During cycle 1 , placebo-treated patients had more episodes of mucositis ( 47 % ) compared with those patients randomized to filgrastim ( 28 % ) . Across all cycles of treatment , 70 % of placebo-treated patients experienced mucositis , compared with 53 % of patients randomized to filgrastim . A significant reduction in the incidence of chemotherapy-related oral mucositis occurred across multiple cycles of treatment in patients treated with filgrastim ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1513 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3760", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "filgrastim" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3761", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "r-metHuG-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3762", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3763", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "filgrastim" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3764", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 287, 352 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3765", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "r-metHuG-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3766", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CAE chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3767", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 501, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3768", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 531 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3769", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "etoposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 547 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3770", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3771", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Reduction of oral mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3772", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3773", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction of mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3774", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Oral mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3775", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptom of oral mucositis with or without oral candidiasis" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 840 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3776", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Oral mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3777", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "time to first episode of mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3778", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3779", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3780", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oral mucositis" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3781", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients receiving chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3782", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "newly diagnosed small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 416, 463 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3784", "type": "document", "text": [ "A laser-powered hydrokinetic system for caries removal and cavity preparation . BACKGROUND Laser systems have been developed for the cutting of dental hard tissues . The erbium , chromium : yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet , or Er , Cr : YSGG , laser system used in conjunction with an air-water spray has been shown to be efficacious in vitro for cavity preparation . METHODS The authors randomly selected subjects for cavity preparation with conventional air turbine/bur dental surgery or an Er , Cr : YSGG laser-powered system using a split-mouth design . They prepared Class I , III and V cavities , placed resin restorations and evaluated subjects on the day of the procedure and 30 days and six months postoperatively for pulp vitality , recurrent caries , pain and discomfort , and restoration retention . Sixty-seven subjects completed the study . RESULTS There were no statistical differences between the two treatment groups for the parameters measured with one exception ; there was a statistically significant decrease in discomfort levels for the laser system at the time of cavity preparation for subjects who declined to receive local anesthetic . CONCLUSIONS The Er , Cr : YSGG laser system is effective for preparation of Class I , III and V cavities and resin restorations are retained by lased tooth surfaces . CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Hard-tissue cutting lasers are being introduced for use in operative dentistry . In this study , an Er , Cr : YSGG laser has been shown to be effective for cavity preparation and restoration replacement ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1555 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3785", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Laser systems" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3786", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Er , Cr : YSGG , laser system" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3787", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "conventional air turbine/bur dental surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 443, 486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3788", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Er , Cr : YSGG laser-powered system" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3789", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "resin restorations" ], "offsets": [ [ 610, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3790", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Er , Cr : YSGG laser system" ], "offsets": [ [ 1178, 1205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3791", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Er , Cr : YSGG laser" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 513 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3792", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pulp vitality" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 740 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3793", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "recurrent caries" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 759 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3794", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain and discomfort" ], "offsets": [ [ 762, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3795", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "restoration retention" ], "offsets": [ [ 788, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3796", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "discomfort levels for the laser system" ], "offsets": [ [ 1033, 1071 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3797", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "randomly selected subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3798", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cavity preparation" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3799", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 823 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3801", "type": "document", "text": [ "Response of pre-core mutant chronic hepatitis B infection to lamivudine . The proportion of chronic liver disease associated with the pre-core mutant of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection is increasing , particularly in Mediterranean Europe and in Asia . The pre-core mutant HBV is unable to produce hepatitis B e antigen ( HBeAg ) , so that patients with this variant do not present with HBV characterised by HBeAg in the serum . Pre-core mutant chronic hepatitis B infection usually proceeds to serious liver disease . Wild-type HBV infection may be mild and respond relatively well to interferon ( IFN ) alpha therapy , but IFN alpha is not an effective therapeutic option in pre-core mutant hepatitis B infection and new therapeutic options are needed . Clinical data show that lamivudine is an effective treatment for patients with pre-core mutant hepatitis B . There is profound suppression of HBV replication and improvement in indicators of liver disease in most patients . In conclusion , lamivudine is suitable for treatment of a wide range of patients with chronic hepatitis B , including those with pre-core mutant HBV infection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1143 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3802", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3803", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3804", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3805", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HBeAg in the serum ." ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3806", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3807", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HBV replication" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3808", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "indicators of liver disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 936, 963 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3809", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pre-core mutant chronic hepatitis B infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3810", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pre-core mutant of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3812", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical pathway for fractured neck of femur : a prospective , controlled study . OBJECTIVE To assess outcomes of using a clinical pathway for managing patients with fractured neck of femur . DESIGN Prospective , pseudorandomised , controlled trial . SETTING St Vincent 's Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria ( a tertiary referral , university teaching hospital ) , 1 October 1997 to 30 November 1998 . PARTICIPANTS 111 patients ( 80 women and 31 men ; mean age , 81 years ) admitted via the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of fractured neck of femur . INTERVENTIONS Management guided by a clinical pathway ( 55 patients ) or established standard of care ( control group , 56 patients ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Timing of referrals and discharge planning ; total length of stay ; and complication and readmission rates within 28 days of discharge . RESULTS Patients managed according to the clinical pathway had a shorter total stay ( 6.6 versus 8.0 days ; P = 0.03 ) , even if assessment for placement by the Aged Care Assessment Service was required ( 9.5 versus 13.6 days ; P = 0.03 ) . There were no significant differences in complication and readmission rates between pathway and control patients ( complication rates , 24 % versus 36 % ; P = 0.40 ; readmission rates , 4 % versus 11 % ; P = 0.28 ) . CONCLUSION Coordinated multidisciplinary care of patients with fractured neck of femur reduces length of stay without increasing complications ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1460 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3813", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Management guided by a clinical pathway ( 55 patients ) or established standard of care" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3814", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Timing of referrals and discharge planning ; total length of stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 721, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3815", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complication" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 805 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3816", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "readmission rates within 28 days of discharge" ], "offsets": [ [ 810, 855 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3817", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "fractured neck of femur :" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3818", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "fractured neck of femur" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3819", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "111 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3820", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "80" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3821", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "31" ], "offsets": [ [ 440, 442 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3823", "type": "document", "text": [ "Plasma antioxidant status after high-dose chemotherapy : a randomized trial of parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplantation patients . BACKGROUND Chemotherapy and radiation therapy result in increased free radical formation and depletion of tissue antioxidants . It is not known whether parenteral nutrition ( PN ) administered during bone marrow transplantation ( BMT ) supports systemic antioxidant status . OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to determine 1 ) whether high-dose chemotherapy decreases concentrations of major circulating antioxidants in patients undergoing BMT and 2 ) whether administration of standard PN maintains systemic antioxidant concentrations compared with PN containing micronutrients and minimal lipids alone . DESIGN Twenty-four BMT patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard PN containing conventional amounts of dextrose , amino acids , micronutrients , and lipid ( 120 kJ/d ) or a solution containing only micronutrients ( identical to those in standard PN ) and a small amount of lipid ( 12 kJ/d ) . Plasma antioxidant status was measured before conditioning therapy and serially at days 1 , 3 , 7 , 10 , and 14 after BMT . RESULTS Plasma glutathione ( GSH ) and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations decreased and the GSH redox state became more oxidized after conditioning chemotherapy . Plasma cysteine concentrations were unchanged , whereas cystine concentrations increased . Plasma vitamin C and zinc concentrations and GSH peroxidase activity increased over time . Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in patients given standard PN . There were no differences in other plasma antioxidants between groups . CONCLUSIONS A significant decline in GSH-glutathione disulfide , cysteine-cystine , and vitamin E status occurs after chemotherapy and BMT . Standard PN does not improve antioxidant status compared with administration of micronutrients alone . Further evaluation of PN formulations to support patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and BMT are needed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2047 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3824", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3825", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Chemotherapy and radiation therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 153, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3826", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "parenteral nutrition ( PN )" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3827", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "bone marrow transplantation ( BMT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3828", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3829", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3830", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PN" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3831", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PN" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3832", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3833", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "standard PN containing conventional amounts of dextrose , amino acids ," ], "offsets": [ [ 823, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3834", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "micronutrients" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3835", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ ", and lipid" ], "offsets": [ [ 910, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3836", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "solution containing only micronutrients" ], "offsets": [ [ 940, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3837", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3838", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3839", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3840", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3841", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma antioxidant status" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3842", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma glutathione ( GSH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1192, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3843", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1223, 1265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3844", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GSH redox state" ], "offsets": [ [ 1284, 1299 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3845", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma cysteine concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1355, 1385 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3846", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma vitamin C and zinc concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1446, 1486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3847", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GSH peroxidase activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1491, 1514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3848", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1537, 1575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3849", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma antioxidants" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1673 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3850", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GSH-glutathione disulfide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1728, 1753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3851", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cysteine-cystine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1756, 1772 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3852", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vitamin E status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1779, 1795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3853", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "bone marrow transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3854", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 757, 768 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3855", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1984, 2026 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3857", "type": "document", "text": [ "Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection : a prospective , randomized study . BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa evolves through stages of chronic gastritis , intestinal metaplasia ( IM ) , glandular atrophy ( GA ) , and dysplasia before carcinoma develops . We studied if H. pylori eradication would alter the course of premalignant histologic changes in the stomach . METHODS Volunteers from the Yantai County in China underwent upper endoscopy with biopsy specimens obtained from the antrum and corpus . H. pylori-infected subjects were randomized to receive either a 1-week course of omeprazole , amoxicillin , and clarithromycin ( OAC ) or placebo . At 1 year , endoscopies with biopsies were repeated . RESULTS A total of 587 H. pylori-infected subjects were randomized to OAC ( n = 295 ) and placebo ( n = 292 ) . At 1 year , H. pylori was eradicated in 226 subjects assigned to OAC . In the placebo group , 245 patients remained H. pylori infected . Analysis of paired samples obtained from the same patients showed that acute and chronic gastritis decreased in both the antrum and corpus after H. pylori eradication ( P < 0.001 ) and activity of IM decreased in antrum ( P = 0.014 ) . In the H. pylori-infected group , antral biopsy specimens had more pronounced acute gastritis ( P = 0.01 ) , whereas corpus specimens showed increased acute and chronic gastritis ( P < 0.001 ) and a marginal increase in GA ( P = 0.052 ) . When histologic changes were compared between the 2 groups , decrease in acute and chronic gastritis was more frequent after H. pylori eradication ( P < 0.001 ) but changes in IM were similar . In the H. pylori-infected group , increase in GA was seen in the corpus ( P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS At 1 year , H. pylori eradication is beneficial in preventing progression of pathologic changes of the gastric mucosa ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1908 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3858", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "upper endoscopy with biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3859", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "1-week course of omeprazole , amoxicillin , and clarithromycin ( OAC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 634, 704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3860", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3861", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "OAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 699, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3862", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "OAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 699, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3863", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3864", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute and chronic gastritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3865", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activity of IM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1206, 1220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3866", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute gastritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1335, 1350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3867", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute and chronic gastritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3868", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GA" ], "offsets": [ [ 273, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3869", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute and chronic gastritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3870", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IM" ], "offsets": [ [ 128, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3871", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GA" ], "offsets": [ [ 273, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3872", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathologic changes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1866, 1884 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3873", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "intestinal metaplasia" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3874", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "H. pylori infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3875", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "587" ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 794 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3876", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "245" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3878", "type": "document", "text": [ "The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study . The aim of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study is to assess the efficacy of an intensive diet-exercise programme in preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) and to evaluate the effect of the programme on the risk factors of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and the incidence of cardiovascular events . In this ongoing study , a total of 523 overweight subjects with IGT based on two oral glucose tolerance tests were randomized to either an intervention group or a control group . The main measure in the intervention group is individual dietary advice aimed at reducing weight and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of dietary fibre . The intervention subjects are individually guided to increase their level of physical activity . The control group receives general information about the benefits of weight reduction , physical activity and healthy diet in the prevention of diabetes . A pilot study began in 1993 , and recruitment ended in 1998 . By the end of April 1999 there were 65 new cases of diabetes , 34 drop-outs and one death . The weight reduction was greater ( -4.6 kg ) at 1 year in the intervention group ( n = 152 ) than in the control group ( n = 143 , -0.9 kg , P < 0.0001 ) , and this difference was sustained in the second year of follow-up . At 1 year 43.4 % and at 2 years 41.8 % of the intervention subjects had achieved a weight reduction of at least 5 kg , while the corresponding figures for the control subjects were 14.0 and 12.0 % ( P < 0.001 between the groups ) . At 1 year the intervention group showed significantly greater reductions in 2 h glucose , fasting and 2 h insulin , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and serum triglycerides . Most of the beneficial changes in cardiovascular risk factors were sustained for 2 years . These interim results of the ongoing Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study demonstrate the efficacy and feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2031 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3879", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intensive diet-exercise programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3880", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "individual dietary advice" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3881", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "reducing weight and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of dietary fibre ." ], "offsets": [ [ 658, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3882", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "increase their level of physical activity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 839 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3883", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "control group receives general information about the benefits of weight reduction , physical activity and healthy diet in the prevention of diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 992 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3884", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3885", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3886", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 196 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3887", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increase their level of physical activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3888", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1141, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3889", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 909, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3890", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "weight reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 909, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3891", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "greater reductions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1659, 1677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3892", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "2 h glucose , fasting and 2 h insulin , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and serum triglycerides" ], "offsets": [ [ 1681, 1784 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3893", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular risk factors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1821, 1848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3894", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and feasibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 1965, 1989 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3895", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3896", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3897", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "type 2 diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 196 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3898", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3899", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "523" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 436 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3900", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "IGT" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3902", "type": "document", "text": [ "Transesophageal echocardiography in quantification of emboli during femoral nailing : reamed versus unreamed techniques . We quantified the embolic load to the lungs created with two different techniques of femoral nailing . Eleven patients with 12 traumatic femur fractures were randomized to reamed ( 7 fractures ) and unreamed ( 5 fractures ) groups . Intramedullary nailing was with the AO/ASIF* universal reamed or unreamed nail . Transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE ) was used to evaluate the quantity and quality of emboli generated by nailing . Data were analyzed using software that digitized the TEE images and quantified the area of embolic particles in each frame . The duration of each level of embolic phenomena ( zero , moderate , severe ) was used to determine total embolic load with various steps ( fracture manipulation , proximal portal opening , reaming , and nail passage ) . Manual grading of emboli correlated highly with software quantification . Our data confirm the presence and similarity of emboli generation with both methods of intramedullary nailing . Unreamed nails do not protect the patient from pulmonary embolization of marrow contents ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1177 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3903", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Transesophageal echocardiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3904", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "reamed" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3905", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "unreamed" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3906", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "femoral nailing" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3907", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "reamed" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3908", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "unreamed" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3909", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "reamed" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3910", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "unreamed nail" ], "offsets": [ [ 420, 433 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3911", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE" ], "offsets": [ [ 436, 474 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3912", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "quantity and quality of emboli generated by nailing" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3913", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "emboli" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3914", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "emboli generation with both methods of intramedullary nailing" ], "offsets": [ [ 1023, 1084 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3915", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Unreamed nails" ], "offsets": [ [ 1087, 1101 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3917", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Comparative study between 5 % prilocaine and 2 % mepivacaine by the subarachnoid route in transurethral resections ] . OBJECTIVE To compare the duration of spinal block with 5 % prilocaine and 2 % mepivacaine in short procedures for transurethral resection and to assess possible complications in the immediate postoperative period . MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-seven patients scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate or a vesical tumor . Patients were ASA I-III , over 55 years of age and randomly assigned to two groups to receive 5 % prilocaine ( 1 mg/kg , n = 27 ) or 2 % mepivacaine ( 0.8 mg/kg , n = 30 ) . We collected data on anesthetic technique , levels of extension of motor and sensory blockades , duration of blockades and complications within the first 24 hours after surgery . RESULTS Demographic data , ASA classification and duration of surgery were similar in both groups . We found statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) in duration of sensory blockade ( 120.92 +/- 36.21 min with prilocaine and 145.83 +/- 35.81 min with mepivacaine ) and in motor blockade ( 106.29 +/- 38.16 min with prilocaine and 133.16 +/- 42.21 min with mepivacaine ) . Five cases of hypotension and 4 of bradycardia occurred in each group and one patient in the mepivacaine group suffered slight postoperative cephalea . CONCLUSIONS Both local anesthetics offer good surgical conditions with hemodynamic stability and few complications . The duration of sensory and motor blockade is shorter with prilocaine than with mepivacaine , making prilocaine more appropriate for short interventions ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1611 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3918", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5 % prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3919", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2 % mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3920", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5 % prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3921", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2 % mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3922", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "two groups to receive 5 % prilocaine ( 1 mg/kg , n = 27 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 525, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3923", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2 % mepivacaine ( 0.8 mg/kg , n = 30 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 586, 624 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3924", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "We collected data on anesthetic technique , levels of extension of motor and sensory blockades , duration of blockades and complications within the first 24 hours after surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3925", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3926", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3927", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3928", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "assess possible complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 295 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3929", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "anesthetic technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 668 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3930", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "levels of extension of motor and sensory blockades" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3931", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration of blockades" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3932", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complications within the first 24 hours" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 789 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3933", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration of sensory blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 997 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3934", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "motor blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 1088, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3935", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3936", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1223, 1234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3937", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "surgical conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1386, 1405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3938", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 295 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3939", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sensory" ], "offsets": [ [ 704, 711 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3940", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "motor blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 1088, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3941", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3942", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "vesical tumor" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3943", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "55" ], "offsets": [ [ 484, 486 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3945", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of high and low dose of the inhaled steroid , budesonide , as an initial treatment in newly detected asthma . The importance of early initiation of inhaled steroids even in mild asthma has been documented in several studies . It is not , however , clear whether the treatment should be started with a high or a low dose of the inhaled steroid . We have compared the effects of high and low dose inhaled steroid , budesonide , in patients with newly detected asthma . We studied 101 adult patients with newly detected bronchial asthma who were without inhaled steroid or any regular pharmacological treatment for their asthma . The patients were randomly allocated to two treatment groups : one to receive 800 microg inhaled budesonide per day and the other to receive 200 microg inhaled budesonide per day . The drugs were given with a Turbuhaler dry powder inhaler . During the 3-month treatment period , no significant differences between the treatment groups were noted in morning or evening PEF values , in spirometric parameters , in asthmatic symptoms or in the use of rescue beta2-agonists . The decrease in bronchial hyperresponsiveness was , however , more marked in the high dose budesonide group , reaching a borderline significance ( P=0.10 high vs. low dose budesonide ) . In addition , in serum markers of asthmatic inflammation significant differences were shown between the treatment groups . The decrease in the number of blood eosinophils during the treatment was more marked in the high dose budesonide group ( P=0.02 ; high vs. low dose budesonide ) . In serum ECP no change was observed in the low dose budesonide group , but a marked decrease in the high-dose budesonide group ( P=0.008 ; high vs. low dose budesonide ) . The change was even more marked with regard to serum EPX ( P=0.005 ; high vs. low dose budesonide ) . Our results support the view that the treatment of newly detected asthma should be started with a high dose of inhaled steroid . The low dose may not be enough to suppress asthmatic inflammation despite good clinical primary response ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2092 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3946", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inhaled steroid , budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3947", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inhaled steroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3948", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high and low dose inhaled steroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3949", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3950", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "800 microg inhaled budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3951", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "200 microg inhaled budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 779, 808 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3952", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Turbuhaler dry powder inhaler" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 876 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3953", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3954", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "budesonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3955", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "morning or evening PEF values" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 1016 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3956", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "decrease in bronchial hyperresponsiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1114, 1155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3957", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "more marked" ], "offsets": [ [ 1172, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3958", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum markers of asthmatic inflammation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1314, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3959", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "decrease in the number of blood eosinophils" ], "offsets": [ [ 1424, 1467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3960", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "more marked" ], "offsets": [ [ 1172, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3961", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum ECP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1586, 1595 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3962", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "marked" ], "offsets": [ [ 1177, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3963", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "regard to serum EPX" ], "offsets": [ [ 1792, 1811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3964", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3965", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3966", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "101 adult patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 507 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3967", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "bronchial asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3968", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "inhaled steroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3969", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pharmacological treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3970", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3972", "type": "document", "text": [ "Is a calculated total hip BMD of clinical use ? The diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone mass measurement . To avoid the errors associated with the measurement of spinal bone density the total hip has been accepted as the standard measurement site . This information is not available for many early measurements . We have assessed whether it is possible to derive clinically useful information about total hip bone mineral density ( BMD ) from measurements at other hip sites . The bone mass measurements of 46 patients participating in a current trial of therapy for osteoporosis were reviewed . The total hip BMD as directly measured was compared with that obtained from the formula : Total hip BMD = 0.48 x Neck BMD + 0.62 x Trochanteric BMD + 0.03 . In 30 patients with follow-up data the rate of change in hip BMD over a year was also determined by both methods . In the pretreatment state there was good agreement between the two measures ( r2 = 0.96 , SEE 0.012 g/cm2 ) . If the formula was used to compute a change in total hip BMD , the agreement between both methods remained good . However , the standard error of the estimate of the change represented 59 % of the observed change . This indicates that the error associated with this estimate is too great to allow clinically meaningful conclusions to be drawn from calculated total hip BMD . We conclude that , whilst it may be possible to obtain reasonable point estimates of total hip BMD from other measures in the hip , these estimates are too imprecise to allow conclusions about change in BMD to be made ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1579 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3973", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total hip BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3974", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total hip BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3975", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Neck BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 724 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3976", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Trochanteric BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 734, 750 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3977", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of change in hip BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 824 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3978", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "agreement" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3979", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in total hip BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1022, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3980", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "agreement" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3981", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "error associated with this estimate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3982", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "calculated total hip BMD ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3983", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total hip BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3984", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1553, 1566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3985", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "46" ], "offsets": [ [ 514, 516 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3986", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3987", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "30" ], "offsets": [ [ 763, 765 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3989", "type": "document", "text": [ "On the search for the neurophysiological manifestation of recollective experience . M.E . Smith ( 1993 ) obtained event-related brain potentials ( ERPs ) from subjects performing a recognition memory task using \" remember \" ( R ) and \" know \" ( K ) judgments , and reported observing in the ERP a \" neurophysiological manifestation of recollective experience \" as a difference between the positive waveforms elicited by stimuli that yielded R and K judgments . We replicated his experiment and examined the componential structure of the R > K effect in two ways . First , we found that correction for P300 latency jitter eliminated the effect reported by Smith . Second , the application of principal component analysis indicated that the positive waveform elicited by the words in the test list was a P300 . These analyses do not support the hypothesis that there is a new component ( the \" memory-evoked shift \" ) that is a specific manifestation of recollection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 966 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3990", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "recognition memory task" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3991", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "P300 latency jitter" ], "offsets": [ [ 601, 620 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3992", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "positive waveform" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 406 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3993", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "\" memory-evoked shift \" )" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3994", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "neurophysiological manifestation of recollective experience" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3995", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "event-related brain potentials ( ERPs )" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "3997", "type": "document", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid with or without ifosfamide in advanced colorectal cancer : a phase II randomized trial . AIM This phase II trial evaluated the biomodulation of 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) plus folinic acid ( FA ) with or without ifosfamide ( IFO ) in chemotherapy-naive patients with colorectal cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-eight patients were randomized to receive : FA ( 25 mg/m2 iv bolus days 1 to 3 ) , followed by 5-FU ( 750 mg/m2 iv bolus days 1 to 3 ) , arm A ; or FA ( 25 mg/m2 iv bolus days 1 to 3 ) , followed by 5-FU ( 750 mg/m2 iv bolus days 1 to 3 ) plus IFO ( 2,000 mg/m2 in 1000 mL 5 % dextrose in a 2-hr infusion , days 1 to 3 ) , arm B. Mesna was added during and after IFO to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis . Treatment was repeated every 21 days in both arms . RESULTS Forty-five patients were assessable for response : in arm A , 5 patients achieved a partial response ( overall response , 25 % ) , and in arm B , 2 patients achieved a complete and 1 a partial response ( overall response , 12 % ) . Time to failure was 3.5 months ( range , 1-38 ) in patients treated with 5-FU plus FA , and 3 months ( range , 1-21 ) in patients treated with the IFO combination . The median survival time was 13.5 months ( range , 1-49 months ) in arm A and 16 months ( range , 1-43 months ) in arm B . Diarrhea , stomatitis and vomiting were the most common nonhematologic toxicities in both arms . The most notable hematologic toxicity was leukopenia ; 15 % and 20 % of patients experienced grade 4 in arm A and arm B , respectively . CONCLUSIONS IFO does not increase the activity of the 5-FU plus FA combination in advanced colorectal cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1669 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3998", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3999", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "folinic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4000", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ifosfamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4001", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU )" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 200 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4002", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "folinic acid ( FA" ], "offsets": [ [ 206, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4003", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ifosfamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4004", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FA" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4005", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4006", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FA" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4007", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4008", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFO" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4009", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "partial response" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4010", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complete" ], "offsets": [ [ 973, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4011", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "partial response" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4012", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Time to failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1052 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4013", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median" ], "offsets": [ [ 1206, 1212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4014", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1213, 1226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4015", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Diarrhea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1325, 1333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4016", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "stomatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1336, 1346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4017", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1351, 1359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4018", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonhematologic toxicities" ], "offsets": [ [ 1381, 1406 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4019", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hematologic toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1439, 1459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4020", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "leukopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1464, 1474 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4021", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "advanced colorectal cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4022", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colorectal cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4023", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 338, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4024", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-five" ], "offsets": [ [ 805, 815 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4026", "type": "document", "text": [ "Combination hydrocodone and ibuprofen versus combination codeine and acetaminophen for the treatment of chronic pain . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg with that of combination codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg for the treatment of chronic pain . BACKGROUND Hydrocodone 7.5 mg with ibuprofen 200 mg is the only approved fixed-dose combination analgesic containing an opioid and ibuprofen . METHODS In this randomized , parallel-group , double-blind , repeated-dose , active-comparator , 4-week , multicenter study , 469 patients were randomly assigned to receive a 1-tablet ( n = 156 ) or 2-tablet ( n = 153 ) dose of combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg ( HI1 and HI2 , respectively ) or a 2-tablet dose of combination codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg ( CA , n = 160 ) , the active comparator , every 6 to 8 hours as needed for pain . Efficacy was measured through pain relief scores , number of daily doses of study medication , number of daily doses of supplemental analgesics , number of patients who discontinued therapy due to an unsatisfactory analgesic response , and global assessment scores . RESULTS Of the 469 patients , 255 ( 54.4 % ) were female and 214 ( 45.6 % ) were male . The mean age was 51.1 years . Types of chronic pain included back ( 214 ; 45.6 % ) , arthritic ( 145 ; 30.9 % ) , other musculoskeletal ( 65 ; 13.9 % ) , cancer ( 6 ; 1.3 % ) , diabetic neuropathic ( 3 ; 0.6 % ) , postherpetic neuralgic ( 5 ; 1.1 % ) , other neurologic ( 21 ; 4.5 % ) , and other unclassified chronic pain ( 10 ; 2.1 % ) . During the 48 hours prior to the study , 351 ( 74.8 % ) patients had been treated with opioid or opioid-nonopioid combination analgesics . The overall mean daily pain relief score was significantly greater in the HI2 group ( 2.25+/-0.89 ) than in the HI1 group ( 1.98+/-0.87 ) ( P = 0.003 ) or the CA group ( 1.85+/-0.96 ) ( P < 0.001 ) . The overall mean number of daily doses of study medication was significantly less in the HI2 group ( 2.94+/-0.99 ) than in the HI1 group ( 3.23+/-0.76 ) ( P = 0.036 ) or the CA group ( 3.26+/-0.75 ) ( P = 0.014 ) . The overall mean number of daily doses of supplemental analgesics was significantly less in the HI2 group ( 0.24+/-0.49 ) than in the HI1 group ( 0.34+/-0.58 ) ( P = 0.021 ) or CA group ( 0.49+/-0.85 ) ( P = 0.010 ) . The number of patients who discontinued treatment due to an unsatisfactory analgesic response was significantly less in the HI2 group ( 2 ; 1.3 % ) than in the CA group ( 12 ; 7.5 % ) ( P = 0.008 ) . HI2 was more effective than HI1 and CA as measured by pain relief scores for week 1 ( P < 0.001 vs HI1 and CA ) , week 2 ( P < 0.001 vs HI1 and CA ) , and week 3 ( P = 0.008 vs HI1 and P < 0.001 vs CA ) ; daily doses of study medication for week 1 ( P = 0.019 vs HI1 and P = 0.011 vs CA ) ; daily doses of supplemental analgesics for week 1 ( P = 0.010 vs HI1 and CA ) ; and global assessment scores for week 1 ( P = 0.018 vs HI1 and P < 0.001 vs CA ) , week 2 ( P = 0.005 vs HI1 and P < 0.001 vs CA ) , and week 4 ( P = 0.013 vs HI1 and P = 0.023 vs CA ) . There were no significant differences between HI1 and CA in any efficacy variable . There were no significant differences in the number of patients experiencing adverse events in the HI2 ( 127 ; 83 % ) , HI1 ( 124 ; 79.5 % ) , and CA ( 129 ; 80.6 % ) groups . However , the mean number of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events was significantly greater in the HI2 group ( 40 ; 26.1 % ) than in the HI1 group ( 23 ; 14.7 % ) ( P = 0.013 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that 2-tablet doses of combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg may be more effective than either 1-tablet doses of this combination or 2-tablet doses of combination codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg . Moreover , 1-tablet doses of combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg may be as effective as 2-tablet doses of combination codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 4078 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4027", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrocodone and ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4028", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "codeine and acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4029", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrocodone" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4030", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4031", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "codeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4032", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4033", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Hydrocodone" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 367 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4034", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4035", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 244 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4036", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4037", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrocodone" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4038", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4039", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "codeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4040", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4041", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination hydrocodone 7.5 mg and ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4042", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "codeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4043", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4044", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain relief scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4045", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of daily doses of study medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4046", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of daily doses of supplemental analgesics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1050, 1098 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4047", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of patients who discontinued therapy due to an unsatisfactory analgesic response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1101, 1188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4048", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "overall mean daily pain relief score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1793, 1829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4049", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall mean number of daily doses of study medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1993, 2047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4050", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall mean number of daily doses of supplemental analgesics" ], "offsets": [ [ 2208, 2269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4051", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of patients who discontinued treatment due to an unsatisfactory analgesic response" ], "offsets": [ [ 2426, 2515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4052", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain relief scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4053", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "daily doses of study medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4054", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "daily doses of supplemental analgesics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1098 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4055", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 3244, 3252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4056", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "number of patients experiencing adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 3309, 3355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4057", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean number of patients who discontinued treatment due to adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 3454, 3526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4058", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4059", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "469" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 617 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4060", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "469" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 617 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4061", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "255" ], "offsets": [ [ 1252, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4062", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 1272, 1278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4063", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "214" ], "offsets": [ [ 1283, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4064", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 1274, 1278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4065", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "51.1 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 1327, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4066", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4067", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "back" ], "offsets": [ [ 1371, 1375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4068", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "arthritic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1395, 1404 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4069", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "other musculoskeletal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1424, 1445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4070", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1464, 1470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4071", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "diabetic neuropathic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1487, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4072", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postherpetic neuralgic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1524, 1546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4073", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "other neurologic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1563, 1579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4074", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "unclassified chronic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1607, 1632 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4076", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of halothane and isoflurane on plasma cytokine levels . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of halothane vs. isoflurane on cytokine production during minor elective surgery . Forty adult patients , ASA I-II were randomly allocated to receive halothane or isoflurane . Venous samples for interleukin ( IL ) -1beta , IL-2 , IL-6 , tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) and interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) were taken before anaesthesia , before incision , at the end of anaesthesia and 24 h postoperatively . In both groups , IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels remained low throughout the study period . Before incision , in both groups IL-1beta and IFN-gamma showed a decrease ( p < 0.01 for IL-1beta in isoflurane group and p < 0.05 for the others ) compared with pre-induction . By the end of anaesthesia and surgery , IL-1beta had increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) and IFN-gamma had decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in both groups compared with pre-incisional levels . By 24 h postoperatively in both groups , IL-1beta had decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas IFN-gamma had increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) compared with the end of anaesthesia and surgery level . Pre-incisionally , IL-2 increased in the halothane group ( p < 0.01 ) , whereas it decreased significantly in the isoflurane group ( p < 0.001 ) compared with the pre-induction level . By the end of anaesthesia and surgery and by 24 h postoperatively , IL-2 had decreased significantly in the halothane group ( p < 0.001 ) , whereas it increased significantly in the isoflurane group ( p < 0.001 ) compared with pre-incision and end of anaesthesia and surgery levels , respectively ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1691 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4077", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "halothane" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4078", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4079", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "halothane" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4080", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4081", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "halothane" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4082", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4083", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "halothane" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4084", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4085", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "halothane" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4086", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4087", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma cytokine levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4088", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cytokine production" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 169 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4089", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4090", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-1beta and IFN-gamma" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4091", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-1beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4092", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-1beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4093", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IFN-gamma" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4094", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-1beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4095", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IFN-gamma" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4096", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-2" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4097", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "IL-2" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4099", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparative efficacy and safety study of clarithromycin , roxithromycin and erythromycin stearate in mild pneumonia . The efficacy and safety of clarithromycin , roxithromycin and erythromycin stearate in mild pneumonia were compared in an open randomized trial . Eighty-six male patients , doing their obligatory military service , ranging between 19 and 24 years of age ( mean 20 ) , were randomly treated : 29 with clarithromycin 500 mg 12-hourly , 30 with roxithromycin 150 mg 12-hourly , and 27 with erythromycin stearate 500 mg 6-hourly , each course being administered for 10 days . Seventy-eight patients were able to be evaluated for efficacy , 28 receiving clarithromycin , 28 roxithromycin , and 22 erythromycin stearate . There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of clinical success rates ( clinical cure or improvement : 89 % for clarithromycin , 82 % for roxithromycin , and 73 % for erythromycin stearate , p = 0.32 ) . However , we found that there were significant differences among the groups in terms of clinical cure rates ( 75 % for clarithromycin , 64 % for roxithromycin , and 41 % for erythromycin stearate , p = 0.04 ) . Adverse events , mostly gastrointestinal , caused discontinuation of treatment in 3.4 % of the patients in the clarithromycin group , in 6.6 % of the patients in the roxithromycin group , and in 18.5 % of the patients in the erythromycin stearate group . The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups in terms of clinical success rates , but that clarithromycin and roxithromycin were better tolerated ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1639 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4100", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4101", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4102", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4103", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4104", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4105", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4106", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin 500 mg 12-hourly" ], "offsets": [ [ 420, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4107", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4108", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4109", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4110", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4111", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4112", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4113", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4114", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4115", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4116", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4117", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4118", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4119", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4120", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "erythromycin stearate" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4121", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4122", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "roxithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4123", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4124", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4125", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4126", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "terms of clinical success rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 825 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4127", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical cure rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1067 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4128", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Adverse events , mostly gastrointestinal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1171, 1211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4129", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1628, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4130", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pneumonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4131", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eighty-six" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4132", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4133", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "19 and 24 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 351, 366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4134", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Seventy-eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 592, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4136", "type": "document", "text": [ "The anesthetic and recovery profile of two doses ( 60 and 80 mg ) of plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia . UNLABELLED Reports of transient neurological symptoms with the use of subarachnoid lidocaine has generated interest in alternate local anesthetics of intermediate duration , such as mepivacaine . This prospective randomized , double-blinded , dose-response study examined the anesthetic and recovery profiles of 60- and 80-mg doses of preservative-free plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia . Sixty patients undergoing ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament repair of the knee under spinal anesthesia were randomized into two groups ; Group 1 ( 29 patients ) received 4 mL of 1.5 % ( 60-mg dose ) and Group 2 ( 31 patients ) received 4 mL of 2 % ( 80-mg dose ) of plain mepivacaine . All patients received a combined spinal-epidural anesthetic technique . The epidural catheter was used only in the event the surgery outlasted the duration of surgical anesthesia with subarachnoid mepivacaine . Epidural supplementation was administered in three patients ( 12 % ) in Group 1 and one patient ( 3 % ) in Group 2 when the sensory block regressed to L-1 with surgery expected to last longer than 15 min . The cephalad dermatome level of the block and degree of motor block was comparable in the two groups . Times to two-segment and T-10 regression were comparable in the two groups ( 112 +/- 26 min in Group 1 versus 122 +/- 28 min in Group 2 ) . Time to L-1 regression was significantly longer in Group 2 ( 146 +/- 28 min in Group 1 versus 159 +/- 19 min in Group 2 ) . All of the ambulatory milestones were significantly faster in Group 1 . Side effects , such as hypotension and emesis were negligible , severe bradycardia and urinary retention did not occur , and none of the patients in the two groups reported transient neurological symptoms over 24 h. In conclusion , plain mepivacaine in a 60- or 80-mg dose is a suitable local anesthetic choice for ambulatory spinal anesthesia with respect to anesthetic , as well as recovery profiles . IMPLICATIONS We evaluated the anesthetic and recovery profiles of 60- and 80-mg doses of plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia . Both doses produced comparable sensory and motor block . Sensory and motor regression and ambulatory milestones were 20-30 min longer with the 80-mg dose . Side effects were negligible and transient neurological symptoms were not reported during a 24-h follow-up ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2484 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4137", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plain mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4138", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "subarachnoid lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4139", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4140", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "preservative-free plain mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4141", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plain mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4142", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "spinal-epidural anesthetic technique" ], "offsets": [ [ 851, 887 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4143", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "subarachnoid mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1002, 1026 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4144", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mepivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4145", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cephalad dermatome level of the block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1239, 1276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4146", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "degree of motor block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4147", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Times to two-segment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1338, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4148", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "T-10 regression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1363, 1378 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4149", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Time to L-1 regression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1478, 1500 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4150", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1697, 1708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4151", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4152", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "emesis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1713, 1719 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4153", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1745, 1756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4154", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary retention" ], "offsets": [ [ 1761, 1778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4155", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "transient neurological symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4156", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sensory and motor regression" ], "offsets": [ [ 2277, 2305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4157", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1674, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4158", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "transient neurological symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 175 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4159", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "spinal anesthesia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4160", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Sixty patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4161", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "spinal anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4163", "type": "document", "text": [ "Epirubicin-based chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients : role of dose-intensity and duration of treatment . PURPOSE To determine whether the duration and the dose of epirubicin modify the long-term outcome of patients with metastatic breast cancer ( MBC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS Four hundred seventeen anthracycline-naive MBC patients were randomized to receive one of the following regimens : arm A : 11 cycles of fluorouracil 500 mg/m ( 2 ) , epirubicin 75 mg/m ( 2 ) , and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m ( 2 ) ( FEC 75 ) every 21 days ; arm B : four cycles of FEC 100 ( same regimen but with epirubicin 100 mg/m ( 2 ) ) then eight cycles of FEC 50 ( epirubicin 50 mg/m ( 2 ) ) ; and arm C : four cycles of FEC 100 then restart the same regimen at disease progression in case of prior response or stabilization . RESULTS Hematologic toxicity was similar . Nausea/vomiting and stomatitis were significantly less frequent in arm A as was left ventricular ejection fraction decrease in arm C ( A = six patients , B = five patients , and C = one patient ) . Six patients died of infections ( A = four patients and C = two patients ) . After four cycles , the objective response rate ( ORR ) was better with FEC 100 than with FEC 75 ( 49.2 % v 40 % , respectively ; P : =.07 ) . The ORR was better with the longer regimens ( arm A , 56.9 % ; B , 64 % ; and C , 47.6 % ; P : =.06 ) and was 41 % after second-line FEC 100 . After a median follow-up of 41 months , the response duration and time to progression ( TTP ) were significantly better with arm B , the longer regimen ( P : =.012 and P : < 10 ( -3 ) , respectively ) . The median survival times for arms A , B , and C were similar ( 17.9 , 18.9 , and 16 . 3 months , respectively ; P : =.49 ) . CONCLUSION In MBC , longer epirubicin-based regimens are better in terms of response duration and TTP . FEC 100 regimens improve the ORR . However , four initial cycles of FEC 100 and identical retreatment at disease progression yielded equivalent overall survival to longer regimens ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2040 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4164", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Epirubicin-based chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4165", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epirubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4166", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 439 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4167", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epirubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4168", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 488, 504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4169", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4170", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC 100" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4171", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epirubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4172", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC 50 ( epirubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 651, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4173", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC 100" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4174", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4175", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4176", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4177", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4178", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FEC" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 525 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4179", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Hematologic toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 830, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4180", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Nausea/vomiting and stomatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 865, 895 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4181", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "left ventricular ejection fraction" ], "offsets": [ [ 945, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4182", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "died of infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 1076, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4183", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "objective response rate ( ORR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1164, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4184", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ORR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4185", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response duration and time to progression ( TTP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1470, 1519 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4186", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median survival times" ], "offsets": [ [ 1633, 1654 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4187", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response duration and TTP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1831, 1856 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4188", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ORR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4189", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2003, 2019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4190", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "metastatic breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4191", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "metastatic breast cancer ( MBC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 235, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4192", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Four hundred seventeen" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4193", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "anthracycline-naive MBC" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4195", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of case management on the costs of health care for enrollees in Medicare Plus Choice plans : a randomized trial . OBJECTIVE To measure the effects of case management on an older population 's costs of health care . DESIGN A 1-year randomized controlled trial . SETTING Multiple sites of care in San Francisco , California . PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 65 or older of primary care physicians in a large provider organization bearing financial risk for their care ( n = 6409 ) . INTERVENTION Screening for high risk and provision of social work-based case management . OUTCOME MEASURES Volume and cost of hospital , physician , case management , and other health-related services . RESULTS The experimental group used more case management services than the control group ( 0.09 vs. 0.02 months per person , P < .001 ) . The experimental group 's average total payments for health care were slightly lower ( $ 3148 vs $ 3277 , P = .40 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study provides no statistically significant evidence that social work-oriented case management reduces the use or the cost of health care for high-risk older people . Other potentially favorable effects of this type of case management need to be evaluated , as do the effects of other types of case management ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1274 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4196", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "case management" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4197", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Screening for high risk and provision of" ], "offsets": [ [ 500, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4198", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "social work-based case management" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 574 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4199", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4200", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "costs of health care" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4201", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "costs of health care" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4202", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Volume and cost of hospital , physician , case management , and other health-related services" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 687 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4203", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "case management services" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 755 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4204", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "total payments for health care" ], "offsets": [ [ 862, 892 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4205", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost of health care" ], "offsets": [ [ 1081, 1100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4206", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "older population 's" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 202 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4207", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged 65 or older" ], "offsets": [ [ 357, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4208", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "6409" ], "offsets": [ [ 478, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4210", "type": "document", "text": [ "Physostigmine reverses propofol-induced unconsciousness and attenuation of the auditory steady state response and bispectral index in human volunteers . BACKGROUND It is postulated that alteration of central cholinergic transmission plays an important role in the mechanism by which anesthetics produce unconsciousness . The authors investigated the effect of altering central cholinergic transmission , by physostigmine and scopolamine , on unconsciousness produced by propofol . METHODS Propofol was administered to American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 ( n = 17 ) volunteers with use of a computer-controlled infusion pump at increasing concentrations until unconsciousness resulted ( inability to respond to verbal commands , abolition of spontaneous movement ) . Central nervous system function was assessed by use of the Auditory Steady State Response ( ASSR ) and Bispectral Index ( BIS ) analysis of electrooculogram . During continuous administration of propofol , reversal of unconsciousness produced by physostigmine ( 28 microgram/kg ) and block of this reversal by scopolamine ( 8.6 microgram/kg ) were evaluated . RESULTS Propofol produced unconsciousness at a plasma concentration of 3.2 +/- 0.8 ( +/- SD ) microgram/ml ( n = 17 ) . Unconsciousness was associated with reductions in ASSR ( 0.10 +/- 0.08 microV [ awake baseline 0.32 +/- 0.18 microV ] , P < 0.001 ) and BIS ( 55.7 +/- 8.8 [ awake baseline 92.4 +/- 3.9 ] , P < 0.001 ) . Physostigmine restored consciousness in 9 of 11 subjects , with concomitant increases in ASSR ( 0.38 +/- 0.17 microV , P < 0.01 ) and BIS ( 75.3 +/- 8.3 , P < 0.001 ) . In all subjects ( n = 6 ) scopolamine blocked the physostigmine-induced reversal of unconsciousness and the increase of the ASSR and BIS ( ASSR and BIS during propofol-induced unconsciousness : 0.09 +/- 0.09 microV and 58.2 +/- 7.5 , respectively ; ASSR and BIS after physostigmine administration : 0.08 +/- 0.06 microV and 56.8 +/- 6.7 , respectively , NS ) . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the unconsciousness produced by propofol is mediated at least in part via interruption of central cholinergic muscarinic transmission ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2174 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4211", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Physostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4212", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "physostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4213", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 436 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4214", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4215", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "physostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4216", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 436 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4217", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Central nervous system function" ], "offsets": [ [ 786, 817 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4218", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Auditory Steady State Response ( ASSR ) and Bispectral Index ( BIS ) analysis of electrooculogram ." ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 944 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4219", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reversal of unconsciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 992, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4220", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "block of this reversal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1070, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4221", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "unconsciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4222", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1193, 1213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4223", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Unconsciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4224", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ASSR" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4225", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 908, 911 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4226", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "restored consciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1483, 1505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4227", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ASSR" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4228", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 908, 911 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4229", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physostigmine-induced reversal of unconsciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1688, 1737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4230", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increase of the ASSR and BIS ( ASSR and BIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 1746, 1789 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4231", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ASSR and BIS" ], "offsets": [ [ 1762, 1774 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4232", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4233", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "17" ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4235", "type": "document", "text": [ "Influence of asimadoline , a new kappa-opioid receptor agonist , on tubular water absorption and vasopressin secretion in man . AIMS The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of asimadoline , a new kappa-opioid agonist , on renal function and on hormones related to body fluid balance as well as its tolerability in healthy subjects . METHODS In a placebo-controlled , randomised , double-blind crossover design we studied the effects of single oral doses of 1 , 5 , and 10 mg of asimadoline , in 24 healthy volunteers . Two hour control urine collections were followed by 2 h postdose urine collections and subsequently 2.5 % saline was given i.v . at a rate of 0.3 ml min ( -1 ) kg ( -1 ) during another 2 h urine collection . Blood was obtained hourly . Arginine-vasopressin ( AVP ) , atrial natriuretic peptide ( alpha-hANP ) , endothelin ( ET-1 ) and cAMP were determined by r.i.a . or ELISA . RESULTS GC-MS measurements revealed Cmax values of asimadoline in plasma ranging from 18 ng ml ( -1 ) at the 1 mg dose , 91 ng ml ( -1 ) at the 5 mg dose , to 214 ng ml ( -1 ) at the 10 mg dose after an average of 1.1-1.4 h. Without effects on blood pressure , heart rate , GFR or urine electrolyte excretion , urine volume increased after 1-2 h after administration of 5 and 10 mg asimadoline from 3.3+/-1.3 to 5.6+/-1.4 ( P < 0.05 ) and from 3.2 +/-1.6 to 5.5+/-2.2 ml min ( -1 ) ( P < 0.01 ) , respectively . CH2O rose from 0.2+/-1.5 to 2.0+/-1.6 ( P < 0.05 ) and from 0.6+/-1.6 to 3.0+/-1.6 ml min ( -1 ) ( P < 0.01 ) . Urinary excretion of AVP was suppressed only with the 10 mg dose from 46+/-23 to 25+/-15 fmol min ( -1 ) ( P < 0.05 ) without and from 410+/-206 to 181+/-125 fmol min ( -1 ) ( P < 0.05 ) with stimulation by 2.5 % saline . Plasma AVP was suppressed only by the 10 mg dose of asimadoline in six of eight subjects during the 2.5 % saline infusion . Changes in the alpha-hANP or ET-1 systems were not affected by asimadoline . CONCLUSIONS Asimadoline is diuretic in man after single doses of 5 or 10 mg probably through a direct effect at the renal tubular level . Suppression of AVP secretion was observed only at the highest dose level of 10 mg of asimadoline ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2196 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4236", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "asimadoline" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4237", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "asimadoline" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4238", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4239", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "1 , 5 , and 10 mg of asimadoline" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4240", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2.5 % saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 647 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4241", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4242", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Arginine-vasopressin ( AVP ) , atrial natriuretic peptide ( alpha-hANP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 843 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4243", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "endothelin ( ET-1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 846, 865 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4244", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cAMP" ], "offsets": [ [ 870, 874 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4245", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Cmax values of asimadoline in plasma" ], "offsets": [ [ 949, 985 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4246", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4247", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4248", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4249", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urine electrolyte excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4250", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urine volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4251", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CH2O" ], "offsets": [ [ 1425, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4252", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urinary excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1537, 1554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4253", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma AVP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1759, 1769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4254", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "vasopressin secretion in" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4255", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "man" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4256", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4257", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4258", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "24" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 513 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4260", "type": "document", "text": [ "Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring : an objective randomised clinical trial . This study was designed to evaluate objectively the clinical effectiveness of surgery for snoring and to compare the results of conventional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ( UPPP ) and laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty ( LAUP ) in the treatment of snoring . Patients who had been referred for investigation and treatment of their snoring were randomly allocated to receive either UPPP or LAUP . Forty-seven patients with confirmed palatal flutter had surgery and all of them had a preoperative and postoperative objective assessment of their snoring loudness and duration in the home . The recording device ( Snore Box ) is simple for the patient to operate , portable with a built in microphone , and able to produce objective results , which can be automatically analysed . Of the 38 patients , who had technically valid recordings , 22 underwent LAUP and 16 UPPP . Overall the mean postoperative Snore Index ( SI ) was less than the preoperative SI ( P < 0.0001 ) , the average difference being 78.2 snores/h . There was no significant difference between the LAUP and UPPP regarding the fall in the SI . This study is the first objective comparative study to demonstrate the effectiveness of snoring surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1344 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4261", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4262", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4263", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "conventional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ( UPPP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4264", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty ( LAUP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4265", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "UPPP" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 311 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4266", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAUP" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4267", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "LAUP" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4268", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "snoring loudness" ], "offsets": [ [ 674, 690 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4269", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "duration in the home" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4270", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean postoperative Snore Index ( SI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4271", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SI" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4272", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SI" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1047 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4273", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effectiveness of snoring surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1310, 1342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4274", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "snoring" ], "offsets": [ [ 87, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4275", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 527, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4277", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomized trial of a \" stage-of-change \" oriented smoking cessation intervention in infertile and pregnant women . OBJECTIVE To assess a \" stage-of-change \" oriented smoking cessation intervention for infertile and pregnant women , compared with standard of care . DESIGN Randomized controlled trial . SETTING Three university teaching hospitals in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . PATIENT ( S ) Infertile women at their first visit to a tertiary referral infertility clinic ( n = 94 ) and new patients seeking pre-natal care ( n = 110 ) who had smoked > /= 3 cigarettes in the past six months . INTERVENTION ( S ) A three to five minute scripted intervention and booklet specific to the woman 's \" stage-of-change \" in the smoking continuum , versus standard of care . Exhaled carbon-monoxide ( CO ) monitoring was used to validate exposure in both groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE ( S ) Delta \" stage-of-change \" and rate of maintained cessation at 12 months post follow-up . RESULT ( S ) Intervention and control were similarly effective for infertile women : the rate of maintained cessation rose significantly from 4 % to 24 % over twelve months , with a mean delta \" stage-of-change \" 0.28 . In prenatal women , neither approach was effective . Maintained cessation did not significantly change from 0 to 12 months ( 19 % to 18 % ) . Mean delta \" stage-of-change \" declined by -0.62 . CONCLUSION ( S ) For infertile women , basic information describing the impact of smoking on fertility , along with exhaled CO monitoring and a more intensive intervention were both highly effective . In pregnant women neither approach was beneficial , with some evidence of post-partum relapse ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1682 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4278", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "\" stage-of-change \" oriented smoking cessation intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4279", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "\" stage-of-change \" oriented smoking cessation intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4280", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "\" stage-of-change \" in the smoking continuum" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4281", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "standard of care" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4282", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Exhaled carbon-monoxide ( CO ) monitoring" ], "offsets": [ [ 768, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4283", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Delta \" stage-of-change \" and rate of maintained cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4284", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "rate of maintained cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4285", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean delta \" stage-of-change \"" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4286", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Maintained cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4287", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Mean delta \" stage-of-change" ], "offsets": [ [ 1335, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4288", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "infertile and pregnant" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4289", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4290", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4291", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "94" ], "offsets": [ [ 479, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4292", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "110" ], "offsets": [ [ 530, 533 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4294", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge : a double blind , placebo controlled trial . BACKGROUND AND AIM An oral glutamine load in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation was shown to cause a rise in blood ammonia and psychometric abnormalities which were reversed by hepatic transplantation . L-Ornithine-L-aspartate ( LOLA ) has been shown to reduce ammonia and improve psychometric function in patients with hepatic encephalopathy . The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of LOLA in healthy patients with cirrhosis and no evidence of clinical encephalopathy after challenging the central nervous system by administration of oral glutamine . PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight cirrhotics ( Child 's B or C ) without transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts ( TIPS ) and seven with TIPS underwent two oral glutamine ( 20 g ) challenges , receiving LOLA ( 5 g intravenously ) on one occasion and placebo on the other in random order . Psychometric tests , including choice reaction time ( CRT ) and number connection test , were performed before and after glutamine , together with electroencephalography and blood ammonia . RESULTS Mean basal ammonia was 27 ( SEM 5 ) micromol/l in non-TIPS and 76 ( 10 ) micromol/l in TIPS patients ( p < 0.05 ) . Basal CRT 2 was 0.643 ( 0.033 ) s in non-TIPS and 0.825 ( 0.076 ) s in TIPS patients ( p < 0.02 ) . In non-TIPS patients , ammonia increased to 36 ( 10 ) micromol/l when LOLA was administered and to 62 ( 13 ) micromol/l with placebo ( p < 0.02 ) . There was no alteration in psychometric function in non-TIPS patients after glutamine when LOLA was given but when placebo was given , glutamine caused prolongation of CRT ( p=0.02 ) . Glutamine did not affect psychometric function in TIPS patients with or without LOLA . CONCLUSION This study showed that LOLA ameliorated the deleterious psychometric effects of glutamine in Child 's grade B and C patients with cirrhosis without TIPS and supports its use in clinical practice in hepatic encephalopathy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2084 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4295", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-ornithine-L-aspartate" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4296", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-Ornithine-L-aspartate ( LOLA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4297", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LOLA" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4298", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral glutamine ( 20 g ) challenges" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 918 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4299", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LOLA" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4300", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4301", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LOLA" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4302", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LOLA" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4303", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4304", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LOLA" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4305", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood ammonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4306", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "psychometric abnormalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 287, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4307", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ammonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4308", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychometric function" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4309", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean basal ammonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1215, 1233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4310", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Basal CRT 2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1331, 1342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4311", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ammonia" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4312", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychometric function" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4313", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1071, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4314", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychometric function" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4315", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychometric effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1918, 1938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4316", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge :" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4318", "type": "document", "text": [ "Superior modulation of activation levels of stimulus representations does not underlie superior discrimination in autism . The performance of children with and without autism was compared in object-based positive and negative priming tasks within a visual search procedure . Object-based positive and negative priming effects were found in both groups of children . This result provides the first evidence for the activation of object-based representations during visual search task performance and further supports the notion that both excitatory and inhibitory guidance mechanisms are involved in target location in visual search . The children with autism were overall better than the typically developing children at visual search , thus replicating demonstrations of superior discrimination in autism . Furthermore , there was no difference between the magnitude of the positive nor the negative priming effects of the groups . This finding suggests that excitatory and inhibitory control operate comparably in autism and normal development . These results are discussed in the light of the superior ability of individuals with autism to discriminate between items . More specifically , it is argued that superior discrimination in autism does not result from enhanced top-down excitatory and inhibitory control ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1318 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4319", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "object-based positive and negative priming tasks" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4320", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "visual search procedure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 274 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4321", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "visual search task performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 464, 494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4322", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "positive and negative priming effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4323", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "object-based representations" ], "offsets": [ [ 428, 456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4324", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "excitatory and inhibitory guidance mechanisms" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4325", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual search" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4326", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "priming effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4327", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "excitatory and inhibitory control operate comparably" ], "offsets": [ [ 960, 1012 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4328", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "normal development" ], "offsets": [ [ 1027, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4330", "type": "document", "text": [ "Onset/offset characteristics and intubating conditions of rapacuronium : a comparison with rocuronium . We compared onset and offset of action and tracheal intubating conditions after rapacuronium and rocuronium in 60 patients in a randomized , assessor-blinded study . Following induction of anaesthesia with propofol 2.5 mg kg-1 , either rapacuronium 1.5 mg kg-1 ( n = 30 ) or rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1 ( n = 30 ) was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation . Anaesthesia was maintained with either a propofol infusion ( 100 micrograms kg-1 min-1 ) or sevoflurane ( 1 % end-tidal ) with 66 % nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , n = 15 in each subgroup . Neuromuscular monitoring was performed using an electromyographic ( EMG ) device ( Datex Relaxograph ) . The lag times ( mean 42 ( SD 11 ) s and 44 ( 16 ) s ) , maximum block ( 99 ( 2 ) % and 98 ( 3 ) % ) and intubating conditions at 60 s ( good-to-excellent in 86 % and 84 % of patients ) were similar for rapacuronium and rocuronium , respectively . The onset time of rapacuronium was shorter than rocuronium ( 87 ( 20 ) vs 141 ( 65 ) s , P < 0.001 ) , and the degree of block at 60 s was greater ( 69 ( 26 ) vs 50 ( 27 ) % , P < 0.05 ) . Twenty-five per cent recovery was shorter with rapacuronium than rocuronium during propofol ( 15.0 ( 3.2 ) vs 39.1 ( 14.2 ) min , P < 0.001 ) and sevoflurane ( 15.1 ( 4.2 ) vs 47.8 ( 19.0 ) min , P < 0.001 ) anaesthesia . We conclude that rapacuronium 1.5 mg kg-1 had a more rapid onset , similar intubating conditions , and shorter recovery times than rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1566 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4331", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rapacuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4332", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4333", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 318 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4334", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rapacuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4335", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4336", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "propofol infusion ( 100" ], "offsets": [ [ 507, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4337", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micrograms" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4338", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "kg-1 min-1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 542, 554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4339", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "sevoflurane ( 1 % end-tidal ) with 66 % nitrous oxide ( N2O )" ], "offsets": [ [ 558, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4340", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Neuromuscular monitoring" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4341", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "electromyographic" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4342", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Onset/offset characteristics and intubating conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4343", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "onset and offset of action and tracheal intubating conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4344", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Neuromuscular monitoring" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4345", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "lag times" ], "offsets": [ [ 757, 766 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4346", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "maximum block" ], "offsets": [ [ 809, 822 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4347", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intubating conditions at 60 s" ], "offsets": [ [ 857, 886 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4348", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "onset time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4349", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "degree of block at 60 s" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4350", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1210, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4351", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intubating conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4352", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "tracheal intubating conditions" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4353", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "60" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 217 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4354", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 226 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4356", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of succinylcholine with two doses of rocuronium using a new method of monitoring neuromuscular block at the laryngeal muscles by surface laryngeal electromyography . We compared the onset of neuromuscular block with succinylcholine ( 1 mg kg-1 ) and two doses of rocuronium ( 0.6 and 0.9 mg kg-1 ) at the adductor pollicis muscle using electromyography ( EMG ) and acceleromyography ( AMG ) , and at the adductor laryngeal muscles with a new electromyographic method using a disposable surface electrode attached to the cuff of a tracheal tube . At the larynx , the mean ( +/- SD ) time to 90 % block and the onset time of succinylcholine ( 38 +/- 15 and 47 +/- 19 s , respectively ) were significantly shorter ( P < 0.01 ) than for rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1 ( 92 +/- 42 and 106 +/- 38 s ) and rocuronium 0.9 mg kg-1 ( 52 +/- 31 and 64 +/- 30 s ) . We found that , with comparable degrees of neuromuscular block , the onset time of succinylcholine at the adductor pollicis was significantly shorter ( P < 0.01 ) than for rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1 and 0.9 mg kg-1 ( EMG , 80 +/- 39 vs 145 +/- 48 s and 99 +/- 31 s ; AMG , 90 +/- 39 vs 124 +/- 53 s and 106 +/- 38 s ) . Clinical duration at the adductor pollicis ( AMG ) was significantly longer ( P < 0.01 ) for both rocuronium groups than for succinylcholine ( T4 : T1 = 0.7 , 54 +/- 18 and 77 +/- 21 vs 8 +/- 6 min ) . The surface laryngeal electrode proved non-invasive , easy to use and reliable in measuring onset of the neuromuscular block at the larynx ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1515 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4357", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "succinylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4358", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4359", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "succinylcholine ( 1 mg kg-1 ) and two doses of rocuronium ( 0.6 and 0.9 mg kg-1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4360", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "electromyography ( EMG ) and acceleromyography" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4361", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "electromyographic method" ], "offsets": [ [ 453, 477 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4362", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "succinylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4363", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4364", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4365", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "succinylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4366", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4367", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "succinylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4368", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neuromuscular block" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4369", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "onset of neuromuscular block" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4370", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean ( +/- SD ) time to 90 % block" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 611 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4371", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "succinylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4372", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neuromuscular block" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4373", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "onset time of succinylcholine at the adductor pollicis" ], "offsets": [ [ 926, 980 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4374", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Clinical duration at the adductor pollicis ( AMG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1173, 1223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4375", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "onset of the neuromuscular block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1467, 1499 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4376", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "neuromuscular block at the laryngeal muscles" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4377", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "surface laryngeal electromyography" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4379", "type": "document", "text": [ "Sublingual administration of micronized estradiol and progesterone , with and without micronized testosterone : effect on biochemical markers of bone metabolism and bone mineral density . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relative efficacy of the sublingual administration of micronized estradiol ( E2 ) , progesterone ( P4 ) , and testosterone ( T ) on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism . DESIGN In this double-blind , prospective study , postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups : hysterectomized women were assigned to either 1 ) micronized E2 ( 0.5 mg ) or 2 ) micronized E2 ( 0.5 mg ) + micronized T ( 1.25 mg ) . Women with intact uteri were assigned to either 3 ) micronized E2 ( 0.5 mg ) + micronized P4 ( 100 mg ) or 4 ) micronized E2 ( 0.5 mg ) + micronized P4 ( 100 mcg ) + micronized T ( 1.25 mg ) . For the purpose of this study , the four treatment groups were combined into two groups for all comparisons . The E2 and E2+P4 groups were combined into the HRT alone group ( n=30 ) , and the E2+T and E2+P4+T groups were combined into the HRT + T group ( n=27 ) . Hormones were administered sublingually as a single tablet twice a day for 12 months . Bone mineral density was measured in the anterior-posterior lumbar spine and total left hip via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . Bone metabolism was assessed via serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary deoxypyridinoline and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen , both normalized to creatinine . Data were analyzed via a repeated measures analysis of variance and a Student 's t test ( alpha=0.05 ) . RESULTS The subjects were of similar age ( 54.0 +/- 0.8 years ) , height ( 64.0 +/- 0.3 in ) , weight ( 157.6 +/- 4.2 lb ) , and had similar baseline follicle-stimulating hormone ( 66.4 +/- 3.2 mIU/L ) , E2 ( 26.4 +/- 1.5 pg/ml ) , P4 ( 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml ) , total T ( 19.0 +/- 1.5 ng/dL ) , and bioavailable T ( 3.7 +/- 0.3 ng/dL ) levels . During therapy , serum levels increased ( p < 0.05 ) for each hormone . Bone mineral density and bone markers at baseline were similar for each treatment group . Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase decreased ( p < 0.05 ) by -14.3 +/- 4.1 % in the HRT alone group and by -8.2 +/- 4.6 % in the HRT + T group . Deoxypyridinoline levels decreased significantly in the HRT alone and HRT + T groups , - 14.4 +/- 6.8 % and -26.9 +/- 7.6 % , respectively . Significant reductions ( p < 0.05 ) in cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen were also observed in both groups , -24.4 +/- 6.5 % and -39.5 +/- 8.6 % , respectively . Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine increased ( p < 0.05 ) by +2.2 +/- 0.5 % the HRT alone group and by + 1.8 +/- 0.6 % in the HRT + T group . Total hip bone mineral density was maintained in the HRT alone group ( +0.4 +/- 0.4 % ) and increased ( p < 0.05 ) in the HRT + T group ( + 1.8 +/- 0.5 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Sublingual micronized HRT favorably decreases serum and urine markers of bone metabolism , prevents bone loss , and results in a slight increase in spine and hip bone mineral density . Although the addition of testosterone to HRT for 1 year did not result in added benefit to the spine bone mineral density , it did result in a significant increase in hip bone mineral density . Longer duration of therapy may have further improved these outcomes ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3413 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4380", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4381", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "progesterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4382", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4383", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized estradiol ( E2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4384", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "progesterone ( P4 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 337, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4385", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "testosterone ( T )" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4386", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4387", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4388", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized T" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 700 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4389", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4390", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized P4" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 807 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4391", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "micronized E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4392", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "+ micronized P4" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 807 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4393", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "+ micronized T" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 700 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4394", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4395", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "E2+P4" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1034 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4396", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "E2+T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4397", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "E2+P4+T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4398", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT + T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4399", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4400", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT + T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4401", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4402", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT + T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4403", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4404", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT + T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4405", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4406", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT + T" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4407", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4408", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4409", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4410", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "and bone mineral density ." ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4411", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1279 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4412", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone metabolism" ], "offsets": [ [ 1390, 1405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4413", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone mineral density and bone markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 2097, 2134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4414", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase" ], "offsets": [ [ 2187, 2221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4415", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2016, 2022 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4416", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1498, 1543 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4417", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2647, 2687 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4418", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total hip bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 2795, 2825 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4419", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum and urine markers of bone metabolism" ], "offsets": [ [ 3011, 3053 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4420", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 3065, 3074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4421", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "spine and hip bone mineral density ." ], "offsets": [ [ 3113, 3149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4422", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "spine bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 3245, 3271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4423", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hip bone mineral density ." ], "offsets": [ [ 3123, 3149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4424", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "biochemical markers of bone metabolism and bone mineral density ." ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4425", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4427", "type": "document", "text": [ "Paclitaxel ( 175 mg/m2 ) plus carboplatin ( 6 AUC ) versus paclitaxel ( 225 mg/m2 ) plus carboplatin ( 6 AUC ) in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) : a multicenter randomized trial . Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group ( HeCOG ) . PURPOSE The combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin has become a widely used regimen in NSCLC due to phase II reports of moderate toxicity , reasonable activity and easy outpatient administration . Purpose of our present prospective study was to evaluate the dose response relationship of paclitaxel . PATIENTS AND METHODS Since July 1996 , 198 patients with non-operable NSCLC and measurable disease without previous chemotherapy entered the trial . Ninety nine patients ( group A ) were randomized to receive paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 in three-hour infusion plus carboplatin dosed to an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 every 3 weeks and 99 ( group B ) to receive the same regimen with paclitaxel increased to 225 mg/m2 . Eligibility criteria included WHO performance status 0-2 , documented inoperable stage IIIA and IIIB , IV , no brain metastasis , no prior chemotherapy and adequate renal and hepatic function . Patients in both groups were well-matched with baseline disease characteristics . RESULTS In group A with 90 evaluable patients , the response rate was 25.6 % ( 6 CR , 17 PR ) whereas in group B with 88 evaluable patients , the response rate was 31.8 % ( 3 CR , 25 PR ) , P = 0.733 . Median time to progression favored the high-dose paclitaxel ( 4.3 vs. 6.4 months , P = 0.044 ) . The median survival was 9.5 months for group A versus 11.4 months for group B ( P = 0.16 ) . The one-year survival was 37 % for group A and 44 % for group B ( P = 0.35 ) . The best prognostic factor for one-year survival was the response rate ( P < 0.0001 ) . With a relative dose intensity of paclitaxel 0.94 in both groups , neurotoxicity ( P = 0.025 ) and leucopenia ( P = 0.038 ) were more pronounced in group B patients . No toxic death was observed . CONCLUSIONS Higher dose paclitaxel prolongs the median time to progression but causes more neurotoxicity and leucopenia . The better response rate , the longer overall and better one-year survival seen with the higher dose of paclitaxel are not statistically significant ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2280 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4428", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4429", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carboplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4430", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4431", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plus carboplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4432", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4433", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carboplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4434", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4435", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4436", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plus carboplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4437", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4438", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4439", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "dose response" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4440", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1304, 1317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4441", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1304, 1317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4442", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Median time to progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1454, 1480 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4443", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "median survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1555, 1570 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4444", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "one-year survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1648, 1665 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4445", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "one-year survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1648, 1665 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4446", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1304, 1317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4447", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1878, 1891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4448", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "leucopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1910, 1920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4449", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "toxic death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1981, 1992 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4450", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4451", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "198" ], "offsets": [ [ 586, 589 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4452", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-operable NSCLC" ], "offsets": [ [ 604, 622 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4453", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Ninety nine" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 707 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "4455", "type": "document", "text": [ "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukaemia . I. Predisposition to methotrexate-induced neutropenia after craniospinal irradiation . Report to the Medical Research Council of the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood . The degree of drug-induced neutropenia resulting from a controlled trial ( UKALL I ) of treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was analysed . The main agent associated with severe neutropenia was methotrexate , and methotrexate-induced neutropenia was significantly greater in patients who had received craniospinal irradiation . The synergistic toxic effect of irradiation followed by methotrexate treatment seems to have contributed to three of the five deaths which occurred in complete remission in this trial ; all deaths in remission occurred in patients who had received central nervous system prophylaxis . Analysis of patients who subsequently relapsed compared with those still in remission after 18 months of treatment indicated that the former , on average , had slightly lower neutrophil counts . This suggests that the children who relapsed did not receive any less aggressive treatment than those who remained in remission ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1165 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4456", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methotrexate" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4457", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Analysis of treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4458", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4459", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "severe neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4460", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "methotrexate-induced neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4461", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "synergistic toxic effect of irradiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 599 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4462", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 682, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4463", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "remission" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4464", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil counts ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1035 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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