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A 21-year-old woman with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia comes to the physician because she has not had a menstrual period for 12 months. Menarche occurred at the age of 11 years, and menses occurred at regular 28-day intervals until they became irregular 1 year ago. Physical examination shows normal female genitalia and bimanual examination shows a normal-sized uterus. Laboratory studies show markedly elevated FSH levels consistent with premature ovarian failure. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies show a 46,XY karyotype in the peripheral blood cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the male karyotype found on chromosomal analysis?

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant

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A

A 20-year-old premedical student travels abroad for a global health service semester and presents to the local clinic with palpitations. She initially dismissed these symptoms as a side effect of working too hard; however, she has been noticing that these episodes have increased in frequency. Otherwise, she has had headaches and episodes of sweating, but she says that many members of her family have migraines. In the clinic, her temperature is 99°F (37°C), blood pressure is 170/120 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, respirations are 20/min. Other laboratory testing is not available. The doctor provides an older medication that he says does not bind to the relevant receptor but instead blocks an upstream process. The drug provided most likely has which of the following mechanisms of action?

Inhibition of metabolite conversion

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B

A 5-year-old boy presents with a 1-month history of loss of appetite, fatigability, unexplained irritability, and intermittent low-grade fever. The patient’s mother says he also often has bone pain, especially in his lower limbs. Physical examination is significant for the presence of generalized pallor, splenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. His lower extremities are tender to palpation, but there is no joint swelling, warmth or erythema. Laboratory findings are significant for a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL, a total white blood cell count 8,900/mm3, and a platelet count of 90,000/mm3. A peripheral smear shows the presence of atypical lymphocytes. Bone marrow biopsy is performed which demonstrates 30% of the bone marrow cells as a homogeneous population of lymphoblasts. Immunophenotyping confirms the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of precursor-B subtype. Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in this patient?

t(9;22)

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D

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 2-week history of generalized fatigue, intermittent fever, and occasional bleeding from his nose. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). He appears pale. Physical examination shows cervical lymphadenopathy and multiple petechiae on his trunk. The spleen is palpated 3 cm below the left costal margin. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 63,000/mm3, and platelet count is 30,000/mm3. A bone marrow aspirate predominantly shows immature leukocytes that stain positive for CD10, CD19, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and negative for myeloperoxidase. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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C

A 67-year-old woman is brought to the clinic by her husband for changes in personality. He reports that 3 years ago she began to forget day-to-day things (e.g., where her keys are and the directions home). She would intermittently forget who her friends are and put the remote in the refrigerator. Recently, the husband noticed stark changes in her personality as she is more impatient, aggressive, and sometimes violent. She denies any fever, trauma, focal neurologic deficits, or sensory changes. Her past medical history is significant for diabetes and hypertension for which she takes metformin and lisinopril, respectively. A physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following Figures is characteristic of her disease?

B

step1

B

In your outpatient clinic you are seeing a 22-year-old female for her annual check-up. She has a past medical history significant for sexual abuse in her teens. Currently she has no complaints. She reports that her last menstrual period was 1 week ago. Her temperature is 98.5 deg F (36.9 deg C), pulse is 65/min, blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, respirations are 11/min. Physical exam is notable only for dry mucous membranes with multiple dental carries and calluses on the dorsum of her right hand. Her BMI is 17. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Anorexia nervosa - purging type

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B

A 28-year-old G1P0 woman who is 30 weeks pregnant presents to the women's health center for a prenatal checkup. She is concerned that her baby is not moving as much as usual over the past five days. She thinks she only felt the baby move eight times over an hour long period. Her prenatal history was notable for morning sickness requiring pyridoxine. Her second trimester ultrasound revealed no abnormal placental attachment. She takes a multivitamin daily. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. The patient's physical exam is unremarkable. Her fundal height is 28 cm, compared to 26 cm two weeks ago. The fetal pulse is 140/min. The patient undergoes external fetal monitoring. With vibroacoustic stimulation, the patient feels eight movements over two hours. What is the best next step in management?

Biophysical profile

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D

A 63-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband for the evaluation of progressive memory loss for the past 5 months. During the last 2 weeks, she has also had problems getting dressed and finding her way back home from the grocery store. She has had several episodes of jerky, repetitive, twitching movements that resolved spontaneously. She used to work as a teacher but quit her job due to her memory loss. The patient has hypertension. There is no family history of serious illness. Her only medication is hydrochlorothiazide. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 125/80 mmHg. She is oriented only to person and place. She follows commands and speaks fluently, but sometimes cannot recall objects. She is unable to read and seems to have difficulty recognizing objects. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Examination shows full muscle strength. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski sign is absent. Sensation to pinprick and light touch is normal. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?

Mutant prion accumulation

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A

A 27-year-old woman presents with right knee pain over the last 3 weeks. The pain is moderate in severity but makes any physical activity that involves bending her knee extremely discomfortable. Her pain worsens with running and squatting, in particular. The patient has no history of medical conditions nor does she have any immediate family member with a similar condition. At the physician’s office, her vitals are normal. On physical examination, there is localized pain in the right anterior knee. There are no passive or active movement limitations at her knee joint. Erythema, swelling, and crepitations are not present. Which of the following is the best option for definitively managing this patient’s condition?

Quadriceps strengthening

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C

A 23-year-old woman presents to a medical office for a check-up. The patient has a 5-year history of epilepsy with focal-onset motor seizures and currently is seizure-free on 50 mg of lamotrigine 3 times a day. She does not have any concurrent illnesses and does not take other medications, except oral contraceptive pills. She is considering pregnancy and seeks advice on possible adjustments or additions to her therapy. Which of the following changes should be made?

Recommend 5 mg of folic acid daily with no changes to antiepileptic therapy

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B

A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department with bloody vomitus. The patient is an alcoholic and has presented similarly before. He is given ondansetron; however, he continues to vomit. The patient complains of sudden substernal chest pain and dysphagia after another bout of vomiting. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 117/60 mmHg, pulse is 122/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an uncomfortable man with subcutaneous emphysema in the patient’s neck and supraclavicular areas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Esophageal rupture

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A

A 25-year-old woman presents with fever, rash, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge for the past 3 days. She describes the pain as moderate, cramping in character, and diffusely localized to the suprapubic region. She says the rash is painless and does not itch. She also complains of associated generalized muscle aches and vomiting since last night. The patient denies any recent menstrual irregularities, dysuria, painful urination or similar symptoms in the past. Her past medical history is significant for chronic asthma, managed medically. There is no recent travel or sick contacts. Patient denies any smoking history, alcohol or recreational drug use. She has been sexually active for the past year with a single partner and has been using oral contraceptive pills. Her vital signs include: temperature 38.6°C (101.0°F), blood pressure 90/68 mm Hg, pulse 120/min, and respirations 20/min. Physical examination reveals a diffuse erythematous desquamating maculopapular rash over the lower abdomen and inner thighs. There is moderate tenderness to palpation of the suprapubic and lower right quadrants with no rebound or guarding. Abdomen is non-distended with no hepatosplenomegaly. Pelvic examination reveals a purulent vaginal discharge. Which of the following best describes the organism responsible for this patient’s condition?

Gram-positive cocci in clusters producing superantigens

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B

A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with crushing substernal chest pain. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. He drinks 5 alcoholic drinks every night and has a 40 pack-year smoking history. The patient works as a truck driver and leads a sedentary lifestyle. His initial electrocardiogram (ECG) is notable for ST elevation in V2-V5 with reciprocal changes. The patient is sent for cardiac catheterization, and several stents are placed. The patient is being monitored after the procedure, when he suddenly becomes less responsive. His temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 87/48 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Jugular venous distension is absent and pulmonary exam is notable for clear breath sounds bilaterally. The patient states that he is experiencing back and flank pain and is tender to palpation over his lumbar back and flanks. The patient is given 3 liters of Lactated Ringer solution and his blood pressure improves to 110/70 mmHg and his pulse is 95/min. Which of the following is the best next step in management?

CT scan

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B

A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever, flank pain, and hematuria. He has chronic back pain, for which he has been taking meloxicam for the past 2 weeks. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F). Physical examination shows a diffuse maculopapular rash over his trunk and extremities. Urinalysis shows 10–15 RBC/hpf, 20 WBC/hpf, and numerous eosinophils. Histologic examination of a kidney biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following findings?

Interstitial T-cell infiltration

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C

A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department when she was found trying to direct traffic on the highway in the middle of the night. The patient states that she has created a pooled queuing system that will drastically reduce the traffic during rush hour. When speaking with the patient, she does not answer questions directly and is highly distractible. She is speaking very rapidly in an effort to explain her ideas to you. The patient has a past medical history of depression for which she was started on a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) last week. Physical exam is deferred as the patient is highly irritable. The patient’s home medications are discontinued and she is started on a mortality-lowering agent. The next morning, the patient is resting peacefully. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

TSH and renal function tests

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E

A 35-year-old lactose intolerant man presents to the outpatient clinic with complaints of numbness and tingling in his fingers and toes for the past month. He also complains of pain in his calf muscles while sleeping; the pain is severe enough to wake him up in the middle of the night. He is a software engineer and spends most of his time indoors. He has been smoking a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years and occasionally drinks wine with dinner. His current medication regimen includes as needed ibuprofen and calcium supplementation. He does not take any other multivitamins. On examination, his pulse rate is 74/min, blood pressure is 128/67 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F). He has tenderness in the proximal muscles of his upper and lower limbs. Sensory examination is normal. The rest of the physical examination is normal. X-ray imaging of his lower limbs shows features of demineralization. Which of the following sets of abnormalities are most likely occurring in this patient?

Low serum 25-OH D with low serum calcium levels

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A

A 54-year-old man presents to the emergency department for fatigue and weight loss. He reports feeling increasingly tired over the last several weeks and has lost seven pounds over the last month. His wife has also noticed a yellowing of the eyes. He endorses mild nausea but denies vomiting, abdominal pain, or changes in his stools. Ten years ago, he was hospitalized for an episode of acute pancreatitis. His past medical history is otherwise significant for hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. He has two glasses of wine most nights with dinner and has a 30-pack-year smoking history. On physical exam, the patient has icteric sclera and his abdomen is soft, non-distended, and without tenderness to palpation. Bowel sounds are present. Laboratory studies reveal the following: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 67 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 54 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 771 U/L Total bilirubin: 12.1 g/dL Direct bilirubin: 9.4 g/dL Which of the following would most likely be seen on abdominal imaging?

Distended gallbladder

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D

A 44-year-old man presents to a clinic for the evaluation of difficulty swallowing for the past few days. He says that he has noticed progressively worsening chest pain when he attempts to swallow solids or liquids. He works from a home office, has not had any recent sick contacts, and is currently not sexually active. His medical history includes AIDS. His current medications include emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 72/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 136/84 mm Hg. A physical examination is notable for a dry mouth with red mucosa and no distinct plaques or patches, and a supple neck with no masses or cervical lymphadenopathy. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows small white patches within the esophageal lumen. A biopsy of one of the lesions is performed and the microscopic appearance of the finding is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Esophageal candidiasis

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C

A 57-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of feeling tired all the time. She states her symptoms began several months ago, around the time that her husband committed suicide. Since then she has had thoughts of joining her husband. She complains of feeling excessively weak and states that she no longer has enough energy to go to the gym which she attributes to her 15 pound weight gain over the last month. The patient's medical history includes joint pain, a skin rash that recently resolved, obstructive sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome. The patient takes ibuprofen and omeprazole as needed but otherwise cannot remember any other medications that she takes. On physical exam you note an overweight woman who has an overall depressed affect. The patient's cardiac exam reveals a normal rate and rhythm. The pulmonary exam reveals bilateral clear lung fields with good air movement. The patient's skin is very dry and tight appearing and her hair is coarse. Overall the patient appears somewhat unkempt. Laboratory work is performed and reveals the following: Hemoglobin: 13.0 g/dL Hematocrit: 37% Leukocyte count: 4,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelets: 250,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L BUN: 15 mg/dL Glucose: 122 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 5.3 µU/mL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 11 U/L ALT: 13 U/L Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be abnormal in this patient?

Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies

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D

A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found disoriented. He has limited ability to communicate in English but indicates that he has left flank pain and a fever. Chart review reveals that he has diabetes and sleep apnea but both are well controlled. He also has a 30-pack-year smoking history and has lost about 20 pounds since his last presentation. Physical exam reveals a bulge in his left scrotum and ultrasound reveals bilateral kidney stones. Which of the following findings is also associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

Increased hematocrit

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D

A 52-year-old woman with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of severe pain and swelling of her left great toe. She has had similar episodes sporadically over the past 3 years. She drinks 6 beers daily. She does not smoke or use illicit drugs. She is allergic to hydrochlorothiazide and glipizide. Her current medications are amlodipine and metformin. Examination shows erythema, warmth, and tenderness of the left first metatarsophalangeal joint and a nodule over the right elbow. The most appropriate next step in treatment is the administration of a drug that has which of the following mechanisms of action?

Reversible inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

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A

A 4th grade class in Salem, Massachusetts has 20 students. Due to recent media coverage of the fallacious association between vaccines and autism, none of the students have been immunized against influenza this year. Fortunately, up to this point none of the students has come down with the flu. During the first week of flu season, however, 2 students contract influenza. In the second week, 3 more students contract influenza. And in the third week, 5 more students contract influenza. The other students remained healthy throughout the rest of the flu season. In this class, what was the risk of contracting influenza during the second week of the flu season?

0.17

step1

C

A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for abdominal pain. The patient states that he has had abdominal pain for the past month that has been steadily worsening. In addition, he endorses weight loss and general fatigue. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. His current medications include metformin, insulin, and lisinopril. The patient is a current smoker and drinks roughly 3 drinks per day. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 139/79 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient's cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. Examination of the patient's lower extremity reveals multiple tender palpable masses bilaterally that track linearly along the patient's lower extremity. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

CT scan of the abdomen

step2&3

B

A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because his parents are concerned about his persistently poor performance at school. He has had increased impulsivity and has difficulty making and keeping friends. On questioning, he reports that he is being bullied by his classmates for his high-pitched voice, thin build, and poor grades. He is at the 94th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows bilateral gynecomastia, sparse pubic hair, and long limbs compared with the trunk. Genital examination shows small, firm testes. Serum studies show increased levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and a slightly decreased serum testosterone. This patient is at increased risk of which of the following complications?

Breast cancer

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B

A 31-year-old man presents with a several-month history of foot sensory changes. He has noticed that he has a hard time telling the difference between a hardwood floor and carpet beneath his feet. He's also had a couple of falls lately; these falls were not preceded by any lightheadedness or palpitations. He is adopted, so his family history is unknown. On physical exam, he has leg and foot muscular atrophy and 4/5 strength throughout his bilateral lower extremities. Sensation to light touch and pinprick is decreased up to the mid-calf. Ankle jerk reflex is absent bilaterally. He has a significant pes cavus deformity of both feet. Nerve conduction studies show decreased conduction velocities in his bilateral peroneal nerves. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?

Referral to physical therapy

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E

A 34-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing lower back and neck pain for the past 7 months. The pain is worse in the morning and improves when he plays basketball. He has noticed shortness of breath while playing for the past 2 months. He is sexually active with 2 female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He appears lethargic. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the back shows tenderness over the sacroiliac joints. Range of motion is limited. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Chest expansion is decreased on full inspiration. His leukocyte count is 14,000/mm3 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 84 mm/h. An x-ray of the spine shows erosion and sclerosis of the sacroiliac joints and loss of spinal lordosis. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?

Tenderness at the Achilles tendon insertion site

step2&3

C

A 43-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital after a fall. When the emergency services arrived, she was unresponsive, did not open her eyes, but responded to painful stimuli. The witnesses say that she had convulsions lasting about 30 seconds when she lost consciousness after a traumatic event. On her way to the hospital, she regained consciousness. On admission, she complained of intense headaches and nausea. She opened her eyes spontaneously, was responsive but confused, and was able to follow motor commands. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 150/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 62/min; respiratory rate, 13/min; and temperature, 37.3℃ (99.1℉). There are no signs of a skull fracture. The pupils are round, equal, and poorly reactive to light. She is unable to fully abduct both eyes. Ophthalmoscopy does not show papillary edema or retinal hemorrhages. She has nuchal rigidity and a positive Kernig sign. An urgent head CT does not show any abnormalities. Which of the following is a proper investigation to perform in this patient?

Lumbar puncture

step2&3

B

A 65-year-old man presents with hypercholesterolemia. Family history is significant for multiple cardiac deaths and other cardiovascular diseases. The patient reports a 40-pack-year smoking history. BMI is 28 kg/m2. Total cholesterol is 255 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is more than 175 mg/dL. Lifestyle and dietary modifications are recommended, and the patient has prescribed a hypolipidemic drug. He returns for follow-up 4 weeks later complaining of muscle pains. Laboratory findings are significant for a significant increase in serum transaminases. Which of the following drugs is most likely responsible for this patient’s symptoms on follow-up?

Atorvastatin

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E

A 27-year-old male basketball player presents to his primary care physician for a normal check-up. He has not been seen by a physician in ten years. He reports that he feels well and has no complaints. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. On examination, the patient's height is 76 in (193 cm) with an arm span of 78 in (198 cm). His BMI is 19 kg/m^2. His fingers and toes are long and tapered and his sternum appears sunken into his chest. The patient also has moderate scoliosis. Upon further questioning, the patient reports that his father had a similar physique but passed away in his 40s. Which of the following complications is this patient at greatest risk for?

Aortic aneurysm

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A

A 59-year-old man comes to your clinic accompanied by his wife complaining of nausea and dizziness. He reports that he is unsure when his symptoms started, but they have been affecting him for “a while.” It began as episodes of “unsteadiness” and progressed to a feeling of “spinning.” He cannot tell if his symptoms change with position, but reports that if he does not lie down he will become nauseous. When asked about other symptoms, his wife reports that she has also noticed the patient has worsening hearing loss. She complains that she is constantly repeating herself, especially if she speaks on his right side. The patient denies this and says that she just speaks too softly. The patient’s past medical history is significant for hypertension, alcoholism, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His medications include aspirin, amlodipine, and fluticasone-salmeterol. He reports he drinks a glass of red wine every night with dinner and smokes a cigar on the weekends. Examination shows delayed horizontal nystagmus. Which of the following is the first-line treatment?

Low-salt diet

step2&3

B

A 1710-g (3.77-lb) male newborn is delivered to a 27-year-old woman at 33 weeks' gestation. Pregnancy was uncomplicated, but the mother had a cold and sore throat 2 months before delivery that resolved spontaneously. The newborn appears lethargic. He is at the 15th percentile for height and weight and at the 1st percentile for head circumference. Vital signs are within normal limits. There is jaundice of the skin and conjunctivae. Abdominal examination shows hepatosplenomegaly. A cranial ultrasound of the newborn shows periventricular calcifications. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Congenital CMV infection

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E

A 14-year-old Asian girl is brought to the physician because of a 6-week history of fatigue. During this period, she has had a 3-kg (6.6-lb) weight loss and intermittent low-grade fevers. She also reports recurrent episodes of pain in her left wrist and right knee. She has no personal history of serious illness. Her aunt has rheumatoid arthritis. The patient appears pale. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). Examination shows diffuse lymphadenopathy. Oral examination shows several painless oral ulcers. The left wrist and the right knee are swollen and tender to touch. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 10 g/dL, a leukocyte count of 3,000/mm3, and a platelet count of 80,000/mm3. Urinalysis shows excessive protein. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?

Anti-dsDNA antibodies

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C

An 18-year-old man is brought to the emergency department due to the confusion that started earlier in the day. His parents report that the patient had recovered from vomiting and diarrhea 3 days ago without medical intervention. They mention that although nausea and vomiting have resolved, the patient continued to have diffuse abdominal pain and decreased appetite. Past medical history is unremarkable, except for a recent weight loss and increased thirst. The patient does not use tobacco products or alcohol. He is not sexually active and does not use illicit drugs. He appears lethargic but responds to questions. His mucous membranes appear dry. Temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), blood pressure is 105/60 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respiratory rate is 27/min with deep and rapid respiration. There is diffuse abdominal tenderness without guarding, rebound tenderness or rigidity. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Capillary blood glucose measurement

step2&3

E

A previously healthy 6-week-old infant is brought to the emergency department because of fever, fatigue, and dry cough for the past 24 hours. She has been feeding poorly and has had difficulty latching on when breastfeeding since this started. She has also had nasal congestion. The mother reports that her daughter has not been going through as many diapers as usual. She was born by uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 42 weeks' gestation. Her mother is a cystic fibrosis carrier. The patient has been treated with acetaminophen for the last 24 hours and vitamin D drops since birth. She appears irritable, pale, and lethargic. She is at the 25th percentile for both length and weight; she had the same percentiles at birth. Her temperature is 38.2°C (100.7°F), and the respirations are 64/min. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. Examination shows an ill-appearing infant with a cough and nasal flaring. Mucous membranes are dry. Chest examination shows intercostal and supraclavicular retractions. Expiratory wheezes are heard on auscultation. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?

Respiratory syncytial virus

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B

A 25-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 1-week-history of progressively worsening dyspnea and intermittent chest pain that increases on inspiration. He had an upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks ago. His pulse is 115/min and blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. Examination shows inspiratory crackles bilaterally. His serum troponin I is 0.21 ng/mL (N < 0.1). An x-ray of the chest shows an enlarged cardiac silhouette and prominent vascular markings in both lung fields; costophrenic angles are blunted. A rhythm strip shows inverted T waves. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient's condition?

Elevated brain natriuretic peptide

step1

B

A 32-year-old G1P0 woman presents to the emergency department at 34 weeks gestation. She complains of vague upper abdominal pain and nausea which has persisted for 2 weeks, as well as persistent headache over the past several days. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 164/89 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 7,800/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 25,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL AST: 199 U/L ALT: 254 U/L Urine: Color: Yellow Protein: Positive Blood: Positive The patient begins seizing. Which of the following is the most appropriate definitive treatment for this patient?

Cesarean section

step2&3

B

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her mother after a fall in the park. Her mother reports a history of spontaneous frequent falls and delayed development for which calcium and iron supplementations were prescribed by their family physician. She has been on antibiotic therapy for the last 2 days for an unremitting cough. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, pulse 98/min, temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F), and respiratory rate 18/min. On examination, there is tenderness over the femur which later turns out to be due to a fractured femoral neck. Moreover, systemic examination reveals red eyes with dilated, tortuous conjunctival blood vessels. Abnormal limb movements are also observed. Which of the following is expected to exceed the normal range in this patient?

α- fetoprotein

step1

D

A 42-year-old African American woman presents to the physician’s office complaining of sudden onset chest pain. She describes the pain as sharp, non-radiating with improvement when she is sitting up and leaning forward. She denies fever, chills, or a cough, but she has had swollen hands and wrists for the past 3 weeks. Medical history is significant for chronic hypertension. She had an appendectomy at age 12. Medications include hydralazine and folic acid. Vital signs are normal except for a low-grade fever. On examination, the patient is in mild distress, especially in the supine position. The metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints are swollen and tender bilaterally. ECG shows diffuse ST elevations. Her antinuclear antibody is negative. Which of the following additional antibodies are expected to be found in this patient’s serum?

Anti-histone antibodies

step2&3

B

A 47-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis is brought to the emergency department by ambulance 20 minutes after being involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision. His pulse is 120/min, respirations are 28/min and labored, and blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg. Physical examination shows ecchymoses over the trunk and abdomen. In preparation for an exploratory laparotomy, atracurium is administered as an anesthetic. Which of the following characteristics is the most likely reason that this drug was chosen over other drugs in the same class?

Organ-independent elimination

step1

C

Scientists are studying human lung development by trying to identify which proteins and signaling factors trigger lung bud division and bronchiole branching. Their main focus is particularly around the 20th week of gestation, during which terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles and further into alveolar ducts. Which of the following phases of embryonic lung development is the stage in which the scientists are interested in studying?

Canalicular

step1

C

A 68-year-old male with congestive heart failure recently had his medication regiment adjusted to better control his hypertension. Three weeks later, laboratory analysis shows his serum calcium and magnesium levels have both decreased. The diuretic used in this patient acts predominantly on which nephron segment:

Thick ascending loop of Henle

step1

C

A researcher is trying to decipher how mRNA codons contain information about proteins. He first constructs a sequence of all cytosine nucleotides and sees that a string of prolines is synthesized. He knows from previous research that information is encoded in groups of 3 so generates the following sequences: ACCACCACC, CACCACCAC, and CCACCACCA. Surprisingly, he sees that new amino acids are produced with the first two sequences but that the third sequence is still a string of prolines. Which of the following biochemical principles explains why this phenomenon was observed?

Wobble hypothesis

step1

E

A 50-year-old man presents to an ophthalmologist with progressive decrease in his visual acuity over the last 6 months. He also mentions that he has become excessively sensitive to light over the same duration. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia diagnosed in early adulthood which has been managed with an antipsychotic medication for the past 20 years. The ophthalmologist performs a slit lamp examination and notes discrete brown deposits on the corneal epithelium in both eyes. Which of the following antipsychotic drugs has this patient most likely been taking?

Chlorpromazine

step2&3

A

Eight hours after undergoing successful cholecystectomy, a 65-year-old man with scoliosis complains of shortness of breath. Respirations are 28/min and pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 85%. Physical examination shows kyphotic deformation of the thorax. Cardiopulmonary examination shows intercostal retractions and diminished breath sounds on the left side. There is trace pedal edema bilaterally. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral fluffy infiltrates, and the cardiac silhouette is shifted slightly to the left side. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's hypoxia?

Collapsed alveoli

step1

B

A 41-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after falling while mountain biking and hitting his head. Initially, he refused treatment, but an hour ago he began to develop a severe headache, nausea, and left leg weakness. He has no visual changes and is oriented to person, time, and place. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 68/min, respirations are 17/min and regular, and blood pressure is 130/78 mm Hg. Examination shows a 5-cm bruise on the right side of his skull. The pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. Muscle strength is 0/5 in his left knee and foot. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation?

Subfalcine herniation

step1

C

A 39-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant abdominal discomfort for the past couple of hours. She says that the pain is dull in nature and denies any radiation. She admits to having similar episodes of pain in the past which subsided on its own. Her temperature is 37°C (99.6°F), respirations are 16/min, pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Physical examination is normal except for diffuse tenderness of her abdomen. She undergoes a limited abdominal ultrasound which reveals a 1.4 cm gallbladder polyp. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Cholecystectomy

step2&3

A

A 4-year-old male presents with a 1-year history of swaying while walking and recent episodes of tripping when ambulating. He has trouble trying to sit and get up from chairs, as well as walking up the stairs to his bedroom. On physical exam, the pediatrician notices nystagmus, absent deep tendon reflexes, significant loss of vibratory and proprioceptive sensation in his extremities, pes cavus, and slight kyphoscoliosis. A blood sample is sent for DNA sequencing and the results show a significant expansion of the trinucleotide GAA on chromosome 9. Which of the following diseases displays a similar mode of inheritance as the disease affecting this patient?

Von Gierke's disease

step1

B

A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of progressive headaches, dizziness, and recurrent episodes of vomiting for 3 weeks. He has a history of surgical removal of a sac-like protuberance on his lower back soon after birth. Neurologic examination shows ataxia. Fundoscopy shows bilateral optic disk swelling. An MRI of the brain is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Chiari II malformation

step1

A

A 39-year-old man presents to the primary care physician complaining of 6 months of increasing dyspnea and non-productive cough. He has a past medical history of asthma, hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. On examination, you notice that he takes shallow breaths and the respiratory rate is 22/min. On auscultation, you notice bibasilar rales, wheezes, and a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, and heart rate 74/min. He then undergoes an outpatient high-resolution chest computed tomography (CT) scan which reveals bibasilar honeycombing, a calcified granuloma, and a mildly enlarged mediastinal lymph node. Which of the following medications can cause or contribute to this man’s lung disease?

Amiodarone

step2&3

A

A previously healthy 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for the evaluation of several episodes of vomiting since this morning. He reports nausea and severe headache. Over the past four days, he has had fever, a runny nose, and a sore throat. His mother gave him an analgesic drug that she uses for rheumatoid arthritis. He has not had any trauma. Last month, the patient traveled to Mexico with his family. He is at the 85th percentile for height and 25th percentile for weight. He appears weak. His temperature is 38°C (100°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Mental status examination shows psychomotor agitation alternating with lethargy. Examination shows bilateral optic disc swelling. Serum studies show: Urea nitrogen 30 mg/dL Glucose 70 mg/dL Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 60 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 60 U/L Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.30. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?"

Hepatic mitochondrial injury

step2&3

B

A 12-year-old boy presents with a 3-day history of frothy brown urine. He does not complain of any other symptoms. He notes that 3 weeks ago he had a fever with a sore throat, but he did not receive any treatment at the time. His blood pressure is 152/94 mm Hg, heart rate is 72/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). Review of his medical record shows that his blood pressure was 118/74 mm Hg just 4 weeks ago. Laboratory analysis reveals elevated serum creatinine, hematuria with RBC casts, and elevated urine protein without frank proteinuria. What laboratory test can confirm the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer

step2&3

D

A 78-year-old male has been hospitalized for the past 3 days after undergoing a revision left total hip replacement. Over the past several hours, the nursing staff reports that the patient has exhibited fluctuating periods of intermittent drowsiness and confusion where he has been speaking to nonexistent visitors in his hospital room. The patient's daughter is present at bedside and reports that the patient lives alone and successfully manages his own affairs without assistance. Which of the following is most likely true of this patient's current condition?

Possible etiologies include infection, trauma, or polypharmacy

step1

E

A 64-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening intermittent nausea and burning pain in her upper abdomen for 4 hours. She has not had retrosternal chest pain, shortness of breathing, or vomiting. She has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. Her only medications are lisinopril and insulin. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 155/75 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft, with mild tenderness to palpation of the epigastrium but no guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. An ECG is shown. This patient's current condition is most likely to cause which of the following findings on cardiac examination?

Atrial gallop

step2&3

C

A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of fatigue, exertional dyspnea, and the sensation of his heartbeat roaring in the ears. He informs you that he recently had an acute upper respiratory infection. He is a retired car salesman, and he informs you that he and his partner enjoy traveling to the tropics. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and multiple basal cell carcinomas on his face and neck. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a 6-pack of beer per day, and denies any illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. On physical examination, his pulses are bounding, his complexion is pale, and scleral icterus is apparent. The spleen is moderately enlarged. Oxygen saturation was initially 81% on room air, with a new oxygen requirement of 8 L by face mask. Laboratory analysis results show a hemoglobin level of 7.1 g/dL and elevated total bilirubin. Of the following options, which laboratory test can help to make the diagnosis?

Direct Coombs Test

step2&3

E

A 25-year-old G1P0 gives birth to a male infant at 33 weeks’ gestation. The mother immigrated from Sudan one month prior to giving birth. She had no prenatal care and took no prenatal vitamins. She does not speak English and is unable to provide a medical history. The child’s temperature is 101.0°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, and respirations are 30/min. Physical examination reveals flexed upper and lower extremities, minimal response to stimulation, and slow and irregular respirations. A murmur is best heard over the left second intercostal space. The child’s lenses appear pearly white. Which of the following classes of pathogens is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

Togavirus

step1

A

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician’s office by his mother because of facial swelling for the past 2 days. The mother says that her son has always been healthy and active but is becoming increasingly lethargic and now has a puffy face. Upon inquiry, the boy describes a foamy appearance of his urine, but denies having blood in the urine, urinary frequency at night, or pain during urination. He has no history of renal or urinary diseases. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for generalized swelling of the face and pitting edema on the lower limbs. Dipstick analysis reveals 4+ proteinuria. An abdominal ultrasound shows normal kidney size and morphology. A renal biopsy yields no findings under light and fluorescence microscopy; however, glomerular podocyte foot effacement is noted on electron microscopy. Which of the following factors is responsible for the expected increase in glomerular filtration rate in the patient?

Decreased glomerular oncotic pressure

step1

A

A 25-year-old female is brought to the physician by her mother who is concerned about her recent behaviors. The mother states that her daughter has been collecting “useless items” in her apartment over the last year. When she tried to persuade her daughter to throw away several years’ worth of old newspapers, her daughter had an angry outburst and refused to speak to her for two weeks. The patient reluctantly admits that she keeps “most things just in case they become useful later on.” She also states that she has felt less interested in seeing friends because she does not want them to come over to her apartment. She has also not been sleeping well, as her bed has become an additional storage space and she must sleep on her futon instead. The patient states that she is sometimes bothered by the messiness of her apartment, but otherwise doesn't think anything is wrong with her behavior. Physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in management?

High dose SSRI for hoarding disorder

step2&3

C

A 7-year-old girl with a history of painful crises and impaired growth presents for evaluation of sickle cell disease. You perform hemoglobin gel electrophoresis, and diagnose her with homozygous sickle cell disease. Which of the gel electrophoresis lanes in the image is hers?

Lane 4

step1

C

A 45-year-old male presents to your office following a diagnosis of an autosomal dominant disease. He has started therapy and has a strong family support system. He endorses a decrease in appetite over the last two weeks that he attributes to sadness surrounding his diagnosis and a depressed mood but denies any suicidal ideation. He continues to enjoy working in the yard and playing with his children. On physical examination you notice involuntary quick jerky movements of his hands and feet. Which of the following would you expect to see in this patient?

Caudate and putamen atrophy

step1

B

A 2-week-old neonate in the intensive care unit presents as severely ill. His mother says he was a bit irritated earlier this week, and his condition deteriorated quickly. It is apparent that he is in constant pain. He could not be fed easily and vomited three times since yesterday alone. The physical examination is remarkable for a distended abdomen and diminished bowel sounds. The neonate is sent for an abdominal/chest X-ray, which shows substantial intraluminal gas affecting most of the bowel. The neonate was born at 32 weeks of gestation by a normal vaginal delivery. Which of the following is the best next step for this patient?

Surgery

step2&3

C

A 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has a 20-year history of seizure disorder characterized by sudden-onset, periodic, jerking movements of both arms and lip smacking. He has a history of intravenous cocaine use. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 130/75 mm Hg. Examination shows gingival tissue covering the upper third of the teeth. There is bleeding of the gums when touched with a fine instrument. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

Phenytoin

step2&3

A

A 65-year-old man is brought to his primary care provider by his concerned wife. She reports he has had this "thing" on his eye for years and refuses to seek care. He denies any pain or discharge from the affected eye. A picture of his eye is shown below. Given the diagnosis, what are you most likely to discover when taking this patient's history?

He grew up in Ecuador, where he worked outdoors as a farmer for 30 years

step2&3

C

A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for the evaluation of irregular menstrual bleeding. Menses have occurred at 60- to 90-day intervals since menarche at the age of 12 years. Her last menstrual period was 4 weeks ago. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms consistently. She reports that she currently has no desire to have children. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 85 kg (187 lb); BMI is 31 kg/m2. Examination shows scattered pustules on the forehead and oily skin. There is coarse hair on the chin and upper lip. Fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 190 mg/dL. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?

Combination oral contraceptives

step2&3

D

A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after sustaining a gunshot wound to the neck. She did not lose consciousness. On arrival, she has severe neck pain. She appears anxious. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 105/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 96%. She is oriented to person, place, and time. Examination shows a bullet entrance wound in the right posterior cervical region of the neck. There is no exit wound. Carotid pulses are palpable bilaterally. There are no carotid bruits. Sensation to pinprick and light touch is normal. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. In addition to intravenous fluid resuscitation, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

CT angiography

step2&3

B

During protein translation the triplet code of mRNA is read by a ribosome and assisted elongation and translation factors until it reaches a stop codon labeled: UAA, UAG, or UGA. Then, when a stop codon is reached, a releasing factor binds, removing the peptide from the active ribosome and completing translation. What will happen if a mutation causes the recruitment of a releasing factor prior to the completion of a full peptide?

Nonsense mutation

step1

A

A 9-hour-old newborn female is found in the newborn nursery with a diffuse swelling of the scalp not present at birth. The child was born at 38 weeks of gestation to a 28-year-old gravida 3. The mother went into spontaneous labor, but the delivery was complicated by a prolonged second stage of labor. A vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery was eventually performed. The child’s Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The pregnancy was complicated by preeclampsia in the mother which was well-controlled throughout the pregnancy. On physical exam, the child appears to be in mild distress and has a 4x5 cm ecchymotic area of swelling over the bilateral parietal bones. Serial assessments of the child’s head circumference over the next 12 hours show no change in the size of the swelling. This patient’s condition affects which of the following spaces or potential spaces?

Between scalp and galea aponeurosis

step2&3

A

A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. Examination shows second and third-degree burns covering 30% of the surface area of her body. Intravenous fluids are administered. 30 minutes later, the patient develops respiratory distress and requires intubation. Administration of succinylcholine during the procedure is most likely to increase this patient's risk of developing which of the following laboratory abnormalities?

Hyperkalemia

step1

C

An energy drink that claims to improve athletic performance is being investigated by a group of scientists for its mechanism of action. Although its exact mode of action is unknown, an active substance in the drink is thought to increase the activity of an ATPase involved in muscle contraction. By radiolabeling the active substance, scientists are able to trace it binding to an allosteric site on globular portions of a heavy chain dimer where it binds with greater affinity during muscle relaxation but with lesser affinity when the globular head binds with another contractile protein. What portion of the sarcomere shown below will have the greatest affinity of the substance during muscle contraction?

II (represented on image as H band)

step1

B

A 58-year-old man presents with a high-grade fever, throbbing left-sided headache, vision loss, and left orbital pain. He says that his symptoms started acutely 2 days ago with painful left-sided mid-facial swelling and a rash, which progressively worsened. Today, he woke up with complete vision loss in his left eye. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed 5 years ago. He was started on an oral hypoglycemic agent which he discontinued after a year. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, and respiratory rate is 20/min. On examination, there is purulent discharge from the left eye and swelling of the left half of his face including the orbit. Oral examination reveals extensive necrosis of the palate with a black necrotic eschar and purulent discharge. Ophthalmic examination is significant for left-sided ptosis, proptosis, and an absence of the pupillary light reflex. Laboratory findings are significant for a blood glucose level of 388 mg/dL and a white blood cell count of 19,000 cells/mm³. Urinary ketone bodies are positive. Fungal elements are found on a KOH mount of the discharge. Which of the following statements best describes the organism responsible for this patient’s condition?

Histopathological examination shows non-septate branching hyphae

step1

D

A 35-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with chest pain. She describes the chest pain as severe, 9/10, sharp in character, and diffusely localized to anterior chest wall. She also says she is sweating profusely and feels like “she is about to die”. She has presented to at least 4 different emergency rooms over the past month with similar episodes which resolve after 10–15 minutes with no sequelae or evidence of cardiac pathology. However, she says she is fearful every day of another episode. No significant past medical history. Vital signs are within normal limits, and physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings, including cardiac troponins, are normal. Which of the following is the best pharmacological treatment for long-term management of this patient?

Paroxetine

step1

A

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has suffered from seizures since the age of 8 months. His mother has noticed he often has unprovoked bouts of laughter and loves playing with water. She describes him as having a happy, excitable demeanor. He can stand without support but cannot walk. His responses are rarely verbal, and when they are, he uses single words only. His only medication is sodium valproate. He is at the 2nd percentile for head circumference, 30th percentile for height, and 60th percentile for weight. Examination shows a wide-based stance and mandibular prognathism. Tongue thrusting and difficulty standing is present. Muscle tone is increased in all extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 4+ bilaterally. Which of the following is the mechanism most likely to explain these findings?

Microdeletion of maternal 15q11-q13

step2&3

A

A 29-year-old African-American woman, gravida 4, para 0, comes to the physician for evaluation of recurrent abortions. Each pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion in the second trimester. The patient has a history of joint pain, chronic migraines, and recurrent poorly defined, macular skin rashes. She also reports episodes in which her fingers become pale and cold, and then redden. She is sexually active with her husband and does not use contraceptives. The patient works as a landscape architect. Her mother has a history of endometriosis. The patient takes a daily prenatal multivitamin and occasionally sumatriptan. She appears tired. Temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg. Examination of the hands shows two ulcerations on the tip of the right index finger and multiple tiny hemorrhages under the nails. There is a purple reticular rash on both calves. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?

Test for anticardiolipin antibodies

step2&3

D

An investigator is studying the structural characteristics of pathogenic viruses. Cell cultures infected by different viruses are observed under a scanning electron microscope. One of the cell samples is infected by a virus that has an envelope composed of nuclear membrane molecules. The most likely virus that has infected this cell sample can cause which of the following conditions?

Shingles

step1

B

A 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of profuse watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Four days ago, he returned from a backpacking trip across Southeast Asia. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. Stool culture shows gram-negative, oxidase-positive, curved rods that have a single polar flagellum. The pathogen responsible for this patient's condition most likely has which of the following characteristics?

Grows well in medium with pH of 9

step1

D

A 74-year-old man presents to the clinic for a routine health checkup. He has been hypertensive for the past 20 years, and he has had congestive heart failure for the past 2 years. He is currently on captopril and claims to be compliant with his medication. His most recent echocardiogram report shows that his ejection fraction has been decreasing, so the physician decides to add spironolactone to his drug regimen. Which of the following complications should be most closely monitored for in this patient?

Hyperkalemia

step1

A

An 18-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at term and has been healthy since. He can walk alone and run. He feeds himself with a spoon and can drink from a cup. He can scribble. He babbles and says 'mama'. He points to show objects in which he has interest. He is at 40th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in management?

Audiology evaluation

step2&3

B

A previously healthy 35-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a sudden onset of difficulty breathing that began when she woke up that morning. She also reports a dry cough and chest pain that is worse with inspiration. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Oxygen saturation is 93% on room air. Physical examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows non-specific ST segment changes. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. In addition to oxygen supplementation, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Measure fibrin degradation products

step2&3

C

A group of researchers conducted various studies on hepatitis C incidence and prevalence. They noticed that there is a high prevalence of hepatitis C in third-world countries, where it has a significant impact on the quality of life of the infected individual. The research group made several attempts to produce a vaccine that prevents hepatitis C infection but all attempts failed. Which of the following would most likely be the reason for the failure to produce a vaccine?

Antigenic variation

step1

C

A 32-year-old man with Crohn disease is brought to the emergency department after he fainted at work. He says that he has been feeling increasingly fatigued and weak over the last several weeks though he has not previously had any episodes of syncope. On presentation he is found to be pale and agitated. A panel of lab tests is performed showing the following: Hemoglobin: 10.2 g/dL Hematocrit: 30.1% Leukocyte count: 9,900 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 290,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 118 µm^3 Elevated homocysteine level Normal methylmalonic acid level Which of the following mechanisms explains how Crohn disease may have contributed to this patient's symptoms?

Inflammation of the jejunum

step1

D

A previously healthy 48-year-old man comes to the physician for a 3-month history of myalgias and recurrent episodes of retrosternal chest pain and dizziness. He has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss during this period. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 160/102 mm Hg. Physical examination shows lacy, purplish discoloration of the skin with multiple erythematous, tender subcutaneous nodules on the lower legs. Some of the nodules have central ulcerations. Serum studies show an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 76 mg/dL and creatinine level of 1.8 mg/dL. Renal MR angiography shows irregular areas of dilation and constriction in the renal arteries bilaterally. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?

Transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis on arterial biopsy

step1

B

A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of worsening upper abdominal pain that he first noticed this morning after waking up. The pain is of tearing and burning quality and radiates to his back. Yesterday, he underwent an upper endoscopy and was diagnosed with gastritis and a large hiatal hernia. He has hypertension, hypercholesteremia, and a left bundle branch block that was diagnosed 5 years ago. The patient's mother died of myocardial infarction at the age of 70 years, and his father died of aortic dissection at the age of 65 years. The patient smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years, but quit 10 years ago. He drinks three beers daily. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, atorvastatin, and pantoprazole. The patient appears to be in mild distress. His temperature is 37.8°C (100.4°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 135/89 mm Hg in the left arm and 132/90 mm Hg in the right arm. Cardiopulmonary examination shows crackling with every heartbeat. Abdominal examination shows tenderness to palpation in the epigastric region; bowel sounds are normal. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 16.0 g/dL Leukocyte count 11,000/mm3 Na+ 140 mEq/L K+ 4.2 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L HCO3- 25 mEq/L Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL Alanine aminotransferase 21 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase 43 U/L Lipase 40 U/L (N = 14–280) Troponin I 0.025 ng/mL (N < 0.1) Chest x-ray shows a large hiatal hernia and mediastinal lucency. A 12-lead EKG shows sinus tachycardia and a left bundle branch block. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?"

Contrast esophagography with gastrografin

step2&3

E

An investigator is studying the principles of cell-to-cell signaling of the autonomic nervous system. It is found that the adrenal medulla has receptors that, when activated, result in the immediate opening of Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, which subsequently leads to the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These receptors are structurally most similar to which of the following receptors?

NM receptors of the quadriceps femoris muscle

step1

E

A 28-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of five episodes of painful oral ulcers over the past year. During this period, he has also had two painful genital ulcers that healed without treatment. He reports frequently having diffuse joint pain, malaise, and low-grade fever. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He emigrated to the US from Syria with his family four years ago. He is sexually active with one female partner and they do not use condoms. He takes no medications. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows three painful ulcers on the oral buccal mucosa. Pelvic examination shows that the external genitalia has several healing scars. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Behcet disease

step2&3

D

A 50-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia undergoes multiple chemotherapeutic regimens but does not enter remission. His oncologist suggests that he enroll in a trial for a new medication that causes intercalation of DNA during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following anti-cancer agents is this new agent most similar to?

Bleomycin

step1

B

A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of shortness of breath while lying on her back over the past month. During this period, she has also had several episodes of bloody coughing. The patient reports that she had a heart problem when she was a child that was treated with antibiotics. She emigrated to the US from Russia 5 years ago. There is no family history of serious illness. Pulmonary examination shows crackles at both lung bases. Cardiac examination is shown. An ECG shows tachycardia and no P waves. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Mitral valve stenosis

step2&3

D

A 7-year-old child with a history of abdominal and thigh pain that runs in his family is brought into the emergency room by his mother. His mother states they have a "blood disease." She also states the child was coughing and had fever to 101.1 F over the last three days and has been suddenly feeling much worse. On exam, the vitals are HR 110, BP 100/60, RR 20, T 101.5 F. CBC is significant for Hgb 3.2, WBC 2.1, Hct 10, Plts 30000. The reticulocyte count is 1% and the MCV is 81. Bone marrow biopsy shows hypocellular marrow with fatty tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Aplastic anemia

step2&3

A

A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of gradually worsening fatigue, increased urinary frequency, and blurry vision for 5 months. He has not seen a doctor in several years. Physical examination shows decreased vibratory sense and proprioception in the lower extremities. His hemoglobin A1c is 10.4%. Treatment for his condition with an appropriate medication is begun. In response to this drug, pancreatic islet cells begin producing increasing amounts of secretory granules. The patient was most likely treated with which of the following drugs?

Glimepiride

step1

C

A 9-month-old infant is brought the pediatrician for immunizations and assessment. His parents report that he is eating well and produces several wet diapers every day. He is a happy and curious child. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The infant’s vital signs are normal. Physical growth is appropriate for his age. The physician notes a loud holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border (grade IV) and orders an echocardiogram which confirms the diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Based on echocardiogram findings, the pediatrician reassures the parents that the infant will be monitored, but most likely will not require surgical intervention. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Ventricular septal defect

step2&3

B

A 3-year-old male is brought to the ER with a sore throat and fever. Examination of the pharynx reveals a dark, inflammatory exudate. Cysteine-tellurite agar culture produces black, iridescent colonies. Microscopic features of the causal organism most likely include which of the following?

Metachromic granules

step1

B

A 30-year-old Caucasian male presents with hemoptysis and uremia. Blood tests show the presence of anti-basement membrane antibodies specific for collagen located in glomerular and pulmonary basement membranes. The patient undergoes plasmapheresis to help reduce the amount of anti-basement membrane antibodies. Which of the following diseases is of the same hypersensitivity category as this disease?

Myasthenia gravis

step1

A

Immunology researchers attempt to characterize the role of several cytokines in a 5-year-old male’s allergic reaction to peanuts. Months after initial exposure to peanuts, the child was brought to the ER due to repeat exposure with symptoms of anaphylaxis that resolved following epinephrine injection and supportive therapy. Which of the following best describes the role of IL-4 in the child’s response:

B cell class switching

step1

A

A microbiology graduate student was given a swab containing an unknown bacteria that caused an ear infection in a seven-year-old girl. The student identified the bacteria as a gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci producing green rings around the colonies when grown on blood agar. Which of the following characteristics is associated with this bacteria?

Positive quellung reaction

step1

E

A 34-year-old woman comes to the physician because of recent fatigue and weakness that is exacerbated by cross-country skiing. Four weeks ago, she was diagnosed with pneumonia; sputum cultures on Eaton agar showed organisms that lacked a cell wall. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor and cyanosis of the fingertips. Both lungs are clear to auscultation. Which of the following findings is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?

Erythrocytes coated with autoantibodies

step1

E

A 31-year-old man with no medical history presents to his provider for infertility. He states that he and his partner have had unprotected intercourse for 1 year and have been unable to conceive. Upon further workup, he is determined to have antisperm antibodies (ASA), but he does not have any other signs or labs suggesting systemic autoimmune disease. A breakdown of which of the following may have played a role in the pathogenesis of his infertility?

Occludins

step1

E

A 54-year-old man presents to the office for consultation regarding the results of recent laboratory studies. Medical history includes stage 3 chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and hypertension, which is currently well controlled with lisinopril and furosemide. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, the heart sounds show a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border, breath sounds are clear, no abnormal abdominal findings, and 2+ pedal edema of the bilateral lower extremities up to the knee. The patient has a 23-pack-year history of cigarette smoking. The results of the laboratory studies of serum include the following: ALT 20 U/L AST 19 U/L Total cholesterol 249 mg/dL LDL 160 mg/dL HDL 41 mg/dL Triglycerides 101 mg/dL Initiation of therapy with which of the following agents is most appropriate for the management of hyperlipidemia in this patient?

Simvastatin

step2&3

E

A 7-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician for evaluation of a sore throat. The sore throat began 4 days ago and has progressively worsened. Associated symptoms include subjective fever, pain with swallowing, cough, and fatigue. The patient denies any cough or rhinorrhea. Vital signs are as follows: T 38.6 C, HR 88, BP 115/67, RR 14, and SpO2 99%. Physical examination is significant for purulent tonsillar exudate; no cervical lymphadenopathy is noted. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?

Perform rapid antigen detection test

step2&3

E

A previously healthy 21-year-old college student is brought to the emergency department because of a 10-hour history of increasing headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. He returned from a mission trip to Haiti 3 weeks ago where he worked in a rural health clinic. He appears lethargic. He is oriented to person, place, and time. His temperature is 39°C (102°F), pulse is 115/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Examination shows equal and reactive pupils. There are scattered petechiae over the trunk and lower extremities. Range of motion of the neck is decreased due to pain. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Blood cultures are obtained and a lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis shows neutrophilic pleocytosis and decreased glucose concentration. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?

Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine

step2&3

D

A 66-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a severely painful right ear with discharge for 10 days. The ear pain was acute in onset and is constant. She has been using over-the-counter eardrops but her symptoms have worsened. Her only medication is insulin, which she uses inconsistently. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 108/min, and blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg. Examination of the right ear shows a swollen pinna and lobule and malodorous purulent discharge; the ear is tender to touch. Posterior auricular lymphadenopathy is present. There is mild hearing loss of the right ear. Otoscopic examination shows a swollen ear canal with granulation tissue. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.3 g/dL Hemoglobin A1c 12.2% Leukocyte count 18,300/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 76% Eosinophils 1% Lymphocytes 20% Monocytes 3% Serum Glucose 212 mg/dL Creatinine 1.7 mg/dL A CT scan of the head shows severe thickening and enhancing of the soft tissue of the external auditory canal with patchy destruction of the mastoid process. Culture results of the ear drainage are pending. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?"

Intravenous ciprofloxacin

step2&3

D

A 74-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for shortness of breath and bilateral lower extremity pitting edema. She has had exacerbations like this in the past and notes that she has not been taking her home heart medications as scheduled. Review of systems is negative for any other symptoms including GI, urinary, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Physical exam reveals bilateral pulmonary crackles, lower extremity pitting edema that extends to the hip, and no abdominal tenderness. Neurological exam is unremarkable and the patient is at her baseline mental status. She is subsequently started on BiPAP, given furosemide, and admitted to the hospital. Routine admission workup includes urinalysis, which shows >100,000 cfu/mL of E. coli. She has no known drug allergies. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient for this finding?

No treatment

step2&3

D

A 5-year-old girl presents to the emergency room due to difficulty walking. According to her parents, she has been complaining of pain in her right leg for the last few days. Her neighbor’s cat bit her last week and her parents attributed the pain to her healing bite. At the time of the bite they cleaned the wound and irrigated it with sterile saline water from a first aid kit. She has no past medical history and has never been hospitalized. On physical examination her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 118/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. The open wound remains present on the thigh with surrounding erythema and edema. MRI is consistent with osteomyelitis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Ampicillin and sulbactam

step2&3

E