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Orchiopexy & Hernia Repair

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left undescended testis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left undescended testis plus left inguinal hernia.,PROCEDURES:, Left inguinal hernia repair, left orchiopexy with 0.25% Marcaine, ilioinguinal nerve block and wound block at 0.5% Marcaine plain.,ABNORMAL FINDINGS:, A high left undescended testis with a type III epididymal attachment along with vas.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Less than 5 mL.,FLUIDS RECEIVED: ,1100 mL of crystalloid.,TUBES/DRAINS: , No tubes or drains were used.,COUNTS:, Sponge and needle counts were correct x2.,SPECIMENS,: No tissues sent to Pathology.,ANESTHESIA:, General inhalational anesthetic.,INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION: , The patient is an 11-1/2-year-old boy with an undescended testis on the left. The plan is for repair.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, The patient was taken to the operating room, where surgical consent, operative site, and patient identification were verified. Once he was anesthetized, he was then placed in a supine position, and sterilely prepped and draped. A superior curvilinear scrotal incision was then made in the left hemiscrotum with a 15-blade knife and further extended with electrocautery into the subcutaneous tissue. We then used the curved cryoclamp to dissect into the scrotal space and found the tunica vaginalis and dissected this up to the external ring. We were able to dissect all the way up to the ring, but were unable to get the testis delivered. We then made a left inguinal incision with a 15-blade knife, further extending with electrocautery through Scarpa fascia down to the external oblique fascia. The testis again was not visualized in the external ring, so we brought the sac up from the scrotum into the inguinal incision and then incised the external oblique fascia with a 15-blade knife further extending with Metzenbaum scissors. The testis itself was quite high up in the upper canal. We then dissected the gubernacular structures off of the testis, and also, then opened the sac, and dissected the sac off and found that he had a communicating hernia hydrocele and dissected the sac off with curved and straight mosquitos and a straight Joseph scissors. Once this was dissected off and up towards the internal ring, it was twisted upon itself and suture ligated with an 0 Vicryl suture. We then dissected the lateral spermatic fascia, and then, using blunt dissection, dissected in the retroperitoneal space to get more cord length. We also dissected the sac from the peritoneal reflection up into the abdomen once it had been tied off. We then found that we had an adequate amount of cord length to get the testis in the mid-to-low scrotum. The patient was found to have a type III epididymal attachment with a long looping vas, and we brought the testis into the scrotum in the proper orientation and tacked it to mid-to-low scrotum with a 4-0 chromic stay stitch. The upper aspect of the subdartos pouch was closed with a 4-0 chromic pursestring suture. The testis was then placed into the scrotum in the proper orientation. We then placed the local anesthetic, and the ilioinguinal nerve block, and placed a small amount in both incisional areas as well. We then closed the external oblique fascia with a running suture of 0-Vicryl ensuring that the ilioinguinal nerve and cord structures were not bottom closure. The Scarpa fascia was closed with a 4-0 chromic suture, and the skin was closed with a 4-0 Rapide subcuticular closure. Dermabond tissue adhesive was placed on the both incisions, and IV Toradol was given at the end of the procedure. The patient tolerated the procedure well, was in a stable condition upon transfer to the recovery room.surgery, inguinal hernia repair, ilioinguinal nerve block, external oblique fascia, hernia repair, epididymal attachment, external ring, inguinal incision, scarpa fascia, cord length, inguinal hernia, nerve block, ilioinguinal nerve, undescended testis, testis, inguinal, fascia, hernia, dissected,

Orchiopexy & Herniorrhaphy - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right undescended testicle.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right undescended testicle.,OPERATIONS:,1. Right orchiopexy.,2. Right herniorrhaphy.,ANESTHESIA: , LMA.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,SPECIMEN: , Sac.,BRIEF HISTORY: , This is a 10-year-old male who presented to us with his mom with consultation from Craig Connor at Cottonwood with right undescended testis. The patient and mother had seen the testicle in the right hemiscrotum in the past, but the testicle seemed to be sliding. The testis was identified right at the external inguinal ring. The testis was unable to be brought down into the scrotal sac. The patient could have had sliding testicle in the past and now the testis has become undescended as the child has grown. Options such as watchful waiting and wait for puberty to stimulate the descent of the testicle, HCG stimulation, orchiopexy were discussed. Risk of anesthesia, bleeding, infection, pain, hernia, etc. were discussed. The patient and parents understood and wanted to proceed with right orchiopexy and herniorrhaphy.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the OR, anesthesia was applied. The patient was placed in supine position. The patient was prepped and draped in the inguinal and scrotal area. After the patient was prepped and draped, an inguinal incision was made on the right side about 1 cm away for the anterior superior iliac spine going towards the external ring over the inguinal canal. The incision came through the subcutaneous tissue and external oblique fascia was identified. The external oblique fascia was opened sharply and was taken all the way down towards the external ring. The ilioinguinal nerve was identified right underneath the external oblique fascia, which was preserved and attention was drawn throughout the entire case to ensure that it was not under any tension or pinched or got hooked in the suture. After dissecting proximally, the testis was identified in the distal end of the inguinal canal. The testis was pulled up. The cremasteric muscle was divided and dissection was carried all the way up to the internal inguinal ring. There was very small hernia, which was removed and was tied at the base. PDS suture was used to tie this hernia sac all the way up to the base. There was a Y right at the vas and cord indicating there was enough length into the scrotal sac. The testis was easily brought down into the scrotal sac. One centimeter superior scrotal incision was made and a Dartos pouch was created. The testicle was brought down into the pouch and was placed into the pouch. Careful attention was done to ensure that there was no torsion of the cord. The vas was medial all the way throughout and the cord was lateral all the way throughout. The epididymis was in the posterolateral location. The testicle was pexed using 4-0 Vicryl into the scrotal sac. Skin was closed using 5-0 Monocryl. The external oblique fascia was closed using 2-0 PDS. Attention was drawn to re-create the external inguinal ring. A small finger was easily placed in the external inguinal ring to ensure that there was no tightening of the cord. Marcaine 0.25% was applied, about 15 mL worth of this was applied for local anesthesia. After closing the external oblique fascia, the Scarpa was brought together using 4-0 Vicryl and the skin was closed using 5-0 Monocryl in subcuticular fashion. Dermabond and Steri-Strips were applied.,The patient was brought to recovery room in stable condition at the end of the procedure.,Please note that the testicle was viable. It was smaller than the other side, probably by 50%. There were no palpable testicular masses. Plan was for the patient to follow up with us in about 1 month. The patient was told not to do any heavy lifting for at least 3 months, okay to shower in 48 hours. No tub bath for 2 months. The patient and family understood all the instructions.surgery, undescended testicle, orchiopexy & herniorrhaphy, external oblique fascia, inguinal ring, scrotal sac, oblique fascia, testicle, herniorrhaphy, orchiopexy, inguinal

Odontogenic Abscess I&D

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Left facial cellulitis.,2. Possible odontogenic abscess of the #18, #19, and #20.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Left facial cellulitis.,2. Possible odontogenic abscess of the #18, #19, and #20.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Attempted incision and drainage (I&D) of odontogenic abscess.,ANESTHESIA: ,1% lidocaine plain approximately 5 cc total.,COMPLICATIONS: , The patient is very noncompliant with attempted procedure refusing further exam and treatment after localization and attempted FNA. The attempted FNA was without any purulent aspirate although limited in the area of attempted examination.,INDICATIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 39-year-old Caucasian female who was admitted to ABCD General Hospital on 08/21/03 secondary to acute left facial cellulitis suspected to be secondary to odontogenic etiology. The patient states that this was started approximately 24 hours ago. The patient subsequently presented to ABCD General Hospital Emergency Room secondary to worsening of left face swelling and increasing in pain. The patient admits to poor dental hygiene. Denies any recent or dental abscesses in the past. The patient is a substance abuser, does admit to smoking cocaine approximately three days ago. The patient did have a CT scan of the face obtained with contrast demonstrated no signs of any acute abscess although a profuse amount of cellulitis was noted. After risks, complications, consequences, and questions were discussed with the patient, a written consent was obtained for an I&D of a possible odontogenic abscess ________ on the CT scan.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was brought in upright and supine position. Approximately 5 cc of 1% lidocaine without epinephrine was injected in the localized area along the buccogingival sulcus of the left side. This was done at the base of #18, #19, and #20 teeth. After this, the patient did have approximately 2 more mg of morphine given through the IV for pain control. After this, the #18 gauge needle on a ________ syringe was then utilized to attempt a FNA at the base of #18 tooth and #19 with one stick placed. There were no signs of any purulent drainage, although at this time the patient became very irate and noncompliant and refusing further examination. The patient understood consequences of her actions. Does state that she does not care at this time and just wants to be left alone. At this time, the bed was actually placed back in its normal position and the patient will be continued on clindamycin 900 mg IV q.6h. along with pain control utilizing Toradol, morphine, and Vicodin. The patient will also be started on Peridex oral rinse of 10 cc p.o. swish and spit t.i.d. and a K-pad to the left face.surgery, odontogenic, facial cellulitis, incision and drainage, fna, buccogingival, odontogenic abscess, abscess, drainage, i&d, cellulitis,

Orchiectomy & Testis Fixation

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Nonpalpable right undescended testis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Nonpalpable right undescended testis with atrophic right testis.,PROCEDURES: , Examination under anesthesia, diagnostic laparoscopy, right orchiectomy, and left testis fixation.,ANESTHESIA: ,General inhalation anesthetic with caudal block.,FLUID RECEIVED: ,250 mL of crystalloids.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 5 mL.,SPECIMEN:, The tissue sent to Pathology was right testicular remnant.,ABNORMAL FINDINGS:, Closed ring on right with atrophic vessels going into the ring and there was obstruction at the shoulder of the ring. Left had open appearing ring but the scrotum was not filled and vas and vessels going into the ring.,INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION: , The patient is a 2-year-old boy with a right nonpalpable undescended testis. The plan is for evaluation and repair.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was taken to the operating room, where surgical consent, operative site, and patient identification were verified. Once he was anesthetized, a caudal block was placed. The patient was placed in supine position and examined. The left testis well within scrotum. The right was again not palpable despite the patient being asleep with multiple attempts to check.,The patient was then sterilely prepped and draped. An 8-French feeding tube was then placed within his bladder through the urethra and attached to the drainage. We then incised the infraumbilical area once he was sterilely prepped and draped, with 15 blade knife, then using Hasson technique with stay stitches in the anterior and posterior rectus fascia sheath of 3-0 Monocryl. We entered the peritoneum with the 5-mm one-step system. We then used the short 0-degree lens for laparoscopy. We then insufflated with carbon dioxide insufflation to pressure of 12 mmHg. There was no bleeding noted upon evaluation of the abdomen and again the findings were as mentioned with closed ring with vas and vessels going to the left and vessels and absent vas on the right where the closed ring was found. Because there was no testis found in the abdomen, we then evacuated the gas and closed the fascial sheath with the 3-0 Monocryl tacking sutures. Then skin was closed with subcutaneous closure of 4-0 Rapide. A curvilinear upper scrotal incision was made on the right with 15 blade knife and carried down through the subcutaneous tissue with electrocautery. Electrocautery was used for hemostasis. A curved tenotomy scissor was used to open the sac. The tunica vaginalis was visualized and grasped and then dissected up towards external ring. There was no apparent testicular tissue. We did remove it, however, tying off the cord structure with a 4-0 Vicryl suture and putting a tagging suture at the base of the tissue sent. We then closed the subdartos area with the subcutaneous closure of 4-0 chromic. We then did a similar curvilinear incision on the left side for testicular fixation. Delivered the testis into the field, which had a type III epididymal attachment and was indeed about 3 to 4 mL in size, which was larger than expected for the patient's age. We then closed the upper aspect of the subdartos pouch with the 4-0 chromic pursestring suture and placed testis back into the scrotum in the proper orientation and closed the dartos, skin, and subcutaneous closure with 4-0 chromic on left hemiscrotum. At the end of the procedure, the patient received IV Toradol and had Dermabond tissue adhesive placed on both incisions and left testis was well descended in the scrotum at the end of the procedure. The patient tolerated procedure well, and was in stable condition upon transfer to the recovery room.surgery, diagnostic laparoscopy, caudal block, testis fixation, undescended testis, subcutaneous closure, testis, orchiectomy, laparoscopy, testicular, scrotum

Ommaya reservoir

TITLE OF OPERATION: , Right frontal side-inlet Ommaya reservoir.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY: , The patient is a 49-year-old gentleman with leukemia and meningeal involvement, who was undergoing intrathecal chemotherapy. Recommendation was for an Ommaya reservoir. Risks and benefits have been explained. They agreed to proceed.,PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Leukemic meningitis.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS: ,Leukemic meningitis.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room, underwent induction of laryngeal mask airway, positioned supine on a horseshoe headrest. The right frontal region was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Next, a curvilinear incision was made just anterior to the coronal suture 7 cm from the middle pupillary line. Once this was completed, a burr hole was then created with a high-speed burr. The dura was then coagulated and opened. The Ommaya reservoir catheter was inserted up to 6.5 cm. There was good flow. This was connected to the side inlet, flat-bottom Ommaya and this was then placed in a subcutaneous pocket posterior to the incision. This was then cut and __________. It was then tapped percutaneously with 4 cubic centimeters and sent for routine studies. Wound was then irrigated copiously with __________ irrigation, closed using 3-0 Vicryl for the deep layers and 4-0 Caprosyn for the skin. The connection was made with a 3-0 silk suture and was a right-angle intermediate to hold the catheter in place.surgery, caprosyn, leukemic meningitis, ommaya reservoir, leukemia, meningeal, intrathecal, chemotherapy, leukemic, meningitis, ommaya,

Orchiopexy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Ectopic left testis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Ectopic left testis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Left orchiopexy.,ANESTHESIA: , General. The patient did receive Ancef.,INDICATIONS AND CONSENT: , This is a 16-year-old African-American male who had an ectopic left testis that severed approximately one-and-a-half years ago. The patient did have an MRI, which confirmed ectopic testis located near the pubic tubercle. The risks, benefits, and alternatives of the proposed procedure were discussed with the patient. Informed consent was on the chart at the time of procedure.,PROCEDURE DETAILS: ,The patient did receive Ancef antibiotics prior to the procedure. He was then wheeled to the operative suite where a general anesthetic was administered. He was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion and shaved in the area of the intended procedure. Next, with a #15 blade scalpel, an oblique skin incision was made over the spermatic cord region. The fascia was then dissected down both bluntly and sharply and hemostasis was maintained with Bovie electrocautery. The fascia of the external oblique, creating the external ring was then encountered and that was grasped in two areas with hemostats and sized with Metzenbaum scissors. This was then continued to open the external ring and was then carried cephalad to further open the external ring, exposing the spermatic cord. With this accomplished, the testis was then identified. It was located over the left pubic tubercle region and soft tissue was then meticulously dissected and cared to avoid all vascular and testicular structures.,The cord length was then achieved by applying some tension to the testis and further dissecting any of the fascial adhesions along the spermatic cord. Once again, meticulous care was maintained not to involve any neurovascular or contents of the testis or vas deferens. Weitlaner retractor was placed to provide further exposure. There was a small vein encountered posterior to the testis and this was then hemostated into place and cut with Metzenbaum scissors and doubly ligated with #3-0 Vicryl. Again hemostasis was maintained with ligation and Bovie electrocautery with adequate mobilization of the spermatic cord and testis. Next, bluntly a tunnel was created through the subcutaneous tissue into the left empty scrotal compartment. This was taken down to approximately the two-thirds length of the left scrotal compartment. Once this tunnel has been created, a #15 blade scalpel was then used to make transverse incision. A skin incision through the scrotal skin and once again the skin edges were grasped with Allis forceps and the dartos was then entered with the Bovie electrocautery exposing the scrotal compartment. Once this was achieved, the apices of the dartos were then grasped with hemostats and supra-dartos pouch was then created using the Iris scissors. A dartos pouch was created between the skin and the supra-dartos, both cephalad and caudad to the level of the scrotal incision. A hemostat was then placed from inferior to superior through the created tunnel and the testis was pulled through the created supra-dartos pouch ensuring that anatomic position was in place, maintaining the epididymis posterolateral without any rotation of the cord. With this accomplished, #3-0 Prolene was then used to tack both the medial and lateral aspects of the testis to the remaining dartos into the tunica vaginalis. The sutures were then tied creating the orchiopexy. The remaining body of the testicle was then tucked into the supra-dartos pouch and the skin was then approximated with #4-0 undyed Monocryl in a horizontal mattress fashion interrupted sutures. Once again hemostasis was maintained with Bovie electrocautery. Finally the attention was made towards the inguinal incision and this was then copiously irrigated and any remaining bleeders were then fulgurated with Bovie electrocautery to make sure to avoid any neurovascular spermatic structures. External ring was then recreated and grasped on each side with hemostats and approximated with #3-0 Vicryl in a running fashion cephalad to caudad. Once this was created, the created ring was inspected and there was adequate room for the cord. There appeared to be no evidence of compression. Finally, subcutaneous layer with sutures of #4-0 interrupted chromic was placed and then the skin was then closed with #4-0 undyed Vicryl in a running subcuticular fashion. The patient had been injected with bupivacaine prior to closing the skin. Finally, the patient was cleansed.,The scrotal support was placed and plan will the for the patient to take Keflex one tablet q.i.d. x7 days as well as Tylenol #3 for severe pain and Motrin for moderate pain as well as applying ice packs to scrotum. He will follow up with Dr. X in 10 to 14 days. Appointment will be made.surgery, pubic tubercle, ectopic testis, ectopic left testis, metzenbaum scissors, dartos pouch, bovie electrocautery, testis, orchiopexy, ectopic, scrotal, cord, dartos,

Orchiectomy

BILATERAL SCROTAL ORCHECTOMY,PROCEDURE:,: The patient is placed in the supine position, prepped and draped in the usual manner. Under satisfactory general anesthesia, the scrotum was approached and through a transverse mid scrotal incision, the right testicle was delivered through the incision. Hemostasis was obtained with the Bovie and the spermatic cord was identified. It was clamped, suture ligated with 0 chromic catgut and the cord above was infiltrated with 0.25% Marcaine for postoperative pain relief. The left testicle was delivered through the same incision. The spermatic cord was identified, clamped, suture ligated and that cord was also injected with 0.25% percent Marcaine. The incision was injected with the same material and then closed in two layers using 4-0 chromic catgut continuous for the dartos and interrupted for the skin. A dry sterile dressing fluff and scrotal support applied over that. The patient was sent to the Recovery Room in stable condition.surgery, scrotum, hemostasis, marcaine, catgut, incision, scrotal orchiectomy, spermatic cord, sterile dressing, testicle, transverse, suture ligated, chromic catgut, orchiectomy, scrotal, cordNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

Olecranon Bursa - Excision

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Acute infected olecranon bursitis, left elbow.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Infection, left olecranon bursitis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Incision and drainage, left elbow.,2. Excision of the olecranon bursa, left elbow.,ANESTHESIA: , Local with sedation.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,NEEDLE AND SPONGE COUNT: , Correct.,SPECIMENS: , Excised bursa and culture specimens sent to the microbiology.,INDICATION: ,The patient is a 77-year-old male who presented with 10-day history of pain on the left elbow with an open wound and drainage purulent pus followed by serous drainage. He was then scheduled for I&D and excision of the bursa. Risks and benefits were discussed. No guarantees were made or implied.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room and once an adequate sedation was achieved, the left elbow was injected with 0.25% plain Marcaine. The left upper extremity was prepped and draped in standard sterile fashion. On examination of the left elbow, there was presence of thickening of the bursal sac. There was a couple of millimeter opening of skin breakdown from where the serous drainage was noted. An incision was made midline of the olecranon bursa with an elliptical incision around the open wound, which was excised with skin. The incision was carried proximally and distally. The olecranon bursa was significantly thickened and scarred. Excision of the olecranon bursa was performed. There was significant evidence of thickening of the bursa with some evidence of adhesions. Satisfactory olecranon bursectomy was performed. The wound margins were debrided. The wound was thoroughly irrigated with Pulsavac irrigation lavage system mixed with antibiotic solution. There was no evidence of a loose body. There was no bleeding or drainage. After completion of the bursectomy and I&D, the skin margins, which were excised were approximated with 2-0 nylon in horizontal mattress fashion. The open area of the skin, which was excised was left _________ and was dressed with 0.25-inch iodoform packing. Sterile dressings were placed including Xeroform, 4x4, ABD, and Bias. The patient tolerated the procedure very well. He was then extubated and transferred to the recovery room in a stable condition. There were no intraoperative complications noticed.surgery, incision and drainage, infected olecranon, olecranon bursitis, olecranon bursa, olecranon, wound, excision, drainage, elbow, bursa

Open Plantar Fasciotomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Chronic plantar fasciitis, right foot.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Chronic plantar fasciitis, right foot.,PROCEDURE: , Open plantar fasciotomy, right foot.,ANESTHESIA: , Local infiltrate with IV sedation.,INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY:, The patient has had a longstanding history of foot problems. The foot problem has been progressive in nature and has not been responsive to conservative care despite multiple attempts at conservative care. The preoperative discussion with the patient including alternative treatment options, the procedure itself was explained, and risk factors such as infection, swelling, scar tissue, numbness, continued pain, recurrence, falling arch, digital contracture, and the postoperative management were discussed. The patient has been advised, although no guarantee for success could be given, most of the patients have improved function and less pain. All questions were thoroughly answered. The patient requested for surgical repair since the problem has reached a point to interfere with normal daily activities. The purpose of the surgery is to alleviate the pain and discomfort.,DETAILS OF THE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was given 1 g Ancef for antibiotic prophylaxis 30 minutes prior to the procedure. The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. Following a light IV sedation, a posterior tibial nerve block and local infiltrate of the operative site was performed with 10 mL, and a 1:1 mixture of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, and 0.25% Marcaine was affected. The lower extremity was prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner. Balance anesthesia was obtained.,PROCEDURE:, Plantar fasciotomy, right foot. The plantar medial tubercle of the calcaneus was palpated and a vertical oblique incision, 2 cm in length with the distal aspect overlying the calcaneal tubercle was affected. Blunt dissection was carried out to expose the deep fascia overlying the abductor hallucis muscle belly and the medial plantar fascial band. A periosteal elevator did advance laterally across the inferior aspect of the medial and central plantar fascial bands, creating a small and narrow soft tissue tunnel. Utilizing a Metzenbaum scissor, transection of the medial two-third of the plantar fascia band began at the junction of the deep fascia of the abductor hallucis muscle belly and medial plantar fascial band, extending to the lateral two-thirds of the band. The lateral plantar fascial band was left intact. Visualization and finger probe confirmed adequate transection. The surgical site was flushed with normal saline irrigation.,The deep layer was closed with 3-0 Vicryl and the skin edges coapted with combination of 1 horizontal mattress and simples. The dressing consisted of Adaptic, 4 x 4, conforming bandages, and an ACE wrap to provide mild compression. The patient tolerated the procedure and anesthesia well, and left the operating room to recovery room in good postoperative condition with vital signs stable and arterial perfusion intact. A walker boot was dispensed and applied. The patient will be allowed to be full weightbearing to tolerance, in the boot to encourage physiological lengthening of the release of plantar fascial band.,The next office visit will be in 4 days. The patient was given prescriptions for Keflex 500 mg 1 p.o. three times a day x10 days and Lortab 5 mg #40, 1 to 2 p.o. q.4-6 h. p.r.n. pain, 2 refills, along with written and oral home instructions. After a short recuperative period, the patient was discharged home with vital signs stable and in no acute distress.surgery, plantar fascial band, plantar fasciitis, plantar fasciotomy, plantar fascial, anesthesia, plantar, fascia, fasciotomy, fascial, band, foot,

Open Cholecystectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Acute acalculous cholecystitis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Acute hemorrhagic cholecystitis.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Open cholecystectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , Epidural with local.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DISPOSITION: , The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to recovery in stable condition.,SPECIMEN: ,Gallbladder.,BRIEF HISTORY: ,The patient is a 73-year-old female who presented to ABCD General Hospital on 07/23/2003 secondary to a fall at home from which the patient suffered a right shoulder as well as hip fracture. The patient subsequently went to the operating room on 07/25/2003 for a right hip hemiarthroplasty per the Orthopedics Department. Subsequently, the patient was doing well postoperatively, however, the patient does have severe O2 and steroid-dependent COPD and at an extreme risk for any procedure. The patient began developing abdominal pain over the course of the next several days and a consultation was requested on 08/07/2003 for surgical evaluation for upper abdominal pain. During the evaluation, the patient was found to have an acute acalculous cholecystitis in which nonoperative management was opted for and on 08/08/03, the patient underwent a percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement to drain the gallbladder. The patient did well postdrainage. The patient's laboratory values and biliary values returned to normal and the patient was planned for a removal of the tube with 48 hours of the tubing clamp. However, once the tube was removed, the patient re-obstructed with recurrent symptoms and a second tube was needed to be placed; this was done on 08/16/2003. A HIDA scan had been performed, which showed no cystic duct obstruction. A tube cholecystogram was performed, which showed no cystic or common duct obstruction. There was abnormal appearance of the gallbladder, however, the pathway was patent. Thus after failure of two nonoperative management therapies, extensive discussions were made with the family and the patient's only option was to undergo a cholecystectomy. Initial thoughts were to do a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, however, with the patient's severe COPD and risk for ventilator management, the options were an epidural and an open cholecystectomy under local was made and to be performed.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: ,The patient's gallbladder had some patchy and necrosis areas. There were particular changes on the serosal surface as well as on the mucosal surface with multiple clots within the gallbladder. The patient also had no plane between the gallbladder and the liver bed.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , After informed written consent, risks and benefits of the procedure were explained to the patient and discussed with the patient's family. The patient was brought to the operating room after an epidural was performed per anesthesia. Local anesthesia was given with 1% lidocaine. A paramedian incision was made approximately 5 cm in length with a #15 blade scalpel. Next, hemostasis was obtained using electro Bovie cautery. Dissection was carried down transrectus in the midline to the posterior rectus fascia, which was grasped with hemostats and entered with a #10 blade scalpel. Next, Metzenbaum scissors were used to extend the incision and the abdomen was entered . The gallbladder was immediately visualized and brought up into view, grasped with two ring clamps elevating the biliary tree into view. Dissection with a ______ was made to identify the cystic artery and cystic duct, which were both easily identified. The cystic artery was clipped, two distal and one proximal to the gallbladder cutting between with Metzenbaum scissors. The cystic duct was identified. A silk tie #3-0 silk was placed one distal and one proximal with #3-0 silk and then cutting in between with a Metzenbaum scissors. The gallbladder was then removed from the liver bed using electro Bovie cautery. A plane was created. The hemostasis was obtained using the electro Bovie cautery as well as some Surgicel. The gallbladder was then removed as specimen, sent to pathology for frozen sections for diagnosis, of which the hemorrhagic cholecystitis was diagnosed on frozen sections. Permanent sections are still pending. The remainder of the fossa was hemostatic with the Surgicel and attention was next made to closing the abdomen. The peritoneum as well as posterior rectus fascia was approximated with a running #0 Vicryl suture and then the anterior rectus fascia was closed in interrupted figure-of-eight #0 Vicryl sutures. Skin staples were used on the skin and sterile dressings were applied and the patient was transferred to recovery in stable condition.surgery, open cholecystectomy, hemorrhagic, gallbladder, serosal, liver bed, acute acalculous, acalculous cholecystitis, cystic duct, bovie cautery, rectus fascia, metzenbaum scissors, fascia, cholecystitis, cholecystectomy, cystic,

Nissen Fundoplication

PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Nissen fundoplication.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , After informed consent was obtained detailing the risks of infection, bleeding, esophageal perforation and death, the patient was brought to the operative suite and placed supine on the operating room table. General endotracheal anesthesia was induced without incident. The patient was then placed in a modified lithotomy position taking great care to pad all extremities. TEDs and Venodynes were placed as prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis. Antibiotics were given for prophylaxis against surgical infection.,A 52-French bougie was placed in the proximal esophagus by Anesthesia, above the cardioesophageal junction. A 2 cm midline incision was made at the junction of the upper two-thirds and lower one-third between the umbilicus and the xiphoid process. The fascia was then cleared of subcutaneous tissue using a tonsil clamp. A 1-2 cm incision was then made in the fascia gaining entry into the abdominal cavity without incident. Two sutures of 0 Vicryl were then placed superiorly and inferiorly in the fascia, and then tied to the special 12 mm Hasson trocar fitted with a funnel-shaped adaptor in order to occlude the fascial opening. Pneumoperitoneum was then established using carbon dioxide insufflation to a steady state of pressure of 16 mmHg. A 30-degree laparoscope was inserted through this port and used to guide the remaining trocars.,The remaining trocars were then placed into the abdomen taking care to make the incisions along Langer's line, spreading the subcutaneous tissue with a tonsil clamp, and confirming the entry site by depressing the abdominal wall prior to insertion of the trocar. A total of 4 other 10/11 mm trocars were placed. Under direct vision 1 was inserted in the right upper quadrant at the midclavicular line, at a right supraumbilical position; another at the left upper quadrant at the midclavicular line, at a left supraumbilical position; 1 under the right costal margin in the anterior axillary line; and another laterally under the left costal margin on the anterior axillary line. All of the trocars were placed without difficulty. The patient was then placed in reverse Trendelenburg position.,The triangular ligament was taken down sharply, and the left lobe of the liver was retracted superolaterally using a fan retractor placed through the right lateral cannula. The gastrohepatic ligament was then identified and incised in an avascular plane. The dissection was carried anteromedially onto the phrenoesophageal membrane. The phrenoesophageal membrane was divided on the anterior aspect of the hiatal orifice. This incision was extended to the right to allow identification of the right crus. Then along the inner side of the crus, the right esophageal wall was freed by dissecting the cleavage plane.,The liberation of the posterior aspect of the esophagus was started by extending the dissection the length of the right diaphragmatic crus. The pars flaccida of the lesser omentum was opened, preserving the hepatic branches of the vagus nerve. This allowed free access to the crura, left and right, and the right posterior aspect of the esophagus, and the posterior vagus nerve.,Attention was next turned to the left anterolateral aspect of the esophagus. At its left border, the left crus was identified. The dissection plane between it and the left aspect of the esophagus was freed. The gastrophrenic ligament was incised, beginning the mobilization of the gastric pouch. By dissecting the intramediastinal portion of the esophagus, we elongated the intra-abdominal segment of the esophagus and reduced the hiatal hernia.,The next step consisted of mobilization of the gastric pouch. This required ligation and division of the gastrosplenic ligament and several short gastric vessels using the harmonic scalpel. This dissection started on the stomach at the point where the vessels of the greater curvature turned towards the spleen, away from the gastroepiploic arcade. The esophagus was lifted by a Babcock inserted through the left upper quadrant port. Careful dissection of the mesoesophagus and the left crus revealed a cleavage plane between the crus and the posterior gastric wall. Confirmation of having opened the correct plane was obtained by visualizing the spleen behind the esophagus. A one-half inch Penrose drain was inserted around the esophagus and sewn to itself in order to facilitate retraction of the distal esophagus. The retroesophageal channel was enlarged to allow easy passage of the antireflux valve.,The 52-French bougie was then carefully lowered into the proximal stomach, and the hiatal orifice was repaired. Two interrupted 0 silk sutures were placed in the diaphragmatic crura to close the orifice.,The last part of the operation consisted of the passage and fixation of the antireflux valve. With anterior retraction on the esophagus using the Penrose drain, a Babcock was passed behind the esophagus, from right to left. It was used to grab the gastric pouch to the left of the esophagus and to pull it behind, forming the wrap. The,52-French bougie was used to calibrate the external ring. Marcaine 0.5% was injected 1 fingerbreadth anterior to the anterior superior iliac spine and around the wound for postanesthetic pain control. The skin incision was approximated with skin staples. A dressing was then applied. All surgical counts were reported as correct.,Having tolerated the procedure well, the patient was subsequently taken to the recovery room in good and stable condition.surgery, umbilicus, insufflation, phrenoesophageal membrane, nissen fundoplication, gastric pouch, esophagus, penrose, antireflux, nissen, fundoplication, trocars, ligament,

Nipple Reconstruction

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Surgical absence of left nipple areola with personal history of breast cancer.,2. Breast asymmetry.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Surgical absence of left nipple areola with personal history of breast cancer.,2. Breast asymmetry.,PROCEDURE,1. Left nipple areolar reconstruction utilizing a full-thickness skin graft from the left groin.,2. Redo right mastopexy.,ANESTHESIA,General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS,None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,The patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in the supine position and after suitable induction of general endotracheal anesthesia, the patient was placed in a frog-leg position and prepped and draped in usual fashion for the above-noted procedure. The initial portion of the procedure was harvesting a full-thickness skin graft from the left groin region. This was accomplished by ellipsing out a 42-mm diameter circle of skin just below the thigh, peroneal crease. The defect was then closed with 3-0 Vicryl followed by 3-0 chromic suture in a running locked fashion. The area was dressed with antibiotic ointment and then a Peri-Pad. The patient's legs were brought out frog-leg back to the midline and sterile towels were placed over the opening in the drapes. Surgical team's gloves were changed and then attention was turned to the planning of the left nipple flap.,A maltese cross pattern was employed with a 1-cm diameter nipple and a 42-mm diameter nipple areolar complex. Once the maltese cross had been designed on the breast at the point where the nipple was to be placed, the areas of the portion of flap were de-epithelialized. Then, when this had been completed, the dermis about the maltese cross was incised full thickness to allow mobilization of the flap to form the neonipple. At this point, a Bovie electrocautery was used to control bleeding points and then 4-0 chromic suture was used to suture the arms of the flap together creating the nipple. When this had been completed, the skin graft, which had been harvested from the left groin was brought onto the field where it was prepared by removing all subcutaneous tissue from the posterior aspect of the graft and carefully removing the hair follicles encountered within the graft. At this point, the graft was sutured into position in the defect using 3-0 chromic in an interrupted fashion and then trimming the ellipse to an appropriate circle to fill the areola. At this point, 4-0 chromic was used to run around the perimeter of the full-thickness skin graft and then at this point the nipple was delivered through a cruciate incision in the middle of the skin graft and then inset appropriately with 4-0 chromic. The areolar skin graft was pie crusted. Then, at this point, the area of areola was dressed with silicone gel sheeting. A silo was placed over the neonipple with 3-0 nylon through the apex of the neonipple to support the nipple in an erect position. Mastisol and Steri-Strips were then applied.,At this point, attention was turned to the right breast where a 2-cm wide ellipse transversely oriented and with its inferior most aspect just inferior to the transverse mastopexy incision line was made. The skin was removed from the area and then a layered closure of 3-0 Vicryl followed by 3-0 PDS in a running subcuticular fashion was carried out. When this had been completed, the Mastisol and Steri-Strips were applied to the transverse right breast incision. Fluff dressings were applied to the right breast as well as the area around the silo on the left breast around the reconstructed nipple areola. The patient was then placed in Surgi-Bra and then was taken from the operating room to the recovery room in good condition.surgery, nipple areola, breast asymmetry, general endotracheal, peri-pad, surgi-bra, breast cancer, frog-leg position, full-thickness skin graft, general endotracheal anesthesia, mastopexy, nipple areolar complex, nipple areolar reconstruction, nipple flap, prepped and draped, transverse mastopexy, areolar reconstruction, skin graft, graft, nipple, areolar, breast

Nephrectomy - Radical

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right renal mass.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right renal mass.,PROCEDURE: , Right radical nephrectomy and assisted laparoscopic approach.,ANESTHESIA: ,General.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,The patient underwent general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. An orogastric was placed and a Foley catheter placed. He was placed in a modified flank position with the hips rotated to 45 degrees. Pillow was used to prevent any pressure points. He was widely shaved, prepped, and draped. A marking pen was used to delineate a site for the Pneumo sleeve in the right lower quadrant and for the trocar sites in the midline just above the umbilicus and halfway between the xiphoid and the umbilicus. The incision was made through the premarked site through the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The aponeurosis of the external oblique was incised in the direction of its fibers. Muscle-splitting incision was made in the internal oblique and transversus abdominis. The peritoneum was opened and the Pneumo sleeve was placed in the usual fashion being sure that no bowel was trapped inside the ring. Then, abdominal insufflation was carried out through the Pneumo sleeve and the scope was passed through the Pneumo sleeve to visualize placement of the trocars in the other two positions. Once this had been completed, the scope was placed in the usual port and dissection begun by taking down the white line of Toldt, so that the colon could be retracted medially. This exposed the duodenum, which was gently swept off the inferior vena cava and dissection easily disclosed the takeoff of the right renal vein off the cava. Next, attention was directed inferiorly and the ureter was divided between clips and the inferior tongue of Gerota fascia was taken down, so that the psoas muscle was exposed. The attachments lateral to the kidney was taken down, so that the kidney could be flipped anteriorly and medially, and this helped in exposing the renal artery. The renal artery had been previously noticed on the CT scan to branch early and so each branch was separately ligated and divided using the stapler device. After the arteries had been divided, the renal vein was divided again using a stapling device. The remaining attachments superior to the kidney were divided with the Harmonic scalpel and also utilized the stapler, and the specimen was removed. Reexamination of the renal fossa at low pressures showed a minimal degree of oozing from the adrenal gland, which was controlled with Surgicel. Next, the port sites were closed with 0 Vicryl utilizing the passer and doing it over the hand to prevent injury to the bowel and the right lower quadrant incision for the hand port was closed in the usual fashion. The estimated blood loss was negligible. There were no complications. The patient tolerated the procedure well and left the operating room in satisfactory condition.surgery, renal mass, foley catheter, gerota fascia, muscle-splitting incision, pneumo sleeve, endotracheal, laparoscopic, nephrectomy, orogastric, renal fossa, right lower quadrant, trocar, umbilicus, vena cava, renal, pneumo, radical,

Nephrectomy - Transplant

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Rejection of renal transplant.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Rejection of renal transplant.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , Transplant nephrectomy.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient has had rapid deterioration of her kidney function since her transplant at ABCD one year ago. The patient was recently thought to have obstruction to the transplant and a stent was placed in to the transplant percutaneously, but the ureter was wide open and there was no evidence of obstruction. Because the kidney was felt to be irretrievably lost and immunosuppression had been withdrawn, it was elected to go ahead and remove the kidney and hopes that her fever and toxic course could be arrested.,With the patient in the supine position, the previously placed nephrostomy tube was removed. The patient then after adequate prepping and draping, and placing of a small roll under the right hip, underwent an incision in the direction of the transplant incision down through and through all muscle layers and into the preperitoneal space. The kidney was encountered and kidney was dissected free of its attachments through the retroperitoneal space. During the course of dissection, the iliac artery and vein were identified as was the native ureter and the patient's ilioinguinal nerve; all these were preserved. The individual vessels in the kidney were identified, ligated, and incised, and the kidney was removed. The ureter was encountered during the course of resection, but was not ligated. The patient's retroperitoneal space was irrigated with antibiotic solution and #19 Blake drain was placed into the retroperitoneal space, and the patient returned to the recovery room in good condition.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: 900 mL.surgery, renal transplant, blake drain, rejection, iliac artery, ilioinguinal, immunosuppression, kidney function, nephrectomy, nephrostomy tube, retroperitoneal space, toxic, ureter, vein, transplant, renal, retroperitoneal, kidney,

Neuroplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, ,1. Recurrent intractable low back and left lower extremity pain with history of L4-L5 discectomy.,2. Epidural fibrosis with nerve root entrapment.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, ,1. Recurrent intractable low back and left lower extremity pain with history of L4-L5 discectomy.,2. Epidural fibrosis with nerve root entrapment.,OPERATION PERFORMED:, Left L4-L5 transforaminal neuroplasty with nerve root decompression and lysis of adhesions followed by epidural steroid injection.,ANESTHESIA:, Local/IV sedation.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,SUMMARY: ,The patient in the operating room, status post transforaminal epidurogram (see operative note for further details). Using AP and lateral fluoroscopic views to confirm the needle location the superior most being in the left L4 neural foramen and the inferior most in the left L5 neural foramen, 375 units of Wydase was injected through each needle. After two minutes, 3.5 cc of 0.5% Marcaine and 80 mg of Depo-Medrol was injected through each needle. These needles were removed and the patient was discharged in stable condition.surgery, nerve root decompression, discectomy, epidural fibrosis, nerve root entrapment, transforaminal neuroplasty, neural foramen, nerve root, foramen, neuroplasty, transforaminal, needle, epidural,

Nerve & Tendon Repair - Finger

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Volar laceration to right ring finger with possible digital nerve injury with possible flexor tendon injury.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Laceration to right ring finger with partial laceration to the ulnar slip of the FDS which is the flexor digitorum superficialis.,2. 25% laceration to the flexor digitorum profundus of the right ring finger and laceration 100% of the ulnar digital nerve to the right ring finger.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Repair of nerve and tendon, right ring finger.,2. Exploration of digital laceration.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 10 cc.,TOTAL TOURNIQUET TIME: ,57 minutes.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DISPOSITION: ,To PACU in stable condition.,BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , This is a 13-year-old male who had sustained a laceration from glass and had described numbness and tingling in his right ring finger.,GROSS OPERATIVE FINDINGS: , After wound exploration, it was found there was a 100% laceration to the ulnar digital neurovascular bundle. The FDS had a partial ulnar slip laceration and the FDP had a 25% transverse laceration as well. The radial neurovascular bundle was found to be completely intact.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in the supine position. All bony prominences were adequately padded. Tourniquet was placed on the right upper extremity after being packed with Webril, but not inflated at this time. The right upper extremity was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The hand was inspected. Palmar surface revealed approximally 0.5 cm laceration at the base of the right ring finger at the base of proximal phalanx, which was approximated with nylon suture. The sutures were removed and the wound was explored. It was found that the ulnar digital neurovascular bundle was 100% transected. The radial neurovascular bundle on the right ring finger was found to be completely intact. We explored the flexor tendon and found that there was a partial laceration of the ulnar slip of the FDS and a 25% laceration in a transverse fashion to the FDP. We copiously irrigated the wound. Repair was undertaken of the FDS with #3-0 undyed Ethibond suture. The laceration of the FDP was not felt that it need to repair due to majority of the substance in the FDP was still intact. Attention during our repair at the flexor tendon, the A1 pulley was incised for better visualization as well as better tendon excursion after repair. Attention was then drawn to the ulnar digital bundle which has been transected prior during the injury. The digital nerve was dissected proximally and distally to likely visualize the nerve. The nerve was then approximated using microvascular technique with #8-0 nylon suture. The hands were well approximated. The nerve was not under undue tension. The wound was then copiously irrigated and the skin was closed with #4-0 nylon interrupted horizontal mattress alternating with simple suture. Sterile dressing was placed and a dorsal extension Box splint was placed. The patient was transferred off of the bed and placed back on a gurney and taken to PACU in stable condition. Overall prognosis is good.surgery, laceration, flexor tendon, volar laceration, digital laceration, ulnar slip, flexor digitorum, neurovascular bundle, nerve, injury, ring, finger, neurovascular, fds, bundle, tendon, repair, flexor, digital, ulnar,

Nephrectomy - Partial (Laparoscopic )

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right renal mass.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right renal mass.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic right partial nephrectomy.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 250 mL.,X-RAYS: , None.,SPECIMENS: , Included right renal mass as well as biopsies from the base of the resection.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,DRAINS: , Included a JP drain in the right flank as well as a #16-French Foley catheter per urethra.,BRIEF HISTORY: , The patient is a 60-year-old gentleman with a history of an enhancing right renal mass approximately 2 cm in diameter. I had a long discussion with him concerning variety of options. We talked in particular about extirpated versus ablative surgery. Based on his young age and excellent state of health, decision was made at this point to proceed to a right partial nephrectomy laparoscopically. All questions were answered, and he wished to proceed with surgery as planned. Note that the patient does have a positive family history of renal cell carcinoma.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After acquisition of proper informed consent and administration of perioperative antibiotics, the patient was taken to the operating room and placed supine on the operating table. After institution of adequate general anesthetic via endotracheal rod, he was placed into the right anterior flank position with his right side elevated on a roll and his right arm across his chest. All pressure points were carefully padded, and he was securely taped to the table. Note that sequential compression devices were in place on both lower extremities and were activated prior to induction of anesthesia. His abdomen was then prepped and draped in a standard surgical fashion. Note that a #16-French Foley catheter was in place per urethra as well as an orogastric tube. The abdomen was insufflated at the right lateral abdomen using the Veress needle to a pressure of 15 without incident. We then placed a Visiport 10 x 12 trocar in the right lateral abdomen. With the trocar in place, we were able to place the remaining trocars under direct laparoscopic visualization. We placed three additional trocars. An 11 mm screw type trocar at the umbilicus, a 6 screw type trocar 7 cm in the midline above the umbilicus, and a 10 x 12 trocar to serve as a retractor port approximately 8 cm inferior in the midline.,The procedure was begun by reflecting the right colon by incising the white line of Toldt. The colon was reflected medially, and the retroperitoneum was exposed on that side. This was a fairly superficial lesion, so decision was made in advance to potentially not perform vascular clamping, however, I did feel it important to get high level control prior to proceeding to the partial. With the colon reflected, the duodenum was identified, and it was reflected medially under Kocher maneuver. The ureter and gonadal vein were identified on the right side and elevated. The space between the ureter and the gonadal vein was then developed, and the gonadal vein was dropped elevating only the ureter, and carrying this plane dissection up towards the renal hilum. Once we got up to the renal hilum, we were able to skeletonize the renal hilar vessels partially, and in particular, we did develop some of the upper pole dissection above the level of the hilum to provide for access for a Satinsky clamp or bulldogs. The remainder of the kidney was then freed off its lateral and superior attachments primarily using the Harmonic scalpel and the LigaSure device.,With the kidney free and the hilum prepared, the Gerota fascia was taken down overlying the kidney exposing the renal parenchyma, and using this approach, we were able to identify the 2-cm, right renal mass located in the lower pole laterally. A cap of fat was left overlying this mass. Based on the position of the mass, we performed intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound, which showed the mass to be somewhat deeper than initially anticipated. Based on this finding, I decided to go ahead and clamp the renal hilum during resection. A Satinsky clamp was introduced through the lower most trocar site and used to clamp the renal hilum en bloc. Note that the patient had been receiving renal protection protocol including fenoldopam and mannitol throughout the procedure, and he also received Lasix prior to clamping the renal hilum. With the renal hilum clamped, we did resect the tumor using cold scissors. There was somewhat more bleeding than would be expected based on the hilar clamping; however, we were able to successfully resect this lesion. We also took a biopsy at the base of the resection and passed off the table as a specimen for frozen section. With the tumor resected, the base of the resection was then cauterized using the Argon beam coagulator, and several bleeding vessels were oversewn using figure-of-eight 3-0 Vicryl sutures with lap ties for tensioning. We then placed a FloSeal into the wound and covered it with a Surgicel and held the pressure. We then released the vascular clamp. Total clamp time was 11 minutes. There was minimal bleeding and occlusion of this maneuver, and after unclamping the kidney, the kidney pinked up appropriately and appeared well perfused after removal of the clamp. We then replaced the kidney within its Gerota envelope and closed that with 3-0 Vicryl using lap ties for tensioning. A JP drain was introduced through the right flank and placed adjacent to the kidney and sutured the skin with 2-0 nylon. The specimen was placed into a 10-mm Endocatch bag and extracted from the lower most trocar site after extending it approximately 1 cm. It was evaluated on the table and passed off the table for Pathology to evaluate. They stated that the tumor was close to the margin, but there appeared to be 1-2 mm normal parenchyma around the tumor. In addition, the frozen section biopsies from the base of the resection were negative for renal cell carcinoma. Based on these findings, the lower most trocar site was closed using a running 0 Vicryl suture in the fascia. We then re-insufflated the abdomen and carefully evaluated the entire intraoperative field for hemostasis. Any bleeding points were controlled primarily using bipolar cautery or hemoclips. The area was copiously irrigated with normal saline. The colon was then replaced into its normal anatomic position. The mesentry was evaluated. There were no defects noted. We closed the 10 x 12 lateral most trocar site using a Carter-Thompson closure device with 0-Vicryl. All trocars were removed under direct visualization, and the abdomen was desufflated prior to removal of the last trocar. The skin incisions were irrigated with normal saline and infiltrated with 0.25% Marcaine, and the skin was closed using a running 4-0 Monocryl in subcuticular fashion. Benzoin and Steri-Strips were placed. The patient was returned in supine position and awoken from general anesthetic without incident. He was then transferred to hospital gurney and taken to the postanesthesia care unit for postoperative monitoring. At the end of the case, sponge, instrument, and needle counts were correct. I was scrubbed and present throughout the entire case.surgery, renal mass, foley catheter, gerota fascia, jp drain, kocher maneuver, laparoscopic, ligasure device, satinsky clamp, toldt, bulldogs, nephrectomy, renal parenchyma, resection, urethra, vicryl sutures, partial nephrectomy, gonadal vein, renal hilum, satinsky, renal, kidney, hilum, foley, endotracheal,

Nephrectomy - Radical (Laparoscopic)

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right renal mass.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS: , Right renal mass.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 100 mL.,X-RAYS: , None.,SPECIMENS: , Right radical nephrectomy specimen.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal.,DRAINS:, 16-French Foley catheter per urethra.,BRIEF HISTORY: , The patient is a 71-year-old woman recently diagnosed with 6.5 cm right upper pole renal mass. This is an enhancing lesion suspicious for renal cell carcinoma versus oncocytoma. I discussed a variety of options with her, and she opted to proceed with a laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy. All questions were answered, and she wished to proceed with surgery as planned.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, After acquisition of appropriate written and informed consent and administration of perioperative antibiotics, the patient was taken to the operating room and placed supine on the operating table. Note that, sequential compression devices were placed on both lower extremities and were activated per induction of anesthesia. After institution of adequate general anesthetic via the endotracheal route, she was placed into the right anterior flank position with the right side elevated in a roll and the right arm across her chest. All pressure points were carefully padded, and she was securely taped to the table to prevent shifting during the procedure. Her abdomen was then prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion after placing a 16-French Foley catheter per urethra to gravity drainage. The abdomen was insufflated in the right outer quadrant. Note that, the patient had had previous surgery which complicated accesses somewhat and that she had a previous hysterectomy. The abdomen was insufflated into the right lateral abdomen with Veress needle to 50 mm of pressure without incident. We then placed a 10/12 Visiport trocar approximately 7 cm lateral to the umbilicus. Once this had entered into the peritoneal cavity without incident, the remaining trocars were all placed. Under direct laparoscopic visualization, we placed three additional trocars; an 11-mm screw-type trocar in the umbilicus, a 6-mm screw-type trocar in the upper midline approximately 7 cm above the umbilicus, and 10/12 trocar in the lower midline about 7 cm below the umbilicus within and over the old hysterectomy scar. There were some adhesions of omentum to the underside of that scar, and these were taken down sharply using laparoscopic scissors.,We began nephrectomy procedure by reflecting the right colon, by incising the white line of Toldt. This exposed the retroperitoneum on the right side. The duodenum was identified and reflected medially in a Kocher maneuver using sharp dissection only. We then identified the ureter and gonadal vein in the retroperitoneum. The gonadal vein was left down along the vena cava, and the plane underneath the ureter was elevated and this plane was carried up towards the renal hilum. Sequential packets of tissue were taken using primarily the LigaSure Atlas device. Once we got to the renal hilum, it became apparent that this patient had two sets of renal arteries and veins. We proceeded then and skeletonized the structures into four individual packets. We then proceeded to perform the upper pole dissection and developing the plane above the kidney and between the kidney and adrenal gland. The adrenal was spared during this procedure. There was no contiguous connection between the renal mass and a right adrenal gland. This plane of dissection was taken down primarily using the LigaSure device. We then sequentially took the four vessels going to the kidney initially taking two renal arteries with the endo GI stapler and then to renal veins again with endo GI stapler sequential flaring. Once this was completed, the kidney was free except for its attachment to the ureter and lateral attachments. The lateral attachments of the kidney were taken down using the LigaSure Atlas device, and then the ureter was doubly clipped and transected. The kidney was then freed within the retroperitoneum. A 50-mm EndoCatch bag was introduced through the lower most trocar site, and the kidney was placed into this bag for subsequent extraction. We extended the lower most trocar site approximately 6 cm to facilitate extraction. The kidney was removed and passed off the table as a specimen for pathology. This was bivalved by pathology, and we reviewed the specimen.surgery, renal mass, carter-thomason, endocatch bag, foley catheter, gi stapler, laparoscopic, ligasure, toldt, laparoscopic scissors, nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, screw-type trocar, umbilicus, upper pole, urethra, carter thomason closure device, laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy, carter thomason closure, carter thomason, renal hilum, kidney, abdomen, endotracheal, radical, oncocytoma, renal,

Neuroma Excision

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Morton's neuroma, third interspace, left foot.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Morton's neuroma, third interspace, left foot.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Excision of neuroma, third interspace, left foot.,ANESTHESIA: , General (local was confirmed by surgeon).,HEMOSTASIS: , Ankle pneumatic tourniquet 225 mmHg.,TOURNIQUET TIME: , 18 minutes. Electrocautery was necessary.,INJECTABLES: , 50:50 mixture of 0.5% Marcaine and 1% Xylocaine, both plain. Also, 0.5 mL dexamethasone phosphate (4 mg/mL).,INDICATIONS: , Please see dictated H&P for specifics.,PROCEDURE: ,After proper identification was made, the patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in supine position. The patient was then placed under general anesthesia. A local block was then injected into the third ray of the left foot. The left foot was then prepped with chlorhexidine gluconate and then draped in the usual sterile technique. The left foot was then exsanguinated with an Esmarch bandage and elevated and an ankle pneumatic tourniquet was then inflated. Attention was then directed to the third interspace where a longitudinal incision was placed just proximal to the webspace. The incision was deepened via sharp and blunt dissection with care taken to protect all vital structures. Identification of the neuroma was made following plantar flexion of the digits. It was grasped with a hemostat and it was dissected in toto and removed. It was then sent to pathology. The area was then flushed with copious amounts of sterile saline. Closure was with 4-0 Vicryl in the subcutaneous tissue and then running subcuticular 4-0 nylon suture in the skin. Steri-Strips were then placed over that area. A sterile compressive dressing consisting of saline-soaked gauze, ABD, Kling, Coban was placed over the foot. The tourniquet was then released. Good flow was noted to return to all digits. The patient did tolerate the procedure well. He left the operating room with all vital signs stable and neurovascular status intact. The patient went to the recovery. The patient previously had been given both oral and written preoperative as well as postoperative instructions and a prescription for pain. The patient will follow up with me in approximately 4 days for dressing change.surgery, interspace, ankle pneumatic, pneumatic tourniquet, morton's neuroma, tourniquet, neuroma, foot, anesthesia,

Needle-Localized Excisional Biopsy - Breast

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Suspicious microcalcifications, left breast.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Suspicious microcalcifications, left breast.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Needle-localized excisional biopsy, left breast.,ANESTHESIA:, Local with sedation.,SPECIMEN: ,Left breast with specimen mammogram.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,HISTORY: , The patient is a 71-year-old black female who had a routine mammogram, which demonstrated suspicious microcalcifications in the left breast. She had no palpable mass on physical exam. She does have significant family history with two daughters having breast cancer. The patient also has a history of colon cancer. A surgical biopsy was recommended and she was scheduled electively.,PROCEDURE:, After proper informed consent was obtained, she was placed in the operative suite. This occurred after undergoing preoperative needle localization. She was placed in the operating room in the supine position. She was given sedation by the Anesthesia Department. The left breast was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The skin was infiltrated with local and a curvilinear incision was made in the left lower outer quadrant. The breast tissue was grasped with Allis clamps and a core of tissue was removed around the localization wire. There were some fibrocystic changes noted. The specimen was then completely removed and was sent to Radiology for mammogram. The calcifications were seen in specimen per Dr. X. Meticulous hemostasis was achieved with electrocautery. The area was irrigated and suctioned.,The aspirant was clear. The skin was then reapproximated using #4-0 undyed Vicryl in a running subcuticular fashion. Steri-Strips and sterile dressing on the patient's bra were applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to recovery room in stable condition.surgery, suspicious microcalcifications, needle-localized excisional biopsy, needle localized excisional biopsy, routine mammogram, breast cancer, excisional biopsy, breast, needle, biopsy, mammogram, microcalcifications

Neuromodulator

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Refractory urgency and frequency.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Refractory urgency and frequency.,OPERATION: , Stage I and II neuromodulator.,ANESTHESIA: , Local MAC.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Minimal.,FLUIDS: , Crystalloid. The patient was given Ancef preop antibiotic. Ancef irrigation was used throughout the procedure.,BRIEF HISTORY: , The patient is a 63-year-old female who presented to us with urgency and frequency on physical exam. There was no evidence of cystocele or rectocele. On urodyanamcis, the patient has significant overactivity of the bladder. The patient was tried on over three to four different anticholinergic agents such as Detrol, Ditropan, Sanctura, and VESIcare for at least one month each. The patient had pretty much failure from each of the procedure. The patient had less than 20% improvement with anticholinergics. Options such as continuously trying anticholinergics, continuation of the Kegel exercises, and trial of InterStim were discussed. The patient was interested in the trial. The patient had percutaneous InterStim trial in the office with over 70% to 80% improvement in her urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence. The patient was significantly satisfied with the results and wanted to proceed with stage I and II neuromodulator. Risks of anesthesia, bleeding, infection, pain, MI, DVT, and PE were discussed. Risk of failure of the procedure in the future was discussed.,Risk of lead migration that the treatment may or may not work in the long-term basis and data on the long term were not clear were discussed with the patient. The patient understood and wanted to proceed with stage I and II neuromodulator. Consent was obtained.,DETAILS OF THE OPERATION: , The patient was brought to the OR. The patient was placed in prone position. A pillow was placed underneath her pelvis area to slightly lift the pelvis up. The patient was awake, was given some MAC anesthesia through the IV, but the patient was talking and understanding and was able to verbalize issues. The patient's back was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Lidocaine 1% was applied on the right side near the S3 foramen. Under fluoroscopy, the needle placement was confirmed. The patient felt stimulation in the vaginal area, which was tapping in nature. The patient also had a pressure feeling in the vaginal area. The patient had no back sensation or superficial sensation. There was no sensation down the leg. The patient did have __________, which turned in slide bellows response indicating the proper positioning of the needle. A wire was placed. The tract was dilated and lead was placed. The patient felt tapping in the vaginal area, which is an indication that the lead is in its proper position. Most of the leads had very low amplitude and stimulation. Lead was tunneled under the skin and was brought out through an incision on the left upper buttocks. Please note that the lidocaine was injected prior to the tunneling. A pouch was created about 1 cm beneath the subcutaneous tissue over the muscle where the actual unit was connected to the lead. Screws were turned and they were dropped. Attention was made to ensure that the lead was all the way in into the InterStim. Irrigation was performed after placing the main unit in the pouch. Impedance was checked. Irrigation was again performed with antibiotic irrigation solution. The needle site was closed using 4-0 Monocryl. The pouch was closed using 4-0 Vicryl and the subcutaneous tissue with 4-0 Monocryl. Dermabond was applied.,The patient was brought to recovery in a stable condition.surgery, refractory urgency, urgency, frequency, neuromodulator, subcutaneous tissue, interstim,

Needle-Localized Excisional Biopsy - Breast - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Left breast mass with abnormal mammogram.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left breast mass with abnormal mammogram.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Needle-localized excisional biopsy of the left breast.,ANESTHESIA:, Local with sedation.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,SPECIMEN: , Breast mass.,DISPOSITION: , The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to recovery in stable condition.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: , The patient had a nonpalpable left breast mass, which was excised and sent to Radiology with confirmation that the mass is in the specimen.,BRIEF HISTORY:, The patient is a 62-year-old female who presented to Dr. X's office with an abnormal mammogram showing a suspicious area on the left breast with microcalcifications and a nonpalpable mass. So the patient was scheduled for a needle-localized left breast biopsy.,PROCEDURE:, After informed consent, the risks and benefits of the procedure were explained to the patient. The patient was brought to the operating suite. After IV sedation was given, the patient was prepped and draped in normal sterile fashion. Next, a curvilinear incision was made.,After anesthetizing the skin with 0.25% Marcaine and 1% lidocaine mixture, an incision was made with a #10 blade scalpel. The lesion with needle was then grasped with an Allis clamp. Using #10 blade scalpel, the specimen was colonized out and sent to Radiology for confirmation. Next, hemostasis was obtained using electrobovie cautery. The skin was then closed with #4-0 Monocryl suture in running subcuticular fashion. Steri-Strips and sterile dressings were applied. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to Recovery in stable condition.surgery, needle localized excisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, abnormal mammogram, breast mass, breast, radiology, biopsy, mammogram, needle

Nephrectomy - Partial

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left renal mass, 5 cm in diameter.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left renal mass, 5 cm in diameter.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Left partial nephrectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , General with epidural.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , About 350 mL.,REPLACEMENT: , Crystalloid and Cell Savers from the case.,INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY: ,This is a 64-year-old man with a left renal mass that was confirmed to be renal cell carcinoma by needle biopsy. Due to the peripheral nature of the tumor located in the mid to lower pole laterally, he has elected to undergo a partial nephrectomy. Potential complications include but are not limited to,,1. Infection.,2. Bleeding.,3. Postoperative pain.,4. Herniation from the incision.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, Epidural anesthesia was administered in the holding area, after which the patient was transferred into the operating room. General endotracheal anesthesia was administered, after which the patient was positioned in the flank standard position. A left flank incision was made over the area of the twelfth rib. The subcutaneous space was opened by using the Bovie. The ribs were palpated clearly and the fascia overlying the intercostal space between the eleventh and twelfth rib was opened by using the Bovie. The fascial layer covering of the intercostal space was opened completely until the retroperitoneum was entered. Once the retroperitoneum had been entered, the incision was extended until the peritoneal envelope could be identified. The peritoneum was swept medially. The Finochietto retractor was then placed for exposure. The kidney was readily identified and was mobilized from outside Gerota's fascia. The ureter was dissected out easily and was separated with a vessel loop. The superior aspect of the kidney was mobilized from the superior attachment. The pedicle of the left kidney was completely dissected revealing the vein and the artery. The artery was a single artery and was dissected easily by using a right-angle clamp. A vessel loop was placed around the renal artery. The tumor could be easily palpated in the lateral lower pole to mid pole of the left kidney. The Gerota's fascia overlying that portion of the kidney was opened in the area circumferential to the tumor. Once the renal capsule had been identified, the capsule was scored using a Bovie about 0.5 cm lateral to the border of the tumor. Bulldog clamp was then placed on the renal artery. The tumor was then bluntly dissected off of the kidney with a thin rim of a normal renal cortex. This was performed by using the blunted end of the scalpel. The tumor was removed easily. The argon beam coagulation device was then utilized to coagulate the base of the resection. The visible larger bleeding vessels were oversewn by using 4-0 Vicryl suture. The edges of the kidney were then reapproximated by using 2-0 Vicryl suture with pledgets at the ends of the sutures to prevent the sutures from pulling through. Two horizontal mattress sutures were placed and were tied down. The Gerota's fascia was then also closed by using 2-0 Vicryl suture. The area of the kidney at the base was covered with Surgicel prior to tying the sutures. The bulldog clamp was removed and perfect hemostasis was evident. There was no evidence of violation into the calyceal system. A 19-French Blake drain was placed in the inferior aspect of the kidney exiting the left flank inferior to the incision. The drain was anchored by using silk sutures. The flank fascial layers were closed in three separate layers in the more medial aspect. The lateral posterior aspect was closed in two separate layers using Vicryl sutures. The skin was finally reapproximated by using metallic clips. The patient tolerated the procedure well.surgery, renal mass, bovie, finochietto retractor, gerota's fascia, herniation, bulldog clamp, needle biopsy, nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, renal cell carcinoma, retroperitoneum, vicryl suture, gerota's, kidney, partial, renal, sutures, vicryl,

Nephrectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left renal mass, left renal bleed.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Left renal mass, left renal bleed.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Left laparoscopic hand-assisted nephrectomy.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,EBL: , 100 mL.,The patient had a triple-lumen catheter A-line placed.,BRIEF HISTORY:, The patient is a 54-year-old female with history of diabetic nephropathy, diabetes, hypertension, left BKA, who presented with abdominal pain with left renal bleed. The patient was found to have a complex mass in the upper pole and the lower pole of the kidney. MRI and CAT scan showed questionable renal mass, which could be malignant. Initial plan was to let the patient stabilize for 2 weeks and perform the nephrectomy. At this point, the patient was unable to go home. The patient continually complained of pain. The patient required about 3 to 4 units of blood transfusions prior. The patient initially came in with hemoglobin less than 5. The hemoglobin prior to surgery was 10.,Risks of anesthesia, bleeding, infection, pain, MI, DVT, PE, respiratory failure, morbidity and mortality of the procedure due to her low ejection fraction were discussed. Cardiac clearance was obtained. The patient was high risk, family and the patient knew about the risk. The recommendation from the pulmonologist, cardiologist, and medical team was to get the kidney out at this point because the patient and the family stated that they would not do well at home without any intervention. The patient and family understood all the risks and benefits in order to proceed with the surgery.,DETAILS OF THE PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the OR. Anesthesia was applied. The patient had A-line triple-lumen catheter. The patient was placed in left side up, right side down oblique position. All the pressure points were well padded. The right fistula was carefully padded completely around it. Axilla was protected. The fistula was checked throughout the procedure to ensure that it was stable. The arms, ankles, knees, and joints were all padded with foam. The patient was taped to the table using 2-inch wide tape. OG and a Foley catheter were in place. A supraumbilical incision was made about 6 cm in size and incision was carried through the subcutaneous tissue and through the fascia and peritoneum was entered sharply. There were some adhesions where the omentum was into the umbilical hernia, which was completely stuck. The omentum was released out of that just so we could obtain pneumoperitoneum. Pneumoperitoneum was obtained after using GelPort. Two 12-mm ports were placed in the left anterior axillary line, and mid clavicular line. The colon was reflected medially. Kidney was dissected laterally behind and inferiorly. There was large hematoma visualized with significant amount of old blood, which was irrigated out. Dissection was carried superiorly and the spleen was reflected medially. The spleen and colon were all intact at the end of the procedure. They were stable all throughout. Using endovascular GIA stapler, all the medial and lateral dissection was carried through the stapler to ensure that the patient had minimal bleeding due to low cardiac reserve. Hemostasis was obtained. The renal vein and the renal artery were stapled and there was excellent hemostasis.,The dissection was carried lateral to the adrenal and medial to the right kidney. The adrenal was preserved. The entire kidney was removed through the hand port. Irrigation was performed. There was excellent hemostasis at the end of the nephrectomy. Fibrin glue and Surgicel were applied just in case the patient had delayed DIC. The colon was placed back and 12-mm ports were closed under direct palpation using 0 Vicryl. The fascia was closed using loop #1 PDS in a running fashion and was tied in the middle. Please note that prior to the fascial closure, the peritoneum was closed using 0 Vicryl in running fashion. The subcuticular tissue was brought together using 4-0 Vicryl. The skin was closed using 4-0 Monocryl. Dermabond was applied. The patient was brought to the recovery in a stable condition.surgery, laparoscopic, nephrectomy, laparoscopic hand assisted nephrectomy, triple lumen catheter, lumen catheter, running fashion, renal mass, renal bleed, dissection, hemostasis, kidney, renal

Neck Mass Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Malignant mass of the left neck.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Malignant mass of the left neck, squamous cell carcinoma.,PROCEDURES,1. Left neck mass biopsy.,2. Selective surgical neck dissection, left.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, After obtaining an informed, the patient was taken to the operating room where a time-out process was followed. Preoperative antibiotic was given and Dr. X proceeded to intubate the patient after a detailed anesthetic preparation that started in the Same Day Surgery and followed in the operating room. Finally, a 5.5-French endotracheal tube was inserted and the patient was able to tolerate that and did have stable vital signs and a proper oxygenation.,Then, the patient was positioned with the neck slightly distended and turned toward the opposite side of the operation. The neck was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. I proceeded to mark the site of the mass and then also to mark the proposed site for the creation of a flap. Then, I performed an extensive anesthetic block of the area.,Then, an incision was made along the area marked for development of the flap, but in a very limited extent, just to expose the cervical mass. The cervical mass, which was about 4 cm in diameter and very firm and rubbery, was found lodged between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the area III of the neck. A wedge sample was sent to Pathology for frozen section. At the same time, we waited for the result and the initial report was not clear in the sense that a lot of lymphoepithelial reaction was seen. Therefore, a larger sample was sent to Pathology and at that particular time, the fresh frozen was reported as having squamous elements. This was not totally clear in my mind and therefore I proceeded to excise the full mass, which luckily was not attached to any structures except in the very deep surface. There, there were some attachments to branches of the external carotid artery, which had to be suture ligated. At any rate, the whole specimen was to the lab and finally the diagnosis was that of a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.,With that information in hand, we proceeded to continue with a neck dissection and proceeded to make an incision along the previously marked sites of the flap, which basically involved a reverse U shape on the left neck. This worked out quite nicely. The external jugular vein was out of the way, so initially we did not deal with it. We proceeded to tackle the area III and extended into II-A. When we excised the mass, the upper end was in intimate relationship with the parotid gland, which was relatively large in this patient, but it looked normal otherwise. Also, I felt that the submaxillary gland was enlarged. At any rate, we decided to clean up the areas III and IV and a few nodes from II-A that were removed, and then we went into the posterior triangle where we identified the spinal accessory nerve, which we protected, actually did not even dissect close to it.,The same nerve had been already identified anterior to the internal jugular vein, very proximally behind the digastric and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. At any rate, there were large nodes in the posterior triangle, in areas V-A and V-B, which were excised and sent to Pathology for examination. Also, there was a remnant of a capsule of the main mass that we proceeded to excise and sent to Pathology as an extra specimen. Hemostasis was revised and found to be adequate. The flaps had been protected by folding it to the chest and protected by wet sponges on both sides of the flap. The flap was replaced in its position. A soft Jackson-Pratt catheter was left in the area, and then we proceeded to approximate the flap with a number of subcutaneous sutures of Vicryl and then running sutures of subcuticular Monocryl to the skin. I would like to mention that also the facial vein was excised and the external jugular vein was ligated. It was in very lateral location and it was on the site of the drain, so we ligated that but did not excise it. A pressure dressing was applied.,The patient tolerated the procedure well. Estimated blood loss was no more than 100 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room and sent for recovery.surgery, neck mass biopsy, surgical neck dissection, internal jugular vein, external jugular vein, squamous cell carcinoma, neck mass, malignant mass, neck dissection, mass, neck, wedge, vein,

Nasal Septoplasty & Tonsillectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Nasal septal deviation with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,2. Tonsillitis with hypertrophy.,3. Edema to the uvula and soft palate.,OPERATION PERFORMED,1. Nasal septoplasty.,2. Bilateral submucous resection of the inferior turbinates.,3. Tonsillectomy and resection of soft palate.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , Chris is a very nice 38-year-old male with nasal septal deviation and bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy causing nasal obstruction. He also has persistent tonsillitis with hypertrophy and tonsillolith and halitosis. He also has developed tremendous edema to his posterior palate and uvula, which is causing choking. Correction of these mechanical abnormalities is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the right and left nasal septal mucosa and right and left inferior turbinates were anesthetized with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using approximately 10 mL. Afrin-soaked pledgets were placed in the nasal cavity bilaterally. The face was prepped with pHisoHex and draped in a sterile fashion. A hemitransfixion incision was performed on the left with a #15 blade and submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. Anterior to the septal deflection, the septal cartilage was incised and an opposite-sided submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. The deviated portion of the nasal septal cartilage and bone was removed with a Takahashi forceps, and a large inferior septal spur was removed with a V-chisel. Once the septum was reduced in the midline, the hemitransfixion incision was closed with a 4-0 Vicryl in an interrupted fashion. The right and left inferior turbinates were trimmed in a submucous fashion using straight and curved turbinate scissors under direct visualization with a 4 mm 0 degree Storz endoscope. Hemostasis was acquired by using suction electrocautery. The turbinates were then covered with bacitracin ointment after cauterizing them and bacitracin ointment soaked Doyle splints were placed in the right and left nares and secured anteriorly to the columella with a 3-0 nylon suture. The table was then turned. A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was draped in a clean fashion. A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted and the McIvor was gently suspended from the Mayo stand. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using a Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped in a similar fashion, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle, and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. The extremely edematous portion of soft palate was resected using a right angle clamp and right angle scissor and was closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a figure-of-eight interrupted fashion. Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications.surgery, nasal septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, nasal septoplasty, submucous resection, resection of soft palate, tonsillectomy, bilateral inferior turbinate, bovie electrocautery, nasal septal, inferior turbinates, turbinates, nasal, tonsillitis, electrocautery, hypertrophy,

Nasolabial Fold Elevation

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left nasolabial fold scar deformity with effacement of alar crease.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left nasolabial fold scar deformity with effacement of alar crease.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED:,1. Left midface elevation with nasolabial fold elevation.,2. Left nasolabial fold z-plasty and right symmetrization midface elevation.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal intubation.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 25 mL.,FLUIDS: , Crystalloid,CULTURES TAKEN: , None.,PATIENT'S CONDITION: , Stable.,IMPLANTS: , Coapt Endotine Midface B 4.5 bioabsorbable implants, reference #CFD0200197, lot #01447 used on the right and used on the left side.,IDENTIFICATION: , This patient is well known to the Stanford Plastic Surgery Service. The patient is status post resection of the dorsal nasal sidewall skin cancer with nasolabial flap reconstruction with subsequent deformity. In particular, the patient has had effacement of his alar crease with deepening of his nasolabial fold and notable asymmetry. The patient was seen in consultation and felt to be a surgical candidate for improvement. Risks and benefits of the operation were described to the patient in detail including, but not limited to bleeding, infection, scarring, possible damage to surrounding structures including neurovascular structures, need for revision of surgery, continued asymmetry, and anesthetic complication. The patient understood these risks and benefits and consented to the operation.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was taken to OR and placed supine on the operating table. Dose of antibiotics was given to the patient. Compression devices were placed on the lower extremities to prevent the knee embolic events. The patient was turned to 180 degrees. The ETT tube was secured and the area was then prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. A head wrap was then placed on the position and we then began our local. Of note, the patient had previous incisions just lateral to his lateral canthus bilaterally and that were used for access. Local consisting a 50:50 mix of 0.25% Marcaine with epinephrine and 1% lidocaine with epinephrine was then injected into the subperiosteal plane taking care to prevent injury to the infraorbital nerves. This was done bilaterally. We then marked the nasolabial fold and began with the elevation of the left midface.,We began with a lateral canthal-type incision extending out over his previous incision down to subcutaneous tissue. We continued down to the lateral orbital rim until we identified periosteum. We then pulled in a periosteal elevator and elevated the midface down over the zygoma elevating some lateral mesenteric attachments down over the buccal region until we felt we had reached pass the nasolabial folds medially. Care was taken to preserve the infraorbital nerve and that was visualized after elevation. We then released the periosteum distally and retracted up on the periosteum and noted improved contour of the nasolabial fold with increased bulk over the midface region over the zygoma.,We then used our Endotine Coapt device to engage the periosteum at the desired location and then elevated the midface and secured into position using the Coapt bioabsorbable screw. After this was then carried out, we then clipped and cut as well as the end of the screw. Satisfied with this, we then elevated the periosteum and secured it to reinforce our midface elevation to the lateral orbital rim and this was done using 3-0 Monocryl. Several sutures were then used to anchor the orbicularis and deeper tissue to create additional symmetry. Excess skin along the incision was then removed as well the skin from just lateral to the canthus. Care was taken to leave the orbicularis muscle down. We then continued closing our incision using absorbable plain gut 5-0 sutures for the subciliary-type incision and then continuing with interrupted 6-0 Prolenes lateral to the canthus.,We then turned our attention to performing the z-plasty portion of the case. A z-plasty was designed along the previous scar where it was padding to the notable scar deformity and effacement of crease and the z-plasty was then designed to lengthen along the scar to improve the contour. This was carried out using a 15 blade down to subcutaneous tissue. The flaps were debulked slightly to reduce the amount of fullness and then transposed and sutured into place using chromic suture. At this point, we then noted that he had improvement of the nasal fold but continued asymmetry with regards to improved bulk on the left side and less bulk on the right and it was felt that a symmetrization procedure was required to make more symmetry with the midface bilaterally and nasolabial folds bilaterally. As such, we then carried out the dissection after injecting local as noted and we used a 15 blade scalpel to create our incision along the lateral canthus along its preexisting incision. We carried this down to the lateral orbital rim again elevating the periosteum taking care to preserve infraorbital nerve.,At this point, we then released the periosteum distally just at the level of the nasolabial fold and placed our Endotine midface implant into the desired area and then elevated slightly just for symmetry only. This was then secured in place using the bioabsorbable screw and then resected a very marginal amount of tissue just for removal of the dog ear deformity and closed the deeper layers of tissue using 3-0 PDS and then closing the extension to the subciliary area using 5-0 plain gut and then 6-0 Prolene lateral to the canthus.,At this point, we felt that we had achieved improved contour, improved symmetry, and decreased effacement of the nasolabial fold and alar crease. Satisfied with our procedures, we then placed cool compresses on to the eyes.,The patient was then extubated and brought to the PACU in stable condition.,Dr. X was present and scrubbed for the entire case and actively participated during all key elements. Dr. Y was available and participated in the portions of the case as well.nan

Neck Dissection

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Metastatic papillary cancer, left neck.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Metastatic papillary cancer, left neck.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Left neck dissection.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a very nice gentleman, who has had thyroid cancer, papillary cell type, removed with a total thyroidectomy and then subsequently recurrent disease was removed with a paratracheal dissection. He now has evidence of lesion in the left mid neck and the left superior neck on ultrasound, which are suspicious for recurrent cancer. Left neck dissection is indicated.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: , The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the table was then turned. A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was placed in an extended fashion. The left neck, chest, and face were prepped with Betadine and draped in a sterile fashion. A hockey stick skin incision was performed, extending a previous incision line superiorly towards the mastoid cortex through skin, subcutaneous tissue and platysma with Bovie electrocautery on cut mode. Subplatysmal superior and inferior flaps were raised. The dissection was left lateral neck dissection encompassing zones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and the superior portion of 4. The sternocleidomastoid muscle was unwrapped at its fascial attachment and this was taken back posterior to the XI cranial nerve into the superior posterior most triangle of the neck. This was carried forward off of the deep rooted muscles including the splenius capitis and anterior and middle scalenes taken medially off of these muscles including the fascia of the muscles, stripped from the carotid artery, the X cranial nerve, the internal jugular vein and then carried anteriorly to the lateral most extent of the dissection previously done by Dr. X in the paratracheal region. The submandibular gland was removed as well. The X, XI, and XII cranial nerves were preserved. The internal jugular vein and carotid artery were preserved as well. Copious irrigation of the wound bed showed no identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. There were two obviously positive nodes in this neck dissection. One was left medial neck just lateral to the previous tracheal dissection and one was in the mid region of zone 2. A #10 flat fluted Blake drain was placed through a separate stab incision and it was secured to the skin with a 2-0 silk ligature. The wound was closed in layers using a 3-0 Vicryl in a buried knot interrupted fashion for the subcutaneous tissue and the skin was closed with staples. A fluff and Kling pressure dressing was then applied. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications.surgery, metastatic papillary cancer, thyroidectomy, thyroid cancer, papillary cell type, dissection, neck, metastatic, paratracheal, papillary, cancer

Needle Localized Excision - Breast Neoplasm

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Nonpalpable neoplasm, right breast.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Deferred for Pathology.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: ,Needle localized wide excision of nonpalpable neoplasm, right breast.,SPECIMEN: , Mammography.,GROSS FINDINGS: ,This 53-year-old Caucasian female who had a nonpalpable neoplasm detected by mammography in the right breast. After excision of neoplasm, there was a separate 1 x 2 cm nodule palpated within the cavity. This too was excised.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position in the operating table. Intravenous sedation was administered by the Anesthesia Department. The Kopans wire was trimmed to an appropriate length. The patient was sterilely prepped and draped in the usual manner. Local anesthetic consisting of 1% lidocaine and 0.5% Marcaine was injected into the proposed line of incision. A curvilinear circumareolar incision was then made with a #15 scalpel blade close to the wire. The wire was stabilized and brought to protrude through the incision. Skin flaps were then generated with electrocautery. A generous core tissue was grasped with Allis forceps and excised with electrocautery. Prior to complete excision, the superior margin was marked with a #2-0 Vicryl suture, which was tied and cut short. The lateral margin was marked with a #2-0 Vicryl suture, which was tied and cut along. The posterior margin was marked with a #2-0 Polydek suture, which was tied and cut.,The specimen was then completely excised and sent off the operative field as specimen where specimen mammography confirmed the excision of the mammographically detected neoplasm. On palpation of the cavity, there was felt to be a second nodule further medial and this was grasped with an Allis forceps and excised with electrocautery and sent off the field as a separate specimen. Hemostasis was obtained with electrocautery. Good hemostasis was obtained. The incision was closed in two layers. The first layer consisting of a subcuticular inverted interrupted sutures of #4-0 undyed Vicryl. The second layer consisted of Steri-Strips on the epidermis. A pressure dressing of fluff, 4x4s, ABDs, and Elastic bandage was applied. The patient tolerated the surgery well.surgery, neoplasm, needle localized wide excision, needle localized, nonpalpable neoplasm, needle, incision, electrocautery, excision, breast

Nasal Septal Reconstruction

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Chronic nasal obstruction secondary to deviated nasal septum.,2. Inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Chronic nasal obstruction secondary to deviated nasal septum.,2. Inferior turbinate hypertrophy.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Nasal septal reconstruction.,2. Bilateral submucous resection of the inferior turbinates.,3. Bilateral outfracture of the inferior turbinates.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal tube.,BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal less than 25 cc.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a 51-year-old female with a history of chronic nasal obstruction. On physical examination, she was derived to have a severely deviated septum with an S-shape deformity as well as turbinate hypertrophy present along the inferior turbinates contributing to the obstruction.,PROCEDURE: ,After all risks, benefits, and alternatives have been discussed with the patient in detail, informed consent was obtained. The patient was brought to the Operating Suite where she was placed in the supine position and general endotracheal intubation was delivered by the Department of Anesthesia. The patient was rotated 90 degrees away. Nasal pledgets saturated with 4 cc of 10% cocaine solution were inserted into the nasal cavities. These were then removed and the nasal septum as well as the turbinates were localized with the mixture of 1% lidocaine with 1:100000 epinephrine solution. The nasal pledgets were then reinserted as the patient was prepped in the usual fashion. The nasal pledgets were again removed and the turbinates as well as an infraorbital nerve block was performed with 0.25% Marcaine solution. The nasal vestibules were then cleansed with a pHisoHex solution. A #15 blade scalpel was then used to make an incision along the length of the caudal septum. The mucoperichondrial junction was then identified with the aid of cotton-tipped applicator as well as the stitch scissor. Once the plane was identified, the mucosal flap on the left side of the septum was elevated with the aid of a Cottle. At this point it should be mentioned that the patient's septum was significantly deviated with a large S-shape deformity obstructing both the right and left nasal cavity with the convex portion present in the left nasal cavity. Again, the Cottle elevator was used to raise the mucosal flap down to the level of the septal spur. At this point, the septal knife was used to make a crossover incision through the cartilage just anterior to the septal spur. Again, the mucosal flap was elevated in the right nasal septum. Now Knight scissors were used to remove the ascending portion of the nasal cartilage, which was then removed with a Takahashi forceps. A Cottle elevator was used to further elevate the mucosal flap off the septal spur on the left side. Removal of the spur was performed with the aid of the septal knife as well as a 3 mm straight chisel. Once all ascending cartilage has been removed, inspection of the nasal cavity revealed patent passages with the exception of inferior turbinates that were very hypertrophied and was felt to be contributing to the patient's symptoms. Therefore, the turbinates were again localized and a #15 blade scalpel was used to make a vertical incision dissected down to the chondral bone. The XPS microdebrider with the inferior turbinate blade was then inserted through the incision and a submucous resection was performed by passing the microdebrider along the length of the bone. Once the submucosal tissue had been resected, an outfracture procedure was performed so as to fully open the nasal passages. Inspection revealed very patent and nonobstructive nasal passages. Now the caudal incision was reapproximated with #4-0 chromic suture. Finally, a #4-0 fast absorbing plain gut suture was used to approximate the mucosal surface of the septum in a running whipstitch fashion. Finally, Merocel packing was placed and the patient was retuned to the Department of Anesthesia for awakening and taken to the recovery room without incident.surgery, chronic nasal obstruction, nasal septum, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, nasal septal reconstruction, submucous resection, inferior turbinates, outfracture, nasal septal, nasal pledgets, nasal cavity, nasal obstruction, turbinate hypertrophy, mucosal flap, septal, septum, turbinates, nasal, cavity, chronic, hypertrophy, obstruction, mucosal,

Nasolacrimal Probing

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Tearing, eyelash encrustation with probable tear duct obstruction bilateral.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: ,1. Distal nasolacrimal duct stenosis with obstruction, left eye.,2. Distal nasolacrimal duct stenosis with obstruction, right eye.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , Bilateral nasolacrimal probing.,ANESTHESIA: , Monitored anesthesia care along with mask sedation.,INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY: , This young infant is a 19-month-old who has had persistent tearing and mild eyelash encrustation of each eye for many months. Conservative measures at home have failed to completely resolve the symptoms. He has been placed on previous antibiotics treatment for presumed conjunctivitis. Please refer to clinic note for more details. Conservative measures at home have failed to resolve the symptoms. A nasolacrimal probing was offered as an elective procedure. Procedure as well as inherent risks, expected outcomes, benefits, and alternatives (including continued observation) were discussed with his mother prior to scheduling surgery. Again, a description of procedure as well as diagram instruction was provided to mother and father in the morning of the procedure. The risks as explained included, but were not limited to temporary bleeding, persistent symptoms, recurrence need for further procedure, possible need for future stent placement or repeat probing, and anesthesia risk were all discussed. Also a rare possibility of errant passage of the nasolacrimal probe was discussed. Preoperative evaluation and explanation include drying of the nasolacrimal system with an explanation expected outcome/result from surgery. No guarantees were offered. Informed consent was signed and placed on the chart.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient was identified and the procedure was verified. Procedure as well as inherent risks were again discussed with parents prior to the procedure. After anesthesia was induced in the operating room, tetracaine drops were applied to each eye and the pressure of the eyes were checked with Tono-Pen. The pressure on the right was 17 mmHg and on the left was 16 mmHg.,A punctal dilator was then used to dilate the left superior puncta. A size 00 Bowman probe was used to navigate the superior puncta and canaliculus with traction of the eyelid temporally. The probe was advanced until a firm stop of the lacrimal bone was felt. The probe was rotated in a superior and medial fashion along the brow to allow for navigation through the nasolacrimal sac and duct. A mild resistance was felt at the distal aspect of the nasolacrimal duct consistent with a location of the valve. There was also some mild stenosis distally, but not felt significant. The probe was used to navigate through this mild resistance. A second Bowman probe was then placed through the left naris and metal on metal contact was felt confirming patency. Both probes were removed. The 00 Bowman probe was then used to navigate the inferior puncta canaliculus system. Patency was confirmed. The left upper lid was everted and inspected and was found to be normal.,Attention was then turned to the right side where the similar procedure through the right superior puncta was performed. A punctal dilator was used to dilate the puncta followed by a size 00 Bowman probe. Again on this side, a size 0 Bowman probe was unable to be placed initially to the superior puncta. The probe was used to navigate the superior puncta, canaliculus, and then the probe was rotated superomedially and the probe was advanced. Similar amount of distal stenosis and distal nasolacrimal duct obstruction was felt. The mild resistance was over come at the approximate location of the valve. Metal-on-metal feel confirmed patency through the right naris with a second metal probe. At the completion of the procedure all probes were removed. Awakened and taken to the postanesthesia recovery unit in good condition having tolerated the procedure well.,Postoperative instructions were provided to the parents by me, and the discharging nurse. I did advised nasolacrimal massage for the next 7 to 10 days on each side two to three times daily. Technique explained and demonstrated. Erythromycin ointment to both eyes twice daily for three days. Follow up was arranged and he may call with any further questions or concerns.surgery, tearing, eyelash encrustation, tear duct obstruction, nasolacrimal duct stenosis, nasolacrimal, bowman probe, distal nasolacrimal duct, nasolacrimal probing, nasolacrimal duct, superior puncta, probe, obstruction, eyelash, duct, punctal,

Myringotomy/Tube Insertion - 2

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: ,Tympanic membrane atelectasis and chronic eustachian tube dysfunction.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Tympanic membrane atelectasis and chronic eustachian tube dysfunction.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , Bilateral myringotomies with insertion of Santa Barbara T-tube.,ANESTHESIA: , General mask.,FINDINGS:, The patient is an 8-year-old white female with chronic eustachian tube dysfunction and TM atelectasis, was taken to the operating room for tubes. At the time of surgery, she has had an extruding right Santa Barbara T-tube and severe left TM atelectasis with retraction. There was a scant amount of fluid in both middle ear clefts.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position, and general mask anesthesia was established. The right ear was draped in normal sterile fashion. Cerumen was removed from the external canal. The extruding Santa Barbara T-tube was identified and atraumatically removed. A fresh Santa Barbara T-tube was atraumatically inserted and Ciloxan drops applied.,The attention was then directed to the left side where severe TM atelectasis was identified. With a mask anesthetic, the eardrum elevated. A radial incision was made in the inferior aspect of the tympanic membrane and middle ear fluid aspirated. A Santa Barbara T-tube was then inserted without difficulty and 5 drops Ciloxan solution applied. Anesthesia was then reversed and the patient taken to recovery room in satisfactory condition.surgery, tympanic membrane, cerumen, ciloxan, santa barbara t-tube, tm atelectasis, atelectasis, eardrum, eustachian tube, eustachian tube dysfunction, middle ear, middle ear fluid, myringotomies, atelectasis and chronic eustachian, santa barbara t tube, myringotomies with insertion, chronic eustachian tube, barbara t tube, santa barbara, insertion, tube, tympanic

Nasal Septoplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Nasal fracture and deviated nasal septum with obstruction.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Nasal fracture and deviated nasal septum with obstruction.,OPERATION:, Open reduction, nasal fracture with nasal septoplasty.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,HISTORY: , This 16-year-old male fractured his nose playing basketball. He has a left nasal obstruction and depressed left nasal bone.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was given general endotracheal anesthesia and monitored with pulse oximetry, EKG, and CO2 monitors.,The face was prepped with Betadine soap and solution and draped in a sterile fashion. Nasal mucosa was decongested using Afrin pledgets as well as 1% Xylocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected into bilateral nasal septal mucoperichondrium and the nasal dorsum, lateral osteotomy sites.,Inspection revealed caudal portion of the cartilaginous septum lying crosswise across the nasal spine area and columella causing obstruction of the left nasal valve. Further up, the cartilaginous septum was displaced to the left of the maxillary crest. There was a large maxillary crest and supramaxillary crest had a large spur with the vomer bone touching the inferior turbinate.,There was a large deep groove horizontally on the right side corresponding to the left maxillary crest.,A left hemitransfixion incision was made. Mucoperichondrium was elevated from left side of the cartilaginous septum and mucoperiosteum was elevated from the ethmoid plate. Vomer and inferior tunnel was created at the floor of the left side of the nose to connect the anterior and inferior tunnels, which was rather difficult at the area of the vomerine spur, which was very sharp and touching the inferior turbinate.,The caudal cartilaginous septum, which was lying crosswise, was separated from the main cartilage leaving approximately 1 cm strut. The right side mucoperichondrium was released from the cartilaginous septum as well as ethmoid plate and the maxillary crest area.,The caudal cartilaginous strut was sutured to the columella with interrupted #4-0 chromic catgut suture to bring it into the midline.,Further back, the cartilaginous septum anterior to the ethmoid plate was deviated to the left side, so it was freed from the maxillary crest, nasal dorsum, from the ethmoid plate, and was sutured in the midline with a transfixion #4-0 plain catgut sutures.,Further posteriorly, the ethmoid plate was deviated to the left side and portion of it was removed with Jansen-Middleton punch forceps.,The main deviation was also caused by the vomerine crest and the maxillary crest and supramaxillary cartilaginous cartilage.,This area was freed from the perichondrium on both sides. The maxillary crest was removed with a gouge. Vomer was partially removed with a gouge and the rest of the vomer was displaced back into the midline.,Thus, the deviated septum was corrected. Left hemitransfixion incisions were closed with interrupted #4-0 chromic catgut sutures. The septum was also filtered with #4-0 plain catgut sutures.,By valve, septal splints were tied to the septum bilaterally with a transfixion #5-0 nylon suture.,Next, the nasal bone suture deviated to the left side were corrected. The right nasal bone was depressed and left nasal bone was wide. Therefore, the nasal bones were refractured back into the midline by compressing the left nasal bone and elevating the right nasal bone with the nasal bone elevator through the nasal cavities. The left intercartilaginous incision was made and the nasal bones were disimpacted subperiosteally and they were molded back into the midline.,Steri-Strips were applied to the nasal dorsal skin and a Denver type of splint was applied to the nasal dorsal to stabilize the nasal bones.,Nasal cavities were packed with Telfa gauze rolled on both sides with bacitracin ointment. Approximate blood loss was 10 to 20 mL.surgery, nasal fracture, deviated nasal septum, nasal septoplasty, nasal bones, ethmoid plate, cartilaginous septum, nasal bone, maxillary crest, septum, nasal, fracture, maxillary, cartilaginous, crest,

Myringotomy/Tube Insertion - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Bilateral chronic serous otitis media.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Bilateral chronic serous otitis media.,OPERATION PERFORMED:,1. Bilateral myringotomies.,2. Insertion of Shepard grommet draining tubes.,ANESTHESIA: , General, by mask.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 1 mL.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,FINDINGS: ,The patient had a long history of persistent recurrent infections and was placed on antibiotics for the same. At this point in time, he had a small amount of thick mucoid material in both middle ear spaces with middle ear mucosa somewhat inflamed, but no active acute infection at this point in time.,PROCEDURE:, With the patient under adequate general anesthesia with the mask delivery of anesthesia, he had his ear canals cleaned utilizing an operating microscope and all foul cerumen had been removed from both sides. Bilateral inferior radial myringotomies were performed, first on the right and then on the left. Middle ear spaces were suctioned of small amount of thick mucoid material on both sides and then Shepard grommet draining tubes were inserted on either side. Floxin drops were then instilled bilaterally to decrease any clotting within the tubes, and then cotton ball was placed in the external meatus bilaterally. At this point, the patient was awakened and returned to the recovery room, satisfactory, with no difficulty encountered.surgery, serous otitis media, floxin drops, shepard grommet, cerumen, cotton ball, middle ear, mucoid, myringotomies, tubes, shepard grommet draining tubes, serous otitis, shepard, grommet, insertion

Myringotomy/Tube Insertion - 3

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: ,1. Chronic eustachian tube dysfunction.,2. Retained right pressure equalization tube.,3. Retracted left tympanic membrane.,4. Dizziness.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Chronic eustachian tube dysfunction.,2. Retained right pressure equalization tube.,3. Retracted left tympanic membrane.,4. Dizziness.,PROCEDURE:,1. Removal of the old right pressure equalizing tube with placement of a tube. Tube used was Santa Barbara.,2. Myringotomy with placement of a left pressure equalizing tube. The tube used was Santa Barbara.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,INDICATION: , This is a 98-year-old female whom I have known for several years. She has a marginal hearing. With the additional conductive loss secondary to the retraction of the tympanic membrane, her hearing aid and function deteriorated significantly. So, we have kept sets of tubes in her ears at all times. The major problem is that she has got small ear canals and a very sensitive external auditory canal; therefore it cannot tolerate even the wax cleaning in the clinic awake.,The patient was seen in the OR and tubes were placed. There were no significant findings.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, she was brought to the neurosensory OR, placed under general anesthesia. Mask airway was used. IV had already been started.,On the right side, we removed the old tube and then cleaned the cerumen and found that it was larger than the side of the tube in perfection or perforation in tympanic membrane in the anterior inferior quadrant. In the same area, a small Santa Barbara tube was placed. This T-tube was cut to 80% of its original length for comfort and then positioned to point straight out and treated. Three drops of ciprofloxacin eyedrops was placed in the ear canal.,On the left side, the tympanic membrane adhered and it was retracted and has some myringosclerosis. Anterior, inferior incision was made. Tympanic membrane bounced back to neutral position. A Santa Barbara tube was cut to the 80% of the original length and placed in the hole. Ciprofloxacin drops were placed in the ear. Procedure completed.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , None.,COMPLICATION: , None.,SPECIMEN:, None.,DISPOSITION:, To PACU in a stable condition.nan

Multiple Stent Placements

PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Left heart catheterization, left ventriculogram, aortogram, coronary angiogram.,2. PCI of the LAD and left main coronary artery with Impella assist device.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , Unstable angina and congestive heart failure with impaired LV function.,TECHNIQUE OF PROCEDURE: , After obtaining informed consent, the patient was brought to the cardiac catheterization suite in postabsorptive and nonsedated state. The right groin was prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner. Lidocaine 2% was used for infiltration anesthesia. Using modified Seldinger technique, a 7-French sheath was introduced into the right common femoral artery and a 6-French sheath was introduced into the right common femoral vein. Through the arterial sheath, angiography of the right common femoral artery was obtained. Thereafter, 6-French pigtail catheter was advanced to the level of the distal aorta where angiography of the distal aorta and the bifurcation of the right and left common iliac arteries was obtained. Thereafter, a 4-French sheath was introduced into the left common femoral artery using modified Seldinger technique. Thereafter, the pigtail catheter was advanced over an 0.035-inch J-wire into the left ventricle and LV-gram was performed in RAO view and after pullback, an aortogram was performed in the LAO view. Therefore, a 6-French JL4 and JR4 guiding catheters were used to engage the left and right coronary arteries respectively and multiple orthogonal views of the coronary arteries were obtained.,ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS: ,1. LV-gram: LVEDP was 15 mmHg. LV ejection fraction 10% to 15% with global hypokinesis. Only anterior wall is contracting. There was no mitral regurgitation. There was no gradient across the aortic valve upon pullback, and on aortography, there was no evidence of aortic dissection or aortic regurgitation.,2. The right coronary artery is a dominant vessels with a mid 50% to 70% stenosis which was not treated. The left main coronary artery calcified vessel with disease.,2. The left anterior descending artery had an 80% to 90% mid-stenosis. First diagonal branch had a more than 90% stenosis.,3. The circumflex coronary artery had a patent stent.,INTERVENTION: , After reviewing the angiographic images, we elected to proceed with intervention of the left anterior descending artery. The 4-French sheath in the left common femoral artery was upsized to a 12-French Impella sheath through which an Amplatz wire and a 6-French multipurpose catheter were advanced into the left ventricle. The Amplatz wire was exchanged for an Impella 0.018-inch stiff wire. The multipurpose catheter was removed, and the Impella was advanced into the left ventricle and a performance level of 8 was achieved with a cardiac output of 2 to 2.5 l/min. Thereafter, a 7-French JL4 guiding catheter was used to engage the left coronary artery and an Asahi soft 0.014-inch wire was advanced into the left anterior descending artery and a second 0.014-inch Asahi soft wire was advanced into the diagonal branch. The diagonal branch was predilated with a 2.5 x 30-mm Sprinter balloon at nominal atmospheres and thereafter a 2.5 x 24 Endeavor stent was successfully deployed in the mid-LAD and a 3.0 x 15-mm Endeavor stent was deployed in the proximal LAD. The stent delivery balloon was used to post-dilate the overlapping segment. The LAD, the diagonal was rewires with an 0.014-inch Asahi soft wire and a 3.0 x 20-mm Maverick balloon was advanced into the LAD for post-dilatation and a 2.0 x 30-mm Sprinter balloon was advanced into the diagonal for kissing inflations which were performed at nominal atmospheres. At this point, it was noted that the left main had a retrograde dissection. A 3.5 x 18-mm Endeavor stent was successfully deployed in the left main coronary artery. The Asahi soft wire in the diagonal was removed and placed into the circumflex coronary artery. Kissing inflations of the LAD and the circumflex coronary artery were performed using 3.0 x 20 Maverick balloons x2 balloons, inflated at high atmospheres of 14.,RESULTS: , Lesion reduction in the LAD FROM 90% to 0% and TIMI 3 flow obtained. Lesion reduction in the diagonal from 90% to less than 60% and TIMI 3 flow obtained. Lesion reduction in the left maintained coronary artery from 50% to 0% and TIMI 3 flow obtained.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and the inflations well with no evidence of any hemodynamic instability. The Impella device was gradually decreased from performance level of 8 to performance level of 1 at which point it was removed into the aorta and it was turned off and the Impella was removed from the body and the 2 Perclose sutures were tightened. From the right common femoral artery, a 6-French IMA catheter was advanced and an 0.035-inch wire down into the left common femoral and superficial femoral artery, over which an 8 x 40 balloon was advanced and tamponade of the arteriotomy site of the left common femoral artery was performed from within the artery at 3 atmospheres for a total of 20 minutes. The right common femoral artery and vein sheaths were both sutured in place for further observation. Of note, the patient received Angiomax during the procedure and an ACT above 300 was maintained.,IMPRESSION:,1. Left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction of 10% to 15%.,2. High complex percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, and diagonal with Impella circulatory support.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,The patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications. The estimated blood loss was 200 ml. Estimated dye used was 200 ml of Visipaque. The patient remained hemodynamically stable with no hypotension and no hematomas in the groins.,PLAN: ,1. Aspirin, Plavix, statins, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors as tolerated.,2. Hydration.,3. The patient will be observed over night for any hemodynamic instability or ischemia. If she remains stable, the right common femoral artery and vein sheaths will be removed and manual pressure will be applied for hemostasis.surgery, impella circulatory assist device, impella assist device, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, heart catheterization, ventriculogram, aortogram, angiogram, ventricular dysfunction, pigtail catheter was advanced, femoral artery and vein, artery and vein, asahi soft wire, circumflex coronary artery, common femoral artery, modified seldinger technique, multiple stent placements, timi flow, multiple stent, impella circulatory, french sheath, femoral artery, endeavor stent, descending artery, coronary artery, common femoral, asahi soft, anterior descending, femoral, coronary, artery, impella, catheterization,

Myringotomy/Tube Insertion

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Chronic otitis media with effusion, conductive hearing loss, and recurrent acute otitis media.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Chronic otitis media with effusion, conductive hearing loss, and recurrent acute otitis media.,OPERATION: , Bilateral myringotomies, insertion of PE tubes, and pharyngeal anesthesia.,ANESTHESIA: ,General via facemask.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,INDICATIONS: ,The patient is a one-year-old with history of chronic and recurrent episodes of otitis media with persistent middle ear effusions resistant to medical therapy.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room, was placed in supine position. General anesthesia was begun via face mask technique. Once an adequate level of anesthesia was obtained, the operating microscope was brought, positioned and visualized the right ear canal. A small amount of wax was removed with a loop. A 4-mm operating speculum was then introduced. An anteroinferior quadrant radial myringotomy was then performed. A large amount of mucoid middle ear effusion was aspirated from the middle ear cleft. Reuter bobbin PE tube was then inserted, followed by Floxin otic drops and a cotton ball in the external meatus. Head was then turned to the opposite side, where similar procedure was performed. Once again, the middle ear cleft had a mucoid effusion. A tube was inserted to an anteroinferior quadrant radial myringotomy.,Anesthesia was then reversed and the patient was transported to the recovery room having tolerated the procedure well with stable signs.surgery, bilateral myringotomies, insertion of pe tubes, chronic otitis media, conductive hearing loss, recurrent acute otitis media, reuter bobbin, radial myringotomy, ear cleft, pe tubes, middle ear, otitis media, effusion, otitis, media, ear, anesthesia

Mohs Micrographic Surgery - 1

PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: , Mid parietal scalp.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.5 x 2.9 cm,POSTOP SIZE:, 2.7 x 2.9 cm,INDICATION:, Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,HEMOSTASIS:, Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION:, Simple Linear Closure.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results.surgery, basal cell ca, basal cell, mohs technique, mohs, tumor-laden tissue, mohs fresh tissue technique, mohs micrographic surgery, micrographic surgery, parietal scalp, micrographic, basal, cell, ca, surgical, tumor, tissue, stage,

Mitral Valve Repair & Annuloplasty

OPERATIONS,1. Mitral valve repair using a quadrangular resection of the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet.,2. Mitral valve posterior annuloplasty using a Cosgrove Galloway Medtronic fuser band.,3. Posterior leaflet abscess resection.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia,TIMES: ,Aortic cross-clamp time was ** minutes. Cardiopulmonary bypass time total was ** minutes.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered. Next, the patient's chest and legs were prepped and draped in standard surgical fashion. A #10-blade scalpel was used to make a midline median sternotomy incision. Dissection was carried down to the level of the sternum using Bovie electrocautery. The sternum was opened with a sternal saw, and full-dose heparinization was given. Next, the chest retractor was positioned. The pericardium was opened with Bovie electrocautery and pericardial stay sutures were positioned. We then prepared to place the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. A 2-0 Ethibond double pursestring was placed in the ascending aorta. Through this was passed our aortic cannula and connected to the arterial side of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Next, double cannulation with venous cannulas was instituted. A 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the right atrial appendage. Through this was passed our SEC cannula. This was connected to the venous portion of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine in a Y-shaped circuit. Next, a 3-0 Prolene pursestring was placed in the lower border of the right atrium. Through this was passed our inferior vena cava cannula. This was likewise connected to the Y connection of our venous cannula portion. We then used a 4-0 U-stitch in the right atrium for our retrograde cardioplegia catheter, which was inserted. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted. Metzenbaum scissors were used to dissect out the SVC and IVC, which were subsequently encircled with umbilical tape. Sondergaard's groove was taken down. Next, an antegrade cardioplegia needle and associated sump were placed in the ascending aorta. This was connected appropriately as was the retrograde cardioplegia catheter. Next, the aorta was cross-clamped, and antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia was infused so as to arrest the heart in diastole. Next a #15-blade scalpel was used to open the left atrium. The left atrium was decompressed with pump sucker. Next, our self-retaining retractor was positioned so as to bring the mitral valve up into view. Of note was the fact that the mitral valve P2 segment of the posterior leaflet had an abscess associated with it. The borders of the P2 segment abscess were defined by using a right angle to define the chordae which were encircled with a 4-0 silk. After doing so, the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet was excised with a #11-blade scalpel. Given the laxity of the posterior leaflet, it was decided to reconstruct it with a 2-0 Ethibond pledgeted suture. This was done so as to reconstruct the posterior annular portion. Prior to doing so, care was taken to remove any debris and abscess-type material. The pledgeted stitch was lowered into place and tied. Next, the more anterior portion of the P2 segment was reconstructed by running a 4-0 Prolene stitch so as to reconstruct it. This was done without difficulty. The apposition of the anterior and posterior leaflet was confirmed by infusing solution into the left ventricle. There was noted to be a small amount of central regurgitation. It was felt that this would be corrected with our annuloplasty portion of the procedure. Next, 2-0 non-pledgeted Ethibond sutures were placed in the posterior portion of the annulus from trigone to trigone in interrupted fashion. Care was taken to go from trigone to trigone. Prior to placing these sutures, the annulus was sized and noted to be a *** size for the Cosgrove-Galloway suture band ring from Medtronic. After, as mentioned, we placed our interrupted sutures in the annulus, and they were passed through the CG suture band. The suture band was lowered into position and tied in place. We then tested our repair and noted that there was very mild regurgitation. We subsequently removed our self-retaining retractor. We closed our left atriotomy using 4-0 Prolene in a running fashion. This was done without difficulty. We de-aired the heart. We then gave another round of antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia in warm fashion. The aortic cross-clamp was removed, and the heart gradually resumed electromechanical activity. We then removed our retrograde cardioplegia catheter from the coronary sinus and buttressed this site with a 5-0 Prolene. We placed 2 ventricular and 2 atrial pacing leads which were brought out through the skin. The patient was gradually weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass and our venous cannulas were removed. We then gave full-dose protamine; and after noting that there was no evidence of a protamine reaction, we removed our aortic cannula. This site was buttressed with a 4-0 Prolene on an SH needle. The patient tolerated the procedure well. We placed a mediastinal #32-French chest tube as well as a right chest Blake drain. The mediastinum was inspected for any signs of bleeding. There were none. We closed the sternum with #7 sternal wires in interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. The fascia was closed with a #1 Vicryl followed by a 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 3-0 Vicryl in a running subcuticular fashion. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the intensive care unit in good condition.surgery, mitral valve repair, mitral valve, abscess resection, leaflet abscess, cosgrove galloway medtronic, bovie electrocautery, cannulation, bypass, annuloplasty, cardioplegia, mitral

Mohs Micrographic Surgery - 2

PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Basal Cell CA.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS:, Basal Cell CA.,LOCATION: ,Medial right inferior helix.,PREOP SIZE:, 1.4 x 1 cm,POSTOP SIZE: , 2.7 x 2 cm,INDICATION: , Poorly defined borders.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HEMOSTASIS: , Electrodessication.,PLANNED RECONSTRUCTION: , Wedge resection advancement flap.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , Prior to each surgical stage, the surgical site was tested for anesthesia and reanesthetized as needed, after which it was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.,The clinically-apparent tumor was carefully defined and debulked prior to the first stage, determining the extent of the surgical excision. With each stage, a thin layer of tumor-laden tissue was excised with a narrow margin of normal appearing skin, using the Mohs fresh tissue technique. A map was prepared to correspond to the area of skin from which it was excised. The tissue was prepared for the cryostat and sectioned. Each section was coded, cut and stained for microscopic examination. The entire base and margins of the excised piece of tissue were examined by the surgeon. Areas noted to be positive on the previous stage (if applicable) were removed with the Mohs technique and processed for analysis.,No tumor was identified after the final stage of microscopically controlled surgery. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complication. After discussion with the patient regarding the various options, the best closure option for each defect was selected for optimal functional and cosmetic results.surgery, medial right inferior helix, wedge resection advancement flap, tumor-laden tissue, mohs fresh tissue technique, mohs technique, mohs micrographic surgery, basal cell ca, micrographic surgery, basal cell, micrographic, helix, basal, cell, ca, mohs, tissue, stage,

Mumford Procedure & Acromioplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Partial rotator cuff tear with impingement syndrome.,2. Degenerative osteoarthritis of acromioclavicular joint, left shoulder, rule out slap lesion.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Partial rotator cuff tear with impingement syndrome.,2. Degenerative osteoarthritis of acromioclavicular joint, left shoulder.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Arthroscopy with arthroscopic rotator cuff debridement.,2. Anterior acromioplasty.,3. Mumford procedure left shoulder.,SPECIFICATIONS: , The entire operative procedure was done in Inpatient Operative Suite, Room #1 at ABCD General Hospital. This was done in a modified beach chair position with interscalene and subsequent general anesthetic.,HISTORY AND GROSS FINDINGS: , This is a 38-year-old morbidly obese white male suffering increasing pain in his left shoulder for a number of months prior to surgical intervention. He was refractory to conservative outpatient therapy. He had injection of his AC joint, which removed symptoms but was not long lasting. After discussing the alternatives of the care as well as advantages and disadvantages, risks, complications, and expectations, he elected to undergo the above-stated procedure on this date.,Intraarticular viewing of the joint revealed a partial rotator cuff tear on the supraspinatus insertion on the joint side. All else was noted to be intact including the glenohumeral joint, the long head of the biceps, and the labrum. The remainder of the rotator cuff observed was noted to be intact. Subacromially, the patient was noted to have increased synovitis. Degenerative changes were noted upon observation of the distal clavicle.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , The patient was laid supine upon the operative table. After receiving interscalene block anesthetic by Anesthesia Department, the patient was placed in modified beach chair position. He was prepped and draped in the usual sterile manner. Portals were created posteriorly and anteriorly from outside to in. A full and complete diagnostic intraarticular arthroscopy was carried out. Debridement was carried out through a 3.5 meniscal shaver to the 4.2 meniscal shaver to the undersurface of the partial tear of the rotator cuff. Retrospectively it was approximately 25% of the generalized thickness.,Attention was then turned to the subacromial region. The scope was directed subacromially. A portal was created laterally. Ultimately, the patient needed a general anesthetic once we were closer to the distal clavicle. Gross bursectomy was carried out with a 4.2 meniscal shaver. #18-gauge spinal needles have been placed to outline the anterior acromion prior to this.,It was difficult to control the patient's blood pressure with systolics ranging anywhere from 165 or 170 up to 200. Because of this and difficulties with his anesthetic, it was elected to change to an open procedure. Thus, the patient was anesthetized safely and secured. An oblique incision was carried at the cross Langer's line across the outlet of the shoulder through the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hemostasis was controlled via electrocoagulation. Flaps were created. Anterior deltoid was reflected inferiorly. Anterior acromioplasty was carried out with a saw then a Micro-Aire and then a beaver-tail rasp. An excellent decompression was present. CA ligament had been previously resected. We then took the incision over the distal clavicle. The end of the distal clavicle approximately 12 mm to 14 mm was isolated and removed with the Micro-Aire saw. The beaver-tail rasp was utilized to smooth off the edges. Pain buster catheter was placed deep to closure of the AC capsule and then to the deltoid with interrupted #1 Vicryl. Transosseous sutures were placed across the acromion and the deltoid was elevated and closed with the same. A superficial running #2-0 Vicryl suture was utilized for deltoid closure distally. Interrupted #2-0 Vicryl was utilized to subcutaneous fat closure, running #4-0 subcuticular stitch for skin closure and Adaptic, 4x4s, ABDs, and Elastoplast tape placed for compression dressing. 0.25% Marcaine was flooded into the joint prior to the skin closure. Pain buster catheter was hooked up. The patient's arm was placed in arm sling. He was safely transferred to the PACU in apparent satisfactory condition. Expected surgical prognosis on this patient is fair.surgery, slap lesion, acromioclavicular joint, impingement syndrome, mumford procedure, acromioplasty, arthroscopy, arthroscopic, arthroscopic rotator cuff debridement, anterior acromioplasty, rotator cuff tear, arthroscopic rotator, meniscal shaver, cuff tear, rotator cuff, debridement, osteoarthritis, acromioclavicular, clavicle, deltoid, rotator, cuff, shoulder, joint

Midface Lift & Blepharoplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Request for cosmetic surgery.,2. Facial asymmetry following motor vehicle accident.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Request for cosmetic surgery.,2. Facial asymmetry following motor vehicle accident.,PROCEDURES:,1. Endoscopic subperiosteal midface lift using the endotine midface suspension device.,2. Transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty with removal of a portion of the medial and middle fat pad.,ANESTHESIA: , General via endotracheal tube.,INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION: , The patient is a 28-year-old country and western performer who was involved in a motor vehicle accident over a year ago. Since that time, she is felt to have facial asymmetry, which is apparent in publicity photographs for her record promotions. She had requested a procedure to bring about further facial asymmetry. She was seen preoperatively by psychiatrist specializing in body dysmorphic disorder as well as analysis of the patient's requesting cosmetic surgery and was felt to be a psychiatrically good candidate. She did have facial asymmetry with the bit of more fullness in higher cheekbone on the right as compared to the left. Preoperative workup including CT scan failed to show any skeletal trauma. The patient was counseled with regard to the risks, benefits, alternatives, and complications of the postsurgical procedure including but not limited to bleeding, infection, unacceptable cosmetic appearance, numbness of the face, change in sensation of the face, facial nerve paralysis, need for further surgery, need for revision, hair loss, etc., and informed consent was obtained.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position after having been marked in the upright position while awake. General endotracheal anesthesia was induced with a #6 endotracheal tube. All appropriate measures were taken to preserve the vocal cords in a professional singer. Local anesthesia consisting of 5/6th 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 units of epinephrine in 1/6th 0.25% Marcaine was mixed and then injected in a regional field block fashion in the subperiosteal plane via the gingivobuccal sulcus injection on either side as well as into the temporal fossa at the level of the true temporal fascia. The upper eyelids were injected with 1 cc of 1% Xylocaine with 1:100,000 units of epinephrine. Adequate time for vasoconstriction and anesthesia was allowed to be obtained. The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A 4-0 silk suture was placed in the right lower lid. For traction, it was brought anteriorly. The conjunctiva was incised with the needle tip Bovie with Jaeger lid plate protecting the cornea and globe. A Q-Tip was then used to separate the orbicularis oculi muscle from the fat pad beneath and carried down to the bone. The middle and medial fat pads were identified and a small amount of fat was removed from each to take care of the pseudofat herniation, which was present. The inferior oblique muscle was identified, preserved, and protected throughout the procedure. The transconjunctival incision was then closed with buried knots of 6-0 fast absorbing gut. Contralateral side was treated in similar fashion with like results and throughout the procedure. Lacri-Lube was in the eyes in order to maintain hydration. Attention was next turned to the midface, where a temporal incision was made parallel to the nasojugal folds. Dissection was carried out with the hemostat down to the true temporal fascia and the endoscopic temporal dissection dissector was used to elevate the true temporal fascia. A 30-degree endoscope was used to visualize the fat pads, so that we knew we are in the proper plane. Subperiosteal dissection was carried out over the zygomatic arch and Whitnall's tubercle and the temporal dissection was completed.,Next, bilateral gingivobuccal sulcus incisions were made and a Joseph elevator was used to elevate the periosteum of the midface and anterior face of the maxilla from the tendon of the masseter muscle up to Whitnall's tubercle. The two dissection planes within joint in the subperiosteal fashion and dissection proceeded laterally out to the zygomatic neurovascular bundle. It was bipolar electrocauteried and the tunnel was further dissected free and opened. The endotine 4.5 soft tissue suspension device was then inserted through the temporal incision, brought down into the subperiosteal midface plane of dissection. The guard was removed and the suspension spikes were engaged into the soft tissues. The spikes were elevated superiorly such that a symmetrical midface elevation was carried out bilaterally. The endotine device was then secured to the true temporal fascia with three sutures of 3-0 PDS suture. Contralateral side was treated in similar fashion with like results in order to achieve facial symmetry and symmetry was obtained. The gingivobuccal sulcus incisions were closed with interrupted 4-0 chromic and the scalp incision was closed with staples. The sterile dressing was applied. The patient was awakened in the operating room and taken to the recovery room in good condition.surgery, cosmetic surgery, jaeger lid plate, lacri-lube, q-tip, blepharoplasty, conjunctiva, facial asymmetry, fat pad, lower lid, midface lift, regional field block, temporal fascia, temporal fossa, vasoconstriction, true temporal fascia, gingivobuccal sulcus, gingivobuccal,

Middle Ear Exploration

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right profound mixed sensorineural conductive hearing loss.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right profound mixed sensorineural conductive hearing loss.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Right middle ear exploration with a Goldenberg TORP reconstruction.,ANESTHESIA:, General ,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Less than 5 cc.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,DESCRIPTION OF FINDINGS:, The patient consented to revision surgery because of the profound hearing loss in her right ear. It was unclear from her previous operative records and CT scan as to whether or not she was a reconstruction candidate. She had reports of stapes fixation as well as otosclerosis on her CT scan.,At surgery, she was found to have a mobile malleus handle, but her stapes was fixed by otosclerosis. There was no incus. There was no specific round window niche. There was a very minute crevice; however, exploration of this area did not reveal a niche to a round window membrane. The patient had a type of TORP prosthesis, which had tilted off the footplate anteriorly underneath the malleus handle.,DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE:, The patient was brought to the operative room and placed in supine position. The right face, ear, and neck prepped with ***** alcohol solution. The right ear was draped in the sterile field. External auditory canal was injected with 1% Xylocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine. A Fisch indwelling incision was made and a tympanomeatal flap was developed in a 12 o'clock to the 7 o'clock position. Meatal skin was elevated, middle ear was entered. This exposure included the oval window, round window areas. There was a good cartilage graft in place and incorporated into the posterior superior ***** of the drum. The previous prosthesis was found out of position as it had tilted out of position anteriorly, and there was no contact with the footplate. The prosthesis was removed without difficulty. The patient's stapes had an arch, but the ***** was atrophied. Malleus handle was mobile. The footplate was fixed. Consideration have been given to performing a stapedectomy with a tissue seal and then returning later for prosthesis insertion; however, upon inspection of the round window area, there was found to be no definable round window niche, no round window membrane. The patient was felt to have obliterated otosclerosis of this area along with the stapes fixation. She is not considered to be a reconstruction candidate under the current circumstances. No attempt was made to remove bone from the round window area. A different style of Goldenberg TORP was placed on the footplate underneath the cartilage support in hopes of transferring some sound conduction from the tympanic membrane to the footplate. The fit was secure and supported with Gelfoam in the middle ear. The tympanomeatal flap was returned to anatomic position supported with Gelfoam saturated Ciprodex. The incision was closed with #4-0 Vicryl and individual #5-0 nylon to the skin, and a sterile dressing was applied.surgery, conductive hearing loss, goldenberg, meatal skin, torp, torp reconstruction, ear, ear exploration, handle, malleus, otosclerosis, sensorineural, stapedectomy, tympanomeatal, middle ear exploration, hearing loss, malleus handle, middle ear, middle

Mini Laparotomy & Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.,TITLE OF OPERATION:, Mini-laparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection with Cavermap.,ANESTHESIA: , General by intubation.,Informed consent was obtained for the procedure. The patient understands the treatment options and wishes to proceed. He accepts the risks to include bleeding requiring transfusion, infection, sepsis, incontinence, impotence, bladder neck constricture, heart attack, stroke, pulmonary emboli, phlebitis, injury to the bladder, rectum, or ureter, etcetera.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was taken to the Operating Room and placed in the supine position, prepped with Betadine solution and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A 20- French Foley catheter was inserted into the penis and into the bladder and placed to dependent drainage. The table was then placed in minimal flexed position. A midline skin incision was then made from the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis. It was carried down to the anterior rectus fascia into the pelvis proper. Both obturator fossae were exposed. Standard bilateral pelvic lymph node dissections were carried out. The left side was approached first by myself. The limits of my dissection were from the external iliac vein laterally to the obturator nerve medially, and from the bifurcation of the common iliac vein proximally to Cooper's ligament distally. Meticulous lymphostasis and hemostasis was obtained using hemoclips and 2-0 silk ligatures. The obturator nerve was visualized throughout and was not injured. The right side was carried out by my assistant under my direct and constant supervision. Again, the obturator nerve was visualized throughout and it was not injured. Both packets were sent to Pathology where no evidence of carcinoma was found.,My attention was then directed to the prostate itself. The endopelvic fascia was opened bilaterally. Using gentle dissection with a Kitner, I swept the levator muscles off the prostate and exposed the apical portion of the prostate. A back bleeding control suture of 0 Vicryl was placed at the mid-prostate level. A sternal wire was then placed behind the dorsal vein complex which was sharply transected. The proximal and distal portions of this complex were then oversewn with 2-0 Vicryl in a running fashion. When I was satisfied that hemostasis was complete, my attention was then turned to the neurovascular bundles.,The urethra was then sharply transected and six sutures of 2-0 Monocryl placed at the 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 o'clock positions. The prostate was then lifted retrograde in the field and was swept from the anterior surface of the rectum and the posterior layer of Denonvilliers' fascia was incised distally, swept off the rectum and incorporated with the prostate specimen. The lateral pedicles over the seminal vesicles were then mobilized, hemoclipped and transected. The seminal vesicles themselves were then mobilized and hemostasis obtained using hemoclips. Ampullae of the vas were mobilized, hemoclipped and transected. The bladder neck was then developed using careful blunt and sharp dissection. The prostate was then transected at the level of the bladder neck and sent for permanent specimen. The bladder neck was reevaluated and the ureteral orifices were found to be placed well back from the edge. The bladder neck was reconstructed in standard fashion. It was closed using a running 2-0 Vicryl. The mucosa was everted over the edge of the bladder neck using interrupted 3-0 Vicryl suture. At the end of this portion of the case, the new bladder neck had a stoma-like appearance and would accommodate easily my small finger. The field was then re-evaluated for hemostasis which was further obtained using hemoclips, Bovie apparatus and 3-0 chromic ligatures. When I was satisfied that hemostasis was complete, the aforementioned Monocryl sutures were then placed at the corresponding positions in the bladder neck. A new 20-French Foley catheter was brought in through the urethra into the bladder. A safety suture of 0 Prolene was brought through the end of this and out through a separate stab wound in the bladder and through the left lateral quadrant. The table was taken out of flexion and the bladder was then brought into approximation to the urethra and the Monocryl sutures were ligated. The bladder was then copiously irrigated with sterile water and the anastomosis was found to be watertight. The pelvis was also copiously irrigated with 2 liters of sterile water. A 10-French Jackson-Pratt drain was placed in the pelvis and brought out through the right lower quadrant and sutured in place with a 2-0 silk ligature.,The wound was then closed in layers. The muscle was closed with a running 0 chromic, the fascia with a running 1-0 Vicryl, the subcutaneous tissue with 3-0 plain, and the skin with a running 4-0 Vicryl subcuticular. Steri-Strips were applied and a sterile dressing.,The patient was taken to the Recovery Room in good condition. There were no complications. Sponge and instrument counts were reported correct at the end of the case.surgery, mini-laparotomy, radical retropubic prostatectomy, pelvic lymph, pelvic lymph node dissection, cavermap, mini laparotomy, prostatectomy, bladder, intubation, adenocarcinoma, endopelvic, hemostasis, neck

Mesothelioma - Port-A-Cath Insertion

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Mesothelioma.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Mesothelioma.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , Placement of Port-A-Cath, left subclavian vein with fluoroscopy.,ASSISTANT:, None.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 74-year-old gentleman who underwent right thoracoscopy and was found to have biopsy-proven mesothelioma. He was brought to the operating room now for Port-A-Cath placement for chemotherapy. After informed consent was obtained with the patient, the patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position. After induction of general endotracheal anesthesia, routine prep and drape of the left chest, left subclavian vein was cannulated with #18 gauze needle, and guidewire was inserted. Needle was removed. Small incision was made large enough to harbor the port. Dilator and introducers were then placed over the guidewire. Guidewire and dilator were removed, and a Port-A-Cath was introduced in the subclavian vein through the introducers. Introducers were peeled away without difficulty. He measured with fluoroscopy and cut to the appropriate length. The tip of the catheter was noted to be at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. It was then connected to the hub of the port. Port was then aspirated for patency and flushed with heparinized saline and summoned to the chest wall. Wounds were then closed. Needle count, sponge count, and instrument counts were all correct.surgery, biopsy-proven mesothelioma, placement of port-a-cath, port a cath, subclavian vein, fluoroscopy, mesothelioma,

MediPort Placement

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Rhabdomyosarcoma of the left orbit.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Rhabdomyosarcoma of the left orbit.,PROCEDURE: , Left subclavian vein MediPort placement (7.5-French single-lumen).,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , This patient is a 16-year-old girl, with newly diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma of the left orbit. The patient is being taken to the operating room for MediPort placement. She needs chemotherapy.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room, placed supine, put under general endotracheal anesthesia. The patient's neck, chest, and shoulders were prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. An incision was made on the left shoulder area. The left subclavian vein was cannulated. The wire was passed, which was in good position under fluoro, using Seldinger Technique. Near wire incision site made a pocket above the fascia and sutured in a size 7.5-French single-lumen MediPort into the pocket in 4 places using 3-0 Nurolon. I then sized the catheter under fluoro and placed introducer and dilator over the wire, removed the wire and dilator, placed the catheter through the introducer and removed the introducer. The line tip was in good position under fluoro. It withdrew and flushed well. I then closed the incision using 4-0 Vicryl, 5-0 Monocryl for the skin, and dressed with Steri-Strips. Accessed the ports with a 1-inch 20-gauge Huber needle, and it withdrew and flushed well with final heparin flush. We secured this with Tegaderm. The patient is then to undergo bilateral bone marrow biopsy and lumbar puncture by Oncology.surgery, rhabdomyosarcoma of the left orbit, single lumen, subclavian vein, mediport placement, chemotherapy, rhabdomyosarcoma, mediport,

Mesothelioma - Thoracotomy & Lobectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right mesothelioma.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right lung mass invading diaphragm and liver.,FINDINGS: , Right lower lobe lung mass invading diaphragm and liver.,PROCEDURES:,1. Right thoracotomy.,2. Right lower lobectomy with en bloc resection of diaphragm and portion of liver.,SPECIMENS: , Right lower lobectomy with en bloc resection of diaphragm and portion of liver.,BLOOD LOSS: , 600 mL.,FLUIDS: , Crystalloid 2.7 L and 1 unit packed red blood cells.,ANESTHESIA: , Double-lumen endotracheal tube.,CONDITION:, Stable, extubated, to PACU.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:, Briefly, this is a gentleman who was diagnosed with a B-cell lymphoma and then subsequently on workup noted to have a right-sided mass seeming to arise from the right diaphragm. He was presented at Tumor Board where it was thought upon review that day that he had a right nodular malignant mesothelioma. Thus, he was offered a right thoracotomy and excision of mass with possible reconstruction of the diaphragm. He was explained the risks, benefits, and alternatives to this procedure. He wished to proceed, so he was brought to the operating room.,An epidural catheter was placed. He was put in a supine position where SCDs and Foley catheter were placed. He was put under general endotracheal anesthesia with a double-lumen endotracheal tube. He was given preoperative antibiotics, then he was placed in the left decubitus position, and the area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion.,A low thoracotomy in the 7th interspace was made using the skin knife and then Bovie cautery onto the middle of the rib and then with the Alexander instrument, the chest was entered. Upon entering the chest, the chest wall retractor was inserted and the cavity inspected. It appeared that the mass actually arose more from the right lower lobe and was involving the diaphragm. He also had some marked lymphadenopathy. With these findings, which were thought at that time to be more consistent with a bronchogenic carcinoma, we proceeded with the intent to perform a right lower lobectomy and en bloc diaphragmatic resection. Thus, we mobilized the inferior pulmonary ligament and made our way around the hilum anteriorly and posteriorly. We also worked to open the fissure and tried to identify the arteries going to the superior portion of the right lower lobe and basilar arteries as well as the artery going to the right middle lobe. The posterior portion of the fissure ultimately divided with the single firing of a GIA stapler with a blue load and with the final portion being divided between 2-0 ties. Once we had clearly delineated the arterial anatomy, we were able to pass a right angle around the artery going to the superior segment. This was ligated in continuity with an additional stick tie in the proximal portion of 3-0 silk. This was divided thus revealing a branched artery going to the basilar portion of the right lower lobe. This was also ligated in continuity and actually doubly ligated. Care was taken to preserve the artery to the right and middle lobe.,We then turned our attention once again to the hilum to dissect out the inferior pulmonary vein. The superior pulmonary vein was visualized as well. The right angle was passed around the inferior pulmonary vein, and this was ligated in continuity with 2-0 silk and a 3-0 stick tie. Upon division of this portion, the specimen site had some bleeding, which was eventually controlled using several 3-0 silk sutures. The bronchial anatomy was defined. Next, we identified the bronchus going to the right lower lobe as well as the right middle lobe. A TA-30 4.8 stapler was then closed. The lung insufflated. The right middle lobe and right upper lobe were noted to inflate well. The stapler was fired, and the bronchus was cut with a 10-blade.,We then turned our attention to the diaphragm. There was a small portion of the diaphragm of approximately 4 to 5 cm has involved with tumor, and we bovied around this with at least 1 cm margin. Upon going through the diaphragm, it became clear that the tumor was also involving the dome of the liver, so after going around the diaphragm in its entirety, we proceeded to wedge out the portion of liver that was involved. It seemed that it would be a mucoid shallow portion. The Bovie was set to high cautery. The capsule was entered, and then using Bovie cautery, we wedged out the remaining portion of the tumor with a margin of normal liver. It did leave quite a shallow defect in the liver. Hemostasis was achieved with Bovie cautery and gentle pressure. The specimen was then taken off the table and sent to Pathology for permanent. The area was inspected for hemostasis. A 10-flat JP was placed in the abdomen at the portion of the wedge resection, and 0 Prolene was used to close the diaphragmatic defect, which was under very little tension. A single 32 straight chest tube was also placed. The lung was seen to expand. We also noted that the incomplete fissure between the middle and upper lobes would prevent torsion of the right middle lobe. Hemostasis was observed at the end of the case. The chest tube was irrigated with sterile water, and there was no air leak observed from the bronchial stump. The chest was then closed with Vicryl at the level of the intercostal muscles, staying above the ribs. The 2-0 Vicryl was used for the latissimus dorsi layer and the subcutaneous layer, and 4-0 Monocryl was used to close the skin. The patient was then brought to supine position, extubated, and brought to the recovery room in stable condition.,Dr. X was present for the entirety of the procedure, which was a right thoracotomy, right lower lobectomy with en bloc resection of diaphragm and a portion of liver.surgery, double lumen endotracheal, en bloc resection, malignant mesothelioma, lung mass, endotracheal tube, chest tube, bovie cautery, en bloc, diaphragm, lobectomy, mesothelioma, thoracotomy,

Microsuspension Direct Laryngoscopy & Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Fullness in right base of the tongue.,2. Chronic right ear otalgia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Pending pathology.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Microsuspension direct laryngoscopy with biopsy.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,INDICATION:, This is a 50-year-old female who presents to the office with a chief complaint of ear pain on the right side. Exact etiology of her ear pain had not been identified. A fiberoptic examination had been performed in the office. Upon examination, she was noted to have fullness in the right base of her tongue. She was counseled on the risks, benefits, and alternatives to surgery and consented to such.,PROCEDURE: , After informed consent was obtained, the patient was brought to the Operative Suite where she was placed in supine position. General endotracheal tube intubation was delivered by the Department of Anesthesia. The patient was rotated 90 degrees away where a shoulder roll was placed. A tooth guard was then placed to protect the upper dentition. The Dedo laryngoscope was then inserted into the oral cavity. It was advanced on the right lateral pharyngeal wall until the epiglottis was brought into view. At this point, it was advanced underneath the epiglottis until the vocal cords were seen. At this point, it was suspended via the Lewy suspension arm from the Mayo stand. At this point, the Zeiss microscope with a 400 mm lens was brought into the surgical field. Inspection of the vocal cords underneath the microscope revealed them to be white and glistening without any mucosal abnormalities. It should be mentioned that the right vocal cord did appear to be slightly more hyperemic, however, there were no mucosal abnormalities identified. This was confirmed with a laryngeal probe as well as use of mirror evaluated in the subglottic portion as well as the ventricle. At this point, the scope was desuspended and the microscope was removed. The scope was withdrawn through the vallecular region. Inspection of the vallecula revealed a fullness on the right side with a papillomatous type growth that appeared very friable. Biopsies were obtained with straight-biting cup forceps. Once hemostasis was achieved, the scope was advanced into the piriform sinuses. Again in the right piriform sinus, there was noted to be studding along the right lateral wall of the piriform sinus. Again, biopsies were performed and once hemostasis was achieved, the scope was further withdrawn down the lateral pharyngeal wall. There were no mucosal abnormalities identified within the oropharynx. The scope was then completely removed and a bimanual examination was performed. No neck masses were identified. At this point, the procedure was complete. The mouth guard was removed and the patient was returned to Anesthesia for awakening and taken to the recovery room without incident.surgery, microsuspension, laryngoscopy, otalgia, ear pain, fiberoptic, dedo laryngoscope, epiglottis, direct laryngoscopy, piriform sinuses, tongue, microscope, mucosal, abnormalities, fullness, ear, scope

Metastatic Lymphadenopathy & Thyroid Tissue Removal

TITLE OF OPERATION: , Central neck reoperation with removal of residual metastatic lymphadenopathy and thyroid tissue in the central neck. Left reoperative neck dissection levels 1 and the infraclavicular fossa on the left side. Right levels 2 through 5 neck dissection and superior mediastinal dissection of lymph nodes and pretracheal dissection of lymph nodes in a previously operative field.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY: , The patient is a 37-year-old gentleman well known to me with a history of medullary thyroid cancer sporadic in nature having undergone surgery in 04/07 with final pathology revealing extrafocal, extrathyroidal extension, and extranodal extension in the soft tissues of his medullary thyroid cancer. The patient had been followed for a period of time and underwent rapid development of a left and right infraclavicular lymphadenopathy and central neck lymphadenopathy also with imaging studies to suggest superior mediastinal disease. Fine-needle aspiration of the left and right infraclavicular lymph nodes revealed persistent medullary thyroid cancer. Risks, benefits, and alternatives of the procedures discussed with in detail and the patient elected to proceed with surgery as discussed. The risks included, but not limited to anesthesia, bleeding, infection, injury to nerve, lip, tongue, shoulder, weakness, tongue numbness, droopy eyelid, tumor comes back, need for additional treatment, diaphragm weakness, pneumothorax, need for chest tube, others. The patient understood all these issues and did wish to proceed.,PROCEDURE DETAIL: ,After identifying the patient, the patient was placed supine on the operating room table. The patient was intubated with a number 7 nerve integrity monitor system endotracheal tube. The eyes were protected with Tegaderm. The patient was rotated to 180 degrees towards the operating surgeon. The Foley catheter was placed into the bladder with good return of urine. Attention then was turned to securing the nerve integrity monitor system endotracheal tube and this was confirmed to be working adequately. A previous apron incision was incorporated and advanced over onto the right side to the mastoid tip. The incision then was planned around the old scar to be excised. A 1% lidocaine with 1 to 100,000 epinephrine was injected. A shoulder roll was applied. The incision was made, the apron flap was raised to the level of the mandible and mastoid tip bilaterally all the way down to the clavicle and sternal notch inferiorly. Attention was then turned to performing the level 1 dissection on the left. Subsequently the marginal mandibular nerve was identified over the facial notch of the mandible. The facial artery and vein were individually ligated and marginal mandibular nerve traced superiorly and perifascial lymph nodes freed from the marginal mandibular nerve. Level 1A lymph nodes of the submental region were dissected off the mylohyoid and digastric. The submandibular gland was appreciated and retracted laterally. The mylohyoid muscle appreciated. The lingual nerve was appreciated and the submandibular ganglion was ligated. The hypoglossal nerve was appreciated and protected and digastric tunnel was then made posteriorly and the lymph nodes posterior along the marginal mandibular nerve and into the parotid gland were then dissected and incorporated into the specimen for histopathologic analysis. The marginal mandibular nerve stimulated at the completion of this portion of the procedure. Attention was then turned to incising the fascia along the clavicle on the left side. Dissection then ensued along the floor of the neck palpating a very large bulky lymph node before the neck was identified. The brachial plexus and phrenic nerve were identified. The internal jugular vein identified and the mass was freed from the floor of the neck with careful dissection and suture ligation of vessels. Attention was then turned to the central neck. The strap muscles were appreciated in the midline. There was a large firm mass measuring approximately 3 cm that appeared to be superior to the strap musculature. A careful dissection with incorporation of a portion of the sternal hyoid muscle in this area for a margin was then performed. Attention was then turned to identify the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein on the left side. This was traced inferiorly, internal jugular vein to the brachiocephalic vein. Palpation deep to this area into the mediastinum and up against the trachea revealed a 1.5 cm lymph node mass. Subsequently this was carefully dissected preserving the brachiocephalic vein and also the integrity of the trachea and the carotid artery and these lymph nodes were removed in full and sent for histopathologic analysis. Attention was then turned to the right neck dissection. A posterior flap on the right was raised to the anterior border of the trapezius. The accessory nerve was identified in the posterior triangle and traced superiorly and inferiorly. Attention was then turned to identifying the submandibular gland. A digastric tunnel was performed back to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The fascia overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the right side was incised and the omohyoid muscle was appreciated. The omohyoid muscle was retracted inferiorly. Penrose drain was placed around the inferior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Subsequently the internal jugular vein was identified. The external jugular vein ligated about 1 cm above the clavicle. Palpation in this area and the infraclavicular region on the right revealed a firm irregular lymph node complex. Dissection along the floor of the neck then was performed to allow for mobilization. The transverse cervical artery and vein were individually ligated to allow full mobilization of this mass. Tissue between the phrenic nerve and the internal jugular vein was clamped and suture ligated. The tissue was then brought posteriorly from the trapezius muscle to the internal jugular vein and traced superiorly. The cervical rootlets were transected after the contribution, so the phrenic nerve all the way superiorly to the skull base. The hypoglossal nerve was identified and protected as the lymph node packet was dissected over the internal jugular vein. The wound was copiously irrigated. Valsalva maneuver was given. No bleeding points identified. The wound was then prepared for closure. Two number 10 JPs were placed through the left supraclavicular fossa in the previous drain sites and secured with 3-0 nylon. The wound was closed with interrupted 3-0 Vicryl for platysma, subsequently a 4-0 running Biosyn for the skin, and Indermil. The patient tolerated the procedure well, was extubated on the operating room table, and sent to the postanesthesia care unit in good condition.surgery, lymphadenopathy, thyroid, infraclavicular, fossa, lymph nodes, dissection, pretracheal, internal jugular vein, infraclavicular lymphadenopathy, metastatic lymphadenopathy, mandibular nerve, vein, nodes, neck, nerve, muscle, jugularNOTE

Meniscoplasty & Chondroplasty

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Medial meniscal tear of the right knee.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Medial meniscal tear, right knee.,2. Lateral meniscal tear, right knee.,3. Osteochondral lesion, medial femoral condyle, right knee.,4. Degenerative joint disease, right knee.,5. Patella grade-II chondromalacia.,6. Lateral femoral condyle grade II-III chondromalacia.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Arthroscopy, right knee.,2. Medial meniscoplasty, right knee.,3. Lateral meniscoplasty, right knee.,4. Medial femoral chondroplasty, right knee.,5. Medical femoral microfracture, right knee.,6. Patellar chondroplasty.,7. Lateral femoral chondroplasty.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,BRIEF HISTORY AND INDICATION FOR PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 47-year-old female who has knee pain since 03/10/03 after falling on ice. The patient states she has had inability to bear significant weight and had swelling, popping, and giving away, failing conservative treatment and underwent an operative procedure.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was taken to the Operative Suite at ABCD General Hospital on 09/08/03, placed on the operative table in supine position. Department of Anesthesia administered general anesthetic. Once adequately anesthetized, the right lower extremity was placed in a Johnson knee holder. Care was ensured that all bony prominences were well padded and she was positioned and secured. After adequately positioned, the right lower extremity was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Attention was then directed to creation of the arthroscopic portals, both medial and lateral portal were made for arthroscope and instrumentation respectively. The arthroscope was advanced through the inferolateral portal taking in a suprapatellar pouch. All compartments were then examined in sequential order with photodocumentation of each compartment. The patella was noted to have grade-II changes of the inferior surface, otherwise appeared to track within the trochlear groove. There was mild grooving of the trochlear cartilage. The medial gutter was visualized. There was no evidence of loose body. The medial compartment was then entered. There was noted to be a large defect on the medial femoral condyle grade III-IV chondromalacia changes with exposed bone in evidence of osteochondral displaced fragment. There was also noted to be a degenerative meniscal tear of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. The arthroscopic probe was then introduced and the meniscus and chondral surfaces were probed throughout its entirety and photos were taken. At this point, a meniscal shaver was then introduced and the chondral surfaces were debrided as well as any loose bodies removed. This gave a smooth shoulder to the chondral lesion. After this, the meniscus was debrided until it had been smooth over the frayed edges. At this point, the shaver was removed. The meniscal binder was then introduced and the meniscus was further debrided until the tear was adequately contained at this point. The shaver was reintroduced and all particles were again removed and the meniscus was smoothed over the edge. The probe was then reintroduced and the shaver removed, the meniscus was probed ___________ and now found to be stable. At this point, attention was directed to the rest of the knee. The ACL was examined. It was intact and stable. The lateral compartment was then entered. There was noted to be a grade II-III changes of the lateral femoral condyle. Again, with the edge of some friability at the shoulder of this cartilage lesion. There was noted to be some mild degenerative fraying of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. The probe was introduced and the remaining meniscus appeared stable. This was then removed and the stapler was introduced. A chondroplasty and meniscoplasty were then performed until adequately debrided and smoothed over. The lateral gutter was then visualized. There was no evidence of loose bodies. Attention was then redirected back to the medial and femoral condyles.,At this point, a 0.62 K-wire was then placed in through the initial portal, medial portal, as well as an additional poke hole, so we can gain access and proper orientation to the medial femoral lesion. Microfacial technique was then used to introduce the K-wire into the subchondral bone in multiple areas until we had evidence of some bleeding to allow ___________ of this lesion. After this was performed, the shaver was then reintroduced and the loose bodies and loose fragments were further debrided. At this point, the shaver was then moved to the suprapatellar pouch and the patellar chondroplasty was then performed until adequately debrided. Again, all compartments were then re-visualized and there was no further evidence of other pathology or loose bodies. The knee was then copiously irrigated and suctioned dry. All instrumentation was removed. Approximately 20 cc of 0.25% plain Marcaine was injected into the portal site and the remaining portion intraarticular. Sterile dressings of Adaptic, 4x4s, ABDs, and Webril were then applied. The patient was then transferred back to the gurney in supine position.,DISPOSITION: The patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications. The patient was transferred to PACU in satisfactory condition.

Mesothelioma - Pleural Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right pleural effusion and suspected malignant mesothelioma.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right pleural effusion, suspected malignant mesothelioma.,PROCEDURE: , Right VATS pleurodesis and pleural biopsy.,ANESTHESIA:, General double-lumen endotracheal.,DESCRIPTION OF FINDINGS: , Right pleural effusion, firm nodules, diffuse scattered throughout the right pleura and diaphragmatic surface.,SPECIMEN: , Pleural biopsies for pathology and microbiology.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,FLUIDS: , Crystalloid 1.2 L and 1.9 L of pleural effusion drained.,INDICATIONS: , Briefly, this is a 66-year-old gentleman who has been transferred from an outside hospital after a pleural effusion had been drained and biopsies taken from the right chest that were thought to be consistent with mesothelioma. Upon transfer, he had a right pleural effusion demonstrated on x-ray as well as some shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion. The risks, benefits, and alternatives to right VATS pleurodesis and pleural biopsy were discussed with the patient and his family and they wished to proceed.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,After informed consent was obtained, the patient was brought to the operating room and placed in supine position. A double-lumen endotracheal tube was placed. SCDs were also placed and he was given preoperative Kefzol. The patient was then brought into the right side up, left decubitus position, and the area was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. A needle was inserted in the axillary line to determine position of the effusion. At this time, a 10-mm port was placed using the knife and Bovie cautery. The effusion was drained by placing a sucker into this port site. Upon feeling the surface of the pleura, there were multiple firm nodules. An additional anterior port was then placed in similar fashion. The effusion was then drained with a sucker. Multiple pleural biopsies were taken with the biopsy device in all areas of the pleura. Of note, feeling the diaphragmatic surface, it appeared that it was quite nodular, but these nodules felt as though they were on the other side of the diaphragm and not on the pleural surface of the diaphragm concerning for a possibly metastatic disease. This will be worked up with further imaging study later in his hospitalization. After the effusion had been drained, 2 cans of talc pleurodesis aerosol were used to cover the lung and pleural surface with talc. The lungs were then inflated and noted to inflate well. A 32 curved chest tube chest tube was placed and secured with nylon. The other port site was closed at the level of the fascia with 2-0 Vicryl and then 4-0 Monocryl for the skin. The patient was then brought in the supine position and extubated and brought to recovery room in stable condition.,Dr. X was present for the entire procedure which was right VATS pleurodesis and pleural biopsies.,The counts were correct x2 at the end of the case.surgery, double-lumen, endotracheal, pleural surface, chest tube, pleural biopsy, malignant mesothelioma, vats pleurodesis, pleural biopsies, pleural effusion, pleural, vats, pleurodesis, mesothelioma,

Metastasectomy & Bronchoscopy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Metastatic renal cell carcinoma.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Left metastasectomy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with additional mediastinal lymph node dissection and additional fiberoptic bronchoscopy used to confirm adequate placement of the double-lumen endotracheal tube with a tube thoracostomy, which was used to drain the left chest after the procedure.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal anesthesia with double-lumen endotracheal tube.,FINDINGS:, Multiple pleural surface seeding, many sub-millimeter suspicious looking lesions.,DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS:,To Pathology for permanent analysis as well as tissue banking. The lesions sent for pathologic analysis were the following,,1. Level 8 lymph node.,2. Level 9 lymph node.,3. Wedge, left upper lobe apex, which was also sent to the tissue bank and possible multiple lesions within this wedge.,4. Wedge, left upper lobe posterior.,5. Wedge, left upper lobe anterior.,6. Wedge, left lower lobe superior segment.,7. Wedge, left lower lobe diaphragmatic surface, anterolateral.,8. Wedge, left lower lobe, anterolateral.,9. Wedge, left lower lobe lateral adjacent to fissure.,10. Wedge, left upper lobe, apex anterior.,11. Lymph node package, additional level 8 lymph node.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, Less than 100 mL.,CONDITION OF THE PATIENT AFTER SURGERY: , Stable.,HISTORY OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was given preoperative informed consent for the procedure as well as for the clinical trial he was enrolled into. The patient agreed based on the risks and the benefits of the procedure, which were presented to him and was taken to the operating room. A correct time out procedure was performed. The patient was placed into the supine position. He was given general anesthesia, was endotracheally intubated without incident with a double-lumen endotracheal tube. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to perform confirmation of adequate placement of the double-lumen tube. Following this, the decision was made to proceed with the surgery. The patient was rolled into the right lateral decubitus position with the left side up. All pressure points were padded. The patient had a sterile DuraPrep preparation to the left chest. A sterile drape around that was applied. Also, the patient had Marcaine infused into the incision area. Following this, the patient had a posterolateral thoracotomy incision, which was a muscle-sparing incision with a posterior approach just over the ausculatory triangle. The incision was approximately 10 cm in size. This was created with a 10-blade scalpel. Bovie electrocautery was used to dissect the subcutaneous tissues. The auscultatory triangle was opened. The posterior aspect of the latissimus muscle was divided from the adjacent tissue and retracted anteriorly. The muscle was not divided. After the latissimus muscle was retracted anteriorly, the ribs were counted, and the sixth rib was identified. The superior surface of the sixth rib was incised with Bovie electrocautery and the sixth rib was divided with rib shears. Following this, the patient had the entire intercostal muscle separated from the superior aspect of the sixth rib on the left as far as the Bovie would reach. The left lung was allowed to collapse and meticulous inspection of the left lung identified the lesions, which were taken out with stapled wedge resections via a TA30 green load stapler for all of the wedges. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any complications. The largest lesion was the left upper lobe apex lesion, which was possibly multiple lesions, which was taken in one large wedge segment, and this was also adjacent to another area of the wedges. The patient had multiple pleural abnormalities, which were identified on the surface of the lung. These were small white spotty looking lesions and were not confirmed to be tumor implants, but were suspicious to be multiple areas of tumor. Based on this, the wedges of the tumors that were easily palpable were excised with complete excision of all palpable lesions. Following this, the patient had a 32-French chest tube placed in the anteroapical position. A 19-French Blake was placed in the posterior apical position. The patient had the intercostal space reapproximated with #2-0 Vicryl suture, and the lung was allowed to be re-expanded under direct visualization. Following this, the chest tubes were placed to Pleur-evac suction and the auscultatory triangle was closed with 2-0 Vicryl sutures. The deeper tissue was closed with 3-0 Vicryl suture, and the skin was closed with running 4-0 Monocryl suture in a subcuticular fashion. The patient tolerated the procedure well and had no complications.

Mediastinal Mass Resection

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Posterior mediastinal mass with possible neural foraminal involvement.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Posterior mediastinal mass with possible neural foraminal involvement (benign nerve sheath tumor by frozen section).,OPERATION PERFORMED:, Left thoracotomy with resection of posterior mediastinal mass.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: ,The patient is a 23-year-old woman who recently presented with a posterior mediastinal mass and on CT and MRI there were some evidence of potential widening of one of the neural foramina. For this reason, Dr. X and I agreed to operate on this patient together. Please note that two surgeons were required for this case due to the complexity of it. The indications and risks of the procedure were explained and the patient gave her informed consent.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating suite and placed in the supine position. General endotracheal anesthesia was given with a double lumen tube. The patient was positioned for a left thoracotomy. All pressure points were carefully padded. The patient was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. A muscle sparing incision was created several centimeters anterior to the tip of the scapula. The serratus and latissimus muscles were retracted. The intercostal space was opened. We then created a thoracoscopy port inferiorly through which we placed a camera for lighting and for visualization. Through our small anterior thoracotomy and with the video-assisted scope placed inferiorly we had good visualization of the posterior mediastinum mass. This was in the upper portion of the mediastinum just posterior to the subclavian artery and aorta. The lung was deflated and allowed to retract anteriorly. With a combination of blunt and sharp dissection and with attention paid to hemostasis, we were able to completely resect the posterior mediastinal mass. We began by opening the tumor and taking a very wide large biopsy. This was sent for frozen section, which revealed a benign nerve sheath tumor. Then, using the occluder device Dr. X was able to _____ the inferior portions of the mass. This left the external surface of the mass much more malleable and easier to retract. Using a bipolar cautery and endoscopic scissors we were then able to completely resect it. Once the tumor was resected, it was then sent for permanent sections. The entire hemithorax was copiously irrigated and hemostasis was complete. In order to prevent any lymph leak, we used 2 cc of Evicel and sprayed this directly on to the raw surface of the pleural space. A single chest tube was inserted through our thoracoscopy port and tunneled up one interspace. The wounds were then closed in multiple layers. A #2 Vicryl was used to approximate the ribs. The muscles of the chest wall were allowed to return to their normal anatomic position. A 19 Blake was placed in the subcutaneous tissues. Subcutaneous tissues and skin were closed with running absorbable sutures. The patient was then rolled in the supine position where she was awakened from general endotracheal anesthesia and taken to the recovery room in stable condition.surgery, posterior mediastinal mass, neural foraminal, nerve sheath tumor, frozen section, thoracotomy, mediastinal mass, foraminal, neural, sheath, mediastinal,

Mediastinal Exploration & Right Atrium Repair

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Cardiac tamponade.,2. Status post mitral valve repair.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Cardiac tamponade.,2. Status post mitral valve repair.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Mediastinal exploration with repair of right atrium.,ANESTHESIA: , General endotracheal.,INDICATIONS: , The patient had undergone mitral valve repair about seven days ago. He had epicardial pacing wires removed at the bedside. Shortly afterwards, he began to feel lightheaded and became pale and diaphoretic. He was immediately rushed to the operating room for cardiac tamponade following removal of epicardial pacing wires. He was transported immediately and emergently and remained awake and alert throughout the time period inspite of hypotension with the systolic pressure in the 60s-70s.,DETAILS OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken emergently to the operating room and placed supine on the operating room table. His chest was prepped and draped prior to induction under general anesthesia. Incision was made through the previous median sternotomy chest incision. Wires were removed in the usual manner and the sternum was retracted. There were large amounts of dark blood filling the mediastinal chest cavity. Large amounts of clot were also removed from the pericardial well and chest. Systematic exploration of the mediastinum and pericardial well revealed bleeding from the right atrial appendix at the site of the previous cannulation. This was repaired with two horizontal mattress pledgeted #5-0 Prolene sutures. An additional #0 silk tie was also placed around the base of the atrial appendage for further hemostasis. No other sites of bleeding were identified. The mediastinum was then irrigated with copious amounts of antibiotic saline solution. Two chest tubes were then placed including an angled chest tube into the pericardial well on the inferior border of the heart, as well as straight mediastinal chest tube. The sternum was then reapproximated with stainless steel wires in the usual manner and the subcutaneous tissue was closed in multiple layers with running Vicryl sutures. The skin was then closed with a running subcuticular stitch. The patient was then taken to the Intensive Care Unit in a critical but stable condition.surgery, mitral valve repair, exploration, median sternotomy chest incision, pericardial, mediastinal exploration, pacing wires, cardiac tamponade, chest tubes, mitral valve, valve repair, mediastinal, mitral, wires, atrium, repair,

Mediastinal Exploration

TITLE OF OPERATION:, Mediastinal exploration and delayed primary chest closure.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY:, The patient is a 12-day-old infant who has undergone a modified stage I Norwood procedure with a Sano modification. The patient experienced an unexplained cardiac arrest at the completion of the procedure, which required institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for more than two hours following discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient has been successfully resuscitated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and was decannulated 48 hours ago. She did not meet the criteria for delayed primary chest closure.,PREOP DIAGNOSIS: , Open chest status post modified stage I Norwood procedure.,POSTOP DIAGNOSIS: , Open chest status post modified stage I Norwood procedure.,ANESTHESIA:, General endotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,FINDINGS: , No evidence of intramediastinal purulence or hematoma. At completion of the procedure no major changes in hemodynamic performance.,DETAILS OF THE PROCEDURE: , After obtaining informed consent, the patient was brought to the room, placed on the operating room table in supine position. Following the administration of general endotracheal anesthesia, the chest was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion and all the chest drains were removed. The chest was then prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion and previously placed segmental AlloDerm was removed. The mediastinum was then thoroughly irrigated with diluted antibiotic irrigation and both pleural cavities suctioned. Through a separate incision and another 15-French Blake drain was inserted and small titanium clips were utilized to mark the rightward aspect of the RV-PA connection as well as inferior most aspect of the ventriculotomy. The pleural spaces were opened widely and the sternum was then spilled with vancomycin paste and closed the sternum with steel wires. The subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in layers. There was no evidence of significant increase in central venous pressure or desaturation. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge and needle counts were correct times 2 at the end of the procedure. The patient was transferred to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit shortly thereafter in critical but stable condition.,I was the surgical attending present in the operating room in charge of the surgical procedure throughout the entire length of the case.surgery, mediastinal exploration, delayed primary chest closure, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, stage i norwood procedure, sano modification, chest closure, infant, mediastinal, exploration, closure, endotracheal, chest

Medial Branch Rhizotomy

PROCEDURE: , Medial branch rhizotomy, lumbosacral.,INFORMED CONSENT:, The risks, benefits and alternatives of the procedure were discussed with the patient. The patient was given opportunity to ask questions regarding the procedure, its indications and the associated risks.,The risk of the procedure discussed include infection, bleeding, allergic reaction, dural puncture, headache, nerve injuries, spinal cord injury, and cardiovascular and CNS side effects with possible of vascular entry of medications. I also informed the patient of potential side effects or reactions to the medications potentially used during the procedure including sedatives, narcotics, nonionic contrast agents, anesthetics, and corticosteroids.,The patient was informed both verbally and in writing. The patient understood the informed consent and desired to have the procedure performed.,SEDATION: , The patient was given conscious sedation and monitored throughout the procedure. Oxygenation was given. The patient's oxygenation and vital signs were closely followed to ensure the safety of the administration of the drugs.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient remained awake throughout the procedure in order to interact and give feedback. The x-ray technician was supervised and instructed to operate the fluoroscopy machine. The patient was placed in the prone position on the treatment table with a pillow under the abdomen to reduce the natural lumbar lordosis. The skin over and surrounding the treatment area was cleaned with Betadine. The area was covered with sterile drapes, leaving a small window opening for needle placement. Fluoroscopy was used to identify the boney landmarks of the spine and the planned needle approach. The skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle within the planned approach were anesthetized with 1% Lidocaine. With fluoroscopy, a Teflon coated needle, ***, was gently guided into the region of the Medial Branch nerves from the Dorsal Ramus of ***. Specifically, each needle tip was inserted to the bone at the groove between the transverse process and superior articular process on lumbar vertebra, or for sacral vertebrae at the lateral-superior border of the posterior sacral foramen. Needle localization was confirmed with AP and lateral radiographs.,The following technique was used to confirm placement at the Medial Branch nerves. Sensory stimulation was applied to each level at 50 Hz; paresthesias were noted at,*** volts. Motor stimulation was applied at 2 Hz with 1 millisecond duration; corresponding paraspinal muscle twitching without extremity movement was noted at *** volts.,Following this, the needle Trocar was removed and a syringe containing 1% lidocaine was attached. At each level, after syringe aspiration with no blood return, 1cc 1% lidocaine was injected to anesthetize the Medial Branch nerve and surrounding tissue. After completion of each nerve block a lesion was created at that level with a temperature of 85 degrees Celsius for 90 seconds. All injected medications were preservative free. Sterile technique was used throughout the procedure.,COMPLICATIONS:, None. No complications.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and was sent to the recovery room in good condition.,DISCUSSION: , Post-procedure vital signs and oximetry were stable. The patient was discharged with instructions to ice the injection site as needed for 15-20 minutes as frequently as twice per hour for the next day and to avoid aggressive activities for 1 day. The patient was told to resume all medications. The patient was told to be in relative rest for 1 day but then could resume all normal activities.,The patient was instructed to seek immediate medical attention for shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, chills, increased pain, weakness, sensory or motor changes, or changes in bowel or bladder function.,Follow up appointment was made in approximately 1 week.surgery, lumbosacral, medial branch rhizotomy, medial branch nerves, rhizotomy, fluoroscopy,

Mass Excision - Foot

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Soft tissue mass, right foot.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Soft tissue mass, right foot.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Excision of soft tissue mass, right foot.,HISTORY: ,The patient is a 51-year-old female with complaints of soft tissue mass over the dorsum of the right foot. The patient has had previous injections to the site which have caused the mass to decrease in size, however, the mass continues to be present and is irritated and painful with shoes. The patient has requested surgical intervention at this time.,PROCEDURE: ,After an IV was instituted by the Department of Anesthesia, the patient was escorted from the preoperative holding area to the operating room. The patient was then placed on the operating room table in the supine position and a towel was placed around the patient's abdomen and secured her to the table. Using copious amounts of Webril, a pneumatic ankle tourniquet was applied to her right ankle. Using a Skin Skribe, the area of the soft tissue mass was outlined over the dorsum of her foot. After adequate amount of anesthesia was provided by the Department of Anesthesia, a local ankle block was given using 10 cc of 4.5 mL of 1% lidocaine plain, 4.5 mL of 0.5% Marcaine plain and 1.0 mL of Solu-Medrol and the foot was scrubbed and prepped in a normal sterile orthopedic manner. Following this, the ankle was elevated and Esmarch bandage applied to exsanguinate the foot and the ankle tourniquet was inflated to 250 mmHg. The foot was then brought back down to the table using bandage scissors. The stockinette was reflected and the right foot was exposed. Using a fresh #10 blade, a curvilinear incision was performed over the dorsum of the right foot. Then using a #15 blade, the incision was deepened with care taken to identify and avoid or cauterize any bleeders which were noted. Following this, the incision was deepened using a combination of sharp and blunt dissection and the muscle belly of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle was identified. Further dissection was then performed in the medial direction in the area of the soft tissue mass. The intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve was identified and gently retracted laterally. Large amounts of adipose tissue were noted medial to the belly of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Using careful dissection, adipose tissue in this area was removed and saved for pathology. Following removal of adipose tissue in this area and identification of no more adipose tissue, attention was directed lateral to the belly of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, which was also noted to have large amounts of adipose tissue in this area as well. Using careful dissection, from the lateral border of the foot as much adipose tissue as possible was removed from this area as well and saved for pathology. There was noted to be no other fluid-filled masses or lesions identifiable in this area then between the slits of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, careful dissection was performed to examine the underside of the belly of the muscle as well as structures beneath and no abnormal structures were identified here as well. Following this, feeling adequately that no other mass remained in the area, the incision was flushed using copious amounts of sterile saline. The wound was then reinspected and all remaining tissues appeared healthy including the subcutaneous tissue. The tendon and muscle belly of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, the nerves of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve and also the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve which were identified medially, all appeared intact. No deficits were noted. No abnormal appearing tissue was present within the surgical site. Following this, the skin edges were reapproximated using #4-0 Vicryl deep closure of the subcutaneous layer was performed. Then, using #4-0 nylon and simple interrupted suture, the skin was reapproximated and closed with care taken to ensure eversion of the skin edges and good approximation of the borders. The patient was also given 7 cc of 1% lidocaine plain throughout the procedure to augment local anesthesia. Following this, the wound was dressed using Xeroform gauze and 4x4s and was dressed using two ABD pads, dorsal and plantar for compression and using Kling, Kerlix and Coban. The patient then had the ankle tourniquet deflated with a total tourniquet time of 55 minutes at 250 mmHg and immediate hyperemia was noted to digits one through five of the right foot. The patient tolerated the procedure and anesthesia well and was noted to have vascular status intact. The patient was then escorted to the Postanesthesia Care Unit where she was placed in a surgical shoe. The patient was then given postoperative instructions to include ice and elevation to her right foot. The patient was cleared for ambulation as tolerated, but was instructed that with increased ambulation will come increased swelling and pain. The patient will follow up with Dr. X in his office on Tuesday, 08/26/03 for further follow up. The patient was given prescription for Vicoprofen #25 taken one tablet q.4h. p.r.n., moderate to severe pain and also prescription for Keflex #20 500 mg tablets to be taken b.i.d. x10 days. The patient was given a number for the Emergency Room and instructed to return if any sign or symptom of infection should present and the patient was educated as to the nature of these. The patient had no further questions and recovered without any complications in the Postanesthesia Care Unit.surgery, excision, digitorum brevis muscle, soft tissue mass, adipose tissue, soft tissue, mass, injections, foot, tissue, xeroform, dorsum, belly, extensor, digitorum, brevis, ankle, adipose, muscle,

Meatotomy Template

OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room and was placed in the supine position on the operating room table. A general inhalation anesthetic was administered. The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The urethral meatus was calibrated with a small mosquito hemostat and was gently dilated. Next a midline ventral type incision was made opening the meatus. This was done after clamping the tissue to control bleeding. The meatus was opened for about 3 mm. Next the meatus was calibrated and easily calibrated from 8 to 12 French with bougie sounds. Next the mucosal edges were everted and reapproximated to the glans skin edges with approximately five interrupted 6-0 Vicryl sutures. The meatus still calibrated between 10 and 12 French. Antibiotic ointment was applied. The procedure was terminated. The patient was awakened and returned to the recovery room in stable condition.surgery, urethral meatus, mosquito hemostat, meatus, mucosal edges, glans, meatotomyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.,

Mandible Fractures Closed Reduction

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: , The patient is a 22-year-old male who sustained a mandible fracture and was seen in the emergency department at Hospital. He was seen in my office today and scheduled for surgery today for closed reduction of the mandible fractures.,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Left angle and right body mandible fractures.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Left angle and right body mandible fractures.,PROCEDURE: , Closed reduction of mandible fractures with Erich arch bars and elastic fixation.,ANESTHESIA:, General nasotracheal.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,CONDITION:, Stable to PACU.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in a supine position and after demonstration of an adequate plane of general anesthesia via the nasotracheal route, the patient was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for placement of arch bars. Gauze throat pack was placed and upper and lower arch bars were placed on the maxillary and mandibular dentition with a 25-gauge circumdental wires. After the placement of the arch bars, the occlusion was checked and found to be satisfactory and stable. The throat pack was then removed. An NG tube was then passed and approximately 50 cc of stomach contents were suctioned out.,The elastic fixation was then placed on the arch bars holding the patient in maxillomandibular fixation and at this point, the procedure was terminated and the patient was then awakened, extubated, and taken to the PACU in stable condition.surgery, closed reduction of mandible fractures, erich arch bars, elastic fixation, throat pack, arch bars, arch, erich, mandible, fractures

Mammoplasty - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Bilateral macromastia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Bilateral macromastia.,OPERATION,Bilateral reduction mammoplasty.,ANESTHESIA,General.,FINDINGS,The patient had large ptotic breasts bilaterally and had had chronic difficulty with pain in the back and shoulder. Right breast was slightly larger than the left this was repaired with a basic wise pattern reduction mammoplasty with anterior pedicle.,PROCEDURE,With the patient under satisfactory general endotracheal anesthesia, the entire chest was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. A previously placed mark to identify the neo-nipple site was re-identified and carefully measured for asymmetry and appeared to be satisfactory. A keyhole wire ring was then used to outline the basic wise pattern with 6-cm lamps inferiorly. This was then carefully checked for symmetry and appeared to be satisfactory. All marks were then completed and lightly incised on both breasts. The right breast was approached first. The neo-nipple site was de-epithelialized superiorly and then the inferior pedicle was de-epithelialized using cutting cautery. After this had been completed, cutting cautery was used to carry down an incision along the inferior aspect of the periosteum starting immediately. This was taken down to the prepectoral fashion dissected for short distance superiorly, and then blunt dissection was used to mobilize under the superior portion of the breast tissues to the lateral edge of the pectoral muscle. There was very little bleeding with this procedure. After this had been completed, attention was directed to the lateral side, and the inferior incision was made and taken down to the serratus. Cautery dissection was then used to carry this up superiorly over the lateral edge of the pectoral muscle to communicate with the previous pocket. After this had been completed, cutting cautery was used to cut around the inferior pedicle completely freeing the superior breast from the inferior breast. Hemostasis was obtained with electrocautery. After this had been completed, cutting cautery was used to cut along the superior edge of the redundant tissue and this was tapered under the superior flaps. On the right side, there was a small palpable lobule, which had shown up on mammogram, but nothing except some fat density was identified. This site had been previously marked carefully, and there were no unusual findings and the superior tissue was then sent out separately for pathology. After this had been completed, final hemostasis obtained, and the wound was irrigated and a tagging suture placed to approximate the tissues. The breast cleared and the nipple appeared good.,Attention was then directed to the left breast, which was completed in the similar manner. After this had been completed, the patient was placed in a near upright position, and symmetry appeared good, but it was a bit poor on the lateral aspect of the right side, which was little larger and some suction lipectomy was carried out in this area. After completion of this, 1860 grams had been removed from the right and 1505 grams was removed from the left. Through separate stab wounds on the lateral aspect, 10-mm flat Blake drains were brought out and sutures were then placed **** and irrigated. The wounds were then closed with interrupted 4-0 Monocryl on the deep dermis and running intradermal 4-0 Monocryl on the skin, packing sutures and staples were removed as they were approached. The nipple was sutured with running intradermal 4-0 Monocryl. Vascularity appeared good throughout. After this had been completed, all wounds were cleaned and Steri-Stripped. The patient tolerated the procedure well. All counts were correct. Estimated blood loss was less than 150 mL, and she was sent to recovery room in good condition.surgery, macromastia, estimated blood loss, monocryl, steri-stripped, dermis, inferior breast, mammoplasty, neo-nipple, prepped and draped, ptotic breasts, recovery room in good condition, reduction mammoplasty, superior breast, upright position, bilateral macromastia, incision, superiorly, breasts

Meatoplasty Template

OPERATIVE NOTE: ,The patient was placed in the supine position under general anesthesia, and prepped and draped in the usual manner. The penis was inspected. The meatus was inspected and an incision was made in the dorsal portion of the meatus up towards the tip of the penis connecting this with the ventral urethral groove. This was incised longitudinally and closed transversely with 5-0 chromic catgut sutures. The meatus was calibrated and accepted the calibrating instrument without difficulty, and there was no stenosis. An incision was made transversely below the meatus in a circumferential way around the shaft of the penis, bringing up the skin of the penis from the corpora. The glans was undermined with sharp dissection and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. Using a skin hook, the meatus was elevated ventrally and the glans flaps were reapproximated using 5-0 chromic catgut, creating a new ventral portion of the glans using the flaps of skin. There was good viability of the skin. The incision around the base of the penis was performed, separating the foreskin that was going to be removed from the coronal skin. This was removed and hemostasis was obtained with a Bovie. 0.25% Marcaine was infiltrated at the base of the penis for post-op pain relief, and the coronal and penile skin was reanastomosed using 4-0 chromic catgut. At the conclusion of the procedure, Vaseline gauze was wrapped around the penis. There was good hemostasis and the patient was sent to the recovery room in stable condition.surgery, penis, meatus, urethral groove, corpora, glans, meatoplasty, bovie, chromic, catgut, hemostasisNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.,

McBride Bunionectomy & Wedge Osteotomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right hallux abductovalgus deformity.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right hallux abductovalgus deformity.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED:,1. Right McBride bunionectomy.,2. Right basilar wedge osteotomy with OrthoPro screw fixation.,ANESTHESIA: , Local with IV sedation.,HEMOSTASIS: , With pneumatic ankle cuff.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in a supine position. The right foot was prepared and draped in usual sterile manner. Anesthesia was achieved utilizing a 50:50 mixture of 2% lidocaine plain with 0.5 Marcaine plain infiltrated just proximal to the first metatarsocuneiform joint. Hemostasis was achieved utilizing a pneumatic ankle Tourniquet placed above the right ankle and inflated to a pressure of 225 mmHg. At this time, attention was directed to the dorsal aspect of the right first metatarsophalangeal joint where dorsal linear incision approximately 3 cm in length was made. The incision was deepened within the same plain taking care of the Bovie and retracted all superficial nerves and vessels as necessary. The incision was then carried down to the underlying capsular structure once again taking care of the Bovie and retracted all superficial nerves and vessels as necessary. The capsular incision following the same outline as the skin incision was made and carried down to the underlying bony structure. The capsule was then freed from the underling bony structure utilizing sharp and blunt dissection. Using a microsagittal saw, the medial and dorsal very prominent bony eminence were removed and the area was inspected for any remaining bony prominences following resection of bone and those noted were removed using a hand rasp. At this time, attention was directed to the first inner space using sharp and blunt dissection. Dissection was carried down to the underling level of the adductor hallucis tendon, which was isolated and freed from its phalangeal, sesamoidal, and metatarsal attachments. The tendon was noted to lap the length and integrity for transfer and at this time was tenotomized taking out resection of approximately 0.5 cm to help prevent any re-fibrous attachment. At this time, the lateral release was stressed and was found to be complete. The extensor hallucis brevis tendon was then isolated using blunt dissection and was tenotomized as well taking out approximately 0.5-cm resection. The entire area was copiously flushed 3 times using a sterile saline solution and was inspected for any bony prominences remaining and it was noted that the base of the proximal phalanx on the medial side due to the removal of the extensive buildup of the metatarsal head was going to be very prominent in nature and at this time was removed using a microsagittal saw. The area was again copiously flushed and inspected for any abnormalities and/or prominences and none were noted. At this time, attention was directed to the base of the first metatarsal where a second incision was made approximately 4 cm in length. The incision was deepened within the same plain taking care of Bovie and retracted all superficial nerves and vessels as necessary. The incision was then carried down to the level of the metatarsal and using sharp and blunt dissection periosteal capsule structures were freed from the base of the metatarsal and taking care to retract the long extensive tendon and any neurovascular structures to avoid any disruption. At this time, there was a measurement made of 1 cm just distal to the metatarsocuneiform joint on the medial side and 2 cm distal to the metatarsocuneiform joint from the lateral aspect of the joint. At this time, 0.5 cm was measured distal to that lateral measurement and using microsagittal saw, a wedge osteotomy was taken from the base with the apex of the osteotomy being medial, taking care to keep the medial cortex intact as a hinge. The osteotomy site was feathered down until the osteotomy site could be closed with little tension on it and at this time using an OrthoPro screw 3.0 x 22 mm. The screw was placed following proper technique. The osteotomy site was found to be fixated with absolutely no movement and good stability upon manual testing. A very tiny gap on the lateral aspect of the osteotomy site was found and this was filled in packing it with the cancellous bone that was left over from the wedge osteotomy. The packing of the cancellous bone was held in place with bone wax. The entire area was copiously flushed 3 times using a sterile saline solution and was inspected and tested again for any movement of the osteotomy site or any gapping and then removed. At this time, a deep closure was achieved utilizing #2-0 Vicryl suture, subcuticular closure was achieved using #4-0 Vicryl suture, and skin repair was achieved at both surgical sites with #5-0 nylon suture in a running interlocking fashion. The hallux was found to have excellent movement upon completion of the osteotomy and the second procedure of the McBride bunionectomy and the metatarsal was found to stay in excellent alignment with good stability at the proximal osteotomy site. At this time, the surgical site was postoperatively injected with 0.5 Marcaine plain as well as dexamethasone 4 mg primarily. The surgical sites were then dressed with sterile Xeroform, sterile 4x4s, cascading, and Kling with a final protective layer of fiberglass in a nonweightbearing cast fashion. The tourniquet was dropped and color and temperature of all digits returned to normal. The patient tolerated the anesthesia and the procedure well and left the operating room in stable condition.,The patient has been given written and verbal postoperative instructions and has been instructed to call if she has any questions, problems, or concerns at any time with the numbers provided. The patient has also been warned a number of times the importance of elevation and no weightbearing on the surgical foot.,surgery, hallux, abductovalgus, bunionectomy, mcbride, basilar, wedge, osteotomy, orthopro, screw, fixation, wedge osteotomy

Mammoplasty - 3

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Bilateral mammary hypertrophy with breast asymmetry, right breast larger than left.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Bilateral mammary hypertrophy with breast asymmetry, right breast larger than left.,OPERATION:, Bilateral reduction mammoplasty with superior and inferiorly based dermal parenchymal pedicle with transposition of the nipple-areolar complex with resection of 947 g in the larger right breast and 758 g in the smaller left breast.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,The patient was placed in the supine position under the effects of general endotracheal anesthesia. The breasts were prepped and draped with DuraPrep and iodine solution and then draped in appropriate sterile fashion. Markings were then made in the standing position preoperatively. The nipple areolar complex was drawn at the level of the anterior projection of the inframammary fold along the central margin of the breast. A McKissock ring was utilized as a pattern. It was centered over the new nipple position and the medial and lateral flaps were drawn tangential to the pigmented areola at a 40-degree angle. Medial and lateral flaps were drawn 8 cm in length. At the most medial and lateral extremity inframammary folds, a line was drawn to the lower level at the medial and lateral flaps. On the left side, the epithelialization was performed about the 45-mm nipple-areolar complex within the confines of the superior-medially based dermal parenchymal pedicle. Resection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and glandular tissue was performed along the inframammary fold, and then cut was made medially and laterally. The resection medially was perpendicular to the chest wall down to the areolar tissue overlying the pectoralis major muscle, and laterally, the resection was performed tangential to the chest wall, skin, subcutaneous tissue, and glandular tissue towards the axillary tail. The pedicle was thinned as well, so it was 2-cm thick beneath the nipple-areolar complex and they were medially 4-cm thick at its base. On the right side, 947 g of breast tissue was removed. Hemostasis was achieved with electrocautery. Identical procedure was performed on the opposite left side, again with a superiorly and inferiorly based dermal parenchymal pedicle with deepithelialization about the 45-mm diameter nipple-areolar complex. Resection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and glandular tissue was performed medially down to the chest overlying the pectoralis major muscle and laterally tangential to the chest wall towards the axillary tail setting the pedicle as well beneath the nipple areolar complex. Hemostasis was achieved with electrocautery. With pedicle on the left, the breast issue on the left side was weighed at 758 g. Hemostasis was achieved with cautery. The patient was placed in the sitting position with wound partially closed and there appeared to be excellent symmetry between the right and left sides. The nipple-areolar complex was transposed within the position and the medial and lateral flaps were brought together beneath the transposed nipple-areolar complex. Closure was performed with interrupted 3-0 PDS suture for deep subcutaneous tissue and dermis. Skin was closed with running subcuticular 4-0 Monocryl suture. A Jackson-Pratt drain had been placed prior to final closure and secured with a 4-0 silk suture. The wound had been irrigated prior to final closure as well with bacitracin irrigation solution prior to final cauterization. Closure was performed with an anchor-shaped closure around the nipple-areolar complex, vertically of inframammary folds and across the inframammary folds. Dressing was applied. The suture line was treated with Dermabond. The patient returned to the recovery room with 2 Jackson-Pratt drains, 1 on each side and IV Foley catheter with instructions to be seen in my office in 2 days. The patient tolerated the procedure well and returned to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.surgery, bilateral mammary hypertrophy, duraprep, general endotracheal anesthesia, jackson-pratt drains, breast asymmetry, hypertrophy, inframammary folds, mammary, mammoplasty, nipple areolar complex, nipple-areolar complex, parenchymal, pedicle, prepped and draped, reduction mammoplasty, transposition, medial and lateral, based dermal, dermal parenchymal, parenchymal pedicle, subcutaneous tissue, nipple, areolar, inferiorly, subcutaneous, inframammary, breast, tissue,

Mammoplasty - 2

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,Breast hypoplasia, melasma to the face, and varicose veins to the posterior aspect of the right distal thigh/popliteal fossa area.,PROCEDURES,1. Bilateral augmentation mammoplasty, subglandular with a mammary gel silicone breast implant, 435 cc each.,2. TCA peel to two lesions of the face and vein stripping to the right posterior thigh and popliteal fossa area.,ANESTHESIA,General endotracheal.,EBL,100 cc.,IV FLUIDS,2L.,URINE OUTPUT,Per Anesthesia.,INDICATION FOR SURGERY,The patient is a 48-year-old female who was seen in clinic by Dr. W and where she was evaluated for her small breasts as well as dark areas on her face and varicose veins to the back and posterior aspect of her right lower extremity. She requested that surgical procedures to be performed for correction of these abnormalities. As such, complications were explained to the patient including infection, bleeding, poor wound healing, and need for additional surgery. The patient subsequently signed the consent and requested that Dr. W and associates to perform the procedure.,TECHNIQUE,The patient was brought to the operating room in supine position. General anesthesia was induced and then the patient was placed on the operating table in a prone position. The posterior thigh of the right lower extremity was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. First, multiple serial small incisions less than 1 cm in length were made to the posterior aspect of the right thigh and sequential stripping of the varicose veins was performed. Once these varicose veins had been completely stripped and avulsed, then next the wounds were then irrigated and were cleaned with wet and dry, and all the incisions were closed with the use of 5-0 Monocryl buried interrupted sutures. The incisions were then dressed with Mastisol, Steri-Strips, ABDs and a TED hose. Next, the patient was then flipped back over onto the stretcher and placed on the operating table in a supine position. The anterior chest was then prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. Next, a 10 blade was placed through previous circumareolar incisions from a previous augmentation mammoplasty. Dissection was carried out with a 10 blade and Bovie cautery until the pectoralis fascia was identified to both breasts. Once the pectoralis muscle and fascia were identified, then a surgical plane was created in a subglandular layer. The hemostasis was obtained to both breast pockets with the Bovie cautery and suction and irrigation was performed to bilateral breast pockets as well. A sizer was used to identify the appropriate size of the silicone implant to be used. This was determined to be approximately 435 cc bilaterally. As such, two mammary gel silicone breast implants were placed in a subglandular muscle. Additional dissection of the breast pockets were performed bilaterally and the patient was sequentially placed in the upright sitting position for evaluation of appropriate placement of the mammary gel silicone implants. Once it was determined that the implants were appropriately selected and placed with the 435 cc silicon gel implant, the circumareolar incisions were closed in approximately 4-layered fashion closing the fascia, subcutaneous tissue, deep dermis, and a running dermal subcuticular for final skin closure. This was performed with 3-0 Monocryl and then 4-0 Monocryl for running subcuticular. The incisions were then dressed with Mastisol, Steri-Strips, and Xeroform and dressed with sample Kerlix. Next, our attention was paid to the face where 25% TCA solution was applied to two locations; one on the left cheek and the other one on the right cheek, where a hyperpigmentation/melasma. Several applications of the TCA peel was performed, and at the end of this, the frosting was noted to both spots. At the end of the case, needle and instrument counts were correct. Dr. W was present and scrubbed for the entire procedure. The patient was extubated in the operating room and taken to the PACU in stable condition.surgery, breast hypoplasia, monocryl, pacu, tca, tca peel, ted hose, augmentation mammoplasty, breast implant, melasma, poor wound healing, popliteal fossa area, prepped and draped, silicone, varicose vein, vein stripping, mastisol steri strips, steri strips, circumareolar incisions, mammary gel, varicose veins, augmentation, breast, circumareolar, incisions, mammoplasty, mastisol, strips

Mammoplasty - 4

DIAGNOSIS: , Bilateral hypomastia.,NAME OF OPERATION:, Bilateral transaxillary subpectoral mammoplasty with saline-filled implants.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,PROCEDURE: , After first obtaining a suitable level of general anesthesia with the patient in the supine position, the breasts were prepped with Betadine scrub and solution. Sterile towels, sheets, and drapes were placed in the usual fashion for surgery of the breasts. Following prepping and draping, the anterior axillary folds and the inframammary folds were infiltrated with a total of 20 cc of 0.5% Xylocaine with 1:200,000 units of epinephrine.,After a suitable hemostatic waiting period, transaxillary incisions were made, and dissection was carried down to the edge of the pectoralis fascia. Blunt dissection was then used to form a bilateral subpectoral pocket. Through the subpectoral pocket a sterile suction tip was introduced, and copious irrigation with sterile saline solution was used until the irrigant was clear.,Following completion of irrigation, 350-cc saline-filled implants were introduced. They were first filled with 60 cc of saline and checked for gross leakage; none was evident. They were over filled to 400 cc of saline each. The patient was then placed in the seated position, and the left breast needed 10 cc of additional fluid for symmetry.,Following completion of the filling of the implants and checking the breasts for symmetry, the patient's wounds were closed with interrupted vertical mattress sutures of 4-0 Prolene. Flexan dressings were applied followed by the patient's bra.,She seemed to tolerate the procedure well.surgery, bilateral transaxillary subpectoral mammoplasty, saline filled implants, subpectoral mammoplasty, mammoplasty, transaxillary, subpectoral, implants, breasts, saline, anesthesia

Lysis of Pelvic Adhesions

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Multiple pelvic adhesions.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Multiple pelvic adhesions.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: ,Lysis of pelvic adhesions.,ANESTHESIA: , General with local.,SPECIMEN: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,HISTORY: , The patient is a 32-year-old female who had an 8 cm left ovarian mass, which was evaluated by Dr. X. She had a ultrasound, which demonstrated the same. The mass was palpable on physical examination and was tender. She was scheduled for an elective pelvic laparotomy with left salpingooophorectomy. During the surgery, there were multiple pelvic adhesions between the left ovarian cyst and the sigmoid colon. These adhesions were taken down sharply with Metzenbaum scissors.,PROCEDURE: , A pelvic laparotomy had been performed by Dr. X. Upon exploration of the abdomen, multiple pelvic adhesions were noted as previously stated. A 6 cm left ovarian cyst was noted with adhesions to the sigmoid colon and mesentery. These adhesions were taken down sharply with Metzenbaum scissors until the sigmoid colon was completely freed from the ovarian cyst. The ureter had been identified and isolated prior to the adhesiolysis. There was no evidence of bleeding. The remainder of the case was performed by Dr. X and this will be found in a separate operative report.surgery, lysis of pelvic adhesions, pelvic adhesions, pelvic, adhesions, salpingooophorectomy, lysis, laparotomy, sigmoid, colon, mass, ovarian,

Lumpectomy & Lymph Node Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Left breast ductal carcinoma in situ.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Left breast ductal carcinoma in situ.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED,1. Sentinel lymph node biopsy.,2. Ultrasound-guided lumpectomy with intraoperative ultrasound.,ANESTHESIA,General LMA anesthesia.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS,Minimum.,IV FLUIDS,Per anesthesia record.,COMPLICATIONS,None.,FINDINGS,Clip well localized within the specimen.,INDICATION,This is a 65-year-old female who presents with abnormal mammogram who underwent stereotactic biopsy at an outside facility, which showed atypical ductal hyperplasia with central necrosis. On reviewing this pathology, it is mostly likely DCIS. The risks and benefits of the procedure were explained to the patient who appeared to understand and agreed to proceed. The patient desired MammoSite Radiation Therapy; therefore, the sentinel lymph node biopsy was incorporated into the procedure.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL,The patient was taken to the operating room, placed in supine position, and general LMA anesthesia was administered. She was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. Prior to the procedure, she underwent nuclear medicine injection with technetium-99 and methylene blue. Incision was made of the area of great uptake and the axilla and taken through the subcutaneous tissue with electric Bovie cautery. Two sentinel lymph nodes were identified, one was blue and hot and the other was just hot. These were sent to Pathology for touch prep. Adequate hemostasis was obtained. The wound was packed and attention was turned to the left breast. Ultrasound was used to identify the marker and the mass within the breast and create an adequate anterior skin flap. An elliptical incision was made roughly at approximately the 3 o'clock position secondary to subcutaneous tissues with electric Bovie cautery. The mass was dissected off the surrounding tissue using Bovie cautery down to the level of the pectoralis fascia, which was incorporated within the specimen. The specimen was completely removed and marked **** double deep, and a mini C-arm was used to confirm this. The marker was well localized within the center of the specimen. The fascia was then elevated off of the pectoralis muscle and closed loosely with the interrupted 2-0 Vicryl sutures to create a nice spherical cavity for the MammoSite radiation catheter. The wound was then closed with a deep layer of interrupted 3-0 Vicryl followed by 3-0 Vicryl subcuticular stitch and 4-0 running Monocryl. The axillary wound was closed with interrupted 3-0 Vicryl and a running 4-0 Monocryl. Steri-Strips were applied. The patient was awakened and extubated in the OR and taken to PACU in stable condition. All counts were reported as correct. I was present for the entire procedure.surgery, carcinoma in situ, dcis, lma, mammosite radiation therapy, monocryl, pacu, sentinel, steri-strips, central necrosis, ductal carcinoma, ductal hyperplasia, lumpectomy, lymph node biopsy, node biopsy, stereotactic biopsy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, electric bovie, lymph node, sentinel lymph, intraoperative, anesthesia, lymph, biopsy, ultrasound

Lymph Node Excisional Biopsy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left axillary adenopathy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left axillary adenopathy.,PROCEDURE: , Left axillary lymph node excisional biopsy.,ANESTHESIA:, LMA.,INDICATIONS: , Patient is a very pleasant woman who in 2006 had breast conservation therapy with radiation only. Note, she refused her CMF adjuvant therapy and this was for a triple-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. Patient has been following with Dr. Diener and Dr. Wilmot. I believe that genetic counseling had been recommended to her and obviously the CMF was recommended, but she declined both. She presented to the office with left axillary adenopathy in view of the high-risk nature of her lesion. I recommended that she have this lymph node removed. The procedure, purpose, risk, expected benefits, potential complications, alternative forms of therapy were discussed with her and she was agreeable to surgery.,TECHNIQUE: , Patient was identified, then taken into the operating room where after induction of appropriate anesthesia, her left chest, neck, axilla, and arm were prepped with Betadine solution, draped in a sterile fashion. An incision was made at the hairline, carried down by sharp dissection through the clavipectoral fascia. I was able to easily palpate the lymph node and grasp it with a figure-of-eight 2-0 silk suture and by sharp dissection, was carried to hemoclip all attached structures. The lymph node was excised in its entirety. The wound was irrigated. The lymph node sent to pathology. The wound was then closed. Hemostasis was assured and the patient was taken to recovery room in stable condition.surgery, axillary lymph node excisional biopsy, sharp dissection, excisional biopsy, lymph node, axillary, excisional, biopsy

Lumbar Discogram

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Low back pain.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Low back pain.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Lumbar discogram L2-3.,2. Lumbar discogram L3-4.,3. Lumbar discogram L4-5.,4. Lumbar discogram L5-S1.,ANESTHESIA: ,IV sedation.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,The patient was brought to the Radiology Suite and placed prone onto a radiolucent table. The C-arm was brought into the operative field and AP, left right oblique and lateral fluoroscopic images of the L1-2 through L5-S1 levels were obtained. We then proceeded to prepare the low back with a Betadine solution and draped sterile. Using an oblique approach to the spine, the L5-S1 level was addressed using an oblique projection angled C-arm in order to allow for perpendicular penetration of the disc space. A metallic marker was then placed laterally and a needle entrance point was determined. A skin wheal was raised with 1% Xylocaine and an #18-gauge needle was advanced up to the level of the disc space using AP, oblique and lateral fluoroscopic projections. A second needle, #22-gauge 6-inch needle was then introduced into the disc space and with AP and lateral fluoroscopic projections, was placed into the center of the nucleus. We then proceeded to perform a similar placement of needles at the L4-5, L3-4 and L2-3 levels.,A solution of Isovue 300 with 1 gm of Ancef was then drawn into a 10 cc syringe and without informing the patient of our injecting, we then proceeded to inject the disc spaces sequentially.surgery, back pain, c-arm, fluoroscopic projections, disc space, lumbar discogram, fluoroscopic, needle,

Lumbar Laminotomy & Discectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Herniated nucleus pulposus of L5-S1 on the left.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Herniated nucleus pulposus of L5-S1 on the left.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Microscopic assisted lumbar laminotomy with discectomy at L5-S1 on the left.,ANESTHESIA: , General via endotracheal tube.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 50 cc.,SPECIMENS: , Disc that was not sent to the lab.,DRAINS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,SURGICAL PROGNOSIS: , Remains guarded due to her ongoing pain condition and Tarlov cyst at the L5 nerve root distally.,SURGICAL INDICATIONS: , The patient is a 51-year-old female who has had unrelenting low back pain that radiated down her left leg for the past several months. The symptoms were unrelieved by conservative modalities. The symptoms were interfering with all aspects of daily living and inability to perform any significant work endeavors. She is understanding the risks, benefits, potential complications, as well as all treatment alternatives. She wished to proceed with the aforementioned surgery due to her persistent symptoms. Informed consent was obtained.,OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: , The patient was taken to OR room #5 where she was given general anesthetic by the Department of Anesthesia. She was subsequently placed on the Jackson spinal table with the Wilson attachment in the prone position. Palpation did reveal the iliac crest and suspected L5-S1 interspace. Thereafter the lumbar spine was serially prepped and draped. A midline incision was carried over the spinal process of L5 to S1. Skin and subcutaneous tissue were divided sharply. Electrocautery provided hemostasis. Electrocautery was then utilized to dissect through the subcutaneous tissues to the lumbar fascia. Lumbar fascia was identified and the decussation of fibers was identified at the L5-S1 interspace. On the left side, superior aspect dissection was carried out with the Cobb elevator and electrocautery. This revealed the interspace of suspect level of L5-S1 on the left. A Kocher clamp was placed between the spinous processes of the suspect level of L5-S1. X-ray did confirm the L5-S1 interval. Angled curet was utilized to detach the ligamentum flavum from its bony attachments at the superior edge of S1 lamina and the inferior edge of the L5 lamina. Meticulous dissection was undertaken and the ligamentum flavum was removed. Laminotomy was created with Kerrison rongeur, both proximally and distally. The microscope was positioned and the dura was inspected. A blunt Penfield elevator was then utilized to dissect and identify the L5-S1 nerve root on the left. It was noted to be tented over a disc extrusion. The nerve root was protected and medialized. It was retracted with a nerve root retractor. This did reveal a subligamentous disc herniation at approximately the L5-S1 disc space and neuroforaminal area. A #15 Bard-Parker blade was utilized to create an annulotomy. Medially, disc material was extruding through this annulotomy. Two tier rongeur was then utilized to grasp the disc material and the disc was removed from the interspace. Additional disc material was then removed, both to the right and left of the annulotomy. Up and downbiting pituitary rongeurs were utilized to remove any other loose disc pieces. Once this was completed, the wound was copiously irrigated with antibiotic solution and suctioned dry. The Penfield elevator was placed in the disc space of L5-S1 and a crosstable x-ray did confirm this level. Nerve root was again expected exhibiting the foramina. A foraminotomy was created with a Kerrison rongeur. Once this was created, the nerve root was again inspected and deemed free of tension. It was mobile within the neural foramina. The wound was again copiously irrigated with antibiotic solution and suctioned dry. A free fat graft was then harvested from the subcutaneous tissues and placed over the exposed dura. Lumbar fascia was then approximated with #1 Vicryl interrupted fashion, subcutaneous tissue with #2-0 Vicryl interrupted fashion, and #4-0 undyed Vicryl was utilized to approximate the skin. Compression dressing was applied. The patient was turned, awoken, and noted to be moving all four extremities without apparent deficits. She was taken to the recovery room in apparent satisfactory condition. Expected surgical prognosis remains guarded due to her ongoing pain syndrome that has been requiring significant narcotic medications.surgery, lumbar laminotomy with discectomy, microscopic assisted, herniated nucleus pulposus, subcutaneous tissue, ligamentum flavum, kerrison rongeur, penfield elevator, lumbar laminotomy, lumbar fascia, nerve root, discectomy, lumbar, laminotomy, herniated,

Lumbar Puncture

REASON FOR VISIT: ,This is an 83-year-old woman referred for diagnostic lumbar puncture for possible malignancy by Dr. X. She is accompanied by her daughter.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:, The patient' daughter tells me that over the last month the patient has gradually stopped walking even with her walker and her left arm has become gradually less functional. She is not able to use the walker because her left arm is so weak. She has not been having any headaches. She has had a significant decrease in appetite. She is known to have lung cancer, but Ms. Wilson does not know what kind. According to her followup notes, it is presumed non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe of the lung. The last note I have to evaluate is from October 2008. CT scan from 12/01/2009 shows atrophy and small vessel ischemic change, otherwise a normal head CT, no mass lesion. I also reviewed the MRI from September 2009, which does not suggest normal pressure hydrocephalus and shows no mass lesion.,Blood tests from 11/18/2009 demonstrate platelet count at 132 and INR of 1.0.,MAJOR FINDINGS: , The patient is a pleasant and cooperative woman who answers the questions the best she can and has difficulty moving her left arm and hand. She also has pain in her left arm and hand at a level of 8-9/10.,VITAL SIGNS: , Blood pressure 126/88, heart rate 70, respiratory rate 16, and weight 95 pounds.,I screened the patient with questions to determine whether it is likely she has abnormal CSF pressure and she does not have any of the signs that would suggest this, so we performed the procedure in the upright position.,PROCEDURE:, Lumbar puncture, diagnostic (CPT 62270).,PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Possible CSF malignancy.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,To be determined after CSF evaluation.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Lumbar puncture.,ANESTHESIA: , Local with 2% lidocaine at the L4-L5 level.,SPECIMEN REMOVED: ,15 cc of clear CSF.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , None.,DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE: ,I explained the procedure, its rationale, risks, benefits, and alternatives to the patient and her daughter. The patient' daughter remained present throughout the procedure. The patient provided written consent and her daughter signed as witness to the consent.,I located the iliac crest and spinous processes before the procedure and determined the level I planned for the puncture. During the procedure, I spoke constantly with the patient to explain what was happening and to warn when there might be pain or discomfort. The skin was prepped with chlorhexidine solution with the patient seated on the chair leaning forward with her face resting on the exam table. Using local anesthetic and aseptic technique, I inserted a 20-gauge spinal needle at the L4-L5 interspace and 15 cc of CSF was collected without difficulty.,The patient tolerated the procedure well.,ASSESSMENT: ,White blood cells 1, red blood cells 54, glucose 59, protein 51, Gram stain negative, bacterial culture negative after three days, and remaining tests pending.nan

Lumbar Re-exploration

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Recurrent degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis at L4-5 and L5-S1 with L3 compression fracture adjacent to an instrumented fusion from T11 through L2 with hardware malfunction distal at the L2 end of the hardware fixation.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Recurrent degenerative spondylolisthesis and stenosis at L4-5 and L5-S1 with L3 compression fracture adjacent to an instrumented fusion from T11 through L2 with hardware malfunction distal at the L2 end of the hardware fixation.,PROCEDURE: , Lumbar re-exploration for removal of fractured internal fixation plate from T11 through L2 followed by a repositioning of the L2 pedicle screws and evaluation of the fusion from T11 through L2 followed by a bilateral hemilaminectomy and diskectomy for decompression at L4-5 and L5-S1 with posterior lumbar interbody fusion using morselized autograft bone and the synthetic spacers from the Capstone system at L4-5 and L5-S1 followed by placement of the pedicle screw fixation devices at L3, L4, L5, and S1 and insertion of a 20 cm fixation plate that range from the T11 through S1 levels and then subsequent onlay fusion using morselized autograft bone and bone morphogenetic soaked sponge at L1-2 and then at L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 bilaterally.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,This is a 68-year-old lady who presents with a history of osteomyelitis associated with the percutaneous vertebroplasty that was actually treated several months ago with removal of the infected vertebral augmentation and placement of a posterior pedicle screw plate fixation device from T11 through L2. She subsequently actually done reasonably well until about a month ago when she developed progressive severe intractable pain. Imaging study showed that the distal hardware at the plate itself had fractured consistent with incomplete fusion across her osteomyelitis area. There was no evidence of infection on the imaging or with her laboratory studies. In addition, she developed a pretty profound stenosis at L4-L5 and L5-S1 that appeared to be recurrent as well. She now presents for revision of her hardware, extension of fusion, and decompression.,The patient was brought to the operating room, placed under satisfactory general endotracheal anesthesia. She was placed on the operative table in the prone position. Back was prepared with Betadine, iodine, and alcohol. We elliptically excised her old incision and extended this caudally so that we had access from the existing hardware fixation all the way down to her sacrum. The locking nuts were removed from the screw post and both plates refractured or significantly weakened and had a crease in it. After these were removed, it was obvious that the bottom screws were somewhat loosened in the pedicle zone so we actually tightened one up and that fit good snugly into the nail when we redirected so that it actually reamed up into the upper aspect of the vertebral body in much more secure purchase. We then dressed the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels which were profoundly stenotic. This was a combination of scar and overgrown bone. She had previously undergone bilateral hemilaminectomies at L4-5 so we removed scar bone and actually cleaned and significantly decompressed the dura at both of these levels. After completing this, we inserted the Capstone interbody spacer filled with morselized autograft bone and some BMP sponge into the disk space at both levels. We used 10 x 32 mm spacers at both L4-L5 and L5-S1. This corrected the deformity and helped to preserve the correction of the stenosis and then after we cannulated the pedicles of L4, L5 and S1 tightened the pedicle screws in L3. This allowed us to actually seat a 20 cm plate contoured to the lumbar lordosis onto the pedicle screws all the way from S1 up to the T11 level. Once we placed the plate onto the screws and locked them in position, we then packed the remaining BMP sponge and morselized autograft bone through the plate around the incomplete fracture healing at the L1 level and then dorsolaterally at L4-L5 and L5-S1 and L3-L4, again the goal being to create a dorsal fusion and enhance the interbody fusion as well. The wound was then irrigated copiously with bacitracin solution and then we closed in layers using #1 Vicryl in muscle and fascia, 3-0 in subcutaneous tissue and approximated staples in the skin. Prior to closing the skin, we confirmed correct sponge and needle count. We placed a drain in the extrafascial space and then confirmed that there were no other foreign bodies. The Cell Saver blood was recycled and she was given two units of packed red blood cells as well. I was present for and performed the entire procedure myself or supervised.surgery, degenerative spondylolisthesis, spondylolisthesis, stenosis, lumbar re-exploration, internal fixation plate, hemilaminectomy, diskectomy, synthetic spacers, pedicle screws, fusion, lumbar, pedicle, fixation, hardware,

Lumbar Puncture - 2

PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Lumbar puncture.,The procedure, benefits, risks including possible risks of infection were explained to the patient and his father, who is signing the consent form. Alternatives were explained. They agreed to proceed with the lumbar puncture. Permit was signed and is on the chart. The indication was to rule out toxoplasmosis or any other CNS infection. ,DESCRIPTION: , The area was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. Lidocaine 1% of 5 mL was applied to the L3-L4 spinal space after the area had been prepped with Betadine three times. A 20-gauge spinal needle was then inserted into the L3-L4 space. Attempt was successful on the first try and several mLs of clear, colorless CSF were obtained. The spinal needle was then withdrawn and the area cleaned and dried and a Band-Aid applied to the clean, dry area.,COMPLICATIONS:, None. The patient was resting comfortably and tolerated the procedure well.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , None.,DISPOSITION: , The patient was resting comfortably with nonlabored breathing and the incision was clean, dry, and intact. Labs and cultures were sent for the usual in addition to some extra tests that had been ordered.,The opening pressure was 292, the closing pressure was 190.surgery, spinal needle, lumbar puncture, lumbar, gauge, csf

Lumbar Laminectomy & Discectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Herniated nucleus pulposus, L5-S1 on the left with severe weakness and intractable pain.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Herniated nucleus pulposus, L5-S1 on the left with severe weakness and intractable pain.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Injection for myelogram.,2. Microscopic-assisted lumbar laminectomy with discectomy at L5-S1 on the left on 08/28/03.,BLOOD LOSS: , Approximately 25 cc.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,POSITION:, Prone on the Jackson table.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS:, Extruded nucleus pulposus at the level of L5-S1.,HISTORY: , This is a 34-year-old male with history of back pain with radiation into the left leg in the S1 nerve root distribution. The patient was lifting at work on 08/27/03 and felt immediate sharp pain from his back down to the left lower extremity. He denied any previous history of back pain or back surgeries. Because of his intractable pain as well as severe weakness in the S1 nerve root distribution, the patient was aware of all risks as well as possible complications of this type of surgery and he has agreed to pursue on. After an informed consent was obtained, all risks as well as complications were discussed with the patient. ,PROCEDURE DETAIL: ,He was wheeled back to Operating Room #5 at ABCD General Hospital on 08/28/03. After a general anesthetic was administered, a Foley catheter was inserted.,The patient was then turned prone on the Jackson table. All of his bony prominences were well-padded. At this time, a myelogram was then performed. After the lumbar spine was prepped, a #20 gauge needle was then used to perform a myelogram. The needle was localized to the level of L3-L4 region. Once inserted into the thecal sac, we immediately got cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal needle. At this time, approximately 10 cc of Conray injected into the thecal sac. The patient was then placed in the reversed Trendelenburg position in order to assist with distal migration of the contrast. The myelogram did reveal that there was some space occupying lesion, most likely disc at the level of L5-S1 on the left. There was a lack of space filling defect on the left evident on both the AP and the lateral projections using C-arm fluoroscopy. At this point, the patient was then fully prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion for this procedure for a microdiscectomy. A long spinal needle was then inserted into region of surgery on the right. The surgery was going to be on the left. Once the spinal needle was inserted, a localizing fluoroscopy was then used to assure appropriate location and this did confirm that we were at the L5-S1 nerve root region. At this time, an approximately 2 cm skin incision was made over the lumbar region, dissected down to the deep lumbar fascia. At this time, a Weitlaner was inserted. Bovie cautery was used to obtain hemostasis. We further continued through the deep lumbar fascia and dissected off the short lumbar muscles off of the spinous process and the lamina. A Cobb elevator was then used to elevate subperiosteally off of all the inserting short lumbar muscles off of the spinous process as well as the lamina on the left-hand side. At this time, a Taylor retractor was then inserted and held there for retraction. Suction as well as Bovie cautery was used to obtain hemostasis. At this time, a small Kerrison Rongeur was used to make a small lumbar laminotomy to expose our window for the nerve root decompression. Once the laminotomy was performed, a small _______ curette was used to elevate the ligamentum flavum off of the thecal sac as well as the adjoining nerve roots. Once the ligamentum flavum was removed, we immediately identified a piece of disc material floating around outside of the disc space over the S1 nerve root, which was compressive. We removed the extruded disc with further freeing up of the S1 nerve root. A nerve root retractor was then placed. Identification of disc space was then performed. A #15 blade was then inserted and small a key hole into the disc space was then performed with a #15 blade. A small pituitary was then inserted within the disc space and more disc material was freed and removed. The part of the annulus fibrosis were also removed in addition to the loose intranuclear pieces of disc. Once this was performed, we removed the retraction off the nerve root and the nerve root appeared to be free with pulsatile visualization of the vasculature indicating that the nerve root was essentially free.,At this time, copious irrigation was used to irrigate the wound. We then performed another look to see if any loose pieces of disc were extruding from the disc space and only small pieces were evident and they were then removed with the pituitary rongeur. At this time, a small piece of Gelfoam was then used to cover the exposed nerve root. We did not have any dural leaks during this case. #1-0 Vicryl was then used to approximate the deep lumbar fascia, #2-0 Vicryl was used to approximate the superficial lumbar fascia, and #4-0 running Vicryl for the subcutaneous skin. Sterile dressings were then applied. The patient was then carefully slipped over into the supine position, extubated and transferred to Recovery in stable condition. At this time, we are still waiting to assess the patient postoperatively to assure no neurological sequela postsurgically are found and also to assess his pain level.surgery, microscopic-assisted lumbar laminectomy, discectomy, nerve root, lumbar laminectomy, herniated nucleus, thecal sac, spinal needle, nucleus pulposus, disc space, root, nerve, weakness, lumbar, laminectomy, nucleus, pulposus, myelogram

Lumbar Puncture - 1

PROCEDURE: , Lumbar puncture with moderate sedation.,INDICATION: , The patient is a 2-year, 2-month-old little girl who presented to the hospital with severe anemia, hemoglobin 5.8, elevated total bilirubin consistent with hemolysis and weak positive direct Coombs test. She was transfused with packed red blood cells. Her hemolysis seemed to slow down. She also on presentation had indications of urinary tract infection with urinalysis significant for 2+ leukocytes, positive nitrites, 3+ protein, 3+ blood, 25 to 100 white cells, 10 to 25 bacteria, 10 to 25 epithelial cells on clean catch specimen. Culture subsequently grew out no organisms; however, the child had been pretreated with amoxicillin about x3 doses prior to presentation to the hospital. She had a blood culture, which was also negative. She was empirically started on presentation with the cefotaxime intravenously. Her white count on presentation was significantly elevated at 20,800, subsequently increased to 24.7 and then decreased to 16.6 while on antibiotics. After antibiotics were discontinued, she increased over the next 2 days to an elevated white count of 31,000 with significant bandemia, metamyelocytes and myelocytes present. She also had three episodes of vomiting and thus she is being taken to the procedure room today for a lumbar puncture to rule out meningitis that may being inadvertently treated in treating her UTI.,I discussed with The patient's parents prior to the procedure the lumbar puncture and moderate sedation procedures. The risks, benefits, alternatives, complications including, but not limited to bleeding, infection, respiratory depression. Questions were answered to their satisfaction. They would like to proceed.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After "time out" procedure was obtained, the child was given appropriate monitoring equipment including appropriate vital signs were obtained. She was then given Versed 1 mg intravenously by myself. She subsequently became sleepy, the respiratory monitors, end-tidal, cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry were applied. She was then given 20 mcg of fentanyl intravenously by myself. She was placed in the left lateral decubitus position. Dr. X cleansed the patient's back in a normal sterile fashion with Betadine solution. She inserted a 22-gauge x 1.5-inch spinal needle in the patient's L3-L4 interspace that was carefully identified under my direct supervision. Clear fluid was not obtained initially, needle was withdrawn intact. The patient was slightly repositioned by the nurse and Dr. X reinserted the needle in the L3-L4 interspace position, the needle was able to obtain clear fluid, approximately 3 mL was obtained. The stylette was replaced and the needle was withdrawn intact and bandage was applied. Betadine solution was cleansed from the patient's back.,During the procedure, there were no untoward complications, the end-tidal CO2, pulse oximetry, and other vitals remained stable. Of note, EMLA cream had also been applied prior procedure, this was removed prior to cleansing of the back.,Fluid will be sent for a routine cell count, Gram stain culture, protein, and glucose.,DISPOSITION: , The child returned to room on the medical floor in satisfactory condition.surgery, moderate sedation, lumbar puncture, needle, lumbar,

Lumbar Laminectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Lumbar stenosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:, Lumbar stenosis and cerebrospinal fluid fistula.,TITLE OF THE OPERATION,1. Lumbar laminectomy for decompression with foraminotomies L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1 microtechniques.,2. Repair of CSF fistula, microtechniques L5-S1, application of DuraSeal.,INDICATIONS:, The patient is an 82-year-old woman who has about a four-month history now of urinary incontinence and numbness in her legs and hands, and difficulty ambulating. She was evaluated with an MRI scan, which showed a very high-grade stenosis in her lumbar spine, and subsequent evaluation included a myelogram, which demonstrated cervical stenosis at C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 as well as a complete block of the contrast at L4-L5 and no contrast at L5-S1 either and stenosis at L3-L4 and all the way up, but worse at L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1. Yesterday, she underwent an anterior cervical discectomy and fusions C4-C5, C5-C6, C6-C7 and had some improvement of her symptoms and increased strength, even in the recovery room. She was kept in the ICU because of her age and the need to bring her back to the operating room today for decompressive lumbar laminectomy. The rationale for putting the surgery is close together that she is normally on Coumadin for atrial fibrillation, though she has been cardioverted. She and her son understand the nature, indications, and risks of the surgery, and agreed to go ahead.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was brought from the Neuro ICU to the operating room, where general endotracheal anesthesia was obtained. She was rolled in a prone position on the Wilson frame. The back was prepared in the usual manner with Betadine soak, followed by Betadine paint. Markings were applied. Sterile drapes were applied. Using the usual anatomical landmarks, linear midline incision was made presumed over L4-L5 and L5-S1. Sharp dissection was carried down into subcutaneous tissue, then Bovie electrocautery was used to isolate the spinous processes. A Kocher clamp was placed in the anterior spinous ligament and this turned out to be L5-S1. The incision was extended rostrally and deep Gelpi's were inserted to expose the spinous processes and lamina of L3, L4, L5, and S1. Using the Leksell rongeur, the spinous processes of L4 and L5 were removed completely, and the caudal part of L3. A high-speed drill was then used to thin the caudal lamina of L3, all of the lamina of L4 and of L5. Then using various Kerrison punches, I proceeded to perform a laminectomy. Removing the L5 lamina, there was a dural band attached to the ligamentum flavum and this caused about a 3-mm tear in the dura. There was CSF leak. The lamina removal was continued, ligamentum flavum was removed to expose all the dura. Then using 4-0 Nurolon suture, a running-locking suture was used to close the approximate 3-mm long dural fistula. There was no CSF leak with Valsalva.,I then continued the laminectomy removing all of the lamina of L5 and of L4, removing the ligamentum flavum between L3-L4, L4-L5 and L5-S1. Foraminotomies were accomplished bilaterally. The caudal aspect of the lamina of L3 also was removed. The dura came up quite nicely. I explored out along the L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots after completing the foraminotomies, the roots were quite free. Further more, the thecal sac came up quite nicely. In order to ensure no CSF leak, we would follow the patient out of the operating room. The dural closure was covered with a small piece of fat. This was all then covered with DuraSeal glue. Gelfoam was placed on top of this, then the muscle was closed with interrupted 0 Ethibond. The lumbodorsal fascia was closed with multiple sutures of interrupted 0 Ethibond in a watertight fashion. Scarpa's fascia was closed with a running 0 Vicryl, and finally the skin was closed with a running-locking 3-0 nylon. The wound was blocked with 0.5% plain Marcaine.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: Estimated blood loss for the case was about 100 mL.,SPONGE AND NEEDLE COUNTS: Correct.,FINDINGS: A very tight high-grade stenosis at L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1. There were adhesions between the dura and the ligamentum flavum owing to the severity and length of the stenosis.,The patient tolerated the procedure well with stable vitals throughout.surgery, microtechniques, fistula, duraseal, foraminotomies, lumbar, stenosis, cerebrospinal, lumbar laminectomy, ligamentum flavum, csf, laminectomy, lamina,

Lumbar Discectomy - Microscopic

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Extruded herniated disc, left L5-S1.,2. Left S1 radiculopathy (acute).,3. Morbid obesity.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Extruded herniated disc, left L5-S1.,2. Left S1 radiculopathy (acute).,3. Morbid obesity.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Microscopic lumbar discectomy, left L5-S1.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,50 cc.,HISTORY: , This is a 40-year-old female with severe intractable left leg pain from a large extruded herniated disc at L5-S1. She has been dealing with these symptoms for greater than three months. She comes to my office with severe pain, left my office and reported to the Emergency Room where she was admitted for pain control one day before surgery. I have discussed the MRI findings with the patient and the potential risks and complications. She was scheduled to go to surgery through my office, but because of her severe symptoms, she was unable to keep that appointment and reported right to the Emergency Room. We discussed the diagnosis and the operative procedure in detail. I have reviewed the potential risks and complications and she had agreed to proceed with the surgery. Due to the patient's weight which exceeds 340 lb, there was some concern about her operative table being able to support her weight and also my standard microlumbar discectomy incision is not ________ in this situation just because of the enormous size of the patient's back and abdomen and I have discussed this with her. She is aware that she will have a much larger incision than what is standard and has agreed to accept this.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken to OR #5 at ABCD General Hospital. While in the hospital gurney, Department of Anesthesia administered general anesthetic, endotracheal intubation was followed. A Jackson table was prepared for the patient and was reinforced replacing struts under table to prevent the table from collapsing. The table reportedly does have a limit of 500 lb, but the table has never been stressed above 275 lb. Once the table was reinforced, the patient was carefully rolled in a prone position on the Jackson table with the bony prominences being well padded. A marker was placed in from the back at this time and an x-ray was obtained for incision localization. The back is now prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A midline incision was made over the L5-S1 disc space taking through subcutaneous tissue sharply with a #10 Bard-Parker scalpel. The lumbar dorsal fascia was then encountered and incised to the left of midline. In the subperiosteal fashion, the musculature was elevated off the lamina at L5 and S1 after facet joint, but not disturbing the capsule. A second marker was now placed and an intraoperative x-ray confirms our location at the L5-S1 disc space. The microscope was brought into the field at this point and the remainder of the procedure done with microscopic visualization and illumination. A high speed drill was used to perform a laminotomy by removing small portion of the superior edge of the S1 lamina and the inferior edge of the L5 lamina. Ligaments and fragments were encountered and removed at this time. The epidural space was now encountered. The S1 nerve root was now visualized and found to be displaced dorsally as a result of a large disc herniation while the nerve was carefully protected with a Penfield. A small stab incision was made into the disc fragment and probably a large portion of disc extrudes from the opening. This disc fragment was removed and the nerve root was much more supple, it was carefully retracted. The nerve root was now retracted and using a series of downgoing curettes, additional disc material was removed from around the disc space and from behind the body of S1 and L5. At this point, all disc fragments were removed from the epidural space. Murphy ball was passed anterior to the thecal sac in the epidural space and there was no additional compression that I can identify. The disc space was now encountered and loose disc fragments were removed from within the disc space. The disc space was then irrigated. The nerve root was then reassessed and found to be quite supple. At this point, the Murphy ball was passed into the foramen of L5 and this was patent and also into the foramen of S1 by passing ventral and dorsal to the nerve root and there were no obstructions in the passage of the device. At this point, the wound was irrigated copiously and suctioned dry. Gelfoam was used to cover the epidural space. The retractors were removed at this point. The fascia was reapproximated with #1 Vicryl suture, subcutaneous tissue with #2-0 Vicryl suture and Steri-Strips for curved incision. The patient was transferred to the hospital gurney in supine position and extubated by Anesthesia, subsequently transferred to Postanesthesia Care Unit in stable condition.surgery, extruded herniated disc, radiculopathy, microscopic, lumbar, discectomy, lumbar discectomy, morbid obesity, herniated disc, epidural space, nerve root, disc space, space, intractable, lamina, epidural, incision, nerve, herniated,

Low-Transverse C-Section & BTL - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 30 and 4/7th weeks.,2. Previous cesarean section x2.,3. Multiparity.,4. Request for permanent sterilization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 30 and 4/7th weeks.,2. Previous cesarean section x2.,3. Multiparity.,4. Request for permanent sterilization.,5. Breach presentation in the delivery of a liveborn female neonate.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED:,1. Repeat low transverse cesarean section.,2. Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL).,TUBES: , None.,DRAINS: , Foley to gravity.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 600 cc.,FLUIDS:, 200 cc of crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT:, 300 cc of clear urine at the end of the procedure.,FINDINGS:, Operative findings demonstrated a wire mesh through the anterior abdominal wall and the anterior fascia. There were bowel adhesions noted through the anterior abdominal wall. The uterus was noted to be within normal limits. The tubes and ovaries bilaterally were noted to be within normal limits. The baby was delivered from the right sacral anterior position without any difficulty. Apgars 8 and 9. Weight was 7.5 lb.,INDICATIONS FOR THIS PROCEDURE: ,The patient is a 23-year-old G3 P 2-0-0-2 with reported 30 and 4/7th weeks' for a scheduled cesarean section secondary to repeat x2. She had her first C-section because of congenial hip problems. In her second C-section, baby was breached, therefore, she is scheduled for a third C-section. The patient also requests sterilization. Therefore, she requested a tubal ligation.,PROCEDURE: , After informed consent was obtained and all questions were answered to the patient's satisfaction in layman's terms, she was taken to the operating room where a spinal with Astramorph anesthesia was obtained without any difficulty. She was placed in the dorsal supine position with a leftward tilt and prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. A Pfannenstiel skin incision was made removing the old scar with a first knife and then carried down to the underlying layer of fascia with a second knife. The fascia was excised in the midline extended laterally with the Mayo scissors. The superior aspect of the fascial incision was then tented up with Ochsner clamps and the underlying rectus muscle dissected off sharply with the Metzenbaum scissors. There was noted dense adhesions at this point as well as a wire mesh was noted. The anterior aspect of the fascial incision was then tented up with Ochsner clamps and the underlying rectus muscle dissected off sharply as well as bluntly. The rectus muscle superiorly was opened with a hemostat. The peritoneum was identified and entered bluntly digitally. The peritoneal incision was then extended superiorly up to the level of the mesh. Then, inferiorly using the knife, the adhesions were taken down and the bladder was identified and the peritoneum incision extended inferiorly to the level of the bladder. The bladder blade was inserted and vesicouterine peritoneum was identified and tented up with Allis clamps and bladder flap was created sharply with the Metzenbaum scissors digitally. The bladder blade was then reinserted to protect the bladder and the uterine incision was made with a first knife and then extended laterally with the Bandage scissors. The amniotic fluid was noted to be clear. At this point, upon examining the intrauterine contents, the baby was noted to be breached. The right foot was identified and then the baby was delivered from the double footling breach position without any difficulty. The cord was clamped and the baby was then handed off to awaiting pediatricians. The placenta cord gases were obtained and the placenta was then manually extracted from the uterus. The uterus was exteriorized and cleared of all clots and debris. Then, the uterine incision was then closed with #0 Vicryl in a double closure stitch fashion, first layer in locking stitch fashion and the second layer an imbricating layer. Attention at this time was turned to the tubes bilaterally.,Both tubes were isolated and followed all the way to the fimbriated end and tented up with the Babcock clamp. The hemostat was probed through the mesosalpinx in the avascular area and then a section of tube was clamped off with two hemostats and then transected with the Metzenbaum scissors. The ends was then burned with the cautery and then using a #2-0 Vicryl suture tied down. Both tube sections were noted to be hemostatic and the tubes were then sent to pathology for review. The uterus was then replaced back into the abdomen. The gutters were cleared of all clots and debris. The uterine incision was then once again inspected and noted to be hemostatic. The bladder flap was then replaced back into the uterus with #3-0 interrupted sutures. The peritoneum was then closed with #3-0 Vicryl in a running fashion. Then, the area at the fascia where the mesh had been cut and approximately 0.5 cm portion was repaired with #3-0 Vicryl in a simple stitch fashion. The fascia was then closed with #0 Vicryl in a running fashion. The subcutaneous layer and Scarpa's fascia were repaired with a #3-0 Vicryl. Then, the skin edges were reapproximated using sterile clips. The dressing was placed. The uterus was then cleared of all clots and debris manually. Then, the patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, and needle, counts were correct x2. The patient was taken to recovery in sable condition. She will be followed up throughout her hospital stay.nan

Low-Transverse C-Section - 5

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 38 weeks.,2. Malpresentation.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 38 weeks.,2. Malpresentation.,3. Delivery of a viable male neonate.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cervical cesarean section.,ANESTHESIA: , Spinal with Astramorph.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 300 cc.,URINE OUTPUT:, 80 cc of clear urine.,FLUIDS: , 2000 cc of crystalloids.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,FINDINGS: , A viable male neonate in the left occiput transverse position with Apgars of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively, weighing 3030 g. No nuchal cord. No meconium. Normal uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.,INDICATIONS: , This patient is a 21-year-old gravida 3, para 1-0-1-1 Caucasian female who presented to Labor and Delivery in labor. Her cervix did make some cervical chains. She did progress to 75% and -2, however, there was a raised lobular area palpated on the fetal head. However, on exam unable to delineate the facial structures, but definite fetal malpresentation. The fetal heart tones did start and it continued to have variable decelerations with contractions overall are reassuring. The contraction pattern was inadequate. It was discussed with the patient's family that in light of the physical exam and with the fetal malpresentation that a cesarean section will be recommended. All the questions were answered.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After informed consent was obtained in layman's terms, the patient was taken back to the operating suite and placed in the dorsal lithotomy position with a leftward tilt. Prior to this, the spinal anesthesia was administered. The patient was then prepped and draped. A Pfannenstiel skin incision was made with the first scalpel and carried through to the underlying layer of fascia with the second scalpel. The fascia was then incised in the midline and extended laterally using Mayo scissors. The superior aspect of the rectus fascia was then grasped with Ochsners, tented up and the underlying layer of rectus muscle was dissected up bluntly as well as with Mayo scissors. The superior portion and inferior portion of the rectus fascia was identified, tented up and the underlying layer of rectus muscle was dissected up bluntly as well as with Mayo scissors. The rectus muscle was then separated in the midline. The peritoneum was then identified, tented up with hemostats and entered sharply with Metzenbaum scissors. The peritoneum was then gently stretched. The vesicouterine peritoneum was then identified, tented up with an Allis and the bladder flap was created bluntly as well as using Metzenbaum scissors. The uterus was entered with the second scalpel and large transverse incision. This was then extended in upward and lateral fashion bluntly. The infant was then delivered atraumatically. The nose and mouth were suctioned. The cord was then clamped and cut. The infant was handed off to the awaiting pediatrician. The placenta was then manually extracted. The uterus was exteriorized and cleared of all clots and debris. The uterine incision was then repaired using #0 chromic in a running fashion marking a U stitch. A second layer of the same suture was used in an imbricating fashion to obtain excellent hemostasis. The uterus was then returned to the anatomical position. The abdomen and the gutters were cleared of all clots. Again, the incision was found to be hemostatic. The rectus muscle was then reapproximated with #2-0 Vicryl in a single interrupted stitch. The rectus fascia was then repaired with #0 Vicryl in a running fashion locking the first stitch and first last stitch in a lateral to medial fashion. This was palpated and the patient was found to be without defect and intact. The skin was then closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, and needle counts were correct x2. She will be followed up as an inpatient with Dr. X.surgery, low transverse cervical cesarean section, cesarean section, pregnancy, neonate, metzenbaum scissors, intrauterine pregnancy, rectus fascia, rectus muscle, intrauterine, peritoneum, malpresentation, transverse, astramorph,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 8

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 35-1/7.,2. Rh isoimmunization.,3. Suspected fetal anemia.,4. Desires permanent sterilization.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cesarean section by Pfannenstiel skin incision with bilateral tubal sterilization.,ANESTHESIA:, Spinal anesthesia.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: ,500 mL.,INTRAOPERATIVE FLUIDS: , 1000 mL crystalloids.,URINE OUTPUT: , 300 mL clear urine at the end of procedure.,SPECIMENS:, Cord gases, hematocrit on cord blood, placenta, and bilateral tubal segments.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: , Male infant, vertex position, very bright yellow amniotic fluid. Apgars 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. Weight pending at this time. His name is Kasson as well as umbilical cord and placenta stained yellow. Otherwise normal appearing uterus and bilateral tubes and ovaries.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION:, After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room where spinal anesthesia was obtained by Dr. X without difficulties. The patient was placed in supine position with leftward tilt. Fetal heart tones were checked and were 140s, and she was prepped and draped in a normal sterile fashion. At this time, a Pfannenstiel skin incision made with a scalpel and carried down to the underlying fascia with electrocautery. The fascia was nicked sharply in the midline. The fascial incision was extended laterally with Mayo scissors. The inferior aspect of the fascial incision was grasped with Kocher x2, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected sharply with the use of Mayo scissors. Attention was then turned to the superior aspect of the fascial incision. Fascia was grasped, elevated, and rectus muscles dissected off sharply. The rectus muscles were separated in the midline bluntly. The peritoneum was identified, grasped, and entered sharply and the peritoneal incision extended inferiorly and superiorly with good visualization of bladder. Bladder blade was inserted. Vesicouterine peritoneum was tented up and a bladder flap was created using Metzenbaum scissors. Bladder blade was reinserted to effectively protect the bladder from the operative field and the lower uterine segment incised in a transverse U-shaped fashion with the scalpel. Uterine incision was extended laterally and manually. Membranes were ruptured and bright yellow clear amniotic fluid was noted. Infant's head was in a floating position, able to flex the head, push against the incision, and then easily brought it to the field vertex. Nares and mouth were suctioned with bulb suction. Remainder of the infant was delivered atraumatically. The infant was very pale upon delivery. Cord was doubly clamped and cut and immediately handed to the awaiting intensive care nursery team. An 8 cm segment of the tube was doubly clamped and transected. Cord gases were obtained. Cord was then cleansed, laid on a clean laparotomy sponge, and cord blood was drawn for hematocrit measurements. At this time, it was noted that the cord was significantly yellow stained as well as the placenta. At this time, the placenta was delivered via gentle traction on the cord and exterior uterine massage. Uterus was exteriorized and cleared off all clots and debris with dry laparotomy sponge and the lower uterine segment was closed with 1-0 chromic in a running locked fashion. Two areas of oozing were noted and separate figure-of-eight sutures were placed to obtain hemostasis. At this time, the uterine incision was hemostatic. The bladder was examined and found to be well below the level of the incision repair. Tubes and ovaries were examined and found to be normal. The patient was again asked if she desires permanent sterilization of which she agrees and therefore the right fallopian tube was identified and followed out to the fimbriated end and grasped at the mid portion with a Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was divided with electrocautery and a 4-cm segment of tube was doubly tied and transected with a 3-cm segment of tube removed. Hemostasis was noted. Then, attention was turned to the left fallopian tube which in similar fashion was grasped and brought out through the fimbriated end and grasped the midline portion with Babcock clamp. Mesosalpinx was incised and 3-4 cm tube doubly tied, transected, and excised and excellent hemostasis was noted. Attention was returned to the uterine incision which is seemed to be hemostatic and uterus was returned to the abdomen. Gutters were cleared off all clots and debris. Lower uterine segments were again re-inspected and found to be hemostatic. Sites of tubal sterilization were also visualized and were hemostatic. At this time, the peritoneum was grasped with Kelly clamps x3 and closed with running 3-0 Vicryl suture. Copious irrigation was used. Rectus muscle belly was examined and found to be hemostatic and tacked and well approximated in the midline. At this time, the fascia was closed using 0 Vicryl in a running fashion. Manual palpation confirms thorough and adequate closure of the fascial layer. Copious irrigation was again used. Hemostasis noted, and skin was closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, needle, and instrument counts were correct x3 and the patient was sent to the recovery room awake and stable condition. Infant assumed the care of the intensive care nursery team and being followed and workup up for isoimmunization and fetal anemia. The patient will be followed for her severe right upper quadrant pain post delivery. If she continues to have pain, may need a surgical consult for gallbladder and/or angiogram for evaluation of right kidney and questionable venous plexus. This all will be relayed to Dr. Y, her primary obstetrician who was on call starting this morning at 7 a.m. through the weekend.surgery, intrauterine pregnancy, rh isoimmunization, primary low transverse cesarean section, bilateral tubal sterilization, pfannenstiel skin incision, fascial incision, uterine incision, fetal anemia, permanent sterilization, rectus muscles, incision, tubes, cord,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 4

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Postdates pregnancy.,2. Failure to progress.,3. Meconium stained amniotic fluid.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Postdates pregnancy.,2. Failure to progress.,3. Meconium stained amniotic fluid.,OPERATION:, Primary low-transverse C-section.,ANESTHESIA:, Epidural.,DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION: ,The patient was taken to the operating room and under epidural anesthesia, she was prepped and draped in the usual manner. Anesthesia was tested and found to be adequate. Incision was made, Pfannenstiel, approximately 1.5 fingerbreadths above the symphysis pubis and carried sharply through subcutaneous and fascial layers without difficulty; the fascia being incised laterally. Bleeders were bovied. Rectus muscles were separated from the overlying fascia with blunt and sharp dissection. Muscles were separated in the midline. Peritoneum was entered sharply and incision was carried out laterally in each direction. Bladder blade was placed and bladder flap developed with blunt and sharp dissection. A horizontal _______ incision was made in the lower uterine segment and carried laterally in each direction. Allis was placed in the incision, and an uncomplicated extraction of a 7 pound 4 ounce, Apgar 9 female was accomplished and given to the pediatric service in attendance. Infant was carefully suctioned after delivery of the head and body. Cord blood was collected. _______ and endometrial cavity was wiped free of membranes and clots. Lower segment incision was inspected. There were some extensive adhesions on the left side and a figure-of-eight suture of 1 chromic was placed on both lateral cuff borders and the cuff was closed with two interlocking layers of 1 chromic. Bleeding near the left cuff required an additional suture of 1 chromic after which hemostasis was present. Cul-de-sac was suctioned free of blood and clots and irrigated. Fundus was delivered back into the abdominal cavity and lateral gutters were suctioned free of blood and clots and irrigated. Lower segment incision was again inspected and found to be hemostatic. The abdominal wall was then closed in layers, 2-0 chromic on the peritoneum, 0 Maxon on the fascia, 3-0 plain on the subcutaneous and staples on the skin. Hemostasis was present between all layers. The area was gently irrigated across the peritoneum and fascial layers. There were no intraoperative complications except blood loss. The patient was taken to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.surgery, pregnancy, meconium stained amniotic fluid, low transverse c section, amniotic fluid, meconium, peritoneum, blood, chromic, fascial, amniotic, incision,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 3

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 33 weeks, twin gestation.,2. Active preterm labor.,3. Advanced dilation.,4. Multiparity.,5. Requested sterilization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 33 weeks, twin gestation.,2. Active preterm labor.,3. Advanced dilation.,4. Multiparity.,5. Requested sterilization.,6. Delivery of a viable female A weighing 4 pounds 7 ounces, Apgars were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively and female B weighing 4 pounds 9 ounces, Apgars 6 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively.,7. Uterine adhesions and omentum adhesions.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Repeat low-transverse C-section, lysis of omental adhesions, lysis of uterine adhesions with repair of uterine defect, and bilateral tubal ligation.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 500 mL.,DRAINS:, Foley.,This is a 25-year-old white female gravida 3, para 2-0-0-2 with twin gestation at 33 weeks and previous C-section. The patient presents to Labor and Delivery in active preterm labor and dilated approximately 4 to 6 cm. The decision for C-section was made.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in a supine position with a slight left lateral tilt and she was then prepped and draped in usual fashion for a low transverse incision. The patient was then given general anesthesia and once this was completed, first knife was used to make a low transverse incision extending down to the level of the fascia. The fascia was nicked in the center and extended in a transverse fashion with the use of curved Mayo scissors. The edges of the fascia were grasped with Kocher and both blunt and sharp dissection was then completed both caudally and cephalically. The abdominal rectus muscle was divided in the center and extended in a vertical fashion. Peritoneum was entered at a high point and extended in a vertical fashion as well. The bladder blade was put in place. The bladder flap was created with the use of Metzenbaum scissors and dissected away caudally. The second knife was used to make a low transverse incision with care being taken to avoid the presenting part of the fetus. The first fetus was vertex. The fluid was clear. The head was delivered followed by the remaining portion of the body. The cord was doubly clamped and cut. The newborn handed off to waiting pediatrician and nursery personnel. The second fluid was ruptured. It was the clear fluid as well. The presenting part was brought down to be vertex. The head was delivered followed by the rest of the body and the cord was doubly clamped and cut, and newborn handed off to waiting pediatrician in addition of the nursery personnel. Cord pH blood and cord blood was obtained from both of the cords with careful identification of A and B. Once this was completed, the placenta was delivered and handed off for further inspection by Pathology. At this time, it was noted at the uterus was adhered to the abdominal wall by approximately of 3 cm x 3 cm thick uterine adhesion and this was needed to be released by sharp dissection. Then, there were multiple omental adhesions on the surface of the uterus itself. This needed to be released as well as on the abdominal wall and then the uterus could be externalized. The lining was wiped clean of any remaining blood and placental fragments and the edges of the uterus were grasped in four quadrants with Kocher and continuous locking stitch of 0 chromic was used to re-approximate the uterine incision, with the second layer used to imbricate the first. The bladder flap was re-approximated with 3-0 Vicryl and Gelfoam underneath. The right fallopian tube was grasped with a Babcock, it was doubly tied off with 0 chromic and the knuckle portion was then sharply incised and cauterized. The same technique was completed on the left side with the knuckle portion cut off and cauterized as well. The defect on the uterine surface was reinforced with 0 Vicryl in a baseball stitch to create adequate Hemostasis. Interceed was placed over this area as well. The abdominal cavity was irrigated with copious amounts of saline and the uterus was placed back in its anatomical position. The gutters were wiped clean of any remaining blood. The edges of the peritoneum were grasped with hemostats and a continuous locking stitch was used to re-approximate abdominal rectus muscles as well as the peritoneal edges. The abdominal rectus muscle was irrigated. The corners of the fascia grasped with hemostats and continuous locking stitch of 0 Vicryl started on both corners and overlapped on the center. The subcutaneous tissue was irrigated. Cautery was used to create adequate hemostasis and 3-0 Vicryl was used to re-approximate the subcutaneous tissue. Skin edges were re-approximated with sterile staples. Sterile dressing was applied. Uterus was evacuated of any remaining blood vaginally. The patient was taken to the recovery room in stable condition. Instrument count, needle count, and sponge counts were all correct.surgery, intrauterine pregnancy, gestation, preterm labor, omentum adhesions, low transverse c section, uterine adhesions, intrauterine, adhesions, abdominal, uterus, uterine,

Low-Transverse C-Section & BTL

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Intrauterine pregnancy at term with previous cesarean section.,SECONDARY DIAGNOSES,1. Desires permanent sterilization.,2. Macrosomia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES,1. Desires permanent sterilization.,2. Macrosomia.,3. Status post repeat low transverse cesarean and bilateral tubal ligation.,PROCEDURES,1. Repeat low transverse cesarean section.,2. Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL).,ANESTHESIA: , Spinal.,FINDINGS:, A viable female infant weighing 7 pounds 10 ounces, assigned Apgars of 9 and 9. There was normal pelvic anatomy, normal tubes. The placenta was normal in appearance with a three-vessel cord.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, Patient was brought to the operating room with an IV running and a Foley catheter in place, satisfactory spinal anesthesia was administered following which a wedge was placed under the right hip. The abdomen was prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A Pfannenstiel incision was made and carried sharply down to the level of fascia. The fascia was incised transversely. The fascia was dissected away from the underlying rectus muscles. With sharp and blunt dissection, rectus muscles were divided in midline. The perineum was entered bluntly. The incision was carried vertically with scissors. Transverse incision was made across the bladder peritoneum. The bladder was dissected away from the underlying lower uterine segment. Bladder retractor was placed to protect the bladder. The lower uterine segment was entered sharply with a scalpel. Incision was carried transversely with bandage scissors. Clear amniotic fluids were encountered. The infant was out of the pelvis and was in oblique vertex presentation. The head was brought down into the incision and delivered easily as were the shoulders and body. The mouth and oropharynx were suctioned vigorously. The cord was clamped and cut. The infant was passed off to the waiting pediatrician in satisfactory condition. Cord bloods were taken.,Placenta was delivered spontaneously and found to be intact. Uterus was explored and found to be empty. Uterus was delivered through the abdominal incision and massaged vigorously. Intravenous Pitocin was administered. T clamps were placed about the margins of the uterine incision, which was closed primarily with a running locking stitch of 0 Vicryl with adequate hemostasis. Secondary running locking stitch was placed for extra strength to the wound. At this point, attention was diverted to the patient's tubes, a Babcock clamp grasped the isthmic portion of each tube and approximately 1-cm knuckle on either side was tied off with two lengths of 0 plain catgut. Intervening knuckle was excised and passed off the field. The proximal end of the tubal mucosa was cauterized. Cul-de-sac and gutters were suctioned vigorously. The uterus was returned to its proper anatomic position in the abdomen. The fascia was closed with a simple running stitch of 0 PDS.,The skin was closed with running subcuticular of 4-0 Monocryl. Uterus was expressed of its contents. Patient was brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no complications. There was 600 cc of blood loss. All sponge, needle, and instrument counts were reported to be correct.,SPECIMEN: , Tubal segments.,DRAIN: , Foley catheter draining clear yellow urine.surgery, placenta, low transverse cesarean section, bilateral tubal ligation, permanent sterilization, cesarean section, intrauterine, btl, sterilization, macrosomia, uterine,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 7

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 and 1/7th weeks.,2. Previous cesarean section, refuses trial of labor.,3. Fibroid uterus.,4. Oligohydramnios.,5. Nonreassuring fetal heart tones.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 39 and 1/7th weeks.,2. Previous cesarean section, refuses trial of labor.,3. Fibroid uterus.,4. Oligohydramnios.,5. Nonreassuring fetal heart tones.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Repeat low-transverse cesarean section via Pfannenstiel incision.,ANESTHESIA:, General.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:, 1200 cc.,FLUIDS:, 2700 cc.,URINE:, 400 cc clear at the end of the procedure.,DRAINS: , Foley catheter.,SPECIMENS: ,Placenta, cord gases and cord blood.,INDICATIONS: ,The patient is a G5 P1 Caucasian female at 39 and 1/7th weeks with a history of previous cesarean section for failure to progress and is scheduled cesarean section for later this day who presents to ABCD Hospital complaining of contractions. She was found to not be in labor, but had nonreassuring heart tones with a subtle late decelerations and AFOF of approximately 40 mm. A decision was made to take her for a C-section early.,FINDINGS: , The patient had an enlarged fibroid uterus with a large anterior fibroid with large varicosities, normal appearing tubes and ovaries bilaterally. There was a live male infant in the ROA position with Apgars of 9 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes and a weight of 5 lb 4 oz.,PROCEDURE: , Prior to the procedure, an informed consent was obtained. The patient who previously been interested in a tubal ligation refused the tubal ligation prior to surgery. She states that she and her husband are fully disgusted and that they changed their mind and they were adamant about this. After informed consent was obtained, the patient was taken to the operating room where spinal anesthetic with Astramorph was administered. She was then prepped and draped in the normal sterile fashion. Once the anesthetic was tested, it was found to be inadequate and a general anesthetic was administered. Once the general anesthetic was administered and the patient was asleep, the previous incision was removed with the skin knife and this incision was then carried through an underlying layer of fascia with a second knife. The fascia was incised in the midline with a second knife. This incision was then extended laterally in both directions with the Mayo scissors. The superior aspect of this fascial incision was then dissected off to the underlying rectus muscle bluntly without using Ochsner clamps. It was then dissected in the midline with Mayo scissors. The inferior aspect of this incision was then addressed in a similar manner. The rectus muscles were then separated in the midline with a hemostat. The rectus muscles were separated further in the midline with Mayo scissors superiorly and inferiorly. Next, the peritoneum was grasped with two hemostats, tented up and entered sharply with the Metzenbaum scissors. This incision was extended inferiorly with the Metzenbaum scissors, being careful to avoid the bladder and the peritoneal incision was extended bluntly. Next, the bladder blade was placed. The vesicouterine peritoneum was identified, tenting up with Allis clamps and entered sharply with the Metzenbaum scissors. This incision was extended laterally in both directions and a bladder flap was created digitally. The bladder blade was then reinserted. Next, the uterine incision was made with a second knife and the uterus was entered with the blunt end of the knife. Next, the uterine incision was extended laterally in both directions with the banded scissors. Next, the infant's head and body were delivered without difficulty. There was multiple section on the abdomen. The cord was clamped and cut. Section of cord was collected for gases and the cord blood was collected. Next, the placenta was manually extracted. The uterus was exteriorized and cleared of all clots and debris. The edges of the uterine incision were then identified with Allis _______ clamps. The uterine incision was reapproximated with #0 chromic in a running locked fashion and a second layer of the same suture was used to obtain excellent hemostasis. One figure-of-eight with #0 chromic was used in one area to prevent a questionable hematoma from expanding along the varicosity for the anterior fibroid. After several minutes of observation, the hematoma was seem to be non-expanding. The uterus was replaced in the abdomen. The uterine incision was reexamined and seem to be continuing to be hemostatic. The pelvic gutters were then cleared of all clots and debris. The vesicouterine peritoneum was then reapproximated with #3-0 Vicryl in a running fashion. The peritoneum was then closed with #0 Vicryl in a running fashion. The rectus muscles reapproximated with #0 Vicryl in a single interrupted stitch. The fascia was closed with #0 Vicryl in a running locked fashion and the skin was closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Sponge, lap, and needle counts were correct x3. The patient was then taken to Recovery in stable condition and she will be followed for immediate postoperative course in the hospital.nan

Low-Transverse C-Section - 9

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy of 39 weeks.,2. Herpes simplex virus, positive by history.,3. Hepatitis C, positive by history with low elevation of transaminases.,4. Cephalopelvic disproportion.,5. Asynclitism.,6. Postpartum macrosomia.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy of 39 weeks.,2. Herpes simplex virus, positive by history.,3. Hepatitis C, positive by history with low elevation of transaminases.,4. Cephalopelvic disproportion.,5. Asynclitism.,6. Postpartum macrosomia.,7. Delivery of viable 9 lb female neonate.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cervical cesarean section.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , About 600 cc.,Baby is doing well. The patient's uterus is intact, bladder is intact.,HISTORY: , The patient is an approximately 25-year-old Caucasian female with gravida-4, para-1-0-2-1. The patient's last menstrual period was in December of 2002 with a foreseeable due date on 09/16/03 confirmed by ultrasound.,The patient has a history of herpes simplex virus to which there is no active prodromal and no evidence of lesions. The patient has a history of IVDA and contracted hepatitis C with slightly elevated liver transaminases. The patient had been seen through our office for prenatal care. The patient is on Valtrex. The patient was found to be 3 cm about 40%, 0 to 9 engaged. Bag of waters was ruptured. She was on Pitocin. She was contracting appropriately for a couple of hours or so with appropriate ________. There was no cervical change noted. Most probably because there was a sink vertex and that the head was too large to descend into the pelvis. The patient was advised of this and we recommended cesarean section. She agreed. We discussed the surgery, foreseeable risks and complications, alternative treatment, the procedure itself, and recovery in layman's terms. The patient's questions were answered. I personally made sure that she understood every aspect of the consent and that she was comfortable with the understanding of what would transpire.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was then taken back to operative suite. She was given anesthetic and sterilely prepped and draped. Pfannenstiel incision was used. A second knife was used to carry the incision down to the anterior rectus fascia. Anterior rectus fascia was incised in the midline and carried bilaterally and the fascia was lifted off the underlying musculature. The rectus muscles were separated. The patient's peritoneum tented up towards the umbilicus and we entered the abdominal cavity. There was a very thin lower uterine segment. There seemed to be quite a large baby. The patient had a small nick in the uterus. Following the blunt end of the bladder knife going through the innermost layer of the myometrium and into the endometrial cavity, clear amniotic fluid was obtained. A blunt low transverse cervical incision was made. Following this, we placed a ________ on the very large fetal head. The head was delivered following which we were able to deliver a large baby girl, 9 lb, good at tone and cry. The patient then underwent removal of the placenta after the cord blood and ABG were taken. The patient's uterus was examined. There appeared to be no retained products. The patient's uterine incision was reapproximated and sutured with #0 Vicryl in a running non-interlocking fashion, the second imbricating over the first. The patient's uterus was hemostatic. Bladder flap was reapproximated with #0 Vicryl. The patient then underwent an irrigation at every level of closure and the patient was quite hemostatic. We reapproximated the rectus musculature with care being taken not to incorporate any underlying structures. The patient had three interrupted sutures of this. The fascia was reapproximated with two stitches of #0 Vicryl going from each apex towards the midline. The Scarpa's fascia was reapproximated with #0 gut. There was noted no fascial defects and the skin was closed with #0 Vicryl.,Prior to closing the abdominal cavity, the uterus appeared to be intact and bladder appeared to have clear urine and appeared to be intact. The patient was hemostatic. All counts were correct and the patient tolerated the procedure well. We will see her back in recovery.surgery, intrauterine pregnancy, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis c, cephalopelvic disproportion, asynclitism, postpartum, macrosomia, low transverse cervical cesarean section, rectus fascia, cesarean section, intrauterine, transaminases, herpes, uterus, fascia,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 6

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Pregnancy at 40 weeks.,2. Failure to progress.,3. Premature prolonged rupture of membranes.,4. Group B strep colonization.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:,1. Pregnancy at 40 weeks.,2. Failure to progress.,3. Premature prolonged rupture of membranes.,4. Group B strep colonization.,5. Delivery of viable male neonate.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: , Primary low transverse cesarean section via Pfannenstiel incision.,ANESTHESIA: ,Spinal.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 1000 cc.,FLUID REPLACEMENT: , 2700 cc crystalloid.,URINE:, 500 cc clear yellow urine in the Foley catheter.,INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS: ,Normal appearing uterus, tubes, and ovaries. A viable male neonate with Apgars of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. Infant weight equaled to 4140 gm with clear amniotic fluid. The umbilical cord was wrapped around the leg tightly x1. Infant was in a vertex, right occiput anterior position.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: ,The patient is a 19-year-old G1 P0 at 41 and 1/7th weeks' intrauterine pregnancy. She presented at mid night on 08/22/03 complaining of spontaneous rupture of membranes, which was confirmed in Labor and Delivery. The patient had a positive group beta strep colonization culture and was started on penicillin. The patient was also started on Pitocin protocol at that time. The patient was monitored throughout the morning showing some irregular contractions every 5 to 6 minutes and then eventually no contractions on the monitor. IUPC was placed without difficulty and contractions appeared to be regular, however, they were inadequate amount of the daily units. The patient was given a rest from the Pitocin. She walked and had a short shower. The patient was then placed back on Pitocin with IUPC in place and we were unable to achieve adequate contractions. Maximum cervical dilation was 5 cm, 80% effaced, negative 2 station, and cephalic position. At the time of C-section, the patient had been ruptured for over 24 hours and it was determined that she would not progress in her cervical dilation, as there was suspected macrosomia on ultrasound. Options were discussed with the patient and family and it was determined that we will take her for C-section today. Consent was signed. All questions were answered with Dr. X present.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operative suite where a spinal anesthetic was placed. She was placed in the dorsal supine position with left upward tilt. She was prepped and draped in the normal sterile fashion and her spinal anesthetic was found to adequate. A Pfannenstiel incision was made with a first scalpel and carried through the underlying layer of fascia with a second scalpel. The fascia was incised in the midline and extended laterally using curved Mayo scissors. The superior aspect of the fascial incision was grasped with Ochsner and Kocher clamps and elevated off the rectus muscles. Attention was then turned to the inferior aspect of the incision where Kocher clamps were used to elevate the fascia off the underlying rectus muscle. The rectus muscle was separated in the midline bluntly. The underlying peritoneum was tented up with Allis clamps and incised using Metzenbaum scissors. The peritoneum was then bluntly stretched. The bladder blade was placed. The vesicouterine peritoneum was identified, tented up with Allis' and entered sharply with Metzenbaum scissors. The incision was extended laterally and the bladder flap created digitally. The bladder blade was then reinserted in the lower uterine segment. A low transverse uterine incision was made with a second scalpel. The uterine incision was extended laterally bluntly. The bladder blade was removed and the infant's head was delivered with the assistance of a vacuum. Infant's nose and mouth were bulb suctioned and the body was delivered atraumatically. There was, of note, an umbilical cord around the leg tightly x1.,Cord was clamped and cut. Infant was handed to the waiting pediatrician. Cord gas was sent for pH as well as blood typing. The placenta was manually removed and the uterus was exteriorized and cleared of all clots and debris. The uterine incision was grasped circumferentially with Alfred clamps and closed with #0-Chromic in a running locked fashion. A second layer of imbricating stitch was performed using #0-Chromic suture to obtain excellent hemostasis. The uterus was returned to the abdomen. The gutters were cleared of all clots and debris. The rectus muscle was loosely approximated with #0-Vicryl suture in a single interrupted fashion. The fascia was reapproximated with #0-Vicryl suture in a running fashion. The subcutaneous Scarpa's fascia was then closed with #2-0 plain gut. The skin was then closed with staples. The incision was dressed with sterile dressing and bandage. Blood clots were evacuated from the vagina. The patient tolerated the procedure well. The sponge, lap, and needle counts were correct x2. The mother was taken to the recovery room in stable and satisfactory condition.surgery, c-section, cesarean section, low transverse, pregnancy, rupture of membranes, cervical dilation, kocher clamps, metzenbaum scissors, vicryl suture, pfannenstiel incision, uterine incision, rectus muscles, incision, transverse, colonization, rectus, muscles, bladder, uterine, section, fascia,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 2

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 37 plus weeks, nonreassuring fetal heart rate.,2. Protein S low.,3. Oligohydramnios.,POSTOPERATIVE:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at 37 plus weeks, nonreassuring fetal heart rate.,2. Protein S low.,3. Oligohydramnios.,4. Delivery of a viable female, weight 5 pound, 14 ounces. Apgars of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively and cord pH is 7.314.,OPERATION PERFORMED:, Low transverse C-section.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 500 mL.,DRAINS: , Foley.,ANESTHESIA: , Spinal with Duramorph.,HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: ,This is a 21-year-old white female gravida 1, para 0, who had presented to the hospital at 37-3/7 weeks for induction. The patient had oligohydramnios and also when placed on the monitor had nonreassuring fetal heart rate with late deceleration. Due to the IUGR as well a decision for a C-section was made.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in a seated position with standard spinal form of anesthesia administered by the Anesthesia Department. The patient was then repositioned, prepped and draped in a slight left lateral tilt. Once this was completed first knife was used to make a low transverse skin incision approximately two fingerbreadths above the pubic symphysis. This was extended down to the level of the fascia. The fascia was nicked in the center and extended in transverse fashion. Edges of the fascia were grasped with Kocher and both blunt and sharp dissection both caudally and cephalic was completed consistent with the Pfannenstiel technique. The abdominal rectus muscle was divided in the center, extended in vertical fashion and the peritoneum was entered at a high point and extended in vertical fashion. Bladder blade was put in place and a bladder flap was created with the use of Metzenbaum and pickups and then bluntly dissected via cautery and reincorporated in the bladder blade. Second knife was used to make a low transverse uterine incision with care being taken to avoid the presenting part of fetus. Presenting part was vertex, the head was delivered, followed by the remaining portion of the body. The mouth and nose were suctioned through bulb syringe and the cord was doubly clamped and cut and then the newborn handed off to waiting nursing personnel. Cord pH blood and cord blood was obtained. The placenta was delivered manually and the uterus was externalized and the lining was cleaned off any remaining placental fragments and blood and the incisional edges were reapproximated with 0-chromic and a continuous locking stitch with a second layer used to imbricate the first. The bladder flap was re-peritonized with Gelfoam underneath and abdomen was irrigated with copious amounts of saline and the uterus was placed back in its anatomical position. The gutters were wiped clean of any remaining blood and fluid and the edges of the perineum grasped with hemostats and continuous locking stitches of 2-0 Vicryl was used to reapproximate the abdominal rectus muscle as well as the perineum. This area was then irrigated. Cautery was used for adequate hemostasis, corners of the fascia grasped with hemostats and continuous locking stitch of 1-Vicryl was started at both corners and overlapped in the center. Subcutaneous tissue was irrigated with saline and reapproximated with 3-0 Vicryl. Skin edges reapproximated with sterile staples. Sterile dressing was applied. The uterus was evacuated of any remaining clots vaginally. The patient was taken to recovery room in stable condition. Instrument count, needle count, and sponge counts were all correct.surgery, apgars, low transverse c section, fetal heart rate, bladder blade, intrauterine pregnancy, intrauterine

Low-Transverse C-Section - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Term pregnancy, nonreassuring fetal heart tracing.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES: , Term pregnancy, nonreassuring fetal heart tracing.,OPERATION:, Primary cesarean section by low-transverse incision.,ANESTHESIA:, Epidural.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 450 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,CONDITION: , Stable.,DRAINS: ,Foley catheter.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is a 39-year-old, G4, para 0-0-3-0, with an EDC of 03/08/2009. The patient began having prodromal symptoms 2 to 3 days prior to presentation. She was seen on 03/09/2007 and a nonstress test was performed. This revealed some spontaneous variable-appearing decelerations. She was given IV hydration. A biophysical profile was obtained, which provided a score of 0/8 with only a 1 cm fluid pocket found. Therefore, she was admitted for further fetal monitoring and evaluation. She had changed her cervix from closed 2 days prior to presentation to 1 cm dilated. She was having somewhat irregular contractions, but with stronger contractions, continued to have decelerations to 50 to 60 beats per minute. Due to these findings, a scalp electrode was placed as well as an IUPC for an amnioinfusion. This relieved the decelerations somewhat. However, over a period of time with strong contractions, she still had bradycardia 40 to 50 beats per minute and developed a late component on the return of the decelerations. Due to this finding, it was evident that the fetal state would not support labor in order to accomplish a vaginal delivery. These findings were reviewed with the patient and recommendation was made for cesarean section delivery. The risks and benefits of this surgery were reviewed, and knowing these facts, the patient gave informed consent.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room where her epidural anesthesia was reinforced. She was prepped and draped in the usual fashion for the procedure. After adequate epidural level was confirmed, the scalp was utilized to make a transverse incision in the patient's lower abdominal wall. This incision was carried down to the level of the fascia, which was also transversely incised. After adequate hemostasis, the fascia was bluntly and sharply separated up from the underlying rectus muscle. The rectus muscle was separated in midline exposing the peritoneum. The peritoneum was carefully grasped and elevated with hemostats. It was entered in an up and down fashion with Metzenbaum scissors. The bladder blade was placed in the lower pole of the incision to protect the bladder.,The uterus was palpated and inspected. A thin lower uterine segment was noted. The vertex presentation was confirmed. The scalp was then utilized to make a transverse or Kerr incision in the lower uterine wall. Clear fluid was noted upon entering into the amniotic space. At 05:27, a term viable female infant was delivered up through the incision. She had spontaneous respirations. She was given bulb suctioning for clear fluid. Her cord was clamped and cut and she was delivered off the field to Dr. X who was attending. The baby girl was subsequently signed Apgars of 8 at one minute and 9 at five minutes. Her birth weight was found to be 5 pounds and 5 ounces.,The placenta was manually extracted from the endometrial cavity. A ring clamp and two Allis clamps were placed around the margin of the uterine incision for hemostasis. The uterus was delivered up into the operative field. The endometrial cavity was swiped clean with a moist laparotomy pad. The uterine incision was then closed in a two-layered fashion with 0 Vicryl suture, the first layer interlocking and the second layer imbricating. Two additional stitches of 3-0 Vicryl suture were utilized for hemostasis. The uterine incision was noted to be hemostatic upon closure. The uterus was rotated forward, normal tubes and ovaries were noted on both sides. The uterus was then returned to its normal position of the abdominal cavity. The sponge and instrument count was performed for the first time at this point and found to be correct. The pelvis and anterior uterine space was then irrigated with saline solution. It was suctioned dry. A final check of the uterine incision confirmed hemostasis. The rectus muscle was stabilized across the midline with two simple stitches of 0 Vicryl suture. The subcutaneous tissue was then exposed, and the fascia closed with two running lengths of 0 Vicryl suture, beginning in lateral margins and overlapping the midline. The subcutaneous tissue was then irrigated and inspected. No active bleeding was noted. It was closed with a running length of 3-0 plain catgut suture. The skin was then approximated with surgical steel staples. The incision was infiltrated with a 0.5% solution of Marcaine local anesthetic. The incision was cleansed and sterilely dressed.,The patient was transferred to the recovery room in stable condition. The estimated blood loss through the procedure was 450 mL. The sponge and instrument counts were performed two more times during closure and found to be correct each time.surgery, low-transverse incision, edc, para, amnioinfusion, nonreassuring fetal heart tracing, primary cesarean section, fetal heart tracing, low transverse, term pregnancy, fetal heart, heart tracing, rectus muscle, uterine incision, vicryl suture, incision, transverse, fetal, suture, uterine,

Low-Transverse C-Section - 10

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. 36th and 4/7th week, intrauterine growth rate.,2. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.,3. Previous amniocentesis showing positive fetal lung maturity, family planning complete.,4. Previous spinal fusion.,5. Two previous C-sections. The patient refuses trial labor. The patient is with regular contractions dilated to 3, possibly an early labor, contractions are getting more and more painful.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. 36th and 4/7th week, intrauterine growth rate.,2. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.,3. Previous amniocentesis showing positive fetal lung maturity, family planning complete.,4. Previous spinal effusion.,5. Two previous C-section. The patient refuses trial labor. The patient is with regular contractions dilated to 3, possibly an early labor, contractions are getting more and more painful.,6. Adhesions of bladder.,7. Poor fascia quality.,8. Delivery of a viable female neonate.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. A repeat low transverse cervical cesarean section.,2. Lysis of adhesions.,3. Dissection of the bladder of the anterior abdominal wall and away from the fascia.,4. The patient also underwent a bilateral tubal occlusion via Hulka clips.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,BLOOD LOSS:, 600 cc.,HISTORY AND INDICATIONS: ,Indigo Carmine dye bladder test in which the bladder was filled, showed that there was no defects in the bladder of the uterus. The uterus appeared to be intact. This patient is a 26-year-old Caucasian female. The patient is well known to the OB/GYN clinic. The patient had two previous C-sections. She appears to be in probably early labor. She had an amniocentesis early today. She is contracting regularly about every three minutes. The contractions are painful and getting much more so since the amniocentesis. The patient had fetal lung maturity noted. The patient also has probable IUGR as none of her babies have been over 4 lb. The patient's baby appears to be somewhat small. The patient suffers from Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, which has left her wheelchair bound. The patient has had a spinal fusion, however, family planning is definitely complete per the patient. The patient refuses trial labor. The patient and I discussed the consent. She understands the foreseeable risks and complications, alternative treatment of the procedure itself, and recovery. Her questions were answered. The patient also understands that when we occlude her tube that she is at risk for failure of this part of the procedure, which would result in either an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. The patient understands this and would like to try our best.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was taken back to the operative suite. She was given general anesthetic by Department of Anesthesiology. Once again, in layman's terms, the patient understands the risks. The patient had the informed consent reviewed and understood. The patient has had a Pfannenstiel incision, which was slightly bent towards the right side favoring the right side. The patient had the first knife went through this incision. The second knife was used to go to the level of fascia. The fascia was very thin, ruddy in appearance, and with abundant scar tissue. The fascia was incised. Following this, we were able to see the peritoneum. There was really no obvious rectus abdominal muscles noted. They were very weak, atrophic, and thin. The patient has the peritoneum tented up. We entered the abdominal cavity. The bladder flap was then entered into the anterior abdominal wall and to the underlying area of the fascia. The bladder flap was then entered into the uterus as well. There are some bladder adhesions. We removed these adhesions and we removed the bladder of the fascia. We dissected the bladder of the lower segment. We made a small nick on the lower segment. We were able to utilize the blunt end of the knife to enter into the uterine cavity. The baby was in occiput transverse position with the ear being cocked at such a position as well. The patient's baby was delivered without difficulty. It was a 4 lb and 10 oz baby girl who vigorously cried well. There was a prolapse of the umbilical cord just below the chin as well and this may be attributed to the decelerations we caught on the monitor strip right before we decided to have her undergo resection. The patient's placenta was delivered. There was no retained placenta. The uterine incision was closed with two layers of #0 Vicryl, the second layer imbricating over the first. The patient on the right side had the inferior epigastric artery and the vein just underneath the peritoneum easily visualized. Then we ligated this as there was bleeding and oozing. The patient had the Indigo Carmine instilled into the bladder with some saline about 300 cc. The 400 cc was instilled. The bladder appears to be intact. The bladder did require extensive dissection of the fascia in order to be able to get a proper fascial edges for closure and dissection of the lower uterine segment. There was some oozing around the area of the bladder. We placed an Avitene there. The two Hulka clips were placed perpendicular to going across each fallopian tube into the mesosalpinx. The patient has two clips on each side. There was excellent tubal occlusion and placement. The uterus was placed back into the abdominal cavity. We rechecked again. The tubal placement was excellent. It did not involve the round ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, the uteroovarian ligaments, and the tube into the mesosalpinx. The patient then underwent further examination. Hemostasis appeared to be good. The fascia was reapproximated with short running intervals of #0 Vicryl across the fascia. We took care not to get into any bleeders and to make sure that the fascia was indeed closed as best as it was possible. The Scarpa's fascia was reapproximated with #0 gut. The skin was reapproximated then as well via subcutaneous closure. The patient's sponge and needle counts found to be correct. Uterus appeared to be normal prior to closure. Bladder appeared to be normal. The patient's blood loss is 600 cc.surgery, intrauterine growth rate, charcot-marie-tooth disease, amniocentesis, c-sections, trial labor, low transverse cervical cesarean section, lysis of adhesions, dissection, bladder, abdominal wall, fascia, hulka clips, bilateral tubal occlusion, intrauterine, transverse, uterus, abdominal,

Low-Transverse C-Section

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at term.,2. Arrest of dilation. ,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Intrauterine pregnancy at term.,2. Arrest of dilation.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:, Primary low-transverse cesarean section.,ANESTHESIA: , Epidural.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 1000 mL.,COMPLICATIONS: , None.,FINDINGS: ,Female infant in cephalic presentation, OP position, weight 9 pounds 8 ounces. Apgars were 9 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. Normal uterus, tubes, and ovaries were noted.,INDICATIONS: ,The patient is a 20-year-old gravida 1, para 0 female, who presented to labor and delivery in early active labor at 40 and 6/7 weeks gestation. The patient progressed to 8 cm, at which time, Pitocin was started. She subsequently progressed to 9 cm, but despite adequate contractions, arrested dilation at 9 cm. A decision was made to proceed with a primary low transverse cesarean section.,The procedure was described to the patient in detail including possible risks of bleeding, infection, injury to surrounding organs, and possible need for further surgery. Informed consent was obtained prior to proceeding with the procedure.,PROCEDURE NOTE: ,The patient was taken to the operating room where epidural anesthesia was found to be adequate. The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion in the dorsal supine position with a left-ward tilt. A Pfannenstiel skin incision was made with the scalpel and carried through to the underlying layer of fascia using the Bovie. The fascia was incised in the midline and extended laterally using Mayo scissors. Kocher clamps were used to elevate the superior aspect of the fascial incision, which was elevated, and the underlying rectus muscles were dissected off bluntly and using Mayo scissors. Attention was then turned to the inferior aspect of the fascial incision, which in similar fashion was grasped with Kocher clamps, elevated, and the underlying rectus muscles were dissected off bluntly and using Mayo scissors. The rectus muscles were dissected in the midline.,The peritoneum was bluntly dissected, entered, and extended superiorly and inferiorly with good visualization of the bladder. The bladder blade was inserted. The vesicouterine peritoneum was identified with pickups and entered sharply using Metzenbaum scissors. This incision was extended laterally and the bladder flap was created digitally. The bladder blade was reinserted. The lower uterine segment was incised in a transverse fashion using the scalpel and extended using manual traction. Clear fluid was noted. The infant was subsequently delivered atraumatically. The nose and mouth were bulb suctioned. The cord was clamped and cut. The infant was subsequently handed to the awaiting nursery nurse. Next, cord blood was obtained per the patient's request for cord blood donation, which took several minutes to perform. Subsequent to the collection of this blood, the placenta was removed spontaneously intact with a 3-vessel cord noted. The uterus was exteriorized and cleared of all clots and debris. The uterine incision was repaired in 2 layers using 0 chromic suture. Hemostasis was visualized. The uterus was returned to the abdomen.,The pelvis was copiously irrigated. The uterine incision was reexamined and was noted to be hemostatic. The rectus muscles were reapproximated in the midline using 3-0 Vicryl. The fascia was closed with 0 Vicryl, the subcutaneous layer was closed with 3-0 plain gut, and the skin was closed with staples. Sponge, lap, and instrument counts were correct x2. The patient was stable at the completion of the procedure and was subsequently transferred to the recovery room in stable condition.surgery, intrauterine pregnancy at term, arrest of dilation, cephalic presentation, low transverse cesarean section, cesarean section, rectus muscles, intrauterine,

Lobectomy - VATS

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Right middle lobe lung cancer.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Right middle lobe lung cancer.,PROCEDURES PERFORMED:,1. VATS right middle lobectomy.,2. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy thus before and after the procedure.,3. Mediastinal lymph node sampling including levels 4R and 7.,4. Tube thoracostomy x2 including a 19-French Blake and a 32-French chest tube.,5. Multiple chest wall biopsies and excision of margin on anterior chest wall adjacent to adherent tumor.,ANESTHESIA: ,General endotracheal anesthesia with double-lumen endotracheal tube.,DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS: , To pathology both for frozen and permanent analysis.,FINDINGS:, The right middle lobe tumor was adherent to the anterior chest wall. The adhesion was taken down, and the entire pleural surface along the edge of the adhesion was sent for pathologic analysis. The final frozen pathology on this entire area returned as negative for tumor. Additional chest wall abnormalities were biopsied and sent for pathologic analysis, and these all returned separately as negative for tumor and only fibrotic tissue. Several other biopsies were taken and sent for permanent analysis of the chest wall. All of the biopsy sites were additionally marked with Hemoclips. The right middle lobe lesion was accompanied with distal pneumonitis and otherwise no direct involvement of the right upper lobe or right lower lobe.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Less than 100 mL.,CONDITION OF THE PATIENT AFTER SURGERY: , Stable.,HISTORY OF PROCEDURE:, This patient is well known to our service. He was admitted the night before surgery and given hemodialysis and had close blood sugar monitoring in control. The patient was subsequently taken to the operating room on April 4, 2007, was given general anesthesia and was endotracheally intubated without incident. Although, he had markedly difficult airway, the patient had fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed all the way down to the level of the subsegmental bronchi. No abnormalities were noted in the entire tracheobronchial tree, and based on this, the decision was made to proceed with the surgery. The patient was kept in the supine position, and the single-lumen endotracheal tube was removed and a double-lumen tube was placed. Following this, the patient was placed into the left lateral decubitus position with the right side up and all pressure points were padded. Sterile DuraPrep preparation on the right chest was placed. A sterile drape around that was also placed. The table was flexed to open up the intercostal spaces. A second bronchoscopy was performed to confirm placement of the double-lumen endotracheal tube. Marcaine was infused into all incision areas prior to making an incision. The incisions for the VATS right middle lobectomy included a small 1-cm incision for the auscultatory incision approximately 4 cm inferior to the inferior tip of the scapula. The camera port was in the posterior axillary line in the eighth intercostal space through which a 5-mm 30-degree scope was used. Third incision was an anterior port, which was approximately 2 cm inferior to the inframammary crease and the midclavicular line in the anterior sixth intercostal space, and the third incision was a utility port, which was a 4 cm long incision, which was approximately one rib space below the superior pulmonary vein. All of these incisions were eventually created during the procedure. The initial incision was the camera port through which, under direct visualization, an additional small 5-mm port was created just inferior to the anterior port. These two ports were used to identify the chest wall lesions, which were initially thought to be metastatic lesions. Multiple biopsies of the chest wall lesions were taken, and the decision was made to also insert the auscultatory incision port. Through these three incisions, the initial working of the diagnostic portion of the chest wall lesion was performed. Multiple biopsies were taken of the entire chest wall offers and specimens came back as negative. The right middle lobe was noted to be adherent to the anterior chest wall. This area was taken down and the entire pleural surface along this area was taken down and sent for frozen pathologic analysis. This also returned as negative with only fibrotic tissue and a few lymphocytes within the fibrotic tissue, but no tumor cells. Based on this, the decision was made to not proceed with chest wall resection and continue with right middle lobectomy. Following this, the anterior port was increased in size and the utility port was made and meticulous dissection from an anterior to posterior direction was performed. The middle lobe branch of the right superior pulmonary vein was initially dissected and stapled with vascular load 45-mm EndoGIA stapler. Following division of the right superior pulmonary vein, the right middle lobe bronchus was easily identified. Initially, this was thought to be the main right middle lobe bronchus, but in fact it was the medial branch of the right middle lobe bronchus. This was encircled and divided with a blue load stapler with a 45-mm EndoGIA. Following division of this, the pulmonary artery was easily identified. Two branches of the pulmonary artery were noted to be going into the right middle lobe. These were individually divided with a vascular load after encircling with a right angle clamp. The vascular staple load completely divided these arterial branches successfully from the main pulmonary artery trunk, and following this, an additional branch of the bronchus was noted to be going to the right middle lobe. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed intraoperatively and confirmed that this was in fact the lateral branch of the right middle lobe bronchus. This was divided with a blue load stapler 45 mm EndoGIA. Following division of this, the minor and major fissures were completed along the edges of the right middle lobe separating the right upper lobe from the right middle lobe as well as the right middle lobe from the right lower lobe. Following complete division of the fissure, the lobe was put into an EndoGIA bag and taken out through the utility port. Following removal of the right middle lobe, a meticulous lymph node dissection sampling was performed excising the lymph node package in the 4R area as well as the 7 lymph node package. Node station 8 or 9 nodes were easily identified, therefore none were taken. The patient was allowed to ventilate under water on the right lung with no obvious air leaking noted. A 19-French Blake was placed into the posterior apical position and a 32-French chest tube was placed in the anteroapical position. Following this, the patient's lung was allowed to reexpand fully, and the patient was checked for air leaking once again. Following this, all the ports were closed with 2-0 Vicryl suture used for the deeper tissue, and 3-0 Vicryl suture was used to reapproximate the subcutaneous tissue and 4-0 Monocryl suture was used to close the skin in a running subcuticular fashion. The patient tolerated the procedure well, was extubated in the operating room and taken to the recovery room in stable condition.surgery, middle lobe, endogia, fiberoptic, mediastinal lymph node, vats, bronchoscopy, chest tube, chest wall, endotracheal tube, endotracheally, lobectomy, lung cancer, pneumonitis, sampling, thoracostomy, utility port, lumen endotracheal tube, superior pulmonary vein, chest wall lesions, anterior chest wall, middle lobectomy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, anterior chest, lymph node, node, port, chest, bronchus, tumor, pulmonary, incision,

Lobectomy & Lymphadenectomy

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Right lower lobe mass, possible cancer.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Non-small cell carcinoma of the right lower lobe.,PROCEDURES:,1. Right thoracotomy.,2. Extensive lysis of adhesions.,3. Right lower lobectomy.,4. Mediastinal lymphadenectomy.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room and placed on the operating table in the supine position. After an adequate general anesthesia was given, she was placed in the left lateral decubitus and the right chest was prepped and draped in the sterile fashion. Lateral thoracotomy was performed on the right side anterior to the tip of the scapula, and this was carried down through the subcutaneous tissue. The latissimus dorsi muscle was partially transected and then the serratus was reflected anteriorly. The chest was entered through the fifth intercostal space. A retractor was placed and then extensive number of adhesions between the lung and the pleura were lysed carefully with sharp and blunt dissection. The right lower lobe was identified. There was a large mass in the superior segment of the lobe, which was very close to the right upper lobe, and because of the adhesions, it could not be told if the tumor was extending into the right upper lobe, but it appeared that it did not. Dissection was then performed at the lower lobe of the fissure, and a GIA stapler was placed through here to separate the tumor from the upper lobe including a small segment of the upper lobe with the lower lobe. Then, dissection of the hilum was performed, and the branches of the pulmonary artery to the lower lobe were ligated with #2-0 silk freehand ties proximally and distally and #3-0 silk transfixion stitches and then transected. The inferior pulmonary vein was dissected after dividing the ligament, and it was stapled proximally and distally with a TA30 stapler and then transected. Further dissection of the fissure allowed for its completion with a GIA stapler and then the bronchus was identified and dissected. The bronchus was stapled with a TA30 bronchial stapler and then transected, and the specimen was removed and sent to the Pathology Department for frozen section diagnosis. The frozen section diagnosis was that of non-small cell carcinoma, bronchial margins free and pleural margins free. The mediastinum was then explored. No nodes were identified around the pulmonary ligament or around the esophagus. Subcarinal nodes were dissected, and hemostasis was obtained with clips. The space below and above the osseous was opened, and the station R4 nodes were dissected. Hemostasis was obtained with clips and with electrocautery. All nodal tissue were sent to Pathology as permanent specimen. Following this, the chest was thoroughly irrigated and aspirated. Careful hemostasis was obtained and a couple of air leaks were controlled with #6-0 Prolene sutures. Then, two #28 French chest tubes were placed in the chest, one posteriorly and one anteriorly, and secured to the skin with #2-0 nylon stitches. The incision was then closed with interrupted #2-0 Vicryl pericostal stitches. A running #1 PDS on the muscle layer, a running 2-0 PDS in the subcutaneous tissue, and staples on the skin. A sterile dressing was applied, and the patient was then awakened and transferred to the following Intensive Care Unit in stable and satisfactory condition.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , 100 mL.,TRANSFUSIONS:, None.,COMPLICATIONS:, None.,CONDITION: , Condition of the patient on arrival to the intensive care unit was satisfactory.surgery, right lower lobe, gia stapler, mediastinal, non-small cell carcinoma, cancer, frozen section, hilum, lobectomy, lymphadenectomy, lysis of adhesions, pleura, thoracotomy, upper lobe, lower lobectomy, adhesions, chest

Low -Segment C-Section

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: ,Pregnancy at 42 weeks, nonreassuring fetal testing, and failed induction.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Pregnancy at 42 weeks, nonreassuring fetal testing, and failed induction.,PROCEDURE: , Primary low segment cesarean section. The patient was placed in the supine position under spinal anesthesia with a Foley catheter in place and she was prepped and draped in the usual manner. A low abdominal transverse skin incision was constructed and carried down through the subcutaneous tissue through the anterior rectus fascia. Bleeding points were snapped and coagulated along the way. The fascia was opened transversally and was dissected sharply and bluntly from the underlying rectus muscles. These were divided in the midline revealing the peritoneum, which was opened vertically. The uterus was in mid position. The bladder flap was incised elliptically and reflected caudad. A low transverse hysterotomy incision was then constructed and extended bluntly. Amniotomy revealed clear amniotic fluid. A live born vigorous male infant was then delivered from the right occiput transverse position. The infant breathed and cried spontaneously. The nares and pharynx were suctioned. The umbilical cord was clamped and divided and the infant was passed to the waiting neonatal team. Cord blood samples were obtained. The placenta was manually removed and the uterus was eventrated for closure. The edges of the uterine incision were grasped with Pennington clamps and closure was carried out in standard two-layer technique using 0 Vicryl suture with the second layer imbricating the first. Hemostasis was completed with an additional figure-of-eight suture of 0 Vicryl. The cornual sac and gutters were irrigated. The uterus was returned to the abdominal cavity. The adnexa were inspected and were normal. The abdomen was then closed in layers. Fascia was closed with running 0 Vicryl sutures, subcutaneous tissue with running 3-0 plain Catgut, and skin with 3-0 Monocryl subcuticular suture and Steri-Strips. Blood loss was estimated at 700 mL. All counts were correct.,The patient tolerated the procedure well and left the operating room in excellent condition.surgery, nonreassuring fetal testing, anterior rectus fascia, pennington clamps, fetal testing, low segment, induction, suture,

Lobectomy & Lymph Node Dissection

OPERATION,1. Right upper lung lobectomy.,2. Mediastinal lymph node dissection.,ANESTHESIA,1. General endotracheal anesthesia with dual-lumen tube.,2. Thoracic epidural.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , After obtaining informed consent from the patient, including a thorough explanation of the risks and benefits of the aforementioned procedure, the patient was taken to the operating room, and general endotracheal anesthesia was administered with a dual-lumen tube. Next, the patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and his right chest was prepped and draped in the standard surgical fashion. We used a #10-blade scalpel to make an incision in the skin approximately 1 fingerbreadth below the angle of the scapula. Dissection was carried down in a muscle-sparing fashion using Bovie electrocautery. The 5th rib was counted, and the 6th interspace was entered. The lung was deflated. We identified the major fissure. We then began by freeing up the inferior pulmonary ligament, which was done with Bovie electrocautery. Next, we used Bovie electrocautery to dissect the pleura off the lung. The pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung were identified. Of note was the fact that there was a visible, approximately 4 x 4-cm mass in the right upper lobe of the lung without any other metastatic disease palpable. As mentioned, a combination of Bovie electrocautery and sharp dissection was used to identify the pulmonary artery branches to the right upper lobe of the lung. Next, we began by ligating the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung. This was done with suture ligature in combination with clips. After taking the pulmonary artery branches of the right upper lobe of the lung, we used a combination of blunt dissection and sharp dissection with Metzenbaum scissors to separate out the pulmonary vein branch of the right upper lobe of the lung. This likewise was ligated with a 0 silk. It was stick-tied with a 2-0 silk. It was then divided. Next we dissected out the bronchial branch to the right upper lobe of the lung. A curved Glover was placed around the bronchus. Next a TA-30 stapler was fired across the bronchus. The bronchus was divided with a #10-blade scalpel. The specimen was handed off. We next performed a mediastinal lymph node dissection. Clips were applied to the base of the feeding vessels to the lymph nodes. We inspected for any signs of bleeding. There was minimal bleeding. We placed a #32-French anterior chest tube, and a #32-French posterior chest tube. The rib space was closed with #2 Vicryl in an interrupted figure-of-eight fashion. A flat Jackson-Pratt drain, #10 in size, was placed in the subcutaneous flap. The muscle layer was closed with a combination of 2-0 Vicryl followed by 2-0 Vicryl, followed by 4-0 Monocryl in a running subcuticular fashion. Sterile dressing was applied. The instrument and sponge count was correct at the end of the case. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was transferred to the PACU in good condition.surgery, mediastinal, thoracic, epidural, lymph node dissection, lymph node, artery branches, lobectomy, lung, anesthesia, bovie, electrocautery, lymph, pulmonary, branches

Lobectomy - Left Lower

OPERATION: , Left lower lobectomy.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in the supine position. After general endotracheal anesthesia was induced, the appropriate monitoring devices were placed. The patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. The left chest and back were prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. A right lateral thoracotomy incision was made. Subcutaneous flaps were raised. The anterior border of the latissimus dorsi was freed up, and the muscle was retracted posteriorly. The posterior border of the pectoralis was freed up and it was retracted anteriorly. The 5th intercostal space was entered.,The inferior pulmonary ligament was then taken down with electrocautery. The major fissure was then taken down and arteries identified. The artery was dissected free and it was divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The vein was then dissected free and divided with an Endo GIA stapler. The bronchus was then cleaned of all nodal tissue. A TA-30 green loaded stapler was then placed across this, fired, and main bronchus divided distal to the stapler.,Then the lobe was removed and sent to pathology where margins were found to be free of tumor. Level 9, level 13, level 11, and level 6 nodes were taken for permanent cell specimen. Hemostasis noted. Posterior 28-French and anterior 24-French chest tubes were placed.,The wounds were closed with #2 Vicryl. A subcutaneous drain was placed. Subcutaneous tissue was closed with running 3-0 Dexon, skin with running 4-0 Dexon subcuticular stitch.surgery, lower lobectomy, electrocautery, endo gia stapler, subcutaneous drain, endotracheal, subcutaneous, lobectomy,

Liposuction

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Deformity, right breast reconstruction.,2. Excess soft tissue, anterior abdomen and flank.,3. Lipodystrophy of the abdomen.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Deformity, right breast reconstruction.,2. Excess soft tissue, anterior abdomen and flank.,3. Lipodystrophy of the abdomen.,PROCEDURES:,1. Revision, right breast reconstruction.,2. Excision, soft tissue fullness of the lateral abdomen and flank.,3. Liposuction of the supraumbilical abdomen.,ANESTHESIA: , General.,INDICATION FOR OPERATION:, The patient is a 31-year-old white female who previously has undergone latissimus dorsi flap and implant, breast reconstruction. She now had lateralization of the implant with loss of medial fullness for which she desired correction. It was felt that mobilization of the implant medially would provide the patient significant improvement and this was discussed with the patient at length. The patient also had a small dog ear in the flank area on the right from the latissimus flap harvest, which was to be corrected. She had also had liposuction of the periumbilical and infraumbilical abdomen with desire to have great improvement superiorly, was felt to be a candidate for such. The above-noted procedure was discussed with the patient in detail. The risks, benefits and potential complications were discussed. She was marked in the upright position and then taken to the operating room for the above-noted procedure.,OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room and placed in the supine position. Following adequate induction of general LMA anesthesia, the chest and abdomen was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. The supraumbilical abdomen was then injected with a solution of 5% lidocaine with epinephrine, as was the dog ear. At this time, the superior central scar was then excised, dissection continued through the subcutaneous tissue, the underlying latissimus muscle until the capsule of the implant was reached. This was then opened. The implant was removed and placed on the back table in antibiotic solution. Using Bovie cautery, the medial capsule was released and undermining was then performed with release of the muscle to the level of the proposed medial projection of the breast. The inframammary fold medially was secured with 2-0 PDS suture to create greater takeoff point at this level which in the upright position and using a sizer produced a good form. The lateral pocket was diminished by series of 2-0 PDS suture to provide medialization of the implant. The implant was then placed back into the submuscular pocket with much improved positioning and medial fullness. With this completed, the implant was again removed, antibiotic irrigation was performed. A drain was placed and brought out through a separate inferior stab wound incision and hemostasis was confirmed. The implant was then replaced and the wound was then closed in layers using 2-0 PDS running suture on the muscle and 3-0 Monocryl Dermabond subcuticular sutures. The 2.5 cm dog ear was then excised into and including the subcutaneous tissue, even contouring was achieved and this was closed with two layers using 3-0 Monocryl suture. Using a #3 cannula, a superior umbilical incision, liposuction was carried out into the supraumbilical abdomen, removing approximately 40 to 50 mL of fat with improved supraumbilical contours. This was closed with 6-0 Prolene suture. The patient was placed in a compressive garment after treating the incision with Dermabond, Steri-Strips and antibiotic ointment around the drain site and umbilicus. A Kerlix dressing and a surgical bra was placed to the chest area. A compressive garment was placed. The patient was then aroused from anesthesia, extubated, and taken to the recovery room in stable condition. Sponge, needle, lap, instrument counts were all correct. The patient tolerated the procedure well. There were no complications. The estimated blood loss was approximately 25 mL.surgery, breast reconstruction, excess, lma anesthesia, lipodystrophy, liposuction, abdomen, drain site, flank, latissimus dorsi flap, soft tissue, supraumbilical, surgical bra, supraumbilical abdomen, reconstruction, breast, tissue, implant,

Long-Arm Cast

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Left distal radius fracture displaced.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Left distal radius fracture displaced.,SURGERY: ,Closed reduction and placement of long-arm cast, CPT code 25605.,ANESTHESIA: ,General LMA.,FINDINGS: ,The patient was found to have a displaced fracture. She was found to be in perfect alignment after closed reduction and placement of cast. The radial deviation was well corrected.,INDICATIONS: , The patient is 5 years old. She was seen in our office today 1 week after being placed into a cast for a displaced fracture. She was noted to have significant loss of alignment especially on the lateral view. She was indicated for closed reduction and placed of the long-arm cast. Risks and benefits were discussed at length with the family. They wished to proceed.,PROCEDURE: ,The patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the operating table in supine position. General anesthesia was induced without incident. Previous cast was previously removed. An arm was approached and a closed reduction was performed. This was checked under AP and lateral projection and was found to be in adequate alignment. There was very mild residual dorsiflexion deformity noted.,A long-arm cast was then placed with plaster and molding. Repeat x-rays demonstrated adequate alignment on both views.,The cast was then reinforced with fiberglass. The patient was awakened from anesthesia and taken to recovery room in good condition. There were no complications. All instruments, sponge, and needle counts were correct at the end of case.,PLAN: ,The patient will be discharged home. She will return in 3 weeks for cast removal and clinical examination. She would likely be placed into a wrist-guard at that time. She has a prescription for Tylenol with codeine elixir.,surgery, long-arm cast, closed reduction, displaced fracture, radial deviation, distal radius fracture, arm cast

Lipoma Excision - 1

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Mass, left knee.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Lipoma, left knee.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: ,Excision of lipoma, left knee.,ANESTHESIA: , Local with sedation.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , Minimal.,GROSS FINDINGS: , A 4 cm mass of adipose tissue most likely representing a lipoma was found in the patient's anteromedial left knee.,HISTORY:, The patient is a 35-year-old female with history of lump on her right knee for the past, what she reports to be six years. She states it had grow in size over the last six months, rarely causes her any discomfort or pain, denies any neurovascular complaints of her right lower extremity. She denies any other lumps or bumps on her body. She wishes to have this removed for cosmetic reasons.,PROCEDURE: , After all potential risks, benefits, and complications of the procedure were discussed with the patient, informed consent was obtained. She was transferred from the Preoperative Care Unit to Operating Suite #1. She was transferred from the gurney to the operating table. All bony prominences were well padded. A well padded tourniquet was applied to her right thigh. Anesthesia then administered some sedation, which she tolerated well. Her right lower extremity was then sterilely prepped and draped in normal fashion. Next, a rubber Esmarch was used to exsanguinate her right lower extremity.,Next, approximately 20 cc of 0.25% Marcaine with 1% lidocaine were used to locally anesthetize her anterior medial right knee in location of the mass. Next, a #15 blade Bard-Parker scalpel was utilized to make an approximately 3 cm vertical incision over the soft tissue mass upon incising the skin and the subcutaneous tissue readily and there was the aforementioned fatty tissue mass. This was easily excised with blunt dissection. Examination of the wound then revealed a second piece of fatty tissue, which resembled a lipoma measuring approximately 1.5 cm x 2 cm. This was then also excised utilizing Littler scissors. Hemostasis was obtained. The wound was then copiously irrigated after this all the underlying bone tissue was removed. #2-0 Vicryl interrupted subcutaneous sutures were then placed and the skin was reapproximated utilizing #4-0 horizontal mattress nylon sutures. Sterile dressings was applied of Adaptic, 4x4s, and Kerlix as well as an Ace wrap. Sedation was reversed. Tourniquet was deflated. The patient was transferred from the operating table to the gurney and to the Postoperative Care Unit in stable condition. Her prognosis for this is good.surgery, excision of lipoma, adipose tissue, fatty tissue, lipoma, tissue, knee

Lipectomy - Breast

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Mammary hypertrophy with breast ptosis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS,Mammary hypertrophy with breast ptosis.,OPERATION,Suction-assisted lipectomy of the breast with removal of 350 cc of breast tissue from both sides and two mastopexies.,ANESTHESIA,General endotracheal anesthesia.,PROCEDURE,The patient was placed in the supine position. Under effects of general endotracheal anesthesia, markings were made preoperatively for the mastopexy. An eccentric circle was drawn around the nipple and a wedge drawn from the inferior border of the areola to the inframammary fold. A stab incision was made bilaterally and tumescent infiltration of anesthesia, lactated ringers with 1 cc of epinephrine to 1000 cc of lactated ringers was infused with a tumescent blunt needle. 200 cc was infiltrated on each side. This was followed by power-assisted liposuction and manual liposuction with removal of 350 cc of supernatant fat from both sides utilizing a radial tunneling technique with a 4-mm cannula. This was followed by the epithelialization of skin between the inner circle corresponding to the diameter of the areola 4 cm diameter and the outer eccentric circle with a tangent at the 6 o'clock position. This would result in an elevation of the nipple-areolar complex with transposition. The epithelialization of the wedge inferiorly equalized the circumference distance between the inner circle and the outer circle. Hemostasis was achieved with electrocautery. After the epithelialization was performed on both sides, nipple-areolar complex was transposed to new nipple position and the wedge was closed with transposition of the nipple-areolar complex beneath the transposed nipple. Closure was performed with interrupted 3-0 PDS suture on deep subcutaneous tissue and dermal skin closure with running subcuticular 4-0 Monocryl suture. Dermabond was applied followed by Adaptic and Kerlix in the suturing spaces supportive mildly compressive dressing. The patient tolerated the procedure well. The patient was returned to recovery room in satisfactory condition.surgery, breast ptosis, dermabond, mammary hypertrophy, monocryl, anesthesia, breast tissue, endotracheal anesthesia, lipectomy, mastopexies, mastopexy, nipple, nipple-areolar complex, suction assisted lipectomy, nipple areolar complex, lactated ringers, nipple areolar, areolar complex, epithelialization, areolar, breast,

Lipoma Excision

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Mass lesion, right upper extremity.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Intramuscular lipoma, right arm, approximately 4 cm.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED: ,Excision of intramuscular lipoma with flap closure by Dr. Y.,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: ,This is a 77-year-old African-American female who presents as an outpatient to the General Surgical Service with a mass in the anterior aspect of the mid-biceps region of the right upper extremity. The mass has been increasing in size and symptoms according to the patient. The risks and benefits of the surgical excision were discussed. The patient gave informed consent for surgical removal.,GROSS FINDINGS: , At the time of surgery, the patient was found to have intramuscular lipoma within the head of the biceps. It was removed in its entirety and submitted to Pathology for appropriate analysis.,PROCEDURE: , The patient was taken to the operating room. She was given intravenous sedation and the arm area was sterilely prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Xylocaine was utilized as local anesthetic and a longitudinal incision was made in the axis of the extremity. The skin and subcutaneous tissue were incised as well as the muscular fascia. The fibers of the biceps were divided bluntly and retracted. The lipoma was grasped with an Allis clamp and blunt and sharp dissection was utilized to remove the mass without inuring the underlying neurovascular structures. The mass was submitted to Pathology. Good hemostasis was seen. The wound was irrigated and closed in layers. The deep muscular fascia was reapproximated with #2-0 Vicryl suture.,The subcutaneous tissues were reapproximated with #3-0 Vicryl suture and the deep dermis was reapproximated with #3-0 Vicryl suture. Re-approximated wound flaps without tension and the skin was closed with #4-0 undyed Vicryl in running subcuticular fashion. The patient was given wound care instructions and will follow up again in my office in one week. Overall prognosis is good.surgery, excision, mass lesion, intramuscular, muscular fascia, vicryl suture, intramuscular lipoma, suture, mass, lipoma