Datasets:

ndc227

/

toy_RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter_8000_800

like 0

Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York) Interstate 86 (I-86) is an Interstate Highway that extends for through northwestern Pennsylvania and southern New York in the United States. The highway has two segments: the longer of the two begins at an interchange with I-90 east of Erie, Pennsylvania, and ends at the Chemung-Tioga County line, while the second extends from I-81 east of Binghamton to New York State Route 79 (NY 79) in Windsor. When projects to upgrade the existing NY 17 to Interstate Highway standards are completed, I-86 will extend from I-90 near Erie to the New York State Thruway (I-87) in Woodbury. The current and future alignment of I-86 is known as the Southern Tier Expressway west of I-81 in Binghamton and the Quickway east of I-81. I-86 travels in Pennsylvania and in New York. Except for a section of about that dips into Pennsylvania at exit 60 near the New York village of Waverly and the Pennsylvania borough of South Waverly, the rest of I-86 will be in New York. The section of NY 17 through South Waverly is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), however. The Southern Tier Expressway section of I-86 and NY 17 comprises Corridor T of the Appalachian Development Highway System. I-86 connects to U.S. Route 219 (US 219) in Salamanca, I-390 near Avoca and I-99 / US 15 just west of Corning. Most of the Quickway and the Southern Tier Expressway was built in stages from the 1950s to the 1980s. The I-86 designation was assigned on December 3, 1999, to the entirety of since-decommissioned Pennsylvania Route 17 (PA 17) and to the westernmost of NY 17. It has been extended eastward as more sections of the existing NY 17 freeway have been upgraded to Interstate Highway standards, first to NY 14 in Horseheads in 2004, to NY 352 in Elmira in 2008, and its current terminus at the Chemung-Tioga County line in 2013. The segment of NY 17 between I-81 and NY 79 was designated as part of I-86 in 2006. By 2015, with the reconstruction of the I-81/NY 17 interchange at Prospect Mountain, I-86 was signed along I-81. I-86 begins at an interchange with I-90 in a relatively flat area of northwestern Pennsylvania. It heads to the southeast, meeting PA 89 at exit 3 before curving to the east and crossing into New York, where it becomes concurrent to NY 17. The freeway heads generally east–west across southwest Chautauqua County, serving the hamlet of Findley Lake and the village of Sherman via NY 426 and NY 76, respectively, as it proceeds toward Chautauqua Lake. After crossing Chautauqua Lake, I-86 merges into an older section of freeway at exit 10 near Bemus Point; this freeway is now NY 954J northwest of the newer extension. NY 954J runs into NY 430, which (along with NY 394) carried NY 17 to Westfield before the 1980s extension. From Bemus Point to Jamestown (exit 12), I-86 parallels the old NY 17 – now NY 430 – along the northeast shore of Chautauqua Lake. The Erie Railroad extension to Chicago (built as the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad) comes into Jamestown from the southwest, and parallels I-86 to its junction with the Erie's original main line to Dunkirk at Salamanca. From Jamestown to Salamanca, the old NY 17 (now mostly NY 394), the new I-86 and the railroad run generally parallel through river valleys. The transportation routes run along the Chadakoin River, Conewango Creek and Little Conewango Creek to Steamburg (exit 17), cutting east to the Allegheny River at Coldspring there. The valley of the Allegheny takes the routes to Salamanca (exit 20), where the railroads merged, and beyond to Olean (exits 25 and 26). From Salamanca to Olean, the old NY 17 is now NY 417. At Olean, the Allegheny River and NY 417 (old NY 17) continue southeast, while I-86 and the Erie Railroad head northeast. NY 417 does not return to I-86 until exit 44 near Painted Post, and the Erie switches between the two alignments several times. I-86 and the old Erie line (now part of the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad) run northeast along the valleys of the Olean Creek and Oil Creek to Cuba (exit 28). From Cuba to Friendship (exit 29), they run through a valley and over a summit, then following the Van Campen Creek northeast to Belvidere (exit 30). At Belvidere, the Erie turns southeast to meet NY 417 at Wellsville, but I-86 continues northeast through the valleys of the Genesee River and Angelica Creek to Angelica (exit 31), and then east along the Angelica Creek, over a summit which is the highest point on the Interstate, and along the Karr Valley Creek to Almond (exit 33). This summit, at 2,110 feet (634 m) above sea level, is the highest point along I-86, located between exits 32 (West Almond) and 33 and marked with a sign. At Almond, I-86 rejoins the Erie Railroad, passing through the Canacadea Creek valley about halfway to Hornellsville. However, where the railroad turns southeast to Hornellsville, I-86 continues northeast across a summit and into the wide Canisteo River valley (exit 34). It leaves the valley along the Carrington Creek, but quickly turns east across a summit to follow the Big Creek and cross another summit to Howard (exit 35). I-86 runs alongside Goff Creek from Howard to the wide Cohocton River valley, where it meets the south end of I-390 (exit 36) near Avoca and turns southeast through that valley, parallel to the Erie's Rochester–Painted Post line (Buffalo, New York and Erie Railroad). I-86, NY 415 (old US 15) and the Erie branch all run southeast along the Cohocton River past Bath (exit 38) to Painted Post (exit 44), now the north end of Interstate 99 and US 15. NY 417 – old NY 17 – also ends at exit 44, while NY 415 continues east into Corning (exits 45–46). From Painted Post through Corning to Big Flats (exit 49), I-86, NY 352 (old NY 17) and the Erie Railroad run through the Chemung River valley. NY 352 begins at exit 45, west of downtown Corning, and is a recently bypassed four-lane road through Corning. East of East Corning (exit 48), the freeway was built as an on-the-spot upgrade of the old NY 17. At Big Flats, the Chemung River (and NY 352) turns southeast to downtown Elmira, while I-86 and the Erie continue east-northeast alongside Singsing Creek to the vicinity of Elmira/Corning Regional Airport. The highway continues into Horseheads, where it becomes an elevated highway through the use of a large arrangement of embankments and bridges. It connects to NY 14 and NY 13 via exits 52 and 54, respectively, before turning south to follow Newtown Creek into Elmira. Just east of the city's downtown district, I-86 meets NY 352 (exit 56), then continues to the Chemung-Tioga (NY) County line. The I-86 designation ends here; however, a section of NY 17 just east of Binghamton is also designated as I-86, creating a temporary gap in the designation. The Broome County segment runs from I-81 at exit 75 in Kirkwood to NY 79 at exit 79 in Windsor. A third segment was set to open in Fall 2014, in the Middletown area. This portion extends from Interstate 84 at the brand new exit 121 to NY 17K in Bloomingburg, New York. In December 2015, I-86 signs were installed on NY-17 between Route 17K and I-84; these signs remain covered pending approval from the FHWA and AASHTO to designate this section as I-86. The first long-distance route through the modern I-86 corridor was NY 17, which extended from Westfield to New Jersey via Harriman when it was assigned in 1924. Much of NY 17 followed a routing parallel or identical to that of the modern Southern Tier Expressway and Quickway; however, it followed a more northerly routing between Westfield and Bemus Point (via modern NY 394 and NY 430) and a more southerly track from Belvidere to Corning (via what is now NY 19 and NY 417). NY 17 was realigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to travel directly from Olean to Wellsville on modern NY 417, located well to the south of today's Southern Tier Expressway. By the late 1940s, the portion of NY 17

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

approval from the FHWA and AASHTO to designate this section as I-86. The first long-distance route through the modern I-86 corridor was NY 17, which extended from Westfield to New Jersey via Harriman when it was assigned in 1924. Much of NY 17 followed a routing parallel or identical to that of the modern Southern Tier Expressway and Quickway; however, it followed a more northerly routing between Westfield and Bemus Point (via modern NY 394 and NY 430) and a more southerly track from Belvidere to Corning (via what is now NY 19 and NY 417). NY 17 was realigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to travel directly from Olean to Wellsville on modern NY 417, located well to the south of today's Southern Tier Expressway. By the late 1940s, the portion of NY 17 through the Catskill Mountains and Orange and Rockland Counties had become prone to massive traffic jams due to both its winding and narrow composition and congestion in the villages and hamlets along the highway. As a result, the state of New York began making plans to construct an expressway leading from the New York State Thruway at Harriman to the Catskills. Construction of the NY 17 freeway began in 1947 in the Hudson Valley town of Wallkill. The first section of the new freeway, a bypass of Middletown between Fair Oaks (exit 118A, since removed) and Goshen (exit 123), opened to traffic in July 1951 as a realignment of NY 17. In 1954, several severe accidents occurred along parts of the surface NY 17, compelling the state to make constructing the freeway, dubbed the "Quickway", a higher priority. The road was extended east first, reaching Chester (exit 127) in October 1954 and the Thruway near Harriman in August 1955. To the west, a section of the highway through Sullivan and Delaware Counties was built over the right-of-way of the defunct New York, Ontario & Western Railway. Most of the Sullivan County section of the Quickway was completed during the 1950s, with the first section within the county—between Rock Hill (exit 108) and Wurtsboro (exit 114)—opening in December 1956. A second section, from Ferndale (exit 101) to north of Liberty (exit 98), was completed in July 1958. The gap between Wurtsboro and Fair Oaks in Orange County was filled on October 23, 1958, while the section between Ferndale and Rock Hill was completed in two stages. The section east of modern exit 104 in Monticello was opened in July 1959; the part north of that point opened in December 1960. By 1969, with the assistance of federal funding from the Appalachian Regional Commission procured by New York's U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, the route provided nonstop access between Harriman and Binghamton, from the New York State Thruway (I-87) to I-81. Despite flaws in the highway's design — it included a grade-level railroad crossing near Fair Oaks (since removed) and two stretches with intersections and driveway access — the Quickway succeeded in easing travel through southern New York, cutting the driving time in half and the accident rate by 70 percent. In February 1953, New York Governor Thomas Dewey proposed constructing four superhighways across the state to supplement the New York State Thruway. One of the four proposed limited-access highways would cut across the Southern Tier, linking I-90 in the west to Binghamton in the east. The first segments of what became known as the Southern Tier Expressway, a westward continuation of the Quickway, were completed in the mid-1960s. Four sections were opened to traffic at this time: Kennedy (exit 14) to Randolph (16); Coldspring (17) to western Salamanca (20); Campbell (41) to Corning (45); and East Corning (48) to Lowman (57), parts of which were built as a surface highway. The Coldspring to Salamanca section was built out of necessity: in 1967, the first stress test of the Kinzua Dam had submerged part of the original Route 17 into the Allegheny Reservoir and made it impassable. Construction of the new highway destroyed most of the town of Red House. A fifth section, from Owego (65) to Johnson City (69), opened in early 1969. The portion of the expressway between Nichols (exit 62) and Owego was opened to traffic on October 3, 1969. Four more segments of the Southern Tier Expressway were completed over the course of the next three years. By 1972, the gaps between Randolph and Coldspring and from Johnson City to I-81 in Binghamton were filled while the expressway was extended west from Kennedy to Falconer (exit 13) and east from Lowman to Waverly (exit 60). The missing link between Waverly and Nichols was completed by 1974. The portion of the freeway in and around Waverly was originally planned to be built on the right-of-way of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad through southern Waverly; however, the plan was scrapped in favor of a more southerly alignment that passed through the borough of South Waverly, Pennsylvania. The realignment saved $2 million (equivalent to $ in 2019) in construction costs and spared a handful of industries in the highway's proposed path. Both state legislatures approved the realignment in 1966 after New York agreed to maintain the section of the freeway in Pennsylvania. As part of an agreement made between the two states, Pennsylvania acquired the necessary right-of-way and easements for the freeway at the expense of New York. Three other segments of the freeway were completed by 1974. Two of the three—from Jamestown (exit 11) and Falconer and between Almond (33) and Campbell—were extensions of pre-existing sections while the third, connecting Allegany (24) to Hinsdale (27), was isolated from the other portions of the highway. This was only temporary, however, as the freeway was completed between Hinsdale and Belvidere (exit 30) by January 1975 and opened to traffic from Belvidere to Almond on January 30, 1975. The Southern Tier Expressway was extended westward to Bemus Point by 1977, initially utilizing what is now NY 954J. In the early 1980s, work began on a westward extension to the vicinity of Erie, Pennsylvania. The Findley Lake–Bemus Point (exits 4–10) segment was completed by 1985 while the portion from I-90 east of Erie to Findley Lake was opened by 1989. From I-90 to exit 8, the freeway was initially built as a super two highway, with both directions utilizing what are now the eastbound lanes. The westbound lanes were built at a cost of $34 million (equivalent to $ in 2019) and opened to traffic on October 2, 1997. Construction of the freeway between exits 20 and 24 was delayed for several years by members of the Seneca nation, who objected to the freeway's proposed routing through the Allegany Indian Reservation. On June 29, 1976, the state of New York made an agreement with the Seneca nation that paid approximately $1.8 million (equivalent to $ in 2019) to the Seneca nation and property owners for the of land comprising the highway's proposed routing. In addition, the state ceded of land to the Seneca nation—750 of which were taken from the adjacent Allegany State Park—and agreed to support several tax and regulatory exemptions for the Senecas. The transaction was completed in September 1981, and construction on the segment began in 1982. The portion of the expressway between exits 20 and 21 was completed by 1985. On July 21, 1985, construction was halted by protesting Seneca Native Americans who did not accept the authority of the Seneca nation. The protest was organized in part by two owners of property in the path of the highway and involved the construction of an encampment on the right-of-way of the Southern Tier Expressway. The state had conducted studies on realigning the highway to bypass the disputed section; however, the Indians vacated the encampment five days later. A temporary injunction prohibiting further disruptions of the highway's construction was issued in early August, allowing work on the Salamanca–Seneca Junction (exit 23) section of the expressway to resume on August 13. This

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

segment began in 1982. The portion of the expressway between exits 20 and 21 was completed by 1985. On July 21, 1985, construction was halted by protesting Seneca Native Americans who did not accept the authority of the Seneca nation. The protest was organized in part by two owners of property in the path of the highway and involved the construction of an encampment on the right-of-way of the Southern Tier Expressway. The state had conducted studies on realigning the highway to bypass the disputed section; however, the Indians vacated the encampment five days later. A temporary injunction prohibiting further disruptions of the highway's construction was issued in early August, allowing work on the Salamanca–Seneca Junction (exit 23) section of the expressway to resume on August 13. This segment was completed by 1989 while the last section between Seneca Junction and Allegany was opened to traffic by 1995. Work on the Corning Bypass, a freeway around the northern and eastern fringes of the city of Corning, began in the mid-1980s. The first segment of the highway—between NY 414 (exit 46) and East Corning—was completed by 1989 while the rest opened in the mid-1990s. The completion of the Corning Bypass, the last substantial gap in the freeway, created a continuous, mostly limited-access highway between Erie, Pennsylvania, and Harriman, New York. The completed highway, designated as PA 17 and NY 17, serves as a time-saving, non-toll shortcut past the Thruway for motorists going from the New York City area to Ohio and points west. In fact, the New York State Thruway Authority initially opposed the highway's construction, fearing the loss of toll revenue on its own route from motorists shunpiking via the free alternate route. The portion of the two-state freeway from I-90 near Erie to I-81 in Binghamton is designated as Corridor T of the Appalachian Development Highway System. In 1998, all of PA 17 and the portion of NY 17 from the Pennsylvania state line to Harriman were designated "High Priority Corridor 36" in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). New York politicians, including Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and businessmen backed the move in the hope that an efficient, high-speed roadway would inspire companies to do business in the state's southern counties. Shortly after the passage of TEA-21, Corridor 36 was legislatively designated as I-86 in an amendment to the bill. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials formally approved the designation on November 6, 1998, as "Future I-86". On December 3, 1999, all of PA 17 and the westernmost of NY 17 were officially designated as I-86 by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) following improvements to bring the roadway up to Interstate Highway standards. The designation was extended eastward to NY 14 in Horseheads on January 28, 2004, after that section had been brought up to standards. On May 1, 2006, the portion of NY 17 from I-81 in Binghamton east to NY 79 in Windsor was designated as part of I-86 following the elimination of at-grade intersections and the reconstruction of exit ramps along the stretch. The completion of the $30 million project increased the total mileage of I-86 to and created a temporary gap in the designation. In Horseheads, a $60 million project to elevate the highway and remove at-grade intersections in the village between NY 14 (exit 52) and NY 13 (exit 54) began in April 2004 and was completed on August 20, 2007. NYSDOT subsequently sought permission from FHWA to extend I-86 over the new bypass and the existing NY 17 freeway to NY 352 in Elmira; it was granted on March 28, 2008, adding another to the route. A portion of NY 17 between exits 56 and 59 originally had several at-grade intersections. Work on a project to eliminate the junctions began in January 2010. Three discontinuous sections of County Route 60 (CR 60, named Brant Road, Oneida Road, and Old NY 17), a parallel surface road, were linked together as part of the project. Two of the three at-grade junctions with CR 60—the east junction with Brant Road and the west junction with Oneida Road—were permanently closed on March 24, 2010, to allow construction to begin on the new alignment of the county route between the two locations. The $65,585,000 project was completed on November 1, 2012. The next alignment of I-86 scheduled to open is in Orange County between Bloomingburg and Crystal Run. Additional portions of NY 17 will be designated as I-86 after at-grade sections are eliminated and the highway is brought up to Interstate Highway standards. Eventually, the entire portion of NY 17 west of the Monroe/Woodbury area where it intersects the Thruway/I-87 will become I-86. The conversion was originally expected to be complete by 2009, and later by 2012; however, a lack of funding for the necessary upgrades has pushed the target date as far back as 2018. Temporary signs mark the route as "Future I-86" where it is not already designated as I-86. Cost estimates for the I-86 renovation ranged from $550 million to $900 million in the early 2000s. Several projects to improve sub-standard sections of NY 17 are either under construction or in development as part of the conversion. The largest of these involves improvements to the interchange with I-81 in Binghamton near the stretch named Kamikaze Curve. As part of the project, the NY 17 approach to the junction will be modified, a requirement for interstate designation, and exit 72 westbound will be moved further west. Work on the Prospect Mountain project, as it is known by NYSDOT, began in late 2011 and is projected to last until early 2018. The projected total cost of the project is $331.8 million. I-86 signs now appear in the vicinity of the interchange in both directions. Other projects that need to be completed to extend I-86 eastward include the elimination of at-grade intersections in the Catskills between exits 84 and 87 and other interchange improvements in the Catskills and in Orange County. One at-grade intersection in the Catskills, a junction in Parksville signed as exit 98, was replaced by a $96 million, bypass of the hamlet in late 2011. The eastbound lanes of the new highway opened to traffic in September; the westbound section was finished in November. Pennsylvania uses milepost-based exit numbers on its Interstate Highways; other I-86 exits are numbered sequentially. Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York) Interstate 86 (I-86) is an Interstate Highway that extends for through northwestern Pennsylvania and southern New York in the United States. The highway has two segments: the longer of the two begins at an interchange with I-90 east of Erie, Pennsylvania, and ends at the Chemung-Tioga County line, while the second extends from I-81 east of Binghamton to New York State Route 79 (NY 79) in Windsor. When projects to upgrade the existing NY 17 to Interstate Highway standards are completed,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The current Governor is Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan, who took over on 20 November 2015. The Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan is the appointed Head of State of the provincial government in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The governor is designated by the Prime Minister and is normally regarded a ceremonial post. However, throughout the history of Pakistan, the powers of the provincial governors were vastly increased, every time the provincial assemblies were dissolved and the administrative role came under direct control of the governors. Name of Governor | Entered Office | Left Office | Political Affiliation ---|---|---|--- Qamar Zaman Kaira | 16 September 2009 | 22 March 2010 | PPP Shamma Khalid | 23 March 2010 | 15 September 2010 | PPP Wazir Baig | 17 September 2010 | 26 January 2011 | PPP Pir Karam Ali Shah | 27 January 2011 | 15 February 2015 | PPP Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir | 16 February 2015 | 24 November 2015 | Pakistan Muslim League (N) Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan | 24 November 2015 | Present | Pakistan Muslim League (N) The seat of governor in Gilgit-Baltistan was started on 16 September 2009. Following is the list of governors after Gilgit-Baltistan was given the status of province on August 29, 2009, the federal cabinet had approved the Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order 2009.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Gruzinsky Gruzinsky (; ) was a title and later the surname of two different princely lines of the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia, both of which received it as subjects of the Russian Empire. The name "Gruzinsky" (also spelled Gruzinski or Gruzinskii) derives from the Russian language, originally and literally meaning "of Georgia". Of the two lines, the younger one is the only line that still exists. The "Elder House" of Princes Gruzinsky was an offshoot of the House of Mukhrani that was dispossessed of the throne of Kartli in 1726. The line descended from Prince Bakar of Georgia (1699/1700-1750), who had removed to Russia in 1724, and it became extinct with the death of Pyotr Gruzinsky (1837–1892). The family had estates in the governorates of Moscow and Nizhegorod, and it was confirmed among the princely nobility of Russia in 1833. The "Younger House" of Princes Gruzinsky (Bagrationi-Gruzinski) is an offshoot of the House of Kakheti (after 1462) and of Kartli (after 1744). The title of Prince(ss) Gruzinsky (Serene Prince[ss] after 1865) was conferred upon the grandchildren of the penultimate Georgian king, Erekle II (1720/1-1798), after the Russian annexation of Georgia in 1801. Descendants of Prince Bagrat (1776–1841), grandson of Erekle II and son of the last king of Georgia, George XII (1746–1800), still survive in Georgia. The current head of this family, Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky (born 1950), claims the legitimate headship of the Royal House of Georgia (also claimed by the line of Bagrations of Mukhrani) based on male primogeniture descent from the last king of Georgia. As Nugzar has no male issue, Evgeny Petrovich Gruzinsky (born 1947), the great-great-grandson of Bagrat's younger brother Ilia (1791–1854), who lives in the Russian Federation, is considered to be an heir presumptive within the same primogeniture principle. Gruzinsky Gruzinsky (; ) was a title

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Pothos longipes Pothos longipes is a climbing plant of the warmer rainforests of eastern Australia. Distributed from Boorganna Nature Reserve in the Mid North Coast of New South Wales to tropical Queensland. Mostly found on trunks of trees. An attractive plant with interesting flowers and bright red fruit. A slender, glossy leaved climber or hemi-epiphyte. Leaves 1.5 to 5 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide. Leaves flattened, appearing constricted with an apparent wasp waist in the middle of the leaf. Flowers form in late spring to early summer, being greenish or purple, featuring a lanceolate shaped spathe, 25 mm long. The spadix is yellowish and cylindrical, up to 6 cm long. Flowers usually solitary, on a 5 cm stem. The fruit is a red drupe, 8 to 13 mm long. Germination from fresh seed is not particularly difficult. Pothos longipes Pothos longipes is a climbing plant of the warmer rainforests of eastern Australia. Distributed from Boorganna Nature Reserve in the Mid North Coast of New South Wales to tropical Queensland. Mostly found on trunks of trees. An attractive plant with interesting flowers and bright red fruit. A slender, glossy leaved climber or hemi-epiphyte. Leaves 1.5 to 5 cm long,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Don't Let Go (George Duke album) Don't Let Go is the twelfth studio album by American keyboardist and record producer George Duke. It was released in 1978 through Epic Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. The album features contributions from Duke's frequent collaborators, guitarist Charles "Icarus" Johnson, bassist Byron Miller, drummer Leon "Ndugu" Chancler and percussionist Sheila Escovedo with guest appearances from Josie James and Napoleon Murphy Brock on lead vocals, Petsye Powell and Pattie Brooks on backing vocals, Roland Bautista and Wah Wah Watson on guitars, and Carol Shive and Judy Geist on violins. The album peaked at number 39 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. "Don't Let Go" spawned two singles, "Dukey Stick" and "Movin' On". Both of its singles were charted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching numbers 4 and 68, respectively. Don't Let Go (George Duke album) Don't Let Go is the twelfth studio album by American keyboardist and record producer George Duke. It was released in 1978 through Epic Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at Paramount Recording Studios in Los

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

1967 NBA Playoffs The 1967 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 1966-67 season. The tournament concluded with the Eastern Division champion Philadelphia 76ers defeating the Western Division champion San Francisco Warriors 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals. It was the 76ers' second NBA title in franchise history; their first had come in 1955 as the Syracuse Nationals. The Boston Celtics were denied the chance to win their ninth straight championship, though they would win the title the following two seasons. The expansion Chicago Bulls made the playoffs in their debut season, and the New York Knicks returned to the postseason for the first time since 1959. It is the longest gap in Knicks franchise history, a record they matched when they missed the playoffs starting in 2004 and ending in 2011. The 1967 NBA Playoffs marked a change in the league's playoff format; every tournament since 1955 had given the top-ranked team in each division a first-round bye, but starting this season, the NBA upped the number of playoff teams to eight, thereby eliminating a first-round bye for the regular-season division champions. Champion: San Francisco Warriors Division Semifinals (1) San Francisco Warriors vs. (3) Los Angeles Lakers: "Warriors win series 3-0" (2) St. Louis Hawks vs. (4) Chicago Bulls: "Hawks win series 3-0" Division Finals (1) San Francisco Warriors vs. (2) St. Louis Hawks: "Warriors win series 4-2" Champion: Philadelphia 76ers Division Semifinals (1) Philadelphia 76ers vs. (3) Cincinnati Royals: "76ers win series 3-1" (2) Boston Celtics vs. (4) New York Knicks: "Celtics win series 3-1" Division Finals (1) Philadelphia 76ers vs. (2) Boston Celtics: "76ers win series 4-1" (1) Philadelphia 76ers vs. (1) San Francisco Warriors: "76ers win series 4-2" 1967 NBA Playoffs The 1967 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

August William Edwins August William Edwins (August 12, 1871 – July 2, 1942) was the American founder of the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church mission in the Xuchang, Henan, China. August William Edwins was born August 12, 1871 in Ogden, Boone Co., Iowa. His parents had emigrated from Sweden in 1868 to Swede Valley, Iowa. August was the fourth of eleven children. Due to poverty, at 16, he left home to earn money for his education. He graduated from Augustana Academy (Augustana College), Rock Island, Illinois, as valedictorian of both his college and his seminary classes. His gift as a scholar and affinity for linguistics became important for his missionary career. He graduated from Augustana Seminary in 1902 and was ordained that year at the Synod convention held in Ishpeming, Michigan. His first call was to serve the congregation at Trinity Lutheran Church, Stillwater, Minnesota. It was while serving as a pastor at Trinity that Pastor Edwins was first approached about serving as a missionary in China. In 1904 the China Mission Society (CMS), a group of Augustana members interested in establishing mission work in China, called him to serve as its first missionary to China. He was hesitant, but in 1905, when no one responded to a call for volunteers for the China Mission Society (formed in 1901), Edwins himself volunteered and accepted the Society's call. After one year of language studies, Pastor Edwins, in the company of his Chinese teacher and two Norwegian Lutheran missionaries, set out in the spring of 1906 to explore the possibilities for a CMS field in the Honan province. It proved to be an arduous trip with attacks by angry crowds, military escorts, and revised routes of travel. Pastor and Mrs. Edwins set out for the new mission field in Hsuchang on September 2, 1906. Commissioned for China, Edwins married Alfreda Anderholm and sailed from Seattle, arriving in Shanghai in October 1905. After one year of language studies in the Fancheng district of Xiangfan, Hupeh (Hubei) Province, Pastor Edwins, in the company of his Chinese teacher and two Norwegian Lutheran missionaries, set out in the spring of 1906 to explore the possibilities for a CMS field in the Honan province. It proved to be an arduous trip with attacks by angry crowds, military escorts, and revised routes of travel. Pastor and Mrs. Edwins set out for the new mission field in Hsuchang on September 2, 1906. In consultation with missionaries of the China Inland Mission and others, Edwins was directed to an unoccupied field in central Honan. Moving to Hsu-ch'ang (Xuchang) in 1906, Edwins obtained a foothold in Loyang (Luoyang), Jiaxian, and other strategic centers, where land and property were purchased and groundwork was laid for future expansion. In 1910 the first nine converts were baptized in Xuchang. In addition, he was professor at the Union Theological Seminary in Shekow, near Hankou from 1922 to 1942. Pastor Edwins and the mission started a school in 1909 after requests from local people, but this school closed in 1911 due to inadequacies in the curriculum, faculty, and facilities. Another attempt to open a school occurred in 1913, but this school was discontinued after a year because Pastor Edwins was having to spend many days away from the school supervising building work at the other stations. Pastor Edwins' last twenty years in the mission field were spent teaching at the Union Theological Seminary at Hankow. Among other accomplishments, Edwins started a union language school for new missionaries, initiated a Chinese Lutheran church paper, promoted indigenous literature, and taught dogmatics in the Union Lutheran Theological Seminary near Wuhan, Hupeh (Hubei), while also serving as the schools President. In March 1941, due to an increasingly tense political situation in China, Pastor Edwins sent his wife and children home to the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent declaration of war on Japan by the United States, American citizens living in China were interned by the Japanese. Since Shekow, where the seminary was located, was in occupied territory, Pastor Edwins became one of those interned. He was interned by the Japanese shortly after Pearl Harbor. Pastor Edwins and others received word in April 1942 that an exchange of American and Japanese nationals was to take place. On June 5 Pastor Edwins and other internees boarded a Japanese steamer that took them to Shanghai. While in Shanghai, Pastor Edwins suffered a stroke and was placed in the China Inland Hospital. He stayed there until he was transferred to the ship that would take him home. The S.S. Conte Verde left Shanghai on June 29 and on July 2 Pastor Edwins died after suffering another stroke late in the evening. He was buried in the South China sea 160 miles due east of Hanoi on July 3 after a brief service attended by fellow missionaries. August William Edwins August William Edwins (August 12, 1871 – July 2, 1942) was the American founder of the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church mission in the Xuchang, Henan, China. August William Edwins was born August 12, 1871 in Ogden, Boone Co., Iowa. His parents had emigrated from Sweden in 1868 to Swede Valley, Iowa. August was the fourth of eleven children. Due to poverty, at 16, he left home to earn money for his education. He graduated from Augustana Academy (Augustana College), Rock Island, Illinois, as valedictorian of both his college and

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Tony László Tony László (born 16 October 1960) is an American born to parents of Hungarian and Italian descent. He was raised in the United States and came to Japan in 1985. As a freelance journalist, he has written articles in English and Japanese. He has been a representative and webmaster for the non-governmental organization Issho Kikaku since 1994. He is married to manga artist Saori Oguri and appears as a leading character in some of her works, mainly the "My Darling is a Foreigner" ("Darling wa Gaikokujin") series. His own writings include the book "Tony ryū shiawase o saibai suru hōhō", which his wife illustrated. Tony László Tony László (born 16 October 1960) is an American born to parents of Hungarian and Italian descent. He was raised in the United States and came to Japan in 1985. As a freelance journalist, he has written articles in English and Japanese. He has been a representative and webmaster for the non-governmental organization Issho Kikaku since 1994. He is married to manga artist Saori Oguri and appears as a leading character in some of her works, mainly the "My Darling is a Foreigner" ("Darling wa Gaikokujin") series. His own writings include the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Asuka Langley Soryu In a "Newtype" poll from March 2010, Asuka was voted as the third most popular female anime character from the 1990s. Asuka's surname comes from the Japanese World War II aircraft carrier "Soryu", her middle name from the American World War II aircraft carrier "Langley", and her "Rebuild" surname from the Japanese World War II destroyer "Shikinami". Her first name comes from "Asuka Saki" (砂姫 明日香, "Saki Asuka"), the main character of the Japanese manga , written by Shinji Wada. Character designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto explained that he "first designed an Asuka-type girl as the lead character", but felt it might be too similar to previous anime that he and Anno had worked on, such as "Gunbuster" and "". He suggested to Anno that they change the lead character to a boy, which would be more in keeping with the robot genre. As Sadamoto and Anno designed the series, Sadamoto came to believe that Asuka would occupy the position of an "'idol' in the Eva world". He also described his belief that the relationship between Asuka and Shinji would be similar to the relationship between Jean and Nadia in the earlier "Nadia". Asuka's personality, as well of those for the other characters, was designed so as to be understood at a glance. Yūko Miyamura, Asuka's Japanese voice actress, said "Asuka wasn't the most open-hearted character I've ever met...every time I tried to draw myself in closer synchronization, Asuka would never allow herself to sync with 'me'... One day, I figured out that there was a wall in Asuka's heart". Much later, she stated that work on the series was "very hard" and that at times she had "wanted to erase "Evangelion."" Asuka's English voice actress, Tiffany Grant, felt that playing Asuka was "refreshing", as "she says the most horrible things to people, things that you'd like to say to people and can't get away with." Asuka is first introduced into the series in episode 8; with the arrival of Eva Unit 02 and Asuka and Shinji's battle with the Angel Gaghiel, Asuka is shown as maintaining a high synchronization ratio and exceptional skills as an Eva pilot, being very aggressive and confident in battle. After first being defeated in battle by Zeruel, Asuka's self-confidence (and, correspondingly, her synch ratio and effectiveness as a pilot) begins to dwindle. This comes to a head in episode 22, when Arael appears and Asuka, burdened by increasingly poor results in synchronization tests, is infuriated by being ordered to serve as backup to Rei. She defies orders and tries to attack the Angel alone, but is overwhelmed by a psychological attack by the Angel, forcing her to relive her painful memories and resulting in a mental breakdown. She becomes incapable of piloting Unit 02, and since piloting Eva is the meaning of her life, Asuka loses her will to live and spends much of the final episodes of the television series in a hospital bed in a catatonic state. Asuka was born in Germany to an unknown father and a Japanese-German mother. In "The End of Evangelion", as the Japanese Strategic Self-Defense Force invade NERV, Asuka is placed inside Unit 02, which is submerged in a lake within the Geofront, for her protection. As she is bombarded by depth charges, Asuka declares that she refuses to die, and in a moment of clarity, she realizes that her mother's soul is within the Eva and has been protecting her all along. Her self-identity regained, she emerges and defeats the JSSDF, before encountering the Mass-Produced Evas. Though she successfully disables all nine opponents, Unit 02's power running out and the infinite power of the Mass-Produced Evas' S² Engines (which allow them to remain functional despite being severely damaged or mutilated) finally allow them to eviscerate and dismember Unit 02 using their Lance of Longinus replicas. Shinji then prepares to start the Third Impact in an indeterminate scene, he confronts Asuka, who argues with him and rejects his pleas for her to help him – at which point he begins to strangle her, and the Third Impact/Instrumentality begins. After Shinji rejects Instrumentality, she appears beside Shinji in the film's final scene, her injuries sustained in battle against the Mass-Produced Evas covered in bandages. The depressed Shinji begins to strangle the seemingly comatose Asuka, until she caresses his face. She then says one of her most famous sentences: 'Kimochi warui' ("I feel sick" or "How disgusting") with cold voice. In the four-film re-imagining of the TV series, Asuka makes her first appearance in the second film, "". Several changes have been made to her character, such as her family name being changed from to , continuing the Japanese maritime vessel naming convention, and rather than her having a college degree, she holds the rank of captain in the European air force, as a fighter pilot. She also doesn't share Soryu's pediophobia and no longer has the same infatuation with Kaji, choosing to ignore an invitation to go on a trip with him until Misato forced her to go. In addition, she is the test pilot for Evangelion Unit 03, not Toji, before surviving the Evangelion's possession by an Angel. In the , she wears an eyepatch. Asuka also appears in many manga series based on the anime, including "Neon Genesis Evangelion" by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. The events in this manga series mirror those of the anime with some divergences apparent. Asuka appears as a main character in the series and is depicted, for the most part, similar to her anime counterpart. Asuka appears in various other manga spin-offs including the "" and "" with varying changes to her personality and characterization. Asuka also makes appearances in various video games alongside other "Evangelion" characters such as in "Neon Genesis Evangelion" for the Nintendo 64 as well as the popular cross-over video game franchise "Super Robot Wars", where she often butts heads with the equally hot-headed and intelligent Kouji Kabuto, the pilot of Mazinger Z and Mazinkaiser. She is also implied to have developed crushes on famous heroes such as Char Aznable (in the guise of Quattro Bageena) and Amuro Ray. However, in "Super Robot Wars Alpha", Asuka jealously seizes a bouquet of roses from Shinji meant for Lynn Minmay. In "Super Robot Wars Alpha 3", she snaps Shinji out of his depressed state during the battle with the Mass-Produced Evas by declaring that she could not be with someone who would simply lie down and die. Asuka appears in the crossover Transformers x Evangelion. She piloted Ava-1 to intercept the Angel possessed Starscream calling himself Angel-scream, her Ava was scanned by the Autobot leader Optimus Prime and he gains her Ava´s size and colors, she with the help of Optimus Prime and the other Autobots defeat Angel-scream In a "Newtype" poll from March 2010, Asuka was voted as the third most popular female anime character from the 1990s. The June 2010 issue of "Newtype" ranked Asuka Langley Shikinami No. 8 in its monthly top 10 character survey. One reviewer describes her fatal flaw as "excessive Pride", noting that her mother goes insane after taking a test pilot experience on herself just as Asuka suffers a mental breakdown or contamination when challenging the 16th Angel herself. Pete Harcoff of Anime Critic described Asuka as providing much of the comic relief, while also being an "annoying snot". IGN ranked her as the 13th greatest anime character of all time, saying that "On the surface, she's a simple character. ... But as the series progresses we see that her pride is a cover for deeper emotions and deep, deep psychological problems." Asuka's fight sequence against the Mass-Production Evangelions in "The End of Evangelion" was particularly well received by critics who felt that it was her definitive moment, as otherwise she remains static for most of the film. Praise was also given to Tiffany Grant for her role as Asuka's English voice actress. Mike Crandol of Anime News Network stated that Grant was "her fiery old self

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

challenging the 16th Angel herself. Pete Harcoff of Anime Critic described Asuka as providing much of the comic relief, while also being an "annoying snot". IGN ranked her as the 13th greatest anime character of all time, saying that "On the surface, she's a simple character. ... But as the series progresses we see that her pride is a cover for deeper emotions and deep, deep psychological problems." Asuka's fight sequence against the Mass-Production Evangelions in "The End of Evangelion" was particularly well received by critics who felt that it was her definitive moment, as otherwise she remains static for most of the film. Praise was also given to Tiffany Grant for her role as Asuka's English voice actress. Mike Crandol of Anime News Network stated that Grant was "her fiery old self as Asuka." Theron Martin wrote that Asuka's portrayal in "" is "distinct from the get-go," stating that she is even more anti-social than in the original anime series. Martin also wrote that despite seeming to be the "most socially adjusted Eva pilot in the TV series," the Asuka of "Evangelion 2.0" "makes no pretenses about liking anyone" and that she "seems motivated as much by establishing herself in a future career path in NERV as she is by her personal pride." Eric Surrell also commented on Asuka's role in "Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance," stating that "the arrival and sudden dismissal of Asuka was shocking and depressing, especially considering how integral she was to the original "Evangelion"." Asuka Langley Soryu In a "Newtype" poll from March 2010, Asuka was voted as the third most popular female anime character from the 1990s. Asuka's surname comes from the Japanese World War II aircraft carrier "Soryu", her middle name from the American World War II aircraft carrier "Langley",

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Leopold Kny Carl Ignaz Leopold Kny (6 July 1841 – 26 June 1916) was a German botanist born in Breslau. He studied at Breslau, Munich and Berlin, where he was a pupil of Alexander Braun (1805–1877). In 1873 he became an associate professor at the University of Berlin, as well as director of the newly formed institute of plant physiology. Among his students at Berlin was plant physiologist Hermann Vöchting (1847-1917). Leopold Kny was a specialist in research involving the morphology of fungi and cryptogams (mosses, ferns and algae). He is remembered for producing "Botanische Wandtafeln", which was a series of 117 botanical wall charts that were published between 1874 and 1911. Kny's charts were known for their high level of detail, and were widely used in classrooms long after his death. They were accompanied with a 554-page textbook for explanatory purposes. Today these wall charts are housed in several different museums. In 1891 botanist Otto Kuntze name the genus "Knyaria" in his honor. His daughter Hedwig Kny married Erich Klausener on 1 August 1914 in Düsseldorf. Leopold Kny Carl Ignaz Leopold Kny (6 July 1841 – 26 June 1916) was a German botanist born in Breslau. He studied at

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification Qualification for the Boxing Events at the 2012 Summer Olympics is based on the WBS Individual Championships, the 2011 World Championships and 5 Continental Qualifying Events to be held in 2012. Qualification for the women's events was at the World Championships only. Olympic Qualification System per Continent and by Weight Category. "*" Both England and Wales boxers qualified but Andrew Selby beat Khalid Yafai in box-off for Olympic place. "*" Wang Zhimin from China, who won the 2011 WSB Individual Championships at this weight, had his qualification withdrawn by the Chinese NOC. Yerzhan Mussafirov from Kazakhstan, as losing finalist in that competition would have inherited the Olympic berth but was also withdrawn by his NOC. Rachid Azzedine from France inherited the qualification place by virtue of his third-place finish. "*" Sergiy Derevyanchenko from Ukraine, who won the 2011 WSB Individual Championships at this weight, had his qualification withdrawn by the Ukrainian NOC. Soltan Migitinov from Azerbaijan inherited the qualification place by virtue of his second-place finish. Olympic Qualification System per Continent and by Weight Category. Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification Qualification for the Boxing Events at the 2012 Summer

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Windsor Beauties The Windsor Beauties are a famous collection of paintings by Sir Peter Lely, painted in the early to mid-1660s. The name stems from the original location of the collection, which was housed in the Queen's bedchamber in Windsor Castle. They can now be seen at Hampton Court Palace. The Royal Collection includes 10 portraits as part of the set. They show the women at three-quarter length in various poses. Some women wear current fashions; others are draped in loose robes intended to evoke classical antiquity. The original set of "Beauties" painted by Lely include, depending on the source: The portraits for the first 10 names are included at the Royal Collection website as "probably commissioned by Anne Hyde, Duchess of York." The Duchess of York does not figure in the above list often; but since she was largely responsible for the collection (and choosing the sitters), she was also painted as part of the series. Possibly a little flattery from Lely was responsible for this. Windsor Beauties The Windsor Beauties are a famous collection of paintings by Sir Peter Lely, painted in the early to mid-1660s. The name stems from the original location of the collection, which was

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Fort Yamhill Fort Yamhill was an American military fortification in what became the state of Oregon. Built in 1856 in the Oregon Territory, it remained an active post until 1866. The Army outpost was used to provide a presence next to the Grand Ronde Agency Coastal Reservation. Several officers stationed at the United States Army post prior to the American Civil War would later serve as generals in that war. Built in Polk County, Oregon, the outpost consisted of a wooden blockhouse, sentry box, barracks, officers’ quarters, carpenter's shop, hospital, cook houses, blacksmith shop, tables, barn, sutler's store, and laundress quarters. The wood blockhouse was built to provide a refuge to settlers of the area in case of attack by the Native Americans. After the fort was abandoned the block house was moved from the hill it was positioned on and served as a jail in the Valley Junction area, and later moved about east to Dayton. Total cost to build the fort was $36,053. The post's first troops were under the command of William Babcock Hazen. This garrison consisted of 76 men under three officers, but was reduced in 1858 to two officers and 33 enlisted men. Company D of the Fourth California Infantry took over at the fort on November 11, 1861 under the command of Lyman S. Scott. They replaced the Ninth Infantry that was commanded by 1st Lieutenant Philip A. Owen. For a time between September 1863 and October 1864 the post was under the command of 2nd Lieutenant James Davison. The blockhouse of the fort was moved to a park in downtown Dayton in 1911 to honor city founder Joel Palmer. The actual site of the fort grounds, which is in the Willamina vicinity, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1971. The address of the site is withheld, however the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department runs the undeveloped Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area in partnership with Polk County and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde. As there are no remaining buildings at the fort grounds except a relocated Officer's Quarters building, the parks department plans to reconstruct some of the fort buildings, including a new blockhouse. In 2005 and 2013, Fort Yamhill served as the site for the Oregon State University historical archaeology field school. Students worked to uncover the foundations of Fort-era buildings. Fort Yamhill Fort Yamhill was

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Swink, Colorado Swink is a Statutory Town in Otero County, Colorado, United States. The population was 696 at the 2000 census. A post office called Swink has been in operation since 1906. The community was named after George W. Swink, a Colorado politician. As of the census of 2000, there were 696 people, 278 households, and 199 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,584.6 people per square mile (995.3/km²). There were 291 housing units at an average density of 1,080.6 per square mile (416.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.79% White, 0.43% African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 7.18% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.55% of the population. There were 278 households out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $36,094, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $36,806 versus $25,694 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,353. About 8.4% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. Swink, Colorado Swink is a Statutory Town in Otero County, Colorado, United States. The population was 696 at the 2000 census. A post office called Swink has been in operation since 1906. The community was named after George W. Swink, a Colorado politician. As of the census of 2000, there were 696 people, 278 households, and 199 families residing in the town. The population density was

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Adam Newbold Adam Charles Newbold (born 16 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a striker. In December 2010, it was announced that he had agreed a deal to sign for Australian side Ballarat Red Devils. He is expected to make his debut for the club in February. Newbold scored on his debut for Nottingham Forest after coming on as a 75th minute substitute against Morecambe in the League Cup on 13 August 2008, which finished as a 4–0 victory. His Football League debut came three days later in a 3–1 defeat to Swansea City in the Championship by making a substitute appearance on 87 minutes. In November 2008, Newbold signed a new one-and-a-half-year contract at the City Ground, with the option of a one-year extension. Following the dismissal of Forest boss Colin Calderwood, and the subsequent appointment of Billy Davies, Newbold joined Conference North club Stalybridge Celtic on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season on 26 March 2009. He made his debut two days later, scoring a goal in the process, only for it to ruled out by the linesman who adjudged him to be offside. He finished the loan with six appearances, scoring an impressive 5 goals.<ref name="Season 2008/2009:"></ref> His contract was mutually terminated by Forest after the club's reserve team was disbanded by the new management team, leaving many of the club's talented young players without a club. In December 2009, he signed for Tamworth of the Conference National on non-contract terms, following a brief spell in Scotland. After it was revealed the club was under financial difficulties, Newbold left Tamworth and signed for Hucknall Town F.C., despite being thought to be the transfer target for a number of league clubs. Newbold left Hucknall without making a single appearance for the club after deciding that he would look to get back into the professional game. In February/March 2011 Newbold joined the Ballarat Red Devils on non-contract terms. It took Newbold just 26 minutes of his debut for the Red Devils and Australian soccer to find the back of the net. He was on target during a 5–1 romp over Langwarrin, where he was named man of the match and hailed by local newspaper Silobreaker as a standout. Adam Newbold Adam Charles Newbold (born 16 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a striker. In December 2010, it was announced that he

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Colegio San Agustín (Cochabamba) The San Agustin High School of Cochabamba ("Colegio San Agustín" in Spanish) is a private high school located in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Augustinians settled in Cochabamba in 1950 to contribute to the education in Bolivia. They founded the high school in 1954 and it started its activities in 1955. Since its inception, the San Agustin High School has focused on providing a strong technical background to its students. Most of them have obtained a degree in engineering or sciences, as critical thinking has been mainly promoted among its students. There have been students who obtained higher education and professional recognition in the social sciences as well. This high school is regarded as Bolivia's 1st ranked high school due to the performance of its students in science contests as well as the performance shown by its graduates in both the public and the private sectors within Bolivia and abroad. The year 2005 marked the school's 50th anniversary. In that occasion, it was awarded the Order of the Condor of the Andes, which is the Bolivian government's highest distinction, and also it was the first women promotion. On 2016, the school began the first Bolivian technologic school project. It included a project to obtain the academic quality management system for education and will last until 2020. Bolivia's Vice President Álvaro García Linera and former President Eduardo Rodríguez Veltze are notable alumni of the school. This high school has been managed by The San Agustin Educational Foundation ("Fundación Educacional San Agustín (FESA)") since 28 August 1992. Previously, it was managed by the Augustinians in the name of the same school (the last one died on 2015, Nicolas Beumer). Colegio San Agustín (Cochabamba) The San Agustin High School of Cochabamba ("Colegio San Agustín" in Spanish) is a private high school located

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Slade Alive! – The Live Anthology Slade Alive! – The Live Anthology is a two-disc live compilation album by the British rock band Slade. It was released in August 2006 by Salvo. It reached No. 191 in the UK. The anthology includes the band's entire collection of officially released live material, with the exception of the 1982 B-Side "Merry Xmas Everybody (Live & Kickin')". Disc one contains the 1972 album "Slade Alive!" and the 1978 follow-up "Slade Alive, Vol. 2". Disc two contains 1982's "Slade on Stage" and the material from the two 1980 extended plays "Alive at Reading" and "Xmas Ear Bender. Slade Alive! – The Live Anthology Slade Alive! – The Live Anthology is a two-disc live compilation album by the British rock band Slade. It was released in August 2006 by Salvo. It reached No. 191 in the UK. The anthology includes the band's entire collection of officially released live material, with the exception of the 1982 B-Side "Merry Xmas Everybody (Live & Kickin')". Disc one contains the 1972 album "Slade Alive!" and the 1978 follow-up "Slade Alive, Vol. 2". Disc two contains 1982's "Slade on Stage" and the material from the two 1980 extended plays "Alive

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Vadakkuparamba Vadakkuparamba is a small village in Anakkayam panchayat, in the Malappuram District of Kerala, India. Nearby cities are Pandikkad (5 km) and Manjeri (10 km).kadalundi river surrounding the village. Vadakkuparamba village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala. Vadakkuparamba village connects to other parts of India through Manjeri town. National highway No.66 passes through Parappanangadi and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. National Highway No.966 connects to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur. Vadakkuparamba Vadakkuparamba is a small village in Anakkayam panchayat, in the Malappuram District of Kerala, India. Nearby cities are Pandikkad (5 km) and Manjeri (10 km).kadalundi river surrounding the village. Vadakkuparamba village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Midnight Rambler "Midnight Rambler" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on their 1969 album "Let It Bleed". The song is a loose biography of Albert DeSalvo, who confessed to being the Boston Strangler. Keith Richards has called the number "a blues opera" and the quintessential Jagger-Richards song, stating in the 2012 documentary "Crossfire Hurricane" that "nobody else could have written that song." On the composing of the song, Mick Jagger said in a 1995 interview with "Rolling Stone", When asked about the song in a 1971 interview with "Rolling Stone", Richards said: The song's lyrics include the verse: The studio version of the track (which runs six minutes and fifty-three seconds) was recorded during the spring of 1969 at London's Olympic Sound Studios and Trident Studios. Jagger performs vocals and harmonica, while Richards plays all the guitars on the track, using standard tuning for the main guitars and open E tuning for the slide. Bill Wyman plays bass and Charlie Watts drums, while multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones is credited with playing the congas. The song bears similarity to "The Boudoir Stomp" and "Edward's Thrump Up", recorded in April 1969 by the band minus Keith Richards and Brian Jones, featuring Ry Cooder on guitar and Nicky Hopkins on piano. The sessions were released on the 1972 LP, "Jamming With Edward". Jones' percussion is inaudible throughout the track and even though he may have participated during the recording sessions, it is possible that his contribution was not used in the final mix. James Hector, who wrote the 1995 Omnibus Press published book "The Complete Guide to the Music of The Rolling Stones" has speculated that the credit may have been a mere gift to Jones from his former bandmates. The Rolling Stones debuted "Midnight Rambler" on stage on 5 July 1969 and performed it regularly in concert through 1976; performances frequently included Jagger crawling around and lashing the stage with his belt. One notable 1969 performance (running just over nine minutes) was captured for the 1970 album, "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" and was re-released on the 1971 compilation album "Hot Rocks 1964-1971". This rendition features Mick Taylor on lead guitar, in addition to Jagger, Richards, Wyman and Watts. Versions from 1975 following the departure of Taylor from the band feature Ronnie Wood instead of Taylor. Some of the 1975 versions are the longest live renditions ever, some of them clocking in at almost 15 minutes. "Midnight Rambler" returned to the Rolling Stones' repertoire in 1989 and has remained a powerful concert favourite ever since. The January 2003 rendition featured in the Stones' concert collection "Four Flicks" runs about twelve minutes, while a briefer July 1995 performance appears on "Totally Stripped" (2016). The Stones with special guest former band member Mick Taylor played the song at all the concerts of the 50 & Counting... tour, including 12-minute versions of "Midnight Rambler" during their 25 November 2012 concert at London's O2 Arena, at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival, and during their July 2013 Hyde Park concerts, as seen in "Sweet Summer Sun: Hyde Park Live". In his book "The Better Angels of Our Nature", Steven Pinker discusses the song as an illustration of his thesis that the 1960s counterculture "pushed against" the Civilizing Process (identified by Norbert Elias), which, Pinker argues, had been reducing violence over many centuries, and that the counterculture's "glorification of dissoluteness shaded into indulgence of violence... Personal violence was sometimes celebrated in song, as if it were just another form of antiestablishment protest." He says the song "acted out a rape-murder by the Boston Strangler..." and he sees this as an example of how in the 1960s counterculture "the control of women's sexuality was seen as a perquisite" of men. Midnight Rambler "Midnight Rambler" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on their 1969 album "Let It Bleed". The song is a loose biography of Albert DeSalvo, who confessed to being the Boston Strangler. Keith Richards has called the number "a blues opera" and the quintessential Jagger-Richards song, stating in the 2012 documentary "Crossfire Hurricane" that "nobody else could have written that song." On the composing of the song, Mick Jagger

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Palena River The Palena River or Carrenleufú is a river shared by Chile and Argentina in Northern Patagonia. It drains the waters of the Vintter Lake, also shared by these nations, and it flows into the Pacific Ocean. This river has a regular glacial regime and rapid white waters. The rapids between Palena and Puerto Raúl Marín Balmaceda are choice kayaking white water. The volume and rapid drop in elevation of the river is ideal for hydroelectric power plants. There are several projects at both sides of the border to use this power. The river originates as the Carrenleufú as the out-flow from Lake Vintter. Its major tributaries include the Tranquilo, Figueroa, Frío, Risopatrón and Melimoyu rivers. Palena River The Palena River or Carrenleufú is a river shared by Chile and Argentina in Northern Patagonia. It drains the waters of the Vintter Lake, also shared by these nations, and it flows into the Pacific Ocean. This river has a regular glacial regime and rapid white waters. The rapids between Palena and Puerto Raúl Marín Balmaceda are choice kayaking white water. The volume and rapid drop in elevation of the river is ideal for hydroelectric power plants. There are several projects

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Santa Gadea Santa Gadea () is a church dedicated to Saint Agatha in Burgos, Spain. The church is famous in history and literature for being the site where Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) at the behest of the Castilian Cortes, forced Alfonso VI to swear an oath that he was not an accomplice in the death of his brother, Sancho while he was besieging Zamora. "Es el de la jura de Santa Gadea" is the most notable Spanish medieval romance about this event. The church today is not the same as it was at the time of the swearing of the , but the place where the event took place is nevertheless marked by an inscription on a plate, positioned on the outside wall beside the church door. Santa Gadea Santa Gadea () is a church dedicated to Saint Agatha in Burgos, Spain. The church is famous in history and literature for being the site where Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) at the behest of the Castilian Cortes, forced Alfonso VI to swear an oath that he was not an accomplice in the death of his brother, Sancho while he was besieging Zamora. "Es el de la jura

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Communication!!! Communication!!! is the second studio album by American-born Japanese pop singer Leah Dizon. It was released on August 20, 2008 by Victor Entertainment. Dizon herself also wrote or co-wrote 10 of the tracks, along with composing 2 herself. It was released in a CD-only and CD + DVD format and it includes the title tracks from her two latest singles, Love Paradox and Vanilla, as well as two b-sides. According to one press release, "Lost At Sea" and "BxKxRxxx"' are said to be rock tunes, "her first". It is Dizon's last recording before announcing her marriage and pregnancy in October 2008 on her "Communication!!! Album Tour" several days after the wedding. Communication!!! Communication!!! is the second studio album by American-born Japanese pop singer Leah Dizon. It was released on August 20, 2008 by Victor Entertainment. Dizon herself also wrote or co-wrote 10 of the tracks, along with composing 2 herself. It was released in a CD-only and CD + DVD format and it includes the title tracks from her two latest singles, Love Paradox and Vanilla, as well as two b-sides. According to one press release, "Lost At Sea" and "BxKxRxxx"' are said to be rock tunes, "her first".

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Wherwell Abbey Wherwell Abbey was an abbey of Benedictine nuns in Wherwell, Hampshire, England. The nunnery was founded about 986 by Ælfthryth, the widow of King Edgar. She retired there to live a life of penance for her part in the murders of her first husband Æthelwald and of her step-son King Edward. She died at the monastery on 17 November 1002 and was buried there. It would seem that immediately after the foundress's death, King Æthelred confirmed by charter all his mother's gifts to the abbey, where the abbess was then Heanfied. The grant included exemption from temporal service, and the gift of land and houses at "Edelingdene", Winchester and Bullington. An unnamed granddaughter of Ælfthryth (and daughter of King Æthelred the Unready) was abbess in the eleventh century. According to the Annals of Winchester and Florence of Worcester, King Edward the Confessor's mother, Emma, and his wife Edith were both confined for a period at Wherwell, but it seems likely that this assertion is confused and that Emma was never sent to Wherwell. The Domesday Book records the abbey's property as comprising the vills of Wherwell, Tufton Goodworth, Little Anne, Middleton, Bullington, and houses in Winchester, all in Hampshire. The annual revenue then amounted to £14. 10s. During the Anarchy in 1141, the Empress Matilda's forces fortified the abbey, but they were defeated by King Stephen's troops. Matilda's men fled into the abbey, which was then burned by Stephen's troops commanded by William of Ypres. Traces of the earthworks built by the Empress Matilda's forces are visible today. In about 1186 a nun called Maud became Abbess, remaining in office for 40 years until her death. In 1226 she was succeeded in 1226 by Euphemia. Between then and her death on 26 April 1257, Euphemia seems to have been a veritable whirlwind. Events include many undated charters relating to small gifts or grants was made. Like Maud, she seems to have been well loved by the nuns, as the surviving cartulary records. Euphemia built a new farmery, dorter and areas for other functions, such as latrines with running water, all away from the main buildings, and nearby a chapel of the Blessed Virgin, with a large enclosed garden. By the river bank, she constructed other practical buildings, but leeft access to the river for the nuns. She cleared sordid older buildings that were a fire risk and built a new hall for the manor court, and further away a new and efficient mill She rebuilt from the ground up the dilapidated manor house at Middleton, and took similar measures at Tufton. She was attentive to charitable works and in providing hospitality. She embellished the Norman church that had replaced the original Saxon church after the Conquest with crosses, reliquaries, precious stones, vestments, and books. When the decaying bell tower collapsed on to the dorter in the early hours, narrowly missing the nuns, she built a tall and handsome replacement that matched the remaining buildings and in her old age she had dismantled and rebuilt with 12-foot deep foundations the sanctuary of the church. Abbess Euphemia also oversaw a significant expansion in the size of the community with the number of nuns being housed reaching 80. The Black Death later cut this number to single figures. In 1291 the temporalities of the Wherwell Abbey were valued at a very considerable £201 18s. 5½d., in addition to which the abbess received pensions of £1 10s. from the church of Wallop and £1 6s. 8d. from the church of Berton. That same year, on 12 August, Pope Nicholas IV granted a relaxation of one year and forty days to penitents practising imposed penance who visited the Abbey church of Wherwell, on the four feasts of the Blessed Virgin, and on that of the Holy Cross and its octave. In larger monastic houses of both men and women, the sacristan held a highly responsible post and at Wherwell was the beneficiary of specific income from dedicated rents. During the time of another abbess Maud (1333-1340) an inventory of the valuables in the sacristan’s custody was compiled. It detailed two precious chalices donated by Abbess Maud herself and Abbess Ellen de Percy and nine other chalices, several for use on a specific altar, two with depictions of St Thomas Becket on the foot, a number of silver and silver gilt ciboria and pyxes to hold the sacred hosts, one in the form of a tower. There were also crosses, basins, cruets for wine and water, candlesticks, censers, incense boats with their spoons, and two crowns (perhaps for crowning a statue of the Virgin), all in silver or silver gilts. This indicates not idle riches, but a certain level of income plus an attention to the dignity of the liturgical services as already seen a century earlier under Abbess Euphemia. After having been in substance harassed for some years, the abbey was left with no option but to surrender at the Dissolution of the monasteries to the crown on 21 November 1539. The abbess received an annual pension of £40, the prioress one of £6, and twenty-three nuns received pensions of from £5 to £2 13s. 4d. It was originally intended that the site and estates be granted to John Kingsmill, brother of the abbess, but in fact they were granted to Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr, after he successfully petitioned Cromwell for it. The manor house of Wherwell Priory was built on the site. The abbey has disappeared, but in 1997 a geophysical survey by archaeologists from Southampton University located the foundations under the lawn of the eighteenth-century Wherwell Priory. Wherwell Abbey Wherwell Abbey was an abbey of Benedictine nuns in Wherwell, Hampshire, England. The nunnery was founded about 986 by Ælfthryth, the widow of King Edgar. She retired there to live a life of penance for her part in the murders of her first husband Æthelwald and of her step-son King Edward. She died at the monastery on 17 November

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

University Royal Naval Unit A University Royal Naval Unit (URNU) is a Royal Navy training establishment connected to a university, or a number of universities concentrated in one area. There are 15 URNUs nationwide in the UK, and each URNU has land-based facilities near the university in question, up to four training officers (members of the Royal Naval Reserve) and, with the exception of Devon, a dedicated training vessel (an "Archer"-class P2000 fast patrol boat). The units and their ships are URNU ships are part of the 1st Patrol Boat Squadron, or "1PBS". 1PBS is commanded by Commander 1PBS, who previously was also Commander URNU (however Commander Universities is now a separate post). The mission statement of 1PBS is to provide high-quality sea training experiences in support of the URNU mission and to deliver P2000 operational capability in support of other fleet tasking. The most recently formed unit, Devon URNU was established in 2017, catering to universities across the region. The unit is the only URNU without a dedicated training vessel, but students are able to utilise available P2000s and other craft for training. Devon was the first new unit formed since 1994. While the URNUs are commanded by Commander URNU they fall under the overall jurisdiction of Captain BRNC (the officer-in-charge of the Britannia Royal Naval College), Dartmouth. Each URNU is commanded by a Lieutenant RN, Lieutenant Commander or RM Captain, and is associated with a P2000 patrol boat of the 1st Patrol Boat Squadron. Each URNU comprises 51 undergraduates who join for the duration of their degree, with the option of taking years out or leaving at any time. Undergraduates join for three years, or in some cases the duration of their course. Members hold the rank of honorary Midshipman in the Royal Naval Reserve. A notable difference between this and other ranks in the Royal Navy is that there is no call-up liability and members may leave at any time. During the first year URNU students wear URNU slides on their shoulders and are Officer Cadets (O/CDTS) and on completion of their first URNU taskbook they receive a white officer cadet tab in addition to the URNU slide. They can then be referred to as Midshipmen RNR(MID) and on completion of the second taskbook students will wear Midshipman rank slides and "turnbacks". Each URNU has a Senior Midshipman (SMID) and Deputy Senior Midshipman (DSMID) with a committee made up of various roles which differ according to unit, but will generally include a treasurer and sports and adventurous training officers alongside other roles, and this committee will take leading role in programme planning and assist in the running of the Unit. The committee is supported by the unit CO and a Coxn, usually a full-time Royal Navy Chief Petty Officer (CPO) as well as a civilian secretary. Each unit also has capacity for up to four training officers, who may be ex-Navy, former URNU students, or civilians with relevant experience, who are appointed as Royal Naval Reserve officers (RNR). Training focuses on leadership, navigation and seamanship, and this is put into practice during sea weekends, and longer deployments during the summer and Easter vacations. Drill nights also often include lessons on wider navy knowledge, drill practice, and visits from serving personnel and affiliated units as well as practical leadership tasks and team building. Units also frequently undertake visits to affiliated units and local training establishments to experience military life first hand. Training is assessed via successive taskbooks which must be signed off by members of the unit staff or P2000 ships company. Advancement in rank depends on completion of each taskbook. There is also a significant and important social element to URNU life from formal mess dinners including the main naval formal event of the year, Trafalgar Night, to informal socialising in the unit's mess and dedicated socials which contribute to unit integration and may be coordinated by a dedicated social secretary. There are sporting activities held within the URNU units, informal contests between the units and an annual sports weekend in Portsmouth between all units, organised by the losing unit from the previous year. University Royal Naval Unit A University Royal Naval Unit (URNU) is a Royal

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Stéphane Trévisan Stéphane Trévisan (born March 27, 1974) is a French former professional football goalkeeper. During his career, which began in 1995 at Toulouse Fontaines and concluded in 2010 after a three-year spell with Guingamp, he made over 200 league appearances. Trévisan started his professional career at Guingamp, where he was their number two goalkeeper, first behind Angelo Hugues then behind Ronald Thomas. After three years, he decided to go to Marseille, where in his first year he would again be number two behind Stéphane Porato, but would still play two Champions League matches. His good performances when he did get into the starting eleven convinced his manager to make him the number one goalkeeper the following year, Porato having returned to Monaco. However, this second season at Marseille, his first ever as a regular in the starting team, quickly turned into a nightmare for Trévisan, who made mistake after mistake while Marseille were battling against relegation. Ultimately, Trévisan decided to give up his spot in the team and to let young keeper Damien Gregorini play the final nine games of the season. The following summer, he left the club to Ligue 2 side Ajaccio. For his first year there, he helped the club win the league and achieve promotion to Ligue 1, and was named Ligue 2 Goalkeeper of the Year. He finally got to play two complete seasons in Ligue 1 (38 and 32 games respectively), but found himself number two again, and again behind Stéphane Porato for the following two years. This led him to sign for Sedan, where he only got to play nine games, as, despite his excellent performances, he could never displace local icon Patrick Regnault. Angry at this treatment he judged unfair, Trévisan left Sedan after just one year to go back to his first club, Guingamp. After a difficult first year where he only got to play 12 games, his second season was much more rewarding as he started almost every league match, and also won the Coupe de France (although Guillaume Gauclin was the starting goalkeeper throughout this competition). In June 2010 Guingamp is relegated into the third French league, the contract of Stéphane Trévisan expires and the goalkeeper stops his career. Stéphane Trévisan Stéphane Trévisan (born March 27, 1974) is a French former professional football goalkeeper. During his career, which began in 1995 at Toulouse Fontaines and concluded in 2010

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Wu Mochou Wu Mochou, also known by her English name Momo Wu (born April 18, 1992), is a Chinese singer. She rose to fame after her runner-up of The Voice of China (season 1). Wu was born in Qiqihar, the daughter of an obscure singer. During her childhood, Wu followed her parents in a caravan and performed all over the country. When she was 18, her father died. To remember him, Wu tattooed his portrait on her left arm. In 2011, Wu was admitted to the Shenyang Conservatory of Music, and started to sing at a local pub outside of the school. While performing at the pub, she started singing R&B, rock, and a variety of other music genres, and mapped out her own style. In 2012, Wu took part in the Voice of China competition, one of the most popular television shows in China during that year. Her first song was "Price Tag" by Jessie J. She was chosen by Harlem Yu, one of the four judges in the contest, who later became her mentor. Throughout the series, some audience members disliked her performances and said she had destroyed the songs. But Wu, whose voice bears a resemblance to Kimbra, Amy Winehouse, Duffy and Gin Wigmore, was proud of her own style. In the final rounds, Wu experimented an improvisation of "Itch"(癢) by Huang Ling, which she combined with "The Wandering Songstress"(天涯歌女) by Zhou Xuan, causing controversy. Wu took second place in the competition; her sense of humor and positive attitude has since brought her a large group of fans. On November 21, 2012, Wu released her first studio single "I Will Give You"(我要給你) featuring Harlem Yu. On December 25, 2012, "Sunshine Legend"(陽光傳奇) featuring Li Daimo, was released. It was adopted as the new city song of Shenyang. In 2013, Wu had cameos in the film "Better and Better"(《越來越好之村晚》), and sang in the episode "I Will Give You"(我要給你). On March 21, Wu released a new studio single "Love Love Love Love"(愛愛愛愛). It was also used as incidental music in the film "The Chef, the Actor, the Scoundrel"(《厨子戏子痞子》). From December 2012 to February 2013, Wu attended a CCTV's talent contest miniseries Dreams Chorus(the Chinese version of Clash of the Choirs), leading Team Shanghai to sing for charity funds for Raleigh China: Expeditions. Although her team did not win the contest, it raised 37 million yuan in donations. Wu rose to prominence with incomparable speed. She was awarded "Singer of the Year" in a selection activity hosted by New Weekly. At the 2012 China Charm Awards hosted by the Southern People Weekly, Wu won the Different Glamour Award of 2012. At the Women's Media Awards 2012, jointly hosted by UN Women and NetEase, Wu won the 2012 Female Model Award. In 2013, Wu was signed up by Pepsi as a sponsor and subsequently released a new single, "Live For Now Momo"(就现在). The music video of the song quickly broke the Chinese record as the most watched video with over 200 million views to date. In 2015, Wu sang the song “舞底线” for movie “捉妖记”. Wu Mochou Wu Mochou, also known by her English name Momo Wu (born April 18, 1992), is a Chinese singer. She rose to fame after her runner-up of The Voice of China (season 1). Wu was born in Qiqihar, the daughter of an obscure singer. During her childhood, Wu followed her parents in a caravan and performed all over the country. When she was 18, her father died. To remember him, Wu tattooed his portrait on her left arm. In 2011, Wu was admitted to the Shenyang

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Tisab Ting Tisab Ting, or, The Electrical Kiss is an 1896 Canadian science fiction novel, written by Ida May Ferguson of New Brunswick under the pseudonym "Dyjan Fergus." The book is set in late 20th century Montreal and features an "electrical genius": a "learned Chinaman" who woos and wins a Canadian wife through his superior scientific knowledge as embodied in "the Electrical Kiss". According to a contemporary reviewer, the admitted novelty of the subject matter and plot of this "startling" work did not excuse this "young lady writer" for writing which was weak and without skill (it was her first and apparently her only book). It is of interest mainly because of its early publication date. The University of Alberta Libraries published a microfiche copy of the book in 1980. Tisab Ting Tisab Ting, or, The Electrical Kiss is an 1896 Canadian science fiction novel, written by Ida May Ferguson of New Brunswick under the pseudonym "Dyjan Fergus." The book is set in late 20th century Montreal and features an "electrical genius": a "learned Chinaman" who woos and wins a Canadian wife through his superior scientific knowledge as embodied in "the Electrical Kiss". According to a contemporary reviewer, the admitted

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Zsuzsa Koncz Zsuzsa Koncz (, born 7 March 1946, Pély) is a Hungarian pop singer, whose lyrics (mostly written by János Bródy) were sometimes highly critical of the country's pre-1990 political system. Her career started after her performance in the Ki mit tud? talent show of 1962. She has been performing with various bands and musicians over the years, most notably Illés and János Bródy. In the 1970s, she made several successful tours abroad, mainly in Eastern Bloc countries as well as in West Germany (sometimes under the names Shusha Koncz and Jana Koncz in German-speaking countries), but also in France, the U.S., and Japan. She remains extremely popular in Hungary, with some of her songs now part of Hungarian folklore, among them: 'A Kárpáthyék lánya', 'Ha én rózsa volnék', and 'Valahol egy lány'. Zsuzsa Koncz Zsuzsa Koncz (, born 7 March 1946, Pély) is a Hungarian pop singer, whose lyrics (mostly written by János Bródy) were sometimes highly critical of the country's pre-1990 political system. Her career started after her performance in the Ki mit tud? talent show of 1962. She has been performing with various bands and musicians over the years, most notably Illés and János Bródy. In

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

* Amy Poehler * Nick Offerman Making It (originally titled The Handmade Project) is an American reality competition series, co-hosted by Amy Poehler and Nick Offerman. The series premiered on July 31, 2018 on NBC. Season | Episodes | Originally aired ---|---|--- First aired | Last aired | | 6 | July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31) | September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04) The show features craftspeople skilled in different mediums competing to be named the "Master Maker" and win $100,000. Each week, competitors make two handmade projects–a "Faster Craft" and a "Master Craft." The winner of each challenge earns a patch. For the Faster Craft, makers have three hours to create an item. For the Master Craft, they have a longer time to create a more elaborate themed collection. At the end of every episode, one person is sent home based on their performance in the Master Craft. No. in series | No. in season | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers (millions) ---|---|---|---|--- | | "Meet Your Makers" | July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31) | N/A For the faster craft challenge, the eight makers must make a craft that reveals each maker's "secret beast". For the master craft challenge, they must make family heirlooms with a contemporary twist. | | "Home Sweet Home" | August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07) | N/A For the faster craft challenge, the makers must create terrariums that celebrate where they grew up. For the master craft challenge, they must make a collection of handmade forts and children's toys. | | "Party Time!" | August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14) | N/A For the faster craft challenge, the makers must create unique snack stadiums. For the master craft challenge, they must make a backyard bonanza using repurposed and recycled materials to create themed party seating and matching outdoor games. | | "All of the Holidays at Once" | August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21) | N/A For the faster craft challenge, the makers must make Halloween costumes using common household items. For the master craft challenge, they must create front door holiday displays. 5 | 5 | "Inside Out" | August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28) | N/A For the faster craft challenge, the makers create light fixtures made from natural materials. For the master craft challenge, they must transform ordinary backyard sheds into unique personal spaces. 6 | 6 | "Happily Ever Crafter" | September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04) | N/A The final three makers must transform a real couple's wedding into an amazing handcrafted experience. For the faster craft challenge, the makers make one-of-kind cake toppers. For the master craft challenge, they must create wedding ceremony backdrops and handmade wedding gifts. Amy, Nick, and the judges award the title of Master Maker to the competition winner. On March 7, 2018, NBC announced that the show will premiere on July 31, 2018. Making It --- Genre | Reality competition Presented by | * Amy Poehler * Nick Offerman Judges | * Dayna Isom Johnson * Simon Doonan Country of origin | United States Original language (s) | English No. of seasons | No. of episodes | 6 Production Executive producer (s) | * Amy Poehler * Nick Offerman * Brooke Posch * Nicolle Yaron * Dave Becky * Anthony Dominici Production company (s) | Universal Television Alternative Studio Paper Kite Productions 3 Arts Entertainment Distributor | NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network | NBC Original release | July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)–present (present) External links Website On August 21, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a second season. Name | Age | Occupation | Residence ---|---|---|--- Amber Kemp-Gerstel | 37 | Craft Blogger | Miami, Florida Billy Kheel | 43 | Felt Artist | Los Angeles, California Jeffery "Jeff" Rudell | 54 | Paper Crafter | New York, NY Jemma Olson | 60 | Hodge Podge Crafter | Rockwall, Texas Joanna "Jo" Gick | 37 | Interior Designer | Chandler, Arizona Khiem Nguyen | 28 | Woodworker | Austin, Texas Nicole Sweeney | 31 | Woodworker | San Francisco, California Robert Mahar | 46 | Designer & Maker | Los Angeles, California (FAST) The Contestant won that episode's Faster Craft Challenge. (WIN) The Contestant won that episode's Master Craft Challenge. (OUT) The Contestant was eliminated from the competition. (SAFE) The Contestant won neither the Faster Craft Challenge nor Master Craft Challenge, and they were not eliminated. (WINNER) The Contestant was named Master Maker. Episode | Title | First air date | Timeslot (EDT) | Rating (18–49) | Share (18–49) | Viewers (millions) | Nightly Rank | Weekly Rank ---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- | "Meet Your Makers" | July 31, 2018 | Tuesday 10:00 p.m. | 1.1 | 5 | 5.19 | | 13 | "Home Sweet Home" | August 7, 2018 | 0.9 | 5 | 4.15 | | 18 | "Party Time!" | August 14, 2018 | 0.9 | 5 | 3.81 | | 22 | "All of the Holidays at Once" | August 21, 2018 | 0.9 | 5 | 3.73 | | N/A 5 | "Inside Out" | August 28, 2018 | 0.8 | | 3.66 | | 19 6 | "Happily Ever Crafter" | September 4, 2018 | 0.7 | | 3.51 | | N/A In October, 2017, NBC announced that the show would be called Making It and two of the show's judges, Dayna Isom Johnson and Simon Doonan, were also announced. On March 28, 2017, it was announced that NBC had straight-to-series ordered the unscripted "Crafts Competition Reality Series" with the working title, The Handmade Project from Amy Poehler's Paper Kite Productions. It was also announced that it would be hosted by Poehler and Nick Offerman. Faster Craft Winner | Robert | Amber | Robert | Khiem | Khiem | Jo ---|---|---|---|---|---|--- Episode | | | | | 5 | 6 Khiem | SAFE | SAFE | WIN | FAST | FAST | WINNER Jo | WIN | SAFE | SAFE | SAFE | WIN | FAST Amber | SAFE | FAST | SAFE | WIN | SAFE | OUT Billy | SAFE | WIN | SAFE | SAFE | OUT | Robert | FAST | SAFE | FAST | OUT | Nicole | SAFE | SAFE | OUT | Jeff | SAFE | OUT | Jemma | OUT | * Dayna Isom Johnson * Simon Doonan

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Alis Lesley Alis Lesley (born Alice Lesley, April 20, 1938) is an American former rockabilly singer, once billed as "the female Elvis Presley." Lesley was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Her family later moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Phoenix Junior College. She majored in television and radio, and began singing rockabilly while a student. She was discovered by Kathryn Godfrey, a popular Phoenix television personality and the sister of Arthur Godfrey. With Ms. Godfrey's help, Lesley became a local favorite following her appearances on television station KTVK and in local night clubs. Lesley achieved brief national celebrity with the 1957 release of her Era single, "He Will Come Back to Me" b/w "Heartbreak Harry" (Era Records 45-1034). Lesley's stage persona as "The Female Elvis Presley" included a guitar slung around her neck, greased-back hair, and combed-down sideburns. She toured Australia in October 1957 with Little Richard, Eddie Cochran, Gene Vincent and local rocker Johnny O'Keefe. The tour was cut short when Richard underwent a "religious experience" and he retired from rock and roll for several years. Alis Lesley Alis Lesley (born Alice Lesley, April 20, 1938) is an American former rockabilly singer, once billed as "the female

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

La Padania La Padania was an Italian daily newspaper, and the official press organ of the political party Lega Nord. "La Padania" was the official newspaper of Northern League of Umberto Bossi founded in 1997 by Davide Caparini and directed by Gianluca Marchi (both coming from 'L'Indipendente' of Vittorio Feltri and Daniele Vimercati). It was delivered daily to newsstands and homes in Northern Italy since 8 January 1997. The paper was the official organ of the right-wing party Lega Nord. The 2009 circulation of "La Padania" was 60,000 copies. Due to financial difficulties, publication of the daily newspaper was suspended on 1 December 2014. La Padania La Padania was an Italian daily newspaper, and the official press organ of the political party Lega Nord. "La Padania" was the official newspaper of Northern League of Umberto Bossi founded in 1997 by Davide Caparini and directed by Gianluca Marchi (both coming from 'L'Indipendente' of Vittorio Feltri and Daniele Vimercati). It was delivered daily to newsstands and homes in Northern Italy since 8 January 1997. The paper was the official organ of the right-wing party Lega Nord. The 2009 circulation of "La Padania" was 60,000 copies. Due to financial difficulties, publication of the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Franz Josef Radermacher Franz Josef Radermacher is a German mathematician and economist. He is Professor of Informatics at Ulm University. He is one of the co-founders of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative that suggests a socio-ecological plan to eradicate poverty, increasing global wealth while protecting natural resources. Radermacher earned a PhD in Mathematics from RWTH Aachen in 1974. He earned a second PhD in Economics from the University of Karlsruhe in 1976. From 1983 till 1987, Radermacher was Professor for Applied Computer Science at the University of Passau. Since 1987 he is Professor for Artificial Intelligence and Databases at the University of Ulm. From 1988 till 1992 he was the President of the Society for Mathematics, Economics and Operations Research. Radermacher is an authority in the fields of globalization, innovation, overpopulation and global sustainable development. He was awarded the Planetary Consciousness Prize in 2004 by the Club of Budapest. FJ Radermacher: The Importance of Metaknowledge for Environmental Information Systems, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Advances in Spatial Databases RH Möhring, R Müller and FJ Radermacher: Advanced DSS for scheduling: software engineering aspects and the role of Eigenmodels, Annals of Operations Research RH Mohring, FJ Radermacher: Introduction to stochastic scheduling problems, Contributions to operations research R Kalakota, FJ Radermacher: Electronic commerce: building blocks of new business opportunity, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce M Bartusch, RH Mohring, FJ Radermacher: M-Machine Unit Time Scheduling: A Report on Ongoing Research, Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems O Günther, FJ Radermacher, WF Riekert: Environmental monitoring: Models, methods, and systems, Environmental Informatics FJ Radermacher: Global Marshall Plan:: a Planetary Contract, [globalmarshallplan.org Global Marshall Plan] T Schauer, FJ Radermacher: The Challenge of the Digital Divide: Promoting a Global Society Dialogue, University of Ulm Publishing Group Franz Josef Radermacher Franz Josef Radermacher is

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Semnan, Iran Semnan (; , also Romanized as Semnān and Samnān) is the capital city of Semnan Province, Iran. Its population was 153,680 people and 36,298 families as of the 2011 census. Semnan is located 216 kilometers east of Tehran in north central Iran. It is home to Semnani languages and is known as "Seman" locally. The city offer various recreational activities, historical and religious sites, festivals, gardens and parks, colleges and universities, and Semnani culture. The city serves as the cultural and political capital of the Semnan Province. The city's main souvenirs are daffodil flowers, Shirmal pastry, Kolüçe cookies, kilim rugs, and shortbread. There are several theories which seek to explain the origin of the name "Semnan". The city of Semnan is situated at 1,138 metres above sea level just south of the foothills of the Alborz Mountains, bordering the Kavir Desert to the south of the city. However, the Golrudbar river, which begins to the north of Shahmirzad, and other creeks have historically provided a reliable supply of water for a civil establishment; irregation methods since ancient times have allowed the people of Semnan to drink clean water, to raise livestock such as cattle and sheep, and to adopt agricultural practices. Unlike modern day Tehran, the city of Semnan is relatively flat. Semnan has a hot desert climate ("BWh") according to the Köppen climate classification. The city of Semnan enjoys the traditional four seasons of spring, summer, winter, and autumn each year. The rain season starts in December and lasts all the way into May, however, precipitation throughout the winter months generally falls in the form of light snow, and the rest of the precipitation throughout the rain season is generally very light to moderate. During some winters, moisture-abundant blizzards make their way down from the Alborz mountains from the north of the city and dump several centimeters of snow in a single twenty-four-hour period. These blizzards force the closure of the airport, schools, small streets, and alleyways. As a result of the city's position in a semi-arid plain, many winter days are dominated by a cold and gusty wind that often produces a potent windchill factor which makes the city feel much colder than the actual air temperature. According to Iranian Meteorology reports, Semnan experiences around 48 days in which the temperature falls below freezing each year. Spring is characterized by mild to warm day temperatures and cold to cool nights along with a reduction in precipitation as the season transitions into Summer. Summer is often characterized by hot daily temperatures and warm nights. Summer months remain dry with trace amounts of rainfall. Occasionally, moisture from the Caspian Sea files through the Alborz mountains; the updraft of warm and moist air up the high mountain sides produces partly cloudy skies dominated by cumulus clouds. With the right amounts of heat and moisture, thunderstorms may develop during the afternoon and evening hours. Though the amount of precipitation is light, these thunderstorms often produce strong and gusty winds with frequent lightning strikes. Autumn is also a transitional season in which the daily temperatures range from hot to cool along with cool nights. </div> The city of Semnan has historically been one of the fourteen civil establishments of the ancient, Avesta-era province of "Vern." Semnan remained an important city throughout the era of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. After the invasion of Alexander the Great, which resulted in the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, and the establishment of the Seleucid Empire, the region which hosts the city of Semnan became known as Komesh. The beginning of the prosperous era of the city arrived with the rise of the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. The Parthians are an Iranian people. The Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia was very interested in the importing of Hellenism, or Greek culture. This resulted in the pioneering of sculpting and other forms of Western art in the city of Semnan. One of the capital cities of the Parthian Empire was Hecatompylos, and its ruins and numerous historical sites remain between the modern day city of Semnan and Damghan. With the fall of the Parthian Empire, and the rise of the Persian Sassanid Empire, Zoroastrianism was chosen as the state religion, and the city of Semnan was once again brought under the reign of Persian customs and traditions. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the religion of Islam was established within the city of Semnan. Though, unlike modern day Semnan, the people of the city originally practiced Sunni Islam, similar to the rest of early Islamic Persia. However, the institution of Sunni Islam did not last very long. The Alavids of Tabaristan had established a Shi'a Islamic emirate and upon conquering Semnan, brought the Zaidi Shi'a sect of Islam. Then, in the year 427 AH, the Seljuq Turks invaded and devastated the city. Nevertheless, it was the very Seljuq Turks that built many of the historical monuments and infrastructure of medieval Semnan. As the Seljuq Empire grew weak, the Abbasids managed to reconquer and assert their sovereignty over Persia. The people of Semnan suffered severely under the Abbasid Caliphate. It is possible that the years of Abbasid rule traumatized the people of Semnan, and even to this day, the Semnani people despise the color black because of its utilization for the black flags of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid rule was ended by the brutal, devastating invasion of the Mongols in the year of 618 AH. The Mongol hordes massacred the people and burnt much of the city to the ground. Semnan would not recover until the rise of the Turco-Persian Safavid Dynasty. The Safavids brought the Twelver Shi'ism sect of Islam to Semnan, and contributed to the reconstruction of the city. With the rise of the Qajar dynasty, historical Semnan witnessed great strides of progress in her economical, cultural, infrastructural, and political sectors. The very tribe that rose into becoming the Qajar dynasty was based in the mountainous terrain between the modern day provinces of Semnan, Mazandaran, and Golestan. The Qajars turned Semnan into a civil fortress, from which they controlled the major trade route to their capital in Tehran and the holy city of Mashad. Semnan was proclaimed as Dar ol-Hokumah, or The Dominion of Government for the historical state of Qomess, roughly occupying the same boundaries as the modern day Semnan Province. In addition to infrastructural growth, some Qajar royals built their castles in the city. Semnan was also an important medical center for members of the Qajar Imperial Family and was home to many notable physicians and doctors of the era. Throughout much of the Qajar era, Semnan operated under a feudalistic model organized as listed below: Qajar Prince Nobility & Clergy Merchants, Skilled Craftsmen, Herbalists & Medical Physicians Soldiers House Servants Farmers & General Labor Force Social Misfits (the insane, mentally-ill, criminals, physically maimed or deformed) The Pahlavi era marked the transition of Semnan into the industrial era. Semnan's original loyalty to the Qajar dynasty and the city's importance under the Qajars prompted a lot of anti-Pahlavi sentiment with the rise of Reza Shah. Reza Shah Pahlavi's government began the immediate construction of modern infrastructure and paved roads throughout the city, however, this called for the destruction of the citadel of Semnan and the artistic monuments of the Qajars. Upon attempting to destroy the Gate of Semnan, the locals chained themselves to the building and stopped its destruction. Many prominent families in Semnan were also restricted from attaining high political posts as a result of their previous connection with and service to the Qajar Imperial Family. This resulted in the exodus of many prominent Semnani families to Tehran during the early Pahlavi era. Despite the tension and confrontation, the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

and the city's importance under the Qajars prompted a lot of anti-Pahlavi sentiment with the rise of Reza Shah. Reza Shah Pahlavi's government began the immediate construction of modern infrastructure and paved roads throughout the city, however, this called for the destruction of the citadel of Semnan and the artistic monuments of the Qajars. Upon attempting to destroy the Gate of Semnan, the locals chained themselves to the building and stopped its destruction. Many prominent families in Semnan were also restricted from attaining high political posts as a result of their previous connection with and service to the Qajar Imperial Family. This resulted in the exodus of many prominent Semnani families to Tehran during the early Pahlavi era. Despite the tension and confrontation, the Pahlavi dynasty was successful in transforming Semnan into a more modern city. Throughout the early Pahlavi era, Semnan experienced several rounds of extreme drought, famine, crop devastation, and poverty. Prominent Semnani language poets such as Nosratollah Nouhian encouraged the Farmers and General Labor class to rise up and demand their rights from the unjust, well-fed landlords who were carelessly watching the very farmers who grew the food starve and deteriorate into ruin and agony: "Patience and contentment is no more, rise up!" "Oppression and atrociousness shall be no more, rise up!" ―Nosratollah Nouhian Due to the relatively small size of Semnan when compared to other major Iranian cities such as Tehran, Tabriz, and Mashad, Semnan's rich historical monuments and scholarly figures are often forgotten. The following are some of the city's historical sites and places of interest: Semnan's proximity to the Kavir Desert has provided the city with the opportunity to construct numerous facilities in order to cope with the dry climate. As a result, Semnan has numerous ancient, traditional irregation systems known as qanat. In addition, the roofs of many buildings are decorated with windcatchers known in Persian as badgir. These badgirs were normally attached to a small cistern of drinking water known in Persian as Ab Anbar. These ancient, traditional, and clever designs and systems helped Semnan grow and prosper before the introduction of modern plumbing and appliances. Within the vicinity of the city, ancient caravanserais from the active era of the historic and legendary Silk Road can be found. The city of Semnan has traditionally been an important center of commerce along the historical Silk Road, and is still an important agricultural, industrial, and cultural center today. The production of textiles and carpets were the most important industries in the history of the city. But nowadays, in relation to its population, Semnan has very powerful industrial sectors, with special regards to its automobile industry (cars and bikes). Another major industry is the production of cement from the nearby cement plants. The mountains and foothills around Semnan also hold major deposits of minerals used in the production of plaster; these mines are known in Persian as "ma'dan e gach". Other minerals that are mined around the city consist of gypsum, salts, zeolite, bentonite, and celestine. Some heavy industries of Semnan consist of the Iran Khodro Semnan Production Plant (producing 100,000 Samand cars per year), Oqab Afshan Production Plant (largest bus production plant in the region of Asia), the Semnan Sodium Carbonate Company (largest in the region of Asia), and the Semnan Rolling Mills Group (major producer of piping and profiles). One of the largest industrial zone in the city is the Semnan Industrial Town, which features 2,100 hectares of land and 900 industrial units. Agricultural traditions still persist around and within the city of Semnan. The Golrudbar river, which starts in the Alborz mountains in the north, runs through the western side of the city. With proper irregation, the municipality has managed to convert the entire southwestern portion of the city into green and lush pomegranate gardens. Around the city, further irregation of the Golrudbar river and the surrounding creeks and tributaries have provided the proper environment for the cultivation of herbs, eggplants, potatoes, walnuts, and cotton. Semnan also produces handwoven rugs called "Glim". These rugs consist of naturally dyed wools, woven into beautiful tribal and local designs. Majority of the city dwellers are Persians. Older Semnan was made up of four main districts: Shaji (Shahjoo), Naasaar, Latibaar and Espanjon (Esfanjan). These four districts still exist today, but the city has grown and become much larger including some new districts. To the west of the city is "Maleh" which used to be a separate settlement but was not a part of Semnan. In the local language the inhabitants are known as Malezh. "Maleh" consists of three parts: Koery (Kodivar), Koshmeni (Kushmaqaan) and Zaveni (Zavaqaan). "Maleh" is now part of Semnan. As a result of the Qajar dynasty's heavy influence on the city of Semnan, especially under Fath Ali Shah's reign, some families in Semnan can trace their lineage back to the Qajar dynasty. Furthermore, much of the city's most important monuments have been built under Turkic dynasties. For example, the Jame' Mosque of Semnan, constructed nearly 1,000 years ago, was built by the Seljuq dynasty. The famous Imam Mosque, originally known as Soltani Mosque, was constructed by the Qajar dynasty. The Gate of Semman, or Arg e Semnan, which is the representative symbol of the city of Semnan, was also constructed by the Qajar dynasty. Many other historical sites within the city and the surrounding villages demonstrate a strong Turkic and Ilkhanate influence in their architectural designs. Also, much of the city's "Sayyid" population tends to descend from the Alavids of the Caspian region to the north of the province. The people of the city of Semnan are almost all entirely Shi'a Muslim. The Shi'a Islamic faith dominates the culture, norms, traditions, and beliefs of the city, and continues to dictate the style of life in city. As a result, the celebrations, rituals, and days of religious mourning play a major role in the life of a Semnani city dweller, and are for some families, more important that the national Iranian customs and holidays. The majority of the people of Semnan observe Shi'a Islam quite conservatively; hence, the martyrdom and birthdays of Shi'a Imams are very important days on the calendar. Muharram is the first month of the Islamic Calendar, and also the month which marks the brutal and tragic martyrdom of the third Shi'a Imam, Imam Hussein and 72 members of his household. The people of Semnan observe Muharram and the overall 50 days of mourning by refraining from worldly pleasures, such as music and joyful gatherings, wearing dark clothes to show intimate grief, and participating in outdoor rallies consisting of massive mourning accompanied by sorrowful chants which recall the events of the tragedy in Karbala, the place of Imam Hussein's martyrdom. In addition, the mournings on the tenth day of Muharram, known as Ashura, consist of self-flagellation rituals in which the participants attempt to symbolically inflict pain upon themselves. Another major event held in Semnan during the month of Muharram is the reenactment of the tragedy of Karbala. Participating locals would wear the armor and clothing of the armies of Imam Hussein and his enemies, as well as decorating the local horses in the cavalry uniform of the era. Thus, the battle would be reenacted. During this month's sorrowful rituals, it is custom to cook a community meal (usually a stew). This is done by placing colossal cauldrons outside upon a source of heat, then, people would take turns stirring the stew until it is ready to be consumed by the community's mourners. The celebrations of Nowrouz are slightly different in the city of Semnan. Since the beginning of the Iranian (Islamic) solar month of "Esfand", a man

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

to symbolically inflict pain upon themselves. Another major event held in Semnan during the month of Muharram is the reenactment of the tragedy of Karbala. Participating locals would wear the armor and clothing of the armies of Imam Hussein and his enemies, as well as decorating the local horses in the cavalry uniform of the era. Thus, the battle would be reenacted. During this month's sorrowful rituals, it is custom to cook a community meal (usually a stew). This is done by placing colossal cauldrons outside upon a source of heat, then, people would take turns stirring the stew until it is ready to be consumed by the community's mourners. The celebrations of Nowrouz are slightly different in the city of Semnan. Since the beginning of the Iranian (Islamic) solar month of "Esfand", a man dressed in red with a charcoal-blackened face known as Hajji Firuz sits on top of a wooden horse, decorated with beautiful textiles, in the bazaars of Semnan. He congratulates the people and takes part in the establishment of the holiday environment. He sings in the Semnani language: "arbaab e mani somboli baleikom, arbaab e mani sarbalaayii hei kon, arbaab e mani bozboz e qandi, arbaab e mani chera nemikhandi". As the celebrations approach the Nowrouz, many celebrators blacken their faces with charcoal and join the celebrations. Another interesting aspect of the Nowrouz celebrations are the massive gatherings of the womenfolk in which they make covenants with God to cook large batches of samanu for the poor. The people of Semnan have many foods and dishes that are specific to Semnan. Some of the common ingredients used in Semnani dishes consist of pomegranate extracts, fresh walnuts from Shahmirzad (şômırzé), a variety of greens and herbs known in Persian as "sabzijat", and more recently, potatoes. Semnani food tends to be slightly sour and spicey when compared to the general culinary preferences of Tehran. In fact, there is an old proverb among the local people that says, "Semnan has so many foods, that a wife from this city can cook a different dish for every night of the year." Some of the famous dishes are: Chelo Gousht, Sabzi polo, and Khoresht e Esfanaj va Gerdou (espenôj vu yüz). The Semnani people are also quite fond of a variety of breads such as shirmal, shortbread (kamôç), and Kolüçe pastries. In the Semnani language, bread that is baked in an oven is referred to as "nün," while bread made by other means is referred to as "sôdjí." The following are the names of some foods in English and Semnani: chicken (gırká), pomegranate (nôr), grapes (engír), cucumber (djürüng), walnut (yüz), eggplant (vıngun), and apricot (şillık). The Persian language is the official language of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and thus within the city of Semnan. Every literate person in Semnan knows how to communicate in the Persian language. The city also has its own language known as "Zaban e Semnani" in Persian or "Semani Zefön" in the Semnani language of the locals. The Iranian Constitution recognizes the use of regional dialects and languages, and permits their usage second to the Persian language. According to the book "Dictionary of Semnan Ancient Dialect", Semnan traditionally has had its own language. The book collected more than 12,000 words belonging to this language. The local people call their language "Semani". Most of the older generations and some among the younger generations of the city still know and maintain communication in this language. However, the majority of the younger generations do not communicate in "Semani" as a result of schooling and education in Persian. Poetry is the most important form of literature in the city of Semnan, especially in terms of its cultural value. Semnani people have contributed greatly to their poetry; they use poetry to express their emotions, philosophies, politics, etc., as well as to preserve the native Semani language. Other poetic works tend to be about God and nature. Also, many books have been published full of traditional poetry. Perhaps the most famous is "Nanén Hıkôtí", or "Mom's Sayings". Two famous Semnani poets are Zabihullah Andaliba and Rahim Me`marian. The following is an excerpt from a poem about Spring, by Rahim Me`marian, in the Semnani language, along with an English translation: "The Season of Spring has arrived"... "It sways (the emotions) of the heart", "It spreads across the meadows and the desert"... "A velvet-like green". -"Rahim Me`marian" There are countless short stories that belong to the Semnani language. Similar to poetry, short stories account for a major section of the literature of Semnan. Due to the previous, little use of orthography, the Semnani language was not able to produce any large single story or novel. Nevertheless, short stories were created to both record history and entertain. These short stories were passed on generation after generation, and have now been recently recorded in books. One famous short story is "frônsé shô vu rüá," or "(The) French King and (the) Cat." The city of Semnan receives all the nationwide stations broadcast by IRIB. In addition to the nationwide channels, Semnan is the broadcasting location of Semnan TV, the provincial television station. Semnan TV has made several great achievements in the film and documentary fields. One notable documentary is that of the life of Ali Akbar Moallem Damghani, a famous Islamic scholar and mystic. Because of the wide variety of dialects spoken throughout the Semnan Province, all of Semnan TV's main broadcasting is in the Persian language in order to avoid the unfair advancement of the city's own dialect. This policy has angered a significant portion of the population which remains deeply concerned with regards to the deteriorating state of the Semnani language altogether. Similar to television, the city of Semnan receives all the national radio frequencies broadcast by IRIB. Due to Semnan's status as the provincial capital, Radio Semnan is based in the city and broadcasts for the entire Semnan Province. Radio Semnan first began to operate in 1976 with the utilization of 10 kilowatts. A few years after the Islamic Revolution, Radio Semnan underwent a major expansion in the year 1981. This provided a variety of broadcasting, i.e. religious, political, recent events, cultural, etc., as well as increasing the broadcasting duration up to fifteen hours per day. Today, Radio Semnan is an important media asset for the entire Semnan Province, and serves as a major source of reliable information and discussions from a wide variety of topics. According to the representative of Radio Semnan, Abdulreza Dehrouye, "the variety of regional dialects, the strategic geographical location, the good climate, the contributions of the educated elite, the centers of industry and mineral extraction, the various university complexes, the massive labor force, and the highly literate and educated municipal population are all contributing factors into establishing the framework of the great and spiritual network Radio Semnan offers today." Furthermore, Radio Semnan is unique in offering broadcast time in which residents may call in and engage in direct dialogue with city representatives and officials. This provides the people as well as city officials the opportunity to address general public concerns and discuss future plans. In addition to the numerous nationwide newspapers such as "hamshahri" and "Jomhuri ye Eslami", Semnan publishes many of its own newspapers as well as newspapers for other major cities throughout the Semnan Province. These newspapers consist of: The city's extensive online newspaper can be accessed at www.semnannews.com. The Islamic Republic News Agency also features a provincial news outlet dedicated to the Semnan Province. The city is served by both the Semnan Municipal Airport and New Semnan Airport . The city is served by the Semnan Railway Station, which features double rails and services to the major cities of Tehran

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

with city representatives and officials. This provides the people as well as city officials the opportunity to address general public concerns and discuss future plans. In addition to the numerous nationwide newspapers such as "hamshahri" and "Jomhuri ye Eslami", Semnan publishes many of its own newspapers as well as newspapers for other major cities throughout the Semnan Province. These newspapers consist of: The city's extensive online newspaper can be accessed at www.semnannews.com. The Islamic Republic News Agency also features a provincial news outlet dedicated to the Semnan Province. The city is served by both the Semnan Municipal Airport and New Semnan Airport . The city is served by the Semnan Railway Station, which features double rails and services to the major cities of Tehran (Westward) and Mashad (Eastward). In addition to services to Tehran and Mashad, there are separate railway services to the cities of Garmsar, Shahrud, Damghan, Meyami, and Sorkheh, all within the Province of Semnan. The Semnan Railway Station features modern electric rail services as well. The city is further served by the Semnan Municipal Train system which connects the major points of the city by rail. This train service resembles the light rail transit systems that serve several cities throughout the Western world. Semnan also offers an extensive bus route throughout the entire municipality as well as numerous public and private taxi services. Similar to most cities in Iran, Semnan has a particular taxi service referred to in Persian as "agence." This originally French word is used to denote taxis that arrive at the individual's place of residence and provide service to the individual's destination. This form of service varies from the regular taxi services in Semnan, which only operate on pre-assigned routes. Around 99% of all of Semnan's residents are literate. As a result, many residents seek higher education and high level services such as medical, pharmacological, and high-tech engineering professions. Some of the major centers of higher education are as followed: The University of Industry of Semnan is another planned, future university. Semnan, Iran

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Alastair J Macdonald Dr Alastair Macdonald is a Scottish historian. He is the Mackie Lecturer in History at the University of Aberdeen. His field of research is Scotland-England relations during the late medieval period (1369-1403), particularly the development of "Frontier societies" and Scotland's place in the wider world during this period. His current research is “to examine the nature and impact of war on state and society in later medieval Scotland”. He is also a deeply respected and talented cricketer famed for being a combative fast bowling all rounder playing mainly for Aberdeen Grammar School FPs. He once famously claimed a hat trick to defeat Inverurie and has regularly made important contributions with bat and ball and is viewed as a top 1st slip by many. Despite being hampered by injury in recent seasons, MacDonald has still managed to pile on runs in the lower leagues and remains a much feared opponent. Alastair J Macdonald Dr Alastair Macdonald is a Scottish historian. He is the Mackie Lecturer in History at the University of Aberdeen. His field of research is Scotland-England relations during the late medieval period (1369-1403), particularly the development of "Frontier societies" and Scotland's place in the wider world

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Defamiliarization Defamiliarization or ostranenie () is the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar. According to (De Guzman, 2016), Defamiliarization of that which is or has become familiar or taken for granted, hence automatically perceived, is the basic function of all devices. And with defamiliarization come both the slowing down and the increased difficulty (impeding) of the process of reading and comprehending and an awareness of the artistic procedures (devices) causing them. (Margolin 2005) The term "defamiliarization" was first coined in 1917 by Viktor Shklovsky in his essay "Art as Device" (alternate translation: "Art as Technique") (Crawford 209). Shklovsky invented the term as a means to "distinguish poetic from practical language on the basis of the former's perceptibility" (Crawford 209). Essentially, he is stating that poetic language is fundamentally different than the language that we use every day because it is more difficult to understand: "Poetic speech is "formed speech". Prose is ordinary speech – economical, easy, proper, the goddess of prose ["dea prosae"] is a goddess of the accurate, facile type, of the "direct" expression of a child" (Shklovsky 20). This difference is the key to the creation of art and the prevention of "over-automatization," which causes an individual to "function as though by formula" (Shklovsky 16). This distinction between artistic language and everyday language, for Shklovsky, applies to all artistic forms: The purpose of art is to impart the sensation of things as they are perceived and not as they are known. The technique of art is to make objects ‘unfamiliar,' to make forms difficult to increase the difficulty and length of perception because the process of perception is an aesthetic end in itself and must be prolonged. (Shklovsky 16) Thus, defamiliarization serves as a means to force individuals to recognize artistic language: In studying poetic speech in its phonetic and lexical structure as well as in its characteristic distribution of words and in the characteristic thought structures compounded from the words, we find everywhere the artistic trademark – that is, we find material obviously created to remove the automatism of perception; the author's purpose is to create the vision which results from that deautomatized perception. A work is created "artistically" so that its perception is impeded and the greatest possible effect is produced through the slowness of the perception. (Shklovsky 19) This technique is meant to be especially useful in distinguishing poetry from prose, for, as Aristotle said, "poetic language must appear strange and wonderful" (Shklovsky 19). To illustrate what he means by defamiliarization, Shklovsky uses examples from Tolstoy, whom he cites as using the technique throughout his works: "The narrator of 'Kholstomer,' for example, is a horse, and it is the horse's point of view (rather than a person's) that makes the content of the story seem unfamiliar" (Shklovsky 16). As a Russian Formalist, many of Shklovsky's examples use Russian authors and Russian dialects: "And currently Maxim Gorky is changing his diction from the old literary language to the new literary colloquialism of Leskov. Ordinary speech and literary language have thereby changed places (see the work of Vyacheslav Ivanov and many others)" (Shklovsky 19-20). Defamiliarization also includes the use of foreign languages within a work. At the time that Shklovsky was writing, there was a change in the use of language in both literature and everyday spoken Russian. As Shklovsky puts it: "Russian literary language, which was originally foreign to Russia, has so permeated the language of the people that it has blended with their conversation. On the other hand, literature has now begun to show a tendency towards the use of dialects and/or barbarisms" (Shklovsky 19). Shklovsky's defamiliarization can also be compared to Jacques Derrida's concept of différance: What Shklovskij wants to show is that the operation of defamiliarization and its consequent perception in the literary system is like the winding of a watch (the introduction of energy into a physical system): both "originate" difference, change, value, motion, presence. Considered against the general and functional background of Derridian différance, what Shklovskij calls "perception" can be considered a matrix for production of difference. (Crawford 212) Since the term différance refers to the dual meanings of the French word difference to mean both "to differ" and "to defer", defamiliarization draws attention to the use of common language in such a way as to alter one's perception of an easily understandable object or concept. The use of defamiliarization both differs and defers, since the use of the technique alters one's perception of a concept (to defer), and forces one to think about the concept in different, often more complex, terms (to differ). Shklovskij's formulations negate or cancel out the existence/possibility of a "real" perception: variously, by (1) the familiar Formalist denial of a link between literature and life, connoting their status as non-communicating vessels, (2) always, as if compulsively, referring to a real experience in terms of empty, dead, and automatized repetition and recognition, and (3) implicitly locating real perception at an unspecifiable temporally anterior and spatially other place, at a mythic "first time" of naïve experience, the loss of which to automatization is to be restored by aesthetic perceptual fullness. (Crawford 218) The influence of Russian Formalism on twentieth-century art and culture is largely due to the literary technique of defamiliarization or ‘making strange’, and has also been linked to Freud’s notion of the uncanny. In "Das Unheimliche" ("The Uncanny"), Freud states that “the uncanny is that class of the frightening which leads back to what is known of old and long familiar,” however, this is not a fear of the unknown, but more of a feeling about something being both strange and familiar (220). The connection between "ostranenie" and the uncanny can be seen where Freud muses on the technique of literary uncanniness: “It is true that the writer creates a kind of uncertainty in us in the beginning by not letting us know, no doubt purposely, whether he is taking us into the real world or into a purely fantastic one of his own creation” (230). When “the writer pretends to move in the world of common reality,” they can situate supernatural events, such as the animation of inanimate objects, in the quotidian, day-to-day reality of the modern world, defamiliarizing the reader and provoking an uncanny feeling (250). The technique appears in English Romantic poetry, particularly in the poetry of Wordsworth, and was defined in the following way by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in his "Biographia Literaria": "To carry on the feelings of childhood into the powers of manhood; to combine the child's sense of wonder and novelty with the appearances which every day for perhaps forty years had rendered familiar ... this is the character and privilege of genius." In more recent times, it has been associated with the poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht, whose Verfremdungseffekt ("estrangement effect") was a potent element of his approach to theater. In fact, as Willett points out, Verfremdungseffekt is "a translation of the Russian critic Viktor Shklovskij's phrase 'Priem Ostranenija', or 'device for making strange'". Brecht, in turn, has been highly influential for artists and filmmakers including Jean-Luc Godard and Yvonne Rainer. Defamiliarization Defamiliarization

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Haitian American Sugar Company Haitian American Sugar Company, S.A. (HASCO) was an American business venture which sought to produce and sell sugar and other goods in Haiti and the United States. The company was registered with a capital of five million dollars on 5 August 1912 in Wilmington, Delaware, by Charles Steinheim, John A. Christie, and Franck Corpay. Hasco's operation was threatened by political turmoil in Haiti in the years leading up to 1915. The danger to HASCO and other American business interests in Haiti was one of the factors which led to the U.S. Marine invasion of the country in 1915 and the continued U.S. occupation until 1934. In 1987, the company closed, citing smuggling of sugar from the Dominican Republic which did not pay a government tax and made domestic sugar uncompetitive. At the time of the closing, Hasco was Haiti's second largest employer with 3,500 workers at the Port-au-Prince refinery and 30-40,000 contracted cane farmers. Haitian American Sugar Company Haitian American Sugar Company, S.A. (HASCO) was an American business venture which sought to produce and sell sugar and other goods in Haiti and the United States. The company was registered with a capital of five million dollars

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Jim Hansen (Idaho politician) James Duncan Hansen (born November 5, 1959) is an American attorney, Ada County Highway District Commissioner and former Democratic politician from Idaho. He was the 2006 Democratic nominee for Congress in Idaho's 2nd district, but was defeated by four-term incumbent Mike Simpson. Hansen was elected to the Ada County Highway District in 2012 and served a four-year term. Hansen attended grade school in Idaho Falls, then moved with his family in 1969 to Arlington, Virginia. His father, Orval Hansen, was elected to Congress in 1968 as a Republican from Idaho's 2nd district, and served three terms. Hansen is a 1982 graduate of the College of William and Mary and earned a J.D. from the University of Idaho College of Law in 1985. While in school, Hansen worked as a ranger and naturalist in Yellowstone National Park. Hansen began his legal career as an intern for state attorney general Jim Jones in 1984. He was a law clerk for Chief Justice Charles Donaldson of the Idaho Supreme Court from 1985 to 1986 and practiced law with Givens Pursley from 1985 to 1991, focusing primarily on water and natural resource issues. Hansen was elected to the state legislature in 1988, representing southeast Boise, and was re-elected in 1990 and 1992. Hansen imposed his own term limits and voluntarily retired in 1994. In 1995 Hansen founded United Vision for Idaho, a coalition of organizations to empower participation in democracy and served as its first executive director. He took a sabbatical from that position during his run for the seat once held by his father, but returned to the coalition after the election in 2006. Hansen resigned from United Vision for Idaho in April 2008 upon being named executive director of the Idaho Democratic Party till 2010?. Hansen has been married to Joan Cartan-Hansen since 1990. They have two children. Hansen has one brother and five sisters; his mother, June, is a well-known actress in the Washington, D.C. area, who was awarded the prestigious Helen Hayes Award and been nominated several times. In 2012 Hansen was elected as a commissioner of the Ada County Highway District for east and south Boise and eastern Ada County. Jim Hansen (Idaho politician) James Duncan Hansen (born November 5, 1959) is an American attorney, Ada County Highway District Commissioner and former Democratic politician from Idaho. He was the 2006 Democratic nominee for Congress in

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Vytautas Kolesnikovas Vytautas Kolesnikovas (born September 25, 1948 in Alytus, Lithuania) is a painter, graphic artist, politician, and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. From 1968 to 1974 Kolesnikovas studied art in Moscow. After returning to Lithuania he worked at several regional firms in Alytus and presented his artwork at several exhibitions. In 1988 he joined activities of the Sąjūdis movement and was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. Kolesnikovas was a member of the Commission of Science, Education, and Culture in the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas. After the 1993 elections, he returned to Alytus and joined Department of Cultural Heritage. In 2008, after more than 20 years since last exhibition, Kolesnikovas organized a personal exhibition of his work in Alytus. Vytautas Kolesnikovas Vytautas Kolesnikovas (born September 25, 1948 in Alytus, Lithuania) is a painter, graphic artist, politician, and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. From 1968 to 1974 Kolesnikovas studied art in Moscow. After returning to Lithuania he worked at several regional firms in Alytus and presented his artwork at several exhibitions. In 1988 he joined activities of the Sąjūdis movement

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Khmer Special Forces The Khmer Special Forces, also designated 'Khmer SF' for short or Forces Speciales Khmères (FSK) in French, were the elite Special Operations unit of the Khmer National Armed Forces (commonly known by their French acronym, FANK) during the 1970-75 Cambodian Civil War. The history of the Khmer Special Forces began in October 1971, when the 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne) was organized at Phnom Penh under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel (later, Brigadier-General) Thach Reng. The Khmer SF were actually a creation of Lt. Col. Ronnie Mendoza, a Special Forces-qualified US Army officier assigned to the American Military Equipment Delivery Team, Cambodia (MEDTC) assistance program earlier in June 1971. A prominent member of the MEDTC’s Plans and Programs Section, Mendoza focused on providing the Cambodian Army unconventional warfare units capable of carrying out guerrilla operations in the northern and eastern Cambodian provinces under the control of both the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and their Khmer Rouge allies. Two other SF groups, the 2nd Special Forces Group (Airborne) and the 3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne) were activated in the following year. Under the auspices of Operation “Freedom Runner” – a FANK training program set up in November 1971 by the United States Special Forces (USSF) –, Khmer Special Forces teams began to be sent to South Vietnam to attend Parachute courses at the ARVN Airborne Training Centre in Long Thành, and the Special Forces’ (SF) course at the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces (LLDB) Dong Ba Thin Base Camp Training Centre near Cam Ranh Bay. Manned by the USSF Detachment B-51, assisted by New Zealand Army instructors from the 2nd NZ Army Training Team Vietnam (2 NZATTV) and modelled on the USSF/LLDB own training programs, the course began with four weeks of basic SF skills followed by training in one of six SF job skills: operations and intelligence, demolitions, light weapons, heavy weapons, radio communications, or medical. Other advanced additional courses included psychological warfare, political warfare, anti-tank warfare, and Taekwondo. A two-week ‘live-fire’ field exercise (sometimes complemented by a field operation against NVA/Vietcong (VC) forces in the surrounding areas of the training centre) completed the SF course. More specialised SF training was carried out in the United States and Thailand since December 1972. Khmer SF trainees attended technical courses at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, by the USSF 5th Special Forces Group and at the Royal Thai Army (RTA) Special Warfare Centre at Fort Narai, Lopburi Province by the US 46th Special Forces Company; additional Guerrilla and ‘Commando’ skills were taught by Thai instructors from the Royal Thai Army Special Forces (RTSF) and Royal Thai Police (RTP) Police Aerial Resupply Unit (PARU) at the latter’s Phitsanulok and Hua Hin training camps. Advanced Ranger/LRRP and radio communications’ courses also took place in early 1973 at the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) Recondo School at Nha Trang, South Vietnam, manned by the USSF Detachment B-36, and at the RTA Recondo School co-located at Ft. Narai, Thailand, before “Freedom Runner” was concluded on July that year. The Khmer Special Forces were closely modelled after the United States Special Forces (USSF) and the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces (LLDB), being organized in July 1973 into one separate Headquarter 'C' Detachment, along with three 'B' Detachments and 18 'A' Detachments organized into three Special Forces Groups (SFGs). Unlike an American A-Team however, Khmer SF 'A' Detachments could field up to 15 men, the additional personnel being psychological warfare specialists. They were structured as follows: Khmer Special Forces members' were all airborne-qualified volunteers, though most of the initial cadre was actually formed by "repatriated" ethnic Khmer recruits from the Khmer Krom minority living in South Vietnam. Traditionally aggressive, the Khmer Krom brought with them years of combat experience gained while fighting in the irregular counterinsurgency MIKE Force and CIDG units in South Vietnam under the control of the USSF and the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG). The program began in May 1970 when the Americans assembled a first batch of 2,000 Khmer Krom veteran soldiers and airlifted them to Cambodia. Consequently, by February 1972 both the 1st SFG (raised in Cambodia) and 2nd SFG (formed and trained in Thailand) had a large percentage of Khmer Krom repatriates, but gradually native Cambodian recruits began to supplant them over time. Unlike the previous two groups, 3rd SFG, brought to strength in December 1972 and also sent to Thailand for training, had few experienced Khmer Krom members. In fact, one of its A-detachments was filled entirely by Khmer Loeu highlanders from northeastern Cambodia. The missions performed by the Khmer Special Forces during the war were many and varied, ranging from long-range strategic and tactical reconnaissance to deep-penetration raids, pathfinding, and reinforcement duties. In the special forces' unconventional training role, they also raised paramilitary self-defense village militias in rural areas situated behind enemy lines, as well as training airfield security battalions for the Khmer Air Force (KAF) at the Ream infantry training centre. In addition, the Khmer Special Forces provided LRRP instructors for the FANK Recondo School at Battambang which first opened in November 1972. Besides unconventional warfare and training operations, the Khmer Special Forces were also engaged on some notable combat operations in support of FANK regular troops. The first true combat assignment of the Khmer Special Forces occurred in May 1972, when they participated in a search-and-destroy operation alongside Army units around Phnom Penh to clear its northern outskirts of Khmer Rouge and NVA light artillery teams, who were harassing the quarters of the Cambodian capital with 122mm rocket and 75mm recoilless rifle fire. In September 1973, the Khmer Special Forces spearheaded the combined Cambodian Army-Khmer National Navy (MNK) amphibious operation to retake the provincial capital of Kampong Cham, which had been stormed by Khmer Rouge forces in August. Just prior to the assault, two 'A' Detachments were inserted by helicopter into the insurgent-held southern quarter of the city and used LAW rockets to neutralize an enemy stronghold. The role of the Khmer Special Forces teams at the Battle of Kampong Cham was not limited to combat assignments though; their radio operators also assisted coordinating the Khmer Air Force in carrying out successfully aerial resupply drops on behalf of FANK ground units defending the retaken city. This coordinating role was again resumed on June–July 1974 during the siege of the district capital of Kampong Seila in Koh Kong Province, located some 135 Kilometers (84 Miles) south-west of Phnom Penh, down Route 4. At the time, this small town and its beleguered Government garrison were enduring a record eight-month-long siege by Khmer Rouge forces, with the local civilian population already suffering from starvation. Deviating from the Cambodian Army's standard communications procedures, the garrison made desperate radio appeals to Phnom Penh for relief, a fact that arouse suspicions in the FANK High Command. Fearing that Government relief forces were being lured into a trap, it was decided to send first observers to assess the situation at Kampong Seila and to verify the loyalty of the garrison. After two unsuccessful attempts, a Khmer Special Forces team was heli-lifted into the town and after confirming the reports, aerial ressuply operations were sanctioned to alleviate the starvation and allow the Army garrison to hold out against further insurgent pressure. By March 1975 with all land and river routes leading to Phnom Penh

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

with the local civilian population already suffering from starvation. Deviating from the Cambodian Army's standard communications procedures, the garrison made desperate radio appeals to Phnom Penh for relief, a fact that arouse suspicions in the FANK High Command. Fearing that Government relief forces were being lured into a trap, it was decided to send first observers to assess the situation at Kampong Seila and to verify the loyalty of the garrison. After two unsuccessful attempts, a Khmer Special Forces team was heli-lifted into the town and after confirming the reports, aerial ressuply operations were sanctioned to alleviate the starvation and allow the Army garrison to hold out against further insurgent pressure. By March 1975 with all land and river routes leading to Phnom Penh cut, the Khmer Rouge began their final assault on the Cambodian capital. Aside from three 'A' Detachments operating in Battambang and two in Siem Reap, the bulk of the Khmer Special Forces under Brig. Gen. Thach Reng were withdrawn to Phnom Penh to assist in its defense. Two teams secured the National Stadium, in the "Cércle Sportive" Complex, where seven KAF UH-1H transport helicopters were being kept to evacuate key members of the government. On the morning of April 17, 1975, after supervising the heliborne evacuation of only a handful of top officials and their families from the improvised helipad at the National Stadium (three of the helicopters had to be abandoned due to technical malfunctions), Brig. Gen. Reng handed over the command of the Khmer SF to Colonel Kim Phong and boarded the last helicopter to abandon the Stadium. Left to fend for themselves, Col. Phong and his subordinates planned a massive breakout by land to the south-east towards the South Vietnamese border. Although the Khmer Special Forces escape force managed to sneak out across the southern suburbs of the capital, they never reached the border and were all presumed killed in action. The remaining Khmer Special Forces teams defending the last government-held holdouts at Battambang, including the teaching staff of the Recondo School, and Siem Reap reportedly tried to escape in small groups to Thailand by treeking across hostile territory. Only a handful of Special Forces personnel managed to evade enemy patrols and reach the Thai-Cambodian border; the rest was either killed in action or captured and sent to the Khmer Rouge-run labour camps (also known as the “Killing Fields”), where they died after enduring the terrible working and living conditions during the late 1970s. A highly capable and well-trained force, unfortunately the Khmer Special Forces remained too small to have a strategic impact in the war. Casualties and manpower shortages affected their tactical deployment which rarely matched the proposed organization – total unit strength barely reached 350 Officers and enlisted men –, with many 'A' Detachments actually falling below strength. Khmer Special Forces personnel often found themselves being employed in unsuitable tasks to which they had not been trained – in reality, many FANK regional commanders misused them as conventional shock troops on many occasions, such as the sieges and subsequent battles of Kampong Cham and Kampong Seila in 1973-74. Furthermore, a large portion of 2nd Special Forces Group's personnel were siphoned off to protect Phnom Penh from the threat of internal coups d'état, while two more 'A' Detachments from the 3rd SFG were assigned security duties as a VIP protection squad for President Lon Nol when he visited his villa on the coastal city of Kampong Som. The Khmer Special Forces Command was augmented in late 1974 when they assumed operational control over the newly formed Para-Commando Battalion ("Bataillon de Commandos Parachutistes" – BCP in French). In March 1975, loosely under assignment to the Khmer SF, the Para-Commandos were sent to man the defensive perimeter north-west of Phnom Penh. The Khmer Special Forces used the standard weaponry and equipment of US origin issued to FANK units, complemented by captured Soviet or Chinese small-arms such as AK-47 assault rifles that allowed Special Forces personnel to use ammunition retrieved from enemy caches while on operations. Khmer Special Forces The Khmer Special Forces, also designated 'Khmer SF' for short or Forces Speciales Khmères (FSK) in French, were

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Charleston Mercury The Charleston Mercury was a newspaper in Charleston, South Carolina founded by Henry L. Pinckney in 1819. He was its sole editor for fifteen years. It ceased publication with the Union Army occupation of Charleston. After the American Civil War, publication resumed in November 1866 before the paper closed permanently two years later in 1868. During the American Civil War, the paper was "strongly secessionist", calling upon South Carolinian men to take up arms and wage war against the United States in order to preserve slavery. Its owner, Robert Barnwell Rhett, had two plantations and 190 slaves. The paper was critical of Davis and Confederate generals, in contrast with its pro-Davis competitor the "Charleston Courier". Humorist George William Bagby was a Richmond, Virginia correspondent of the "Charleston Mercury" during the Civil War era and "covered the politics of the war and made a reputation for Hermes, his pen name, as a fearless writer who would criticize Confederate General Robert E. Lee as easily as Confederate President Jefferson Davis". Tim Hames wrote for the "Charleston Mercury" and "The Tablet". Charleston Mercury The Charleston Mercury was a newspaper in Charleston, South Carolina founded by Henry L. Pinckney in 1819. He

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Artur Rother Artur Martin Rother (12 October 188522 September 1972) was a German conductor who worked mainly in the opera house. He was born in Stettin, Pomerania (now Szczecin, Poland). His father was an organist and music teacher. He studied under Hugo Kaun and other teachers. By the age of 20, in 1906, he was conducting in Wiesbaden, and was assistant conductor for the Bayreuth Festival 1907-14. He was Generalmusikdirektor in Dessau 1927-34. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, Rother joined the Militant League for German Culture (Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur) 1933 for one year, but was not a member of the Nazi Party. From 1934 he conducted at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, succeeding Bruno Walter, and was appointed Generalmusikdirektor there in 1937. In 1941, he brought out his own edition of Mozart's "Idomeneo". Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt succeeded him. From 1946 to 1949 he was chief conductor of the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, based in East Berlin. Subsequently, he was a guest conductor of the RIAS Symphony Orchestra and the Städtische Oper Berlin. He was guest conductor with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1960-61, and an honorary member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin from 1965. Between 1935 and 1964, he conducted 41 concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic(and also concerts in Paris and Spain.) He died in Aschau im Chiemgau in 1972, aged 86. Artur Rother's recordings include excerpts from operas by Beethoven ("Fidelio"), Bizet ("Carmen"), Boieldieu ("La dame blanche"), Glinka ("Ruslan and Ludmila"), Flotow ("Alessandro Stradella"), Gluck ("Iphigénie en Aulide"), Gounod ("Faust"), Humperdinck ("Hänsel und Gretel"), Leoncavallo ("Pagliacci"), Mascagni ("Cavalleria rusticana"), Mozart ("The Magic Flute", "The Marriage of Figaro"), Nicolai ("The Merry Wives of Windsor"), Offenbach ("The Tales of Hoffmann"), Puccini ("La bohème", "Madama Butterfly"), Richard Strauss ("Salome"), Tchaikovsky ("Eugene Onegin", "The Queen of Spades"), Verdi ("Don Carlos", "The Sicilian Vespers", "Simon Boccanegra", "Il trovatore"), Wagner ("Lohengrin", "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", "Rienzi", "Tannhäuser"), and Weber ("Der Freischütz", "Oberon"). Singers who sang under his baton included: Peter Anders, Erna Berger, Walter Berry, Kim Borg, Maria Cebotari, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Josef Greindl, Hans Hotter, James King, Margarete Klose, Tiana Lemnitz, Max Lorenz, Christa Ludwig, Walther Ludwig, Martha Mödl, Helge Rosvaenge, Heinrich Schlusnus, Karl Schmitt-Walter, Rita Streich, Ludwig Suthaus, Wolfgang Windgassen and Fritz Wunderlich, He conducted an early experimental stereo recording using magnetic tape during late 1944 or early 1945 of Beethoven's "Emperor" Concerto with Walter Gieseking in which anti-aircraft guns can be heard firing during the quiet passages; it is one of only three such recordings known to survive. In 1953, he accompanied pianist Margot Pinter in recording for Urania of piano concerto n° 2 by Tchaikovsky. A decade later, at the beginning of the commercial stereo era, he accompanied pianist Jakob Gimpel in recordings for Ariola of piano concertos by Beethoven (No.4), Grieg and Schumann. He also recorded Beethoven's G major Violin Romance and Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto with Georg Kulenkampff; and Khachaturian's Violin Concerto in D minor with Gerhard Taschner. Artur Rother Artur Martin Rother (12 October 188522 September 1972) was a

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Parse Thicket A Parse Thicket is a graph that represents the syntactic structure of a paragraph of text in natural language processing. A Parse Thicket includes Parse tree for each sentence for this paragraph plus some arcs for other relations between words other than syntactic. Parse thickets can be constructed for both constituency parse trees and dependency parse trees. The relations which link parse trees within a Parse Thicket are: To assess similarity between texts, such as a question and its candidate answers, parse thickets can be generalized In the image of parse thicket coreferences and entity-entity links are shown in solid red, and rhetoric/speech act relations are shown in dotted red. ETAP parser and tree visualization software is used. To compute generalization of two parse thickets, one needs to find their maximum common sub-graph (sub-thicket). Parse Thicket A Parse Thicket is a graph that represents the syntactic structure of a paragraph of text in natural language processing. A Parse Thicket includes Parse tree for each sentence for this paragraph plus some arcs for other relations between words other than syntactic. Parse thickets can be constructed for both constituency parse trees and dependency parse trees. The relations which link parse

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Wendi Michelle Scott Wendi Michelle Scott (born 1975) is a Frederick, Maryland mother of two who was charged on November 16, 2007 with sickening her four-year-old daughter in a notable case of Münchausen syndrome by proxy. Scott was charged with first- and second-degree child abuse, first- and second-degree assault and reckless endangerment. She was ordered to be held in jail on $75,000 bail. Frederick County Assistant State's Attorney Lindell K. Angel had urged Circuit Court Judge G. Edward Dwyer to set Scott's bail at $250,000, calling her a danger to herself and others. Defense attorney Mary Drawbaugh had asked for a lower bail, stating that Scott turned herself in and kept her weekly psychiatric appointments. According to court statements, Scott had previously feigned cancer for about a year between 2002 and 2003 by shaving her head and eyebrows and plucking her eyelashes. She moved about using a wheelchair or walker most of the time, convincing her husband, pastor, and friends that she was seriously ill. While it is unclear if there was a definitive past diagnosis, Angel characterized Scott in the November 16, 2007 hearing as having "a history of Munchausen Syndrome." In the hearing, Angel described how Scott intravenously fed her daughter magnesium and withdrew blood to make her appear sickly and caused her daughter to suffer from severe diarrhea, blood loss, vomiting, high fever and a rapid heart rate. During this time, her daughter was being treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, but doctors there had been unable to find a cause for her symptoms. During three years of inpatient and outpatient treatments at Walter Reed, 72 procedures had been performed on the child, including blood transfusions and bone marrow tests because of suspicions of leukemia. Doctors admitted, that, if not for that suspicion, none of the procedures likely would have been required. In Scott's May, 2008 sentencing trial, Dr. Arthur deLorimier, a lieutenant colonel at Walter Reed, testified that the girl faces increased risks of cancer from repeated radiological tests, is developmentally delayed, and is in danger of future emotional problems. While the child was at Walter Reed, Scott had been posting an online diary documenting the travails of parenting a seriously ill child, Angel said. "The doctors are at a loss," Angel said, reading from the journal. "But we will continue to go on, and through friends, the hospital and everyone's prayers, we'll get through this." Scott entered a guilty plea to first-degree child abuse on March 13, 2008. In the hearing, Scott's defense attorney acknowledged her client intentionally harmed her child during the six-week period from May 1 to June 12, 2007, and conceded that the state could prove Scott committed the most serious of those acts during this time period. Judge Dwyer, again presiding, accepted Scott's plea and convicted her of abuse from May 1 to June 12, 2007. As part of the plea agreement, fourteen other charges against Scott were dropped, including allegations of assault and reckless endangerment. Dwyer ordered Scott to remain on home detention while awaiting trial and prohibited Scott from having contact with her children or entering Fort Detrick. In a six-hour sentencing hearing on May 8, 2008, Drawbaugh urged Dwyer to confine Scott to her home, allowing her to continue intensive psychotherapy to deal with severe mental illnesses. However, after hearing prosecution testimony as well, Judge Dwyer ordered Scott to serve 15 years of a 25-year sentence for the actions to which she had pleaded guilty. Wendi Michelle Scott Wendi Michelle Scott (born 1975) is a Frederick, Maryland mother of two who was charged on November 16, 2007

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Henderson then moved into films, playing Morag in Rob Roy (1995) and Spud's girlfriend Gail in Danny Boyle's Trainspotting (1996). She continued her work in the theatre, including many productions at the National Theatre in London. The following year, she appeared in Mike Leigh's Topsy-Turvy–which also provided an opportunity for her to show off her singing skills–and Michael Winterbottom's Wonderland. Small-screen appearances have included playing Marie Melmotte in The Way We Live Now (2001); Catherine of Braganza in Charles II:The Power and The Passion (2003); Charlotte in Dirty Filthy Love (2004); Ursula Blake in the Doctor Who episode "Love & Monsters" (2006); Emmeline Fox in The Crimson Petal and the White (2011); DS Angela Young in Death in Paradise (2011); and Meg Hawkins in Treasure Island (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's Everyday and Meme Kartosov in Anna Karenina. She played Jude in both Bridget Jones films and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). She co-starred in the British film Close Your Eyes (2002) along with Goran Višnjić and Miranda Otto and also played French princess Sophie-Philippine in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette (2006). She played the school matron in Nick Moore's 2008 film Wild Child. * Girl From the North Country ... Elizabeth Laine; Old Vic, London; 8 July–7 October 2017 (director:Conor McPherson) * Anna Weiss ... Lynn; Whitehall Theatre, London; 22 November–18 December 1999 (author:Mike Cullen, director Michael Attenborough) * Shining Souls ... Mandy; Old Vic, London; 9 November–1 December 1997 (director:Chris Hannan) * The Maiden Stone ... Mary; Hampstead Theatre, London; 1999 (director:Matthew Lloyd) * The House of Bernarda Alba ... Stuart Davids; The Tramway, Glasgow; 10–20 September 1997 (author:Federico García Lorca; director:Stuart Davids) * Shining Souls ... Mandy; 1997 * The Life of Stuff ... Evelyn, Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh; 1996 (director:John Mitchell) * The Mill on the Floss ... Maggie Tulliver; Tricycle Theatre Shared Experience; 1994 (author:George Eliot, director:Nancy Meckler) * Romeo and Juliet ... Juliet; Citizens Theatre, Glasgow; 1993 (author:William Shakespeare, director:Giles Havergal) * Lions in the Street ... Isobel; Hampstead Theatre, London; 1993 (author:Paul Hoffman, director:Matthew Lloyd) * Eurydice ... Eurydice; Festival Theatre, Chichester; 1993 (director:Michael Rudman) * My Mother Said I Never Should ... Rosie; Royal Court Theatre, London; 1989 (author:Charlotte Keatley, director:Michael Attenborough) * The Winter's Tale ... Perdita; Royal National Theatre, London; 1988 (author:William Shakespeare, director:Peter Hall) * The Tempest ... Miranda; Royal National Theatre, London; 1988 (author:William Shakespeare, director:Peter Hall) * Entertaining Strangers ... Fanny; 1987

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Year | Title | Role | Notes ---|---|---|--- | Shadow of the Stone | Elizabeth Findlay | | Wish Me Luck | Sylvie | 5 episodes Casualty | Denise | 1 episode 1991 | Dreaming | Pauline | TV movie Clarissa | Sally | TV movie 1994 | The Bill | Kelly Rogers | 1 episode 1995 | Hamish Macbeth | Isobel Sutherland | 19 episodes (1995–1997) | Bumping the Odds | Lynette | TV movie 2000 | Animated Tales of the World | Malmhin | 2001 | The Way We Live Now | Marie Melmotte | 4 episodes Nominated–Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor–Female In a Land of Plenty | Anne Marie | 1 episode 2003 | Charles II:The Power and The Passion | Catherine of Braganza | 4 episodes | Dirty Filthy Love | Charlotte | TV movie Nominated–Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor–Female 2005 | ShakespeaRe-Told | Katherine Minola | The Taming of the Shrew Einstein's Big Idea | Mileva Maric | 1 episode 2006 | Doctor Who | Ursula Blake | 1 episode:"Love & Monsters" 2007 | Wedding Belles | Kelly | TV movie 2008 | Agatha Christie's Marple:Murder Is Easy | Honoria Waynflete | TV movie 2009 | May Contain Nuts | Alice | TV movie 2011 | The Crimson Petal and the White | Emmeline Fox | Death in Paradise | DS Angela Young | The Gruffalo's Child | The Gruffalo's Child | 2012 | Treasure Island | Meg Hawkins | TV movie 2013 | Southcliffe | Claire Salter | Nominated–BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress 2014 | Jamaica Inn | Hannah | 2016 | Happy Valley | Frances Drummond | Series 2 Henderson was born in Forres, Moray, but grew up in Kincardine, Fife. As a child, she began singing in local clubs, at charity events, holiday camps and even a boxing contest. Having joined an after-school drama club, Henderson attended Fife College at the age of 16, where she completed a one-year course resulting in a National Certificate in Theatre Arts. She moved to London at 17 where she spent three years at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 1986. Henderson got her first big break when Leonard White cast her as the lead in the children's television drama Shadow of the Stone on ITV. After this, she spent the majority of her twenties concentrating on performing a wide variety of roles in the theatre. Early 1990 saw her return to television screens when she appeared in the third series of the wartime drama series Wish Me Luck and in Clarissa (1991). More stage work followed before she landed the key role of Isobel in the popular BBC series Hamish Macbeth in 1995. Shirley Henderson --- Shirley Henderson in 2009 | (1965-11-24) 24 November 1965 (age 52) Forres, Moray, Scotland Occupation | Actress Years active | 1987–present Website | Talent agency Year | Film | Role | Notes ---|---|---|--- 1991 | Advocates I | Andrea | aka The Advocates 1994 | Salt on Our Skin | Mary | 1995 | Rob Roy | Morag | | Trainspotting | Gail | 1998 | Speak Like a Child | Woman in Dream | uncredited 1999 | Topsy-Turvy | Leonora Braham | Nominated–London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wonderland | Debbie | 2000 | The Claim | Annie | 2001 | Bridget Jones's Diary | Jude | 2002 | The Girl in the Red Dress | Gaynor | Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets | Moaning Myrtle | Doctor Sleep | Detective Janet Losey | Once Upon a Time in the Midlands | Shirley | 24 Hour Party People | Lindsay Wilson | Nominated–London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself | Alice | Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema:Best Actress Nominated–British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor/Actress Villa des roses | Ella | Nominated–British Independent Film Award for Best Actress 2003 | American Cousins | Alice | Cherbourg-Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film:Best Actress Newport Beach Film Festival:Feature Film–Best Actress–Comedy Intermission | Sally | Nominated–London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Fishy | Glenda Sands | AfterLife | Ruby | | Yes | Cleaner | Bridget Jones:The Edge of Reason | Jude | 2005 | A Cock and Bull Story | Susannah | aka Tristram Shandy:A Cock and Bull Story The Girl in the Red Dress | Gaynor | short Angers European First Film Festival:Mademoiselle Ladubay Award Frozen | Kath | BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actress in a Scottish Film Cherbourg-Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film:Best Actress Créteil International Women's Film Festival:Special Mention Marrakech International Film Festival:Best Actress Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire | Moaning Myrtle | 2006 | Marie Antoinette | Aunt Sophie | Ma Boy | Ali | 2007 | I Really Hate My Job | Alice | 2008 | Wild Child | Matron | Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day | Edythe Dubarry | 2009 | Life During Wartime | Joy | Nominated–Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast | Meek's Cutoff | Glory White | The Nutcracker in 3D | The Nutcracker | voice only 2012 | Everyday | Karen | Anna Karenina | Meme Kartasov | 2013 | The Look of Love | Rustie Humphries | In Secret | Suzanne | Filth | Bunty | 2015 | Tale of Tales | Imma | 2016 | Bridget Jones's Baby | Jude | 2017 | T2 Trainspotting | Gail | Okja | Jennifer | Never Steady, Never Still | Judy | 2018 | Stan and Ollie | Lucille Hardy | Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. She played Gail in Trainspotting (1996), Jude in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). Her other films include Topsy-Turvy (1999), Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself (2002), Bridget Jones:The Edge of Reason (2004), Frozen (2005), Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day (2008), Anna Karenina (2012) and the Netflix film Okja (2017). On television from 1995-1997, she starred opposite Robert Carlyle in the BBC series Hamish Macbeth. In 2014, she received a BAFTA TV Award nomination for the Channel 4 miniseries Southcliffe (2013). She has also featured as Frances Drummond in the BBC drama Happy Valley (2016).

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Richard Harrington (photographer) Richard Harrington, (February 24, 1911 – October 11, 2005) was a Canadian photographer. He is best known for his photographs taken in the Canadian Arctic between 1948 and 1953 including his iconic shot of the 1950 Canadian caribou famine. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he immigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s. During his career he traveled to more than 100 countries and his photographs have appeared in more than 24 books. His work has been shown at the National Archives of Canada, the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum of Modern Art. In 2001, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. Richard Harrington (photographer) Richard Harrington, (February 24, 1911 – October 11, 2005) was a Canadian photographer. He is best known for his photographs taken in the Canadian Arctic between 1948 and 1953 including his iconic shot of the 1950 Canadian caribou famine. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he immigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s. During his career he traveled to more than 100 countries and his photographs have appeared in more than 24 books. His work has been shown at the National Archives of Canada, the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum of Modern Art. In 2001,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Patrick Stokes (businessman) Patrick T Stokes is the former Chairman and CEO of Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. He served as President and CEO from 2002 to December 2006 and Chairman from December 2006 to November 2008. Stokes was born in Washington, D.C.. He attended Xavier High School in New York City, earned a bachelor of science degree in mathematics from Boston College in 1964, where he graduated "magna cum laude". He then earned an MBA from Columbia University in 1966. Stokes and his wife Anna Kristine live in St. Louis County. They have three adult children. After graduating with a MBA from Columbia Business School in 1966, Stokes joined the corporate economics department at Shell Oil Co. in New York. Shortly thereafter, he joined the U.S. Army, and served at 1st Army Headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland, for two years before signing on with Anheuser-Busch’s corporate planning department in St. Louis in 1969. A year later, Stokes was promoted to senior analyst, marking the beginning of a series of promotions. In 1972, he was named assistant to August Busch III – then the company’s executive vice president and general manager – and in 1974, was named vice president – raw materials and transportation. In 1976, he was appointed vice president materials acquisition, assuming new responsibilities for can and bottle procurement and malt production. In 1982, Anheuser-Busch acquired Campbell Taggart, a Dallas-based baking, refrigerated dough and frozen food company. At that time, Stokes was given responsibility for coordinating and consolidating planning and operations with the parent company. In 1984, he was named chief operating officer, and in 1986, he was appointed chairman of the board and president. In 1986, he also was named chairman of the board and chief executive officer for Eagle Snacks, consolidating food operations under his direction. He held these positions until 1990, when he was named president of the brewing subsidiary. In 1990, Stokes became president of Anheuser-Busch, Inc., the brewing subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch Cos. Inc., a position previously held by August Busch III, who also served as chairman and president of the brewery’s parent company. Under Stokes the company continued to grow and achieve record sales. In 1989, the brewing unit sold 80.7 million barrels of beer and had a market share of 42 percent. In 2004, Anheuser-Busch sold an all-time record 103.0 million barrels of beer domestically, marking the 27th consecutive year of record sales. Today, the company holds nearly 49 percent of the domestic industry. Stokes was elected to the Anheuser-Busch Cos., Inc. board of directors in 2000. In 2002, he was named president and chief executive officer of Anheuser-Busch Cos., Inc. In 1991, Stokes was presented with the Boston College Award of Excellence in Commerce. He is currently a member of the Boston College Board of Trustees. Patrick Stokes (businessman) Patrick T Stokes is the former Chairman and CEO of Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. He served as President and CEO from 2002 to December 2006 and Chairman from December 2006 to November 2008. Stokes was

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

John Cook (Virginia politician) John Cook is the supervisor for the Braddock District of Fairfax County. He represents his district on the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors. He is a partner in the Fairfax-based law firm of Cook Kitts & Francuzenko, PLLC. He attended Gettysburg College and received his Juris Doctorate from George Washington University. Cook is a former chair of the Employment Law Section of the Fairfax County Bar Association and a member of the New York State and the Virginia bar associations, the Virginia State Bar and the District of Columbia Bar. He is a mediator for the District of Columbia Superior Court and a conciliator for the Fairfax Circuit Court. In March 2009, Cook defeated Ilryong Moon in a special election to replace Braddock District Supervisor Sharon Bulova after she was elected to the position of Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 2009. He is the first Republican to represent the district since Charles Majer, who served from 1968 to 1972. Cook was re-elected in 2011 and 2015, defeating Democrat Janet Oleszek in both elections. Supervisor Cook serves as Chairman of the Fairfax County Public Safety Committee and the Domestic Violence Prevention and Policy Coordinating Committee. He is a Founding Member of Fairfax County's Diversion First Initiative, which helps low-level offenders with mental illness by diverting them from jail and connecting them with services to treat them and prevent them from reoffending. Supervisor Cook is also the Chairman of the Welcoming Inclusion Network (WIN) Steering Committee. WIN is a collective of stakeholders "committed to, advancing employment and day services for individuals with developmental disabilities." Other leadership roles Supervisor Cook serves include Commissioner for the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission (NVTC), Chairman of the NVTC Governance and Personnel Committee, and Treasurer of the Virginia Railway Express (VRE) Operations Board. As president of the Kings Park Civic Association (KPCA), Cook designed and implemented a Neighborhood Revitalization Program, which served as a pilot program for then-Supervisor Sharon Bulova's neighborhood revitalization initiative. Under his leadership, KPCA won the Best of Braddock "Community Enhancement and Beautification" award from the Braddock District Council in 2008. Cook also was named by Bulova as the 2008 "Community Champion" for the Braddock District, as recognized by Volunteer Fairfax. John Cook (Virginia politician) John Cook is the supervisor for the Braddock District of Fairfax County. He represents his district on the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors. He

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Elizabeth Karlsen Elizabeth Karlsen (born 1960) is a British film producer. She co-founded Number 9 Films in 2002 with production partner and husband Stephen Woolley. Karlsen's producing credits include Terence Davies’ "The Neon Bible", starring Gena Rowlands and selected for Cannes competition; Mark Herman’s "Little Voice", nominated for six Golden Globe Awards, six BAFTA Awards and an Academy Award; the HBO single drama "Mrs. Harris", starring Annette Bening and Ben Kingsley, nominated for 12 Primetime Emmys, three Golden Globes, and a Producers Guild of America Award and for which Karlsen received the Women's Image Network Award; the BAFTA-nominated "Great Expectations", directed by Mike Newell, starring Ralph Fiennes and Helena Bonham Carter; "Byzantium", directed by Neil Jordan, starring Saoirse Ronan; and "Made in Dagenham", nominated for three BAFTAs. She also produced the international box office success "Ladies in Lavender", starring Maggie Smith and Judi Dench, and co-produced Neil Jordan’s "The Crying Game", nominated for six Academy Awards. Her latest films − "Carol", written by Phyllis Nagy, directed by Todd Haynes and starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara, and "Youth", directed by Paolo Sorrentino, starring Michael Caine and Harvey Keitel − premiered in main competition at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. Projects in development include an original project from Caméra d'Or winner Anthony Chen and a co-production with Killer Films, written and directed by Wash West. Karlsen has served on the board of EM Media, the Edinburgh Festival and is currently Chair of Women in Film & Television (UK). Number 9 Films was co-founded by Elizabeth Karlsen and Stephen Woolley after a long collaboration at both Palace and Scala Productions. The company is one of the UK’s leading independent production companies forging relationships with a wide range of talent in the UK, across Europe and in the States. Films produced under the Number 9 Films banner include "Made in Dagenham", which was made into a West End musical in 2014, "Byzantium", Great Expectations, "How To Lose Friends & Alienate People", "Sounds Like Teen Spirit", "Breakfast on Pluto", "Mrs. Harris", "Stoned", and "And When Did You Last See Your Father?". Number 9 Films’ most recent productions are "Carol", written by Phyllis Nagy, directed by Todd Haynes starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara. Paolo Sorrentino’s "Youth", starring Michael Caine, Harvey Keitel, and Jane Fonda, and "Hyena", which opened the Edinburgh International Film Festival. Current productions include "On Chesil Beach", screenplay by Ian McEwan and directed by Dominic Cooke, "The Limehouse Golem", written by Jane Goldman and directed by Juan Carlos Medina. and "Their Finest", written by Gaby Chiappe, directed by Lone Scherfig. Colette (2018 film) starring Keira Knightley and Dominic West was filmed in 2017 and set for release in late 2018. Director's name in brackets after film title. Elizabeth Karlsen Elizabeth Karlsen (born 1960) is a British film producer. She co-founded Number 9 Films in 2002 with production partner and husband Stephen Woolley. Karlsen's producing credits include Terence Davies’ "The Neon Bible", starring Gena Rowlands and selected for Cannes competition; Mark Herman’s "Little

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

WVTC WVTC is the radio station of Vermont Technical College, operating on a 90.7 MHz FM carrier with an effective power of 300 watts. The station is located in Morey Hall on the Randolph Center campus. WVTC is operated and maintained by the students of VTC through the Radio Club, and is financially supported by VTC Student Council. WVTC began in 1963 as a small AM station on 640 kHz with a 2-watt transmitter in the Old Dorm building. It is unclear how the antenna system worked; there is speculation that it may have been a carrier current system. The 1965 VTC yearbook distinguished between the Radio Club and the Radio Station WVTC-AM 640. In 1966 a new dorm building, Morey Hall, was built on the Randolph Center campus, including provisions for a campus radio station, and the radio station moved into its new home at Morey Hall the following year. In 1968 the radio station received a license from the FCC to broadcast as WVTC-FM at 90.7 MHz and 10 watts. The station prospered during the 1970s, with the involvement of Howard Ginsberg, who later founded WXXX, a successful commercial Top 40 station in Burlington, Vermont. In the 1980s, the station was granted a 300-watt license. In the 1990s, WVTC migrated to CD technology. From April to November 1995 the station was off the air due to a failed EBS receiver and other potential violations. Many upgrades were performed the following year, including new studio and broadcasting equipment. The station experimented with station automation, using multi-CD changers, controlled via serial connection. A new transmitter was installed and the tower erected on December 26, 1996. The station began internet webcasting in February 1997, streaming both music and webcam images, the first on-line radio streaming station in Northern New England, sending a copy of on-air audio over MP3 format at 16kbit/s using custom software on a Pentium 60. MP3s were introduced as an on-air medium the same year. The first mp3 played on the station was "Stupid Girl" by Garbage. In 1998 the WebDJ automation system went live and SCA technology was explored, with data being sent about weather and news events. The same year WVTC broadcast 24/7 for the first time, and ranked in the broadcast ratings for Central Vermont. Technological innovations of 1998 included an upgrade to a 32kbit/s stream using a computer club purchased Linux server with two processors called "Halftime", as well as the creation of a remote control interface for the Winamp application. Station staff created an improved FM radio card driver to Linux and were added to the Linux Kernel. In March 2000, DJ "Disco" Vince Giffin set a world record for the longest time for a single DJ on the air, at 73 hours. In 2001 MP3 music replaced CDs as the station's primary audio storage format. In 2006 the station's survival was jeopardised by low membership, and went off the air due to transmitter problems during the summer, returning after repairs in the fall. The following Spring a small group of students banded together to prevent the school administration from shutting down WVTC. Some hardware and software upgrades were performed in the spring and a couple of regular shows were broadcast. In Fall 2007 the station was forced to shut down when their FCC license failed to be renewed by the college. Shortly afterwards, the college was approached by Vermont Public Radio with proposals to lease the station, which was not accepted. The station resumed transmission in Fall 2008, but went offline again before the end of the year after repeated power failures damaged their equipment. The equipment was eventually replaced, and transmission resumed in Fall 2009. In Spring 2011 the station filed a Consent Decree with the FCC, and returned to being a fully licensed station after a Final Consent Decree Inspection in Fall 2013. In Fall 2015 the internet stream was upgraded to 320kpbs. WVTC WVTC is the radio station of Vermont Technical College, operating on a 90.7 MHz FM carrier with an effective power of 300 watts. The station is located in Morey Hall on the Randolph Center campus. WVTC is operated and maintained by the students of VTC through

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Vijayanagara empire built an extensive water infrastructure, some examples of which–including the Manmatha tank near Virupaksha temple, which is dated to about the 9th century–predates the Vijayanagara. According to an inscription forund there, the Manmatha tank was upgraded and a Durga shrine added in 1199 CE. The inclusion of artwork at the tank, such as a warrior fighting a lion, is dated to the 13th century, when Hoysalas frequented Hampi. The hill has more than thirty small-to-moderate-sized temples, together with water cisterns, gateways and secular pavilions. They latest examples are dated to the early 14th century. Some of the structures are differently-sized prototypes of temples or mandapas, assembled from blocks of stones. Others are completed monuments of different designs, such as the Phamsana style. Two temple groups in this style look similar; each has a triple vimana consisting of square sanctums with each set connected to its own shared square mandapa. The towers (shikaras) on these are pyramidal granite structures consisting of eleven stacked, shrinking squares and a top in the Deccan-style square kalasha finial. Both sets are Shiva temples with triple linga; early sources misidentified these as Jain temples because of their simple exterior and interior walls. One of these groups has a historically important inscription that records that Kampila built the monument in the early 14th century. This inscription links Hampi with the Kampili kingdom and suggests an association of the Kampili history with that of Vijayanagara Empire that followed it. The style of temples on the Hemakuta hill suggest it may have been a study centre for experimenting with different types of Hindu temples. The styles present include those of the Chalukya period, the Rashtrakuta period and later periods. It may also have been the template for the original Virupaksha temple, which was later greatly expanded with gopuram, mandala and other additions. A similar monument dedicated to Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is located east of Hampi; an inscription near it states that it was operating in 1379 CE. In the sacred centre near the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River and close to the Vitthala temple complex, are gateways and a monument now called the King's Balance. The latter is similar to those found at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples for the tula-purush-dāna or thulabharam ceremonies in which a person gives a gift by weight equal to, or greater than, their body weight. The sanctum of the temple has a mukha-linga; a Shiva linga with a face embossed with brass. The Virupaksha temple also has smaller shrines for two aspects of Parvati-Pampa and Bhuvaneshwari to the north of the main sanctum. The compound has a northern gopura, smaller than the eastern gopura, that opens to the Manmatha tank and a pathway to the river with stone reliefs related to the Ramayana. To the west of this tank are shrines of Shaktism and Vaishnavism traditions, such as those for Durga and Vishnu respectively. Some of the shrines on this pilgrim's path were whitewashed in the 19th century under orders of the British India officer F.W. Robinson, who sought to restore the Virupaksha temple complex; whitewashing of this cluster of historic monuments has continued as a tradition. A cluster of Jain and Hindu temples are co-located about 150 meters (160 yd) east of the elephant stables. One north-facing temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha Tirthankara. It was built by King Devaraya II and dates to 1426 CE, per an inscription in the temple. In front of the temple are two ruined temples; one of Shiva and the other dedicated to Mahavira. Jain Tirthankaras are also included in reliefs inside Hindu temples. The Krishna temple, also called Balakrishna temple, on the other side of Hemakuta hill, is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of Virupaksha temple. It is dated to 1515 CE; this part of the Hampi complex is called Krishnapura in inscriptions. In front of the ruined temple is a long market street, also referred to locally as the bazaar. Between the colonnaded stone shop ruins is a broad road that allowed chariots to transport goods to and from the market, and hosted ceremonial functions and festive celebrations. To the north of this road and middle of the market is a large Pushkarani–a public utility-stepped water tank with an artistic pavilion in its centre. Next to the tank is a public hall (mandapa) for people to sit. The temple faces eastwards, aligning the sanctums of the Shiva and Pampa Devi temples to the sunrise; a large gopuram marks its entrance. The superstructure is a pyramidal tower with pilastered storeys on each of which is artwork including erotic sculptures. The gopuram leads into a rectangular court that ends in another, smaller gopuram dated to 1510 CE. To its south side is a 100-column hall with Hindu-related reliefs on all four sides of each pillar. Connected to this public hall is a community kitchen, a feature found in other major Hampi temples. A channel is cut into the rock to deliver water to the kitchen and the feeding hall. The courtyard after the small gopuram has dipa-stambha (lamp pillar) and Nandi. The Hampi site remained largely ignored until the mid-19th century, when Alexander Greenlaw visited and photographed the site in 1856. He created an archive of 60 calotype photographs of temples and royal structures that were standing in 1856. These photographs were held in a private collection in the United Kingdom and were not published until 1980. They are the most valuable source of the mid-19th-century state of Hampi monuments to scholars. Hampi ruins, 19th century | Krishna temple in 1868 | Rama temple in 1868 ---|--- Vitthala temple in 1880 | King's balance in 1858 The toponym Hampi–traditionally known as Pampa-kshetra, Kishkindha-kshetra or Bhaskara-kshetra–is derived from Pampa, another name of goddess Parvati in Hindu theology. According to mythology, the maiden Parvati resolves to marry the loner ascetic Shiva. Her parents learn of her desire and discourage her, but she pursues her desire. Shiva is lost in yogic meditation, oblivious to the world; Parvati appeals to the gods for help to awaken him and gain his attention. Indra sends the god Kama–the Hindu god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection–to awake Shiva from meditation. Kama reaches Shiva and shoots an arrow of desire. Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns Kama to ashes. Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva; she begins to live like him and engage in the same activities–asceticism, yogin and tapasya–awakening him and attracting his interest. Shiva meets Parvati in disguised form and tries to discourage her, telling her Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems. Parvati refuses to listen and insists in her resolve. Shiva finally accepts her and they get married. According to Sthala Purana, Parvati (Pampa) pursued her ascetic, yogini lifestyle on Hemakuta Hill, now a part of Hampi, to win and bring ascetic Shiva back into householder life. Shiva is also called Pampapati (lit. "husband of Pampa"). The river near the Hemkuta Hill came to be known as Pampa river. The Sanskrit word Pampa morphed into the Kannada word Hampa and the place Parvati pursued Shiva came to be known as Hampe or Hampi.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Vitthala temple has a Garuda shrine in the form of a stone chariot in the courtyard; it is an often-pictured symbol of Hampi. Above the chariot is a tower, which was removed during the late 19th-century restorations. In the front of the stone chariot is a large, square, open-pillared, axial sabha mandapa, or community hall. The mandapa has four sections, two of which are aligned with the temple sanctum. The mandapa has 56 carved stone beams of different diameters, shape, length and surface finish that produces musical sounds when struck; according to local traditional belief, this hall was used for public celebrations of music and dancing. Outside the temple compound, to its east-south-east, is a colonnaded market street almost one kilometre (0.62 mi) long; all of which is now in ruins. To the north is another market and a south-facing shrine with reliefs of Ramayana scenes, Mahabharata scenes and of Vaishnava saints. The north street ended in a temple honouring the Hindu philosopher Ramanuja. The region around the Vitthala temple was called Vitthalapura. It hosted a Vaishnava matha (monastery), designed as a pilgrimage centre centred around the Alvar tradition. It was also a centre for craft production according to inscriptions found. The Square Water Pavilion, also called the Queen's Bath, is in the south-east of the royal centre. It has a pavilion, a water basin and a method of moving fresh water to it and taking away wash water and overflows. The basin is enclosed within an ornate, pillared, vaulted bay. Nearby are ruins of the aqueduct. The modern name of this building, the Queen's bath, is probably a misnomer because this was a public bath for men and travellers. The building's interior arches show influence of the Indo-Islamic style, reflecting an era in which Hindu and Muslim arts influenced each other in India. The Zenana enclosure is close to the elephant stables; it was thus named in a Persian memoir whose 19th-century translation was an early introduction to Hampi ruins for many. The name "Zenana" is a misnomer, states George Michell, because it gives the impression that the women of Vijayanagar royalty lived here; its design and location makes that highly unlikely. The Zenana enclosure contains the Lotus Mahal, the latter being a two-storeyed pavilion in the royal centre. The Lotus Mahal combines a symmetrical, square, Hindu mandala design with lobed arches, vaults and domes of the Indo-Islamic style. Its basement and pyramidal towers are based on Hindu temple architecture. Like almost all of the structures in Hampi's royal centre, this monument has no inscriptions nor epigraphs mentioning it and therefore dating it and establishing its function with evidence has been difficult. The premises also houses a small structure called Queen's bath which has no significnce as the structure has almost disappeared leaving only a basement level. The Lotus Mahal and other structures in the Hampi urban core, however, were not built with Muslim patronage, unlike the tombs in the various Muslim quarters of the city. These buildings reflect the assimilative approach of the Vijayanagara Hindu rulers. Lotus Mahal looks like a syncretic, congested space and its purpose is unclear. Speculations include it being a council hall. In 1520, Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga, in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight ... the best provided city in the world". According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes ...". There is a Muslim monument in the south-east of the urban core on the road from Kamalapura to Anegondi, before Turuttu canal in the irrigated valley. This monument was first built in 1439 by Ahmad Khan, a Muslim officer in the army of Hindu king Devaraya II. The monuments include a mosque, an octagonal well and a tomb. The mosque lacks a dome and is a pillared pavilion, while the tomb has a dome and arches. Other Muslim monuments and a graveyard were added later near the Ahmad Khan's legacy. Most of the monuments are Hindu; the temples and the public infrastructure such as tanks and markets include reliefs and artwork depicting Hindu deities and themes from Hindu texts. There are also six Jain temples and monuments and a Muslim mosque and tomb. The architecture is built from the abundant local stone; the dominant style is Dravidian, with roots in the developments in Hindu arts and architecture in the second half of the 1st millennium in the Deccan region. It also included elements of the arts that developed during the Hoysala Empire rule in the south between the 11th and 14th century such as in the pillars of Ramachandra temple and ceilings of some of the Virupaksha temple complex. The architects also adopted an Indo-Islamic style in a few monuments, such as the Queen's bath and Elephant stables, which UNESCO says reflects a "highly evolved multi-religious and multi-ethnic society". The courtyard after the small gopuram leads to the main mandapa of the Shiva temple, which consists of the original square mandapa and a rectangular extension composed of two fused squares and sixteen piers built by Krishnadevaraya. The ceiling of the open hall above the mandapa is painted, showing the Shaivism legend relating to Shiva-Parvati marriage; another section shows the legend of Rama-Sita of the Vaishnavism tradition. A third section depicts the legend of the love god Kama shooting an arrow at Shiva to get him interested in Parvati; and the fourth section shows the Advaita Hindu scholar Vidyaranya being carried in a procession. According to George Michell and other scholars, the details and colour hues suggest all the ceiling paintings are from a 19th-century renovation, and the themes of the original paintings are unknown. The mandapa pillars have outsized yalis, mythical animal melding the features of a horse, lion and other animals with an armed warrior riding it–a characteristic Vijayanagara feature. South of the Krishna temple's exterior are two adjacent shrines, one containing the largest monolithic Shiva Linga and the other with the largest monolithic Yoga-Narasimha avatar of Vishnu in Hampi. The 3 metres (9.8 ft) Shiva Linga stands in water in a cubical chamber and has three eyes sketched on its top. South of this is the shrine for a 6.7 metres (22 ft)-high Narasimha–the man-lion avatar of Vishnu–seated in a yoga position. The Narasimha monolith originally had goddess Lakshmi with him, but it shows signs of extensive damage and a carbon-stained floor–evidence of attempts to burn the shrine down. The statue has been cleaned and parts of the shrine have been restored. The Hampi monuments include aqueducts to carry water to tanks and other parts of the city, as well as drains and channels to remove water overflow. For example, excavations in the 1980s near the Mahanavami platform in the urban core revealed a large, square-stepped tank that was fed by an aqueduct. The tanks were public utilities; some were perhaps used for royal ceremonies. The Hampi site includes a Muslim quarter with Islamic tombs, two mosques and a cemetery. These are neither in the sacred centre nor in the royal centre of the Hampi site. Some Muslim monuments are a part of the urban core while others are in the suburbs where most Vijayanagara residents lived. These are in the north-east valley of the urban core, where settlements of Hindus and Jains are also found. Much of this region is deeply silted and the soil conceals abandoned temples, roads, water tanks, gateways and residential quarters.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Hampi site includes a Muslim quarter with Islamic tombs, two mosques and a cemetery. These are neither in the sacred centre nor in the royal centre of the Hampi site. Some Muslim monuments are a part of the urban core while others are in the suburbs where most Vijayanagara residents lived. These are in the north-east valley of the urban core, where settlements of Hindus and Jains are also found. Much of this region is deeply silted and the soil conceals abandoned temples, roads, water tanks, gateways and residential quarters. The Hampi site has over 1,600 surviving ruins–mostly Hindu–spread over a wide area. Other significant monuments include a temple near the octagonal bath for Saraswati, a Hindu goddess of knowledge and music; a temple in the suburbs for Ananthasayana Vishnu; an Uddana Virbhadra temple for Shiva and Vishnu; a shrine for Kali, the fierce form of Durga unusually shown holding a ball of rice and a ladle; an underground temple in the royal centre; a Sugriva cave temple; the Matanga hill monuments; the Purandaradasa temple dedicated to the scholar musician famed for the Carnatic music tradition; the Chandrashekhara temple for Shiva near the Queen's bath monument; and the Malyavanta hill dedicated to Rama-Sita-Lakshmana and Shiva. The Malyavanta hill features several shrines including the Raghunatha temple and a row of Shiva lingas carved in stone. The Hampi site has been studied in three broad zones; the first has been named the "sacred centre" by scholars such as Burton Stein and othersl; the second is referred to as the "urban core" or the "royal centre"; and the third constitutes the rest of metropolitan Vijayanagara. The sacred centre, alongside the river, contains the oldest temples with a history of pilgrimage and monuments pre-dating the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core and royal centre have over sixty ruined temples beyond those in the sacred centre, but the temples in the urban core are all dated to the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core also includes public utility infrastructure such as roads, an aqueduct, water tanks, mandapa, gateways and markets, monasteries This distinction has been assisted by some seventy-seven stone inscriptions. Located in Karnataka near the modern-era city of Hosapete, Hampi's ruins are spread over 4,100 hectares (16 sq mi) and it has been described by UNESCO as an "austere, grandiose site" of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu kingdom in South India that includes "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others". Hampi predates the Vijayanagara Empire; there is evidence of Ashokan epigraphy, and it is mentioned in the Ramayana and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampaa Devi Tirtha Kshetra. Hampi continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, an active Adi Shankara-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city. According to local tradition, the Virupaksha is the only temple that continued to be a gathering place of Hindus and frequented by pilgrims after the destruction of Hampi in 1565. The temple attracts large crowds; an annual fête with a chariot procession to mark the marriage of Virupaksha and Pampa is held in spring, as is the solemn festival of Maha Shivaratri. The Mahanavami platform, also called the "Great Platform", "Audience Hall", "Dasara" or "Mahanavami Dibba" monument, is within a 7.5-hectare (19-acre) enclosure at one of the highest points inside the royal centre (urban core). It has ceremonial structures. It is mentioned in the memoirs of foreigners who visited Vijayanagara, some calling it the "House of Victory". The largest monument in this complex has three ascending square stages leading to a large, square platform that likely had a wooden mandapa above it. This was burnt down during the destruction of Hampi. Several major temples in Hampi have an embedded kitchen and 100-or-more-pillared feeding halls. Hampi also had a dedicated public Bhojana shala (house of food) where numerous thali (dish) were carved in series in a rock on both sides of a water channel. One example is found near an octagonal fountain in the south of the royal centre; according to epigraphical sources, this Hampi bhojan shala was a utada kaluve or "canal connected with eating". Hampi is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the eastern part of central Karnataka near the state border with Andhra Pradesh. It is 376 kilometres (234 mi) from Bangalore, 385 kilometres (239 mi) from Hyderabad and 266 kilometres (165 mi) from Belgaum. The closest railway station is in Hosapete (Hospet), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) away. During the winter, overnight buses and trains connect Hampi with Goa, Secunderabad and Bangalore. It is 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of the Badami and Aihole archaeological sites. The Ganigitti Jain temple is near Bhima's gate in the south-east of the urban core section of Hampi. In front of it is a monolithic lamp pillar. The temple faced north; it is dated to 1385 CE, by commander-in-chief Irugappa, during the rule of Hindu king Harihara II, based on an inscription in the temple. It is dedicated to Tirthankara Kunthunatha and has plain walls, a pillared mandapa and a square sanctum from which the Jina's statue is missing. There are capitals on the pillars and the doorways have decoration. Over the sanctum is a Dravidian-style, narrowing square, pyramidal tower. Other monuments in the temple compound are in ruins. South of the platform is an acqueduct leading water to large, symmetrical, stepped tank made of granite that was excavated by archaeologists in the 1980s. The complex has another large water pool–possibly for water sports–a garden and various mandapa. there is a ruined temple-like monument near the step tank. The armies of the Delhi Sultanate, particularly those of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq, invaded and pillaged South India. The Hoysala Empire and its capital Dvarasamudra in south Karnataka was plundered and destroyed in the early 14th century by the armies of Alauddin Khalji, and again in 1326 CE by the army of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. According to historical memoirs left by Portuguese and Persian traders to Hampi, the city was of metropolitan proportions; they called it "one of the most beautiful cities". While prosperous and in infrastructure, the Muslim-Hindu wars between Muslim Sultanates and Vijayanagara Empire continued. In 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, a coalition of Muslim sultanates entered into a war with the Vijayanagara Empire. They captured and beheaded the king, followed by a massive destruction of the infrastructure fabric of Hampi and the metropolitan Vijayanagara. The city was pillaged, looted and burnt for six months after the war, then abandoned as ruins, which are now called the Group of Monuments at Hampi. The Hemakuta hill also has monuments with two monolithic Ganesha; the Kadalekalu Ganesha and the Sasivekalu Ganesha. The Kadalekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's gram-shaped belly, is in the middle of Hampi's sacred centre on the east side of the hill near Matanga. A colonnaded, open mandapa leads to the sanctum, which houses a monolithic image of Ganesha more than 4.5 metres (15 ft) high, which was carved in-situ from extant rock. Ganesha's tusk and other parts have been damaged, but the left hand–which holds a rice cake treat with his trunk reaching out for it–has survived. Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts in Nittur and Udegolan–both in Bellary district 269-232 BCE–suggest this region was part of the Maurya Empire during the 3rd century BCE. A Brahmi inscription and a terracotta seal dating to about the 2nd century CE have been found during site excavations. The town is mentioned in Badami Chalukya's inscriptions as Pampapura; dating from between the 6th and 8th centuries.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts in Nittur and Udegolan–both in Bellary district 269-232 BCE–suggest this region was part of the Maurya Empire during the 3rd century BCE. A Brahmi inscription and a terracotta seal dating to about the 2nd century CE have been found during site excavations. The town is mentioned in Badami Chalukya's inscriptions as Pampapura; dating from between the 6th and 8th centuries. By the 10th century, it had become a centre of religious and educational activities during the rule of the Hindu kings Kalyana Chalukyas, whose inscriptions state that the kings made land grants to the Virupaksha temple. Several inscriptions from the 11th to 13th centuries are about the Hampi site, with a mention of gifts to goddess Hampa-devi. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Hindu kings of the Hoysala Empire of South India built temples to Durga, Hampadevi and Shiva, according to an inscription dated about 1,199 CE. Hampi became the second royal residence; one of the Hoysala kings was known as Hampeya-Odeya or "lord of Hampi". According to Burton Stein, the Hoysala-period inscriptions call Hampi by alternate names such as Virupakshapattana, Vijaya Virupakshapura in honour of the old Virupaksha (Shiva) temple there. The historian Will Durant, in his Our Oriental Heritage:The Story of Civilization recites the story of Vijayanagara and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, "its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace" may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence. In the memoirs of Niccolò de' Conti, an Italian merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of 60 miles (97 km) and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, Abdul Razzaq, who visited from Persia, described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets). The temple gateway shows the Vijayanagara dynastic emblems; a boar from Varaha, a sword, the sun and the moon. The temple and the market street are ruined but their layout suggests it was a major market with streets provided for chariot traffic. The inner walls of the temple has friezes containing the most extensive narration of the Hindu epic Ramayana. The temple has an entrance mandapa and a yajna ceremony hall, whose ceiling is designed to ventilate fumes and smoke through the roof. Inside the main mandapa are four intricately carved pillars in the Hoysala style; these carving include depictions of Rama, Lakshmana and Sita of Vaishnavism, Durga as Mahishasuramardini of Shaktism and Shiva-Parvati of Shaivism. Images are missing from the square sanctum. The temple has a smaller shrine with friezes depicting the legends of Vishnu avatars. Cesare Federici, an Italian merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts". The temple opens to the east; it has a gateway with reliefs of all ten avatars of Vishnu starting with Matsya at the bottom. Inside is the ruined temple for Krishna and small, ruined shrines for goddesses. The temple compound is layered into mandapas, including an outer and an inner enclosure. The compound has two gopuram entrances. Inside, a 25 (5x5)-bay open mandapa leads to a 9 (3x3)-bay enclosed mandapa. The original image of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) in its sanctum is now in a Chennai museum. A modern road passes in front of the eastern gopura, linking Kamalapuram to Hampi. The western gopuram has friezes of battle formation and soldiers. The Achyutaraya temple, also called the Tiruvengalanatha temple, is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Virupaksha temple and a part of its sacred centre is close to the Tungabhadra River. It is referred to be in Achyutapura in inscriptions and is dated to 1534 CE. It is one of the four largest complexes in Hampi. The temple is unusual because it faced north. It is dedicated to Vishnu. In Vijayanagara times, the temple was traditionally approached from the river, first past a ceremonial tank then along the market street with a broad road. The temple had an outer gopuram leading into a courtyard with a 100-column hall and an inner gopuram leading to the Vishnu temple. On each side of each pillar in the 100-column hall are reliefs of avatars of Vishnu; other deities such as Shiva, Surya, Durga; scenes of daily life–rishi, amorous couples, jokers; people in yoga asanas; people in namaste poses; and Vijayanagara emblems. This ruined temple complex is well known for its thousands of carvings and inscriptions, its elaborate frescoes depicting Hindu theosophy and its sprawling courtyard laid with gardens. Hampi and its nearby region remained a contested and fought-over region claimed by the local chiefs, the Hyderabad Muslim nizams, the Maratha Hindu kings, and Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan of Mysore through the 18th century. In 1799, Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed when the British forces and Wadiyar dynasty aligned. The region then came under British influence. The ruins of Hampi were surveyed in 1800 by Scottish Colonel Colin Mackenzie, first Surveyor General of India. Mackenzie wrote that the Hampi site was abandoned and only wildlife live there. The 19th-century speculative articles by historians who followed Mackenzie blamed the 18th-century armies of Haidar Ali and the Marathas for the damage to the Hampi monuments. The Hemakuta hill lies between the Virupaksha temple complex to the north and the Krishna temple to the south. It is a collection of modestly sized monuments that are the best-preserved examples of pre-Vijayanagara and early-Vijayanagara temples and construction. The site has several important inscriptions, is easily accessible and provides views of the some parts of Hampi and the fertile, agricultural valley that separates the sacred centre from the urban core with its royal centre. The Hazara Rama temple, referred to as the Ramachandra temple in inscriptions, occupied the western part of the urban core in the royal centre section of Hampi. This temple was dedicated to Rama of the Ramayana fame, and an avatar of Vishnu. It was the ceremonial temple for the royal family. The temple is dated to the early 15th century and is attributed to Devaraya I. The temple's outer walls portray the Hindu Mahanavami (Dasara) and the spring Holi festival procession and celebrations in parallel bands of artwork. The lowest band shows marching elephants, above it are horses led by horsemen, then soldiers celebrated by the public, then dancers and musicians, with a top layer depicting a boisterous procession of the general public. The depiction mirrors the description of festivals and processions in surviving memoirs of Persians and Portuguese who visited the Vijayanagara capital. Archaeological excavations in 1990 revealed twenty-three wells and cisterns in the Hampi-Vijayanagara metropolis. Of these, thirteen were found outside the city walls in the suburbs, and ten inside. Of these were twelve at roadsides, eight near temples, ten in residential areas and two were used for irrigation within the urban core. More water structures were found in Daroji valley for agriculture. According to archaeologists Kathleen Morrison and Carla Sinopoli, the Hampi water infrastructure was for the use of travellers, rituals, domestic use and irrigation.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Archaeological excavations in 1990 revealed twenty-three wells and cisterns in the Hampi-Vijayanagara metropolis. Of these, thirteen were found outside the city walls in the suburbs, and ten inside. Of these were twelve at roadsides, eight near temples, ten in residential areas and two were used for irrigation within the urban core. More water structures were found in Daroji valley for agriculture. According to archaeologists Kathleen Morrison and Carla Sinopoli, the Hampi water infrastructure was for the use of travellers, rituals, domestic use and irrigation. The mandapa links to an enclosed pradakshina patha for walking around the sanctum. Around this axial mandapa are (clockwise from east); the Garuda shrine, the Kalyana mandapa (wedding ceremonies), the 100-columned mandapa, the Amman shrine and the Utsav mandapa (festival hall). The walled enclosure covers aboput 1.3 hectares (3.2 acres) with colonnaded verandahs lining the compound walls. In the south-east corner is a kitchen with a roof window (clerestory). The site was an early medieval era pilgrimage place known as Pampakshetra. Its fame came from the Kishkindha chapters of the Hindu epic Ramayana, where Rama and Lakshmana meet Hanuman, Sugriva and the monkey army in their search for kidnapped Sita. The Hampi area has many close resemblances to the place described in the epic. The regional tradition believes that it is that place mentioned in the Ramayana, attracting pilgrims. The site is significant historically and archaeologically, for the Vijayanagara period and before. The Archaeological Survey of India continues to conduct excavations in the area. A translation of the memoirs of Abdul Razzaq, a Persian envoy in the court of Devaraya II (1424–1446), published in the early 1880s described some monuments of the abandoned site. This translation, for the first time, uses Arabic terms such as "zenana" to describe some of the Hampi monuments. Some of these terms became the names thereafter. Alexander Rea, an officer of the Archaeological Survey department of the Madras Presidency within British India, published his survey of the site in 1885. Robert Sewell published his scholarly treatise A Forgotten Empire in 1900, bringing Hampi to the widespread attention of scholars. The growing interest led Rea and his successor Longhurst to clear and repair the Hampi group of monuments. The Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine, the principal destination for pilgrims and tourists, and remains an active Hindu worship site. Parts of the Shiva, Pampa and Durga temples existed in the 11th-century; it was extended during the Vijayanagara era. The temple is a collection of smaller temples, a regularly repainted, 50-metre (160 ft) high gopuram, a Hindu monastery dedicated to Vidyaranya of Advaita Vedanta tradition, a water tank (Manmatha), a community kitchen, other monuments and a 750 metres (2,460 ft)-long ruined stone market with a monolithic Nandi shrine on the east end. The Kodandarama temple complex lies near the Tungabhadra River, and is north of Achyutaraya temple. The temple overlooks Chakratirtha, where the Tungabhadra turns northwards towards the Himalayas. The river banks, considered holy, accommodate a Vijayanagara-era ghat and mandapa facilities for bathing. In front of the temple is a dipa stambha (lighting pillar) under a Pipal tree, and inside is a sanctum dedicated to Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman. Nearby, and continuing until Kotitirtha to its north, are a number of smaller shrines, dedicated to Vitthala, Anjaneya, Shiva linga and other deities. On the rock face are reliefs of Anantashayana Vishnu (reclining Vishnu creating the cosmic cycle, Ranganatha), friezes narrating the legends of Narasimha and Prahlada, and the twenty-four avatars of Vishnu according to the Puranic tradition of Vaishnavism. Near the river is a rock carved with Shaivism's 1,008 lingas. In the east of the royal centre lies the Gajashala, or elephant stables, which consist of eleven square chambers aligned north-south. The openings to the stables are arched; above ten chambers are alternating fluted and plain domes. In the middle of the stables are stairs to reach the roof. The Vijayanagara Empire built its capital around Hampi, calling it Vijayanagara. They expanded the infrastructure and temples. According to Nicholas Gier and other scholars, by 1500 CE Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest. Its wealth attracted 16th-century traders from across the Deccan area, Persia and the Portuguese colony of Goa. The Vijayanagara rulers fostered developments in intellectual pursuits and the arts, maintained a strong military and fought many wars with sultanates to its north and east. They invested in roads, waterworks, agriculture, religious buildings and public infrastructure. This included, states UNESCO, "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas (halls for people to sit), memorial structures, gateways, check posts, stables, water structures, and more". The site was multi-religious and multi-ethnic; it included Hindu and Jain monuments next to each other. The buildings predominantly followed South Indian Hindu arts and architecture dating to the Aihole-Pattadakal styles, but the Hampi builders also used elements of Indo-Islamic architecture in the Lotus Mahal, the public bath and the elephant stables. Hampi is located in hilly terrain formed by granite boulders The Hampi monuments comprising the UNESCO world heritage site are a subset of the wider-spread Vijayanagara ruins. Almost all of the monuments were built between 1336 and 1570 CE during the Vijayanagara rule. The site has about 1,600 monuments and covers 41.5 square kilometres (16.0 sq mi). The Vijayanagara rulers built forts, fortified gateways and watchtowers after their dynasty was founded from the ruins of a war and for security from repeated raids and invasion. Hindu-style corbelled arches are the most common gateways and watchtowers in Hampi. One such gateway is located south-east of Ganagitti Jain temple; it incorporate a central barbican wall designed to entrap and confuse a stranger aiming for a surprise, while frequent visitors knew the three changes of direction before the gateway. These functional Hindu monuments are identifiable by a legendary Hindu character incorporated into them, such as of Bhima of the Mahabharata's Pandava fame. Another such gate is found on the north-east road to Talarighat Hindu monument and the Vitthala temple. The Vitthala temple and market complex is over 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north-east of the Virupaksha temple near the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is the most artistically sophisticated Hindu temple in Hampi, and is part of the sacred centre of Vijayanagara. It is unclear when the temple complex was built, and who built it; most scholars date it to a period of construction in the early-to-mid-16th century. The inscriptions include male and female names, suggesting that the complex was built by multiple sponsors. The temple was dedicated to Vitthala, a form of Krishna also called Vithoba. The temple opens to the east, has a square plan and features an entrance gopuram with two side gopurams. The main temple stands in the middle of a paved courtyard and several subsidiary shrines, all aligned to the east. The Sasivekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's mustard seed-shaped belly, is near the Krishna temple south-west of the Kadalekalu Ganesha. It is a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft)-high monolith that was also carved in-situ from extant rock. The Sasivekalu Ganesha is carved with his mother Parvati, in whose lap he sits. She is only visible from the back of the statue. The monument is housed inside an open-pillared mandapa; the left hand and tusk have been damaged.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Sasivekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's mustard seed-shaped belly, is near the Krishna temple south-west of the Kadalekalu Ganesha. It is a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft)-high monolith that was also carved in-situ from extant rock. The Sasivekalu Ganesha is carved with his mother Parvati, in whose lap he sits. She is only visible from the back of the statue. The monument is housed inside an open-pillared mandapa; the left hand and tusk have been damaged. The Pattabhirama temple complex is in the southern suburban centre outside the sacred centre and the urban core, about 500 metres (550 yd) from the ASI Hampi museum. It was at the nucleus of economic and cultural activity of this suburb, now located north-east of Kamalapura. The complex, also known as Varadevi Ammana Pattana, was likely built in the early 16th century and dedicated to Rama (Vishnu avatar). The complex has a main temple, a colonnaded courtyard inside an enclosure and a 64 (8x8 square)-pillared and roofed mandapa in front of the sanctum. The complex and the sanctum face east; the normal entrance was through the eastern gopura. The ruins suggest the gopuram had six tiers. The Pattabhirama temple included a 100-pillared hall–likely a feeding hall–attached to the southern wall of the enclosed compound. The pillars have reliefs depicting Hindu themes which include gods, goddesses, a scene from a Hindu text, yoga and namaste. The two lower levels of the platform is made of granite. It has reliefs–possibly a catalogue of 14th-century royal activities–and lines of marching animals including elephants, horses and camels. Reliefs on the south side show musicians and dancers, including female stick-dancers. The third level reliefs show a battle procession, couples and scenes of common citizens celebrating Holi (Vasantotsava) by throwing water at each other. Near the great platform is an audience hall, which also probably had a wooden pavilion, evidenced by 100 stone stubs; this too was burnt down. The Kampili kingdom in north-central Karnataka followed the collapse of Hoysala Empire. It was a short-lived Hindu kingdom with its capital about 33 kilometres (21 mi) from Hampi. The Kampili kingdom ended after an invasion by the Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The Hindu women of Kampili committed jauhar (ritual mass suicide) when the Kampili soldiers faced defeat by Tughlaq's army. In 1336 CE, the Vijayanagara Empire arose from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom. It grew into one of the famed Hindu empires of South India that ruled for over 200 years. Hampi, also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in east-central Karnataka, India. It became the centre of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire capital in the 14th century. Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers, particularly the Portuguese, state Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and Portugal. The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a coalition of Muslim sultanates; its capital was conquered, pillaged and destroyed by sultanate armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in ruins. Reliefs of Jain temples at Hampi includes Hemkut Jain temples, Ratnantraykut, Parsvanath Charan and Ganagitti Jain temples. Most of the idols are now missing from these temples, which were built in the 14th century. Group of Monuments at Hampi UNESCO World Heritage site --- Location | Ballari district, Karnataka, India Includes | Virupaksha Temple Criteria | Cultural:i, iii, iv Reference | 241 Inscription | 1986 (10th Session) Endangered | 1999–2006 Area | 4,187.24 ha Buffer zone | 19,453.62 ha Website | Archaeological Survey of India-Hampi | 15 ° 20 ′ 04" N 76 ° 27 ′ 44" E / 15.33444 ° N 76.46222 ° E /15.33444; 76.46222 Location of Hampi Hampi (Karnataka) Show map of India Show map of Karnataka Show all

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Subtv (UK) Subtv is a linear interactive television channel available to watch online, on mobile devices, as well as on plasma screens in students' unions and universities within the United Kingdom. Subtv owns its own cable network where it broadcasts to 80+ British universities on plasma screens. As well as broadcasting standardised programming consisting solely of music videos, music programming and advertising, the channel also airs a mix of student-made content, messages and announcements specific to the unions, and interactive content. The Subtv channel began broadcasting in 2003 within student union venues up and down the country via its own cable television network. Subtv has a cable television network of 700 42' plasma screens that reach over 1.76million 18-24yr olds, at 80+ Universities within the UK. On 12 May 2014 Subtv launched its new on-line stream of its current Music Television Channel. The channel itself is a copy of the feed that is broadcast within the University network, with the exception that it ignores any music videos that do not comply with OFCOM regulations. Since the launch Subtv have continued to grow and now offer cross-platform advertising and promotional campaigns that integrate the traditional broadcast methods via the Subtv screens with a dedicated on the ground production team, specific bluetooth distribution linked to the screens, event management and online activity. ""Subtv"" is currently planning the future expansion of its channels and programming. Anyone is free to watch the Subtv Channel at http://www.sub.tv/live Subtv launched a range of music programmes on 19 September 2011, signalling a move away from the standard "jukebox" mix of music that had been the channels stable diet for the previous 3 years. A website was launched at http://www.subtv.co.uk for its online presence for the Channel. "Current" "Seasonal" "In Production" "On Hiatus" Current Ivan Berry (2013 - ) Sarah Lamptey (2014 - ) Tom McKeown (2012 - ) Goubran Bahou (2012 - ) Julia Lewis (2015- ) Carelle Mowatt (2014- ) Former Emily Benammar (2012) Content is stored locally on a network of servers installed at each installation. a Touch Screen accessible at each location allows for interaction with the application. Features include creating playlists of content from the catalogue, digital signage mode, DJ visuals and Sports Mode. Sports mode allow for the system to broadcast traditional TV via a TV tuner card. A distinct feature of the system is the two channel format, where 1 channel is used to display entertainment content and the other channel displays digital signage. Stakeholders in Subtv's estate are encouraged to upload content to the screens installed in their environment, via a small website dedicated to content upload. In 2010 Subtv launched 'TouchScreen' an iPhone application, allowing consumers to select tracks and make dedications from their iPhone. The Subtv music app allows students to select their favourite music videos, and get them up on the screen. The app also provides an extensive catalogue of music videos that can be added to the Subtv playlist in students' union bars across the UK. Subtv (UK) Subtv is a linear interactive television channel available to watch online, on mobile devices, as well as on plasma screens in students' unions and universities within the United Kingdom. Subtv owns its own cable network where it broadcasts to 80+ British universities on plasma screens. As well as broadcasting standardised programming consisting solely of music videos, music programming and advertising, the channel also airs a mix of student-made content, messages and announcements specific to the unions, and interactive content. The Subtv channel began broadcasting in 2003 within student union venues up and down the country via its own

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Night Paddy Murphy Died "The Night Paddy Murphy Died" is a popular Newfoundland folk song regarding the death of a man and the antics of his friends as they engage in a traditional Irish wake. It is often attributed to Johnny Burke (1851–1930), a popular St. John's balladeer, however, there is no record of Johnny Burke having written this song. The song has been recorded by numerous artists, including Ryan's Fancy on their 1973 album "Newfoundland Drinking Songs", The Irish Brigade on their 1991 album "Are You Ready For This?", Darby O'Gill on their 2002 album "Waitin' for a Ride", Drunk & Disorderly on their album "Home By Way of the Gutter", Great Big Sea on their 1997 and 2000 albums "Play" and "Road Rage", Fiddler's Green on their 2007 album "Drive Me Mad!", by the Washington Square Harp and Shamrock Orchestra on their 2011 album "Since Maggie Dooley Learned the Hooley Hooley" and by "Paddy Murphy (Austria)" on the 2012 Album "Dog's Dinner". The Great Big Sea version of the song is sung by Russell Crowe in the 2009 movie "State of Play". The song was also covered by The Mudmen on their 2012 album "Donegal Danny". The

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Karen L. Thorson Karen L. Thorson is an American television producer. Thorson was married to fellow producer Robert F. Colesberry until his death in 2004. She worked on all five seasons of "The Wire". Before joining the crew of "The Wire" she worked as an associate producer and post-production manager in the film industry. Thorson joined the production team as a co-producer in 2001 while they prepared the show's pilot episode. She retained her role for the show's second season. For the third, fourth, and fifth season she was credited as producer. Following the conclusion of "The Wire" she became a co-producer for "The Unusuals". Karen L. Thorson Karen L. Thorson is an American television producer. Thorson was married to fellow producer Robert F. Colesberry until his death in 2004. She worked on all five seasons of "The Wire". Before joining the crew of "The Wire" she worked as an associate producer and post-production manager in the film industry. Thorson joined the production team as a co-producer in 2001 while they prepared the show's pilot episode. She retained her role for the show's second season. For the third, fourth, and fifth season she was credited as producer. Following the conclusion

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Nampula Nampula is the capital city of Nampula Province in northeastern Mozambique. Also known as "The Capital of the North", Nampula is the centre of business in northern Mozambique. It has a few western-style hotels, restaurants and shopping centres. It also has a small international airport connecting to Nairobi in Kenya and Johannesburg in South Africa, and is a transport hub for local transport in northern Mozambique. With a population of 743,125 (2017 census), it is the third largest city in Mozambique after Maputo and Matola. Nampula is also home to the Mozambique National Ethnographic Museum, several markets, cathedrals, mosques, universities and schools: both government and private. The city is also fairly diverse, with the native eMakhuwa population being the largest group but with a visible Indian, European, Chinese, and Lebanese population. The name "Nampula" is said to be derived to the eMakhuwa word "Whampula", which according to legend refers to a tribal leader of the area in the past. Nampula is divided into seven administrative zones, which are also subdivided into localities, as follows: Ever since the establishment of the city, Nampula has had numerous mayors: Nampula's dominant religions are Christianity and Islam. A small community of Hindus are also present in the city. Its Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima is the archiepisciopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nampula. Abel Xavier, a Portuguese football player, and Carlos Queiroz, a Portuguese football manager formerly in charge of Real Madrid, were also from Nampula, at that time a city of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique. The city is home to the Faculty of Health Science, Universidade Lurio. In 2009 a course in optometry was launched, the first of its kind in Mozambique. The course is supported through the Mozambique Eyecare Project. The other partners include the Dublin Institute of Technology, University of Ulster and Brien Holden Vision Institute. There is a Portuguese international school, Escola Lusófona de Nampula, as well as four international English-medium schools, with the most notable being Stella Maris International School. The city of Nampula lies in the centre of the province of Nampula and is surrounded by plains and rocky outcrops. The city lies amongst rolling hills and mountains, typical of the interior of northern Mozambique. Nampula Nampula is the capital city of Nampula Province in northeastern Mozambique. Also known as "The Capital of the North", Nampula is the centre of business in

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Craig Monroe Craig Keystone Monroe (born February 27, 1977) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He played for the Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins and Pittsburgh Pirates and is currently a studio analyst for Detroit Tigers TV broadcasts on Fox Sports Detroit. On July 29, 2001, at Arlington, Texas, Monroe hit a home run in his first major league game for the Texas Rangers, contributing to a 2-0 victory over the visiting Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Monroe then joined the Detroit Tigers organization on February 1, 2002, when he was selected off waivers from the Rangers. Playing his first full season in 2003, Monroe hit 23 home runs. On July 19, 2006, Monroe hit a grand slam home run off Javier Vázquez of the Chicago White Sox which was decisive in the Tigers 5–2 win. At the time, the teams were locked in a struggle for the American League Central division lead. Monroe called it "by far the biggest one I've ever hit." Monroe led Detroit with 28 home runs that season, as the Tigers turned around more than a decade of losing with 95 wins, and he was second on the team with 92 RBIs. He also hit six home runs in the 2006 postseason, which culminated in a World Series appearance. On August 17, 2007, the Tigers designated Monroe for assignment. On August 23, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs for a player to be named later. Monroe played with the Cubs for the remainder of the 2007 season. The Tigers received Clay Rapada to complete the trade. On November 13, Monroe was traded to the Minnesota Twins for a player to be named later. On August 1, 2008, Monroe was designated for assignment by the Twins and released on August 8. Monroe signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates on January 13, 2009. Monroe was added to the Major League roster at the end of spring training. Monroe was designated for assignment on June 20 to make room on the roster for Steve Pearce. Monroe was released on July 1, after which he retired as an active player. Monroe became a studio analyst for the Detroit Tigers on Fox Sports Detroit in 2012 and also serves as an occasional color analyst on game broadcasts. Monroe's mother's name is Marilyn Monroe, the same as that of the late actress. She was on hand to watch her son hit a go-ahead home run against the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium on August 30, 2006. After the game, he told the media, "Marilyn Monroe is here in New York, and I'm thrilled." Monroe and his wife, Kasey, have three children. Craig Monroe Craig Keystone Monroe (born February 27, 1977) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He played for the Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins and Pittsburgh Pirates and is currently a studio analyst for Detroit Tigers TV broadcasts on Fox Sports Detroit. On July 29, 2001,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Barsudhal Barsudhal is a village in Dhar Kalan in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located from sub district headquarter, from Pathankot, from district headquarter and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. , The village has a total number of 167 houses and the population of 780 of which 337 are males and 403 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of the village is 79.89%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 84 which is 10.77% of total population of the village, and child sex ratio is approximately 1000, higher than the state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 16.28% of total population in the village. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per census 2011, 253 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of the village which includes 198 males and 55 females. According to census survey report 2011, 65.61% workers describe their work as main work and 34.39% workers are involved in marginal activity providing the livelihood for less than 6 months. The nearest train station is located away in Dalhousie road and Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is away from the village. Barsudhal Barsudhal is a village in Dhar Kalan in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located from sub district headquarter, from Pathankot, from district headquarter and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. , The village has a total number of 167 houses and the population of 780 of which 337 are males and

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Phillip DeFreitas Phillip Anthony Jason "Daffy" DeFreitas (born 18 February 1966) is a former English cricketer. He played county cricket for Leicestershire, Lancashire and Derbyshire, as well as appearing in 44 Test matches and 103 ODIs. Cricket writer Colin Bateman noted that "DeFreitas was an explosive hitter when the mood took him, an aggressive pace bowler, inclined to pitch everything short and a spectacular fielder". DeFreitas has the distinction of being the only player in the history of the County Championship to take a five-wicket haul against each of the 18 first-class counties. DeFreitas went to Willesden High School, in London, where he played football and cricket. He had trials at Luton Town F.C., but although offered an apprenticeship, wanted to play cricket. DeFreitas made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in 1985 against Oxford University and recorded the startling bowling analysis of 3.4–2–3–3 as the students collapsed to a humiliating 24 all out. The following year he had a wonderful season, taking what was to remain a career high of 94 wickets and scoring his maiden century (at number 9) against Kent, and he was selected for the successful Ashes tour in 1986/87. In the course of his 21 seasons in first-class cricket, DeFreitas had a somewhat nomadic county career, playing for Leicestershire from his debut in 1985 until 1988, then Lancashire from 1989 to 1993, and Derbyshire from 1994 to 1999. In 2000, he returned to Leicestershire, averaging over 45 with the bat that season, and captained the side in 2003 and part of 2004. He also played for the South African side, Boland, in 1993/94 and 1994/95. DeFreitas announced in April 2005 that he would retire from cricket at the end of that season. This meant that had England not beaten the Australians that summer, there would be no remaining Englishmen in first-class cricket who had played in a victorious Ashes side, but this did not happen. On hearing the news, Mike Gatting, who had captained that 1986/87 team, told the BBC: "He's one of those guys you want in the game. It's sad he's going to retire but he's been good for the game." DeFreitas has the honour of being the 100th player in test cricket to take 100 wickets. He remained part of England's plans until the advent of Dominic Cork in the mid-1990s, but was generally much less successful abroad than at home. His two best Test series were in 1991 against West Indies and, in 1994, against New Zealand, when he took 22 and 21 wickets respectively. His top Test score of 88, during which he hammered Craig McDermott for 42 runs off three overs with the new ball, helped England to a win against Australia in Adelaide, and earned him the Man of the Match award. DeFreitas was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1992. Defreitas also played the 1987 World Cup, but he, on the other hand, during the match against West Indies played in Pakistan as part of the 1987 World Cup, had to stop in the middle of his run-up in order to vomit. He had not been feeling well and the searing heat had made the affliction worse. Anxious not to lose his place, he had not mentioned his illness to the captain, preferring to try and see the day through instead. He managed this, without compromising his teammates. Most would probably agree that DeFreitas never quite reached the heights his early promise suggested he would attain. In one-day internationals, DeFreitas seldom let England down – but bowled more economically than penetratively until his second Australian tour. In the World Series Cup that season, DeFreitas was often punished by the powerful Australian top order particularly Dean Jones. He performed creditably despite a persistent groin strain in the World Cup of 1992 but form was beginning to desert him by this stage. He was notoriously thrashed all over the ground by Sanath Jayasuriya in the 1996 World Cup quarter final – by no means alone – in a game where England were thrashed and ended up making their tournament exit. As well as making irregular television appearances, DeFreitas became a cricket master at Oakham School in January 2009, under the school's director of cricket, Frank Hayes. he taught at Magdalen College School, Oxford. His autobiography, "Daffy: My Life in Cricket", was published on 16 June. Phillip DeFreitas Phillip Anthony Jason "Daffy" DeFreitas (born 18 February 1966) is a former English cricketer. He played county cricket for Leicestershire, Lancashire and Derbyshire, as well as appearing in 44 Test matches and 103 ODIs. Cricket writer Colin Bateman noted that "DeFreitas was an explosive hitter when the mood took him, an aggressive pace bowler, inclined to pitch everything short and a spectacular fielder". DeFreitas has the distinction of being the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

JNR Class C57 The is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built in Japan from 1937 to 1947. A total of 201 Class C57 locomotives were built. Another 14 Class C57 locomotives were built for export to Taiwan in 1942 and 1953. The class was withdrawn from regular passenger workings in December 1975. , 32 Class C57 locomotives have been preserved in Japan, of which two, C57 1 and C57 180, are preserved in working order. In Taiwan, locomotive number CT273 is preserved in working order. As of 2014, C57 1 was operated by JR West and based at Shimonoseki Depot. As of 2018, it makes regular runs on the Yamaguchi line between Shin-Yamaguchi and Tsuwano The service was suspended following the July 2018 heavy rains, with C57 1 making guest appearance as the leisure train locomotive at the Kyoto Railway Museum during the forced break. The service is set to resume at the end of September 2018. C57 180 was restored to working order by JR East, and hauls special event trains on JR East lines mainly between , , and . CT273 was imported to Taiwan in 1943 as C57 3, and renumbered CT273. It was withdrawn in 1983, and restored by the Taiwan Railway Administration in June 2014 in Hualien. JNR Class C57 The is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built in Japan from 1937 to 1947. A total of 201 Class C57 locomotives were built. Another 14 Class C57 locomotives were built for export to Taiwan in 1942 and 1953. The class was withdrawn from regular passenger workings in December 1975. , 32 Class C57 locomotives have been preserved in Japan, of which two, C57 1 and C57 180, are preserved in working order. In Taiwan, locomotive number CT273 is preserved in working order. As

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Wilderness (band) Wilderness is a Baltimore-based indie rock band currently signed to Jagjaguwar. Led by the theatrical, chant-like vocal style and lyrical presence of James Johnson, they are known to create a complex brand of post-punk that heavily recalls mantra-punk pioneers Lungfish and more closely Public Image Limited. Their debut full-length was recorded, mixed and mastered in May and June 2004, by Chad Clark and T.J. Lipple at Silver Sonya in Arlington, Virginia. It was released in July 2005 and has been widely celebrated in indie music circles. The band performed at North East Sticks Together in September of that year. On April 11, 2006, the band released their second full-length, "Vessel States", which received mixed critiques in comparison to their debut. On November 4, 2008, the band released their third full-length album, "(k)no(w)here". Wilderness (band) Wilderness is a Baltimore-based indie rock band currently signed to Jagjaguwar. Led by the theatrical, chant-like vocal style and lyrical presence of James Johnson, they are known to create a complex brand of post-punk that heavily recalls mantra-punk pioneers Lungfish and more closely Public Image Limited. Their debut full-length was recorded, mixed and mastered in May and June 2004, by Chad Clark and T.J.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Bob Meyer Robert Bernard Meyer (born August 4, 1939, in Toledo, Ohio) is an American former Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher. He was signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1960. Meyer pitched for the Yankees (1964), Los Angeles Angels (1964), Kansas City Athletics (1964), Seattle Pilots (1969), and Milwaukee Brewers (1970). His first major league strikeout victim was future Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski. During a 3-year baseball career, Meyer compiled 2 wins, 92 strikeouts, and a 4.38 earned run average. On September 12, 1964, while starting for the Athletics on the road at Memorial Stadium, he and Baltimore Orioles left-hander Frank Bertaina each pitched a complete game one-hitter, but the A's lost 1-0 as Jackie Brandt hit a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the 8th to score pinch-runner Bob Saverine from third. Other career highlights include a six scoreless inning win against the Kansas City Athletics on June 26, 1964, a six-hit, complete game win (6-1) against the Baltimore Orioles on September 7, 1964, and pitching the first nine innings and giving up one unearned run in a 13-inning victory over the New York Yankees on September 1, 1969. , or Baseball Library, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League) Bob Meyer Robert Bernard Meyer (born August 4, 1939, in Toledo, Ohio) is an American former Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher. He was signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1960. Meyer pitched for the Yankees (1964), Los Angeles Angels (1964), Kansas City Athletics (1964), Seattle Pilots (1969), and Milwaukee Brewers (1970). His first major league strikeout victim was future Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski. During a 3-year baseball career, Meyer compiled 2 wins, 92 strikeouts, and a 4.38 earned run average. On September 12, 1964,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Conclusive presumption A conclusive presumption (in Latin, "praesumptio iuris et de iure"), also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of presumption used in several legal systems. In English law, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be rebutted by evidence and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the age of criminal responsibility cannot be held legally responsible for his or her actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a criminal offence. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at common law, and raised by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to eight (section 50) and by the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains. In Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action. This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a criminal act. Conclusive presumption A conclusive presumption (in Latin, "praesumptio iuris et de iure"), also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of presumption used in several legal systems. In English law, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be rebutted by evidence and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the age of criminal responsibility cannot be held legally responsible for his or her actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a criminal offence. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Sixwire Sixwire is an American country music group from Nashville, Tennessee. The group consists of Andy Childs [lead vocals, guitar]], Steve Hornbeak (Keyboards, vocals), John Howard (bass guitar), Steve Mandile (guitar, vocals), and Chuck Tilley (drums, percussion). The band's name references the six strings on a guitar. Sixwire recorded one album for Warner Bros. Records in 2002, and charted two singles on the "Billboard" country charts, including the No. 30 "Look at Me Now". Five years later, they placed second on the talent show "The Next Great American Band", and served as the house band on "Can You Duet", another talent show. Before the band's formation, Andy Childs recorded for RCA Nashville from 1993 to 1994, releasing a self-titled debut album and charting three singles on the country charts. In addition, Steve Mandile co-wrote singles for Phil Vassar, Tim McGraw, and Shane McAnally, and previously played lead guitar in Pam Tillis' road band, the Mystic Biscuits. Drummer Chuck Tilley has a jazz background. He graduated from the University of Alabama with a degree in percussion, where he studied with noted jazz educators Steve Sample, Sr and Ray Reach. Following graduation, he worked in Birmingham, Alabama as a member of a jazz group led by Count Basie bassist Cleveland Eaton. Later, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he worked with Lee Greenwood and Dolly Parton. Childs had initially declined to join the band, but later reconsidered after Brett James had also declined. Formed in 2000, the band was signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2002. Its debut single, "Look at Me Now", peaked at number 30 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. It was included on Sixwire's self-titled debut album, which peaked at 38 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart in 2002. The album's only other single, "Way Too Deep", peaked at number 55. Also in 2002, Sixwire appeared on the track "It Goes Like This" from then-labelmate John Michael Montgomery's "Pictures". Mandile co-produced "Nashville Star" 2005 winner Erika Jo's self-titled debut album, on which Tilley also performed as a percussionist. A sixth member, keyboardist Steve Hornbeak, also joined the band's lineup. In 2007, Sixwire auditioned for the Fox Networks reality show "The Next Great American Band" and finished runner-up. One year later, Sixwire served as the house band on CMT's talent show "Can You Duet". Sixwire Sixwire is an American country music

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Vered Buskila Vered "Vardush" Buskila (born May 23, 1983) is an Israeli Olympic sailor, and competes in the 470 Class double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centerboard, Bermuda rig, and center sheeting. She won a world championship in the women's 420 at the age of 15, and a bronze medal in the world championships in the 470 six years later. Buskila is Jewish, and was born in Bat Yam, Israel. She studied law and political science at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, in Israel. She learned to sail with Hapoel Bay Yam and with the Maccabi Zevelun Club in Bat Yam. She sails now for Hapoel Tel Aviv. In 1998, at the age of 15, she partnered with Limor Kliger, 16, and won the women's world 420 yachting championship in the Gulf of Corinth in Greece. They defeated 47 other teams, from 16 countries. In 2000, she partnered with Nike Kornecki, and in 2001 they won a bronze medal at the European Championships in Ireland. In 2004, they won bronze medals in both the European Championship in Germany and the 470 World Championship in Zadar, Croatia. Buskila competed on behalf of Israel at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, in the Women's 470 Class Two-Person Dinghy with Kornecki, and came in 18th. They won a silver medal in the 2005 European Championship. She competed on behalf of Israel at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, in the Women's 470 Class Two-Person Dinghy with Kornecki, and came in fourth. Buskila returned to sailing with a new partner, Gil Cohen, in 2010. On December 24, 2012, Vered Buskila announced her retirement, telling the First Channel TV News: "It would be very painful for me to see the opening ceremony of the next Olympic Games, in which I will not be taking part - but one must know when to stop". She disclosed that, having studied Law concurrently with her sailing activity, she intends to have a new career as a lawyer. Vered Buskila Vered "Vardush" Buskila (born May 23, 1983) is an Israeli Olympic sailor, and competes in the 470 Class double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centerboard, Bermuda rig, and center sheeting. She won a world championship in the women's 420 at the age of 15, and a bronze medal in the world championships in the 470 six years later. Buskila is Jewish, and was born in Bat Yam, Israel.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

New Brunswick Route 515 Route 515 is a long east-west secondary highway in the south east portion of New Brunswick, Canada. The route's eastern terminus is at Route 475 and Route 134 in the town of Bouctouche. The road runs parallel to the north bank of the Bouctouche River. Route 515 briefly merges with Route 134, which is known as "Irving Blvd", as it travels southwest across Route 11 to the Bouctouche neighbourhood of Boisjoli. The road crosses a small branch of the Bouctouche River and continues to the community of Maria-de-Kent. It then crosses another small branch and continues on to the community of Sainte-Marie-de-Kent, where it intersects with the northern terminus of Route 115 and Route 525. Continuing, the road meets up with the southern terminus of Route 495 before turning west and continuing to the community of Saint-Cyrille. The road continues to the community of McLean Settlement, where it briefly merges with Route 490. Route 515 continues west to Saint-Paul before ending at Route 126 in Hebert. New Brunswick Route 515 Route 515 is a long east-west secondary highway in the south east portion of New Brunswick, Canada. The route's eastern terminus is at Route 475 and

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Highgate Harriers Highgate Harriers are a UK Athletics club based in North London. Their home track is Parliament Hill, London Athletics track. They compete in the Southern Athletics League Division 3 North and the Metropolitan Cross Country League. Since 2013, Highgate Harriers have hosted a track competition for solely 10,000 metre races. The event is usually held mid-late May/early June and from 2014 the English Championships for 10,000 metres were incorporated in the event. From 2016 the UK Championships were also held as part of the competition. Highgate Harriers was founded in 1879. Senior Men: Senior Women: The men compete in a vest with hooped black and white horizontal stripes, with the word Highgate on the chest. Women wear a vest with a black upper half and a white lower half, also with the word Highgate, in white lettering on the upper half. Highgate Harriers Highgate Harriers are a UK Athletics club based in North London. Their home track is Parliament Hill, London Athletics track. They compete in the Southern Athletics League Division 3 North and the Metropolitan Cross Country League. Since 2013, Highgate Harriers have hosted a track competition for solely 10,000 metre races. The event is usually held

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Bonsall, Derbyshire Bonsall is a village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales on the edge of the Peak District. The civil parish population was 775 at the 2001 Census, increasing to 803 at the 2011 Census and including Brightgate and Horse Dale. Bonsall is about from Matlock and about from Derby. Bonsall has a long history of lead mining, along with its neighbouring town of Wirksworth, probably going back to Roman times, and is recorded in the Domesday Book. The village is on the Limestone Way, at the head of its branch to Matlock. The village lies on the edge of the Peak District National Park, the border of which bisects the 'Uppertown' suburb. The approach to the village is via a 1:5 hill, which leads down to Via Gellia (now the A5012 road) and nearby Cromford. The road is called the Clatterway, or occasionally the "Col du Bonsall". Parts of St James the Apostle's Church, Bonsall date from the 13th century, including the north side of the chancel and the arcade of the south aisle. The arcade of the north aisle is later and so is the Perpendicular Gothic tower. The outer walls of the church were rebuilt in 1861–62 under the direction of the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian. There is a market cross in the village centre that may date from the Middle Ages. The ball on top was added in 1671. Bonsall applied for a market charter some three hundred years ago, but was rejected. The Manor House was built in about 1670 and the Kings Head public house was established in 1677. Bonsall inhabitants have been involved in the textile industry, before and after Richard Arkwright. Around 1850 Bonsall was a farming village surrounded by lead mines and busy outworker frame-knitting workshops. A few 18th- and 19th-century frame-knitting workshop buildings survive. Many people also worked in the cotton spinning mills at Cromford and the Via Gellia. In early modern times Bonsall was on an important salters' route, and was a staging post on the road between Derby and Manchester. Bonsall remains a working village that is involved in agriculture, heavy goods transport and a range of forms of information technology. However, most people in the village travel to cities such as Derby, Nottingham and Sheffield for work. The village supports two public houses, the Barley Mow and the Kings Head. The parish has a Church of England primary school. Bonsall Camp in Uppertown is a Christian youth camp, owned by the Christian Youth Foundation, a charity that runs several residential children's and youth weeks in the summer holidays. Camps have been run here for more than 60 years. The Christian author Selwyn Hughes recalls in his biography the time he was sent home from the camp for bad behaviour. Attractions include the Annual "World Championship Hen Race" held annually in August at the Barley Mow public house. This event was run for the first time in 1992. For two years from October 2000, there were 19 sightings of UFOs in the area. On 5 October 2000, Sharon Rowlands photographed a circular object. The circular object showed a similarity to a circular object seen on the STS-75 Columbia Space Shuttle mission in early 1996. Bonsall was used as a location in Shane Meadows' 2004 film "Dead Man's Shoes."and as a location in the Bafta nominated [Nick Whitfield] 2010 film 'Skeletons'. Bonsall, Derbyshire Bonsall is a village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales on the edge of the Peak District. The civil parish population was 775 at the 2001 Census, increasing to 803 at the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Cem Yıldırım Cem Yalçın Yıldırım (born 8 July 1961) is a Turkish mathematician who specializes in number theory. He obtained his B.Sc from Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey and his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1990. His advisor was John Friedlander. He is currently a faculty member at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey. In 2005(), with Dan Goldston and János Pintz, he proved, that for any positive number "ε" there exist primes "p" and "p"′ such that the difference between "p" and "p"′ is smaller than "ε" log "p". Formally; where "p" denotes the "n"th prime number. In other words, for every "c" > 0, there exist infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes "p" and "p" which are closer to each other than the average distance between consecutive primes by a factor of "c", i.e., "p" − "p" < "c" log "p". This result was originally reported in 2003 by Dan Goldston and Cem Yıldırım but was later retracted. Then Janos Pintz joined the team and they completed the proof in 2005. In fact, if they assume the Elliott–Halberstam conjecture, then they can also show that primes within 16 of each other occur infinitely often, which is related to the twin prime conjecture. Cem Yıldırım Cem Yalçın Yıldırım (born 8 July 1961) is a Turkish mathematician who specializes in number theory. He obtained his B.Sc from Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey and his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1990. His advisor was John Friedlander. He is currently a faculty member at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey. In 2005(), with Dan Goldston and János Pintz, he proved, that for any positive number "ε" there exist primes "p" and "p"′ such that the difference between "p" and "p"′ is smaller than "ε" log "p".

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Holy Family Academy (Bayonne, New Jersey) Holy Family Academy was a private Roman Catholic college preparatory school for young women located in Bayonne, in Hudson County, New Jersey, founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1925 that closed its doors in June 2013. The most recent building, 239 Avenue A, was dedicated in 1954. The school operated under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The school had been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1965. Students were enrolled mostly from Hudson County, Northern New Jersey, and New York City. As of the 2009-10 school year, the school had an enrollment of 173 students and 29.4 classroom teachers for a student to teacher ratio of 5.9:1. The school was a member of National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA); Assigned School ID: 863985. Holy Family was established in 1925 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph to provide Catholic higher education for the city of Bayonne. Holy Family's first building was the Clark residence at 115 West Eighth Street. The first students, six boys and forty-three girls, continued the commercial course they had begun at St. Mary's and graduated in June 1926. Enrollment increased and the properties at 109 and 119 West Eighth Street were acquired to meet the need. A four-year program was initiated and the school, after being accredited, graduated its first four-year class in June 1929. HFA graduated its last co-ed class in 1949. In 1954, the most recent building at 239 Avenue A was dedicated. (The Marist Brothers began a school for young men in the Eighth Street buildings.) In 2008 the Sisters of Saint Joseph announced that they were no longer able to own, operate or support Holy Family Academy. In July 2009, Holy Family Academy was renamed Holy Family Academy of Bayonne and governance was assumed by a Board of Trustees. Though the school was still operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, it became independent from the Sisters of Saint Joseph. Holy Family Academy of Bayonne was accredited by the Middle States Association Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools in 2012-2013. The final class of girls graduated in June 2013. On August 17, 2013 the contents of the building were sold through a listing on Craig's list and through advertisements in newspapers and through social media. HFA's building had a gymnasium/auditorium, chapel, two science labs, three computer labs, a guidance building, and a library media center. Students at Holy Family were required to take four English courses, four mathematics courses, three science courses (four recommended), two World Language (Latin, Spanish or French) courses (four strongly recommended), two United States History courses, one World History course, one Physical Education course, one Health/Driver's Education course, and four Theology courses. The school offered Advanced Placement classes, two college classes through Saint Peter's University, (English Literature and Calculus) and one college course through Caldwell College (Forensic Science), along with a strong Honors program. The Art, Business, and Technology Departments offered many electives. The school overall offered electives in all disciplines. Holy Family Academy competed in the Hudson County Interscholastic League, following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Holy Family Academy (Bayonne, New Jersey) Holy Family Academy was a private Roman Catholic college preparatory school for young women located in Bayonne, in Hudson County, New Jersey, founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1925 that closed its doors in June 2013. The most recent building, 239 Avenue A, was dedicated in 1954. The

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Laphria (festival) Laphria (Ancient Greek: τὰ Λάφρια) was an ancient Greek religious festival in honour of the goddess Artemis, held every year in Patras. There was a sanctuary of Artemis Laphria on the acropolis of Patras. The sanctuary had an image of Artemis Laphria, that was brought there from Calydon in Aetolia after it was laid waste by Augustus. Every year, the people held a "festival of the Laphria" in the goddess's honour "which was peculiar to their place". They made a barrier of tall logs round the altar, "still green", so that the stockade would not burn. They piled the driest wood on the altar, for kindling, and then smoothed the approaches to the pyre by laying earth on the altar steps. On the first day, the people walked in procession of the "greatest grandeur" for the goddess. A virgin priestess brought up the rear, riding in a chariot which was drawn by tame yoke deer. The next day, living animals are sacrificed, including edible birds, boars, deer, gazelles, wolves and bears, but also fruit from trees. The altar was set on fire. Animals forced out by the first leap of the flames, or escaping at full tilt were thrown back into the fire, to their death, by those who had brought them. There was no record of anyone being injured by the animals. For a discussion on this festival see 'Ritual Dynamics in Pausanias: The Laphria' by Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge. Laphria (festival) Laphria (Ancient Greek: τὰ Λάφρια) was an ancient Greek religious festival in honour of the goddess Artemis, held every year in Patras. There was a sanctuary of Artemis Laphria on the acropolis of Patras. The sanctuary had an image of Artemis Laphria, that was brought there from Calydon in Aetolia after it was laid waste by Augustus.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Norman Matthews Norman Gregory Matthews (12 February 1904 – 6 August 1964) was a British Anglican clergyman and broadcaster. Born in Swansea, he spent his working life in Cardiff. Norman Matthews was born in Britain on 12 February 1904 at Swansea, and was educated in Swansea at the Bishop Gore School, before matriculating at the University of Oxford (Jesus College), where he held a Meyricke exhibition (scholarship). He graduated with a second-class Bachelor of Arts degree in Theology in 1926 (obtaining his MA in 1930). After studying and training at St Stephen's House, Oxford, Matthews was ordained deacon in 1927, and priest in 1928. From 1927 to 1935 he served as curate of St Dyfrig's church, Cardiff, before becoming the first Warden of St Teilo's Hall of Residence at Cardiff University, also serving as Llandaff Diocesan Missioner from 1936 to 1940. From 1940 to 1953 he served as vicar of St Saviour's church, Roath, Cardiff - combining this with the post of chaplain to HM Prison Cardiff from 1940 to 1945. In 1946 he was also appointed as a canon of Llandaff Cathedral, and he became Chancellor of the diocese in 1952. In 1953 he became rector of St Fagans. He died at St. Fagans on 6 August 1964, and was buried in the graveyard of Llandaff cathedral. In addition to his parish work, he lectured on English literature, made frequent broadcasts (including being a member of the BBC show "The Brains Trust"), wrote extensively and served on the Liturgical Commission of the Church in Wales and the Central Committee for the Training of Ordinands. Norman Matthews Norman Gregory Matthews (12 February 1904 – 6 August 1964) was a British Anglican clergyman and broadcaster. Born in Swansea, he spent his working life in Cardiff. Norman Matthews was born in Britain

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

1977 New Zealand National Soccer League The 1977 New Zealand National Soccer League was the eighth season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football. An expansion by two teams meant that it was the first year in which twelve teams took part. Prize money was significantly increased for the top three clubs, and the number of teams relegated increased from one to three, these being automatically replaced by the winners of the three regional leagues. With an expanded league, there was no promotion and relegation play-off series for 1977 league places. Gisborne City, relegated in 1976, returned to the regional league, and three new teams took their place. These were the winners of the northern, central, and southern leagues (Hamilton, Nelson United, and Dunedin City respectively). No one team dominated the 1977 league, which was won narrowly by North Shore United over Stop Out. Shore ran hot and cold, with a string of six wins early in the season followed by a string of lacklustre performances which saw them slide down the table. Hutt Valley's Stop Out showed a marked improvement from the previous season, when they only narrowly avoided relegation. Trans Tours Christchurch United also rebounded from the previous year's poor showing. Newcomers Hamilton (soccer) completed the top four. Two-thirds of the way through the season they were leading, but one win in thei last seven games ended their title challenge. Wellington Diamond United and Mount Wellington completed the top half of the table. WDU's season was highlighted by a 7-3 win over New Brighton, a goal aggregate record for the league up until that point. The Mount's season was badly affected by the loss of players to qualifying matches for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, and a goal drought late in the season cost them dearly. Nelson United started and ended the season brightly, but the middle of the season saw a disastrous run of ten matches without a win, leaving them seventh at the season's end. They were followed by Blockhouse Bay, who recorded their lowest league position yet, largely due to the loss of key players to other sides, notably Iain and Duncan Ormond, who had moved to North Shore and Stop out respectively. Eastern Suburbs finished just above New Brighton, avoiding relegation only by way of a better goal ratio. This was largely the result of two big wins by Suburbs over the Seasiders in which they had scored eleven goals in total and only had three scored against them. It was a bad year for South Island sides other than Christchurch United — New Brighton were accompanied into the regional leagues by the two Dunedin sides, Dunedin City and Caversham. City were doomed by their terrible start to the season. Nine straight losses meant they were always going to have a struggle to catch up, and despite a very strong finish to the season they failed to make up the ground. Neighbours Caversham had as forgettable an end to the season as city's start to it, failing to find the net in their last eight games. 1977 New Zealand National Soccer League The 1977 New Zealand National Soccer League was the eighth season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football. An expansion by two teams meant that it was the first year in which twelve teams took part. Prize money was significantly increased for the top three clubs, and the number of teams relegated increased from one to three, these being automatically replaced by the winners of the three regional leagues. With an expanded league, there was no

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

The Score Satellite Radio The Score Satellite Radio was a Canadian sports radio channel, owned and operated by Score Media, owners of its sister television network of the same name. The channel broadcasts on Sirius Satellite Radio channel 158, and is available to subscribers in Canada. It was also offered to U.S. subscribers but removed in February 2007. It has been added back to the Sirius channel listing for U.S. listeners since then. Formally known as "Hardcore Sports Radio", the channel re-branded as "The Score Satellite Radio" in September 2010 to unify its branding with that of its television and internet operations In September 2011, Sirius is pulling the station from its lineup. As posted on The Score's Twitter feed on 2 August 2011, they will no longer be broadcasting on Sirius channel 158 as of 1 September 2011. The Score Satellite Radio The Score Satellite Radio was a Canadian sports radio channel, owned and operated by Score Media, owners of its sister television network of the same name. The channel broadcasts on Sirius Satellite Radio channel 158, and is available to subscribers in Canada. It was also offered to U.S. subscribers but removed in February 2007. It has been

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Wilf Smith (footballer, born 1918) Wilfred "Wilf" Smith (7 April 1918 – 14 April 1968) was an English professional footballer who played as a full back. Smith began his career as an amateur with Clevedon Town before turning professional with Bristol Rovers. Smith spent ten years at Rovers and, because League football was suspended due to the Second World War, only made a total of 26 appearances in the Football League for them. Smith signed for Newport County in December 1946 in a swap deal involving Ken Wookey. At Newport, Smith made a further 9 League appearances. Smith later played in Wales with Abergavenny Thursdays. Wilf Smith (footballer, born 1918) Wilfred "Wilf" Smith (7 April 1918 – 14 April 1968) was an English professional footballer who played as a full back. Smith began his career as an amateur with Clevedon Town before turning professional with Bristol Rovers. Smith spent ten years at Rovers and, because League football was suspended due to the Second World War, only made a total of 26 appearances in the Football League for them. Smith signed for Newport County in December 1946 in a swap deal involving Ken Wookey. At Newport, Smith made a further 9

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Romero Rock Romero Rock () is a rock lying 0.1 nautical miles (0.2 km) west of Saavedra Rock in the Duroch Islands, Trinity Peninsula. The Chilean Antarctic Expedition of 1947-48, under the command of Navy Captain Ernesto Gonzalez Navarrete, made a survey of this area and gave the name "Islote Astronomo Romero" after Astronomer of the Chilean Army Guillermo Romero Gonzalez who was a member of the expedition and did astronomical work in the Antarctic. Around 1951 the name "Islote Romero" began to be used to avoid the compound name. The present name, Romero Rock, has been in use since 1962. Romero Rock Romero Rock () is a rock lying 0.1 nautical miles (0.2 km) west of Saavedra Rock in the Duroch Islands, Trinity Peninsula. The Chilean Antarctic Expedition of 1947-48, under the command of Navy Captain Ernesto Gonzalez Navarrete, made a survey of this area and gave the name "Islote Astronomo Romero" after Astronomer of the Chilean Army Guillermo Romero Gonzalez who was a member of the expedition and did astronomical work in the Antarctic. Around 1951 the name "Islote Romero" began to be used to avoid the compound name. The present name, Romero Rock, has been in use

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Denver Firefighters Museum The Denver Firefighters Museum is a museum in downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. A nonprofit institution 501 (C) (3), it consists of an facility housing four galleries that explore the history of firefighting in Denver. Established in 1978, it is located in the 1909-built former Fire Station No. 1, a building that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. The Denver Firefighters Museum is located in a historic firehouse, Historic Station No. 1, built in 1909 by the Denver architect Glenn W. Huntington. Historic Station One is actually the second station one. The original Station One was located at the corner of 15th Street and Broadway. It was torn down in 1909 to make way for The Pioneer Monument which was constructed in 1910 for $70,000 to mark the western terminus of the Smokey Hill Trail and honor the pioneers who crossed the plains. The new Station One was constructed for a cost $20,000 in 1909. The Denver Firefighters Museum is a nonprofit institution with revenues from contributions and grants from individuals, foundations, corporations and federal agencies; earned gift shop income; program income; memberships and admission income. The Denver Firefighters Museum employs four full-time and five part-time staff members. Over 100 volunteers donate more than 3,500 hours annually to a variety of museum projects. The Denver Firefighters Museum welcomes more than 20,000 visitors each year with over 5,000 at reduced or free admission through the Scientific & Cultural Facilities District (SCFD) free days and community partnerships. A large proportion of the Museum visitors are out of state firefighters and their families. The Museum receives many international visitors as well. The Denver Firefighters Museum maintains a collection of more than 30,000 artifacts, photographs and manuscripts. Six themes comprise this gallery that follows the process of fire. Communicating Fire—discuss how fire has been communicated through time from pulling alarm boxes and telegraph, to dialing zero and calling 911 today; Personal Protective Tools and Equipment—display of bunking gear, helmets, boots, and firefighting tools; Fire Apparatus—display of hand pulled, horse pulled and motorized fire trucks and engines; Fire Suppression—discussion of methods used to extinguish fire through water and chemicals; Other Duties—discusses other life safety tasks that firefighters perform; and an interpretation of the History of Station No. 1. Follow the firefighters boot prints through the gallery to interact with the hands-on activities. Fire Safety Stops explore the exhibit themes on a child's level and teach important fire prevention lessons in a fun, non-threatening manner. Activities include a 911 teaching phone, child size firefighting gear, children's pole and fire truck, and a touch cart full of real firefighting tools. Discount Tire Co. Educational Center shows a variety of videos on demand. Three themes comprise this gallery: firefighter training, Denver's fires and living quarters at Station No. 1. Visitors learn of the rigors of becoming a firefighter; the large fires in Denver's history; and tour the living quarters—dorm room, officer's quarters, locker room, bathroom, and family room. This gallery is designed just for families to interact one-on-one with their children. The concepts presented reinforce the fire prevention messages gleaned through the tour of the exhibits and include computer kiosks, puppet theater, reading center, video center, and a hop scotch that teaches matches and lighter safety Denver Firefighters Museum The Denver Firefighters Museum is a museum in downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. A nonprofit institution 501 (C) (3), it consists of an facility housing four galleries that explore the history of firefighting in Denver. Established in 1978, it is located in the 1909-built former Fire Station No. 1, a

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Morris House (New Haven, Connecticut) The Pardee-Morris House, also known as John Morris House, is a historic house museum at 325 Lighthouse Road in New Haven, Connecticut. Probably built in the late 17th century, it is one of New Haven's oldest surviving buildings, and a good example of First Period colonial architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is now owned and operated by the New Haven Museum and Historical Society, and is open seasonally for events, classes and tours. The Pardee-Morris House is located in New Haven's Morris Cove area, on the east side of New Haven Harbor. It is located at the southeast corner of Lighthouse Road and Morris Avenue. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with stone end walls and chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. The stone is laid in part with mortar of great antiquity, into which shells have been mixed. The main facade is seven bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically about the main entrance. The entrance is sheltered by a modern shed-roof hood. The oldest portions of the house are believed to date to the late 17th century, probably during the lifetime of Thomas Morris, the first colonial grantee of land in this area, or one of his sons. It was partially burned by the British in 1779. It remained in the Morris family until 1915, when it was sold to William Pardee. He only briefly occupied the house, and willed it to the historical society upon his death a few years later, along with an endowment for its care. Morris House (New Haven, Connecticut) The Pardee-Morris House, also known as John Morris House, is a historic house museum at 325 Lighthouse Road in New Haven, Connecticut. Probably built in the late

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress is the fifth studio album by Canadian experimental band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, released on 31 March 2015. The album was recorded with Electrical Audio engineer Greg Norman in studios in North Carolina and Montreal. The album is the first to feature completely new material since the band re-formed in 2010. It is also, with the exception of the vinyl version of "F♯ A♯ ∞", the group's shortest full-length LP to date, timing in at just forty minutes. The album was announced on 24 February 2015; the group also shared an excerpt of "Peasantry or 'Light! Inside of Light!'" on SoundCloud. On 24 March 2015, Constellation Records streamed the album on their SoundCloud. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album has received an average score of 84, indicating "universal acclaim". Pitchfork rated the album 7.6 out of a possible 10 and Mark Richardson described the album as a "different kind of transaction" and that while listening to the album "You have to let your guard down" as that Godspeed "transforms feelings into compelling records. They're still on track.". Writing for "Exclaim!", Nilan Perera called the record "a beautiful, concise blast that conveys this band's musical essence." The album's four tracks are based on "Behemoth", played live numerous times since 2012 and previously recorded onstage for the concert series We Have Signal. Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress is the fifth studio album by Canadian experimental band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, released on 31 March 2015. The album was recorded with Electrical Audio engineer Greg Norman in studios in North Carolina and Montreal. The album is the first to feature completely new material since the band re-formed

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Amy Ephron Amy Laura Ephron (born October 21, 1952) is an American novelist, screenwriter, journalist, and film producer. Ephron was born in Beverly Hills, California to Phoebe and Henry Ephron, both East Coast born and raised screenwriters. She is the sister of Nora Ephron, Delia Ephron, and Hallie Ephron. She is Jewish. "Carnival Magic", her second novel for children, a companion to her first, is being published May 1, 2018 by Philomel, Penguin Kids. Her first novel for children, "The Castle in the Mist", was published February 2017 by Philomel, Penguin Kids. It was an Amazon best book for kids 'pick of the month' and a Barnes & Noble pick for best book of the year. It has been nominated for a SCIBA Award. Her novel "A Cup of Tea" spent 37 weeks on the "LA Times" bestseller list and has been bought by Bruckheimer Films. Her latest novel "One Sunday Morning" received the Booklist Best Fiction of the Year award and Booklist's Best Historical Fiction award in 2005 and was a Barnes and Noble Book Club selection. Ephron is a Contributing Editor and Contributor to "Vogue" and Vogue.com. Her stories and essays have appeared in "The New York Times", "House Beautiful", "Saveur", "LA Times", "The Chicago Tribune", "National Lampoon", "The Huffington Post", etc. She is also the Executive Producer of Warner Bros′ Alfonso Cuaron's "A Little Princess". As a film executive she worked on "Born on the Fourth of July" and "Out of Africa", among others. She was also a non-broadcast Editor at the Children's Television Workshop, developing and producing toys and games for "Sesame Street" and "The Electric Company". She has been married twice, first to film producer Sasha Harari, with whom she has three children, Anna, Maia and Ethan, and currently to lawyer Alan Rader. Amy Ephron

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Semma Botha Aagatha Semma Botha Aagathey () is a 2018 Indian Tamil action stoner thriller film directed by Badri Venkatesh. Dialogues are written by G.Radhakrishnan. The film stars Atharvaa, who also produces the film, while Mishti and Anaika Soti portray the leading female roles. Featuring music composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, the film began production during January 2016 and is released worldwide on 29 June 2018. The movie begins with Ramesh (Atharvaa) waking up in a hangover and remembering the events of the previous day. After a breakup with his girlfriend Madhu (Mishti), he drinks a lot along with his friend Nandhu (Karunakaran). On his advice, Ramesh calls for a female escort and sneaks her into his apartment. Ramesh has to step out of his house due to his neighbor Devi's (Devadarshini) emergency situation. He asks the escort Nina (Anaika Soti) to wait inside his house, promising to come back soon. While he returns, he finds her dead. Ramesh is shocked and tries to find details about her. He sees restaurant receipts in her bag, checks the CCTV footages, and finds that another man Ravi (Prinz Nithik) had accompanied her prior to her meeting him. From her cell phone, he finds her house address, travels to Palakkad, and asks Nandhu to stay behind and guard the dead body. He is not able to find any information from Nina's family and leaves, but Nina's sister makes a call to Sekar (John Vijay) and informs him about Ramesh. Sekar tracks Ramesh and asks about Nina and Ravi. He says Ravi was a henchman and had usurped money and documents from the politician for whom he was working for. Ramesh escapes from Sekar. Nandhu calls him with information about a series of numbers he found from Nina's purse and also says he is hiding with the dead body in the attic because of Ramesh's intruding neighbors - Devi's father (Manobala) and husband Ram (Chetan), who came to use his gas stove. Ramesh goes to a railway station to find that the cloak room lockers are the series of numbers Nina had noted down. He sees Ravi opening the lockers and asks why he killed Nina. Ravi says he escaped with his boss's money and picked up Nina to escort him. During his stay with her, fake policemen threatened and looted all the money. He finds that all of this was part of Nina's plan and that she had taken the money, hid it in the lockers, and left to Chennai. So he found her, and after getting information about the money's location, he poisoned her drink. It is then that Ramesh had met Nina and she unfortunately ended up dying at his apartment. After recording Ravi's confession, Ramesh strikes a deal with him that he should get rid of Nina's body from his house and takes him in his car. Ravi tries to escape, and after a chase, he falls to his death. Ramesh returns to Chennai and plans to dispose of the dead body himself and along with Nandhu, he drives Nina's body to the place Ravi died. Keeping both the dead people together along with the money, he informs Sekar of the whereabouts of Ravi, Nina, and the money. Sekar comes to the location, takes back his boss's money, and disposes Ravi and Nina's bodies. Finally relieved of the unwanted trouble, Ramesh and Nandhu get back to their homes in Chennai. Ramesh patches up with Madhu when Nandhu informs that Sekar and his men are dead. Ramesh and Nandhu are overjoyed because there is no proof of their unwitting involvement in Ravi and Nina's murders. On 1 January 2016, Atharvaa launched a new productions studio named Kickass Entertainment and revealed that he produce a film directed by Badri Venkatesh, who had introduced him in films through "Baana Kaathadi" (2010). In a turn of events a week later, Atharvaa revealed that he would portray the lead role himself. In April 2016, actresses Mishti and Anaika Soti joined the film's cast, as did John Vijay and Karunakaran. The film was shot across early 2016 in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The soundtrack of "Semma Botha Aagathey" consists of five songs composed and arranged by Yuvan Shankar Raja. Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for 4.5 crore. Semma Botha Aagatha Semma Botha Aagathey () is a 2018 Indian Tamil action stoner thriller film directed by Badri Venkatesh. Dialogues are written by G.Radhakrishnan. The film stars Atharvaa, who also produces the film, while Mishti and Anaika Soti portray the leading female roles. Featuring music composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, the film began production during January 2016 and is released worldwide on 29 June 2018. The movie begins with Ramesh (Atharvaa) waking up in a hangover and remembering the events of the previous day.

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Angi Uezu Angi Uezu (January 3, 1935 - ) is the former head of one of the major Isshin-ryu karate organizations, the Okinawan Isshin-Ryu Karate Kobudo Association (O.I.K.K.A., founded in 1990). He is the son-in-law of the system's founder, Shimabuku Tatsuo, and a 10th degree black belt. He was born in Chalan Kiya on the island of Saipan. He was injured by American machine gun fire during the Battle of Saipan. His family was repatriated to Okinawa after World War II. In 1958, he married Yukiko Shimabuku, the third daughter of Tatsuo Shimabuku, with whom he had a son. He began training in Isshin-ryu karate in late 1962 and received his black belt in January 1965. He is now retired from teaching martial arts and lives in Iribaru, Uruma City. Master Uezu, although retired from teaching, comes to the United States occasionally to hold seminars. Angi was inducted into the Isshin-ryū Hall of Fame in 1997. He is the co-author (with Joseph Jennings) of the book "The Encyclopedia of Isshin-Ryu Karate: Book One, Beginner to Green Belt". Angi Uezu Angi Uezu (January 3, 1935 - ) is the former head of one of the major Isshin-ryu karate organizations, the Okinawan

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Pearson's tuco-tuco Pearson's tuco-tuco ("Ctenomys pearsoni") is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to Uruguay, where it is found at elevations below 200 m. This tuco-tuco constructs burrows with multiple openings (an average of 13) containing one to two nests of dried grass; it prefers areas of sandy soil but is somewhat adaptable. It is threatened by loss of habitat to development, agriculture and ranching. Multiple karyotypes have been reported, including 2n = 68-70, FN = 80-88, as well as 2n = 56, FN = 77-79, suggesting the taxon may represent several species. "C. dorbignyi" appears to be cytogenetically indistinguishable from the 2n = 70 form. The species is named after American zoologist Oliver Payne Pearson. Pearson's tuco-tuco Pearson's tuco-tuco ("Ctenomys pearsoni") is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to Uruguay, where it is found at elevations below 200 m. This tuco-tuco constructs burrows with multiple openings (an average of 13) containing one to two nests of dried grass; it prefers areas of sandy soil but is somewhat adaptable. It is threatened by loss of habitat to development, agriculture and ranching. Multiple karyotypes have been reported, including 2n = 68-70,

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Dynomutt, Dog Wonder Dynomutt, Dog Wonder is a Saturday morning animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The show centers on a Batman-esque super hero, the Blue Falcon, and his assistant, bumbling yet generally effective robot dog Dynomutt, a robotic dog who can produce a seemingly infinite number of mechanical devices from his body. As with many other animated superheroes of the era, no origins for the characters are ever provided. "Dynomutt" was originally broadcast as a half-hour segment of "The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour" (1976–77) and its later expanded form "Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics" (1977–78); it would later be rerun and syndicated on its own from 1978 on. The cast of "The Scooby-Doo Show" appeared as recurring characters on "Dynomutt", assisting the Daring Duo in cracking their crimes. Originally distributed by Hanna-Barbera's then-parent company Taft Broadcasting, Warner Bros. Television currently holds the television distribution to the series. Millionaire socialite art dealer Radley Crown (voiced by Gary Owens) and his mechanical dog Dynomutt (voiced by Frank Welker (who got the inspiration for the voice from the Gertrude and Heathcliff characters of Red Skelton)) enjoy leisure time in their base of operations in Big City, until alerted by the Falcon Flash. They then immediately dash to the Falcon's Lair (situated in Crown's penthouse apartment), where they switch to their secret identities, the Blue Falcon and Dog Wonder, respectively. The Blue Falcon and Dynomutt receive the report via TV screen from the secret GHQ of secret agent F.O.C.U.S. One (voiced by Ron Feinberg), jump into the Falconcar and speed into the fray against assorted evildoers. In a coup similar to the 1960s "Batman" TV series, the first 10 minutes of "Dynomutt" ends with a cliffhanger wherein the Daring Duo, in the clutches of their foes, are subjected to a perilous fate which is resolved immediately after the commercial. Like many animated series created by Hanna-Barbera in the 1970s, the show contains no laugh track created by the studio. The metallic mutt employs a system of miniaturized transistors which allow him to extend his limbs or neck and use them to perform extraordinary feats; however, none of them ever work properly. "B.F." (as Dynomutt lovingly refers to him) is more Dynomutt's victim than his master, forever being hamstrung by the latter's insufferably clumsy mechanized mishaps, which often results in the Blue Falcon calling Dynomutt "Dog Blunder". Nevertheless, Dynomutt and the Blue Falcon, who is equipped with his own arsenal of supergadgetry, manage to get the situation well in hand. "The episode titles given reflect Hanna-Barbera studio records. No on-screen titles were given for this series." These four new episodes were aired under the new title "The Blue Falcon & Dynomutt". "Dynomutt, Dog Wonder" originally aired in these following formats on ABC and NBC: Between January 2 and March 9, 2008, repeats of "Dynomutt, Dog Wonder" were shown on Boomerang. On June 4, 2009, "Dynomutt, Dog Wonder" returned to Boomerang and aired Thursdays through Sundays at 10am Eastern. But the show stopped airing on Boomerang due to the re-branding that happened on January 19, 2015 that also removed many other older shows. All 16 episodes of the first season were released to DVD in the "Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour" DVD set from Warner Home Video. The four episodes from "The Blue Falcon & Dynomutt" that were broadcast as a part of "Scooby-Doo's All Star Laff-A-Lympics" are currently unavailable on DVD. Dynomutt, Dog Wonder Dynomutt, Dog Wonder is a Saturday morning animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The show centers on a Batman-esque super hero, the Blue Falcon, and his assistant, bumbling yet generally effective robot dog Dynomutt, a robotic dog

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Control of fire by early humans The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. Fire provided a source of warmth, protection, improvement on hunting and a method for cooking food. These cultural advancements allowed for human geographic dispersal, cultural innovations, and changes to diet and behavior. Additionally, creating fire allowed the expansion of human activity to proceed into the dark and colder hours of the evening. Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of "Homo" range from 1.7 to 0.2 million years ago (Mya). Evidence for the controlled use of fire by "Homo erectus", beginning some 1,000,000 years ago, has wide scholarly support. Flint blades burned in fires roughly 300,000 years ago were found near fossils of early but not entirely modern "Homo sapiens" in Morocco. Evidence of widespread control of fire by anatomically modern humans dates to approximately 125,000 years ago. Use and control of fire was a gradual process, proceeding through more than one stage. One was a change in habitat, from dense forest, where wildfires were rare and potentially catastrophic, to savanna (mixed grass/woodland) where wildfires were very rare and of lower intensity. Such a change may have occurred about three million years ago, when the savanna expanded in East Africa due to cooler and drier climate. The next stage involved interaction with burned landscapes and foraging in the wake of wildfires, as observed in various wild animals. In the African savanna, animals that preferentially forage in recently burned areas include Savanna chimpanzees (a variety of Pan troglodytes verus), Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and a variety of birds, some of which also hunt insects and small vertebrates in the wake of grass fires. The next step would be to make some use of residual hot spots that occur in the wake of wildfires. For example, foods found in the wake of wildfires tend to be either burned or undercooked. This might have provided incentives to place undercooked foods on a hotspot or to pull food out of the fire if it was in danger of getting burned. This would require familiarity with fire and its behavior. An early step in the control of fire would be transporting it from burned to unburned areas and lighting them on fire, providing advantages in food acquisition. Maintaining a fire over an extended period of time, as for a season (such as the dry season) may have led to the development of base campsites. Building a hearth or other fire enclosure such as a circle of stones would have been a later development. The ability to make fire, generally with a friction device with hardwood rubbing against softwood (as in a bow drill) was a late development. Each of these stages could occur at different intensities, ranging from occasional or "opportunistic" to "habitual" to "obligate" (unable to survive without it). Most of the evidence of controlled use of fire during the Lower Paleolithic is uncertain and has limited scholarly support. The inconclusiveness of some of the evidence lies behind the fact that there exist other plausible explanations, such as natural processes, that could explain the findings. Recent findings support that the earliest known controlled use of fire took place in Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa, 1.0 Mya. Over time, early humans figured out how to create fire. Archaeological evidence suggests that this happened between 700,000 years ago and 120,000 years ago. Findings from the Wonderwerk Cave site, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, provide the earliest evidence for controlled use of fire. Intact sediments were analyzed using micromorphological analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (mFTIR) and yielded evidence, in the form of burned bones and ashed plant remains, that burning took place at the site 1.0 Mya. East African sites, such as Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya, show some possible evidence that fire was controlled by early humans. In Chesowanja archaeologists found red clay clasts dated to 1.4 Mya. These clasts must have been heated to to harden. However, tree stumps burned in bush fires in East Africa produce clasts which, when broken by erosion, are like those described at Chesownja. Controlled use of fire at Chesowanja is unproven. In Koobi Fora, sites FxJjzoE and FxJj50 show evidence of control of fire by "Homo erectus" at 1.5 Mya with findings of reddened sediment that could come from heating at . Evidence of possible human control of fire has been found at Swartkrans, South Africa. The evidence includes several burned bones, including ones with hominin-inflicted cut marks, along with Acheulean and bone tools. This site also shows some of the earliest evidence of carnivorous behavior in "H. erectus". A "hearth-like depression" that could have been used to burn bones was found at a site in Olorgesailie, Kenya. However, it did not contain any charcoal and no signs of fire have been observed. Some microscopic charcoal was found, but it could have resulted from a natural brush fire. In Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that appeared to have been burned were found in Locality 8E but re-firing of the rocks might have occurred due to local volcanic activity. In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could have been formed by temperatures of . These features, thought to have been created by burning tree stumps, were hypothesized to have been produced by early hominids lighting tree stumps so they could have fire away from their habitation site. However, this view is not widely accepted. Burned stones are also found in Awash Valley, but volcanic welded tuff is also found in the area which could explain the burned stones. Burned flints discovered near Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated by thermoluminescence to approximately 300,000 years, were discovered in the same sedimentary layer as skulls of early "Homo sapiens." Paleoanthropologist Jean-Jacques Hublin believes the flints were used as spear tips and left in fires used by the early humans for cooking food. In Xihoudu in Shanxi Province, China, the black, blue, and grayish-green discoloration of mammalian bones found at the site illustrates the evidence of burning by early hominids. In 1985, a parallel site in China, Yuanmou in the Yunnan Province, archaeologists found blackened mammal bones which date back to 1.7 Mya BP. A site at Bnot Ya'akov Bridge, Israel, has claimed to show that "H. erectus" or "H. ergaster" controlled fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP. At Trinil, Java, burned wood has been found in layers that carried "H. erectus" (Java Man) fossils dating from 830,000 to 500,000 BP. The burned wood has been claimed to indicate the use of fire by early hominids. The Cave of Hearths in South Africa has burn deposits, which date from 700,000 to 200,000 BP, as do various other sites such as Montagu Cave (200,000 to 58,000 BP) and the Klasies River Mouth (130,000 to 120,000 BP). Strong evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia where several artifacts related to the use of fire by humans have been recovered including charred logs, charcoal, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire. The site has been dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 110,000 BP and 61,000 BP through amino acid racemization. Fire was used for heat treatment of silcrete stones to increase their workability before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture. These Stillbay sites date back anywhere ranging from 164,000 BP to 72,000 BP. At the Amudian site of Qesem Cave in Tel-Aviv, evidence exists of the regular use of fire from before 382,000 BP to around 200,000 BP at the end of Lower Pleistocene. Large quantities of burned bone and moderately heated soil lumps were found, and the cut marks found on the bones suggest that butchering and

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

humans have been recovered including charred logs, charcoal, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire. The site has been dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 110,000 BP and 61,000 BP through amino acid racemization. Fire was used for heat treatment of silcrete stones to increase their workability before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture. These Stillbay sites date back anywhere ranging from 164,000 BP to 72,000 BP. At the Amudian site of Qesem Cave in Tel-Aviv, evidence exists of the regular use of fire from before 382,000 BP to around 200,000 BP at the end of Lower Pleistocene. Large quantities of burned bone and moderately heated soil lumps were found, and the cut marks found on the bones suggest that butchering and prey-defleshing took place near fireplaces. Evidence at Zhoukoudian cave in China suggests control of fire as early as 460,000 to 230,000 BP. Fire in Zhoukoudian is suggested by the presence of burned bones, burned chipped-stone artifacts, charcoal, ash, and hearths alongside "H. erectus" fossils in Layer 10, the earliest archaeological horizon at the site. This evidence comes from Locality 1, also known as the Peking Man site, where several bones were found to be uniformly black to grey. The extracts from the bones were determined to be characteristic of burned bone rather than manganese staining. These residues also showed IR spectra for oxides, and a bone that was turquoise was reproduced in the laboratory by heating some of the other bones found in Layer 10. At the site, the same effect might have been due to natural heating, as the effect was produced on white, yellow, and black bones. Layer 10 itself is described as ash with biologically produced silicon, aluminum, iron, and potassium, but wood ash remnants such as siliceous aggregates are missing. Among these are possible hearths "represented by finely laminated silt and clay interbedded with reddish-brown and yellow brown fragments of organic matter, locally mixed with limestone fragments and dark brown finely laminated silt, clay and organic matter." The site itself does not show that fires were made in Zhoukoudian, but the association of blackened bones with quartzite artifacts at least shows that humans did control fire at the time of the habitation of the Zhoukoudian cave. Multiple sites in Europe such as Torralba and Ambrona, Spain, and St. Esteve-Janson, France have also shown evidence of use of fire by later versions of "H. erectus". The oldest has been found in England at the site of Beeches Pit, Suffolk; uranium series dating and thermoluminescence dating place the use of fire at 415,000 BP. At Vértesszőlős, Hungary, while no charcoal has been found, burned bones have been discovered dating from c. 350,000 years ago. At Torralba and Ambrona, Spain, objects such as Acheulean stone tools, remains of large mammals such as extinct elephants, charcoal, and wood were discovered. At Saint-Estève-Janson in France, there is evidence of five hearths and reddened earth in the Escale Cave. These hearths have been dated to 200,000 BP. The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early hominids. It acted as a source of warmth, making it easier to get through cold nighttime temperatures and allowing hominids to survive in colder environments, through which geographic expansion from tropical and subtropical climates to areas of temperate climates containing colder winters began to occur. The discovery of the use of fire and the sharing of the benefits of the use of fire may have created a sense of sharing as a group by the participation of gathering fire wood that may have become the first concept of taxation although not realized at the time. The use of fire continued to aid hominids at night by also acting as a means by which to ward off predatory animals. Fire also played a major role in changing how hominids obtained and consumed food, primarily in the new practice of cooking. This caused a significant increase in hominid meat consumption and calorie intake. In addition to cooking, hominids soon discovered that meat could be dried through the use of fire, allowing it to be preserved for times in which harsh environmental conditions made hunting difficult. Fire was even used in forming tools to be used for hunting and cutting meat. Hominids found that large fires had their uses as well. By starting wildfires, they were able to increase land fertility and clear large amounts of bushes and trees to make hunting easier. As early hominids began to understand how to use fire, such a useful skill may have differentiated societal roles through the separation of cooking task groups from hunting task groups. The early discovery of fire had numerous benefits to the early hominids. With fire, they were able to protect themselves from the terrain, and were also able to devise an entirely new way of hunting. Evidence of fire has been found in caves, suggesting that fire was used to keep the early hominids warm. This is significant, because it allowed them to migrate to cooler climates and thrive. This evidence also suggests that fire was used to clear out caves prior to living in them. Living in caves was a major advancement in protection from the weather and from other species. In addition to protection from the weather, the discovery of fire allowed for innovations in hunting. Initially, early hominids used grass fires to hunt and control the population of pests in the surrounding areas. Evidence shows that early hominids were able to corral and trap animals by means of fire prior to cooking the meat. In addition to the many benefits that fire provided to early humans, it also had a major impact on the innovation of tool and weapon manufacturing. The use of fire by early humans as an engineering tool to modify the effectiveness of their weaponry was a major technological advancement. In an archeological dig that dates to approximately 400,000 years ago, researchers excavating in an area known as the ‘Spear Horizon’ in Schöningen, county Helmstedt, Germany, unearthed eight wooden spears among a trove of preserved artifacts. The spears were found along with stone tools and horse remains, one of which still had a spear through its pelvis. At another dig site located in Lehringen, Germany, a fire-hardened lance was found thrust into the rib cage of a ‘straight-tusked elephant’. These archeological digs provide evidence that suggests the spears were deliberately fire-hardened, which allowed early humans the ability to modify their hunting tactics and use the spears as thrusting rather than throwing weapons. Researchers further uncovered environmental evidence that indicated early humans may have been waiting in nearby vegetation that provided enough concealment for them to ambush their prey. More recent evidence dating to approximately 164,000 years ago found that early humans living in South Africa in the Middle Stone Age used fire as an engineering tool to alter the mechanical properties of the materials they used to make tools and improve their lives. Researchers found evidence that suggests early humans applied a method of heat treatment to a fine-grained, local rock called silcrete. Once treated, the heated rocks were modified and tempered into crescent shaped blades or arrowheads. The evidence suggests that early humans probably used the modified tools for hunting or cutting meat from killed animals. Researchers postulate that this may have been the first time that the bow and arrow was used for hunting, an advancement that had a significant impact on how early humans may have lived, hunted, and existed as community groups. Fire was also used in the creation of art. Scientists have discovered several small, 1 to 10 inch statues in Europe referred to as the Venus figurines. These statues date back to the Paleolithic Period. Several of these figures were created from stone and ivory, while some were

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

of heat treatment to a fine-grained, local rock called silcrete. Once treated, the heated rocks were modified and tempered into crescent shaped blades or arrowheads. The evidence suggests that early humans probably used the modified tools for hunting or cutting meat from killed animals. Researchers postulate that this may have been the first time that the bow and arrow was used for hunting, an advancement that had a significant impact on how early humans may have lived, hunted, and existed as community groups. Fire was also used in the creation of art. Scientists have discovered several small, 1 to 10 inch statues in Europe referred to as the Venus figurines. These statues date back to the Paleolithic Period. Several of these figures were created from stone and ivory, while some were created with clay and then fired. These are some of the earliest examples of ceramics. Fire was also commonly used to create pottery. Although it was previously thought that the advent of pottery began with the use of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, scientists in China discovered pottery fragments in the Xianrendong Cave that were approximately 20,000 years old. However it was during the Neolithic Age, which began about 10,000 years ago, that the creation and use of pottery became far more widespread. These items were often carved and painted with simple linear designs and geometric shapes. Fire was an important factor in expanding and developing societies of early hominids. One impact fire might have had was social stratification. Those who could make and wield fire had more power than those who could not and may have therefore had a higher position in society. The presence of fire also led to an increase in length of “daytime”, and allowed more activity to occur in the night that was not previously possible. Evidence of large hearths indicate that the majority of this nighttime activity was spent around the fire, contributing to social interactions among individuals. This increased amount of social interaction is speculated to be important in the development of language, as it fostered more communication among individuals. Another effect that the presence of fire had on hominid societies is that it required larger and larger groups to work together in order to maintain and sustain the fire. Individuals had to work together to find fuel for the fire, maintain the fire, and complete other necessary tasks. These larger groups might have included older individuals, grandparents, to help care for children. Ultimately, fire had a significant influence on the size and social interactions of early hominid communities. The control of fire enabled important changes in human behavior, health, energy expenditure, and geographic expansion. As a result of "domesticating" fire as previously achieved with plants and animals, humans were able to modify their environments to their own benefit. This ability to manipulate their environments allowed them to move into much colder regions that would have previously been uninhabitable after the loss of body hair. Evidence of more complex management to change biomes can be found as far back as 200,000 to 100,000 years ago at a minimum. Furthermore, activity was no longer restricted to daylight hours due to the use of fire. Exposure to artificial light during later hours of the day changed humans' circadian rhythms, contributing to a longer waking day. The modern human's waking day is 16 hours, while most mammals are only awake for half as many hours. Additionally, humans are most awake during the early evening hours, while other primates' days begin at dawn and end at sundown. Many of these behavioral changes can be attributed to the control of fire and its impact on daylight extension. The cooking hypothesis proposes the idea that the ability to cook allowed for the brain size of hominids to increase over time. This idea was first presented by Frederich Engels in the article The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man and latter recapitulated in the book "" by Richard Wrangham and later in a book by Suzana Herculano-Houzel. Critics of the hypothesis argue that cooking with controlled fire is not enough to be the reason behind the increasing brain size trend. The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrients in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominids as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooked egg. Such a feature is essential for brain evolution: through studying the metabolic activities between primate species, scientists had found that there is a limitation of energy harvesting through food sources due to limited feeding time. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of metabolism. At the same time, the body mass portion of different organs was changing throughout the process of evolution as a means for brain expansion. Genus "Homo" was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy. In addition, scientists argue that the "Homo" species was also able to obtain nutrients like DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution and, as mentioned in the previous sections, the detoxification of the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources. Before the advent of fire, the hominid diet was limited to mostly plant parts composed of simple sugars and carbohydrates such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits. Parts of the plant such as stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers would have been inaccessible as a food source due to the indigestibility of raw cellulose and starch. Cooking, however, made starchy and fibrous foods edible and greatly increased the diversity of other foods available to early humans. Toxin-containing foods including seeds and similar carbohydrate sources, such as cyanogenic glycosides found in linseed and cassava, were incorporated into their diets as cooking rendered them non-toxic. Cooking could also kill parasites, reduce the amount of energy required for chewing and digestion, and release more nutrients from plants and meat. Due to the difficulty of chewing raw meat and digesting tough proteins (e.g. collagen) and carbohydrates, the development of cooking served as an effective mechanism to efficiently process meat and allow for its consumption in larger quantities. With its high caloric density and store of important nutrients, meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans. By increasing digestibility, cooking allowed hominids to maximize the energy gained from consuming foods. Studies show that caloric intake from cooking starches improves 12-35% and 45-78% for protein. As a result of the increases in net energy gain from food consumption, survival and reproductive rates in hominids increased. Before their use of fire, the hominid species had large premolars which were used to chew harder foods such as large seeds. In addition, due to the shape of the molar cusps, it is inferred that the diet was more leaf or fruit–based. In response to consuming cooked foods, the molar teeth of "Homo erectus" had gradually shrunk, suggesting that their diet had changed from crunchier foods such as crisp root vegetables to softer cooked foods such as meat. Cooked foods further selected for the differentiation of their teeth and eventually led to a decreased jaw volume with a variety of smaller teeth in hominids. Today, you can see the smaller jaw volume and teeth size of humans in comparison to other primates. Due to the increased digestibility cooked foods conferred, less digestion was needed to procure the necessary nutrients. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract and organs in the digestive system decreased in size. This is in contrast to other primates, where a larger digestive tract

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

was more leaf or fruit–based. In response to consuming cooked foods, the molar teeth of "Homo erectus" had gradually shrunk, suggesting that their diet had changed from crunchier foods such as crisp root vegetables to softer cooked foods such as meat. Cooked foods further selected for the differentiation of their teeth and eventually led to a decreased jaw volume with a variety of smaller teeth in hominids. Today, you can see the smaller jaw volume and teeth size of humans in comparison to other primates. Due to the increased digestibility cooked foods conferred, less digestion was needed to procure the necessary nutrients. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract and organs in the digestive system decreased in size. This is in contrast to other primates, where a larger digestive tract is needed for fermentation of long carbohydrate chains. Thus, humans evolved from the large colons and tracts that are seen in other primates to smaller ones. According to Wrangham, control of fire allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground. This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity. Critics of the hypothesis argue that while there is a linear increase in brain volume of the genus "Homo" over time, adding fire control and cooking does not add anything meaningful to the data. Species such as "Homo ergaster" existed with large brain volumes during time periods with little to no evidence of fire for cooking. Little variation exists in the brain sizes of "Homo erectus" dated from periods of weak and strong evidence for cooking. In Cornélio's experiments involving mice fed raw versus cooked meat, the results found that cooking meat did not increase the amount of calories taken up by mice, leading to the study's conclusion that the energetic gain is the same, if not greater, in raw meat diets than cooked meats. Studies such as this and others lead criticisms of the hypothesis to state that the increases in human brain-size occurred well before the advent of cooking due to a shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to the consumption of meat. Other anthropologists argue that the evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest only 250,000 BP, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burned animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the Middle East. Control of fire by early humans The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. Fire provided a source of warmth, protection, improvement on hunting and a method for cooking food. These cultural advancements allowed for human geographic dispersal, cultural innovations, and changes to diet and behavior. Additionally, creating fire allowed the expansion of human activity to proceed into the dark and colder hours of the evening. Claims for the

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

Myrmecophagidae The Myrmecophagidae are a family of anteaters, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'ant' and 'eat' ("myrmeco-" and ""). Two genera and three species are in the family, consisting of the giant anteater, and the tamanduas. The fossil "Eurotamandua" from the Messel Pit in Germany may be an early anteater, but its status is currently debated. Myrmecophagids are medium to large animals, with distinctively elongated snouts and long, narrow tongues. They have powerful claws on their toes, enabling them to rip open termite mounds and ant nests to eat the insects inside. They have no teeth, but produce a large amount of sticky saliva to trap the insects, as well as backward-pointing spines on their tongues. Ants and termites are almost their only food in the wild, and their primary source of water, although they sometimes also drink free-standing water, and occasionally eat fruits. Found in Central and South America, from southern Belize and Guatemala to northern Argentina. Most myrmecophagids are solitary, meeting only to mate. Myrmecophagids are polygamous and the male generally has no role in caring for the young. The male silky anteater is an exception and helps to feed its young. The gestation period of myrmecophagids ranges from 120–190 days. Myrmecophagids typically give birth to one offspring at a time, and the cub lives on its mothers back for 6–9 months after it is born. Myrmecophagids have such sharp claws that they cannot touch their young without causing injury. Myrmecophagids belong to the order Xenarthra, formerly known as Edentata. Xenarthra also includes sloths and armadillos. Edentates (meaning without teeth) diverged from insectivores during the Cretaceous period, roughly 135 million years ago. The fossil record of the family myrmecophagidae dates to the early miocene period in South America, roughly 25 million years ago. Throughout their evolutionary history, myrmecophagids have maintained a narrow range, though at one point their range may have extended to northern Mexico. "Myrmecophagidae (anteaters)." "Animal Diversity Web". 08 Nov. 2015. "Anteaters: Myrmecophagidae - Behavior And Reproduction." "- Female, Silky, Claws, and Birth". 08 Nov. 2015. "Anteater Online." "Anteater Online". 08 Nov. 2015. Myrmecophagidae The Myrmecophagidae are a family of anteaters, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'ant' and 'eat' ("myrmeco-" and ""). Two genera and three species are in the family, consisting of the giant anteater, and the tamanduas. The fossil "Eurotamandua" from the Messel Pit

RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter