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Cocos Islands (kō´kōs) or Keeling Islands, officially Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, two separate atolls comprising 27 coral islets (2001 pop. 621), 5.5 sq mi (14.2 sq km), in the Indian Ocean, c.1,400 mi (2,250 km) SE of Sri Lanka. They are under Australian administration. Only three of the islands are inhabited: West Island, which has an airport and the largest community of Europeans; Home Island, the former headquarters of the Clunies-Ross Estate and inhabited mainly by Cocos Malays; and Direction Island, which has an aviation-marine base. West Island is the capital. The predominant religion is Sunni Muslim; the major languages are English and a Cocos dialect of Malay. The economy is based on aviation and government facilities maintained by the Australian government. Coconuts are harvested, but most copra production ceased in the 1980s; there is some tourism and fishing. An administrator, appointed by the governor-general of Australia, heads the government. The unicameral legislature consists of the seven-seat Shire Council, whose members are popularly elected for two-year terms. Discovered in 1609 by Capt. William Keeling of the East India Company, the uninhabited Cocos Islands were settled in 1826 by Alexander Hare, an Englishman. A second settlement was founded in 1827 by John Clunies-Ross, a Scottish seaman, who landed with a group of Malay sailors. In 1857 the islands were annexed to the British crown. Queen Victoria granted the lands to the Clunies-Ross family in 1886 in return for the right to use any land on the island for public purposes. In 1903, as a dependency of Britain's Singapore colony, the islands were included in the Straits Settlements; they were placed under Australian administration in 1955. In 1978, Australia purchased the Clunies-Ross family's interests in the islands, except for the family estate, and island residents voted to become part of Australia in 1984. Australia purchased the last Clunies-Ross-owned property in the islands in 1993. Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com Publication information: Article title: Cocos Islands. Encyclopedia title: The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. © 2012 The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. Used with the permission of Columbia University Press. All Rights Reserved. Publisher: The Columbia University Press. Place of publication: Not available. Publication year: 2013. This material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.

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http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-CocosIsl/cocos-islands

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More crops with less water. The invention that achieved that won the title Innovation of the Year from the Dutch business community. The people behind the invention say they are making a modest contribution to the fight against food shortages. How much water do you need to grow a kilogram of string beans or a sack of potatoes? Dutch company Dacom has developed the TerraSen, a device that gives you detailed answers to those questions. It’s a 60 centimetre tube containing a sensor which measures soil moisture at different depths. The measurements are sent, together with the local weather forecast, to a central database. The grower gets advice on how much water to use in irrigation by return of digital post. The service is available all round the world. Dacom has offices in Saudi Arabia, Russia, Argentina, Tunisia, China, South Africa and nearly every West European country. Optimising water use would seem particularly useful in areas of shortage where they have to be careful with their precious water. But no, that’s not the case. Paradoxically, farmers in dry areas risk disease, crop death and production losses because, according to Dacom director Janneke Hadders, they tend to be too generous with water. “Something you wouldn’t expect is that, in countries where water is scarce, they often use too much water. In areas of water shortages, growers need to have good sprinkler systems. That makes it very easy to give the crops water and easy to give too much. Sometimes half as much is all that’s needed.” Irrigation specialist Koen Roest of the Agricultural University of Wageningen points out that the soil sensor can be used anywhere but will work best where the composition of the soil is much the same over a large area: “What the device is measuring is the moisture level of a column of a half metre around the position of the sensor in the ground. However, you’re giving advice for large areas, up to 100 hectares. The question then is: how representative is that one measurement for a larger area? It’s easier to apply in areas where the soil is homogenous than in areas where it’s heterogeneous.” The TerraSen costs 2,000 euros, too expensive for many small growers in developing countries. Plus you need an internet connection. That means either forming a growers’ collective of some kind or state subsidies. It also requires willingness to change your farming methods since, as Janneke Hadders points out, a constant stream of information and advice is not enough. “We can give the grower the information but it still has to be converted into action in the field. That depends on people. The technology is not the most complex part of our service, once you have a data stream running the graphics and advice will appear on screen. The point is that the grower actually does something with the advice. That calls for education, training and a complete turnaround of mentality.”

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http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/less-water-more-crops

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Assistive Technology is defined as "any use of technology which helps you perform a task more easily". Assistive technology is a broad field, ranging from the very simple to the very complex. In the Disability Service we categorise Assistive Technology, or AT as it is called, as follows: - Low Tech A.T are readily available interventions which cost little or no money - Hi Tech A.T includes more specialist hardware and software - A.T you already use existing technology in an innovative way Text to speech technology NaturalReader is a free to download programme that will read your own writing aloud to you, check for spelling and grammar errors, and turn text into mp3 files. There are many other features to help you with revision and study skills. You could listen to your Leaving Cert notes whilst travelling to school! Get it here. Texthelp Read and Write Gold has even more features and is available on all college computers.

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http://www.tcd.ie/pathways-to-trinity/campus/supports/assistive/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The flavor berry, also known as the wonder fruit, is an endemic species native to a single small island on the southern coast of Chile. That island is nestled safely in a labyrinth of fjords, canals, inlets, islands and twisting peninsulas. The existence of the flavor berry on this otherwise barren island has baffled scientists much in the same way as the plants and animals of Galapagos Islands. Even more baffling is the nature of the fruit. The flavor berry contains proteins made up of complex amino acids not found in any other fruit. This makes study of the flavor berry very difficult, as its structure deteriorates very quickly once it is picked. Consequently, flavor berries are not sold, even on the mainland of Chile. Flavor berries come in a range of colors, from a deep, vibrant red to a deep, vibrant purple. The flesh of the flavor berry is extremely sweet has a very pungent odor. However, some question whether the flavor berry is edible, as it contains trace amounts of several mind-altering chemicals, such as lysergic acid, the chemical found in LSD, and Salvinorin-A. Nutritionally, the flavor berry is a complete food. It contains ample amounts of several vitamins, such as: Vitamin A, the essential B Vitamins (B6, B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Pantothenic acid (B5), Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Vitamin E. It also contains certain minerals, such as calcium and iron. The flavor berry is a deliciously squishy fruit.

<urn:uuid:62a45c8d-6911-4ae3-afe6-84146a29f184>

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http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=flavor%20berry&defid=1070310

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Customs change. Today we're getting in the Way-Back Machine and traveling to 1899. In 1899 society expected the husband to be the sole breadwinner in a marriage. On this August 9th of that year, Chicagoans were talking about how much money a couple needed to begin married life. The Tribune had asked the question, “Should men who earn small salaries be allowed to marry?” The paper surveyed clerks in some of the big State Street department stores. Both men and women were asked their opinions. Most of the female clerks felt a man needed a certain minimum salary before getting married. The general consensus was at least $15 a week ($375 in 2012-dollars–for current values of 1899-dollars, multiply by 25). “A young man should wait until he is able to support a wife,” one woman said. “No salesgirl wants to keep selling after she’s married.” A Carson’s clerk was willing to make exceptions. She conceded that a man making only $9 a week might have “the possibilities of greatness” in him. In that case, the potential wife should overlook his current situation, trusting her instinct – and her heart. “[Why should she] discard him and his $9 if she loved him?” the Carson’s clerk asked. The male clerks were also divided on the money question. Some said it was okay to get married on a low salary – if the woman was willing, why not? Other men weren’t so sure. A clerk at Marshall Field’s feared a couple on a tight budget couldn’t afford to live in the city. Then they might have to move to the suburbs! Men who’d been married for a while were practical. One senior clerk declared it was “the duty” of the older men to discourage the young guys from marrying too soon. Many of these rookie husbands were starving their wives. “If he loves her, he should get a better job,” the senior clerk said. The Tribune also talked to three “sociological students.” All three were women. All three were in favor of early marriage. One of these scholars was Mrs. A.P. Stevens of Hull House. She claimed that matrimony was being delayed because employers didn’t pay a living wage. “Every salesman or laborer has a right to be paid enough to support a wife and maintain a home to American standards,” said Stevens. So it was in 1899. By the way, the average age at marriage then was 22 for women, 26 for men – about what it is today.

<urn:uuid:39860c3d-f5f1-4640-836c-f07f07a1ebb2>

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http://www.wbez.org/print/101431

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The definition of speaking is something used for talking and communicating.(adjective) An example of speaking is the voice you use when you give a lecture. Speaking is the act of talking.(noun) See speaking in Webster's New World College Dictionary See speaking in American Heritage Dictionary 4 Learn more about speaking

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http://www.yourdictionary.com/speaking

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Recycling can save companies money by reducing the cost of garbage disposal. Though some recyclers provide this service for free, even in cases where recycling service costs extra money, recycling is still cheaper per ton than garbage service. Recycling is good for a diversified economy. For example, on a per-ton basis, for every job created at a landfill, recycling sustains 10 more jobs (PDF, external link) just through sorting alone (Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 1999). Also, recycling provides manufacturers with material to incorporate into new products. For example, paper and aluminum (PDF, external) products that are manufactured in Washington State incorporate materials that businesses and residents recycle here in King County. The following pages provide helpful information and links to other resources that can assist your business in establishing and maintaining a recycling program. Updated: Aug. 6, 2012

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http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/business/workplace.asp

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There are more than 160,000 public water systems providing water to almost all Americans at some time in their lives. Millions of Americans receive high quality drinking water every day from their public water systems. But access to quality drinking water cannot be taken for granted. Like many small towns in rural America, the Town of Otter Creek in Levy County, Florida, strives to provide its residents with safe, high quality water. Unfortunately, for this community of under 150 people, poor quality drinking water is a reality. With high levels of trihalomethanes and iron in the water supply, town officials faced a potential health hazard and a lack of financial resources to address the problem. The Town was issued a Consent Order by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection to find a solution for the water quality issue. Given the town’s median household income of $18,000, and limited town resources, town officials sought assistance to develop a plan toward remedying the situation. The USDA Rural Development Special Evaluation Assistance for Rural Communities and Households (SEARCH) grant program, authorized in the 2008 Farm Bill to provide grants for predevelopment, planning design assistance and technical assistance to small, financially distressed communities, was the kick-start that Otter Creek so desperately needed. In fact, the $30,000 SEARCH Grant awarded by USDA to the Town was the first such grant awarded in the nation. The SEARCH grant, which will be leveraged with $10,000 from the Town of Otter Creek, will provide the necessary support for the Town to obtain a Preliminary Engineering Report and Environmental Report and to determine the most feasible path for the Town to pursue in solving its water quality problems to ensure that residents will soon receive safe, high quality drinking water. To find out how your community can benefit from USDA’s water and environmental programs click here.

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http://blogs.usda.gov/2013/01/30/usda-grant-helps-a-small-florida-town-on-the-path-to-clean-safe-drinking-water/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The benefits of document digitization are priceless. Advanced document capture solutions help reduce risk, save time, gain mobility, and improve productivity in office environments. However, preserving fragile and historical documents is another reason for an investment in digital imaging technology. The Bar-Ilan University (BIU) in Israel recently utilized document capture procedures, including optical character recognition (OCR) for the digitization of its historical documents. Titled the Responsa Project, the university needed a capture process that translated a variety of Middle Eastern languages from documents that were difficult to read due to wear. The overall objective of the project consisted of digitizing documents and applying intelligent document capture and management to develop a comprehensive and searchable online library. Documents needed to be scanned, digitized, and translated with OCR to support search. A Phased Approach The Responsa Project is a comprehensive, searchable digital Jewish library. It began at the Weizmann Institute in 1963 and is now managed by the BIU. In the early 1970’s, the U.S. National Endowment for Humanities awarded a research grant to support the project, leading to its expansion. The library contains great works of Jewish wisdom, including the Bible and its principal commentaries, the Babylonian Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud, Midrashim, Zohar, Rambam, Shulchan Aruch, as well as a collection of questions and answers on matters of Jewish law. To complete the digitalization process, The Responsa Project was broken into phases for the purposes of manageability. Approximately 28 sub directories were created and organized by categories. The first phase of the project focused on the Responsa literature database, which took months to develop and is continually updated. It consists of an account of questions and advice on various subjects within Jewish law; many of which were collected in books that needed to be available electronically. The second stage of the project targeted numerous halachic, historical, sociological, and economic data, which spanned 1,000 years. A special committee was established to set priorities to determine which pieces would be included in the database. Some of the material and ancient Hebrew scripture was difficult to read and digitize. BIU decided to invest in advanced data extraction technology. Through research, they found VERUS by NovoDynamics, which was used for similar applications at other universities, including Project AMEEL, a joint effort by Yale and Stanford Universities to create a scholarly Web-based portal for studying the history, culture, and development in the Middle East. The St. Kliment Ohridsky University of Sofia, Bulgaria also used the software to support a research project in Arabic language and linguistics. The university choice the NovoDynamics OCR solution for its ability to meet its primary needs for The Responsa Project. VERUS is designed to provide superior accuracy, including recognition for Hebrew and Middle Eastern languages. It delivers high-quality text to integrated applications such as text retrieval and machine translation. Additionally, it is able to process and handle up to 10,000 pages per month. In an initial pilot to test the OCR capabilities, the university used VERUS to automatically clean test documents. They were pleased with the improved image quality as well as the software’s accuracy and ease of use. During the trial, VERUS was quickly installed and running. It eliminated the need to manually presort pages by automatically detecting a page’s primary language. Additionally, the language detection capability demonstrated to be more accurate than a visual inspection. The OCR software was able to recognize all the major font families in all supported languages. In terms of .NET and C++ programming interfaces, the university achieved rapid system integration into its text-oriented applications. By early fall 2010; BIU fully implemented VERUS OCR technology. BIU’s IT department, the scientific team, and the Responsa committee were trained first on the software and still use it today. The team runs VERUS on Dev-OS:Windows 7 and a production machine running Windows 7. Search & Retrieve BIU utilizes a retrieval software engine to enable classic free-text searches for Boolean word combinations using an inverse index. With the help of advanced capture and OCR technology, there are currently more than 300 digitized books within the database portal. The data is available to students, researchers, and the public. Information is retrieved with simple queries by keyword searches as well as a sophisticated search and retrieval mechanism. Users can also request and print every Responsum in the system. In 1991, Online Responsa launched and was made into a CD for accessibility. The project contains useful content for the Torah scholar, but also provides a user-friendly method for the public to learn about the culture and language in different eras. For instance, a historian may use the search functions of The Responsa Project to enlighten themselves on various aspects of a certain era. There are indexes to many halakhic works and keyword combinations that now exist in more modern and standardized languages. There is also a simulated thesaurus for users unfamiliar with the technical terminology. A Technology Win For BIU, NovoDynamics’ OCR technology delivers high levels of accuracy when processing real-world documents, such as yellowed pages, poor copies, and stained documents. It uses advanced, proprietary image processing technology that automatically cleans and orients pages before recognizing text to provide precision for recognizing Hebrew and Middle Eastern languages. OCR supports The Responsa Project in its ability to provide valuable texts and thousands of years of writing. The Responsa Project is a living database archive and continues to grow as more books and texts are uncovered. The project is scheduled to expand under a ten-year plan in which the team will integrate approximately 40,000 more identified Jewish books. The team expects to expand its content tenfold—from one billion to ten billion bits of data

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http://dpsmagazine.com/content/ContentCT.asp?P=1097

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Improving Literacy Through School Libraries Mrs. Bush knows that reading is the key to achieving. The goal of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is full grade-level proficiency in reading by 2014. Achieving this goal calls for school libraries that are modern, technologically accessible, and filled with up-to-date books and reading materials. NCLB's Improving Literacy Through School Libraries (LSL) grant program provides funds through NCLB to help schools improve their library media and address the reading challenges of their students. In July 2007, Mrs. Bush highlighted LSL when she traveled to Waterbury, Connecticut to announce the awarding of 78 competitive grants in 28 states, a total of more than $18 million. LSL grants are specifically targeted to help underprivileged children. Only school districts and eligible public charter schools in which at least 20 percent of students are from families with incomes below the poverty line are eligible to apply. Grants may be awarded to districts in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and set-aside grants are available for the American Territories and schools served by the Bureau of Indian Affairs The LSL grants may be used to: Studies show that the grants are working. According to a report that surveyed 400 schools that received grant funding in 2003-04, grant recipients: LSL grants have also enabled schools to improve cooperation and coordination between library professionals, teachers and principals on curriculum issues, according to Teacher Librarian magazine (April 2006). This will enable more educators to address their students' diverse literacy and reading challenges. For more information on the Literacy Through School Libraries Grants program, please visit Improving Literacy Through School Libraries or contact: U.S. Department of Education, OESE

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http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/firstlady/initiatives/improvingliteracy.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Muon storage rings have been proposed for use as a source of high-energy neutrino beams (the Neutrino Factory) and as the basis for a high-energy lepton-anti-lepton collider (the Muon Collider). The Neutrino Factory is widely believed to be the machine of choice for the search for leptonic-CP violation while the Muon Collider may prove to be the most practical route to multi-TeV lepton-anti-lepton collisions. Though conceived to serve quite distinct programmes of research into the physics of fundamental particles, the accelerator facilities required have many features in common. Compelling synergies exist between the R&D programmes that are required to make either the Neutrino Factory or the Muon Collider a realistic future option for the field. The aims of the meeting, are therefore: •To summarise the physics of neutrinos and the implications of recent observations for particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology; •To review the physics potential of the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider and the detector technologies that are required; •To discuss in detail the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider accelerator R&D programmes that are presently being carried out; and •To assess the strength of the synergies between the future Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider R&D programmes and the opportunities for collaboration that such synergies present.

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http://indico.cern.ch/confRegistrationFormDisplay.py?confId=16035

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This post originally appeared in UNEP’s magazine, “Our Planet.” “This gathering represents man’s earnest endeavor to understand his own condition and to prolong his tenancy of this planet.” With these stirring words, Indira Gandhi, India’s Prime Minister, galvanized the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. A wake-up call to the state of our planet, Stockholm gave birth to the UN Environment Programme, amid high hopes that humanity could together curb alarming trends in pollution and natural resource loss. Hopes were high when a 43-year-old Maurice Strong took the reins of the new institution – the first UN body to be located in a developing country. UNEP’s remit was simple: to be the world’s lead institution on the global environment. Its mandate included compiling much-needed environmental data, coordinating international activities, developing international agreements, and providing capacity development and technical assistance, especially to developing countries. Forty years on, UNEP has made some vital contributions. It has played a key role in creating dozens of institutions and agreements that have advanced understanding of global challenges and propelled international action. These include such game-changers as the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which led to a 98 percent drop in controlled ozone depleting gases; the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), since 1988 the leading global body on climate science; the 1992 Earth Summit, and its associated global treaties on climate and biodiversity; and the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the first ever survey of the health of the world’s biological resources. And yet, as it enters its fifth decade, few can believe that UNEP is equipped for the magnitude of the task ahead.

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http://insights.wri.org/topic/united-nations

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Cell polarity is a structural and functional specialization that is ubiquitous in biology. The commonality of polarity across the phyla reflects a fundamental requirement of individuals to localize different activities to distinct regions of cells, especially when individual cells come together to form complex multicellular tissues. The specialized domains of the plasma membrane that result from polarization determine cell orientation, function and fate. For example, polarization enables long-range communication by neurons and short-range communication in the immune system, vectorial transport of ions across epithelial cells and niche-specific orientation of stem-cell division, which specifies the developmental fate of daughter cells. At first glance, the fact that different cell types exhibit diverse polarized phenotypes implies that a diverse array of specialized machineries has evolved. However, it seems that simple variations of common mechanistic themes result in the unique shapes, asymmetries and functions that characterize polarized cells and tissues. First, intrinsic protein-sorting codes are recognized and segregated by cytoplasmic adaptor complexes that regulate protein trafficking to plasma membrane domains. Second, signalling complexes and scaffolds become differentially associated with the cytosolic face of the membrane, where they define and stabilize the biochemical features of resulting domains. Third, adhesion receptors that detect neighbouring cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide cues that orientate cells in three-dimensional (3D) space. Two considerations support the idea that cell polarity is achieved through the integration of these three conserved molecular mechanisms. First, all eukaryotic cells share common cellular machineries for post-translational protein trafficking and compartmentalization1 . Second, cells can adopt different shapes and functions in response to specific physiological contexts. For example, during embryogenesis, a single cell can change its shape and function as it migrates, according to morphogenetic gradients, and can then repolarize on detecting transcriptionally specified cell–cell interactions2 . In disease states, such as cancer, epithelial cells lose polarity (through epithelial– mesenchymal transition (EMT)), disengage from multicellular interactions, migrate and then reintegrate into a second tissue, in which they undergo structural and functional reorganization to reside at the new site3,4 . Thus, the dynamics and plasticity of the loss and re-establishment of polarity suggest that common machineries of membrane traffic are used at all times, but are deployed differently depending on the physiological context. Here, we summarize the basic cellular machineries and biochemical rules that control the delivery of protein components to different plasma membrane domains in a generic polarized cell. We then describe the spatial cues and signalling pathways that organize these basic machineries to produce various cell shapes and functions. Finally, we consider how component asymmetry at the single-cell level is orientated in 3D space to define polarity in complex tissues. We emphasize how these different pathways generate plasticity in the forms of cell polarity, and how defects underlie important pathological states. Although much has been learnt about each of these three mechanisms in isolation, understanding how they are integrated and coordinated into a network remains a central challenge — one that is fundamental to understanding organogenesis, tissue function and various pathological states.

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http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3369829/?lang=en-ca

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Visualization of lexical fields Software and online tools Linguatools developes innovative methods in the areas of computational linguistics and human language technology. These methods are used to automatically create or expand linguistic data bases like dictionaries, thesauri, or ontologies. A particular focus is on the creation of multilingual resources.

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http://translation-explorer.de/tools/index_en.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The intersecting epidemics of poor health and poverty have been identified as significant global issues for over a decade by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1999), organizations and researchers (DFID, 1999; World Bank, 1999; Wagstaff, 2002), and are included as main targets of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger; Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality; Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health) (United Nations, 2011). Kofi Annan, addressing the World Health Assembly in 2001 succinctly stated, “The biggest enemy of health in the developing world is poverty” (United Nations, 2001). Poor health and lack of access to health services is both a cause and consequence of poverty, as reported by the World Bank in a 1999 survey of more than 60,000 people in developing nations (World Bank, 1999). Health is a primary concern for people living in poverty and they describe maintaining health, preventing diseases, and acquring medical care as major daily struggles (Dying for Change, 2002). Social factors have long been recognized as leading contributors to health inequalities (Marmot, 2004), but taking action to eradicate poverty and ill-health is a complex task requiring integrated and innovative approaches. The health statistics of poor nations strongly demonstrate the connection between poverty and health. The same percentage of people living in poverty (46%) are not meeting their daily food needs (Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey, 2006). Maternal and child health statistics are commonly used as indicators for overall progress of national health. In Kenya, 17% of children under 5 are malnourished, the mortality rate is 84 per per 1,000 live births (DFID, 2009), only 23% of children with malaria symptoms are receiving treatment (World Development Indicators Database, 2010), and the maternal mortality rate is 530 per 100,000 births (World Development Indicators Database, 2010).Throughout Kenya, 46% of the 38 million population is living in poverty (World Bank, 2009), and the average per capita income is $770 (DFID, 2009). Nationwide poverty is severely affecting public health, preventing families from accessing adequate nutrition, engaging in preventative health behaviors and accessing life saving testing and treatment. Not only is Kenya affected by the infectious diseases that have plagued the nation for decades – malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS- which account for 69% of deaths throughout Africa, but non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cancer, are increasing at an alarming rate and currently account for 22% of deaths across the continent (WHO, 2011). With the combination of infectious and chronic diseases affecting a significant proportion of the population, it is necessary for health programs to not only address multiple health issues simultaneously through horizontal integration, but they must also tackle the root cause of all ill-health – poverty.

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http://villagehopecore.org/public-health-program/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

SOLUTION: Find the complementary angle of 17° -> SOLUTION: Find the complementary angle of 17° solves your algebra problems and provides step-by-step explanations! : algebra software solves algebra homework problems with step-by-step help! Geometry: Proofs in Geometry If you need immediate math help from PAID TUTORS right now , click here . (paid link) Click here to see ALL problems on Geometry proofs Find the complementary angle of 17° put this solution on YOUR website! complementary = sum of angles = 90 one angle is 18 so the other angle = 90-17= 73deg

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

THE FIRST WIRELESS TIME SIGNALS TO SHIPS AT SEA by Arthur E. Zimmerman, Ph.D. In 1907 the Dominion of Canada became the first country in the world to apply the infant wireless communications technology to a new purpose, a purpose which was a boon to navigation. That year the Marconi coastal station in Halifax began to broadcast an automated daily time signal by wireless telegraphy from the Canadian Meteorological Service to ships at sea, although the term "broadcast" had not yet been used in connection with wireless. At the turn of the twentieth century, the pace of commerce and of everyday life was on the increase. The industrial world had entered the age of electricity, the age of automation and the beginning of a new efficiency of operation. Time was money and life was consequently more and more regulated and determined by the clock. It was becoming increasingly important to know the correct time. Railways required accurate time, as did factories, surveyors, watchmakers and caretakers of public clocks. And the navigators of naval, merchant marine and cable ships needed a time fix for correct determination of longitude: the angle between the local meridian and the prime meridian at Greenwich. Longitude is determined most accurately by the difference between local and Greenwich times. For example, noon local time, determined by observation of the sun or stars, is convertible into longitude with respect to the prime meridian at Greenwich; each hour difference from Greenwich represents 15 degrees of longitude. Ninety years ago most ships carried at least three chronometers with Greenwich reference time, while those requiring nicer navigation had more: a flagship kept five and a cable ship up to fifteen. Chronometers, however, may go off by seconds after a few weeks at sea, and at the equator, four seconds is a sea mile. The resulting faulty calculation of longitude could bring disaster. The responsibility for maintaining and disseminating the correct time fell to the government. In Canada this was handled by the Meteorological Service of the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Pre-Wireless Dissemination of Time Signals Mean solar time is determined by observation of one or more "clock stars," whose positions with respect to the sun are known with great precision. These are observable day or night, if the sky is clear. Then, with the aid of the tables in a nautical almanac, the sidereal or star time can be used to determine mean solar time to within three to five tenths of a second. To get a more precise fix requires contact between observatories. Direct telegraphic connection by land line was too expensive and long-distance telephone too cumbersome, but by 1910 wireless telegraphy (W/T) offered a relatively inexpensive, instantaneous method of communication. The Canadian Meteorological Service made its own observations of the standard stars at several locations for the fundamental determination of time. Using its Troughton and Simms meridian telescope, the Dominion Observatory at St. John, New Brunswick, maintained the master standard Riefler sidereal clock for the Maritime Provinces and disseminated the information as best it could. Until 1907, the Meteorological Service used three major methods to get this information instantaneously to the consumers of time data: visual, telephone and telegraph. The St. John Observatory was connected by Western Union land telegraph lines to relay the 10 a.m. signal from its mean time transmitting clock to every Western Union office in the Maritimes. The signal was sent for the two minutes ending at 10.00 a.m. of the 60th meridian. A local telephone line in St. John carried the beats of a sounder connected to the transmitting clock, and from June 1903 there was also an official clock in the lobby of the St. John Post Office, connected by wire with a standard mean time Observatory clock and automatically synchronized every hour , . The St. John harbour had a tower with a falling ball device, a "time ball" with an electrical release, much like the New Year's Eve falling ball in Times Square, New York City. The falling ball signalled 1.00 p.m., 60th meridian time, every week day, based upon Observatory time. An electric clock in the Western Union office in Halifax was one of those synchronized by wire every day with the St. John Observatory standard transmitting clock. In Halifax, a temporary "time ball" apparatus, put into service on October 1, 1904, was replaced by a new one of 16-oz. copper, 44 inches in diameter, based on the St. John design. This was inaugurated on August 1, 1908, the signal being sent automatically from the Halifax Western Union clock. There were also systems of electric lights in harbours for night signalling, but that was largely for weather reports. Therefore, in order to receive the observatory's official time signals, a ship had to be within sight of certain harbours or else an officer had to get to the receiving end of a telegraph or telephone land line. The wireless was an astounding revolution for the shipping business, an invaluable aid to navigation, a supplement to the fog signal service and a source of news and weather reports, revised sailing orders and commodity prices at different ports. Formerly, a ship out of sight of land or of passing vessels was beyond assistance. Marine disasters, even within a few miles of civilization, could go undetected and survivors often perished in lifeboats or on sandbars outside of the normal shipping lanes. Insurers such as Lloyd's of London invested heavily in wireless almost from the beginning to track their ship positions and arrivals. Six Marconi stations were operating under Dominion government contract in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence before the close of the navigation season in 1904 (Fame Point and Belle Isle, Quebec; Heath Point, Anticosti; Point Amour, Labrador; Cape Ray and Cape Race, Newfoundland), with three government steamers assisting in W/T distance testing . Sable Island, the "Graveyard of the Atlantic", was linked into the Gulf system in the summer of 1905 . The next logical use of W/T was to offer time signals to ships. Wireless Time Signals Daniel Leavitt Hutchinson was appointed Director of the St. John Observatory in 1891. He replaced his father, George H. Hutchinson, who had been director since 1871 and responsible for meteorology and time since 1883. D.L. Hutchinson suggested in April 1905 that the new Marconi-owned and -operated wireless station being fitted out at Camperdown near Halifax be equipped with machinery to permit it to transmit the daily time signals from the Western Union lines to ships at sea , . Robert Frederic Stupart, F.R.S.C. , Director of the Canadian Meteorological Service, Toronto, liked the scheme and recommended it to the Department . Stupart wrote to Col. F. Gourdeau, Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, on April 24 advising that since coast steamers in the Gulf were equipped with wireless, it would be useful for these ships to receive the 10 a.m. St. John time signal from proposed Marine and Fisheries wireless stations at Halifax, Amherst Island and Sable Island . On April 11, 1906, Stupart informed Gourdeau that he wished to arrange for supplying the wireless stations with weather forecasts and for the Halifax station to begin transmitting a time signal to shipping . After some delay, Stupart requested that Gourdeau instruct Mr. Cecil Doutre, Acting Accountant, Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, "to arrange for the transmission of daily time signals by wireless telegraphy from Camperdown to Sable Island and ships at sea. Our daily time signals are sent over the Western Union Telegraph lines from St. John to Halifax and Camperdown can be included in the circuit" . Stupart sent Hutchinson a cheque for the Vaughan Electric Company of Halifax on May 16, 1907, for installing Marconi apparatus . By May 1907 an automatic key connected to the transmitting clock at St. John was sending the time signal instantaneously down the telegraph lines to the Camperdown station each weekday at 10 a.m., Atlantic time . At St. John, "an automatic key...is thrown in circuit with the land line immediately before the time signal is received and out of circuit when the signal ceases." In Halifax a special apparatus, operated automatically by Western Union wire, operated the key to transmit the signal. Thus, all of the relaying was automatic. Mr. Hutchinson concluded in his 1907 report, "Thus the daily time signals from the transmitting clock at St. John will be available to ships at sea, equipped with the wireless apparatus, within the wireless zone of the above station." He looked forward to improvements in wireless which would overcome local disturbances, and permit transmission to ships at sea all around the world to make impossible disasters through miscalculation of longitude . Marine and Fisheries issued a "Notice to Mariners" in May 1907, stating: The Meteorological Service of the Dominion of Canada is now sending time signals from the Observatory at St. John by telegraph to the Marconi Wireless Station at Camperdown, where special apparatus has been installed to automatically transmit the signal to ships at sea within the zone of that station. The C.P.R. steamer R.M.S. Empress of Ireland, out of Liverpool with 1056 passengers and the English mails, bound for St. John via Halifax, reported reception of the very distinct 10 a.m. wireless time signal on April 23, 1908, while 160 miles southeast of Halifax. The Navigating Officer appreciated being able to check the ship's chronometers by wireless. , The first European wireless time signal for inter-observatory communication and ships in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean was inaugurated in 1910, when the Bureau des Longitudes and the Paris Observatory arranged with the military wireless post at the Eiffel Tower to send out observatory time signals at night. A daytime service began soon afterward and, in Germany, the Norddeich wireless station began broadcasting time signals supplied by the Wilhelmshaven Observatory . The best known daily wireless time signal, from the famous high-powered United States Navy station, NAA, at Arlington, Virginia, did not come on the air until February 1913. The Navy opened bids for equipment for NAA in 1909, specifying a year-round radius of reception of 3,000 miles. The contract was won by the National Electric Signalling Company, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden's firm, which supplied a 100-kW synchronous rotary spark transmitting set . t is interesting to note that the Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony did not mention the Canadian time-signal operation until 1919, after the Great War, when it commented, "A Time Signal is sent out by the Camperdown Station daily at 2 pm (G.M.T.) on a wavelength of 600 metres." The last of the time balls disappeared by the early 1930s and the fundamental determination of time in Canada was abandoned after 1931, except at St. John, in favour of radio time signals from Ottawa or Washington. The St. John Observatory continued to send automatic signals down the Canadian Pacific Railway land lines to radio transmitter VCS, Camperdown, seaward from Halifax harbour, as late as 1936 and to VAV, the Marine and Fisheries coastal station near Halifax at Chebucto Head. That year, however, the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa became responsible for correct time and the Meteorological Service was no longer concerned with the task . The St. John Observatory remained active because of public pressure and its network of time circuits remained operational until 1949 . The author is grateful to Morley K. Thomas of the History of Canadian Meteorological Project, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, for access to the archival letters of the Canadian Meteorological Service. NOTE: This story is an amplification of material in the author's book In the Shadow of the Shield. The Development of Wireless Telegraphy and Radio Broadcasting in Kingston and at Queen's University: An Oral and Documentary History, 1902-1957 Self-published, 1991; 657 pages, fully referenced, illustrated, hard cover. Purchase directly from the author; cost, including shipping, in Canada is $34.45 (Can.); in US $25.00 (US); elsewhere, inquire. The Old Timer's Bulletin On-line Edition, Copyright © 2002 Antique Wireless Association, Inc.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Archive for the ‘Kaba Gada – Blue Hole’ Category Kaba Gada (EN:C53) is a registered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Site at the epicentre of the most biologically important locality within the entire Wet Tropics Word Heritage Area. It is suffering chronic degradation that has continued, without remediation, for more than eighteen years; since first officially being reported. Daintree Rainforest (trading as Cooper Creek Wilderness) occupies the majority tenure within the area of degradation. Last week Cooper Creek Wilderness reported the completion of the Cooper Creek Causeway and the resultant restoration of waterflow. This highly satisfactory (partial) completion gives us confidence that Cairns Regional Council will soon finalise a management plan for Kaba Gada that will work. Such was the assurance given to Cooper Creek Wilderness in a deputation to Cairns Regional Council last month. KABA GADA – THE BLUE HOLE It is World Heritage, the highest order of protection that Australia can give. It is listed as a Cultural Heritage site. Queensland’s Iconic Places legislation protects “The Blue Hole” in Cooper Creek. According to Mike Rowland of the Cultural Heritage Coordination Unit, DNR&W (Department of Natural Resources and Water), The Blue Hole is listed on the Aboriginal database as EN:C53. The site is already given full protection under the Act (Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003). Hon Craig Wallace, Minister for Natural Resources and Water met with traditional owners and Cooper Creek Wilderness on Thursday 30 November 2008, when Queensland Government came to Cairns. Mr Wallace has promised that the Kaba Gada Reserve will be protected as an Environmental and Cultural Reserve. It will not be a “recreational reserve.” The onslaught on the integrity of the “Blue Hole” continued over the weekend. A local resident was distressed to find a number of men, all fully decked out in scuba gear, removing live fish by the bucketload. The poachers came in 2 cars and he was able to get their registration numbers. The information was reported to authorities. Once again the official buck-passing began. Who is responsible for the management and protection of the most sacred place in the Daintree Rainforest?

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http://www.ccwild.com/blog/?cat=11

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Northwest Tribes Fight for Treaty Rights in Face of Coal-Transport Plan Indian Country Today Media Network. August 15, 2012. A recent Indian Country Today article, highlights concerns of tribal leaders over the impact of coal shipment through the Northwest on tribal treaty rights to salmon harvests, as well as other First Foods. Harvests of salmon have been increasing as a result of tribal co-management of Washington State Fisheries since the 1974 Boldt decision, that affirmed affected tribes treaty rights to half of harvestable salmon. Leaders are concerned that shipment of coal through sensitive coastal riparian and marine habitat will cause significant habitat degradation that will negatively impact salmon and other cultural food harvests. These concerns have been voiced by organizations such as the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC); the National Wildlife Federation’s (NWF) Tribal Lands Program; tribal nations including the Lummi in northwest Washington and the Yakama in eastern Washington, and tribal voices such as Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Bruce Jim. CRITFC communicated these concerns in a letter to the Army Corp of Engineers, an agency tasked with project oversight.

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http://www.communitywisebellingham.org/2012/08/15/northwest-tribes-fight-for-treaty-rights-in-face-of-coal-transport-plan/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

In this course, we will learn about software engineering by creating a significant piece of softwarea large, multi-faceted software system. This will be a team project in which the class will be formed into sub-teams that tackle specific parts of the design, and integrate their pieces into a whole. We will learn how to design software by reading case studies of large software design projects, considering theory of well-designed software, and reflecting on the design process as our own projects are underway. From a technical perspective, we will: A Bit More... To generalize, there are two types of software engineering classes one in which everyone builds the same thing, and one in which everyone builds something different. The former is good because it lets instructors focus in on specific and particular theoretical material. Instructors know exactly what problems you will be encountering as you write code, because they have created the design challenges expressly to expose certain ideas! A great example of this type of class is MIT's course 6.170, Laboratory in Software Engineering. On the other hand you have courses that are more representative of life in the unstructured real-world, where every project is indeed different. As described by Diane Pozefsky in her Software Engineering Laboratory at UNC, this course is a faculty-coached team project. Student teams in this type of class might each have a different client and be working with wholly different software technologies. Here, we will take a middle ground. Primarily, we will have project implementation as the heart of the class. But we will all be working a joint project, and will share code and technologies. We will use one required book. It is ordered and available now at the UML North Bookstore. Please buy it there to make sure you have it right away: There will be other readings, including essays published on the web and material photocopied from out-of-print books. The latter will be handed out in class. The current reading assignment is always here. This is a project-driven course with a reading component. Discussion, writings, and other reflections on the readings will illuminate your design process as you are engaged in your own software development. The first third of the course will involve traditional weekly assignments. This will be followed by two (approx. 5 week each) software development cycles. We will standardize on Ubuntu Linux as the development operating system, and Emacs as the text editor. We will have coding standards that will be easier to keep uniform if everyone uses Emacs. Command line tools will be used for source code management and build. During the first third of the course, work will be done individually. During the second two-thirds (the software development cycles), work will be done in teams of two to three persons. Teams will rotate between the first development cycle and the second. Discussion Group / E-Mail List We will use Google Groups for class conversation and announcements. Please join this group. I'd advise setting it to send email to you directly. The group address is [email protected]. You have to be a member to send to the list. The following plan will be used in determining course grades:

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http://www.cs.uml.edu/ecg/index.php/SWEfall11/SWEfall11

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

by Anna Lanyon Malinche was the Amerindian translator for Hernan Cortes -- from her lips came the words that triggered the downfall of the great Aztec Emperor Moctezuma in the Spanish Conquest of 1521. In Mexico, Malinche's name is synonymous with "traitor", yet folklore and legend still celebrate her mystique. The author traverses Mexico and delves into the country's extraordinary past...more Paperback, 235 pages Published May 1st 2000 by Allen & Unwin Academic (first published 1999) To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. (showing 1-30 of 100) How do you honor a rape that spawned a nation? This is the essential question of Lanyon's research of the mysterious Amerindian woman who served as Cortez's intrepeter as he met Montezuma and later bore him a son, one of the first mestizos in "New Spain." Vilified by some as a traitor to her people, I have been fascinated by the story of Malinche, since I first read about it in Octavio Paz's essay "The Sons of Malinche" which explores (one facet) of the modern hispanic male identity, that holds...more I picked up this book because I thought it was a historical fiction novel about the Aztec woman who interpreted for Cortez, Malinche. Instead, this was a non-fiction account of a writer's journey through Mexico, searching for any snippets of truth that were recorded about Malinche and how they do or do not coincide with her legend. I was interested in the difference between how full-blooded Spanish Mexicans, so-called mestizos, and full native Mexicans view Malinche - surprisingly, the full nati...more Malinche, the Indian woman who was Cortes's interpreter and bore him a child, only to die less than 10 years after Cortes arrived on the shore of Mexico. The author follows all signs of Malinche, whose name has come to be synonymous with "traitor" and with "treasonous behavior." Yet, so little has been left of her in any official records, so Lanyon follows clues such as a river named for her, a volcanic mountain, and even a school that, 500 years earlier, was her home, and probably where she die...more Although not an anthropologist, Lanyon approaches her search for Malinche using ethnographic methods, including interviews with local peoples and researching historical documents. She travels the Mayan countryside exploring long forgotten, hidden cities that may or may not have figured prominently in Malinche's pre-Cortes history. She takes time to listen to folk tales and analyzes these for the possible truths they may be. With a couple of informants, she could spend a little more time intervie...more Author tries to piece together the compelling story of La Malinche. A young Indian girl sold by her parents as a slave to Cortez's she eventually became his, lover, translator, chief advisor and partner in the conquest and destruction of her own people. Although she is considered the arch villian of Mexican history one can not help but feel sympathy and even admiration for her making the best of the impossible situation she was forced into. Mar 20, 2012 Moloch rated it 3 of 5 stars · review of another edition Recommended to Moloch by: <a href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/febbraio/29/Madame_Cortes_conquistadora__co_9_040229079.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_top">Articolo Corsera</a> (non su questo libro in particolare, ma sulla figura storica di cui da allora mi sono interessata)

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

EPRI Renewable Energy Part One Geothermal energy already provides a small portion of California's energy but that's because California is the Saudi Arabia of geothermal resources. GTM did a quick rundown of geothermal power available here. The Geysers is one of California's geothermal prizes. Luis Cerezo of EPRI spoke on the topic of geothermal on Wednesday afternoon. Enhanced geothermal is a technology that looks to coax more energy from the earth in sites that are not exactly low-hanging geothermal fruit. Current deployments of EGS require two wells and a large water source. They also have garnered some spectacularly bad press of late as some EGS deployments in Germany and Switzerland have instigated serious earthquakes. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has a project investigating a new type of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) - single well geothermal. Single Well Geothermal potentially resolves many of the problems with conventional EGS - lower environmental impact, less ground water contamination, and mercifully less seismic events. Another advantage to Single Well Geothermal is that there are over 4,000 abandoned bore holes from the oil and industry that can be used for the geothermal industry and the single well architecture. Here's an illustration of GTherm's single well closed loop system with a heat exchanger that uses a high thermal conductivity material (like cement) and a binary cycle closed system.

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http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/EPRI-on-Renewable-Energy-Single-Well-Geothermal/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Jim Stempel. The Battle of Glendale: The Day the South Nearly Won the Civil War. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., 2011. 214 pp. $35.00 (paper), ISBN 978-0-7864-6300-8. Reviewed by Wilson Greene (Pamplin Historical Park) Published on H-CivWar (July, 2011) Commissioned by Martin Johnson The Battle of Glendale: The Day the South Did Not Nearly Win the War When one thinks of the pivotal battles of the American Civil War, engagements such as Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Cedar Creek, or Atlanta most often come to mind. In Jim Stempel’s new book, The Battle of Glendale: The Day the South Nearly Won the Civil War, readers are asked to believe that the stakes on the sixth day of the Seven Days battles east of Richmond in the summer of 1862 exceeded those of every other clash of arms between 1861 and 1865. “Once ... and only once,” Stempel writes in his concluding paragraph, would the South come “within a hair of victory so compelling that it would have catapulted the Confederacy to its independence,” and that moment came on June 30, 1862 at Glendale (p. 194). General Robert E. Lee, in command of the Army of Northern Virginia for less than a month in the early summer of 1862, began an offensive on June 26 designed to drive the forces of Major General George B. McClellan from the outskirts of Richmond, the Confederate capital. Lee’s bold initiative quickly launched McClellan’s Army of the Potomac on a desperate and difficult march southeast toward the James River and the protection of the Union navy. Lee devised a complicated plan to trap McClellan near the rural intersection of the Long Bridge, Charles City, and Willis Church roads east of Richmond. He divided his divisions into four distinct components, three of which were to descend on the vital crossroads that funneled the Federals toward their safe haven along the James. Three of those four wings failed to execute their portion of the plan, leaving only the divisions of James Longstreet and Ambrose Powell Hill to assault the bluecoats at a bloody but tactically inconclusive battle that became known as Glendale or Frayser’s Farm. McClellan’s battered men slipped away after dark, leading to the Confederate offensive disaster the next day at Malvern Hill and ultimately to the successful escape of the Union army. Lee had saved Richmond but failed to inflict a crippling blow on his enemy. Mr. Stempel recites the familiar outlines of this engagement but his book is better understood as an extended interpretive essay rather than as narrative military history. The author consulted no manuscript material and instead relied on a thin collection of printed primary and secondary sources to posit his highly implausible speculation that a Confederate victory at Glendale would have caused the Army of the Potomac to surrender en masse and become a “bargaining chip” (p. 193) for a negotiated peace leading to the independence of the Confederate States of America. Such a bold assertion requires a careful, well-documented analysis to attain any degree of credibility. Predictably, the author falls short of providing one--to the point that his thesis becomes more silly than serious. In fairness to Mr. Stempel, his review of the various shortcomings of Generals Benjamin Huger, Theophilus Holmes, John Magruder, and especially Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson on June 30 stands mostly in the scholarly mainstream. His almost total reliance on Confederate artillerist E. Porter Alexander’s opinionated interpretation of Jackson’s performance during the Seven Days leads to explanations for Stonewall’s behavior that have been widely discredited by writers such as James I. Robertson Jr. (Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend, New York: Macmillan, 1997) and Brian Burton (Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles, 2001). But clearly Mr. Stempel is on firm ground when he asserts that a series of errors--both operational and tactical--deprived Lee of his best chance during the campaign to earn a decisive victory. If the author had stopped there, we would have been left with merely a superficially researched repetition of the familiar features of this engagement. But to suggest that Lee’s plan would have annihilated the Army of the Potomac stretches credulity. Such battles, though often coveted by Civil War commanders, almost never occurred. Civil War armies maintained too much resilience in defeat and experienced too much disorganization in victory to remove the vanquished forces from the map. At Glendale, no fewer than four of McClellan’s eleven divisions had cleared the crucial intersection and taken position on strong ground to the south by the time Lee’s attack occurred. Moreover, to suggest that the flawless execution of Lee’s plan would have not only prevented the escape of those units but resulted in the devastation of the seven Union divisions--more than 55,000 soldiers--that either engaged in the battle or were poised in reserve, goes too far. Jackson’s experience on June 30 serves as an example of Mr. Stempel’s overreaching conclusions. Virtually every student of these events agrees that Stonewall’s exhaustion that day led to a mental paralysis that caused his intended offensive to degenerate into an ineffective artillery bombardment. Should an invigorated Jackson have exploited any one of several available options to assault or turn the Union position opposite White Oak Swamp? Unquestionably, yes. Would such action have resulted in the dispersal of the two well-posted Federal divisions and their supporting artillery, followed by Jackson’s victorious forces plowing decisively into the Union rear at Glendale? Maybe--maybe not. Just as Lieutenant General Richard Ewell is properly criticized for failing to assault Cemetery Hill on the first day at Gettysburg, Jackson deserves censure for his lethargy on June 30. But Stonewall’s success at White Oak Swamp was no more guaranteed than was Ewell’s in Pennsylvania. Failing to try does not automatically equate to victory squandered. The same analysis can be applied to the disappointing performances of the other delinquent Confederate commanders involved in Lee’s failed plan at Glendale. Mr. Stempel’s book descends from merely flawed analysis to preposterous flights of fancy when he argues that the defeat of McClellan at Glendale would have led to the Lincoln administration’s abandonment of the war effort and acquiescence to Confederate independence. Nowhere does the author explain how and why other Union armies in the field in that summer--most of them victorious to date--would have been rendered impotent, including the new Union Army of Virginia under Major General John Pope, camped a few days march northwest of Richmond. What evidence is there that Abraham Lincoln, the Republican congressional leadership, or even the War Democrats in Washington maintained so fragile a commitment to preserving the Union that one military defeat--even a catastrophic one--would have prompted them to throw in the national towel? Not surprisingly, Mr. Stempel marshals no such evidence--primarily because none exists. The author writes with a dramatic flair laden with metaphors and hyperbole that some readers might find a bit too breathless for their tastes. There are a handful of distracting factual errors, such as having McClellan arrive in Washington in the fall of 1861 (p. 8), stating that the U.S.S. Merrimack was under construction at the outset of the war (p. 6) and inexplicably referring to Glendale as a town or tiny village (pp. 41, 194). He exhibits an odd fascination with Union division commander Phil Kearny, elevating him to such a level of brilliance that the mere mention of his name intimidated his Rebel opponents (pp. 45, 47, 64, 66) but ultimately ascribes little credit to Kearny in the conduct of the battle. Stempel’s decision to quote secondary sources verbatim is unconventional, as is his citation of such sources as the origin of contemporary quotations. The maps are useful and various illustrations enhance the book. Civil War military literature would benefit from a detailed accounting and analysis of the Battle of Glendale. Sadly, Mr. Stempel’s book is not that study--and he did not intend it to be. He chose instead to advocate a role for this engagement that far exceeded its actual potential, and given its lack of scholarship and its fanciful premise, The Battle of Glendale: The Day the South Nearly Won the Civil War cannot be taken seriously. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Wilson Greene. Review of Stempel, Jim, The Battle of Glendale: The Day the South Nearly Won the Civil War. H-CivWar, H-Net Reviews. |This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|

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Maltese - Breed Introduction Maltese are toy dogs, most easily recognized by their long, silky white coats that hang all the way to the floor. There are two sides to this breed. On the one hand, the Maltese’s angelic appearance is in keeping with their gentler side, which enables them to charm their owners into spoiling and pampering them. On the other hand, Maltese can also be quite impish and fearless little characters. Although their ancestry spans back to ancient times, the Maltese’s sole purpose has been to serve as a companion dog. The Maltese stands 5 to 8 inches ( 13 to 20 centimeters) tall, and weighs 4 to 7 pounds (2 to 3 kilograms). History of Breed The Maltese is the oldest of the toy breeds and its ancestry dates all the way back to around 1500 BC, when the breed’s development began in Malta, an island nation in the Mediterranean Sea. Beloved from the start, the Maltese were so adored by the Greeks that the Greeks erected tombs for them. In the 1300s, Crusaders are said to have brought the breed to England on a return trip from the Mediterranean. They were called Maltese terriers at the time, and quickly became coveted by upper-class women of that era, who were known to carry the little dogs in the sleeves of their dresses by day and take them to bed at night. It wasn’t until the late 1800s that the Maltese was introduced in America, and in 1888 it was recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC). Color and Coat The Maltese is characterized by a long, silky coat of straight hair that brushes the ground. (Maltese do not have undercoats.) The hair on the head is often styled in a topknot. A few Maltese may have curly or wooly hair. The coloring is usually pure white, though some dogs of this breed may have light ivory or lemon-colored markings on the ears. Personality and Temperament The perfect lap dogs, Maltese are gentle, trusting, and well-mannered, yet contrary to what their innocent appearance may suggest, they have a bold, feisty, and fearless side as well. Maltese are playful and energetic. Some dogs of this breed may be prone to anxiety. Maltese are wary of strangers, and will bark if they perceive something to be out of place. They also have a tendency to bark when excited for any reason, and as a result, some people may consider their barking to be excessive. Maltese generally learn quickly and are relatively easy to train in most respects; however, they may be difficult to housebreak. They can be trained to perform tricks, but the cantankerous side of their nature disinclines them to work for nothing, so keeping a good supply of rewards on hand is definitely advantageous to their trainers. Maltese love going for outdoor walks, but care must be taken to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun as this breed has a tendency to burn. Fortunately, the majority of the Maltese’s exercise needs can be met through indoor play. Fetch is one of their favorite games, and they are accomplished jumpers. Maltese prefer to be the center of their owners’ attention, and they may be jealous of visitors. They have an aversion to engaging in any sort of roughhousing, and may bite if they feel threatened. For these reasons, they are not a good match for families with small children. A more mature Maltese may be suitable for older children, as long as the dog is treated with gentleness and respect. Similarly, Maltese are not likely to adjust well to having other pets in the household. Seemingly oblivious to their small size, Maltese are likely to challenge dogs who are much larger than themselves. Maltese are an ideal choice for apartment dwellers, as they require little in the way of space. Another noteworthy plus is that these dogs are known to shed very little, if at all, which is a quality that may be particularly appealing to people with allergies to pet dander. Their maintenance requirements are high, however, so anyone considering this breed should be willing to devote a significant amount of time to grooming. The Maltese sports a square, compact build. The length of the dog’s body should be equal to its height. The skull is slightly rounded. The nose is typically black, but may fade to pink or light brown during the winter months. It often returns to black again with increased exposure to the sun. The eyes are very dark, and are surrounded by darker skin pigmentation that is referred to as a halo. The eyes have a gentle, intelligent expression. The drop, pendant ears are covered in long hair. The Maltese’s silky white hair is its most outstanding feature. Owners of show dogs often wrap the dogs’ long hair to protect it as much as possible. Curly and wooly hair types are outside the breed standard, and ivory and yellow coloring on the ears is permissible, but not desirable. Typical Health Concerns There are few major medical concerns with the Maltese. They are prone to digestive problems, and occasionally, they may suffer from deafness and white shaker-dog syndrome. This little dog loves to romp and splash in puddles, seemingly unaware of the effects such rambunctious activities have on its long, white coat. The coat mats easily, especially when its wet. Thus he’s likely to need frequent baths, which should always be followed by a thorough drying to prevent him from getting cold. Extra care should be taken to clean the fur around the eyes and beard to prevent staining. Tear stains can be removed by drawing a fine-toothed metal comb moistened with lukewarm water through the hair just below the eyes every two to three days. Avoiding foods treated with food coloring and providing distilled drinking water can be beneficial in reducing staining. The Maltese’s coat should be brushed daily, and gentleness is a necessity to avoid breakage of the coat’s fine hair. The eyes and ears should be cleaned regularly. Because a lot of teeth are packed into the Maltese’s tiny mouth, tooth-brushing at home and professional cleanings at the veterinarian’s office are advisable. Some owners prefer trimming the coat to a length of 1- to 2-inches, referred to as a “puppy cut,” to meeting the dogs’ extensive grooming needs. One notable plus of Maltese ownership is that the breed doesn’t shed. Country of Origin The Maltese originated on the Mediterranean island nation of Malta. Average Life Span The average life expectancy of the Maltese is 12 to 15 years, though it’s possible for the breed to live up to 20 years.

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Most people have a higher than average number of legs. The vast majority of people have two legs. But some people have no legs or one leg. So the average number of legs will be just slightly less than 2, meaning most people have an above average number of legs. (I didn’t come up with this illustration, but I can’t remember where I saw it.) Except in Lake Wobegon, it’s not possible for everyone to be above average. But this example shows it is possible for nearly everyone to be above average. And when you’re counting numbers of social connections, nearly everyone is below average. What’s not possible is for a majority of folks to be above or below the median. Most people expect half the population to be above and below average in every context. This is because they confuse mean and median. And even among people who understand the difference between mean and median, there is a strong tendency to implicitly assume symmetry. And when distributions are symmetric, the mean and the median are the same.

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Demokratie, Partizipation, Civil Rights Movement human / civil rights freedom of expression / the right to free speech to have the right to (do) sth. it's against the law to do sth. to fight / struggle for so.'s rights to violate / break a law to deny so. the right to (do) sth. to force so. to do sth. justice / injustice to treat so. unfairly / unjustly unfair / unjust treatment (of so.) to mistreat so. / mistreatment racial / sexual harassment to oppress so. / oppression to humiliate so. / humiliation equality / inequality segregation / segregation laws to separate / separation to live separately to discriminate / discrimination (against so.) race / racial / racism prejudice (against so.) / to be prejudiced against so. minority / majority attitude to / towards sth. to take action boycott of sth. / to boycott sth. to protest (against sth.) / protester to stage / hold a protest march (against sth.) demonstration (against / for sth.) to demonstrate (against / for sth.) / demonstrator uprising / rebellion to bring about change courage / courageous violence (against so.) to meet violence with nonviolence tolerance / intolerance (towards so.) communication / to communicate mobile phone (BE) / cell phone (AE) to make a call to switch off one's mobile phone (mobiles produce) radiation to send so. a text message text bullying / to send threatening messages to so. to get offensive / uncomfortable messages to play computer games / online games / video games / board games to become dependent on sth. to spend too much time on the web to be / become addicted to playing computer games hacker / cracker the real world to meet so. in a chatroom / in real life to have access to the Internet to communicate via the Internet to find information on the Internet to surf the Net / Internet / web to post sth. on the Internet to protect one's privacy to download / to upload virus / bug / error / worm to send sth. to e-mail so. sth. application / letter of application to apply for a job CV (curriculum vitae) to be accepted / considered for a job employer / employee customer / patient / client salary / wages to work full-time / part-time / flexitime to do shifts to work / do overtime work experience / internship to do volunteer work / to become a volunteer skills / qualifications to be a social / flexible / open-minded / friendly / cheerful / creative person to be good at sth. / trustworthy / physically fit / self-confident / responsible to be energetic / service minded / hard working / polite / reliable to be a fast / quick learner to enjoy meeting new people / working in a team / leading a team to have good manners / a sense of humor / common sense to have first-aid skills / completed a first aid course to have excellent references to have experience in (doing) sth. / organisational abilities to have good knowledge of sth. (MS Office, Spanish, Italian, etc.) to speak a language fluently computer skills / to be computer-literate (noun: computer literacy) jobs / professions: to do paper rounds Freizeitgestaltung / Freundschaft und Liebe peer / peer group to meet so. to fancy so. / sth. to be attracted to have a crush on so. to fall in love / to be in love (with so.) love at first sight to ask so. out to date so. / to go out with so. to get married to have sth. / a lot / nothing in common to have an argument / to quarrel to break up / to split up to get divorced jealous (noun: jealousy) to turn to so.

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Suzuki Piano Lessons Just as the typical young parent will forever cherish the first words spoken by the typical child, so might the parent of a young piano student come to cherish the strains of Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star as learned by their child using the Suzuki Method. Psychologists and parents have long marveled at a child’s prodigious learning ability during its earliest years. Such was the preoccupation of Japanese musician Shinichi Suzuki when, during his nation’s difficult post-World War II years, he was struck by children’s great facility to learn spoken language at a very early age. Suzuki reasoned that whatever innate qualities children possess that enable them to learn their native languages so easily might likewise aid them in learning another skill—playing the piano—so set about devising a method of teaching music that mimics the innate procedure followed in the learning of one’s native tongue. Today in worldwide use, teaching every common musical instrument including the human voice, Suzuki’s philosophies and techniques are followed by thousands of Suzuki piano teachers formally trained in the method. Suzuki imitates nature Suzuki piano lessons stress elements that correspond to what he believed were at work in the early acquisition of language: - start very young - provide child-sized (or otherwise adapted) musical instruments - encourage repetitive listening to recorded performances - encourage supervised imitation of them - correct the imitation - emphasize “song-playing” over repetitious mechanical exercises - heavily involve parents. Suzuki piano teachers, their students and students’ parents are networked to thousands of others through Suzuki Institutes and Festivals worldwide, dedicated to perpetuating and refining the method, training teachers, facilitating group recitals and nurturing a musical community. Piano for the rest of us Parents considering Suzuki piano lessons for their children should be prepared for heavy participation, as the method demands daily practice under parental supervision. Additionally, critics warn that the method may lead to a more mechanical style of play, as well as potential difficulty sight-reading. Naturally, we recommend an even-handed evaluation of this or any teaching method prior to making a personal or financial commitment, but proponents of Suzuki piano lessons believe the isolated criticism to be of little significance compared to the millions of competent piano players the method produces. Not every student is destined to become a concert pianist or even to devote a significant portion of his or her life to the study and performance of music. But the extent to which Suzuki piano lessons expose so many young students to music, giving them the tools and the ability to actually play recognizable songs well and with confidence more than makes up for a slightly harder time sight-reading music. We have every confidence that the budding geniuses among us will rise to the top, will become concert pianists. Suzuki piano lessons are for the rest of us who simply wish to love and share music, and to acquire a life-long competency versus early frustration leading to failure.

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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books. A Dog's History of America : How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered,… (edition 2004) by Mark Derr A Dog's History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent by Mark Derr Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0374529973, Paperback) Wherever humans have gone in the New World, dogs have been their companions, from the time people crossed the Bering Land Bridge some twenty thousand years ago. In this remarkable history of the interaction between humans and dogs, Mark Derr looks at the ways in which we have used canines-as sled dogs and sheepdogs, hounds and Seeing Eye dogs, guard dogs, show dogs, and bomb-sniffing dogs-as he tracks changes in American culture and society. From the Spanish conquest of the Americas to the English colonial period, from the age of revolution to slavery, from World War II to the Vietnam War, Derr weaves a remarkable tapestry of heroism, betrayal, tragedy, kindness, abuse, and unique companionship. The result is an enlightening perspective on American history through the eyes of humanity's best friend. (retrieved from Amazon Sun, 06 Jan 2013 12:41:36 -0500) Describes the interaction between dogs and humans in the United States from the earliest settlement of the continent, explores how the uses of dogs have reflected changes in American society, and mentions such famous dogs as Fala. (summary from another edition) Is this you? Become a LibraryThing Author.

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"The Lord of the Rings" Book "The Lord of the Rings" is the greatest trilogy, and it immortalized the name of its creator. It consists of three parts: "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King". The plot is based on the struggle for the Ring of Power, which was forged by Sauron, the Dark Lord, long long ago. The trilogy is a logical sequence of a no less famous fairy tale by Tolkien "The Hobbit" as well as the second part of the Red Book of Westmarch - the main chronicle of the Third Age of Middle-earth. "The Lord of the Rings" belongs to the genre of an epic, has many plots and a great number of main and secondary characters. Tolkien had been writing "The Lord of the Rings" for more than 10 years. He wrote the first chapters in 1939 after the success of "The Hobbit". The trilogy was published first in 1954-1955. In his letter to Carole Batten-Phelps the writer affirms that he wrote "The Lord of the Rings" for his own pleasure as an attempt to create a major work. Tolkien never thought that his fantasy adventure would become so famous worldwide. The writer's friend, C.S. Lewis, who wrote a review for the first part of "The Lord of the Rings", didn't believe the book would be a success either. However, his fears proved groundless. The epic "The Lord of the Rings" became a real treasure of English Literature of the XX century. All the time critics find new ideas and draw analogies with reality. "The Lord of the Rings" formed the basis of such a literary genre as fantasy - a branch of fiction, which is based on mythological and historical traditions with a grain of magic. It became a so-called Bible for other writers working in this genre. It was very difficult to link up a fairy-tale "The Hobbit" with a large-scale literary work addressed to a more serious audience. Many characters appear as if by themselves in the trilogy. In a letter to Auden Tolkien stated that he himself together with the Fellowship of the Ring had gone all the way up to Orodruin. We cannot help admiring Tolkien's careful elaboration of the history of Middle-earth. There are no unnecessary or unimportant characters or geographical areas. Every character plays his/her role in a complicated plot. Middle-earth can be compared with a symmetrical web, in the core of which there is the Ring of Power. There is an image of the spider in "The Hobbit" as well as in "The Lord of the Rings". That can be explained because Tolkien was bitten by a tarantula once. Probably, the writer introduced the image of a vile many-legged being from his personal experience. Tolkien himself didn't like to draw any parallels between his biography and literary works, and considered that it could distract readers attention and in no way gives a better understanding of his books. However, he didn't deny that some biographical facts were reflected in his books. The world of "The Lord of the Rings" would have been grey and empty without its peculiarities: languages, legends and history. Some of the readers pay attention to the plot and actions only, and skip interesting poems of the past of Middle-earth. But it is the poems that link up - "The Lord of the Rings" with the events described in "The Silmarillion" and the past of Middle-earth. "The Lord of the Rings" is not only a tale of enthralling adventures and mythical beings, but it also touches upon some questions of philosophy and morality. Heroic deeds, the unity for the sake of a common cause, true love, the triumph of Good over Evil - all these could be found in the epic. In "The Lord of the Rings" there is no direct indication as to any religion, however, the atmosphere in the book is literally pierced with holiness. Such places are Rivendell and Lorien, which are the strongholds of Good, in contrast Mordor is an abode of Evil. The readers as well as the characters can choose in what to believe, what to worship. It is wrong to say that only fools have gathered under the banner of Evil. The enemy is sly and artful, and only unity, sincerity and kindness can subdue it. The plot of "The Lord of the Rings" is very dynamic. It seems that Tolkien wanted to introduce as many geographical areas and living-beings as possible. He doesn't stay too long in one place but leads the reader further and further away. A great aim sets him going - the destruction of the Ring of Power, the result of Evil which promises its owner riches and wealth, in the fire of Orodruin. It cannot be used for good intentions, for the artifact will try to find a soft spot in its owner's character and bring him/her under its control. A person, strong-willed or completely indifferent to power, can overcome all the obstacles and destroy the Ring. Frodo and Sam turn out to be the ones. Every new line in "The Lord of the Rings" arouses anxiety for the fate of Middle-earth. If there were no derivations from the main plot, there would have been felt the heat thousands times greater than from the fire of Orodruin. Tolkien fairly well understood that the reader needed a break from whimsical languages of Middle-earth as well as important events. That is why he skillfully introduces magnificent descriptions of nature and the book is abundant with many interesting dialogues, which help to understand protagonists characters to the full extent. Hard life in Middle-earth during the War of the Ring reflects hard life in reality. The war mixed all the cards and those who fought under Wight banners yesterday gave in to the generous promises of Evil. And vice verse. Vile and bitter enemies become allies, as it happens with Gollum. While battles take place in Gondor and Rohan, two little hobbits make their way to Orodruin. The reader has to believe that countless armies do not always decide the outcome of the battle, and that one can conquer alone. Realism is very important in the trilogy. Up to the last minute it is difficult to believe in the traditional Happy End. Frodo and Sam can be compared with rope-walkers who balance over an abyss, full of sharp blades. One step to the side - and everything can perish in the abyss of events. The trilogy is, undoubtedly, full of mythology. In it one can feel the taste of a juicy fruit or coagulated blood on the lips. Even a mighty wizard, Gandalf, moves from one place of Middle-earth to another on a swift horse, and not by fairy teleports or magic spells. Reality, like time, is eternal. The struggle with different personifications of Evil is eternal too. The War of the Ring is a small part of this struggle. Some critics compare Sauron with Hitler and Mordor with Nazi Germany. Besides, a part of the epic was written during WWII. But Evil has always been and will remain in Middle-earth as well as in real life. The question is - who will be its new followers? "The Lord of the Rings" teaches us to be humane, to follow the principles of Christianity. Sympathy for enemies determines a lot in the epic. It is both sympathy and humanity that prevent Bilbo from killing Gollum, who played a crucial role in the destroying of the Ring. Good, according to Tolkien, is not revengeful. It strives to get justice and will never shoot an arrow into the back of the Enemy. We cannot say that everything ends extremely well. Thus, elves leave Middle-earth, for their power perishes with the fall of the three elvish rings. Old wounds won't leave Frodo in peace. The chain of Evil has split, however, there remains a possibility that a new Sauron "The Lord of the Rings" has become popular worldwide, and has had many editions and translations. There can't be a person regarding the epic with utter indifference. Everyone has his/her own thoughts, and feelings towards "The Lord of the Rings". It seems that despite many critics analysis, "The Lord of the Rings" remains a poorly-lightened corridor with many entries and exits. And if someone is able to make this corridor a bit lighter, that would be a priceless contribution.

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Welcome to the Marine Education Trust website The Marine Education Trust (MET)'s approach to environmental education has three core principles: - Helping communities discover and understand the marine environment is key to promoting its conservation. - Practical, field-based activities not only have the greatest impact in terms of acquiring and retaining knowledge, but they also help to build confidence and life skills, and so bring additional benefits to children and young people. - Successful conservation programmes require the full involvement of the local community, so working with and supporting community organisations is vital to the long-term sustainability of any initiative. 'How inappropriate to call this planet Earth when it is quite clearly Ocean'.

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3.3 - Integer Exponents In the following two sections, section 3.4 on multiplying expressions and section 3.5 on dividing expressions, it will be necessary to understand exponentials with integer exponents. For that reason we study integer exponents now. Later, when we study logarithms, we will need to understand exponents that are not integers. Click here to go to that topic. When the exponential notation, b n, is first introduced to students, it is defined to mean where there are a total of n factors of b, and n can be any natural number, 1, 2, 3, …. The number b is called the base, n is called the exponent, and we say that we are “raising b to the n th power” (except when n is 2 we say that we are “squaring b” and when n is 3 we say that we are “cubing b”). Here are some examples showing exponentials and what they mean: Note on the last example: this expression is considered to be the same as 0 − 2 4 and, since exponentiation has precedence over subtraction, to be the same as − (2 4 ). - 2 4 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = 16 - (−2) 4 = (−2) · (−2) · (−2) · (−2) = 16 - − 2 4 = − 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = −16 Exponentials with the same base b have these three properties: The following three examples show why these properties are true for any positive integer exponents: Let’s assume that these properties can be generalized to exponents that are not necessarily positive integers. Then we can also give meaning to zero and negative integer exponents. Here’s how: The meaning of b 0 : Let n = m in the division property. This gives: On the other hand the numerator and denominator are equal: Putting this together we find that b 0 = 1. In other words any base raised to the 0th power equals 1. The meaning of b − n : Let m = 0 in the division property. This gives: On the other hand the numerator equals 1: Putting this together we find that: In other words any base raised to a negative power is the reciprocal of the same base raised to the corresponding positive power. - An especially useful case is when the exponent is −1. The result is the reciprocal. Here are some examples: Here in detail is how the −1 exponent produced the reciprocal in the last example: - We can’t raise zero to a negative power because then we get division by zero. Exponentials whose bases are products or quotients An exponential whose base is a product can be expanded like this: Here is the proof: Similarly, an exponential whose base is a quotient can be expanded like this: Here is the proof: Here is an example of an expansion that combines several of these concepts:

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Solar energy panels are popping up everywhere in San Diego. They power home lighting systems, heat water, even charge our electric cars. Four local engineering students are now designing a solar energy system that will hopefully change hundreds of lives, half way around the world. "This allows us to speak to a lap-top computer, so we can monitor the system real-time," said University of San Diego Enrique Rayon, as he demonstrated a prototype of the system on the university's rooftop. The system designed by Rayon and his three USD colleagues uses solar panels to charge a bank of batteries, which power the lights. It's a simple concept, but it needs special components to regulate the power flow, and properly store the electric energy. That's because a bigger version of this system will be used in rural Africa, in the tiny village of Theou in southern Sudan, where there is no electrical power to back-up the solar panel system. "There's no grid ties," explains Rayon, "so we have to figure out a way to do everything so that it works with the environment and also works with the people and their understanding of electricity." The USD solar power system will provide light for a village school in Theou, which is now under construction. "So electricity, it's a huge deal over there," explains Mou Riiny, who left Sudan as a child to escape that county's civil war, and is now an engineering student at USD. "A school with electricity, that's a massive deal." Riiny continues to help his village, and has a very personal and emotional connection to this solar project. "We want the community to take ownership of the project and the school all together," he says. The USD engineering team will travel to Sudan this summer, to install the system. But once they've left, the villagers in Theou will have to fix it, if it breaks. "So we're going to have some tutorials in place, some documentation, some manuals," explains Enrique Rayon. If that's not enough help for the villagers to fix the problem, one of them will use the nearest phone to call the USD students for assistance. But that's a major undertaking, because there is no cell phone coverage in Theou, and the nearest phone is fifty miles away, a full day's travel on Sudan's primitive roads. A local company, AMSOLAR, donated $5,000 to the Sudan project, and also provides technical support for the USD engineering project. AMSOLAR has a partnership with USD to provide 15 percent of the university's energy needs, and uses 5,200 solar panels on the roofs of 11 campus buildings -- at no cost to USD -- to generate that electricity.

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PALANATI YUDDHAM(BATTLE OF PALANADU) ( 1184 ) PALANATI YUDDHAM(BATTLE OF PALANADU) Dr K Prabhakar Rao Palanadu (Probably Pallavanadu) was a part of Kamma ( Now a caste in AP of fourth Varna ) Rashtra. It lies to east of Srisailam and to the South of the Krishna river. The area that comprise of Guntur District now lying on the south of Krishna river passing through present Nalgonda distrct of Andhtra Pradesh mostly comprise of Pala nadu. Macherla the great historical town lies immediately after crossing river Krishna near Nagarjuna Sagar dam which is around 130 Km from Hyderabad. Gurajala, Karempudi, Macherla form the important places in the history of Battle of Palanadu. The story of the veera charitra of Palnadu or Battle of Palanadu ( Fought some where near 1184 or 1186) starts with one Anuguraju of Haihaya clan from a place called Jambhanapuri (Modern Jabalpurin MP state) coming on a pilgrimage to Andhra to mitigate his ancestral sins. It was said after having bath in the sea near Motupalli, his black clothes turned into white indicating he was purified from his sins. The local Chola ( Choda) king gave his daughter Mylamma in marriage to Anuguraju who was already having two wives and gave palnadu as dowry. Anuguraju started living in the capital city Gurajala along with his minister Dodda Naidu. Dodda Naidu's eldest son Baada Raju was adopted and intially made successor by Anuguraju as he was childless for a long time. But later- on, he had Nalagama raju and Narasimha Raju from his elder wives and Peda Malideva and China Malideva Raju with Mylamma. After the death of Anuguraju and Dodda Naidu, dispute broke out between the sons of Anuguraju .Nalagama put his claim stating he was eldest while Malideva argued the kingdom was his mothers property .Finally, Brahma Naidu, second son of Dodda Naidu,who succeeded his father made Nalagama as the king with Malideva as Yuvaraja and started to rule Palnadu on their behalf, as they were too young. Veerasaivism was established by Basaveswara in early 11th century in Kalyani in North Karnataka. It preaches superiority of Lord Shiva over other gods and irrespective of caste, one can achieve superiority by just worshiping Lord Shiva. This religion went down well with the lower castes who saw an oppurtunity to break the iron shackles of caste and climb up in the caste hierarchy. Basaveswara the PM of King Bijjala used govt funds for the spread of his new faith and order.This infuriated the king. Finally, there was religious unrest in Karnataka between Jains and Veerasaivas which finally led to a civil war in which the Jain king Kalachuri Bijjala was also brutally killed in the night. In the neighbouring Andhra also there was impact of veerasaivism and lot of farmers and artisans converted to veerasaivism and under its influence overcame the inferiority thrust upon them by the rulers and priests, gained in confidence and were waiting for an opportunity to have their share of wealth and power.Kakateeya kings at Warangal who patronized Jainism earlier adopted Shiva worship accordingly. One such farmer widow lady Nagamma had a chance to entertain the king Nalagama when he was on a hunting trip. She made good rapport with the king and slowly started visiting the court at Gurazala. Shrewd,cunning and intelligent, She slowly gained the confidence of the king.Under her spell the king who used to very highly respect Brahma Naidu, started ignoring him and even tried to imprison his step brother Malideva.Realising the situation,Brahmanaidu persuaded the king to divide the kingdom and built a New capital city Mahadevicherla or Macherla, on the bank of the river chandra vanka , shifted to Macherla along with his relatives and followers and crowned Mallideva as the king. Brahmanaidu was a very highly respected person of his times.He was a indomitable warrior,scholar and reformer.He was a staunch vaishnavite and founded a new sect called Veera vaishnavism to counter Veera Saivaism.While Veera saivaism allowed the sudra castes into its fold disallowing the untouchbles,Brahmanaidu even opened his doors to this under priviliged people.To eradicate the caste system he started a reform called "chapakudu" where the people of all communities will eat a single heap of rice poured on a chapa or mat.He adopted children from lower castes like barbers,washermen etc,.and brought them up along with his own son Balachandra. He even made a untouchble kannamadasu ,Supreme commander of his army, which was unimaginable in those times.He constructed the famous Chennakeswara swamy temple at Macherla and it stands even today in all its glory where regular worship of the lord ( Vishnu) takes place. Because of all these activities Brahmanaidu was hailed as "Vishnu" of Palnadu. Brahmanaidu captured the fort of Shimoga which was a strong hold of Veerashaivas on the request of King of kalyani and the Kannada king in a thanksgiving gesture, gave his daughter Siramadevi to Mallideva in marriage. Thus Malideva and Brahmanaidu grew in stature and power. Kalyani was a powerful seat of Kalyani Chalukyas. All these developments infuriated Nagamma.She poisoned the king's mind by preaching him that a powerful neighbour is always a cause of concern. As beating Macherla by fair means was out of their capability,they hatched a plan based on the fondness of Brahma Naidu for cockfight.They invited Brahma Naidu and Mallideva for a festival and challenged them for a game of cockfight.In the final bout Brahma Naidu's cock was killed tactically by Nagamma by applying poison to the knife tied to the leg of Nagamma's cock.As per the conditionBrahma Naidu and his people gave up their kingdom and set out for exile (Vana Vaasam ) for seven years and stayed at Medapi. Brahma Naidu tried his best to persuade king Nalagama to return the kingdom of Macherla to Malideva after seven years but to of no avail. Ala Raja who was the follower of Malideva and son in law of Nalagama was sent as an envoy to Gurajala to persuade the King Nalagma to return the kingdom. But Ala Raju was poisoned in the night under the orders of Narsinga Raju brother of Nalagma who harbored the desire to be crowned after Nalagama. Nagamma planned the murder in conspiracy with Narsinga Raju. The dead body of Ala Raja was retrrned to Brahmanaidus camp and there was a greatr rise of tempers. Peramma the wife of Ala Raju committed self immolation ( sati) on the funeral pyre of her husband not before valiant Balachandrudu son of Brahmanaidu took an oath that he would behead Narsinga Raja in battle and would thus take revenge for death of Ala Raja thereby bringing peace to the soul of Peramma. The Battle of Palnadu was thus set although all efforts were made by Brahamanaidu in all good faith. He was not a war monger. The war began around 1180 AD at Karempudi on the bank of Naguleru.Most of the south Indian Kings took part in this great battle by sending their armies. Rudradeva the Kakateeya king of Warangal sent 1500 cavalry in support of Nalagama. The factions were divided based on Shivites and Vaishnavites sects . There was very heavy loss of life on both sides. Balachandra, Brahma Naidu's young son fought like Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata war. He cut off the head of Narsinga Raju in a duel on the battle field and thus kept up his promise made to Peramma. However he was also injured in the duel. He carried the head to Brahma Naidu and displayed it for which he was shown contempt. The infuriated Balachadrudu rode back into the battle field and continued his fight till he was grievously wounded. He went to Naguleru nearby, opened his bandage at the waist and breathed his last He and many others became folk heroes. Manchala wife of Balachandrudu has also become immortal as she sent her husband most willingly into the battle although she knew that it was the most dangerous battle. Most of followers of Brahamanidu including valiant Kommanaidu lost lives in the battle. Finally, Brahmanaidu too entered the battle and fought vigorously displaying great valor and the enemy forces fled. However Malideva gave up his life greatly pained at the death of his kin. The war was won by army of Brahma Naidu while NalagamaRaju and Nagamma surrendered. Brahma Naidu however forgave them and made Nalagama as king again and went into the mountains (called 'Guttikonda Bilam' near Karempudi and piduguralla)for penance. The fate of Nagamma was not known later. No record is available about her subsequent life. It is assumed that she was sent away or she was put in prison.The ballads state that dejected Brahma Naidu entered the Guttikonda Cave and never returned later. The cave exists even today and no one has tried to travel through the cave. . It has remained a mystery. Temples have been erected at the place of battle for the fallen war heroes and the weapons used by them in the war are well preserved till today at the temples and annually these weapons are worshipped at a great procession. Ballads are sung praising the heroes.Great Poet Srinadha who was in the court of Reddy kings at Kondaveedu wrote a book of poems in Telugu titled Palanati veera chartitra. He lived in 15 century. The battle of Palnadu closely resembles the mythological war described in epic Mahabharata fought at Kurukshetra. It was fought for territory between two cousins and almost all the kings of Southern India took part in it. But its implications were tremendous and in a way changed the course of Andhra history. Politically the Kakatiyas under Rudra deva were able to bring the whole of Andhra under one flag (nearly a thousand years after the Satavahanas),because all the local kings were weakened by this catastrophic war. Socially,it was the begining of the end of the monopoly of the warrior community (The Kammas) as rulers and fighters. In fact the Kammas were fragmented into a new caste,viz velama with Brahma Naidu as its founder. The influence of agrarian communities started to rise. Among the untouchables, the mala community, the section to which Kannamadasu belonged (whom Brahma Naidu adopted with the title KannamaNeedu), the lowest in those times, started to claim superiority over other sections like the Madigas, who were famous as Gosangi Veerulu ( Famous in the war between king Manuma siddhiII and Katama Raju at Pancha lingala in 13 century where Khadga Tikkannna Commnader of Manumasiddhi became a martyr although won the war) . This is a classical example of the peculiar dynamics of the caste system. The malas even stopped doing some menial tasks like scavenging and cremating dead bodies, particularly in the Palnadu area. Some of the Malas even became priests in some vishnu temples and continue even today as such. The disparity between Mala and Madiga sects in dalits persists even today and now they are fighting for separate reservations in jobs and education in Andhra Pradesh.

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The gallery features the Wright brothers’ model of the first powered flight, Amy Johnson’s famous aircraft Jason, a Spitfire and a jump jet suspended in the air alongside numerous other aeroplanes. As well as full-sized aircraft, there are more than 100 models on display, including famous passenger jet planes such as Concorde. The gallery is also home to a unique collection of more than 80 significant aero engines. From ones that powered the first British airship in 1907 to a Rolls Royce RB211, the parent of the huge fan-jets that power today’s airliners. There is also a giant cut out of a 747 aircraft. The Flight gallery offers opportunities to follow several different themes: - Children can observe and record the range of materials used in aircraft to establish that early aircraft were made from materials such as wood and cotton, and over time these were replaced by metals and plastics. For example, the first hot ait balloon was made of cotton and paper and the first gliders were cotton and wood. More modern aircraft are made of metal, plastics and glass. - Children can think about the advantages and disadvantages of using certain materials (eg paper balloons may catch fire) and why they think these materials were chosen. - After the visit children can classify the materials they’ve seen in the Museum according to properties such as mass, colour, texture, hardness, flexibility and strength (depending on ability of the children). Children can observe and record information about the following to think about how the shape of flying machines and their components affect how well they fly: - Wings – shape, number and position - Propellers – shape and number of baldest - Body of aeroplane – becoming more streamlined - Tail – shape and position - Balloons – hot air and barrage shapes Children can explore how the design of aircraft has changed to include moving flaps which cause the aircraft to move in particular directions. In the gallery they can look for one or more of the following: - Fixed and adjustable tails - The use of pulley systems to move flaps - Fixed wings and adjustable flaps - Position of mass of the aircraft (suited to older or more able students) Children can explore how clothing was adapted to suit changing conditions as aircraft were developed to fly higher and faster. They can observe: - The materials used for clothing - The colour of the clothing - The footwear worn - The purpose of the clothing (The headgear worn) including earmuffs and headphones). The exhibits can also be used to think about the different ways that aircraft were and are powered, and the impact for the World Wars on aircraft developments. The gallery can also be used to find out about the inventions and achievements of aviation pioneers such as the Wright brothers, Amy Johnson and Alcock and Brown. Across all these themes students can: - Observe and record changes over a period of time, and discuss reasons for these changes - Focus on similarities and differences between two or more exhibits - They can discuss the reasons why they are the same or different - Record their observations using tables, lists, timelines, drawings, writing poems or describing verbally what they see.

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The Constitutional Convention was tasked with proposing amendments to the Articles of Confederation which would make it a more workable plan for national government. The Convention began with the text of the Virginia Plan and Charles Pinckney's notes. New Jersey and the smaller states of the union, determined not to be overwhelmed by the larger states, offered their own proposal, the New Jersey Plan. Alexander Hamilton, frustrated that his vote was often overruled by those of his two fellow New York delegates, had his own plan, offered to the Convention on June 18, 1787. The Plan was far afield from anything previously discussed, proposing a system similar to that of Britain, and hence called the British Plan. Hamilton went on to become one of the staunchest defenders of the Constitution during the ratification process. His support of a President-for-life was a definite departure from the eventual plan, and it has been theorized that he offered his plan as a worst-case scenario to the Convention. The following text was taken from the Avalon Project's reproduction of Madison's notes from the Convention. The text is largely unaltered as presented here, but spelling has been corrected and abbreviations have been expanded. 1. The Supreme Legislative power of the United States of America to be vested in two different bodies of men; the one to be called the Assembly, the other the Senate who together shall form the Legislature of the United States with power to pass all laws whatsoever subject to the Negative hereafter mentioned. 2. The Assembly to consist of persons elected by the people to serve for three years. 3. The Senate to consist of persons elected to serve during good behavior; their election to be made by electors chosen for that purpose by the people: in order to this the States to be divided into election districts. On the death, removal or resignation of any Senator his place to be filled out of the district from which he came. 4. The supreme Executive authority of the United States to be vested in a Governor to be elected to serve during good behavior - the election to be made by Electors chosen by the people in the Election Districts aforesaid. The authorities and functions of the Executive to be as follows: to have a negative on all laws about to be passed, and the execution of all laws passed, to have the direction of war when authorized or begun; to have with the advice and approbation of the Senate the power of making all treaties; to have the sole appointment of the heads or chief officers of the departments of Finance, War and Foreign Affairs; to have the nomination of all other officers (Ambassadors to foreign Nations included) subject to the approbation or rejection of the Senate; to have the power of pardoning all offenses except Treason; which he shall not pardon without the approbation of the Senate. 5. On the death, resignation or removal of the Governor his authorities to be exercised by the President of the Senate till a Successor be appointed. 6. The Senate to have the sole power of declaring war, the power of advising and approving all Treaties, the power of approving or rejecting all appointments of officers except the heads or chiefs of the departments of Finance, War, and foreign affairs. 7. The supreme Judicial authority to be vested in Judges to hold their offices during good behavior with adequate and permanent salaries. This Court to have original jurisdiction in all causes of capture, and an appellative jurisdiction in all causes in which the revenues of the general Government or the Citizens of foreign Nations are concerned. 8. The Legislature of the United States to have power to institute Courts in each State for the determination of all matters of general concern. 9. The Governor, Senators, and all officers of the United States to be liable to impeachment for mal- and corrupt conduct; and upon conviction to be removed from office, and disqualified for holding any place of trust or profit. All impeachments to be tried by a Court to consist of the Chief or Judge of the superior Court of Law of each State, provided such Judge shall hold his place during good behavior, and have a permanent salary. 10. All laws of the particular States contrary to the Constitution or laws of the United States to be utterly void; and the better to prevent such laws being passed, the Governor or president of each State shall be appointed by the General Government and shall have a negative upon the laws about to be passed in the State of which he is Governor or President. 11. No State to have any forces land or Naval; and the Militia of all the States to be under the sole and exclusive direction of the United States, the officers of which to be appointed and commissioned by them. 1. Like the final draft, as found at Article 1, Section 1, Hamilton's plan included a bicameral legislature. Hamilton envisioned that each house would have an active "negative" on each other, while the system in the final draft is more passive. 3. Hamilton's Senate was elected for life from districts rather than from the states. The method of indirect election is similar to the Electoral College defined in Article 2, Section 1 of the final draft. 4. Again predicting the Electoral College, Hamilton's executive, the Governor, was elected for life, by the Senatorial electoral districts. He had a veto, as found at Article 1, Section 7. He also would have been commander-in-chief of the military, would have negotiated treaties, appointed his own cabinet officers, and had the pardon power, powers vested in the President by Article 2, Section 2. 10. Hamilton's plan took the supremacy concept a few steps further than the Supremacy Clause, at Article 6, by allowing the national government to veto any state law and by mandating the veto power and appointment method of state governors. 11. Hamilton's plan again went beyond the final draft by not only mandating that the states not keep armies or navies, as at Article 1, Section 10, but also gave the national government power over the state militias.

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Origin: Fr < Du manneken: see manikin See mannequin in American Heritage Dictionary 4 Origin: , from Old French, little man, figurine Origin: , from Middle Dutch mannekijn; see manikin. Word History: A department store mannequin is often not a man and often not little, yet mannequin goes back to the Middle Dutch word mannekijn, the diminutive form of man, “man, person.” As for the size of a mannequin, the Middle Dutch word could mean “dwarf” but in Modern Dutch developed the specialized sense of “an artist's jointed model.” This was the sense in which we adopted the word (first recorded in 1570), making it another term like easel and landscape taken over from the terminology of Dutch painters of the time. The word borrowed from Dutch now has the form manikin. We later adopted the French version of the Dutch word as well, giving English mannequin, and this is now the form most commonly encountered and the one commonly used for a department store dummy as well as a live model. Learn more about mannequin

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(1997). Food insecurity as a sustainability issue: lessons from Honduran maize farming. In: De Groot, Jan. P. and Ruben, Ruerd eds. Sustainable Agriculture in Central America. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 89–107. About the book: Agricultural development in Central America is based on extensive growth, supported by macroeconomic policies that marginalize small peasants. Deforestation, erosion and resource depletion are particularly severe. This book offers a comprehensive review of the perspectives for state policies and local action to enhance sustainable agriculture. Macroeconomi conditions and institutional arrangements for the establishment of sustainable production systems in different eco-regional settings (hillsides, humid tropics, frontier areas) are discussed, as well as policy instruments to improve property rights, management rules and financial mechanisms to enhance sustainable resource use. Actions (login may be required)

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How you open the clay on the potter's wheel will effect the rest of the throwing process. If rushed or done with poor hand placement, the pot may be doomed to be off-center. During opening and creating the floor of the pot, the wheel should be rotating at either full or three-quarter speed. Keep the clay's surface well lubricated. It can be advantageous to keep a sponge tucked into your right palm so you can release water onto the clay as needed, without having to cup water and bring it across from your bucket. Your movements should be firm and smooth during opening and throughout the throwing process. It can help to keep your movements at a fairly slow pace, especially when first learning. Quick pushes and releases on the clay can result in the clay being knocked off-center. Opening the clay must be done so the opening is centered. To find the center of the clay, lay the fingers of your right hand across the top of the centered clay so that they go over the mid-point. Rest the tips of your left-hand fingers on the backs of your right-hand fingers. Positioning your hands in this way will ensure that the clay will open on-center.

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Cressida is one of the small, inner moons of Uranus. Little is known about it other than its size and orbital characteristics. Based on its low albedo, its surface probably consists of the dark, unprocessed, carbon-rich material found on the C-class of asteroids. Cressida was discovered on 9 January 1986 in images taken by Voyager 2. It is one of the 10 Uranian satellites discovered by the Voyager science team. How Cressida Got its Name: Originally called S/1986 U3, Cressida was named for the title character in William Shakespeare's play, "Troilus and Cressida." Moons of Uranus are named for characters in Shakespeare's plays and from Alexander Pope's "Rape of the Lock."

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- Author: Ben Faber Stem and leaf blights are symptoms that appear for various reasons – high rainfall or humidity, spray burn, chewing insect infestation. Here in California we can add other causes, such as drought and salinity burn. These conditions can cause wounding of leaf and stems allowing entry of fungal spores that can cause leaf and stem dieback. This condition is most common near the coast where weather conditions can change from mild and low temperatures to extremely high temperature with winds, such as the Santa Anas or the Sundowners in Santa Barbara. Leaves suddenly dry out, causing cracking either at that time or when they are rehydrated with irrigation. This allows spore entry into the wounds and permits the pathogen to grow in the dead tissue. Symptoms appear 7 – 10 days after the stress. These are decay fungi that create these spores and they are the ones that cause decay of dead tissue on the ground. So their spores are everywhere. The greater part of a tree is dead – the woody part of the branches and trunk. And it is dead tissue that these fungi are feeding on. Most trees will limit the growth of the fungus by sealing off the infection with gums of various sorts. In that case, the disease is limited and you may only see a leaf or small branch dying back. In mature trees it is possible to see a small branch here and there that has died back, but the bulk of the canopy is still green. It has been called “salt and pepper syndrome”, because of that speckled appearance. In the case of young trees with their smaller root systems and a lesser ability to seal of the disease process, a whole tree can die. Since this is a severe water stress or salt stress induced problem, the most important management issue is to watch the weather forecasts predicting unusual hot, dry weather and make sure the trees are adequately irrigated going into the stressful period. Shallow rooted trees like avocados are more prone to dry out rapidly in these high water demand situations, but it can be occur in other trees (citrus, apple, peach) and shrubs if the weather conditions are severe enough. With poor leaching due to low rainfall, this can be more of a problem The only solution to the symptoms is to cut out the diseased parts to prevent its further spread. Once the disease starts spreading, the fungus can produce copious amounts of spores, which in the case of avocado can cause cankers and rots on the fruit. Figure. In the case of young trees, the whole tree may die from blight. In both avocado and citrus there can be a rapid collapse of tissue brought on by a host of related fungi. The pathogen was once lumped as Dothiorella, but lately University of California extension plant pathologist Akif Eskalen has been able to tweeze out more species which mainly belong to the Botryosphaeria genus. The collapse can be quite rapid, so fast that the leaves continue to hang on to the tree. This disease is more common in years of low rainfall, where inadequate water is being applied (especially when Santa Ana winds are blowing), and where salinity build up has occurred. In the last 2 months, I have been called out to diagnose this problem five times. In each case, they were trees that had been sidelined and neglected or the grower was trying to save money by saving water. Luckily for a mature tree, there can be recovery as long the tree is protected from sunburn that occurs with defoliation. White wash the exposed parts, and wait for recovery. When it is clear what part is recovering, cut into fresh wood to remove the dead parts. For a more detailed discussion of this blight, see our 2009 Topics in Subtropics.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT