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|Freshwater Mussels of the Upper Mississippi River System| Mussel Conservation Activities 2005 Highlights: Possible fish predation of subadult Higgins eye was observed in the Upper Mississippi River, Pools 2 and 4. Subadult Higgins eye pearlymussels (Lampsilis higginsii) from the Upper Mississippi River, Pools 2 and 4. Shell damage may be due to predation by fish (i.e. common carp or freshwater drum). Top photo by Mike Davis, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; bottom photo by Gary Wege, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Species Identification and Location • Threatened and Endangered Mussels • Life History • Ecology • Mussel Harvest on the River • Current Threats • Mussel Conservation Activities • Ongoing Studies and Projects • Multimedia • Teacher Resources • Frequently Asked Questions • Glossary • References • Links to Other Mussel Sites Privacy • FOIA • FirstGov • Contact Department of the Interior • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service • U.S. Geological Survey |Last updated on December 21, 2006

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In this article I will describe a basic aspect of homeopathy’s spiritual understanding of health and disease: the view that disease arises from a fixed adaptation to a past situation that no longer exists in the present. Homeopaths view health and disease as states of being that are either appropriate for the situation (healthy) or inappropriate for the situation (unhealthy). The state of being that we adopt from moment to moment can be regarded a ‘posture’ that is either suitable or unsuitable for the present moment of existence. An unsuitable posture kept for too long manifests as chronic disease, whereas a short-lasting one causes acute symptoms or weakens the organism until it is susceptible to infectious influences. Disease arises from memory of a past state that no longer exists Conventional medicine is based on a materialistic view of life. Health is compared to a well-functioning machine, while disease is viewed as a malfunction in some part of the machine. Homeopathy is based on a spiritual view of life. Health is the ability to respond freely and creatively to all situations encountered throughout life, whereas disease is any restriction on this ability. Samual Hahnemann, the originator of homeopathy, discovered through lifelong clinical observation that disease could often be traced to a ‘mistunement’ created during a past stressful episode in the life of the organism or its ancestors. He concluded that the memory of this past state was the real cause the suffering that we experienced through physical and psychological symptoms. Health is the flexibility to successfully adapt to all life situations Rajan Sankaran (author of The Spirit of Homoeopathy) describes disease as an “unsuitable posture… adopted by the organism in order to survive in a perceived situation.” What is a “perceived situation”? To answer this, let’s first look at an example he gives of a real situation: If you are lifting a heavy bag and you have to walk with that heavy weight, in order that your back does not break, you have to bend in the direction opposite to the bag. So, your body adopts a posture to survive in this situation. This posture is healthy, it is going to do you good, in this situation it is needed, and as long as the bag is heavy, the posture has to be maintained. Hence, we see that posture is an adjustment. As long as this adjustment is in proportion to the existing situation, as long as it is suitable to this situation, and as long as the situation or exciting factor remains, this adjustment cannot and should not be corrected. Life can be viewed as a series of adaptations: one situation flows into another, and each time a different posture is adopted to suit the new situation. Health is the flexibility to correctly adapt to any situation that arises throughout our life journey. An unhealthy posture arises from adaptation to a perceived situation that is not really present. This adaptation can be either inappropriate for the situation or appropriate for the situation but of disproportionate intensity. Sankaran illustrates these possibilities as follows: When a man is being chased by a lion, the posture of running fast, being afraid, etc. is appropriate since his survival depends upon it. However, if a man is in the same state without a lion chasing him, or he adopts the same posture even if a little dog chases him, or he is in such a pain that he cannot think (a reaction far in excess of what is needed in the situation) then this state is to be removed by treatment. The unsuitable posture is hidden behind physical and psychological symptoms So long as an unhealthy posture is held over from the past, the person is precluded from adopting an appropriate posture for the present situation. This is considered a state of disease in homeopathy, whether or not there are clear physical or psychological symptoms that warrant medical treatment. This means, on the one hand, that homeopathy is a powerful healing tool in cases where the patient feels distress yet there are no discernible medical abnormalities. On the other hand, during the clinical encounter between patient and homeopath the disease state does not automatically reveal itself as an unhealthy posture. In most clinical situations the patient will present with vague discomfort or with one or more physical and psychological complaints. During the homeopathic intake the homeopath must therefore ask many questions in order to lead the patient to reveal the unsuitable posture that he or she continuously adopts in all life situations. This posture, which most of us do not have a direct awareness of, is the underlying reason for the existence of the clinical complaint that induces people to seek homeopathic treatment in the first place. How do unsuitable postures arise? An unsuitable posture originates from an adaptation to a past situation that is maintained even though it is no longer applicable to the situation. This happens when the past situation has exceeded the organism’s resilience. Such situations generally fall into one of the following categories: - a past traumatic event, - childhood or cultural habits that have powerfully impressed themselves on the organism, or - inherited spiritual impressions — known in homeopathy as “miasms” — that long ago left their mark on one’s parents or earlier ancestors. Resilience can be understood by analogy with a steel spring: just as a steel spring can be bent and absorb many small shocks and still recover its original form, a person can absorb many stresses yet maintain his underlying state of health throughout the stressful period. But beyond a certain threshold, excessive stress deforms the spring and causes it to lose its elasticity. A person exposed to excessive stress will likewise carry the spiritual impression or ‘deformation’ due to the past stress and will no longer be fully ‘elastic’ and responsive to the present situation. Homeopathic treatment frees us from unsuitable postures We all continually adopt postures in order to survive in different life situations or in an attempt to create a reality that we imagine to be desirable. But if we remain fixed in a posture that is no longer appropriate for the situation (for any of the reasons cited earlier) to the point that we are unable to respond appropriately to situations that arise in the present, we may then become aware of an uncomfortable sensation at the level of our spirit. If we do not free ourselves of the fixed posture eventually we experience more obvious psychological discomfort, physical symptoms, or both. In Sankaran’s words: Disease is thus seen as an affection of the whole person, as a posture adopted as a survival mechanism to suit a particular situation which does not exist at the moment. This posture makes us react to the present in an unsuitable way due to our false perception of it. Such an unsuitable and disproportionate reaction to the situation naturally causes a constant stress on the organism, and the stress aggravates the pathology or brings the tendency to a particular pathology into activity. Health is the ability to feel OK in all situations. A posture is an adaptation for feeling OK under a specific situation. Unless one is able to switch postures freely from moment to moment, a person will only feel OK when the fixed posture happens to coincide with (be suitable for) the situation. In terms of the model I’ve just presented, homeopathic treatment releases the hold of the unsuitable posture that prevents free-flowing adaptation to the present moment. By raising awareness of the inappropriateness of the fixed posture to the point that a person can choose to abandon it in favour of another posture, homeopathic remedies assist in the release of inappropriate life habits that manifest physically or psychologically. Once this happens, full resilience is restored and the person is able to handle life as it comes — adopting appropriate postures as needed and shifting away from them as soon as the situation is over — without undue stress. Read related articles: - The 7 Essential Factors in Forecasting the Length of Homeopathic Treatment of Chronic Diseases - Medical Suppression of Symptoms and Its Homeopathic Cure - Diving Into “The Spirit of Homoeopathy” - This is Why Homeopaths Emphasize Clinical Results over Theory - The Influence of Vitalism on Naturopathic Medicine - The Distinction Between Classical Homeopathy and Naturopathic Medicine - The How and What of Homeopathic Remedies - The Followup Appointments - Basics of the Homeopathic Prescription - Basics of Homeopathic Case Analysis

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The Invisible Gardener's Natural Pest Control Center Click here to hear Andy talk about Organic and Natural Home Pest Controls on his radio shows. If you decide not to use a raised bed then you must prepare the area first. Draw a plan for what you want to grow in your raised bed. Keep the tallest on one side with the smallest to the opposite side. If you have more then one raised decide which plants will grow where. Change this design every year so as not to grow the same plants in the same place year after Choosing a location for your raised bed is very important. The location needs to be close to the kitchen to provide easy access for the cook. The location must provide at least 6 to 8 hrs direct sun, with the more the better. Must have proper drainage. So take a walk around your place and see if you can pick the perfect spot. Another consideration is water, it must have a close source. Never use city water in your raised bed. Many cities have chlorine (or ?) in their city water. Chlorine kills bacteria, that is what it does best. However an organic garden requires natural bacteria in order to function correctly. A garden filter will help keep your garden alive! You will notice an increase in in worms and in the gardens overall health. You can make your own garden filter by converting your shower filter. Info on a gardening filter is coming, ask me about it. Putting together the Raised Bed A good raised bed should be at least 4ft x 10 ft x 12 inches high x at least 2 inches thick. Use non treated wood. The wood can be screwed together for easy break down when needed. If you have gophers in your area, you will want to screen the bottom with extra heavy chicken wire. The size of the bed depends on the area and amount of space you have to use. An ideal situation is to have two or more raised beds. One 4ft x 12ft x 12 inches x 2 inches can produce enough food for a family of four. More beds allow you to rotate the beds and allow one bed to grow green cover which can be turned over. Filling in the Raised Bed The following should fit just right into the raised bed. You will have to use what you find in your area. Start out with a good layer of old horse manure. To this I add either LLama pellets or Rabbit pellets (nature's time released fertilizer). Add 20 lbs of rock dust or any other trace mineral source. Add 20 lbs bone meal, 20 lbs alfalfa meal and 2 bales aged wood. Mix well. Water well (water slowly to allow soil to absorb). To this mixture add 500 lbs compost (if you have it) other wise add enough old horse manure to fill up to 4 inches from the top. Add another 2 bales aged wood or KRA wood product or any light soil. Add another 20 lbs rock dust, 20 lbs bone meal, 20 lbs alfalfa meal. The aged wood will insure the PH will be at the right place. A good PH for the garden is 6.5 to 6.8. Blend everything in together, watering as you go. Finally add enough mulch to fill the raised bed up to the top. Remember that this soil will settle after a few days, so keep a few bags of mulch handy to fill to top when needed. The Invisible Gardener Tell Em Andy Sent Ya! March 9, 2013 dont panic its organic gardening

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Given that SAD is so tied to the seasons and to sunlight in particular, you might predict that people who live in places with cold, dark winters would be more likely than people living in sunny climes to experience SAD. You'd be right. For example, the rate of SAD in New Hampshire has been estimated at 10%, whereas less than 2% of people living in Florida suffer with the condition. In fact, I've known many patients over the years who only developed SAD when they left places like Florida to live further north. In this way, SAD is the quintessential environmental disorder -- no winter, no SAD. But that is not the whole story. Like all psychiatric conditions, SAD occurs at the intersection of genes and environment, of nature and nurture. This point has been brought home by several remarkable studies showing that people in Iceland have remarkably low rates of SAD, despite living in one of the darkest winter environments on earth. Even more remarkably, people of Icelandic descent living in the prairie provinces of Canada have far lower rates of SAD than their fellow non-Icelandic Canadians, which greatly strengthens the argument that Icelandic people carry an as-yet-undiscovered genetic factor that protects against SAD. We don't know what causes SAD, although abnormalities in multiple brain regions have been repeatedly observed in studies. The neurotransmitter serotonin seems to be implicated, as does melatonin, one of the hormones most involved in the onset and offset of sleep. Perhaps most intriguingly, several studies suggest that the eyes themselves might contribute to the risk of developing SAD, given that the eyes of people with SAD respond differently to light. There also seems to be a strong association between being affected by the seasons and having heightened creative abilities. I was a practicing psychiatrist before I fully admitted to myself that I suffered from mild SAD. In fact, I didn't really believe it until I bought my first light box and turned it on one fall. The results were amazing. Thirty minutes in front of a bright light (10,000 lux to be exact) and my brain and body felt like they'd been transported back to summer. My mind knew it wasn't true, but that didn't matter; the melancholy was gone. Of course, my experience is hardly unique, and if you suffer from winter depression you really owe it to yourself to buy a light box and give it a try. You might also look into dawn simulators, which have also been shown to treat SAD.

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Definition of Cires 1. cire [n] - See also: cire Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Cires Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Cires Literary usage of Cires Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. Letters on South America: Comprising Travels on the Banks of the Paraná and (1843) "... Martinez y cires—Don Agustin Saenz and his polacca— Smuggling—The way of endowing brides. THE population of Corrientes, in character and class, ..." 2. The Policy Paradox in Africa: Strengthening Links Between Economic Research by Elias Ayuk, Mohamed Ali Marouani (2007) "To date, about 120 rural economy PhD-holders have been trained through this program and cires gained international recognition in research and training. ..." Other Resources Relating to: Cires

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Earth from Space: The Tibesti Mountains About this Image The Tibesti Mountains, located mostly in Chad with the northern slopes extending into Libya, are captured in this image, acquired on March 4, 2012 by Envisat’s MERIS instrument. The mountains’ highest peak is Emi Koussi – pictured here as a circular structure in the lower-right portion of the dark area. The westernmost volcano is Toussidé. Our satellite view shows the dark peak with lava flows extending to the left. The white depression to the southeast gets its colour from the accumulation of carbonate salts, creating a soda lake. Surrounding the Tibesti Mountains, the sands of the Sahara appear like orange, yellow and white brushstrokes.

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Overcoming perceived GIS resource limitations This module (Teaching with GIS) is designed to highlight GIS concepts that may be added to many geoscience topics and exercises. In particular, we focus on using GIS at the level of introductory geoscience; however, many of the exercises and concepts may be applied in upper level courses as well. We will attempt to answer the following questions: Do I need to be a GIS wizard to introduce GIS concepts in my courses? Answer: No! There are numerous web-based mapping utilities, some of which are specifically designed for geoscience applications. In addition, consumer-grade GPS devices and mapping software are both cheaper and easier to learn than the professional GIS/GPS tools. Many students new to geoscience are unfamiliar with mapping concepts that we take for granted as professional scientists. Even simple geographic and cartographic concepts can help them understand more complex GIS tasks at a later stage. The introduction of hands-on map creation/interpretation exercises and the associated terminology can greatly enhance the learning experience of the students. Aren't the hardware and software requirements of GIS prohibitive at the introductory level? Answer: No! There are many options that may be pursued despite resource limitations or student difficulties with computer tasks. Below are some ideas on what can be accomplished with different levels of resource availability or student background. Keep in mind that this site is focused on how we can introduce GIS within existing introductory geoscience courses: Hardware-limited options—There is little or no access to computers/internet or GPS receivers by students and/or instructor within the classroom. The students often have access to computers and the internet in public labs or have personal computers. Faculty usually have access to the internet on their computers and may have access to some GIS software. - Instructor generates maps for exercises/labs utilizing online resources - Utilize traditional paper maps (e.g. geologic maps) to introduce concepts of data-driven maps - Assign homework exercises that access online resources from student-owned or campus computer labs Software-limited options—Some access to computers/internet and GPS receivers, but little or no GIS software for student/instructor use in or out of the classroom. - Instructor generates maps for exercises/labs from online sources or GIS software. Note that there is GIS shareware available (e.g. GRASS (more info) ). - GPS use in lab exercises, particulary field labs - Shareware utilities to download GPS data to computer - MS Excel or other software used to analyze and plot data in x-y coordinates (convert from lat/lon in GPS software) - Manual digitization of data locations - Paper maps or using graphics editing software No hardware/software limitations—easy access to computers/internet, GPS receivers, and GIS software in and out of the classroom. - All of the more limited options listed above are possible - Student use of GIS hardware/software/data in classroom or lab - Possibilities limited only by time for GIS within the syllabus

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a condition in which high blood pressure exists within the vessels of the lungs. Normally, venous (low oxygen) blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart where it is pumped to lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Breathing brings oxygen to venous blood in the lungs, turning it into arterial (high oxygen) blood. Arterial blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins where it is subsequently pumped to the rest of the body. Healthy pulmonary arteries of the lungs are elastic, expanding and contracting with each beat of the heart. In PH, arteries stiffen and thicken, leading to increased resistance to blood passing through the vessel thereby increasing pressure. Higher pulmonary pressure can lead to shortness of breath, low oxygen levels, chest pain, near-fainting/fainting, heart rhythm problems, and in its more advanced form, heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension was previously classified as primary (without obvious cause, or idiopathic) or secondary (occurring as a result of another disease). Although this terminology is still referenced in medical text, the revised World Health Organization classification system does away with these definitions and instead divides PH into 5 different categories based upon mechanism of disease. PH can occur in isolation or, more commonly, with diseases of the lungs and heart. PH in the absence of other diseases is very rare and generally idiopathic or familial in nature. This kind of PH is referred as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PH is commonly associated with a variety of lung conditions characterized by low oxygen levels. These include emphysema, asthma, interstitial lung disease, chronic pulmonary blood clots or sleep apnea. When pulmonary hypertension arises from cardiac conditions such as heart failure, heart valve disease, or congenital heart disease, it is referred to a pulmonary venous hypertension. Other important disease states associated with PH include connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, sickle cell disease and bone marrow disorders. Amphetamine use such as meth or the diet drug Fen-Phen has been linked to the development of PH. Oftentimes multiple causes of PH are present.

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- Conditional culture - F W Preece, Adelaide, 1938 Conditional culture is the manifesto of the Jindywoorobak position. Here, Ingamells saught to 'free Australian art from whatever alien inlfuences trammel it'. This involved a 'recognition of environmental values', a de-Europeanising of artistic language and an incorporation of Aboriginal cultural forms into the European-Australian understanding of land. 'Commentary' by Ian Tilbrook follows Ingamell's essay.

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Adapting pediatric psychology interventions: lessons learned in treating families from the middle East. ABSTRACT Pediatric psychologists are increasingly called upon to treat children from non-Western countries, whose cultures may contrast with a Western medical setting. Research on cultural adaptations of evidence-based treatments (EBTs), particularly for individuals from the Middle East, is sparse. To address this need, we discuss clinical issues encountered when working with patients from the Middle East. Synthesis of the literature regarding culturally adapted EBTs and common themes in Middle Eastern culture. Case vignettes illustrate possible EBT adaptations. Integrating cultural values in treatment is an opportunity to join with patients and families to optimize care. Expectations for medical and psychological treatment vary, and collaborations with cultural liaisons are beneficial. Critical next steps include systematic development, testing, and training in culturally adapting EBTs in pediatric medical settings. Increased dialogue between clinicians, researchers, and cultural liaisons is needed to share knowledge and experiences to enhance patient care.

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Karuk Tribe: Learning from the First Californians for the Next California Editor's Note: This is part of series, Facing the Climate Gap, which looks at grassroots efforts in California low-income communities of color to address climate change and promote climate justice. This article was published in collaboration with GlobalPossibilities.org. The three sovereign entities in the United States are the federal government, the states and indigenous tribes, but according to Bill Tripp, a member of the Karuk Tribe in Northern California, many people are unaware of both the sovereign nature of tribes and the wisdom they possess when it comes to issues of climate change and natural resource management. “A lot of people don’t realize that tribes even exist in California, but we are stakeholders too, with the rights of indigenous peoples,” says Tripp. Tripp is an Eco-Cultural Restoration specialist at the Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources. In 2010, the tribe drafted an Eco-Cultural Resources Management Plan, which aims to manage and restore “balanced ecological processes utilizing Traditional Ecological Knowledge supported by Western Science.” The plan addresses environmental issues that affect the health and culture of the Karuk tribe and outlines ways in which tribal practices can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change. Before climate change became a hot topic in the media, many indigenous and agrarian communities, because of their dependence upon and close relationship to the land, began to notice troubling shifts in the environment such as intense drought, frequent wildfires, scarcer fish flows and erratic rainfall. There are over 100 government recognized tribes in California, which represent more than 700,000 people. The Karuk is the second largest Native American tribe in California and has over 3,200 members. Their tribal lands include over 1.48 million acres within and around the Klamath and Six Rivers National Forests in Northwest California. Tribes like the Karuk are among the hardest hit by the effects of climate change, despite their traditionally low-carbon lifestyles. The Karuk, in particular have experienced dramatic environmental changes in their forestlands and fisheries as a result of both climate change and misguided Federal and regional policies. The Karuk have long depended upon the forest to support their livelihood, cultural practices and nourishment. While wildfires have always been a natural aspect of the landscape, recent studies have shown that fires in northwestern California forests have risen dramatically in frequency and size due to climate related and human influences. According to the California Natural Resources Agency, fires in California are expected to increase 100 percent due to increased temperatures and longer dry seasons associated with climate change. Some of the other most damaging human influences to the Karuk include logging activities, which have depleted old growth forests, and fire suppression policies created by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1930s that have limited cultural burning practices. Tripp says these policies have been detrimental to tribal traditions and the forest environment. “It has been huge to just try to adapt to the past 100 years of policies that have led us to where we are today. We have already been forced to modify our traditional practices to fit the contemporary political context,” says Tripp. Further, the construction of dams along the Klamath River by PacifiCorp (a utility company) has impeded access to salmon and other fish that are central to the Karuk diet. Fishing regulations have also had a negative impact. Though the Karuk’s dependence on the land has left them vulnerable to the projected effects of climate change, it has also given them and other indigenous groups incredible knowledge to impart to western climate science. Historically, though, tribes have been largely left out of policy processes and decisions. The Karuk decided to challenge this historical pattern of marginalization by formulating their own Eco-Cultural Resources Management Plan. The Plan provides over twenty “Cultural Environmental Management Practices” that are based on traditional ecological knowledge and the “World Renewal” philosophy, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of humans and the environment. Tripp says the Plan was created in the hopes that knowledge passed down from previous generations will help strengthen Karuk culture and teach the broader community to live in a more ecologically sound way. “It is designed to be a living document…We are building a process of comparative learning, based on the principals and practices of traditional ecological knowledge to revitalize culturally relevant information as passed through oral transmission and intergenerational observations,” says Tripp. One of the highlights of the plan is to re-establish traditional burning practices in order to decrease fuel loads and the risk for more severe wildfires when they do happen. Traditional burning was used by the Karuk to burn off specific types of vegetation and promote continued diversity in the landscape. Tripp notes that these practices are an example of how humans can play a positive role in maintaining a sound ecological cycle in the forests. “The practice of utilizing fire to manage resources in a traditional way not only improves the use quality of forest resources, it also builds and maintains resiliency in the ecological process of entire landscapes” explains Tripp. Another crucial aspect of the Plan is the life cycle of fish, like salmon, that are central to Karuk food traditions and ecosystem health. Traditionally, the Karuk regulated fishing schedules to allow the first salmon to pass, ensuring that those most likely to survive made it to prime spawning grounds. There were also designated fishing periods and locations to promote successful reproduction. Tripp says regulatory agencies have established practices that are harmful this cycle. “Today, regulatory agencies permit the harvest of fish that would otherwise be protected under traditional harvest management principles and close the harvest season when the fish least likely to reach the very upper river reaches are passing through,” says Tripp. The Karuk tribe is now working closely with researchers from universities such as University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Davis as well as public agencies so that this traditional knowledge can one day be accepted by mainstream and academic circles dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation practices. According to the Plan, these land management practices are more cost effective than those currently practiced by public agencies; and, if implemented, they will greatly reduce taxpayer cost burdens and create employment. The Karuk hope to create a workforce development program that will hire tribal members to implement the plan’s goals, such as multi-site cultural burning practices. The Plan has a long way to full realization and Federal recognition. According to the National Indian Forest Resources Management Act and the National Environmental Protection Act, it must go through a formal review process. Besides that, the Karuk Tribe is still solidifying funding to pursue its goals. The work of California’s environmental stewards will always be in demand, and the Karuk are taking the lead in showing how community wisdom can be used to generate an integrated approach to climate change. Such integrated and community engaged policy approaches are rare throughout the state but are emerging in other areas. In Oakland, for example, the Oakland Climate Action Coalition engaged community members and a diverse group of social justice, labor, environmental, and business organizations to develop an Energy and Climate Action Plan that outlines specific ways for the City to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create a sustainable economy. In the end, Tripp hopes the Karuk Plan will not only inspire others and address the global environmental plight, but also help to maintain the very core of his people. In his words: “Being adaptable to climate change is part of that, but primarily it is about enabling us to maintain our identity and the people in this place in perpetuity.” Dr. Manuel Pastor is Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the University of Southern California where he also directs the Program for Environmental and Regional Equity and co-directs USC’s Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration. His most recent books include Just Growth: Inclusion and Prosperity in America’s Metropolitan Regions (Routledge 2012; co-authored with Chris Benner) Uncommon Common Ground: Race and America’s Future (W.W. Norton 2010; co-authored with Angela Glover Blackwell and Stewart Kwoh), and This Could Be the Start of Something Big: How Social Movements for Regional Equity are Transforming Metropolitan America (Cornell 2009; co-authored with Chris Benner and Martha Matsuoka).

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John Langley Howard was a revolutionary regionalist painter known for depicting labor and industry in California as well as his reverence for the natural world. Howard took a strong stance on social and environmental issues and used his art to communicate his strong emotional response toward each of his subjects. Table of Contents John Langley Howard was born in 1902 into a respected family of artists and architects. His father, John Galen Howard relocated the family to California in 1904 to become campus architect of the University of California, Berkeley. It was only after attending the very same campus his father helped to create, that Howard suddenly decided he wanted to pursue a career as an artist and not an engineer as previously planned. Following this decision, Howard enrolled in the California Guild of Arts and Crafts in Oakland and then transferred to the Arts Students’ League in New York City. At the school, he met Kenneth Hayes Miller who supported Howard’s attitude because the “taught the bare rudiments of painting and composition, and stressed the cultivation of the ultra-sensitive, intuitive approach” (Hailey 56). After saving his money, Howard travelled to Paris for six months to seek out his own artistic philosophy. However, it quickly became apparent to Howard that he placed more value on pure talent than professional training. In 1924, Howard left art school to pursue his career and marry his first wife, Adeline Day. He had his first one-person exhibition at the Modern Gallery in San Francisco in 1927. Shortly after, he attempted portraiture. Following the start of the Depression, Howard found himself appalled by the social conditions and began to follow “his own brand of Marxism.” Howard and his wife began to attend meetings of the Monterey John Reed Club, discussing politics and social concerns. Soon, the artist became determined to communicate society’s needs for the betterment of the future. His landscapes began to include industry and its effects to the surrounding region. In 1934, Howard was hired through the New Deal Public Works Art Project to create a mural for the inside of Coit Tower on Telegraph Hill in San Francisco depicting California industry. The project called for twenty-seven artists to be hired to paint frescos inside the newly erected monument funded by philanthropist Lillie Hitchcock Coit. Each artist was to depict a scene central to California living, including industry, agriculture, law, and street scenes of San Francisco. Howard’s completed fresco drew notorious attention for showing an unemployed worker reading Marxist materials, a gathered group of unemployed workers, and a man panning for gold while watching a wealthy couple outside of their limousine. In a nearby mural by Bernard Zakheim (1896-1985), Howard himself was used as a model. He is shown crumpling a newspaper and grabbing a Marxist book from a library shelf. This soon led to the artists being linked to a local group of striking dock workers. They were accused of attempting to lead a Communist revolution. Howard’s murals as well as the work of Clifford Wight (1900-1960) and Zakheim became highly scrutinized, and the uproar over the works led to a delay in opening Coit Tower. In order to protect their work from being defaced or completely destroyed, the muralists chose to sleep outside the tower. The SF Art Commission ultimately cancelled the opening of Coit Tower as a result of the controversy and did not open it until months later. During this time, Howard relocated his family to Santa Fe, New Mexico citing his son’s health concerns for almost two years before returning to Monterey in 1940. Following the onset of World War II, he had a renewed interest in landscape and soon ceased to include social commentary within his work, thus removing the human figure from his paintings. The artist divorced his first wife in 1949. In 1951, Howard’s art took another turn when the artist painted The Rape of the Earth which rallied against the destruction of nature by technology, making Howard one of the first “eco-artists.” During the same year he also married sculptor Blanche Phillips (1908-1976). He began illustrating for Scientific American Magazine and used this medium to refine his technique. Howard’s landscapes began turning to “magic realism” or “poetic realism” as Howard preferred to call it. This method is described as the use of naturalistic images and forms “to suggest relationships that cannot always be directly described in words” (Aldrich 184). His aim was to communicate a poetic and spiritual connection with the landscape depicted. Overall, Howard lived in more than 20 different locations during his career. In 1997, Howard attended the dedication of Pioneer Park at Coit Tower and was the only surviving member of the twenty-seven muralists included in the original project. The murals were restored by the City of San Francisco in 1990 after water damage and age dictated the need for restoration. Howard died at the age of 97 in his sleep at his Potrero Hill home in 1999. II. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIST'S WORK “I think of painting as poetry and I think of myself as a representational poet. I want to describe my subject minutely, but I also way to describe my emotional response to it…what I’m doing is making a self-portrait in a peculiar kind of way.” – John Langley Howard John Langley Howard was widely considered a wanderer and a free spirit. While Howard did receive academic training from the California Guild of Arts and Crafts in Oakland and the Arts Students’ League in New York City, he chose to align himself with instructors whose opinions of art education matched his predetermined beliefs. These teachers included Kenneth Hayes Miller (1876-1952) who valued an analytical, bare bones approach to art instruction and supported greater personal development of intuitive talent. Howard expressed this viewpoint stating that: “I want everything to be meaningful in a descriptive way. I want expression and at the same time I want to control it down to a gnat’s eyebrow. I identify with my subject. I empathize with my subject” (Moss 62). In the 1920s, Howard became known as a Cezanne-influenced landscape artist and portraitist. Tempera, oil, and etching became his primary media while his subject matter turned to poetic and often spiritually infused imagery which would resurface later in his career. Earth tones and very small brushstrokes were utilized, allowing Howard to refine his images. Howard exhibited frequently with his brothers Charles Howard (1899-1978) and Robert Howard (1896-1983). Critic Jehanne Bietry wrote of their joint Galerie Beaux Arts show that: “of (the Howard brothers), John Langley is the poet, the mystic and the most complex…there predominates in his work a certain quality, an element of sentiment that escapes definition but is the unmistakable trait by which one recognizes deeper art” (Hailey 60). It is significant that a critic would accurately take note of Howard artistic aims at such an early stage because what Bietry describes ultimately became the primary focus of Howard’s career. Howard experienced a dramatic change in medium when he was commissioned to paint a mural for the Coit Tower WPA project in 1934. The project was Howard’s first and only mural and provided the artist with an outlet for his newly discovered Marxist social beliefs. While Howard supported a political agenda rather explicitly in his image, his focus on deeper subject matter permeates throughout the work. Most important to Howard is “the idea of human conflict that [he] pictorializes and deplores – man’s tragic flaw manifest again in this particular situation” (Nash 79). Howard’s work had progressed steadily into the realm of social realism until the backlash against the Coit Tower murals led him in a new direction. Howard abandoned explicit statements of social commentary and returned to his roots as a landscape painter. However, this did not prevent the artist from illustrating important issues because he then became one of the first “eco-artists.” Through his painting, Howard investigated the role of technology on the environment and used the San Francisco Bay Area as well as Monterey to demonstrate his point of view. He continued following his original artistic tendencies by delving into “magic realism” or “poetic realism” which utilized the spiritual connection that Howard sought to find within his work. Art critic Henrietta Shore recognized the balance that Howard achieved within his work, stating that he “is modern in that he is progressive, yet his work proves that he does not discard the traditions from which all fine art has grown” (Hailey 65). Overall, Howard’s career presents a unique portrait of individual expression and spiritual exploration. 1902 Born in Montclair, New Jersey 1920 Enrolls as an Engineering major at UC Berkeley 1922 Realizes he wants to be an artist 1923-24 Attends Art Students’ League in New York 1924 Leaves art school 1924 Marries first wife, Adeline Day 1927 First one-person exhibition held at The Modern Gallery, San Francisco 1928 First child, Samuel born 1930 Daughter Anne born 1934 Commissioned to Paint Coit Tower mural, San Francisco 1940 Studies ship drafting and worked as a ship drafter during World War II 1942 Serves as air raid warden in Mill Valley, CA 1949 Divorces his first wife 1950 Teaches at California School of Fine Arts, San Francisco 1951 Marries second wife, sculptor Blanche Phillips 1951 Moves to Mexico 1951 Paints The Rape of the Earth communicating his eco-friendly stance 1953-1965 Illustrates for Scientific American magazine 1958 Teaches at Pratt Institute Art School, Brooklyn, NY 1965 Moves to Hydra, Greece 1967 Moves to London 1970 Returns to California 1979 Blanche Phillips dies 1980 Marries Mary McMahon Williams 1999 Died in his sleep at home San Francisco, California California Palace of the Legion of Honor, CA City of San Francisco, CA IBM Building, New York, NY The Oakland Museum, CA The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA Security Pacific National Bank Headquarters, Los Angeles, CA Springfield Museum of Fine Arts University of Utah, UT 1927 Modern Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1928 Beaux Arts Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1928 East-West Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1928-51 San Franciso Art Association, CA 1935 Paul Elder Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1936 Cincinnati Art Museum, OH 1936 Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, Department of Fine Arts, Treasure Island, CA 1939 Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA 1941 Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 1943 Corcoran Gallery, Washington D.C. 1943 M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA 1946-47 Whitney Museum, NY 1947 Rotunda Gallery, City of Paris, San Francisco, CA 1952 Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 1956 Santa Barbara Museum of Art, CA 1973 Capricorn Asunder Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1974 Lawson Galleries, San Francisco, CA 1976 de Saisset Art Gallery and Museum, CA 1982 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Rental Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1983 California Academy of Sciences, CA 1983 Monterey Museum of Art, CA 1986 Charles Campbell Gallery, San Francisco, CA 1987 Martina Hamilton Gallery, NY 1988 Oakland Museum, CA 1989 Tobey C. Moss Gallery, CA 1991 M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA 1992 Tobey C. Moss Gallery, CA 1993 Tobey C. Moss Gallery, CA California Society of Mural Painters’ and Writers’ and Artists’ Union Carmel Art Association Club Beaux Arts San Francisco Art Association Society of Mural Painters Marin Society of Artists Monterey John Reed Club Anne Bremer Memorial Award for Painting, San Francisco Art Association First Prize, Pepsi-Cola Annual “Portrait of America” First Prize, San Francisco Art Association Award, City of San Francisco Art Festival Citation for Merit, Society of Illustrators, New York - 1. Aldrich, Linda. “John Langley Howard.” American Scene Painting: California, 1930s and 1940s. Irvine, Westphal Publishing: 1991. - 2. Hailey, Gene. “John Langley Howard…Biography and Works.” California Art Research Monographs, v. 17, p.54-92. San Francisco: Works Progress Administration: 1936-1937. - 3. Moss, Stacey. The Howards, First Family of Bay Area Modernism. Oakland Museum: 1988. - 4. Nash, Steven A. Facing Eden: 100 Years of Landscape Art in Bay Area. University of California Press: 1995. IX. WORKS FOR SALE BY THIS ARTIST

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The Geological Perspective On Global Warming: A Debate Dr Colin P. Summerhayes, Vice-President of the Geological Society of London Dear Dr Peiser, In the interest of contributing to the evidence-based debate on climate change I thought it would be constructive to draw to your attention the geological evidence regarding climate change, and what it means for the future. This evidence was published in November 2010 by the Geological Society of London in a document entitled “Climate Change: Evidence from the Geological Record”, which can be found on the Society’s web page. A variety of techniques is now available to document past levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, past global temperatures, past sea levels, and past levels of acidity in the ocean. What the record shows is this. The Earth’s climate has been cooling for the past 50 million years from 6-7°C above today’s global average temperatures to what we see now. That cooling led to the formation of ice caps on Antarctica 34 million years ago and in the northern hemisphere around 2.6 million years ago. The cooling was directly associated with a decline in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. In effect we moved from a warm “greenhouse climate” when CO2, temperature and sea level were high, and there were no ice caps, to an “icehouse climate” in which CO2, temperature and sea level are low, and there are ice caps. The driver of that change is the balance between the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere from volcanoes, and the mopping up of CO2 from the atmosphere by the weathering of rocks, especially in mountains. There was more volcanic activity in the past and there are more mountains now. Superimposed on this broad decline in CO2 and temperature are certain events. Around 55 million years ago there was a massive additional input of carbon into the atmosphere – about 4 times what humans have put there. It caused temperatures to rise by a further 6°C globally and 10°C at the poles. Sea level rose by some 15 metres. Deep ocean bottom waters became acid enough to dissolve carbonate sediments and kill off calcareous bottom dwelling organisms. It took over 100,000 years for the Earth to recover from this event. More recently, during the Pliocene, around 3 million years ago, CO2 rose to levels a little higher than today’s, global temperature rose to 2-3°C above today’s level, Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf melted, and sea level rose by 10-25 metres. The icehouse climate that characterised the past 2.6 million years averaged 9°C colder in the polar regions and 5°C colder globally. It was punctuated by short warm interglacial periods. We are living in one of these warm periods now – the Holocene – which started around 11,000 years ago. The glacial to interglacial variations are responses to slight changes in solar energy meeting the Earth’s surface with changes in: our planet’s orbit from circular to elliptical and back; the position of the Earth relative to the sun around the Earth’s orbit; and the tilt of the Earth’s axis. These changes recur on time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. CO2 plays a key role in these changes. As the Earth begins to warm after a cold period, sea ice melts allowing CO2 to emerge from the ocean into the atmosphere. There it acts to further warm the planet through a process known as positive feedback. The same goes for another greenhouse gas, methane, which is given off from wetlands that grow as the world warms. As a result the Earth moves much more rapidly from cold to warm than it does from warm to cold. We are currently in a cooling phase of this cycle, so the Earth should be cooling slightly. Evidently it is not. The Geological Society deduced that by adding CO2 to the atmosphere as we are now doing, we would be likely to replicate the conditions of those past times when natural emissions of CO2 warmed the world, melted ice in the polar regions, and caused sea level to rise and the oceans to become more acid. The numerical models of the climate system that are used by the meteorological community to predict the future give much the same result by considering modern climate variation alone. Thus we arrive at the same solution by two entirely independent methods. Under the circumstances the Society concluded that “emitting further large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere over time is likely to be unwise, uncomfortable though that fact may be.” Dr Colin P. Summerhayes Vice-President Geological Society of London and Emeritus Associate Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge. 8 February 2013 Professor Robert Carter and Professor Vincent Courtillot respond: Dear Dr Peiser, Thank you for your invitation on behalf of the Foundation to reply to Dr Summerhayes’ letter about geological evidence in relation to the hypothesis of dangerous anthropogenic global warming (DAGW) that is favoured by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We are in agreement with many of Dr Summerhayes’ preliminary remarks about the geological context of climate change. This reflects that a large measure of scientific agreement and shared interpretation exists amongst most scientists who consider the global warming issue. Points of commonality in the climate discussion include: * that climate has always changed and always will, * that Earth has often been warmer than it is today, and that its present climatic condition is that of a warm interglacial during a punctuated icehouse world, * that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and warms the lower atmosphere (though debate remains as to the magnitude and timescale of the warming), * that a portion of human emissions are accumulating in the atmosphere, * that a global warming of around 0.5°C occurred in the 20th century, but that there has been no global temperature rise over the last 16 years. The first two points are rooted in geological evidence (as discussed in more detail by Dr Summerhayes), the third is based upon physical principle and the last three are mostly matters of instrumental measurement (i.e. observation). Despite the disparate scientific disciplines involved, all these points are relevant to achieving a quantitative understanding of climate change, together with several other disputed scientific matters such as those that we discuss below. One of the disputed scientific matters is represented by Dr Summerhayes’ assertion that cooling over the last 34 million years “was directly associated with a decline in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere”. The word “associated” is ambiguous. It may simply mean that temperature and CO2 were correlated, in the sense that their trends were parallel. But as everyone knows correlation is not causality and whether one drives the other, or the two are driven by a third forcing factor, or the correlation is the result of chance, requires careful analysis and argument. Though it may be true that a broad correlation exists between atmospheric CO2 content and global temperature, at least on some timescales, it remains unclear whether the primary effect is one of increasing CO2 causing warming (via the greenhouse effect) or of warming causing CO2 increase (via outgassing from the ocean). We are familiar with the argument that the currently decreasing carbon isotope ratio in the atmosphere is consistent with a fossil fuel source for incremental CO2 increases, and therefore with the first of these two possibilities, but do not find it compelling because other natural sources (soil carbon, vegetation) also contribute isotopically negative carbon to the atmosphere. A second area of uncertainty, related to the point just discussed, is the rate, scope and direction of the various feedbacks that apply during a natural glacial-interglacial climatic cycle. Dr Summerhayes provides a confident, and perhaps plausible, account as to how changing insolation (controlled by orbital change), melting sea-ice and increasing CO2 and CH4 jointly drive the asymmetrical glacial-interglacial cycles that have characterised recent planetary history. However, our knowledge of the climate system and its history currently remains incomplete; some of the forcing mechanisms and feedbacks may not be known accurately, or even at all. For example, we do not yet know whether clouds exert a net warming or cooling effect on the climate. Similarly, variations in ultraviolet radiation and high-energy particle emission from the Sun, in atmospheric electricity and in galactic cosmic rays may all play larger roles in controlling climate change than is currently assumed, yet these effects are absent from most of the current generation of deterministic computer models of the future climate. The temperature projections made by these models may well be affected by our ignorance of the magnitude, the sign, or even the existence of some of the forcings and feedbacks that are actually involved. Thirdly, Dr Summerhayes also briefly discusses the issue of sea level change. He quotes an estimated increase of 15 m in sea level associated with a temperature increase of 6–10°C 55 million years ago. He then quotes a range of 10–25 m rise for a 2–3°C warming 3 million years ago. To this we might add the further examples of the 125 m sea level rise that has accompanied the 6°C temperature rise since the last glacial maximum, and the 0.2-m rise associated with the ~0.5°C 20th century warming. It appears from these examples that a 1°C temperature rise can be associated with a sea level rise of as little as 0.4 m or as much as 8 m, and all values in between! This indicates an uncertainty in our understanding of the temperature/CO2/sea-level connection that surely lessens its value for contributing to policy formulation. Figure 1. Temperature curve reconstructed from oxygen isotope measurements in a Greenland ice core over the last 10,000 years (Lappi 2010 after Alley,2000). Fourth, and last, Dr Summerhayes says that because orbitally-forced climate periodicity is currently in a cooling phase “the Earth should be cooling slightly. Evidently it is not”. The statement is tendentious, because whether Earth is seen to be cooling or warming depends upon the length of climate record that is considered. Trends over 1, 10, 100 or 1000 years are not the same thing, and their differences must be taken into account carefully. We reproduce two figures that may be used to demonstrate that Earth is currently not warming on either the longer-term millennial timescale (Figure 1) or the short-term decadal/meteorological timescale (Figure 2). We note also that on the intermediate centennial timescale (1850–2010) the temperature trend has been one of a slight (0.5°C) rise. In assessing which of these timescales is the “proper” one to consider in formulating climate policy, we observe that the results conveyed in Figure 2 have little scientific (and therefore policy) meaning unless they are assessed in the context of the data in Figure 1. Figure 2. Mean temperature of lower atmosphere: HadCRUT4 annual means 1997-2011 We acknowledge that the data in Figure 1, which are drawn from a Greenland ice core, represent regional rather than global climate. But a similar pattern of Holocene long-term cooling is seen in many other records from around the world, including from Antarctic ice cores. Also, evidence for a millenial solar cycle has been accumulating over the past years, and, representing that rhythm, the Medieval Warming (also called Medieval Climatic Optimum) appears to have been both global and also warmer than today’s climate. Regarding Figure 2, the data demonstrate that no warming has occurred since 1997. In response, some leading IPCC scientists have already acknowledged that should the temperature plateau continue, or turn into a statistically significant cooling trend, then the mainstream IPCC view will need revision. It is noteworthy, too, that over the 16 years during which global temperature has remained unchanged (1997-2012), atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 8%, from 364 ppm to c.394 ppm. Given a mixing time for the atmosphere of about 1 year, these data would invalidate the hypothesis that human-related carbon dioxide emissions are causing dangerous global warming. In any case, observed global temperatures are currently more remote than ever from the most recent predictions set out in IPCC AR4. The areas of uncertainty in the prevailing argument over DAGW are therefore not only geological but also instrumental and physical. Current debate, which needs to be resolved before climate policy is set, centres on the following three issues: * whether any definite evidence exists for dangerous warming of human causation over the last 50 years, * the amount of net warming that is, or will be, produced by human-related emissions (the climate sensitivity issue), and * whether the IPCC’s computer models can provide accurate climate predictions 100 years into the future. In assessing these issues, our null hypothesis is that the global climate changes that have occurred over the last 150 years (and continue to occur today) are mainly natural in origin. As summarised in the reports of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), literally thousands of papers published in refereed journals contain facts or writings consistent with this null hypothesis, and plausible natural explanations exist for all the post-1850 global climatic changes that have been described so far. In contrast, no direct evidence exists, and nor does the Geological Society point to any, that a measurable part of the mild late 20th century warming was definitely caused by human-related carbon dioxide emissions. The possibility of human-caused global warming nonetheless remains, because carbon dioxide is indubitably a greenhouse gas. The major unknown is the actual value of climate sensitivity, i.e. the amount of temperature increase that would result from doubling the atmospheric concentration of CO2 compared to pre-industrial levels. IPCC models estimate that water vapour increases the 1°C effect that would be seen in a dry atmosphere to 2.5-4.5°C, whereas widely cited papers by Lindzen & Choi (2011) and Spencer & Braswell (2010) both describe empirical data that is consistent with negative feedback, i.e. sensitivity less than 1°C. The conclusion that climate sensitivity is significantly less than argued by the IPCC is also supported by a range of other empirical or semi-empirical studies (e.g., Forster & Gregory, 2006; Aldrin et al., 2012; Ring et al., 2012). Gathering these various thoughts together, we conclude that the risk of occurrence of damaging human-caused global warming is but a small one within the much greater and proven risks of dangerous natural climate-related events (not to mention earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and landslides, since we are dealing here with geological topics). Moreover, the property damage and loss of life that occurred in the floods in the UK in 2007; in the 2005 Katrina and 2012 Sandy storms in the USA; and in deadly bushfires in Australia in 2009 and 2013 all attest that even wealthy and technologically sophisticated nations are often inadequately prepared to deal with climate-related hazard. The appropriate response to climate hazard is to treat it in the same way as other geological hazards. Which is to say that national policies are needed that are based on preparing for and adapting to all climate events as and when they happen, and irrespective of their presumed cause. Every country needs to develop its own understanding of, and plans to cope with, the unique combination of climate hazards that apply within its own boundaries. The planned responses should be based upon adaptation, with mitigation where appropriate to cushion citizens who are affected in an undesirable way. The idea that there can be a one-size-fits-all global solution to deal with just one possible aspect of future climate hazard, as recommended by the IPCC, and apparently supported by Dr Summerhayes on behalf of the Geological Society, fails to deal with the real climate and climate-related hazards to which all parts of the world are episodically exposed. Professor Robert (Bob) Carter Professor Vincent Courtillot 14 February 2013 Aldrin, M. et al. 2012. Bayesian estimation of climate sensitivity based on a simple climate model fitted to observations on hemispheric temperature and global ocean heat content. Environmetrics, doi:10.1002/env.2140. Alley, R.B. 2000. The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 213–226 Forster, P.M. & Gregory, J.M. 2006. The climate sensitivity and its components diagnosed from Earth radiation budget data. Journal of Climate 19, 39-52. Lappi, D. 2010. 65 million years of cooling Lindzen, R.S. & Choi, Y-S. 2011. On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 47, 377-390. Ring, M.J. et al. 2012. Causes of the global warming observed since the 19th century. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2, 401-415. Spencer R. W. & Braswell, W.D. 2010. On the diagnosis of radiative feedback in the presence of unknown radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, D16109.

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Chinese orbital docking starts long march to space station US commie hunt jumpstarted taikonaut takeoff China has successfully launched an unmanned capsule into orbit and is beginning to maneuver it into place for the nation’s first orbital docking. State media reports that a Shenzhou-8 capsule successfully blasted off from China’s launch platform in the Gobi desert atop an upgraded Long March-2F rocket, watched by Chinese vice premier Zhang Dejiang. It was successfully inserted into its planned orbit, and ground control is now beginning to shift it into position to dock with the Tiangong-1 – "Heavenly Palace-1" – module that has been in orbit since September. If all goes to plan, the capsule will perform China’s first space docking in two days’ time, 343km above the planet’s surface. After a number of practice docking maneuvers, the capsule will then return to earth for examination and testing. Successful docking will be crucial if China is to reach its goal of putting a space station into orbit by 2020. Under the plans that are currently public, the station will be a small affair in comparison to the International Space Station or the de-orbited Soviet Mir platform – but out of tiny acorns mighty oak trees grow. In pure technology terms, the Chinese space program looks relatively unsophisticated. After all, US astronaut Neil Armstrong managed the first space docking in 1966 during the Gemini 8 mission. The Soviets managed it in 1969, and by 1975 the two countries were docking with each other’s crafts. It wasn’t until 1970 that China even got a satellite into orbit – although it’s now been selling orbital delivery to other countries for over 25 years. The Middle Kingdom wouldn’t have made it this far if it hadn’t been for the 1950s McCarthy-era panic over communist infiltration in America. Qian Xuesen, one of America’s foremost rocket engineers in the 1930s and 1940s, and cofounder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the US, was arrested in the US after visiting his parents on mainland China in 1950. Accused on the flimsiest of evidence of being a communist, and despite the strong efforts of his university, Caltech, Qian was deported to China in 1955. Qian, who died at the age of 98 in 2009, is hailed as the father of Chinese rocketry, and was his country's first – and originally only – rocket engineer. He built a group of engineers on his return to China, and helped develop a variety of military systems, including the Silkworm anti-ship missile, as well as building China’s successful Long March boosters. ®

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Authorities in Japan have evacuated the area around a nuclear power plant after its reactor's cooling system failed following Friday's massive earthquake. Pressure began building overnight at the Fukushima Daiichi plant north of Tokyo, prompting officials to consider venting radioactive vapor on Saturday. The situation has prompted analysts to debate whether nuclear power is safe to use in earthquake-prone regions. Japan has 55 nuclear power plants that produce nearly one-third of the country’s electrical output. Its also lies in one of the most seismically active zones in the world, known as the Pacific Ring of Fire. Nuclear waste specialist Kevin Kamps at nuclear watchdog Beyond Nuclear says these two factors put Japan at a big risk. "An earthquake that damages multiple levels of the safety systems can lead to a troubled situation very quickly." Kamps said the worst case scenario for the Fukushima Daiichi plant would be what happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine in 1986, when the radioactivity escaped to the outside environment, causing environmental and health hazards across portions of Europe. He said Japan should consider other energy options. "There are much safer sources of electricity; renewables, like wind and solar, could not suffer catastrophic disasters like this that endanger entire regions with hazardous radioactive releases." Analyst Jeremy Gordon with the World Nuclear Association, however, said overall the situation is not one in which Japan would need to abandon this major source of electricity. He said Japan's nuclear plants are built with multiple safety layers and earthquakes in mind. "The engineering standard goes so far beyond what you would ever expect, and the regulations go far beyond what you would ever expect. The end result is that the power plants are extremely robust." Gordon said a powerful earthquake that struck the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant in 2007 is an example of the effectiveness of nuclear power plant safety measures. "They were hit really hard and there was damage within the plant and it took a long time to repair everything. But the safety system stayed in place and there was no nuclear risk from that earthquake." Kamps said the Fukushima Daiichi situation, though, should be a wake-up call to the Japanese government and the world about the dangers of nuclear power plants. This can include radiological contamination of the environment and genetic damage, cancer and a wide spectrum of disease within people. "A nuclear disaster anywhere is a nuclear disaster everywhere. We saw that at Chernobyl with significant nuclear fallout blanketing Europe in all directions for many hundreds of miles. We even saw fallout here in the United States," said Kamps. But Gordon believes Japan has no other sustainable energy options. "It's been using nuclear power since 1966 and its main reason for doing that is because it doesn’t have any energy resources of its own at home. It doesn't have coal. It doesn't have gas. So it needs a sustainable and controllable domestic source of energy." Greenpeace nuclear policy analyst Jim Riccio says the consequences of nuclear power need to be considered. "I think it's a good reminder, we've been focusing a lot lately on the downsides of nuclear in terms of its finances, there are other downsides beside the financial downside, potential for a meltdown and I think it should give people pause before they pursue new reactors here in the United States and around the world." The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates that 20 percent of the world's nuclear reactors are in areas of significant seismic activity.

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Volvo is working on an animal detection system to help make its cars safer in rural areas. The new system uses the same radar and camera technology as Volvo's Pedestrian Detection with Full Auto Brake application, which is available on its: •XC70 • S80 A warning sounds if an animal is detected on the road ahead, and if the driver fails to act, the car’ brakes are applied to either bring the vehicle to a halt or slow it down significantly. Volvo says that, in Sweden alone, more than 40,000 accidents involving wild animals are reported every year. Most collisions with animals happen at dawn, dusk, or during dark winter months, so the new system is being developed with full functionality in these conditions. Volvo’ engineers also plan to 'teach' the system to recognise different animals. As part of the process, a team spent time at a safari park recording film sequences and the behavioural patterns of moose and deer. This is to help ensure the system responds to large animals – such as horses and deer – that pose the greatest risk to drivers and passengers. A launch date has yet to be confirmed. Our reviews are based on hard data and thorough testing in the real world. Up to the minute news from around the globe

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|Life depends on an essentially continuous exchange of mass and energy between living organisms and their environment. Human impact on this vital exchange has occurred on a global or macroclimate scale. Understanding the physical principles involved in heat transfer and absorption in the atmosphere is critical to understanding how these physical factors affect living organisms. The specific objectives of this section are to explain the properties of heat transfer, and to describe laboratory activities that can be used at a variety of academic levels with only slight Described below are three series of experiments performed in the laboratory to address questions that emphasize the underlying principles of heat transfer. These hands-on experiments focused on principles that relate to conduction and convection. The object was to identify the method of heat transfer through solids, liquids, gases, and between boundaries. Understanding these concepts gave us a better understanding of how heat is transferred between our environment and living organisms. These experiments were used as an integral part of the workshop, which consisted of reflections on redesigning or modifying lab exercises to fit personal needs of workshop teachers. These exercises could be adapted for middle school, high school, and college level courses. The methods utilized for the three experiments involved increasing or decreasing the temperature of a solid or liquid, and where applicable, observing the motion of a dye caused by the changes in temperature and density of the medium. |Modes of Heat Transfer: - Conduction: heat transfer resulting from direct contact between substances of different temperatures; heat is transferred from the high-temperature substance to the low by direct molecular - Convection: heat transport by a moving fluid (gas of liquid). The heat is first transferred to the fluid by conduction, but the fluid motion carries the heat away. - Radiative exchange: heat transfer via electromagnetic waves, the amount of radiant energy emitted, transmitted, or (Figure from Microsoft Encarta) Return to Top Laboratory Apparatus for Labs 1-3 |Lab 1: Heating from Below: Convection In this experiment, water was heated from below to produce convection. Although the atmosphere is composed of air, this experiment was relevant to atmospheric motion as well. The lower atmosphere (troposphere) is mostly heated from below because the oceans and continents absorb radiation from the sun and then transfer some of the resulting heat energy to the lower atmosphere. In Lab 1, a beaker was heated (see figure below). Thermometers were placed in 1/2 cm below water surface and 1/2 cm above the bottom of the beaker. The temperature was recorded at 30 second intervals. Drops of dye were added to the bottom of the beaker between intervals. After three minutes the beaker was removed from the hot plate and temperature reading recorded for another five minutes. Convection was visualized by observing the motion of the The motion of the dye was circular from bottom to top and returning to the bottom of the beaker. The energy from heating created a less dense liquid at the bottom, thus causing the upward motion of the dye. Upon reaching the surface, the dye was now in the denser medium and therefore returned to the bottom. This motion is an example of convection. This phenomenon is evident in the motion of wind. The difference in densities and kinetic movement of the water molecules driven by temperature change resulted in the movement of air molecules. This lab can be used at lower levels to demonstrate simple properties of heat transfer and convection. At higher levels, this lab illustrates these basic principles, and could be extended to address more complex applications related to convection such as the Coriolis 1. Explain the process by which the water is heated. 2. Describe the motion of the water as made visible by the 3. Why does convection occur? 4. Did convection cease? When? Why? Environmental Applications of Principles of Radiative Exchange, Conduction and Convection (Figure from E. Zerba, Princeton University; [email protected]) Return to Top |Lab 2: Conduction Comparison of this experiment with the first illustrated the difference between the rate of heat transfer by conduction and that of convection. It also illustrated the difference in heat capacities between water and the solid materials of the Lab 2 was configured similarly to Lab 1, but looked at the effect of heating and cooling temperature difference using sand of equal weight as water used in experiment 1. No dye was used in this experiment, as convection was not a The temperature difference between the top and bottom layers of sand indicated that sand heats and cools at a faster rate compared to water. When the beaker was removed from the heat, the temperature continued to increase via conduction from the bottom of the beaker. This lab exercise is useful for demonstrating the concept of conduction to lower level students. Upper level students can use this lab to make the connections between conduction and heat capacity of various substances related to heat transfer that occurs between the earth's surfaces and the surface of living organisms. 1. Is there any convection in the sand? Explain. 2. Why did the temperature recorded by the lower thermometer continue to rise dramatically after the heating ceased? 3. On the basis of heat capacity, explain why the temperature changes for the sand and water were different. 4. Using what you have observed in the two experiments, predict whether a cold front will lower temperatures more at inland locations or on the coast. Explain your answer. Return to Top |Lab 3: Cooling From Above In lakes and oceans, convection is generally the result of cooling from above rather than heating from below. This was demonstrated by adding ice to the water. Using an experimental setup that allowed measurement of temperature at the top and the bottom of a beaker of water, ice was added to the top of the beaker. This experiment illustrated the concept that at 4 °C, water has higher density and sinks. Convection was visualized by the movement of dye added to the bottom of the beaker which was displaced by the cooler more dense water. This lab demonstrates several physical principles associated with heat transfer, including density, kinetic molecular theory, and convection. On a larger scale, this laboratory exercise demonstrates the process by which seasonal turnovers occur in ponds and lakes. At lower levels, teachers may choose to discuss physical principles of heat transfer only, while at upper levels, teachers may choose to integrate this small-scale investigation with the study of climate processes and lake nutrient stratification and mixing. 1. Why does ice float? 2. Is there any evidence of convection? Why does or does it not occur? 3. Draw a diagram to explain how seasonal turnover occurs in a Return to Top to The Passerine Birds home

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Introduction to Enzymes The following has been excerpted from a very popular Worthington publication which was originally published in 1972 as the Manual of Clinical Enzyme Measurements. While some of the presentation may seem somewhat dated, the basic concepts are still helpful for researchers who must use enzymes but who have little background in enzymology. Enzyme Kinetics: Energy Levels Chemists have known for almost a century that for most chemical reactions to proceed, some form of energy is needed. They have termed this quantity of energy, "the energy of activation." It is the magnitude of the activation energy which determines just how fast the reaction will proceed. It is believed that enzymes lower the activation energy for the reaction they are catalyzing. Figure 3 illustrates this concept. The enzyme is thought to reduce the "path" of the reaction. This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product. Given a total amount of available energy, more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened "path") than when it is absent. Hence, the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time.

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Origin: Ger < dial. form of rücken, the back (see ridge) + sack < OHG sac (see sack) See rucksack in American Heritage Dictionary 4 Origin: : dialectal Ruck, back (from Middle High German rück, ruck, from Old High German hrukki; see sker-2 in Indo-European roots) Origin: + Sack, sack (from Middle High German sac, from Old High German, from Latin saccus; see sack1). Learn more about rucksack

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AP U.S. History Doing the DBQ: In-class practice Read the directions at the top of the page and the question. Think about the question, then read it again. Pay attention to the language of the question and consider what it requires you to do. BEFORE READING THE DOCUMENTS, MAKE A LIST OF FACTS YOU KNOW THAT ARE RELEVANT TO THE QUESTION AND TIME PERIOD. This is your outside information. You have fifteen minutes to read the documents. As you read, underline significant passages and make marginal notes, particularly including facts NOT in the documents but relevant to them and the question. After reading the documents, re-read the question and be sure you understand what it asks you to do. Go back to the question as often as necessary to keep the central issue or issues in mind. Group the documents into as many as three groups or according to the criteria posed by the question. BE AWARE OF CHANGE OVER TIME. This may be an alternative to the organization suggested by the question. If you cannot categorize a document, omit it for the time being. Based on your understanding of the question and the documents, draft a thesis statement – just a statement with a framework – don’t worry about background now. Create an outline for the thesis, noting which documents you will use in each paragraph. Add outside information from your notes to the outline in appropriate places. Each paragraph must have outside information. If you do not have enough outside information, think harder about the subject of the question, the time period and/or the documents. Reconsider the documents you could not classify earlier; can you now fit them into the organizational system you have created for the question? If not, omit them. Draft a complete thesis paragraph for a potential essay. Include content- relevant background information. Draft a topic sentence for each paragraph and list the documents and outside information you would use in each. Be ready to explain your choices to the class tomorrow.

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The Beer House Having thus far cultivated the bog-trotter by washing and currying his person, forming his movements, refining his manners, and giving him some ideas of delicacy of behaviour, it now remained to introduce him in a knowledge of politics; and for this purpose, as he could not read the Gazettes, or other publications, it became necessary to give him the opportunity of oral information on political questions: and as attending the debates of congress, and hearing only in the galleries, would not put it in his power to join occasionally, in the debates, and exercise himself in speaking; the attending private clubs, or spending evenings occasionally at beer houses, seemed the more eligible means to be adopted Accordingly, an evening after this, the Captain taking him to a beer house, and occupying a bench, called for a mug of ale, and bade Teague attend to the conversations that were going forward. The redemption of what are called certificates was at that time the subject of debate. It is well known to the readers of the present day in America, but which perhaps will not be so well understood when this work comes to be read an hundred years hence, that the United States, having incurred debts during the war with Great Britain, and being unable at that time to discharge them, could only give certificates of the respective sums due to the several creditors: these they did give to the soldiers of their army, to those from whom they had purchased articles, or who had rendered any service: The prospect not being immediate of the public being in a condition of taking up these, and the necessity of may of the holders pressing, they had transferred their right in the certificates for a fourth, fifth, or sixth of their nominal value; in some cases, at a much lower rate. --The question was, whether, under these circumstances, the original holder should be bound by the contract, and transferee ought to take the whole sum from the public. It was stated on one side, that it was the folly of the holder to make the contract. There was no fraud or imposition in the case; what he did was with his eyes open. There was no undue advantage on the part of the purchaser, for he took no more than the place of the holder; and the bargain was fair and equal on both sides. The one had a present certainty which he preferred: the other an uncertainty of a greater sum, of which he chose to run the risk. The purchaser who gave credit to the bills of the states, stood in a better point of view than the holder, who distrusting payment, had parted with them. On the other side it was contended, that the certificates being only the evidence of the debt, the receiving that was no payment; that real service was rendered, and real payment should be made; that the purchaser discovered a distrust of the credit of the government as well as the holder, in not giving the full value, and therefore stood on no better ground; that from the prevailing ideas under which these contracts were made, the holder did conceive himself parting with these securities at an under value, and the purchaser, as obtaining them at that rate, but neither had an idea that the loss on the one hand, or the advantage on the other, could be so great as on the principle of the provision made for the discharge of the public debt it had come to be; that for these and other reasons measures ought to have been adopted of a discrimination between the original holders and the transferees. Teague had listened attentively, and, contrary to the injunction of the Captain, with his mouth open. He would willingly have taken a part in the debates, but the Captain, thinking the subject too abstruse to begin with, did not seem to approve of it, and shaking his head, repressed the disposition of the bog-trotter. The next topic of argument was that of the assumption of the state debts. In order to understand this, we must state, that, in carrying on the war against Great Britain, contracts were made, and debts incurred, on the faith of the confederate states, by their representatives in congress, and this was called the continental debt. At the same time, contracts were made and debts incurred, on the faith of individual states, by their representatives in the state legislature, and this was called the state debt. This whole debt, continental and state, had been thrown into one mass, and the payment assumed by the Congress. The policy of this measure was now canvassed. On the one side it was contended, that as the whole debt, continental or state, was payable by the United States, each state paying the quota apportioned by the resolves of the former congress, and having credit for what state debt contracted on account of the war, was over or beyond this quota, the question was no more than this, whether the ways and means of raising money for the discharge of its proportion of the state debt, should remain with any state, as was before in the case of furnishing its quota; or whether the United States, assuming the debt in the first instance, should take upon themselves to discharge the whole; that it came to the same thing, as the debt was payable by the whole, and the only question was, with whom it should lie to devise ways and means, to discharge it; that the system of finance became more simple, when the United States assumed the whole, and provided for the payment by ways and means of their own at once; that it would contribute to the energy and secure the establishment of the federal government, to have that government the immediate debtor of the whole amount. To this was answered, that each state was a better judge of the ways and means, within itself, for the raising money to discharge its debt; and while the United States, now having command of the imposts, should necessarily take upon them to collect and provide for the discharge of the continental debt, properly so called; yet it might be left with each state as before, to collect and pay over what is called the state debt; receiving credit from the United States, and having a right to draw from thence, any overplus of that proportion which by the resolves of the former congress they ought to pay of the whole debt. The Captain thinking this subject also above the comprehension of the Irishman, was not willing that he should speak yet. The next topic was that of the incorporation of the bank of the United States, some contending that no power was given by the constitution to the general government to incorporate banks; others asserting, though not expressly, yet under the article of paying debts, &c. and making laws necessary for that purpose, it was by implication given. The Captain thought this also above the reach of Teague, and obliged him to be silent. The next subject of argument was the policy of the war carrying on against the Indians. By some it was contended that an Indian was a good creature, simple and inoffensive, like a young child; that you might put your finger in his mouth and he would not bite; that by speaking softly and kindly, and giving him victuals and drink, and leggins, and breech-clouts, and blankets, you might do what you please with him; that when you gave him ammunition and fire-arms, he would go out and kill turkies, and shoot down squirrels, and bring you in a deer now and then; and there was no such thing as an Indian stealing a horse, or burning a house, or taking a scalp, unless you had first stolen his horse, or burnt his house, or taken his scalp; that when you made a treaty with these people, they had such a love of Justice, such a sense of honour, such a perfect command of themselves, and their young men, that there was no danger of their departing from the treaty. On the other hand it was advanced, that, as a savage differed little from a beast of prey; a wolf, or a panther of the woods; was rude, his passions violent, attached to no farm, cultivating no art; his only amusement or sense of honour war, or hunting, the image of war; his sense of Justice little, his sense of honour none at all; no government in his state of society; no security for individual or national engagements; that fear pervading the mass, by reaching the feelings, and apprehensions of each individual was the only principle by which they could be governed; that instead of giving goods, as heretofore, it became us to retaliate by a heavy war. Such were the arguments on each side of this question; when the Captain looking at Teague, and observing that he was anxious to advance his opinion, assenting with a bow, or inclination of his head, he seemed to signify that he might speak. But before we hear him, it will be necessary to observe, that during the preceding arguments, the company had taken notice of him, as he sat beside the Captain with a mug of beer before them; and had wondered in their own minds who he could be; for though he was a little brushed up by this time, as may be supposed, having been at the levee, and taught to dance, and received lessons of delicacy; nevertheless, there was still and uncouthness in his appearance that could not be all at once shaken off. He therefore the more easily engaged attention, when raising his voice, he began as follows: Plase your anours, said he, I have heard of dese Indians, when I was tratting wid de Captain my master.-- I came acrass one odem, who affered a hundred dallars for my scoolp; he was going to a traty here abouts. But my good master de Captain took my part, and didnt let him take it aff; de vile savages! O! I have heard of dese Indians, plase your anours, dey come out of de woods, and stale shape, like de rabbers in Ireland, and burn houses, and take scoolps; trade wid dese! I would trate wid dem, wid a good shelelah, or tomahawk to break der heads. Give dem goods! by Shaint Patrick, I would give dem a good bullet hole in deir faces; or shoot dem trough de backside for deir pains. If I was in Cangress, and God love your shouls, I wish you would put me dere, I would make a law to coot dem aff, every one odem. O! if my uncle Phelim, and my cousins Dennis and Dermot, and my brother Murtock, and de oder boys was here, we would chase dem, as you would chase one of deir own shape; and keep dem aff de country, and send dem home to ate paratoes. God love your shouls, raise a good party and go out upon dem, and bring dem to de coort, and not let dem be staling shape, and taking scoolps from de poor people. You tink to plase dem, by spaking good words to dem. Spake a good cudgel upon der heads, and bid dem be asy dear honies, and keep at deir homes, and plant paratoes, and be hangd in deir own country; plase your anours. Trate wid dem! Trate wid de wolves or de bears, dat roon troo de woods: I would trate wid a good knock in deir troat, and be doon wid dem. From the manner in which he spoke, of having been in danger of losing his scalp, and the Captain rescuing him, it was understood that he had been in a campaign against the Indians, and his fervour was excused, and thought natural. Those particularly who were for using force against the savages, thought the Irish gentleman had spoken very well. Encouraged with this success, the bog-trotter was confirmed in his opinion, that he was fit for any political appointment; and the Captain himself, began to entertain better hopes of his advances than he had yet done.

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Karst diagram courtesy of Vancouver Island University. Although the Cowling Arboretum does not exhibit any karst topography, much of Southern Minnesota does. Karst is a geological feature formed by the dissolution of soluble bedrock such as carbonates like limestone and dolostone. Karst formations lead to the formations of caves, disappearing streams, underground streams, sinkholes and other landforms in Southern Minnesota. The longest cave system in the world, the Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System in Kentucky was formed through the dissolution of carbonate rocks in its karst area. Karst country in Southern Minnesota coincides with the Driftless Area that covers Southeastern Minnesota, Northwestern Iowa and Western Wisconsin. Glacial drift no younger than 500,000 years old has been discovered in Southern Minnesota Driftless Area, meaning it has not been glaciated in that time. Other geologists believe that the Driftless Area has not been glaciated in at least 2 million years. However, the Driftless Area has been subject to glacial lake outburst floods when titanic lakes like proglacial Lake Duluth began to cataclysmically drain about 9,500 years ago. Karst forms when slightly acidic water meets a weakly soluble carbonate rock. Rainwater acidifies ever so slightly as it passes through the atmosphere and takes up CO2. As rainwater travels through the soil it picks up more CO2 and forms a weak carbonic acid solution, which readily dissolves carbonate rocks over time. Limestone is removed from the site in the form of calcium and bicarbonate. A good way to spot a karst sinkhole in Southern Minnesota is to look for a tree covered area in the middle of a farmer’s field that she is wise not to plow. - Callum McCulloch '15, for the Cole Student Naturalists

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April 23, 2013 Last Monday, April 15, the National Museum of Natural History actually did come to life after hours. Not with mummies or miniature armies, of course, but with a small group of volunteers, a bunch of fancy-looking equipment and two guys at the forefront of museum digitization. Adam Metallo and Vince Rossi, of the 3D Lab in the Smithsonian’s Digitization Program Office, work with laser scanners to create high resolution, three-dimensional digital models of objects and places around the Smithsonian Institution. Last week, they teamed up with curators at the Natural History Museum for the second of two nights of scanning the Dinosaur Hall, the museum’s iconic galleries that house prehistoric fossils from the ancient seas through the Ice Age. The hall is scheduled to close in 2014 for a ground-up, multi-year renovation, so Metallo and Rossi, dubbed the “Laser Cowboys” by their colleagues, were brought in to capture the hall’s present arrangement before all the fossils are removed. “The main purpose of 3D scanning an exhibit like this is to have an archive of what an exhibit of this era might have looked,” Metallo says. “This is a documentation for folks in the future to know what a museum experience here was like.” The scanning has immediate uses as well. With accurate digital 3D models of T-Rex and his friends’ skeletons, curators and designers will have a much easier time envisioning the exhibition’s future iterations and testing out ideas for optimal arrangements. Paleontologists, too, will suddenly have access to fossils anytime, anywhere. “There’s one specimen that’s on display two stories up in the air,” Metallo says. “Now, instead of a researcher having to get up on a scissor lift to look at it, we can just email him the digital model.” And if digital models aren’t enough, 3D scanning might soon allow anyone interested in fossils to get even closer to the real thing. “We’re seeing a real democratization of 3D printing along with 3D scanning,” says Rossi. “There are apps for iPhones that allow you to use a camera as a 3D scanning device. Pretty much any museum visitor could create a pretty decent model of a museum object, and potentially take that through a 3D printer. There’s still a fair amount of expertise required at the moment, but it’s going to be a lot more user-friendly in the next two or three years.” In other words, it’s not inconceivable that you could print out your own stegosaurus skeleton for your living room on your home 3D printer someday. Ultimately, Rossi and Metallo dream of digitizing all 137 million of the objects in the Smithsonian’s collections. Because only two percent of the objects are displayed in the Institution’s museums at any time—and many people never have the chance to see even those in person—precise replicas could be printed and sent to local museums across the country, or viewed digitally on a computer screen anywhere in the world. As for future of the Dino Hall, Matthew Carrano, the museum’s curator of dinosauria, says his team is still in the early stages of planning exactly how the exhibit will look when it reopens in 2019, but that it definitely will strive to incorporate humans into the dinosaurs’ story. “The biggest thing I hope for in the new hall is that a visitor comes here and is inspired, amazed and interested in the history of life on earth, and understands that this history is still relevant to them today, and to the world today,” he explains. “There are problems we face as human beings that paleontology can help address. Dinosaurs didn’t exist by themselves; they were part of environments and ecosystems just like we are today. And that connection is really important to everything we’re going to show in this hall.” To learn more about 3D scanning and printing at Smithsonian, check out Metallo and Rossi’s Facebook page, and follow them on twitter @3D_Digi_SI. To learn more about dinosaurs, check out the Natural History Museum’s dinosaur page. March 29, 2013 Thousands of years old, the ceramics of Central America tell us a great deal about the societies who made them. Religious beliefs, gender dynamics, societal hierarchies–all of this lies encoded in the sculptural and pictorial choices of the people who made the more than 160 objects that comprise the American Indian Museum’s new exhibition, “Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed,” opening March 29 in Washington, D.C. Sponsored by both the museum and the Smithsonian’s Latino Center, the new bilingual exhibition is supported by more than two years of research and a thorough investigation of the American Indian Museum’s archaeological collections, some 12,000 pieces from the region, many of which have never been displayed in public. The show seeks to display the diversity of not only the objects, but also the cultures of Central America, and showcases 160 works crafted from gold, jade, copper, marble, shell and stone and dating from 1,000 B.C. to the present. Kevin Gover, the museum’s director and Eduardo Díaz, the director of the Latino Center, write that the materials, “testify to the complexity of long-lived governments and social systems, and to the importance and sophistication of the art and science in the communities where they were made. They speak of the patience, sensitivity, and innovation of their makers.” The exhibition will be open through February 1, 2015 at the American Indian Museum. March 8, 2013 When Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon in 539 B.C., he encountered the same problem many political leaders face today: How do rulers keep the peace? Cyrus, the King of Persia, was in the midst of building the largest empire that the world had ever seen. By his death in 530 B.C., his reign would extend from present-day Turkey to India. For Cyrus, establishing control over vast miles of land with peoples of different cultures, languages and faiths created numerous obstacles in unifying his kingdom. The king sought order, not more war. “It is the first time anyone has had to address that challenge,” says Neil MacGregor, director of London’s British Museum. “As well as a transport system, as well as an economic system, as well as an administration, you need to have policy, an ideal of what you’re trying to do to control this empire,” he adds. Cyrus’s solution can be found today on a football-shaped cylinder of baked clay: give people the freedom to practice whatever religion they please. The Cyrus Cylinder, one of the most significant archaeological artifacts in history, travels here from the British Museum and makes its United States debut on Saturday, March 9, 2013, at the Sackler Gallery. Inscribed with cuneiform, one of the earliest known scripts, the text denounces Nabonidus, the displaced Babylonian King, and boasts of liberating Cyrus’s newly conquered people from religious persecution by restoring their temples, their temple goods and their ceremonial vessels; and sending prisoners and the enslaved home to worship their own gods. ”[I] returned [the people] to their settlements, and the gods of the land . . . I returned them unharmed to their cells, in the sanctuaries that make them happy,” Cyrus declares in the text. “I have enabled all the lands to live in peace.” (See the full translation here.) Cyrus’s tolerant approach has had a lasting impact. According to MacGregor, “For Europeans and Americans in the 18th century, there is only one political problem: How do you avoid the wars of religion that had devastated Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries? How do you create a state where people don’t kill each other for their faith? Everybody goes back to Cyrus.” The exhibition entitled, “The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia,” features quotes and historical artifacts that trace the generations of political thinkers inspired by Cyrus’s philosophy. Thomas Jefferson studied the life of Cyrus; he owned two copies of a biography of the king. Julien Raby, director of the Sackler Gallery, hopes the exhibit will encourage visitors to appreciate how different cultures learn to value objects in different ways. “There isn’t a single story,” he explains. “It’s actually about looking at the way in which we constantly reinterpret, the way that different eras and different agendas take objects and project onto them.” MacGregor thinks Cyrus’s legacy is particularly important today. “We are confronting in every one of our cities, in Europe and in America, a new kind of diversity—people of different ethnicities, languages, faiths, traditions trying to live together,” he says. “We don’t really have a model for this. But we all know that somebody once did.” “The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia” is on view at the Sackler Gallery from March 9 to April 28, before making a nation-wide tour. For a list of locations and dates, visit the exhibition’s website. To learn more about the cylinder itself, watch MacGregor detail its history and significance in a 2011 TED talk, “2,600 Years of History in One Object.”

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for all who make decisions that affect the mathematics education of students in pre-kindergarten through grade 12” (p. ix). NCTM is an organization of over 110,000 mathematics educators concerned with pre-K–12 mathematics education. This update of the NCTM's three previously developed sets of standards for curriculum, teaching, and assessment is intended to establish a curriculum framework to bring focus and coherence to K–12 mathematics. The document was developed through an extensive and inclusive process that engaged a wide spectrum of experts on issues concerning mathematics education. As such, Principles and Standards represents a negotiated position about appropriate content for school mathematics to which educators should give careful consideration. The developers offer the standards as a guide for ensuring quality, developing goals, and promoting change by suggesting common language, examples, and recommendations to engage people at state, provincial and local levels in conversations about mathematics education. The document is intended to (p. 6): Set forth a comprehensive and coherent set of goals for mathematics for all students that will orient curricular, teaching, and assessment efforts. Serve as a resource for teachers, education leaders, and policymakers to use in examining and improving the quality of mathematics instructional programs. Guide the development of curricular frameworks, assessments, and instructional materials. Stimulate ideas and ongoing conversations about how best to help students gain a deep understanding of important mathematics. Principles and Standards is built on the following vision (p. 5): In this changing world, those who understand and can do mathematics will have significantly enhanced opportunities and options for shaping their futures. Mathematical competence opens doors to productive futures. A lack of mathematical competence keeps those doors closed. NCTM challenges the assumption that mathematics is only for the select few. On the contrary, everyone needs to understand mathematics. All students should have the opportunity and the support necessary to learn significant mathematics with depth and understanding. There is no conflict between equity and excellence. To fulfill this vision, the document describes what mathematics in pre-K–12 school programs should look like including how mathematical ideas should be developed across five content areas and five process domains. The standards present a deeper look at the mathematics within each of four grade-level bands, pre-K–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–12; they also suggest how mathematics should grow

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from A Child’s Garden of Verses by Robert Louis Stevenson Great is the sun, and wide he goes Through empty heaven with repose; And in the blue and glowing days More thick than rain he showers his rays. Though closer still the blinds we pull To keep the shady parlour cool, Yet he will find a chink or two To slip his golden fingers through. The dusty attic spider-clad He, through the keyhole, maketh glad; And through the broken edge of tiles Into the laddered hay-loft smiles. Meantime his golden face around He bares to all the garden ground, And sheds a warm and glittering look Among the ivy's inmost nook. Above the hills, along the blue, Round the bright air with footing true, To please the child, to paint the rose, The gardener of the World, he goes. Help your child make a picture of your family or friends and what you can do outside in the summer. Draw the pictures, color, or cut pictures from magazines.

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How are HBSLs Used? Concentrations of contaminants in water are compared to human-health benchmarks in screening-level assessments to provide an initial perspective on the potential relevance of detected contaminants to human health and to help prioritize further investigations. Two human-health benchmarks are used in USGS screening-level assessments: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and USGS's Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs). Concentrations of regulated contaminants (those with MCLs) are compared to their MCLs and concentrations of unregulated contaminants (those without MCLs) are compared to their HBSLs, when available. See "Guidance on Use of Benchmarks in Screening-Level Assessments" and SIR 2007-5106 for more information. Comparisons of measured contaminant concentrations in water to MCLs and HBSLs are useful for local, State, and Federal water-resource managers and others charged with protecting and managing drinking-water resources. For example, these comparisons can indicate when measured concentrations may be of potential human-health concern and can provide an early indication of when contaminant concentrations in ambient water resources may warrant further study or monitoring.

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June 22, 1976. North Atlantic. At 21:13 GMT a pale orange glow behind a bank of towering cumulus to the west was observed. Two minutes later a white disc was observed while the glow from behind the cloud persisted. High probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using 3-dimensional artificial scalar wave? Fourier expansions? as the interferers. Marine Observer. 47(256), Apr. 1977. p. 66-68. "Unidentified phenomenon, off Barbados, West Indies." August 22, 1969. West Indies. Luminous area bearing 310 degrees grew in size and rose in altitude, then turned into an arch or crescent. High probability that this may have been caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? ((Fourier expansions.)) Marine Observer. 40(229), July, 1970. p. 107-108. "Optical phenomenon: Caribbean Sea; Western North Atlantic." Mar. 20, 1969. Caribbean Sea and Western North Atlantic. At 23:15 GMT, a semicircle of bright, milky-white light became visible in the western sky and rapidly expanded upward and outward during the next 10 minutes, dimming as it expanded. High probability that this may be caused by interferometry using artificial scalar wave? Fourier expansions?. Marine Observer, 40(227), Jan. 1970. p.17; p. 17-18. 7B.21 - Electricity 13.06 - Triple Currents of Electricity 14.35 - Teslas 3 6 and 9 ((16.04 - Nikola Nikola Tesla describing what electricity is)) 16.07 - Electricity is a Polar Exchange 16.10 - Positive Electricity 16.16 - Negative Electricity - Russell 16.17 - Negative Electricity - Tesla 16.29 - Triple Currents of Electricity ((Figure 16.04.05 and Figure 16.04.06 - Nikola Nikola Tesla and Lord Kelvin)) Part 16 - Electricity and Magnetism Tesla - Electricity from Space What Electricity Is - Bloomfield Moore Page last modified on Wednesday 19 of May, 2010 05:23:05 MDT

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Mandelberg, John and Janson, Annick (2010) Technology to enhance learning with students with disabilities. In: shar-E-fest 2010, 27-28 September, 2010, Hamilton, New Zealand. (Unpublished) Full text not available from this repository. Presentation about Technology to enhance learning with students with disabilities eg. using video as a tool, dessemination and distribution. |Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Speech)| |Keywords:||Technology, disabilities, YANIV, video, art, learning| |Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology| B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BH Aesthetics L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB1028 Education Research N Fine Arts > N Visual arts (General) For photography, see TR P Language and Literature > PN Literature (General) > PN1993 Motion Pictures |Divisions:||Schools > School of Media Arts| |Deposited On:||22 Jan 2012 21:53| |Last Modified:||22 Jan 2012 21:53| Repository Staff Only: item control page

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Rosecrans House: Home of Civil War General, William Starke The sturdy thick-walled stone house on Lehman Road was built high on the hilltop in 1850 and its rear windows overlook the river. The stone used to build its three stories is believed to have been quarried from a nearby spot on Glenway Avenue. A tunnel running through the backyard and a sub-basement indicate that it was probably used as a station for the Underground Railroad, preceding the Civil War. During the war years it was headquarters for General William Starke Rosecrans (1819-1898), with Colonel Joseph Burke in command. W. S. Rosecrans (1819 -1898) was born in Delaware County, Ohio. His father was Dutch, and his mother traced back her descent to Timothy Hopkins, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. In Henry Howe’s Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes, published in 1907, it was noted that “while other boys were at play, [the general and his brother, who later became a bishop] were noted for their studious habits.” W. S. Rosecrans attended West Point at 15 and later served in the Army Engineer Corps. In 1853 he came to Cincinnati to take a civil engineering position and to make his home here. Barbara Pilaia of Delhi found a note to his wife behind a photo of her great-great grandfather that she was given as a child. It read: “This is a New Year’s present. The note behind the picture was very likely written shortly before the battle of Stone River; one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War and was fought against General Bragg in Tennessee. Whether or not, General Rosecrans knew how difficult this battle would be, history doesn’t say, but his note would indicate that he did. The fighting started December 31 and was over on January 3, 1863, but by the time it was over each side had lost one third of their man, and it took six months for Rosecrans’ Army of the Cumberland to recover. But Rosecrans was determined to pursue and finally defeat Bragg, as he had been ordered. Washington could not give him the additional troops, horses, and artillery he requested and badly needed, because Grant was in Vicksburg, and everything available was being sent there. However, the general had a real asset in his own men who admired him immensely and had dubbed him, “Old Rosey”. When he could finally advance, he skillfully maneuvered Bragg out of Tennessee and into Georgia, freely Chattanooga, which was the main artery of the Confederates provision lines. This was a real stroke of genius and Rosecrans was in hot pursuit of Bragg’s troops in North Georgia. But the South would not allow this blow to be dealt and Lee instantly dispatched Longstreet’s entire corps to aid Bragg. When Rosecrans realized that Bragg had been reinforced and was ready to strike back, he quickly re-grouped behind Chicamauga Creek. Immediately he sent Washington urgent telegrams explaining the dire situation and again begged for troops. This time Washington said yes, and asked General Grant to send two of his units. But Grant’s troops never arrived. After being hit by Bragg and 75,000 Confederates, General Rosecrans was able to move what was left of his 40,000 men back to Chattanooga and hold it until finally, General Hooker and 20,000 reinforcements came to his aid. It was at this time, that Grant was given command of the Union armies from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi and his first official act was to remove General Rosecrans, still under siege at Chattanooga, from his command. In 1863, Rosecrans also became the commander of the Department of the Ohio and was reputed to live on Lehman Road. He opened the Sanitary Fair on December 21, 1863 in which exhibits, lectures, and other fund-raising activities raised about $250,000 from Cincinnatians for soldier Relief. He resigned from the Army in 1867. Rosecrans served as Minister to Mexico from 1868 to1869, a Democratic member of Congress from California from 1881 to 1885, and the Register of the United States Treasury from 1885 to 1893. A special act of Congress re-appointed Rosecrans a brigadier general and placed him on the retired Army list. Records of the Sisters of Charity show that in 1850, 37 nuns moved into it and established a combination Mother House and school for women-Mount St. Vincent Academy. The school was later was moved to Glenway Avenue as The Cedar Grove School which finally became known as Seton High School. The Mother House is now at the College of Mount St. Joseph. William Rosecrans’ brother, Sylvester Horton Rosecrans (1827-1878), was ordained a priest in Rome, Italy on June 5, 1853 and taught theology at the old Mount St. Mary’s Seminary on Grand Avenue. He was appointed titular Bishop of Pompeiopolis and first auxiliary Bishop of Cincinnati on March 25, 1863. It is during this period that he is believed to have lived on Lehman Road. On October 31, 1878, Bishop Rosecrans was appointed the first Bishop of the then new diocese with its center in Columbus and was buried in that city. Mrs. Hoffman bought the building in 1955 and during remodeling she entered the attic and discovered a small trove of civil war mementos hidden under the floorboards. According to a 1959 newspaper clip, confirmed with her family, she found papers dealing with the court martial proceedings of AWOL soldiers, as well as several medical certificates. One allowed a soldier to stay in the shade for 30 days because of an aversion to sunlight. Another excused a man from bathing. Also recovered was a receipt showing that the Army paid 6 ½ cents each for 600 bars of soap, and 18 cents each for 350 candles.*The above information was researched at the Price Hill Historical Society, 3640 Warsaw Avenue, 513-251-2888 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting 513-251-2888 |Price Hill Will | Price Hill History| Return to Rosecrans, Part 3, Civilian Inventor, Engineer

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|Stylistic origins||Rock and roll • folk • rockabilly • ska • surf rock • garage rock • glam rock • pub rock • protopunk| |Cultural origins||Mid-1970s, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia| |Typical instruments||Vocals • electric guitar • bass • drums • occasional use of other instruments| |Mainstream popularity||Topped charts in UK during late 1970s. International commercial success for pop punk and ska-punk, mid-1990s–2000s.| |Derivative forms||New Wave • post-punk • Gothic rock • alternative rock • grunge • emo| |Anarcho-punk • art punk • Christian punk • crust punk • garage punk • glam punk • hardcore punk • oi! • Riot Grrrl • skate punk| |2 Tone • anti-folk • avant-punk • Celtic punk • Chicano punk • cowpunk • folk punk • Gaelic punk • Gypsy punk • pop punk • psychobilly • punk blues • punk jazz • ska punk| Punk rock (or "punk") is a music genre related to rock music. It is often described as harder, louder, and cruder than other rock music. Many punk rock songs have lyrics (words) which tell angry stories or which use rude or controversial words. About punk rock[change] Punk rock is a style of music. Many musicians and punk rock music listeners ("punk rockers") want to protest or rebel against the norms or rules of society. Punks say that people should "Do It Yourself", which means that people should try to accomplish their goals using the materials in their own communities. Many punk bands make their own music recordings and distribute them without using a major record company. Many punks have strong political beliefs. Punk rock musicians are often mad at the government, the police, and laws. Many punk rock songs protest injustice, lies, and unfairness in countries. Almost all punks are leftists, who believe that a country should share the products and food that it produces with all the people in the country. Some punks are vegetarian or vegans, because they believe that animals should not be killed for food. Some punks are anarchists. Very few punks are conservative, libertarian, or Republican. Punk rock developed in New York City in the mid-1970s. Bands like The Ramones, Television, The Heartbreakers, Blondie, and Patti Smith played loud, angry songs. Many bands played at a club called CBGB's. The music soon spread to Australia and Britain, were bands started playing punk rock in 1976-1977. British bands like Buzzcocks, The Clash, The Damned, Generation X, The Jam, and Sex Pistols played punk rock music that was inspired by the music being played in New York, as well as by garage rock, pub rock, and other protopunk music. These early "punks" rejected the excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. They created fast, hard-edged music, with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. They often did controversial things, such as saying bad words in public. Many newspapers wrote articles about the "bad" behavior of punk rock musicians. In the 1980s, a new type of punk rock called "hardcore punk" or "hardcore" developed. Punk rock music began being mixed with Heavy Metal rock music. Many hardcore bands began playing in the United States. In the 1990s, punk rock began being mixed with pop music to create a new lighter style of music called pop-punk. Pop-punk bands include Green Day and Good Charlotte. Some pop-punk bands mixed punk rock with ska music. Pop-punk was still popular in the 2000s. Some people who like the 1970s-style punk rock criticize pop-punk because pop-punk is commercialized. Some people say that punk rock is dead. But that is not true, because the spirit lives on and many punk rockers are around today. - Bad Brains - Bad Religion - Black Flag - The Clash - Dead Kennedys - Green Day - Iggy Pop - Meat Puppets - Minor Threat - The Misfits - New York Dolls - The Offspring - The Sex Pistols - Social Distortion - "punk rock" (in English). Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/punk+rock. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

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Bernini's Bust of Medusa Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Bust of Medusa, marble, c. 1644-48 (Capitoline Museum) Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Neptune’s love to serpents. According to Apollodorus, Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's head on the shield of Minerva, which he had used in his expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. . . . Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered. (From Lempriére’s Classical Dictionary of Proper names mentioned in Ancient Authors Writ Large. Ed. J. Lempriére and F.A. Wright. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. As quoted by Modern American Poetry site, Department of English, University of Illinois)

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Freighter (or barge) was the term given to any spacecraft that was used to transport freight or cargo (such as parts and supplies). Both legitimate businesspersons and smugglers could be found captaining such transports. Freighters were needed from the time space travel began because of the need for supplies to all reaches of the galaxy. Freighters usually traveled with hyperdrives because people would often pay more for quick delivery. For obvious reasons, freighters were used mainly for trade. Although very few fought in great battles, many freighters did see action. Smugglers and legitimate traders alike had some tangles now and then, but freighters were often armed and shielded so that they could resist attempts on their cargo. Smuggling was a very prominent criminal fringe activity in the galaxy that involved the transportation of contraband between planets. To do this, a freighter generally of small size such as the Millennium Falcon, was required to transport the contraband past planetary security forces. Some examples of contraband include spice, blasters and medical supplies. Smugglers often added upgrades to their ships so that they could beat competitors and outwit planetary security forces. Almost every smugglers vessel had improved light speed and sub-light speed drives for increased speed as well as boosted weapons systems to fight their way out of tough situations. Another of the most prevalent modifications to a smugglers freighter were numerous secret compartments to hide contraband from security checks while legitimate cargo occupied the cargo bays. On the Millennium Falcon, these consisted of removable floor plates. Some freighters became so heavily modified that the mess of cross wired and non traditional parts prevented starship mechanics from working on them effectively. The smugglers themselves were therefore required to have a detailed knowledge of freighter mechanics and electronics to be able to keep their vessels in working order. Most smugglers preferred it this way as they didn't trust anyone tampering with their prized possessions. Most smugglers freighters required a crew of more than one and as such most smugglers hired a copilot, such as Chewbacca on the Millennium Falcon or the droid LE-BO2D9 aboard the Outrider. To a smuggler, their freighter was everything; their job, their home, their lives. Many smugglers lived in their freighters as they had no terrestrial home. - Star Wars: The Old Republic - Tempest Feud - The Clone Wars: Decide Your Destiny: Crisis on Coruscant - "The Heart" - "Maze Run"—Star Wars Insider 131 - Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (First appearance) - Choices of One - Star Wars: Empire at War - Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption - "Sandbound on Tatooine" — Star Wars Galaxy 10 - "Slaying Dragons"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 9 - Slave Ship - Hard Merchandise - The New Rebellion - Vision of the Future - Emissary of the Void - Force Heretic I: Remnant - X-Wing Miniatures Mission 4: Den of Thieves In other languages - freighter on Wikipedia

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The name of the island is Lohachara not that many of us are going to remember it for long. We'll probably recall it as that little island off India, the first once inhabited island to disappear from the surface of the earth due to rising sea levels attributed to global warming. Lohachara was a small island that supported a population of 10,000 in the Bay of Bengal near where the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers meet the sea. It is believed that other islands in the area will soon also be submerged displacing some 70,000 more islanders. Several uninhabited islands have disappeared in recent years, notably in the South Pacific. Lohachara is unique because it was inhabited.

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We all get stages in our life where we feel a bit low. These troughs can be triggered by a number of factors: relationship problems, feeling stuck in a job we don’t like, not having enough time for relaxation and all kinds of other reasons. Such periods of low mood generally pass in time but there can be a danger that genuine clinical depression can develop and go undiagnosed. . Because depression is such a serious condition, with the very real risk of self-harm and suicide if left untreated, there is a great deal of mental health support on offer for sufferers. If you think someone you know has depression here are some things you can do to help. - Share The Load: One of the key symptoms of depression is a profound sense of isolation, which can lead the sufferer to withdraw from people, making them feel more isolated which feeds their feelings of anxiety and depression. Try and talk to them, and let them know you care about what is happening to them. Be as supportive as you can, and listen to what they are saying. Just being able to communicate how they feel to another person can be a huge help. - Keep Them Active: People suffering with depression often find their energy levels sapped, so the thought of doing something as simple as getting dressed can seem an exhausting ordeal. However, mental health support professionals know that exercise increases endorphin levels in the brain, which leads to an uplift in mood. Don’t send them on a route march, but try and encourage them to go for a gentle walk, a swim or perhaps do something like yoga. Again, offer to go with them to keep them motivated. - Seek Professional Help: This may seem obvious, but encouraging them to talk to a professional will help immeasurably. The first step should be to see their GP, who can diagnose the severity of the depression and begin treatment. This may include referral for counseling and other psychological therapies, and prescription of anti-depressants for severe cases. There is a wide range of mental health support out there, from cognitive behaviour therapy to alternative methods such as arts therapies and they are all worth exploring. If you’re worried that you or someone you care about is suffering from depression then it’s important to seek help now. A charity that specializes in mental health support can be a good place to start. Beating depression isn’t easy, but by taking it one step at a time it can be overcome. For more information go to: http://www.unitedresponse.org.uk/what-we-do/mental-health/

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(CNN) -- Human concepts of beauty are shaping conservation efforts, protecting good-looking plants and animals over ugly ones, a study suggests. The report, "The new Noah's Ark: beautiful and useful species only,"has been published in the 2012 edition of the scientific journal, Biodiversity. It describes how vulnerable species that overtly display characteristics human beings respect or find desirable -- such as beauty, strength, power or cuddliness -- are more likely to be the focus of concerted conservation programs than animals or plants that are less appealing to the eye. "People have biases towards species that are glamorous," said Dr. Ernie Small, author of the study and taxonomist for Agriculture Canada. "Animals that are beautiful, entertaining or that command respect due to their size or power are almost always given greater forms of conservation protection." The study highlights charismatic mega-fauna such as whales, tigers and polar bears as animals more likely to be the focus of successful conservation programs, protective legislation and public funding drives. As a result, the plight of less glamorous -- but no less ecologically important organisms, such as snakes, spiders and frogs -- are often ignored. Small argues that this focus on large, spectacular species could have profound consequences for a wide variety of finely balanced ecosystems and food chains. "When you concentrate on the preservation of selective species ... you do an inadequate job of protecting biodiversity as a whole," he said.. He adds that by employing such selective methods human beings could also be manufacturing nature to reflect their own image or the characteristics they admire. "We find attractive in animals the same qualities that we find attractive largely in our own species. These are not always the most ecologically important species however," he added. For those working on the front line of conservation, the concerns raised by Small and his study are very real. According to Dr Sybille Klenzendorf, director of World Wildlife Fund's species program, there is already a wide body of evidence that suggests people are most interested in vulnerable animals that most closely resemble human beings -- usually large mammals with forward-facing eyes. But Klenzendorf argues that focusing conservation efforts on these vulnerable species can lead to the best conservation programs. "These large, charismatic species are ... the ones that require the largest amount of wild habitat, and by preserving them we save the less impressive species too," said Klenzendorf. "In order to ensure the survival of wild tigers, we not only have to protect vast amounts of natural forest, but we also need to ensure that the animals on which they prey, and the plants on which those animals depend, are all protected. The same is true for polar bears and elephants." "By protecting those animals that we are the most attracted to, we are also influencing and supporting the survival of other species, as well protecting entire landscapes," she explained. But while recognizing that these methods are "not entirely without benefit," Small believes that more must be done to protect less appealing wildlife. "Aesthetic standards have become one of the primary determinants of which species are deemed worthy for conservation and this has to be looked at," he said.

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- Many birds bred in captivity are hand-reared. Hand-rearing allows a greater number of birds to be reared (initial clutches may be removed and hand-reared, with the birds re-laying). The abnormal rearing environment may, however adversely affect later behaviour. One potential problem is that birds reared in an abnormal environment may not themselves exhibit normal parental behaviour as adults. - A well-recognised problem, of more concern in some species than in others, is that hand-reared birds may become imprinted on humans and not later recognise their conspecifics as appropriate mates. This is less likely to occur if the birds are reared alongside others of their own species. If reared together with chicks of another species, they may preferentially mate with that species. - Hand-reared birds may be less wary than parent-reared birds. This may be useful or detrimental depending on the circumstances. It may increase vulnerability to predation in birds intended for release, but may be useful in producing birds which are less stressed in a captive situation, and therefore more likely to breed: this may be very important in breeding endangered species. - Hand-rearing also requires suitable equipment in the form of brooder boxes, runs, heat lamps etc. and requires a considerable input of time and effort. Not all species are easy to hand-rear and some require considerable experience and expertise. - Hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature and food availability. - Success with rearing, particularly of duck species, may be greatly increased with hand-rearing. Losses due to predation and abandonment, in particular, may be decreased. - Once downies have hatched and dried, they should be transferred from the hatching incubator to a heated broody box. Broody boxes should have solid sides and a mesh top to prevent active birds from jumping or climbing out. - The most common method of providing heat is by an infra-red heat lamp. This is usually suspended over the brooder box by means of a chain, allowing the lamp to be raised or lowered as required to adjust the temperature inside the box. Incandescent bulbs may also be used to provide heat, but are more vulnerable if knocked or splashed with water (and may shatter), and do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all except Arctic-breeding waterfowl. - A thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp (warmest) to the far end of the box, allowing the downies to chose for themselves the most comfortable area. A sturdy thermometer may be placed inside the box to monitor the temperature, which should initially be about 90-99F (32.2-37.2C) directly under the lamp, reducing to 65-70F (18.3-21.1C) (or ambient temperature if higher) by about three weeks old. - N.B. thermometer temperatures are a useful guide, but behavioural monitoring should be used also: if the downies are all underneath the lamp and huddling together, they are too cold and the lamp needs to be lowered. If they are staying in the far corners of the box, as far away from the lamp as possible, panting and appearing stressed, they are too hot and the lamp needs to be raised. Substrate and Cleaning: - Suitable substrates for young waterfowl should stay dry to avoid wetting and chilling and a non-slip surface is preferred to avoid splay-leg. Newspaper is not very suitable as it quickly becomes sodden and is also slippery when dry. Towels may be used initially but quickly become soiled and wet. Hay and straw should be avoided as they may be a source of Aspergillus spp. spores. Wood shavings, hay, straw and paper might be eaten, which may lead to Impaction. Rubber mats with a stippled surface have been used successfully, as has synthetic turf. Plastic-covered weldmesh or stiff plastic mesh on a frame may be used and has the advantage that spilled feed, water and droppings can fall though to a gutter area underneath to be washed away. Good hygiene is very important and brooder boxes should be cleaned daily to avoid bacterial and fungal growth and associated diseases. - There are two main approaches to the provision of water for downy waterfowl. Downies may be kept with full access to water for swimming from the first or second day. In such conditions it is important to watch the birds carefully for the first few days and ensure they are kept warm and dry when out of the water, as there is a risk of the birds becoming too wet with resultant Chilling. It is particularly important for the diving ducks (especially seaducks and stifftails) to have access to water for swimming and diving from an early age (B29). - Alternatively, downies may be maintained with only drinking water, provided in small vessels or in shallow bowls partially filled with stones to prevent swimming; this may be safer and requires less constant watching, and is often used for dabbling ducks and geese, particularly for small delicate duck species. The amount of water is gradually increased to allow paddling, and full access to water is allowed only after the first full plumage of contour feathers has grown. - If full water access is provided from an early age, a constant flow with surface-level drainage should be used, and an area of stippled rubber matting or mesh must be provided under the brooder lamp. - If waterfowl have been reared without full access to water they must be watched carefully when first let onto water as they may become water-logged and sink (see: they are also at greater risk of Chilling until the first plumage has become waterproof. - Food should be provided once the birds are out of the hatcher. For most species which normally peck at food, dry crumbs or small pellets may be provided in a bowl close to water. For species which would sieve their food, food should be finely ground and made up into a wet slurry. Initially, crumbs with a protein level of 19-20% may be given, with this being changed to pellets of about 15-16% from two to three weeks old onwards. Fine grit should also be provided. - Some waterfowl are difficult to get feeding initially, and may fail to gain weight and die, usually during their second week (see: Starveout). A variety of techniques have been developed to encourage waterfowl downies to feed; see: Stimulating Feeding of - N.B. It is important to ensure that downies are actually eating, not just appearing to eat. Daily weighing is a useful indication, although weights normally decreases in the first two or three days as the yolk sac is absorbed. Careful observation is required to ensure that food is actually being ingested, and tube feeding may be required for some very difficult birds which are slow to begin to feed. - For goslings and other grazing species access to growing grass (i.e. turf, not just cut grass) is important. - The number of hours of light provided should mimic the normal daylight hours of the natural environment where the birds are reared. In the case or Arctic-breeding geese, this would be constant daylight. Tropical species may be best maintained on a cycle of 13 hours daylight, 11 hours dark, while temperate species require something in between, such as 16 hours of light, 8 hours dark. Temperate species given too many hours of daylight are prone to overfeeding, with the attendant risk of the development of Angel Wing. - Young waterfowl should be given access to an outside run in suitable weather as young as possible, and may normally be moved outside at least in daytime by as early as one to two weeks old, depending on the weather. - The run should be placed on clean short grass in an area not used by waterfowl (adults or juveniles) the previous year. - Runs should provide sunny areas (weather permitting) and shade to avoid sunstroke/heatstroke, and should be designed to exclude mice. Thought should be given to the fact that the direction of the sun moves during the day, so that a board giving adequate shade in the morning may need to be moved in order to continue to provide shade later in the day. - The young birds should be shut away at night until the down is being replaced by the first proper feathers. Depending on climate, some heat may be required at night at - Until birds are both fully feathered and waterproof it is advisable to ensure that either the birds are shut in at night or the whole run is covered at night, to avoid the risk of birds becoming soaked during a nightime downpour. - Once fully feathered, juveniles may be placed in larger pens, with a good-sized pool. At this stage, birds which have previously been maintained off water must be watched and may need to be dried if they become to wet; waterproofing usually develops properly within a couple of days. These pens should provide sun, dry spots for resting and shelter from rain, as well as areas in sunshine. - Ideally, birds are raised in broods of the same age and species. Juveniles of different species but the same age and size may be reared together also; however some birds reared with a different species may be prone to choose a bird of the wrong species as a mate when adult. Every effort should be made to avoid rearing a youngster without other waterfowl for company (except for Biziura lobata - Musk duck ducklings). B7, B13.46.w1, B29, B41, B95, B97,

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Almost every teen has heard about the kissing disease. Though only about 5-10 percent of them actually come down with the symptoms of Mono, tales of this infection are well known in adolescent circles. When I see a teen in the clinic with the classic symptoms of fever, sore throat, fatigue and enlarged lymph nodes, I tell them it could be Mono. Many of them nod knowingly and flash an embarrassing smile because now they think their parents must know they’re kissing someone. Truth is, while Mono can be commonly spread by sharing kisses, it’s also spread by sharing eating or drinking utensils and by sexual contact. Coming into contact with the bodily fluids of someone currently infected with Mono increases your chances of catching it. What is Mono? Mono is a viral infection caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus). It’s incredibly ubiquitous and most children are exposed to it prior to adolescence. The difference is children rarely come down with the symptoms of Mono. So, the illness is most common in 15- to 24-year-olds who were not exposed in childhood. Eventually 90-95 percent of the population becomes EBV positive. Fatigue and sore throat are by far the most common and most severe complaints of Mono. Fever may occur early in the disease but is not the most significant symptom. It’s often mistaken for strep throat or the flu since symptoms can greatly overlap. To confirm suspicions of Mono, many teens will need a blood test checking their white blood count and for presence of antibodies to EBV. A strep culture may also be done to rule out strep throat. Caution in Mono About 50-60 percent of teens with Mono will also have an enlarged spleen. Rupture of the spleen is rare but can be life threatening and for this reason, teens are not to participate in all sports activities for a minimum of 3 weeks. Contact sports, such as football, are definitely sidelined until 4 weeks after the onset of illness. Check with your child’s doctor to know when your teen gets the green light. When can my teen return to school? Once your teen is afebrile, sore throat is under control and fatigue has lifted then he/she is likely ready to return to school. There’s no hard and fast rule on this since contagiousness starts before onset of symptoms and shedding of the virus continues long after initial infection. Remind your teens to not share eating or drinking utensils and to avoid intimate contact with someone else recently infected. Dr. Mom's bottom line: The fatigue of Mono can linger for months. Make sure your teen is getting enough sleep (8.5 to 9 hours per night) and that any residual throat pain and/or swelling is addressed.

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Constantinople AgreementArticle Free Pass Constantinople Agreement, (March 18, 1915), secret World War I agreement between Russia, Britain, and France for the postwar partition of the Ottoman Empire. It promised to satisfy Russia’s long-standing designs on the Turkish Straits by giving Russia Constantinople (Istanbul), together with a portion of the hinterland on either coast in Thrace and Asia Minor. Constantinople, however, was to be a free port. In return, Russia consented to British and French plans for territories or for spheres of influence in new Muslim states in the Middle Eastern parts of the Ottoman Empire. This first of a series of secret treaties on the “Turkish question” was never carried out because the Dardanelles campaign failed and because, when the British navy finally did reach Istanbul in 1918, Russia had made a separate peace with Germany and declared itself the enemy of all bourgeois states, France and Britain prominent among them. What made you want to look up "Constantinople Agreement"? Please share what surprised you most...

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A new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts. Because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. These sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate. Many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat. However, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists’ ability to collate data. Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-based Bat Conservation Trust told the BBC that “without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing. "Because many bats migrate between different European countries, we need to monitor bats at a European - as well as country - scale.” The team selected 1,350 calls from 34 different European bat species from EchoBank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200,000 bat call recordings. This raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, iBatsID , which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats. This free online tool works anywhere in Europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80% of the time. There are 18 species of bat residing in the UK, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat. Monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. Bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.

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Quick Tips for Lowering Cholesterol 6. Know Your Sources Of Trans Fat Since 2006, the FDA has required food manufacturers to list reportable amounts of trans fat on the nutrition facts label. What’s considered reportable? Food manufacturers don’t have to report the trans-fat content if it’s less than 0.5 gram per serving. So check the ingredients list for hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils even if the nutrition facts label reports 0 grams of trans fat. Next: 7. Go Fish »

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Methods Used in Air Pollution Prevention Air pollution is a major fear, particularly in very inhabited places around the world. The more traffic and people there is in some country the more air pollution that is registered. A little air pollution sums quite fast and with a crowded environment that has in mind in little time at all. The consequences of air pollution can be really damaging to people and animals. It is really abusive to children and those with respiratory problems. Experiencing clean air is fundamental for a good quality of life and that is wherefore there is a major concentrate on air pollution prevention. Air Pollution Threats Transportation is the most evidential sphere that adds to air pollution. The air pollution induced by vehicles, airplanes, trains and other fashions of transportation is the biggest amount. Of course, air pollution can come from other sources. Air pollution can be from chemicals, waste material, oil production, nuclear weapons and another toxic substances. On a smaller level air pollution is as well caused by house appliances and cigaret smoking. An important point about air pollution is that even tiny amounts of pollution sum up when there is a heavily inhabited domain. The Clean Air Act is a superb representation of the government’s role in air pollution prevention. This act aids to influence and enforce laws that attempt to eliminate or dilute the causes of air pollution. The administration sets the standards and serve up to get everyone engaged for cleaner air. The Environmental Protection Agency as well runs a significant role in air pollution prevention. The EPA is working hard to shape the discharges of vehicles. Standards are rigorously updated to ensure that the coming vehicles are to a greater extent environmentally friendly then those of the past times. In the engagement for air pollution prevention the newest efforts have involved brand-new applied science and educational activity. Technologies like hybrid cars have been one of the greatest break throughs for the prevention of air pollution. Vehicles contribute greatly to air pollution and through the use of hybrids that pollution level is greatly minimized. This is likewise being supplemented with ideas for innovative energy forms that can even allow a car to operate with no pollution being emitted. Education of the public about air pollution and how to prevent it is evenly being found of the essence. The more people know about the damages of air pollution and what induces it, the better fit they are to do their portion. Air pollution prevention in truth is about everyone working together. Thus, everyone has to understand the situation and be armed with the necessary info so they can practice their part to prevent air pollution. Eco Friendly Posts: - Air Pollution Prevention Information Brings Importance of Issue to Light - Freshwater Pollution Prevention: Clean Drinking Water For Everyone - The Link Between Al Gore and Pollution Prevention - Air Pollution Control Measures - Learning About the Air Quality Index

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8. Scurrula buddleioides (Desrousseaux) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 421. 1834. 滇藏梨果寄生 dian zang li guo ji sheng Shrubs 0.5-2 m tall, young branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences with dense short grayish yellow, rarely brown, verticillate and stellate hairs. Branches brownish, glabrous, scattered lenticellate. Leaves opposite; petiole 4-12 mm, pilose; leaf blade ovate, ovate-oblong to oblong, 6-10 × 3.5-8 cm, papery or thinly leathery, abaxial surface minutely tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute. Racemes 2-5-fascicled, axillary, sometimes at leafless nodes, 3-5(-7)-flowered; peduncle and rachis 1.5-5 mm, brownish or grayish yellow tomentose. Flowers densely alternate; bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm. Pedicel 1-1.5 mm. Calyx pyriform, 2-3 mm, limb annular, ciliate. Mature bud tubular, 1.5-2 cm, tip ellipsoid. Corolla red, slightly curved and inflated, tomentose, lobes lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, reflexed. Style red; stigma subcapitate. Berry pyriform, 8-10 × 3.5-4 mm, pilose, base tapering into stalk. Fl. and fr. Jan-Dec. Forests, thickets, mountain slopes, valleys; 1100-2200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India]. Recorded hosts include species of Caprifoliaceae, Coriariaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Tiliaceae.

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PAO: Policy Activities » Briefing (November 2, 2011) Using Science to Improve Flood Management On November 2, 2011, ESA sponsored a congressional briefing: “Using Science to Improve Flood Management.” Emily Stanley (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Jeff Opperman (The Nature Conservancy, Ohio Field Office) addressed the function of floodplains and managing rivers as systems and for multiple benefits. Emily Stanley’s presentation focused on the work of rivers and the function of floodplains. Industry, transportation, and recreation all constitute work done by rivers. Less well known and valued is the work done by floodplains, responsible for such desirable services such as flood attenuation, fish production, improved water quality and groundwater recharge. Stanley noted that aging US levee and other infrastructure provide an opportunity to move beyond structural flood control and take greater advantage of the functions of floodplains. Jeff Opperman’s presentation focused on the logic of managing rivers as a system and for multiple benefits. These include risk reduction for people and infrastructure as well as benefits such as water storage during droughts and increased fisheries production. Opperman said that because the Mississippi River is managed as a comprehensive system, the recent flood was far less damaging than that of 1927 even though a greater volume of water passed through the system in 2011. Opperman also pointed to the success story of California’s Yolo Bypass, which has reduced flood risk while increasing goods and services. To view the complete presentations, please click on the links below:

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Rugby (pop. 63,000) is a market town sitting on the River Avon at the boundary of Warwickshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. It is renowned for its prestigious Rugby School, one of the country's oldest public school (i.e. an expensive private school in the UK - see Eton), founded in 1567. Some of the famous people who attended Rugby School include Alice in Wonderland's author Lewis Carrol, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, and essayist Salman Rushdie. However, the town's main claim of fame is to have invented the sport that bears its name. The ball sport was first played by William Webb Ellis (1806-1872) in 1823, a student of Rugby School, who disrespecting the rules of football (AmE = soccer), took the ball into his hands and started running with it. The claim that he invented the game did not surface before 4 years after his death though. Rugby School also educated the Australian Tom Wills, who in 1859 first codified the rules of Australian football. The region of Rugby was settled since the Iron Age. The River Avon marked the boundary between the Dobunni and the Coritani Celtic tribes. The Roman founded Tripontium near present-day Rugby. Not until the 13th century did Rugby develop into a small town, after gaining a market charter. 1567 marks the founding of Rugby School by Lawrence Sheriff, a local grocer who left money for the establishment of a school for local boys. Fee-paying pupils were soon accepted to pay the bills, and Rugby gradually became a largely fee-paying school. Rugdy's population remained around 1,000 until the Oxford Canal (linking Oxford to Coventry via Rugby) opened in the 1770's. The town only came into prominence in the 1820's when the school's headmaster, Dr Thomas Arnold, pioneered new teaching methods and changed radically public school education in England. Most of the buildings in th centre of Rugby date from this period. As the railway was developing throughout England in the 1830's, Rugby became a major junction. It became so congested that Charles Dickens satirized it in his short story Mugby Junction (1866). From the 1950s, Rugby gained a substantial Afro-Caribbean community, and a sizeable community from the Indian sub-continent, making Rugby a multi-cultural town (it even has a Hindu temple). The town as it exists now is mostly Victorian in architecture, with a few older timber-framed houses. Rugby's town centre is said to have the highest concentration of pubs in England. The 19th-century grandeur of Rugby School combined with the relaxing calm of Oxford Canal make for a pleasant stroll around the town. How to get there Rugby is located 24km south-east of Coventry, about half-way between Birmingham and Northampton. Trains link Rugby to London Euston (55min, £19.90), Northampton (20min, £3.30) and Birmingham National Express has buses to Coventry (2h, £13). Train timetables & reservations

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The length of amyloid fibrils found in diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson appears to play a role in the degree of their toxicity, according to researchers at the University of Leeds. Their findings are published in The Journal of Biological Chemistry in a paper titled “Fibril Fragmentation Enhances Amyloid Cytotoxicity.” Sheena Radford, Ph.D., and colleagues systematically analyzed the effects of fragmentation on three of the 30 or so proteins that form amyloid in human diseases. Their results showed that in addition to the expected relationship between fragmentation and the ability to seed, the length of fibrils also correlated with their ability to disrupt membranes and reduce cell viability. This was evident even when there were no other changes in molecular architecture. Co-author, Eric Hewitt, Ph.D., says that while the findings provide scientists with unexpected new insights for the development of therapeutics against amyloid deposit-related diseases, the next stage of research will involve looking at a greater numbers of the proteins that form amyloid fibrils. “We anticipate that when we look at amyloid fibers formed from other proteins, they may well follow the same rules.” “It may be that because they’re smaller it’s easier for them to infiltrate cells,” Dr. Hewitt suggests. “We’ve observed them killing cells, but we’re not sure yet exactly how they do it. Nor do we know whether these short fibers form naturally when amyloid fibers assemble or whether some molecular process makes them disassemble or fragment into shorter fibers. These are our next big challenges.”

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1997 the Department of the Interior added the Grove Street Cemetery to the National Register of Historic Places. Three years later the Department declared the cemetery a National Historic Landmark, the first cemetery so designated in New England, because "this site possesses national significance in commemorating the history of the United States of America." the cemetery "represents a mile-stone in the development of a cemetery as a distinct institution. Its monuments reflect the history of funerary art in America while its entrance gate is recognized as one of the leading examples of Egyptian Revival style in the "The Dead Shall Be Raised" Thomas Clarke Williams

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Click here to view an interactive map of the Northern Ireland dataset as currently collated by CEDaR. The map is generated through the NBN Gateway using their Interactive Mapping Tool. Coregonus autumnalis pollan Thompson Pollan is a glacial relict of an Alaskan-Siberian whitefish species and is not found anywhere in Western Europe outside of Ireland. It is a good example of the importance of correct taxonomy in determining conservation importance. For most of the twentieth century, pollan was regarded as one or other of two coregonid species found in Britain. However, molecular studies in the 1970s showed conclusively that it was C. autumnalis, but that there were sufficient differences to regard it as a distinct subspecies C. a. pollan. In a recent revision, Kottelat has suggested that it should be designated as a full species C. pollan rather than a subspecies, which would make it an endemic Irish species. Further work is required to validate this proposal. Irrespective of its exact classification, pollan is one of the most unique elements of the Irish fauna. Pollan entered the Shannon system as a migratory fish at the end of the last Ice Age, some 14,000 years ago, and from there it spread to Loughs Erne and Neagh, all of which were interconnected in the period of glacial retreat. As the sea temperature and salinity increased, pollan lost its migratory habit and became restricted to freshwater. However, pollan have been found in the Erne estuary at Ballyshannon and downstream of Coleraine on the Lower River Bann. Since Neagh, Erne and Shannon (Ree and Derg) stocks have been isolated for over 10,000 years, undoubtedly genetic differences have evolved among them as a result of adaptation to local conditions and by genetic drift. There is also some evidence of distinct populations within Lough Neagh, presumably maintained as a result of natal homing to separate spawning areas. Pollan is a silvery trout-shaped fish, with a dark greeny-blue back. Superficially, it resembles a herring but is easily recognised due to the presence of the diagnostic salmonid adipose fin, a small fleshy dorsal fin just in front of the tail. Pollan spawn in December and January in shallow rocky areas of the loughs where wave action provides good oxygenation for the developing eggs. The young fish feed on animal plankton and on larger invertebrates as they grow older. $Mysis relicta$, a glacial relict crustacean, is an important food source in Lough Neagh, as are the abundant larvae of chironomid midges. Spawning takes place from about three years of age and individuals can generally live for about five years, although a seven-year-old has been recorded from Lower Lough Erne. There are no similar freshwater species present in Ireland but two related whitefish species are found in Scotland, Cumbria, and Wales, although several populations of these have become extinct in recent decades. How to see this species Lough Neagh pollan are fished for commercially and can be seen as fishermen land their catches at various quays around the lough. They can be bought in some fish markets and shops during the fishing season (March to October). Pollan sometimes move down the Lower River Bann and they have been caught by anglers downstream of Coleraine. Although still common in Lough Neagh, pollan is no longer found in Upper Lough Erne and has become very rare in Lower Lough Erne since the 1970s. It was abundant in Lough Erne in the early part of the twentieth century where it formed the subject of a substantial commercial fishery. Exploitation of Lough Neagh pollan is controlled by Fisheries Legislation, enforced by the Fisheries Conservancy Board Northern Ireland. Why is this species a priority in Northern Ireland? Pollan is not found anywhere else in Western Europe outside Ireland Threats/Causes of decline Pollan require water with a good level of oxygen and so eutrophication, due to nutrient enrichment, and climatic warming are major threats, especially in the deeper lakes where oxygenation due to wind-mixing is reduced. The other major threat is increase of non-native species such as pike, roach and zebra mussel, which have been linked to the decline in Lower Lough Erne, possibly as a result of predation and decline in zooplankton availability. The recent introduction of zebra mussel into Lough Neagh presents a serious threat to pollan in this lough. Conservation of this species An all-Ireland Species Action Plan was published in 2005. There is also a UK Species Action Plan which was published in 1995. What you can do Support the restoration of Northern Ireland lakes to high water quality status. Help prevent the further spread of zebra mussels within Lough Neagh. Text written by: Professor Andrew Ferguson

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Almost all of the 33 developed and developing countries surveyed in a new study had introduced or progressed with significant climate-related legislation within their own borders in the past year. In 2012, 18 countries made significant progress, according to the report by the Grantham Research Institute at LSE and Globe International, which brings together legislators from different countries. Only Canada had gone backwards on climate change, by repealing the Act implementing its targets under the Kyoto Protocol treaty to cut global emissions. Despite a tough economic year for many countries, such as those in the eurozone, some progress was made by developed nations. The EU as a whole made progress through its new directive on energy efficiency, while the US pushed forward with regulating carbon dioxide through its Clean Air Act. Action by developing countries was more significant, with Mexico leading the way with a new climate law to cut emissions by 30% compared to "business as usual" by 2020, and major progress by countries ranging from Kenya to Pakistan.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

What is the media? What does it do? Students examine the types and roles of the media by taking on the role of newsmaker and agenda setter. Students will be able to: ANTICIPATE by asking students if they’ve ever seen a television newscast. Ask students to recall any details they remember (graphics, music, story topics). Ask students who they think makes decisions about what stories television newscasts discuss. DISTRIBUTE the Reading pages to each student. READ the two reading pages with the class, pausing to discuss as necessary. CHECK for understanding by doing the T/F Active Participation activity. Have students respond “True” or “False” as a chorus or use thumbs up/thumbs down. DISTRIBUTE scissors, glue, and the Agenda Cutout Activity pages. Students can complete this activity individually or in pairs. READ the directions for the cutout activity. ALLOW students to complete the cutout activity. REVIEW the answers to the cutout activity. DISTRIBUTE one worksheet to each student and review the directions for the activities. ALLOW students to complete the worksheet. DISTRIBUTE one Extension Activity to each student and review the directions. ALLOW students to complete the extension activity. CLOSE by asking students to silently recall as many roles of the media as they can. Call on students until all roles have been named.

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Ask The Expert October 29, 2010 "ITB syndrome" is short for iliotibial band syndrome. It refers to a common cause of knee pain. The iliotibial band is a tough fibrous (scar-like) tissue that extends from the region of the hip to the knee along the outside of the leg. Along with other muscles of the leg, the IT band helps stabilize the knee, especially when the knee is stressed during physical activity. ITB syndrome develops when there is damage, irritation or inflammation of the IT band. The most common site is at the outside of the knee where the tissue of the IT band rubs over a bony bump. Pain over the outside of the knee is the most common symptom, although some people complain of pain higher up, along the outside of the thigh or hip. Repetitive knee flexing tends to make it worse. Rest usually relieves the symptoms. While ITB syndrome may occur for no apparent reason, it's common among people who are: Treatment options include: In cases where these measures don't work, doctors may recommend a cortisone injection or even surgery to remove a bony bump that's irritating the IT band.

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Eisenhower was President. Elvis was King. It was 19 August 1959, and a new era in Kalamazoo's history was about to begin. The nation's first pedestrian shopping mall opened on the two blocks of South Burdick Street between Water and South Streets with much fanfare, a mere two and a half months after construction first began. The Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra was on hand to celebrate the event with 50,000 people who visited the mall on its first day, more than ten times the usual number. So why would a city construct a pedestrian mall in the heart of its business district? Like the rest of the country, Kalamazoo faced urban decay. The growth of suburban shopping centers raised fears that downtown would lose its place as the business and cultural heart of the community. The city hoped that a mall would bring back business and counter the decline in real estate values. The Gruen Plan The Kalamazoo 1980 plan, also known as the Gruen Plan, was presented by the architectural firm Victor Gruen & Associates in March 1958. Its revolutionary design called for a loop street system that would encircle downtown; a series of pedestrian malls, new parking lots, and renovated stores and offices would lie in the center. Faced with maintaining the status quo or taking a bold step forward, the City Commission approved the design, although funding problems prevented the full plan from being implemented. Shared by the City of Kalamazoo and the property owners fronting the two-block mall, the cost of construction was only $60,000. A third block was added from South Street to Lovell Street in 1960, and a fourth between Water and Eleanor Streets in 1975. Through the leadership of Mayor Glenn Allen Jr., Elton Ham, Garret VanHaaften, Ray Dykema, Irving Gilmore, and others, the Kalamazoo Mall became a reality. A Street Once More Kalamazooans enjoyed the mall for nearly forty years, but ultimately it could not counter the continued effects of suburbanization. Critics complained of the lack of convenient parking, the exposure of shoppers to bad weather, public perceptions of crime, and less shopping diversity. In the mid-1990's the proposed introduction of an access street through two blocks of the mall became the most controversial component of Project Downtown's 10-point plan for Kalamazoo's revitalization. In a hotly contested election, voters approved the access street in May 1997. Construction on the 14-foot wide street began a year later in April 1998. The city officially reopened the street on 9 October 1998 with a weekend celebration highlighted by a visit from Governor John Engler, a big band concert reflecting the one in 1959, and a fireworks display. There was even a citywide raffle to select the lucky citizen who would drive the first car down the mall since 1959. The unprecedented decision to construct a pedestrian mall in the heart of its business district placed Kalamazoo in the national spotlight in 1959. Today, critics argue that the heyday of the pedestrian mall has passed. Of the over two hundred pedestrian malls constructed in the 1970's and 1980's, only a few remain. People are still clearly divided over this issue. Yet despite the disagreement over the Kalamazoo Mall itself, the two sides ultimately want the same thing: a healthy and vibrant downtown.

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Definition: 'Taenia Solium' Taenia soliumType: Term 1. the pork, armed, or solitary tapeworm of humans, acquired by eating insufficiently cooked pork infected with Cysticercus cellulosae; hatching of ova within the human intestine may result in establishment of cysticerci in human tissues, resulting in cysticercosis. The information shown above for Taenia solium is provided by Stedman's. * Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provide a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter. In total, 191 nations belong to UNESCO. The organization is based in Paris, with over 50 field offices and several institutes and offices throughout the world. Most of the field offices are "cluster" offices covering three or more countries; there are also national and regional offices. UNESCO pursues its action through five major programmes: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes; international science programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of cultural diversity; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage and to preserve human rights; and attempts to bridge the world-wide digital divide. As early as 1942, in wartime, the governments of the European countries, which were confronting Nazi Germany and its allies met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). The Second World War was far from over, yet those countries were looking for ways and means to reconstruct their systems of education once peace was restored. Very quickly, the project gained momentum and soon took on a universal note. New governments, including that of the United States, decided to join in. Upon the proposal of CAME, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945. Scarcely had the war ended when the conference opened. It gathered together the representatives of forty-four countries. Spurred on by France and the United Kingdom, two countries that had known great hardship during the conflict, the delegates decided to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. In their eyes, the new organization must establish the “intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind” and, in so doing, prevent the outbreak of another world war. At the end of the conference, thirty-seven countries made the birth of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The Constitution of UNESCO, signed on 16 November 1945, came into force on 4 November 1946 after ratification by twenty countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. The first session of the General Conference of UNESCO took place in Paris from 19 November to 10 December 1946 with the participation of representatives from 30 governments entitled to vote. The ashes of the Second World War are reflected in the composition of the founding Member States of UNESCO. Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany became members in 1951, Spain in 1953. Other major historical factors, as the Cold War, the decolonization process and the dissolution of the USSR, also left their trace on UNESCO. The USSR joined UNESCO in 1954 and was replaced by the Russian Federation in 1992. 19 African States became Members in 1960. 12 Republics emanating from the former Soviet Union entered UNESCO in 1991-93. As a consequence of the entry of the People’s Republic of China into the United Nations it has been the only legitimate representative of China at UNESCO since 1971. The German Democratic Republic was a Member from 1972 to 1990, when it joined the Federal Republic of Germany. Origins of UNESCO The main predecessors of UNESCO were: • The International Committee of Intellectual Co-operation (CICI), Geneva 1922-1946, • its executing agency, the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation (IICI), Paris, 1925-1946 • the International Bureau of Education (IBE), Geneva, 1925-1968; the latter has since 1969 been part of the UNESCO Secretariat under its own statutes. The new Director-General is elected every four years by the General Conference. Under his authority, the Secretariat is expected to translate into reality the programmes approved by the General Conference. Visit the Official Portal of UNESCO

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Almost incandescent in the soft light of an overcast sky, the remarkable color of this scrub oak apple gall contrasts sharply with the muted greens, grays and browns of the surrounding chaparral. The gall forms in response to the larvae of the California gall wasp. The gall protects the developing larvae, as well as providing it a source of food. On the right side of the gall there appears to be a "sun print" of an oak leaf in the red color, where a nearby leaf may have shielded the surface from sunlight. From today's run on the Backbone Trail in the Santa Monica Mountains, near Saddle Peak.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) recently released a new infographic that demonstrates how the country’s medical schools and teaching hospitals work to improve patient care. The graphic can be downloaded and viewed here. The graphic demonstrates how vital medical schools and teaching hospitals are to our country’s health care system. For instance, the nation’s nearly 400 major teaching hospitals train 80,000 residents in primary care and specialty areas each year. Nearly half of all external research funded by the National Institutes of Health is conducted at medical schools. And, AAMC teaching hospitals provide nearly 40 percent of hospital charity care. UNC Health Care’s status as a teaching hospital allows us to better train the next generation of doctors and better serve the patients we see each day. We are proud to be a part of a nationwide effort to improve care and better train medical students.

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Assignment operator in java This tutorial will help you to understand assignment operator in java.. Conditional operator in java Conditional operators return either true or false value based on the expression.. Java set example In this tutorial we will see how to use the Java Set interface . We will create an example to display the contents of the set collection. . Converting Boolean to String In this tutorial we are going to convert Boolean to String.. Serialization in java Serialization in java means writing a state of the object to the stream. In this section you will learn about how to serialize and deserialize the object.. Iterator in java Iterator is a interface in java, help you to traverse the element of collection.. Java Array declaration This tutorial will help you how to declare array in java. Creating multiple Threads This java tutorial explain how to create multiple thread using Java program. Here you will find step by step process to creating multiple threads.. The JDK Directory Structure The JDK Directory Structure, in this tutorial we are going to explain you the correct directory structure of JDK.. Compiling and Interpreting Applications in Java Compiling and Interpreting Applications in Java. Learn How to compile and interpret your Java application.. How to sort ArrayList in java This Java Tutorial section we demonstrates how to use the sort() method in the Java ArrayList.. String intern() method returns canonical form representation of a string object.. First Java Program Here you will find the video tutorial for creating first Java program. You can learn through video tutorial of Java.. Matrix addition in java In this tutorial, you will learn how to find the sum of two matrices.. Fibonacci series in java This tutorial will help you to understand the Fibonacci number program in java. Java error cannot find symbol Java cannot find symbol occur when compiler has not enough information about what java code trying to execute.. Add two number in java Java add two numbers example explains you that how you can add two integers. Switch case in java Switch statement is a control statement that allow multiple selection by passing control to one of the case statement in the body.. Instance variable in java Instance variable in java are variable which is declared in a class but outside the methods or constructor.. Type casting in java Type casting is used in Java for converting one type into another type. For example you can typecast string representation of number into int data type. This tutorial explains type casting with example program.. Java count vowels This program will count the number of vowels in a String.. Number Format Exception NumberFormatException is a type of RuntimeException which is generated when a programmer try to convert String into integer.. Queue in java In this section we will discuss about queue in java. Queue is a interface in java.util package of java.. Java Tutorial for Beginners The java programming language is an object-oriented programming language that contains complete information, syntax and examples of java program for the beginner's. In this online java programming tutorials for beginners helps you to how to write java program, compile java command as well as how to install and configure java.. How to get Java? This video tutorial explains the steps of getting the Java development kit for windows operating system and installing on it.. Java Video Tutorial - What is Java? Welcome to the Java programming tutorial series. Today we will learn about Java programming language which is used for the development of desktop, web, mobile and embedded devices application. Learn what is the use of Java Programming through this video tutorial.. Java Programming video tutorial for beginners Java programming video tutorials designed especially for beginners in Java helps them to learn Java in easy, step-by-step and systematic method. Online Java video tutorials explain and demonstrate programming with simple examples.. Search an elements in the array In this section we will discuss about how to check the availability of an element in the array.. Continue statement in java In this section we will discuss about continue statement in java. continue is one of the branching statement used in most of the programming languages like C,C++ and java etc.. Finally in java In this section we will discuss about finally block in java. Finally block always execute when try block exits. Finally is a block of code that execute after try/catch block. Transient Java Keyword In this section we will discuss about transient keyword in java. Transient is a keyword in java which is used to prevent any variable being serialized. for loop in java example We are going to discuss about for loop in java example. The for loop statement has type loop control statement. We first initialize the variable. After that check the condition, if true than it will execute further. If it is false, it will terminate loop. . JComboBox Insert Edited Value Into Table In this section we will read about how to make JComboBox an editable and then how to insert the new edited value into the table.. How To Create Internal Frames In Java In this tutorial we will learn about how to create a frame within a frame.. We will discus about treeSet() method. The treeSet implement the Set interface. we have stored collection of data and data order of element. We have stored date string and Integer value.. Comparing two dates in java In this example you will learn how to compare two dates in java. . Prime number program in java In this example you will learn how to write a program to generate and check prime number in java.. Exception handling in java We are going to discus about Exception handling in java. Java program many provides exception. We are handle of error in program when during execution in a program .we are generate of exception try() block and catch() block. . Write a program to find a factorial in any given number This programming tutorial will teach you how to write a factorial of any given number.. Final method in java In this section we will learn about Final method in java.. BufferedReader in java In this section you will learn about BufferedReader in java with example. Java provide java.io.Reader package for reading files, this class contain BufferedReader under the package java.io.BufferedReader.. Converting object to String In this section you will learn to convert Object to String in java. It is sometimes necessary to convert object to String because you need to pass it to the method that accept String only.. This section describe about daemon thread in java. Any thread can be a daemon thread.. Dynamic method dispatch Dynamic dispatch is a process of selecting, which methods to call at run-time. It is a mechanism by which a call to overridden method at run time is resolved rather then compile time.. Convert a String into an Integer Data In this section you will learn to convert a string type of data to integer type data. Converting string to integer and integer to string is a basic task in java programming language because these two type are widely used.. Synchronization in java with example In this section we will discuss about Synchronization in java.. JTable Display Data From MySQL Database This section will describe you the displaying of data of a database table into a JTable. Here you will read about how to create a table in Java swing, how can you add column header's name, how can you show data into the table.. String replaceAll in java In this section you will learn about replaceAll() method in java, This will replace each of the sub string with the given replacement. This method will return the resulting string.. Split in java This section illustrate the use of split in java. Split is used to split the string in the given format.. Convert String into date In this example we are going to convert String into date. SimpleDateFormat is a concrete class for formatting the dates which is inside package "java.text.*" which have a date format which convert a string into Date format..

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http://www.roseindia.net/java/convert-number-to-words.shtml

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Painting birds often involves long periods outside, in all kinds of weather and at all times of year, but it's a job I feel privileged to have. One of the difficulties in capturing an accurate sketch or painting of a bird is their sheer dynamism. Granted, herons, swans and many of the larger birds are generally slow-moving, and offer extended opportunities for the wildlife artist to capture a portrait on paper, but the smaller songbirds tend to be fast-moving. Many are skulking and some, like the Goldcrest and Wren, are so tiny and quick that a glimpse is all that may be obtained. Nevertheless, a few pencil lines here, then a few more from another brief glimpse, and the image can be pieced together and gradually built on. I am often asked if I use photographs, but I find that paintings done from photos can be stiff and lifeless. I've seen photos of friends or family, where the frozen instant, that photographic split second, has made their facial features seem so odd that it is difficult to recognize them. With bird portraits it's the same. The few sparse pencil lines, if done well, can portray the bird well. The fruit of long experience of the species and its postures movements and looks, a good painting will capture the character and vitality of a bird Photographs do provide a useful reference for the minutiae of bird plumage and structure. How long a particular feather is in relation to other ones etc? What colour are the claws? Just how much white fringing was there on the wing feathers? This additional accuracy in the detail can add the final stamp of realism if the image demands it, but only if the character of the bird has already been imposed on the painting. Spring is a great time to paint birds. Not only are the birds in pristine plumage, but the males, in particular, are at their showiest and will often sing from exposed perches for a considerable time. Many of my best views of Wrens, for example, have been in Spring, when they emerge from dense cover into the open and start proclaiming their territories. With so much bird activity in Spring, the source of artistic activity is endless. A Chaffinch on a flowering hawthorn; a Skylark singing constantly, hovering high over sand dunes, a Blackbird singing from an apple tree. The dynamism and energy of Irish birds in Spring is inspirational in every sense. Who is not captivated by the sheer exuberance of a dawn chorus and the energy of birds defending territories and raising their young. As a wildlife artist, I can only hope to capture a tiny part of this frantic activity, but the inspiration and energy required to paint is as vibrant at this time of the year as the dawn chorus itself. Go, hear and see it for yourself! You too will be inspired! Michael O'Clery graduated from NCAD in Dublin. He illustrated The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds, which was a bestseller. Michael's work features in journals, books, magazines and in private collections around the world. He lives on the Dingle Peninsula.

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http://www.rte.ie/radio/dawnchorus/oclery.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

A medieval siege engine used as a weapon! The Catapult is a large machine on wheels with a basket attached to a long wooden arm and a power source (tension, torsion, traction, or gravity) for hurling projectiles. Watch objects fly 10 feet away or more from this fantastic scale model of a working catapult with scoop. Pre-cut, pre-drilled pieces of Basswood and simple instructions help you complete assembly in just a few hours. Educational and entertaining, the Catapult Wooden Model Kit is an ideal introduction to Middle Age weaponry! Size: 12"L X 5.5"W X 5"H. Ages 10-16 yrs. If you like these Medieval Weapon Kits, also see the:

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http://www.scientificsonline.com/review/product/list/id/6001/?cat=421182&telescope_opticaldesign=5

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

PASADENA, Calif. -- Light-colored mounds of a mineral deposited on a volcanic cone more than three billion years ago may preserve evidence of one of the most recent habitable microenvironments on Mars. Observations by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enabled researchers to identify the mineral as hydrated silica and to see its volcanic context. The mounds' composition and their location on the flanks of a volcanic cone provide the best evidence yet found on Mars for an intact deposit from a hydrothermal environment -- a steam fumarole, or hot spring. Such environments may have provided habitats for some of Earth's earliest life forms. "The heat and water required to create this deposit probably made this a habitable zone," said J.R. Skok of Brown University, Providence, R.I., lead author of a paper about these findings published online today by Nature Geoscience. "If life did exist there, this would be a promising type of deposit to entomb evidence of it -- a microbial mortuary." No studies have yet determined whether Mars has ever supported life. The new results add to accumulating evidence that, at some times and in some places, Mars has had favorable environments for microbial life. This specific place would have been habitable when most of Mars was already dry and cold. Concentrations of hydrated silica have been identified on Mars previously, including a nearly pure patch found by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in 2007. However, none of those earlier findings were in such an intact setting as this one, and the setting adds evidence about the origin. Skok said, "You have spectacular context for this deposit. It's right on the flank of a volcano. The setting remains essentially the same as it was when the silica was deposited." The small cone rises about 100 meters (100 yards) from the floor of a shallow bowl named Nili Patera. The patera, which is the floor of a volcanic caldera, spans about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the Syrtis Major volcanic region of equatorial Mars. Before the cone formed, free-flowing lava blanketed nearby plains. The collapse of an underground magma chamber from which lava had emanated created the bowl. Subsequent lava flows, still with a runny texture, coated the floor of Nili Patera. The cone grew from even later flows, apparently after evolution of the underground magma had thickened its texture so that the erupted lava would mound up. "We can read a series of chapters in this history book and know that the cone grew from the last gasp of a giant volcanic system," said John Mustard, Skok's thesis advisor at Brown and a co-author of the paper. "The cooling and solidification of most of the magma concentrated its silica and water content." Observations by cameras on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter revealed patches of bright deposits near the summit of the cone, fanning down its flank, and on flatter ground in the vicinity. The Brown researchers partnered with Scott Murchie of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md., to analyze the bright exposures with the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on the orbiter. Silica can be dissolved, transported and concentrated by hot water or steam. Hydrated silica identified by the spectrometer in uphill locations -- confirmed by stereo imaging -- indicates that hot springs or fumaroles fed by underground heating created these deposits. Silica deposits around hydrothermal vents in Iceland are among the best parallels on Earth. Murchie said, "The habitable zone would have been within and alongside the conduits carrying the heated water." The volcanic activity that built the cone in Nili Patera appears to have happened more recently than the 3.7-billion-year or greater age of Mars' potentially habitable early wet environments recorded in clay minerals identified from orbit. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for NASA. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory provided and operates CRISM, one of six instruments on the orbiter. For more information about the Mars Reconnaissance

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http://www.spacetimesnews.com/news/2011/feb/10/silica-mars-volcano-tells-wet-and-cozy-past/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The term "health information technology" (health IT) is a broad concept that encompasses an array of technologies to store, share, and analyze health information. More and more, health care providers are using health IT to improve patient care. But health IT isn't just for health care providers. You can use health IT to better communicate with your doctor, learn and share information about your health, and take actions that will improve your quality of life. Health IT lets you be a key part of the team that keeps you healthy. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) Your doctor keeps records of your health information, such as your history of diseases and which medications you're taking. Up until now, most doctors stored these in paper files. EHRs (sometimes called "electronic medical records") are electronic systems that store your health information. EHRs allow doctors to more easily keep track of your health information and may enable them to access your information when you have a problem even if their office is closed. EHRs also make it easier for your doctor to share information with specialists and others so that everyone who needs your information has it available when they need it. Some EHRs may also allow you to log in to a web portal to view your own health record, lab results, and treatment plan, and to email your doctor. Personal Health Records (PHRs) A PHR is a lot like an EHR, except that you control what kind of information goes into it. You can use a PHR to keep track of information from your doctor visits, but the PHR can also reflect your life outside the doctor's office and your health priorities, such as tracking your food intake, exercise, and blood pressure. Sometimes, your PHR can link with your doctor's EHR. A paper prescription can get lost or misread. E-prescribing allows your doctor to communicate directly with your pharmacy. This means you can go to the pharmacy to pick up medicine without having to bring the paper prescription. There are other "e-Health tools" that you can use on your own, if you wish, that may be considered a part of the broader health IT world. These include: Personal Health Tools These are tools that help you check your health, get feedback, and keep track of your progress to better manage your health. Examples include smartphone "apps" that can help you set and monitor fitness goals and cell phone text reminders to take your medicine on time. Online communities can help people connect with one another to try to maximize good health (such as during pregnancy) or to respond to concerns about poor health. Through online communities you can share information with -- and emotionally support -- others facing similar concerns about a particular disease or disability. These e-health tools are designed to place you at the center of your care – helping to put the "I" in health IT.

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http://www.state.nj.us/health/njhit/patients/basics/

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

After a Hurricane After a Flood - If you are in a safe location, do not leave until authorities say it is okay to leave. - Make sure all electrical outlets and appliances are dry and free of water before you use them. - Stay away from disaster areas unless authorities request volunteers. - Donate money to a recognized disaster relief organization. Don't donate food, clothing, or other personal items unless they are specifically requested. - Drive only when necessary. Roads will be filled with debris. - Stay away from downed power lines and report them to the power company immediately. - Report gas, sewer or water mains. - Contact your insurance agent. - Do not drive through a flooded area. More people drown in their cars than anywhere else. - Avoid flood water. It may be contaminated by oil, gas, or sewage. The water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines. - Stay away from moving water. Moving water only six inches deep can sweep you off your feet. - Stay away form downed power lines and report them to the power company immediately. Electric current passes easily through water. - Donate money to disaster relief organizations. Unless specifically requested, do not donate food, clothing or other personal items. - Wash your hands frequently with soap and clean water if you come in contact with flood waters. Listen to news reports to learn whether the community's water supply is safe to drink. - Watch for animals. They lose their homes in floods and may seek shelter in yours. - If your property has been damaged, call the insurance company or agent who handles your flood insurance policy right away to file a claim. - Do not go in a building if there is any chance of the building collapsing.

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http://www.stmaryohsep.org/index.php/disasters/recovery.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

To foster student success, DCC administers the COMPASS placement test to new students. This ensures that students are placed in classes consistent with their current level of academic ability. While other tests may be required based on a student's individual needs, the COMPASS test is the primary tool. A computerized test of basic skills developed by the American College of Testing. Click COMPASS to download sample problems. A written, timed test of basic skills developed by the American College of Testing. Click ASSET to download sample problems. To determine which level course is right for you, you need to take a Spanish Placement Test. This test will evaluate your current skills. Your score will determine which level of Spanish you should start with. Because the Spanish Placement Test is a computerized test, it will be un-timed. Click on Spanish Online Placement Test S-CAPE to download sample questions. The Michigan Test of English as a Second Language (ESL) This test is an objective test of 100 questions. The first 20 questions test listening skills with questions asked on a cassette tape. The following 80 questions concern grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills. Students have 75 minutes to complete this test, and it is scored immediately. This test is used to determine whether a student is ready to enroll in an English course at Dutchess Community College, and if so, which course is appropriate. Science Placement Test A test for students who wish to place into BIO131. Click Science Screening Test Guide for more information on the test. Click Science Placement for sample questions. English Course Placement Appeal The English Course Placement appeal is available to students who place in a certain range on the Writing portion of COMPASS or ASSET. Students are given the opportunity to come in during some "walk-in" testing times to write an essay which is then evaluated by a professor from the English department to determine final course placement. Those students qualifying for the English Course Placement appeal will be notified with their test scores.

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http://www.sunydutchess.edu/academics/academic_services/placement_testing/placement_tests.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

More U.S. mamas are breastfeeding their babes — that's according to a new report released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Researchers from the CDC reviewed the National Immunization Survey from 2002-2011 to uncover feeding trends of African American, white, and Hispanic infants born from 2000 to 2008. They found the number of mothers who nurse their newborns increased more than 4 percentage points. And mothers who still nursed at 6 months rose nearly 10 percentage points — from 35 percent to 45 percent — during the same time. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends moms breastfeed newborns for 12 months — exclusively for the first 6 months, then in combination with the introduction of foods to the baby's diet. (They encourage continuing past 12 months as long as it works for mom and baby.) More good news: The gap between African American and white women who breastfeed is narrowing. The report showed the gap shrunk from 24 percentage points in 2000 to 16 percentage points in 2008. "The striking news here is, hundreds of thousands more babies are being breastfed than in past years, and this increase has been seen across most racial and ethnic groups," says CDC Director Tom Frieden, MD, in a press release issued by the CDC. Here, the key findings from the report: -From 2000 to 2008, breastfeeding at six and 12 months increased significantly among African American, white, and Hispanic infants. -While numbers are rising across all groups, all mothers need more support to continue breastfeeding since less than half of mothers are breastfeeding at six months (45 percent) and less than a quarter of mothers (23 percent) are breastfeeding at 12 months. Although rates of breastfeeding at six months increased by more than 13 percent among African American mothers, this group still had the lowest rates of breastfeeding duration, indicating that they still need more targeted support. "Despite these increases, many mothers who want to breastfeed are still not getting the support they need from hospitals, doctors, or employers. We must redouble our efforts to support mothers who want to breastfeed," said Frieden. In order to provide more support to African American mothers, the CDC is funding the project, Best-Fed Beginnings. The project will provide support to 89 hospitals, many serving minority and low-income populations, to improve hospital practices that support nursing mamas. The CDC has also funded six state health departments to develop support programs in African American communities. Photo credit: MorgueFile

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http://www.whattoexpect.com/wom/baby/0211/more-american-moms-are-breastfeeding.aspx

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Source: Dang TD, Tang M, Choo S, et al Increasing the accuracy of peanut allergy diagnosis by using Ara h 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(4):1056-1063; doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.056. See AAP Grand Rounds commentary by Dr. Sai Nimmagadda (subscription required). Question: Among infants, does Ara h 2 antigen testing accurately diagnose peanut allergy? Question type: Diagnosis Study design: Randomized controlled I just finished a handful of peanuts (roasted, unsalted of course) and count myself among the lucky folks who don't have peanut allergy. For those that might have allergy, diagnosis has long been plagued by lack of an easy, accurate means of diagnosis. The gold standard is an oral food challenge (OFC), but this is a costly and prolonged process that carries a risk of anaphylaxis. This study of 200 children, half with OFC-positive peanut allergy and half without, found that measurement of serum Ara h 2-specific IgE antibody was better than measurement of serum whole peanut-specific IgE antibody (sIgE). When cutoff values were set for equal specificities of 98% for both assays, the Ara h 2 antibody was 60% sensitive (95% CI 50-70%), compared to 26% (18-36%) for the sIgE. That's an improvement, but very far from what is needed to replace OFC. A screening test for a serious illness needs to achieve high sensitivity, to avoid missing any cases, accepting a few more false positive results as a tradeoff. As noted by Dr. Nimmagadda in his commentary, Ara h 2 is the predominant peanut allergen in Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, but Ara h 9 predominates in Spain. It's clearly not a simple problem to be solved. On a final note, this study was performed by the HealthNuts study group in Australia. Normally I'm a bit nonplussed with cute names for study groups, but this one seems to hit an appropriate, nice tone.

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http://aapgrblog.blogspot.com/2012/08/peanut-allergy-diagnosis.html

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

People vary in their reactions to mosquito bites. Most people develop itchy, raised bumps on the skin that last several days. No treatment is necessary, but calamine lotion or over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream can reduce itching. A few people have a significant allergy to mosquito bites. The bites can result in what’s called a large local reaction: swelling, blistering, itching, and pain affecting a wide area of the body (such as an entire arm or leg). Oral antihistamines like cetirizine (Zyrtec), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), or hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) can help ease itching. Topical hydrocortisone may also help. Rarely, people with a severe allergy to mosquito bites develop anaphylaxis, a whole-body life-threatening allergic reaction. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include: • Itching or rash, especially hives, in areas of skin away from the bite. • Hoarseness or shortness of breath. Anaphylaxis requires emergency medical attention. People who have had anaphylaxis-like symptoms previously should always have injectable epinephrine (an Epi-Pen) nearby. This answer should not be considered medical advice...This answer should not be considered medical advice and should not take the place of a doctor’s visit. Please see the bottom of the page for more information or visit our Terms and Conditions. Thanks for your feedback. 37 of 42 found this helpful

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http://answers.webmd.com/answers/1195087/how-do-i-treat-mosquito-bites

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

University Library, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma The year 1975 witnessed publication of the fifty-fifth volume of the Oklahoma Academy of Science Proceedings. The fifty-five volumes constitute a record of the activity of its members and a primary source of information about all phases of science of interest both within the state and beyond its borders. As the quantity of material has increased, four cumulated indexes of the contents of the Proceedings have been compiled. The latest of these has recently been produced by the authors of this article at the University of Oklahoma using computer-based informational systems to form a powerful new tool to be used wherever the Proceedings are consulted. This article is a description of the latest index together with its three predecessors. The Oklahoma Academy of Science is the premier scientific society in the state. It was organized in December, 1909, by a group of twenty-one scientists from various schools and colleges throughout the state meeting in Oklahoma City. According to an account of the early history of the Academy (1), ten papers were delivered at that organizational meeting although no record exists of their titles or contents. Subsequent meetings have been held each year except 1914, 1918, and 1919 and proceedings of the meetings have been published annually beginning in 1921. The first volume of the Proceedings includes not only papers presented at the 9th annual meeting held that year, but also lists of titles of papers presented at each of the previous meetings which had been held since the founding except the first. A selected group of papers from those eight earlier meetings is also published in that first volume. Through the year 1975 over 4000 papers had been presented, most of which were published in the Proceedings. In the first volume no attempt was made to arrange articles by subject, but beginning in 1923 the table of contents was divided into the four subject areas of Biology, Geology, Physics, and Psychology. Variations on these categories have been followed throughout the ensuing years. One can gain an appreciation for the wide range of interest of members of the Academy by an examination of the contents pages of various volumes of the Proceedings from across the years. In more recent years that variety of interest can be seen in the newer subject headings of Science Education, Geography (1953), and Conservation (1959), which have been added to the previous divisions. The annual volumes of Proceedings have thus become a storehouse of information on all aspects of science in the state. It is on account of this magnitude of material and the diversity of subject matter covered across the years that cumulated indexes are useful. Many volumes since 1957 contain memorial notes for recently deceased members of the Academy and thus provide biographical material that is often otherwise difficult to obtain. This information is also readily accessible through the more recent indexes. While much of the information pertaining to the so-called "hard sciences" is accessible through special subject indexes, for example Chemical Abstracts and Biological Abstracts, the large amounts of literature in other disciplines such as geography, education, business, and history are not adequately indexed elsewhere. At the same time, the Proceedings indexes are especially convenient for use in obtaining information about Oklahoma in the fields of biology, geology, geography, and social sciences. It is in providing access to information related to Oklahoma that the major subject-oriented indexes are usually least adequate and for which Proceedings indexes serve the greatest need. The first index, covering volumes one through ten, was published in 1931 as a bulletin of the University of Oklahoma. It is both an author index and a conventional subject index (2). The second, published in 1942 with volume 22 of the Proceedings, cumulates volumes 11 through 20, 1931-1940 (3). It includes a subject index which arranges material under five broad science headings each of which is further subdivided several times. The third, a vicennial index, covers the next twenty years of the Proceedings, volumes 21 through 40, and was published as part of the latest of these volumes in 1960 (4). It too is arranged by broad subject headings as is its immediate predecessor. It includes a necrology index of the same twenty-year period. The fourth index was produced primarily from information on the contents pages of each of the first fifty-five volumes of the Proceedings. However, an examination of contents sheets, especially those of earlier volumes of the Proceedings, reveals that much of the information on the contents pages is inaccurate and incomplete. In some instances, a title on the contents page is not exactly the same as it appears at the head of the article within the volume. Where such discrepancies occur, the title as it appears at the head of the article, rather than as it appears in the table of contents, was selected to be used in the index. At the same time, page numbers were added to the table of contents where they had been omitted in the earlier volumes. In this collation process, it was discovered that some articles which had been published in the Proceedings had not been listed on the tables of contents. During this collation process, these titles were inserted into the tables of contents for inclusion in the index. Each volume of the Proceedings was examined from cover to cover to be sure that the information pertaining to titles and page numbers, as it was contained within the volume, was correctly recorded on the title page. When this verification and collation process had been completed this information was transferred to punch cards from which the machine-readable print-out of the index was created. The index itself consists of three sections. The first section, an entry index, is an alphabetical list by first author of each of the titles which appears in the Proceedings between 1920 and 1975. Articles with joint authorship appear in the entry index only under the name of the first author. Each entry includes the author(s)' name, full title of the article, volume, date, and page numbers. The entry index is the only section of the index which includes full bibliographical description of articles within the Proceedings. Articles which are listed in the contents but for which no text was printed in the Proceedings are noted as being "by title" in each part of the cumulated index the same way they are designated in the tables of contents themselves. Each entry within this entry list is also assigned a number to which reference can be made from citations in either the author index section or the key-word-in-context (KWIC) subject index section which follow. The second part is an author index in which all of the authors of papers, both single and joint, are listed. The bibliographical citation beside each author's name in this index includes volume number and page description. Included here also is the entry number which has been assigned to the particular article as it appears in the entry index. By means of this author index and by referring to the entry index, the user may determine the full title and bibliographical description of each of the papers which appears in the Proceedings. The final part of the index is the KWIC subject index. This index is constructed by the computer using titles of all the articles in the Proceedings as its base. All principal words in the titles themselves serve as subject descriptors of the material within the articles. Those principal words are printed in the subject index in alphabetical order with their context words printed before and after on the same line of the index. Thus not only do the key words in the title appear in the subject index, but the context in which each key word occurs is also presented in this KWIC subject index. Biographical articles such as necrologies appear in the KWIC index under names of the biographees the same as they appear in the tables of contents. Bibliographical information included with the subject entry is the volume number and pages of the article to which the sub- ject entry refers. Each line in this subject list also includes the entry number that identifies the article in the entry index where full bibliographical information is available. The three older indexes to the Proceedings have been and continue to be valuable tools in gaining access to this literature. This is especially true of the vicennial index published in 1959 with its arrangement by author names under broad subject headings corresponding to the main divisions of the Academy itself. The most obvious advantage of the 55-year cumulated index is the access it provides to all of the literature published since 1959. This is done by means of a complete author index including all joint authors. The KWIC subject index provides greater in-depth access also to information in the Proceedings. And then, of course, the fifty-five year cumulation provides the same thoroughness and depth of access to the older literature which has heretofore been available in a more limited way by its three predecessors. Besides these immediate benefits, there is the added one which may be realized in the future. To the existing data base of computerized information from which this latest index was produced can easily be added author and subject information of each future volume as it is published. With relatively small investment in time and money, this latest index can itself be kept up-to-date for quick, convenient and thorough coverage of the Proceedings as soon as they are published. The tape of this fourth index in its present form is currently stored at the computer center at the University of Oklahoma. Queries for copies of the print-out may be directed to the university library. 1. C. W. SHANNON, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 1: 8-12 (1921). 2. Okla. Univ. Bull. N.S. no. 525 (1931). 3. Decennial Index to the Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., vols. 11-20, 1931-1940, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 22: 199-216 (1942). 4. Vicennial Index of the Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., vols. 21-40, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 40: 156-193 (1960).

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- titter (v.) - 1610s, "giggle in a suppressed or covert way," probably of imitative origin. Related: Tittered; tittering. The noun is first recorded 1728. - titties (n.) - 1746 (plural); see tit (n.1) + -ie. - tittle (n.) - late 14c., "small stroke or point in writing," representing Latin apex in Late Latin sense of "accent mark over a vowel," borrowed (perhaps by influence of Provençal titule "the dot over -i-") from Latin titulus "inscription, heading" (see title (n.)). - titular (adj.) - 1590s, perhaps by influence of Middle French titulaire, from Latin titulus (see title). - tix (n.) - short for tickets, by 1947, originally headlinese. - tizzy (n.) - 1935, American English colloquial, of uncertain origin, perhaps related to slang tizzy "sixpence piece" (1804), a corruption of tester, a name for the coin (see tester (n.2)). - by 1953 as an abbreviation of tender loving care. - Indian group in Alaska and Canada, the people's word for themselves, literally "human beings." - 1570s, from Greek tmesis "a cutting," related to temnein "to cut," tome "a cutting" (see tome). The separation of the elements of a compound word by the interposition of another word or words (e.g. a whole nother). - 1915, abbreviation of trinitrotoluene (1908). - to (prep.) - Old English to "in the direction of, for the purpose of, furthermore," from West Germanic *to (cf. Old Saxon and Old Frisian to, Dutch too, Old High German zuo, German zu "to"), from PIE pronomial base *do- "to, toward, upward" (cf. Latin donec "as long as," Old Church Slavonic do "as far as, to," Greek suffix -de "to, toward," Old Irish do, Lithuanian da-). In Old English, the preposition (go to town) leveled with the adverb (the door slammed to) except where the adverb retained its stress (tired and hungry too); there it came to be written with -oo (see too). The nearly universal use of to with infinitives (to sleep, to dream, etc.) arose in Middle English out of the Old English dative use of to, and it helped drive out the Old English inflectional endings (though in this use to itself is a mere sign, without meaning). Commonly used as a prefix in Middle English (to-hear "listen to," etc.), but few of these survive (to-do, together, and time references such as today, tonight, tomorrow -- Chaucer also has to-yeere). To and fro "side to side" is attested from mid-14c. Phrase what's it to you "how does that concern you?" goes back a long way: Huæd is ðec ðæs? [John xxi:22, in Lindisfarne Gospel, c.950] - particle expressing separation, from West Germanic *ti- (cf. Old Frisian ti-, Old High German zi-, German zer-), from Proto-Germanic *tiz-, cognate with Latin-derived dis-. Some 125 compound verbs with this element are recorded in Old English; their number declined rapidly in Middle English and disappeared by c.1500 except as conscious archaisms. - to-do (n.) - 1570s, from the verb phrase to do, from Old English to don "proper or necessary to be done" (see to). Meaning "disturbance, fuss" is first recorded 1827. - toad (n.) - Old English tadige, tadie, of unknown origin and with no known cognates outside English. - toadstone (n.) - "stone or stone-like object, supposedly magical (with healing or protective power) and found in the heads of certain toads," is attested from 1550s, from toad + stone (n.). Translating Greek batrakhites, Medieval Latin bufonites; cf. also French crapaudine (13c.), German krötenstein. - toadstool (n.) - late 14c., apparently just what it looks like: a fanciful name from Middle English tadde "toad" (see toad) + stole "stool" (see stool). Toads themselves were regarded as highly poisonous, and this word is popularly restricted to inedible or poisonous fungi, as opposed to mushrooms (e.g. toad-cheese, a poisonous fungi). - toady (n.) - "servile parasite," 1826, apparently shortened from toad-eater "fawning flatterer" (1742), originally referring to the assistant of a charlatan, who ate a toad (believed to be poisonous) to enable his master to display his skill in expelling the poison (1620s). The verb is recorded from 1827. Related: Toadied; toadying. - toast (v.1) - "to brown with heat," late 14c., from Old French toster "to toast or grill" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *tostare (source of Italian tostare, Spanish tostar), frequentative of Latin torrere (past participle tostus) "to parch" (see terrain). Related: Toasted; toasting. - toast (v.2) - "to propose or drink a toast," 1700, from toast (n.1). This probably is the source of the Jamaican and U.S. black word meaning "extemporaneous narrative poem or rap" (1962). Related: Toasted; toasting. - toast (n.1) - "a call to drink to someone's health," 1700 (but said by Steele, 1709, to date to the reign of Charles II), originally referring to the beautiful or popular woman whose health is proposed and drunk, from the use of spiced toast (n.2) to flavor drink, the lady regarded as figuratively adding piquancy to the wine in which her health was drunk. - toast (n.2) - "a toasted piece of bread," early 15c., from toast (v.1); slang meaning "a goner, person or thing already doomed or destroyed" is recorded by 1987, perhaps from notion of computer circuits being "fried," and with unconscious echoes of earlier figurative phrase to be had on toast (1886) "to be served up for eating." - toaster (n.) - 1580s, agent noun from toast (v.1). Electrical type is from 1913. In reference to a person who proposes or pledges a drinking toast, from 1704 (from toast (v.2)). - toasty (adj.) - "warm and comfortable," 1890, from toast (v.1) + -y (2). Related: Toastiness. - tobacco (n.) - 1580s, from Spanish tabaco, in part from an Arawakan (probably Taino) language of the Caribbean, said to mean "a roll of tobacco leaves" (according to Las Casas, 1552) or "a kind of pipe for smoking tobacco" (according to Oviedo, 1535). Scholars of Caribbean languages lean toward Las Casas' explanation. But Spanish tabaco (also Italian tabacco) was a name of medicinal herbs from early 15c., from Arabic tabbaq, attested since 9c. as the name of various herbs. So the word may be a European one transferred to an American plant. Cultivation in France began 1556 with an importation of seed by Andre Thevet; introduced in Spain 1558 by Francisco Fernandes. Tobacco Road as a mythical place representative of rural Southern U.S. poverty is from the title of Erskine Caldwell's 1932 novel. - tobacconist (n.) - "dealer in tobacco," 1650s, from tobacco + -ist + abnormal inserted consonant; earlier meaning was "person addicted to tobacco" (1590s). - masc. proper name, from Late Latin Tobias, from Greek Tobias, from Hebrew Tobhiyyah, literally "the Lord is my Good," from Hebrew tobh "good." Toby is a short form. - toboggan (n.) - "long, flat-bottomed sled," 1829, from Canadian French tabagane, from Algonquian (probably Micmac) tobakun "a sled." The verb is recorded from 1846. As American English colloquial for a type of long woolen cap, it is recorded from 1929 (earlier toboggan cap, 1928), presumably because one wore such a cap while tobogganing. - familiar form of masc. proper name Tobias, in various colloquial usages, e.g. "jug" (1840), "drinking mug in the form of a stout old man;" as a type of collar (1882) it refers to that worn by the dog Toby in the 19c. Punch and Judy shows. Also in Toby show (by 1942, American English) "comedy act based on the stock character of a boisterous, blundering yokel." - word used for the letter T in radio communication, 1898. - toccata (n.) - 1724, from Italian toccata, from toccare "to touch." A composition for keyboard instrument, intended to exhibit the touch and technique of the performer, and having the air of an improvisation. - in reference to an extinct people and Indo-European language of Chinese Turkestan, 1927, from French tocharien, from Greek Tokharoi (Strabo), name of an Asiatic people who lived in the Oxus valley in ancient times. Earlier Tocharish (1910), from German tocharisch. The identification of this culture with the people named by Strabo was suggested in 1907 by F.W.K. Müller and "is obviously erroneous" (Klein). - tocsin (n.) - "alarm bell," 1580s, from Middle French toquassen "an alarm bell, the ringing of an alarm bell" (late 14c.), from Old Provençal tocasenh, from tocar "to strike" (from Vulgar Latin *toccare "strike a bell;" see touch) + senh "bell, bell note," from Late Latin signum "bell, ringing of a bell," in Latin "mark, signal." The current English spelling is from 1794, adopted from modern French. - today (n.) - Old English todæge, to dæge "on (the) day," from to "at, on" (see to) + dæge, dative of dæg "day" (see day). Generally written as two words until 16c., after which it usually was written to-day until early 20c. Similar constructions exist in other Germanic languages (cf. Dutch van daag "from-day," Danish and Swedish i dag "in day"). German heute is from Old High German hiutu, from Proto-Germanic *hiu tagu "on (this) day," with first element from PIE pronomial stem *ki-, represented by Latin cis "on this side." - masc. proper name, also a surname (late 12c.), from Middle English todde "fox," a Northern English word of unknown origin. - toddle (v.) - "to run or walk with short, unsteady steps," c.1600, Scottish and northern British, of uncertain origin, possibly related to totter (1530s); an earlier sense of "to toy, play" is found c.1500. Related: Toddled; toddling. - toddler (n.) - 1793, agent noun from toddle. - toddy (n.) - 1610s, alteration of taddy (1610s), tarrie (c.1600) "beverage made from fermented palm sap," from Hindi tari "palm sap" (in which the -r- sounds close to an English -d-), from tar "palm tree," from Sanskrit tala-s, probably from a Dravidian language (cf. Kannada tar, Telugu tadu). Meaning "beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices" first recorded 1786. - toe (n.) - Old English ta (plural tan), contraction of *tahe (Mercian tahæ), from Proto-Germanic *taikhwo (cf. Old Norse ta, Old Frisian tane, Middle Dutch te, Dutch teen, Old High German zecha, German Zehe "toe"), probably originally meaning "fingers" as well (many PIE languages still use one word to mean both fingers and toes). The Old English plural tan survived in southwestern England to 14c. To be on (one's) toes "alert, eager" is recorded from 1921. - toe (v.) - "touch or reach with the toes," 1813, from toe (n.). First recorded in expression toe the mark, which seems to be nautical in origin. The chief mate ... marked a line on the deck, brought the two boys up to it, making them 'toe the mark.' [R.H. Dana, "Two Years Before the Mast," 1840] Related: Toed; toeing. - toenail (n.) - also toe-nail, 1735, from toe (n.) + nail (n.). - toff (n.) - lower-class British slang for "stylish dresser, member of the smart set," 1851, said to be probably an alteration of tuft, formerly an Oxford University term for a nobleman or gentleman-commoner (1755), in reference to the gold ornamental tassel worn on the caps of undergraduates at Oxford and Cambridge whose fathers were peers with votes in the House of Lords. - toffee (n.) - 1825, tuffy, toughy, southern British dialectal variant of taffy. Modern spelling first recorded 1862. - tofu (n.) - soy bean curd, 1880, from Japanese tofu, from Chinese doufu, from dou "beans" + fu "rotten." - tog (n.) - 1708, "any outer garment," shortened from togman "cloak, loose coat" (1560s), thieves' cant word, formed from French togue "cloak," from Latin toga (see toga). Middle English toge "toga" (14c.) was also a cant word for "coat." - toga (n.) - c.1600, from Latin toga "cloak or mantle," related to tegere "to cover" (see stegosaurus). The outer garment of a Roman citizen in time of peace; toga prætexta had a broad purple border and was worn by children, magistrates, persons engaged in sacred rites, and later also emperors; toga virilis, the "toga of manhood," was assumed by boys at puberty. Breeches, like the word for them (Latin bracae) were alien to the Romans, the dress of Persians, Germans and Gauls, so that bracatus "wearing breeches" was a term in Roman geography meaning "north of the Alps." College fraternity toga party popularized by movie "Animal House" (1978), but this is set in 1962. - Old English togædere, from to (see to) + gædere "together" (adv.), apparently a variant of the adverb geador "together," related to gadrian (see gather). German cognate zusammen substitutes second element with Old High German verbal cognate of English same (Old English also had tosamne "together"). Adjective meaning "self-assured, free of emotional difficulties" is first recorded 1966. - togetherness (n.) - 1650s, "state of being together," from together + -ness. Sense of "fellowship, fellow-feeling," is from 1930. - toggery (n.) - "clothes collectively," 1812, from tog + -ery. - toggle (n.) - 1769, "short pin passed through the eye of a rope," a nautical word of uncertain origin, perhaps a frequentative form of tog "tug." Meaning "a kind of wall fastener" is recorded from 1934. Toggle bolt is from 1794; toggle switch first attested 1938. - toggle (v.) - 1836, from toggle (n.). Related: Toggled; toggling.

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Surveying for Shipwrecked Mariner Graves off Loch Sloy, Kangaroo Island, SABy Maddy Fowler and Cassandra Morris On the 27th March, Kyle Lent, Cassandra Morris and Maddy Fowler, maritime archaeology students at Flinders University, embarked on the Sealink Ferry to Kangaroo Island to participate in the 2012 survey of historic shipwreck burial sites lead by Amer Khan from the Department for Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This project involved conducting an archaeological survey to investigate possible locations of the burials of twelve bodies recovered from the sea following the wreck of Loch Sloy. The vessel was bound for Port Adelaide when it wrecked north of Cape de Couedic in the early morning of 24th April 1899. The location of the remains of the shipwreck is at present unknown. Upon arriving at the point where we would be leaving the vehicles and begin what turned out to be a four hour walk to site, the remoteness and isolation of where we were was suddenly impressed upon us. The walk took us along the cliff tops of the western coast of Kangaroo Island. There was no path to follow and the terrain was rough with broken limestone and low-lying vegetation. The feat of the four survivors of the wrecking event (one of which would perish before reaching help) was appreciated once the harsh environment into which they were thrown surrounded us. When we reached the northern limit of the survey area we split into two teams and the survey team began by assessing the sea conditions. After some initial observations were undertaken from the cliff top, the survey team climbed down to the base of the cliffs, where a flat rock shelf softens the impact of the waves (Figure 1). At this point it was clear that the tide was too high for a survey to be undertaken along the base of the cliffs as at high tide waves sweep up to the cliff face. It was decided that a survey along the top of the cliff would be undertaken. Historical documents pointed to the burials being placed at the base of the cliff, although it is quite possible that some bodies were buried at the top. The survey team walked a transect from the northern point of the survey area to where the excavation team were located, approximately 200 metres (m), and two possible burial sites were identified. Key points to look for in the landscape include: arranged stones usually in lines or with possible corner angles, upright stones, stones small enough to lift but big enough to hold back sediment, and an east-west alignment (to indicate Christian burials). The team recorded these two possible sites by taking GPS positions. In the initial site survey, which took place in December 2011, a cliff top survey was undertaken with some possible burial sites located. The excavation team further investigated one of these sites. A scale drawing was made of the linear rock feature that appeared to be a possible grave. The grave ran in an east west direction with three rocks creating a line on the western end and a very distinct line along the northern edge. The rock feature was roughly rectangular and approximately human sized and the rocks were small enough to be easily lifted by people (Figure 2). Detailed photographs were also taken at this point. Both teams then traced their way back across the landscape to the vehicles. Due to the long and difficult walk to and from the site, a different approach was taken on the subsequent trip—approaching the site from the north rather than the south. This involved walking down a ravine, over a headland, along a beach and then over another headland. On this day two people from the ABC News crew joined us. Conditions on the following visit were improved as it was just after low tide, and the survey team was able to undertake a search along the rock shelf at the base of the cliffs. Within the central section of the survey area, the rock shelf presented itself as a beach, with masses of rocks and boulders fallen from the cliffs (Figure 3). Amongst the fallen cliff faces was a multitude of deposited timber remains, buoys, and odd pieces of rubbish (a can of insect spray with Spanish packaging perhaps the strangest piece, along with the occasional flip-flop). In order to keep in contact with the other team, three volunteers remained at the top of the cliffs with one of the UHF radios to relay messages if need be. Beginning the survey, possible sites were searched for while another team member acted as a spotter, watching the ocean in case of large waves. Clambering over the rock fall, there were few sites above the high water mark with enough sediment to bury a body. From historical accounts, written by those conducting the burials, the graves were described as being above the high water mark, at the base of the cliff. To pinpoint many of these areas required climbing up a sand hill or fallen boulders. Continuing along the base of the cliff until the beach ran out, only two possible sites had been found—both along the same ridge but impossible to get to, lessening the likelihood of being burials. Following this, the team moved on to survey the southern extent of the area (Figure 4). This survey was short as no possible area could be identified along the rock shelf. Concluding the entire survey, it was decided that should the burials have been placed at the bottom of the cliffs, no trace remains to this day. The only possible location left unexplored was under the rocks and boulders. Observing the coast with the knowledge of the violent winter storms that occur every year, it is thought to be unlikely that the burials would have lasted through the first storm, let alone surviving 100 years on the rugged coastline. While the survey was undertaken, the excavation team placed a 50 centimetre (cm) by 50 cm test pit and excavated to determine whether the primary possible gravesite contained human remains. This test pit was conducted using trowels to remove sediment in 10 cm spits. The spoil from each spit was sieved and the trench was photographed at each level (Figure 5). Bedrock was reached at approximately 50 cm depth and no cultural material was identified. It is therefore unlikely that the rock feature represents a gravesite, however it cannot be ruled out entirely. It is possible that the test pit targeted the wrong area of the site. Along with the grave survey, we also undertook other survey projects. One project was to relocate and record a small vessel located in the Ravine des Casoars that had been reported to DENR by the park rangers when it was exposed in October of last year. Based on a GPS position we conducted a metal detector survey and dug test pits but were unable to relocate it (Figure 6). The river which flows nearby and exposed the wreck during high levels had also helped to cover the wreck in sand when it decreased. Another project undertaken was to identify the location of a shelter hut at West Bay, built to assist people who came ashore in the area after wrecking. We used an historical photograph to try to find the location and conducted a pedestrian survey through the dunes. No remains could be located on the surface but an approximate area for the structure was identified (Figure 7). A final task was to relocate a threshing floor near American River. This site, built in the 1950s, is a ring of rocks with a flat dirt floor in which sheaves of grain would be placed to be ‘threshed’—a process to tear grain from the stalks and loosen the husks. Listed on the government register, this site had not been relocated for many years, despite several attempts being made. We left the road on a bearing towards a rough GPS position. Part way to the GPS point we discovered a stone feature in a right-angled linear arrangement. This arrangement was recorded as it possibly relates to the threshing floor. The threshing floor was then located approximately 100 m further on. Viewing the site amongst the tall grass and bushes, the construction of the ring was flawless—stones were all the same height and length and had been placed upright, fitting together perfectly. The site was recorded and a new GPS point taken about 20 m away from the original mark. We would like to thank Amer Khan and Cameron Hartnell from DENR for giving us the opportunity to volunteer on such a unique project. Also Terry Drew, Lynda Bignell and Steve Saville for supplying a box of Mars Bars and entertaining stories. Finally our appreciation to the Flinders Chase National Park rangers: Charlotte, Caroline and Alison, ABC news crew: Caroline and Chris, and all the volunteers with the Kangaroo Island Walking Group for carrying our equipment. Please tune into ABC at 7:30 on Friday 20th to see the news feature about the site and the Loch Sloy.

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2. System components (1) Redox flow battery (1 MW x 5 hours) A redox flow battery is a storage battery that comprises a charging/discharging cell section and a tank full of metal ion electrolyte. It charges/discharges through oxidation-reduction of vanadium or other ions. The battery features long service life as the electrodes and electrolyte are not subject to deterioration even after repeated charge/discharge operations and is easily maintained as its uses the same electrolyte in both the cathode and anode. It also provides increased safety as it does not require any combustible substances and is operated at ambient temperatures. This battery is suitable for irregular, highly fluctuating charge/discharge operations, enabling accurate monitoring and control of stored electric power. Accordingly, it is an optimal storage battery for efficient use of renewable energy and surplus electricity supplied during the night. (2) Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) unit (maximum power generation of a total of 28 units: 200 kW) A CPV unit is a photovoltaic system incorporating small-size photovoltaic cells for energy conversion, directing high-intensity sunlight converged by a lens to photovoltaic cells. The power generation efficiency of the CPV panel is about twice that of silicon solar panels currently on the market as CPV cells are made from a special compound semiconductor material. Installed at an elevated position, concentrator panels provide usable space below them. The newly developed CPV unit offers 7.5 times greater output power (7.5 kW/unit), and yet the CPV panels are thinner and lighter than conventional ones. (3) Energy management system (EMS) The EMS monitors the amounts of electric power generated by a total of 28 CPV units, provided via commercial power networks, stored in a redox flow battery, and consumed at an office or plant to manage the electric power flow. Obtained data is sent by optical communication networks to be collectively controlled at the central control server. This system will be used in the demonstration test held at the Yokohama to achieve optimal supply-demand balance (maximum demand control of 1 MW) and power demand control based on preset schedules.

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Question: "When were the Gospels written?" Answer: It is important to understand that the dating of the Gospels and other New Testament books is at best an educated guess and at worst foolish speculation. For example, suggested dates for the writing of the Gospel of Matthew range from as early as A.D. 40 to as late as A.D. 140. This wide range of dates from scholars indicates the subjective nature of the dating process. Generally, one will find that the presuppositions of the scholars greatly influence their dating of the Gospels. For example, in the past many liberal theologians have argued for a later dating of many of the New Testament books than is probably warranted or valid, in an attempt to discredit or cast doubts upon the content and authenticity of the Gospel accounts. On the other hand, there are many scholars who look to a much earlier dating of the New Testament books. There are some that believe there is good evidence to support the view that the whole New Testament, including Revelation, was written prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. It is our contention that the evidence supports the earlier dating more than it does the later dating. There are scholars who believe the Gospel of Matthew was written as early as ten to twelve years after the death of Christ. Those who hold to this earlier dating of Matthew believe he first wrote his Gospel in Aramaic, and then it was later translated into Greek. One of the evidences of this earlier dating of Matthew’s Gospel is that early church leaders such as Irenaeus, Origen, and Eusebius recorded that Matthew first wrote his gospel for Jewish believers while he was still in Palestine. In fact Eusebius (a bishop of Caesarea and known as the father of church history) reported that Matthew wrote his Gospel before he left Palestine to preach in other lands, which Eusebius says happened about 12 years after the death of Christ. Some scholars believe that this would place the writing of Matthew as early as A.D. 40-45 and as late as A.D. 55. Even if the Gospels were not written until 30 years after Christ’s death, that would still place the writing of them prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. This presents no major problem with their authority or accuracy. Passing on oral traditions and teachings was commonplace in the Jewish culture of that day, and memorization was highly cultivated and practiced. Also, the fact that even at that time there would have been a considerable number of eyewitnesses around to dispute and discredit any false claims, and the fact that none of the “hard sayings” of Jesus were taken from the Gospel accounts, further supports their accuracy. Had the Gospels been edited before being written down, as some liberal scholars contend, then it was a very poor job. The writers left far too many “hard sayings,” and culturally unacceptable and politically incorrect accounts that would need explaining. An example of this is that the first witnesses of the resurrection were women, who were not considered reliable witnesses in the culture of that day. The bottom line for Christians is this—whether the Gospels were written soon after the death of Christ, or not until 30 years after his death, does not really matter, because their accuracy and authority does not rest on when they were written but on what they are: the divinely inspired Word of God (2 Timothy 3:16). We should also remember that one of the promises Jesus gave His disciples was that He would send them “another helper,” the Holy Spirit, who would teach them all things and “bring to your remembrance all that I said to you” (John 14:26). So, whether it was few years or many after Jesus’ death that the Gospels were written, we can have total confidence and faith in their completeness and accuracy, knowing that they were written by “men moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter 1:21), who accurately recorded the very words of God. © Copyright 2002-2013 Got Questions Ministries.

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These LEDs are connected to a thermistor that’s running just a little bit hotter than the ambient room temperature. So, by blowing on the thermistor, the birthday boy or girl is cooling it down, thus increasing the resistence. The microcontroller senses this and turns off a few of the LEDs as a result. Make one of these guys and you’ll never again have to worry about melted wax on your cake. For detailed instructions, head on over to Instructables.

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The Habsburg Empire May Be Dead, but its Honest Bureaucracy's Legacy Lives On When I think Habsburg Empire, I think of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination famously marked the beginning of World War I and less famously, the decline of the empire itself until its dissolution in 1918. However, the silhouette of the empire still marks a psychologically different part of Europe, according to research by Sascha Becker and Ludger Woessmann. In their 2011 short paper, The Empire Is Dead, Long Live the Empire! Long-Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy, (summarized here) they compared levels of trust on opposite sides of the long-gone Habsburg Empire border within five countries. Surprisingly, they found that the border was still meaningful. Within the border, firms and people have higher trust in courts and police. Outside the border--specifically in regions that were once part of the Ottoman empire--levels of trust are relatively lower. Historians have described the Habsburg bureaucracy as “fairly honest, quite hard-working, and generally high-minded” (Taylor 1948). According to Becker and Woessman, this lies at the root of the higher trust levels. Taylor, AJP (1948), The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, Penguin Books (reprint 1990)

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A boy in my 8-year-old daughter's class has a cleft palate. I know that he has trouble finding friends because other kids — including my daughter — are wary of his difference. How can I encourage her to reach out to him so other kids will too? This is an excellent opportunity for you to teach your daughter about accepting others. Kids are often sharp observers of physical appearances and, like your daughter, many are initially wary of others with noticeable differences. Provide basic information about cleft palate so your daughter will understand it. Emphasize that although some kids may look different, they are just like other children in many ways. Keep it as simple and direct as possible, perhaps saying something like: "Johnny was born with an opening on the roof of his mouth, called a cleft palate. His doctors are working to make it better and he sometimes has trouble saying certain sounds." Focus on how the boy is just like other kids, perhaps saying something like, "He's a good reader like you and likes to play soccer." Encourage your daughter to talk to him or ask him to play in the same ways she does with other kids. If she's reluctant to do this for fear of what her friends think, ask her to consider how she would feel if others excluded her based on a physical feature that she couldn't help, like glasses or a birthmark. Forcing your daughter to develop friendships with specific kids isn't likely to work. But you can continue to gently encourage her to reach out to the boy, help her feel more comfortable and confident interacting with people who are different for any reason, and teach ways to be more accepting of them. And don't forget to pay attention to the way you treat others with differences, as the example you set will strongly influence your daughter's behavior.

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A couple of weeks ago, I was invited to the local PBS affiliate to hear the results of a study recently commissioned by PBS Kids. We are a PBS Kids family for sure, so the whole family was excited to attend the event with me. While I was hearing about the study, my little guy was hanging out with Curious George. [Cue the Pre-School Squee!] According to PBS Kids, “The national survey of parents with children ages 2-12 also indicated that parents are less likely to support their kids’ math skills from the earliest ages, and that many parents have anxiety about supporting math learning at home.” Responding to this need, PBS Kids and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) announced a new program called “It All Adds Up.” It All Adds up is “an effort that aims to boost math learning at home – and everywhere – by providing resources for parents.” PBS Kids and the CPB have already been doing great work over the last two years in literacy and math via more than 100 games and apps through the Ready to Learn program. It All Ads Up will build on that success and make them accessible online at PBS Kids’ Lab, “a site that aggregates games, apps and offline activities to help support math and reading learning for kids 2 -8.” Here are a couple of photos of my little guy and a little girl playing a particularly awesome Curious George game available at PBS Kids’ Lab. It uses the microphone and the camera on the computer to allow the game to be interactive with little ones who maybe haven’t mastered the mouse or the keyboard. My guy LOVED it. Here are a few of the awesome new resources: New FETCH! 3-D Online Game: Ruff Ruffman’s Monumental Mini-Golf Kiddos aged 6 to 8 will help Ruff build his mini golf course. Kids will partner up (safely) with other kids who are also online to solve puzzles and create structures. All along they will be practicing spatial reasoning, measurement, and shape manipulation. At the end of the game, kids get to play through the mini golf course that they just helped create! This game is in public beta, so there will likely be more changes to the game, but it’s a great time to get in and try it! PBS Parents Play & Learn App This is PBS Kids’ first app designed exclusively for parents. Available for free download, the app offers games and ideas for parents to practice math skills with their kids. The games are organized around familiar places like home or the grocery store and also divided by stages: baby, toddler, and pre-school. I happen to LOVE this app and wish it was around when my guy was even younger. It’s available in English and Spanish plus on basically every platform you could possibly want: iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Android phones/tablets (including Kindle Fire). Launch of Peg + Cat I’m very excited about this. PBS Kids will be launching a new show called Peg + Cat in Fall of 2013. It features “spirited Peg and her sidekick Cat as they embark on adventures and learn foundational math concepts and skills.” We got to see a quick clip at the event, and it is adorable. Can’t wait! I’m sure my guy is going to love it! To stay up to date on all of the good things going on at PBS Kids, be sure to follow them on Facebook.

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by Jeremiah Akin and Jim March This talk will expose the slight of hand tricks used by government agencies to make them appear more transparent than they are. "Transparency" is a common buzz word that suggests that government operates in a manner that is clear, visible, and understandable. Open Data Centers are supposed to increase accountability and transparency in government computer-based operations. However, can you use the data they provide to spot waste or corruption in government? Vote counting used to be a process that people could watch, but now you only see a false replica of the open counting process. Meanwhile the votes are actually counted where they can not be observed. The public needs to be able to differentiate between transparency and transparency theater, just as it needs to learn to differentiate between security and security theatre. Several examples of how government agencies produce this theatre will demonstrate how what is supposed to be transparent is intentionally hidden. 9th–13th March 2012

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(Message Oriented Middleware) Software plumbing. Message-oriented middleware is the term for software that connects separate systems in a network by carrying and distributing messages between them. The messages may contain data, software instructions, or both together. MOM infrastructure is typically built around a queuing system that stores messages pending delivery, and keeps track of whether and when each message has been delivered. Most MOM systems also support autonomous publish-subscribe messaging. MOM products frequently use proprietary messaging technologies -- well-known examples include IBM MQSeries, MSMQ from Microsoft and Tibco Rendezvous -- but emerging standards specifications such as JMS and WS-ReliableMessaging are now enabling standards-based MOM infrastructures.

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If you're a backpacker you need a reliable yet lightweight method for purifying and filtering water in the wild. Most commercial methods are either bulky and heavy or need supplies such as salt and/or batteries. Instead you can make a gravity water filtration system using two water bladders, a $17 Aquamira Frontier Pro filter or likewise, and a pack of chlorine dioxide purification tablets. YouTube user and veteran backpacker Jason Klass demonstrates the light weight, versatility, and low cost (around $40 for everything) of this setup. Basically you fill your "dirty" water bottle directly from a river, lake, or stream, add a purification tablet, and connect your clean water bottle to the Aquamira filter. The other side of the filter is connected to the water resevoir you drink from. Hang the dirty water from a tree branch and keep the clean water on the ground and in half an hour you'll have a couple of liters of clean water to drink. Why does this system use both a chemical and a mechanical filter? The aquamira filter is good at keeping out dirt and objects that would change the taste of your water but does not filter closely enough to remove most bacterias and viruses. A chlorine dioxide chemical treatment (same as what most municipal water supplies use) will kill 99.999% of all viruses and bacterias and shouldn't change the taste of the water. If you run out of purification tablets while on the trail you can always gravity filter the water into a pot and boil it.

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Gospel of Matthew Authorship and writing of the Gospel Although the document is internally anonymous, the authorship of this Gospel has been traditionally ascribed to St. Matthew. The surviving testimony of the Church Fathers is unanimous in this view, and the tradition had been accepted by Christians at least as early as the 2nd century up to modern times. In addition, the title "According to Matthew" is found in the earliest codexes, which date to the fourth century.1 According to Tradition, after Pentecost St. Matthew preached the Good News of the Lord's Resurrection throughtout Palestine. Then, "at the request of the Jewish converts at Jerusalem, the holy Apostle Matthew wrote his Gospel describing the earthly life of the Savior before leaving to preach the Gospel in faraway lands." 2 He then left to preach his Gospel in Syria, Media, Persia, Parthia, before being martyred in Ethiopia. Because it was first recorded in Palestine, there is some speculation and evidence that Matthew's Gospel was originally written in Aramaic, though the earliest surviving version now in existence is in Greek. According to OCA, "many of the linguistic and cultural-historical peculiarities of the Greek translation give indications of it [the Gospel's original Aramaic form]." It was probably written somewhere from AD 60-65, though more liberal scholars put the date at 80-100. For convenience, the book can be divided into its four structurally distinct sections: Two introductory sections; the main section, which can be further broken into five sections, each with a narrative component followed by a long discourse of Jesus; and finally, the Passion and Resurrection section. - Containing the genealogy, the birth, and the infancy of Jesus (Matthew 1; Matthew 2). - The discourses and actions of John the Baptist preparatory to Christ's public ministry (Matthew 3; Matthew 4:11). - The discourses and actions of Christ in Galilee (4:12–26:1). - The Sermon on the Mount, concerning morality (Ch. 5–7) - The Missionary Discourse, concerning the mission Jesus gave his Twelve Apostles. (10–11:1) - The Parable Discourse, stories that teach about the Kingdom of Heaven (13). - The "Church Order" Discourse, concerning relationships among Christians (18–19:1). - The Eschatological Discourse, which includes the Olivet Discourse and Judgement of the Nations, concerning his Second Coming and the end of the age (24–25). - The sufferings, death and Resurrection of Jesus, the Great Commission (28:16–20). The one aim pervading the book is to show that Jesus of Nazareth was the promised Messiah — he "of whom Moses in the law and the prophets did write" — and that in him the ancient prophecies had their fulfillment. This book is full of allusions to passages of the Old Testament which the book interprets as predicting and foreshadowing Jesus' life and mission. This Gospel contains no fewer than sixty-five references to the Old Testament, forty-three of these being direct verbal citations, thus greatly outnumbering those found in the other Gospels. The main feature of this Gospel may be expressed in the motto "I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill" (5:17). The Apostle Matthew preached among people who were awaiting the Messiah. His Gospel manifests itself as a vivid proof that Jesus Christ is the Messiah foretold by the prophets, and that there would not be another (Mt. 11:3). The preaching and deeds of the Savior are presented by the evangelist in three divisions, constituting three aspects of the service of the Messiah: as Prophet and Law-Giver (Ch. 5-7), Lord over the world both visible and invisible (Ch. 8-25), and finally as High Priest offered as Sacrifice for the sins of all mankind (Ch. 26-27). The theological content of the Gospel, besides the Christological themes, includes also the teaching about the Kingdom of God and about the Church, which the Lord sets forth in parables about the inner preparation for entering into the Kingdom (Ch. 5-7), about the worthiness of servers of the Church in the world (Ch. 10-11), about the signs of the Kingdom and its growth in the souls of mankind (Ch. 13), about the humility and simplicity of the inheritors of the Kingdom (Mt. 18:1-35; 19 13-30; 20:1-16; 25-27; 23:1-28), and about the eschatological revelations of the Kingdom in the Second Coming of Christ within the daily spiritual life of the Church (Ch. 24-25). The Kingdom of Heaven and the Church are closely interconnected in the spiritual experience of Christianity: the Church is the historical embodiment of the Kingdom of Heaven in the world, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the Church of Christ in its eschatological perfection (Mt. 16:18-19; 28:18-20). In general, the text of the gospel of St Matthew is used most consistently in liturgical worship of the Orthodox Church. This may be because it was the most common gospel in the very early Churches. It contains the version of the beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer that is used in services. Only this gospel contains the post resurrection order of the Lord to his apostles, "to make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (28:19). And it contains the longest and most detailed record of Christ's teachings in the Sermon on the Mount (5-7)

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Quantum Diaries has an interesting introduction to the higgs. It makes it seem like the way that the higgs field gives mass to particles is via all of the interactions with virtual higgs particles. My question is, how can interaction with the field give rise to mass? It seems almost like Flip Tanedo is saying that, due to the interaction with the higgs field, the particle (electron, say) is experiencing a large number of changes in direction, and thus it takes a path much longer than the one that you measured. It seems to imply that, when going from A to B, the electron 'bounces' off of a number of virtual higgs particles and takes a much longer path than the straight line from A to B, travelling at light speed all the while. Is this a good way to look at the creation of 'mass' (i.e. a particle appears to move slower than light speed because it takes a path longer than the shortest one)? Or is there some other way to understand how the higgs mechanism imparts mass?

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During the Turkish wars the wild hordes of riders advanced as far as Purbach. On such occasions the townspeople of Purbach fled into the nearby Leitha Mountains to seek refuge there from the hordes. During one such attack Andreas Grein remained at home. When the Turkish horde found Grein, they placed him in handcuffs, tied him to a horse's tail, and thus forced him to run along behind. The Turks took Grein back to their country, where he was housed in a stall and forced to pull a plow by day. For food he received nuts and millet. After seven years of terrible suffering he succeeded -- with the help of a fellow countrywoman -- in escaping from Turkey. In October 1647, after traveling on foot for many months, he arrived at Purbach. He stopped to rest on his own property, about 1000 steps from the town. He then went to his home, where he encountered his wife, who had recently remarried. She did not recognize Grein, because of his wild appearance. After much discussion she recognized her husband from his voice. She asked him for forgiveness, and they lived happily together until they died. The second husband, of course, had to step aside. At the place where he had rested, Grein erected a Holy Trinity column, inscribed with the year 1647.

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There are some interesting things to note in there: I think that ray tracing in the classical sense, of analytically intersecting rays with conventionally defined geometry, whether they be triangle meshes or higher order primitives, I’m not really bullish on that taking over for primary rendering tasks which is essentially what Intel is pushing. But, I do think that there is a very strong possibility as we move towards next generation technologies for a ray tracing architecture that uses a specific data structure, rather than just taking triangles like everybody uses and tracing rays against them and being really, really expensive. It involves ray tracing into a sparse voxel octree which is essentially a geometric evolution of the mega-texture technologies that we’re doing today for uniquely texturing entire worlds. It’s clear that what we want to do in the following generation is have unique geometry down to the equivalent of the texel across everything. - ray tracing in the classical sense, in which rays intersect with triangles, is far too expensive for use in games, even with next generation hardware - the sparse voxel octree format permits unique geometry Octrees can be used to accelerate ray tracing and store geometry in a compressed format at the same time. Quote from a game developer (Rare) on the voxel octree: Storing data in an octree is far more efficient than storing it using textures and polygons (it's basically free compression for both geometry and texture data). It's primarily cool because you stop traversing when the size of the pixel is larger than the projected cell, so you don't even need to have all your data in memory, but can stream it in on demand. This means that the amount of data truly is unlimited, or at least the limits are with the artists producing it. You only need a fixed amount of voxels loaded to view a scene, and that doesn't change regardless of how big the scene is. The number of voxels required is proportional to the number of pixels on the screen. This is true regardless of how much data you're rendering! This is not true for rasterization unless you have some magical per-pixel visibility and LOD scheme to cut down the number of pixels and vertices to process, which is impossible to achieve in practice. Plus ray casting automatically gives you exact information on what geometry needs to be loaded in from disk, so it's a "perfect" streaming system, wheras with rasterization it would be very difficult to incrementally load a scene depending on what's visible (because you need to load the scene before you know what's visible!) If you want to model micrometer detail, go ahead, it won't be loaded into memory until someone zooms in close enough to see it. Voxels that are not intersected can be thrown out of memory. Of course you would keep some sort of cache and throw things out on a least recently used basis, but since it's hierarchical you can just load in new levels in the hierarchy only when you hit them. Voxels have some very interesting benefits compared to polygons: - It's a volumetric representation, so you can model very fine details and bumps, without the need for bump mapping. Particle effects like smoke, fire and foam can be efficiently rendered without using hacks. Voxels are also being used by some big Hollywood special effects studio's to render hair, fur and grass. - id wants to use voxels to render everything static with real geometry without using normal maps. - Voxels can store a color and a normal. For the renderer, textures and geometry are essentially the same. - The position of the voxel is defined implicitely by the structure that is holding it (the octree). Here's the good part: this structure represents both the primitives that need to be intersected and the spatial division of these primitives. So, in contrast to triangle ray tracing which needs a separate spatial division structure (kd-tree, BVH, ...), voxels are right away structured in a grid or an octree (this does not mean that other structures can't be used as well). So for voxel ray tracing, octrees are perfect. - Voxels are very cheap primitives to intersect, much cheaper than triangles. This is probably their biggest benefit when choosing between voxel and polygon ray tracing. - A voxel octree permits a very natural multiresolution. There's no need to go deeper into the octree when the size of a pixel is larger than the underlying cell, so you don't have to display detail if it's not necessary and you don't streal in data that isn't visible either way. - Voxels are extremely well suited for local effects (voxel ray casting). In contrast to triangle rasterization, there are no problems with transparency, refraction, ... There are also major benefits artwise: because voxels are volumetric, you can achieve effects like erosion, aging materials, wear and tear by simply changing the iso value. - Ray casting voxels is much less sensitive to scene complexity than triangles (partly translated from http://forum.canardplus.com/showpost.php?p=1257790&postcount=96) Disadvantages of voxel ray tracing vs polygon ray tracing: - Memory. Voxel data sets are huge relative to polygon data. But this doesn't have to be a problem, since all data can be streamed in. This does however create new challenges when the point of view changes rapidly and a lot of new data bricks have to be streamed in at once. Voxels sets have the benefit over polygons that voxel subsets can be loaded in, which permits some sort of progressive refinement. Other possible solutions are: using faster hard disks or solid state drives to accelerate the streaming, limiting depth traversal during fast camera movement or masking the streaming with motion blur or depth of field postprocessing. - Animation of voxels requires specialized tools - Disadvantages of ray tracing in general: dynamic objects require the octree to be updated in realtime. However, there are solutions for dynamic objects which don't require updating of the octree (such as building a deformation lattice around dynamic objects so that when you raycast into it bend the rays as it hits the deformation lattice). id Tech 6 plans to tackle the problem of having many dynamic objects with hybrid rendering. More on dynamic raytracing: Dynamic Acceleration Structures for Interactive Ray Tracing, Reinhard, E., Smits, B., and Hansen, C., in Proc. Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, pp. 299-306, June 2000. Summary: This system uses a grid data structure, allowing dynamic objects to be easily inserted or removed. The grid is tiled in space (i.e. it wraps around) to avoid problems with fixed boundaries. They also implement a hiearchical grid with data in both internal and leaf nodes; objects are inserted into the optimal level. Towards Rapid Reconstruction for Animated Ray Tracing, Lext and Akenine-Moller, Eurographics 2001. Summary: Each rigid dynamic object gets its own grid acceleration structure, and rays are transformed into this local coordinate system. Surprisingly, they show that this scheme is not a big win for simple scenes, because in simple scenes it is possible to completely rebuild the grid each frame using only about a quarter of the runtime. But, this would probably not be true for a k-d or BSP tree. Distributed Interactive Ray Tracing of Dynamic Scenes, Wald, Benthin, and Slusallek, Proc. IEEE Symp. on Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics (PVG), 2003. Summary: This system uses ray transformation (into object coordinate system) for rigid movement, and BSP rebuild for unstructured movement. A top-level BSP tree is rebuilt every frame to hold bounding volumes for the moving objects. Performance is still an issue for unstructured movement. Interactive Space Deformation with Hardware Assisted Rendering, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol 17, no 6, 1997, pp. 66-77. Summary: Instead of deforming objects directly, this system deforms the space in which they reside (using 1-to-1 deformations). During raytracing, the rays are deformed into the object space instead of deforming the objects into the ray space. However, the resulting deformed rays are no longer straight, so they must be discretized into short line segments to perform the actual ray-object intersection tests. Ray casting free-form deformed-volume objects, Haixin Chen, Jürgen Hesser, Reinhard Männer A collection of techniques is developed in this paper for ray casting free-form deformed-volume objects with high quality and efficiency. The known inverse ray deformation approach is combined with free-form deformation to bend the rays to the opposite direction of the deformation, producing an image of the deformed volume without generating a really deformed intermediate volume. The local curvature is estimated and used for the adaptive selection of the length of polyline segments, which approximate the inversely deformed ray trajectories; thus longer polyline segments can be automatically selected in regions with small curvature, reducing deformation calculation without losing the spatial continuity of the simulated deformation. We developed an efficient method for the estimation of the local deformation function. The Jacobian of the local deformation function is used for adjustments of the opacity values and normal vectors computed from the original volume, guaranteeing that the deformed spatial structures are correctly rendered. The popular ray casting acceleration techniques, like early ray termination and space leaping, are incorporated into the deformation procedure, providing a speed-up factor of 2.34-6.56 compared to the non-optimized case. More info on id Tech 6 and voxel ray casting in the ompf thread

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Two-Toed Sloths are native to the rain forests in Costa Rica, we are the slowest animals on the planet and lots of people want to know if we're nocturnal (awake at night) or diurnal (awake during the day) but we're really neither. We're only awake for 4-6 hours a day and that can be at any time. We eat lots and lots of leaves and plants but have a very slow metabolism so we only go to the bathroom about once/week! Our bodies are made of mostly retractor muscles so we can't walk or sit upright but we're sure good at hanging around. In the wild we even grow a green moss that covers our fur and if we're hungry we can always nibble on that! Another cool fact is that we have the lowest and more variable body temperature of any mammal we can be comfortable anywhere between 72 and 94 degrees!

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How Not To Insult The Prophet Mohammed How to honor the Prophet: - Promote and engage in violence on global scale. - Denigrate and heap scorn upon other religions. - Make certain that the majority of victims of violence are other Muslims. - Encourage and endorse violent and vicious regimes. - Resist free and democratic principles at all costs. - Make sure that Muslims in the Middle East are denied decent education. - Never object to or criticize FGM, honor killings, gang rapes or acid attacks on women. - Encourage religious sermons that preach hate. - Make sure parishoners leave sabbath prayer services enraged and ready to kill. - Deny the Holocaust - Agree that the Holocaust was a wonderful idea. - Encourage and reward racist and bigoted ideology. - Intimidate anyone who disagrees. - Finally....always be the aggrieved victim, resisting, fighting and killing anyone you please.

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This tutorial shows how to send modifications of code in the right way: by using patches. The word developer is used here for someone having a KDE SVN account. We suppose that you have modified some code in KDE and that you are ready to share it. First a few important points: Now you have the modification as a source file. Sending the source file will not be helpful, as probably someone else has done other modifications to the original file in the meantime. So your modified file could not replace it. That is why patches exist. Patches list the modifications, the line numbers and a few other useful information to be able to put that patch back into the existing code. (This process is called "patching" or also "applying a patch.") The main tool for creating patches is a tool called diff, which makes the difference between two files. This tool has a mode called unified diff, which KDE developers use. Unified diffs have not just the difference between the file but also the neighborhood around the differences. That allows to patch even if the line numbers are not the same anymore. The most simple patch is created between the modified file (here called source.cpp) and the non-modified version of the file (here called source.cpp.orig.) diff -u -p source.cpp.orig source.cpp That lists the difference between the two files in the unified diff format (and with function name information if possible.) However it only displays it to screen, which is of course not the goal. So you need to redirect the output. diff -u -p source.cpp.orig source.cpp > ~/patch.diff ~/patch.diff is here an example and you can create the file where you prefer with the name that you prefer. (You will soon find out that it is probably not a good idea to create a patch where the source is.) But normally, you do not just change one file and you do not keep the original version around to be able to make the difference later. But here too, there is a solution. The program svn, which is used on the command line interact with the SVN server, has a diff function too: svn diff. You can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub-directories below it. Of course, here too, you want to redirect the output. svn diff > ~/patch.diff There are useful variants too (shown here without redirection) Note: even if svn can make the difference of another directory (svn diff mydirectory), it is not recommended to do it for a patch that should be applied again. (The problem is that the person that will apply the patch will have to be more careful about how he applies it.) Note: for simple diff, like those shown in the examples above, svn diff can be used offline, therefore without an active connection to the KDE SVN server. This is possible, as svn keeps a copy of the original files locally. (This feature is part of the design of SVN.) By default, svn diff does not have a feature like the -p parameter of diff. But svn allows that an external diff program is called, so you can call diff: svn diff --diff-cmd diff --extensions "-u -p" The procedures described above work very well with text files, for example C++ source code. However they do not work with binary files, as diff is not made to handle them. And even if SVN can internally store binary differences, svn diff is not prepared to do anything similar yet, mainly because it currently uses the unified diff format only, which is not meant for binary data. Therefore, unfortunately, there is little choice but to attach binary files separately from the patch, of course attached in the same email. First, you need to make svn aware of files you have added. svn add path/to/new/file /path/to/another/new/file Then run svn diff as before. Note that if you do svn revert, for example, the files you created will NOT be deleted by svn - but svn will no longer care about them (so they won't show up when you do svn diff, for example). You will have to rm them manually. (TODO: are there any other issues with adding new files if you don't have commit access?) Now you are ready to share the patch. If your patch fixes a bug from KDE Bugs, then the easiest way is to attach it there, see next section. The main way of sharing a patch is to email to a mailing list. But be careful not to send big patches to a mailing list, a few 10KB is the limit. If you find that the patch is too big to send to a mailing list, the best is to create a bug report in KDE Bugs and to attach the patch there, after having created the bug report. Another possibility, however seldom used, is to post the patch on a public Web server (be it by HTTP or FTP) and to send an email to the mailing list, telling that the patch is waiting there. Another variant is to ask on the mailing list which developer is ready to get a big patch. (Try to give its size and ask if you should send it compressed, for example by bzip2.) A last variant, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, is to send the patch to a developer directly. (But here too, be careful if your patch is big. Some KDE developers have still analog modems.) In this section we assume that you have chosen to add your patch to an existing KDE bug or that you have created a bug report just for your patch. Even if this tutorial is more meant to send patches to a mailing list, most of it can be applied to adding a patch to KDE Bugs. You have two ways to do it: To send an email to a bug report, you can use an email address of the form [email protected] where 12345 is the bug number. Please be sure to attach your patch and not to have it inlined in your text. (If it is inlined, it would be corrupted by KDE Bugs, as HTML does not respect spaces.) Note: if you send an email to KDE Bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in KDE Bugs. Otherwise KDE Bugs will reject your email. Note: if you create a new bug report just for your patch, be careful that you cannot attach a patch directly when creating a new bug. However as soon as the new bug is created, you can then attach files, one-by-one, therefore also patches. Warning: sometimes your patch will be forgotten because the developers do not always closely monitor the bug database. In this case, try sending your patch by email as described below. If that also does not help, you can always talk to the developers on IRC Assuming that you have chosen to send the patch to a mailing list, you might ask yourself: to which one? The best destination for patches is the corresponding developer mailing list. In case of doubt, you can send any patch for KDE to the kde-devel mailing list. (However with an increased risk that you would miss the right developer.) Of course, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, then you can send the patch to him directly. Now you have a patch redirected into a file (for this example called patch.diff), you are ready to send it by email. But the first question: where? Now that you have entered an email address, a good practice is to attach the patch to your file before writing anything else in the email. So you will not forget to attach it. A little note here: yes, in KDE (unlike for the Linux Kernel for example), we prefer to have the patches sent as attachments. Now you are ready to write the rest of the email. Please think of a title that matches your patch. (Think of having to find it again in the archives in a few months or even years.) A good habit is to precede the title by [PATCH]. So for example a title could be [PATCH] Fix backup files. As for the body of the email, please tell to which file or directory your patch applies. For example for a file: The attached patch applies to the file koffice/kword/kwdoc.cpp or for a directory: The attached patch applies to the directory koffice/kword. This help the developers to have an overview of which code has been modified. Also tell for which branch it is meant, for example for trunk. Then tell what your patch does. If it fixes a bug, then please give the bug number too. If the bug was not registered in KDE Bugs, then please describe instead the bug that is fixed. Similarly, if you know that the patch fixes a bug introduced from a precise SVN revision, please add the revision number. Tell also what could be useful to the developers, for example if you could not completely test the patch (and why), if you need help to finish fixing the code or if it is a quick&dirty solution that should be fixed better in long-term. Now check the email again to see if you have not forgotten anything (especially to attach the patch) and you can send the email. One popular way of submitting patches is KDE's reviewboard. A big advantage over using the bugtracker of KDE is that the patches are less likely to be forgotten here. Also, the reviewboard allows inline review of diffs and other gimmicks. First you need to check if the project you've created the patch for is actually using reviewboard. For this, go to the groups section and see if the project's group is listed there. If it is listed there, you should use the reviewboard, otherwise send the patch by other means. For sending a patch, you first need to register. Then simply click New Review Request and fill out the form. The most important parts of the form are: After you completed the form, a notification mail will be sent to the developers and they will answer you. Now you have to wait that a developer reacts on your patch. (If you are not subscribed to the mailing lists where you have sent the patch, then monitor the mailing list archives] for such a message.) The reaction is normally one of the following: The first case is when nobody has answered. That perhaps means that you have chosen the wrong mailing list. Perhaps you have not explained correctly what the patch fixes or you have given a title that is not precise enough. If this happens, the developer might have overlooked the patch. Perhaps the developer that should have answered has not any time currently. (That too happens unfortunately.) The best is to try to work a little more on the patch, make a better description and try again a second time, perhaps to another mailing list or to use KDE Bugs instead. If the developer tells you that your patch conflicts with changes that he is currently doing, you could probably not do much against it. Maybe you can discuss with him how you can effectively work with him on this piece of code. If your patch was not accepted, you could work further on it. Probably you should discuss the problem on the mailing list to know in which direction you should work further. If a developer wants a few changes, then work on the code to make the changes according to the critic. If you need help because you do not understand how to do the needed change, then ask it on the mailing list. If your patch was accepted, congratulations! :)

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Neurons that can multitask greatly enhance the brain’s computational power, study finds. The movie "21," a fictional work loosely based on the story of the MIT blackjack team that won millions of dollars from casinos across the country, opens in theaters Friday. Throughout the 1990s, several MIT students were part of a team that used advanced card-counting techniques to improve their chances of winning at blackjack. Their story became Ben Mezrich's book "Bringing Down the House," which served as the basis for the fictional "21." Most notably, the character played by Kevin Spacey, portrayed as an MIT professor, is entirely fictional. While his irresponsible acts may enliven the Hollywood script, they are entirely unrepresentative of the Institute. Those familiar with MIT should not be surprised that its students are capable of the calculations and observations necessary to outsmart casinos. In addition to its global leadership in science and engineering, MIT remains a mathematics powerhouse. As just one example, the MIT math team recently finished third at the prestigious William Lowell Putnam intercollegiate mathematics competition, garnering 21 out of the top 74 scores. And while shots of Killian Court and other MIT exteriors dot "21," the movie was actually filmed at Boston University, at the Christian Science Center in Boston and in Las Vegas. The careful MIT observer will notice several alumni also have small credited roles in the film, including iRobot co-founder Colin Angle '89, SM '91, who provided the movie robot; Jeffrey Ma '94; and Henry Houh '89, '90, SM '91, PhD '98.

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Saving water for the Mujib Reserve, Jordan Together with the Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN) we worked in Jordan to reduce the impact of the dam upstream on the Mujib reserve, involve the local population in agricultural activities to save water and preserve water quality, and make sure that the Mujib reserve water needs are fulfilled in water management plans and decisions of the government. More Action Details Jordan is among the water poorest countries in the world. Population growth and unsustainable use such as pumping water for economic development since eighties of the past century have caused increase in the already high water stress. Nevertheless, Jordan does not have an integrated approach to water resource management. Drivers of the current situation of water overexploitation are: conflict of use between different sectors (drinking water, agriculture, industries, tourism), poverty and sanitation problems; disappearance of wetlands (Azraq) and huge impact on ecosystems such as Mujib National Reserve. Read more on our work in the Mujib Reserve, Jordan Read the announcement of the workshop on December 2011 Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN)

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January 12, 2013 'Singing penis' sets noise record for water insect Ella Davies at the BBC: Scientists from France and Scotland recorded the aquatic animal "singing" at up to 99.2 decibels, the equivalent of listening to a loud orchestra play while sitting in the front row. The insect makes the sound by rubbing its penis against its abdomen in a process known as "stridulation". Researchers say the song is a courtship display performed to attract a mate. Micronecta scholtzi are freshwater insects measuring just 2mm that are common across Europe. The team of biologists and engineering experts recorded the insects using specialist underwater microphones. On average, the songs of M. scholtzi reached 78.9 decibels, comparable to a passing freight train. Posted by S. Abbas Raza at 11:15 PM | Permalink

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- Historic Sites America’s First Iraq WHAT HAPPENED WHEN WE DELIVERED THE PHILIPPINES FROM TYRANNY A CENTURY AGO August/September 2003 | Volume 54, Issue 4 If all of this sounds eerily like a precursor to Vietnam, nothing appears more familiar than the seeming ambivalence of American troops and administrators toward the people whose land they were occupying. U.S. soldiers cursed the Filipinos continually as deceitful, lazy, “brainless monkeys,” “niggers,” and “gugus” and longed to go home. At the same time, they threw themselves into every sort of effort to improve life in the country they were occupying, building sewers, distributing food, vaccinating people against smallpox, and even reforming the Spanish judiciary by appointing Filipino judges. American soldiers started and taught in makeshift schools throughout the islands, bringing formal education to many rural areas for the first time. It was, as one observer put it, “a harsh and philanthropic war at the same time.” By the time President Theodore Roosevelt declared the conflict officially over, on July 4, 1902, it had ended up costing the United States 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded, not including thousands more who later died at home of diseases they had caught in the islands. Some 20,000 Filipino soldiers and at least 250,000 civilians had also died, out of a population estimated at 7.6 million. Even before the war was over, though, our occupation had taken a philanthropic turn when a federal judge named William Howard Taft arrived to serve as the islands’ first civilian governor. Taft considered most of the rebels no better than murderers and referred to his new subjects as his “little brown brothers.” Yet he was also a highly competent administrator, imbued with a strict sense of public duty. From the start it was clear that America’s role in the Philippines was to prepare the country for independence. “We hold the Philippines for the benefit of the Filipinos, and we are not entitled to pass a single act or to approve a single measure that has not that as its chief purpose,” Taft declared on arriving in the islands, and in his considerable wake came thousands of American volunteers, who would quickly transform our first colonial possession. They would build roads and ports, sewers, water systems, and railroads everywhere. They would reform the archaic law and tax codes left over from the Spanish, stimulate industry and finance, break up the old monastic estates and distribute their land to rural villagers. Before long Filipinos would enjoy the highest literacy rate in Southeast Asia. And vast improvements in public hygiene and health care would go a long way toward doubling the islands’ population by 1920. “Compared to European colonialism, the United States was indeed a model of enlightenment,” the journalist Stanley Karnow writes in his seminal work on the subject, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines. In 1916 an act of Congress pledged eventual independence to the Philippines; the islands were made a semiautonomous commonwealth in 1935, and full independence, delayed by World War II, became a reality in 1946. Yet in Karnow’s assessment, the Americans’ performance in the Philippines “was neither as brilliant as their publicists claimed nor as bleak as their critics contended.” The Americans tried to make the country over into another America but also made clear they considered the Filipinos their racial inferiors. They preached democracy but dispersed patronage to those Filipino politicians who supported U.S. policies. They fought side by side with their “little brown brothers” against the Japanese, during some of the most ferocious combat in World War II, and against Southeast Asian communism during the Cold War, but also felt free to suborn the Philippines’ nascent democracy for years. Since the Reagan administration’s tardy but decisive support for Cory Aquino’s People Power movement in the 1980s, U.S.-Filipino relations have gotten on a more even keel, but not even enough to have kept the country from closing key American military bases for eight years in the 1990s. Of course, Iraq presents its own unique challenges and possibilities. Among other differences, the United States does not view it as a colony at all and certainly not as a possession. But if we can learn anything from our long adventure into the Philippines, it is that we need a policy that will be consistent not only in deed but in word and attitude as well, one that will avoid condescension and be directed toward making a restored, democratic Iraq truly independent.

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Caring for Student Health By Naomi Dillon It makes perfect sense: If you don’t feel well, you won’t perform well. Professional athletes know this. Medical professionals know this. Moms and dads know this. And in an increasing number of public schools, district officials know it, too. And many are doing something about it, in the form of more than 2,000 school-based health centers across the nation. Known also by their acronym (SBHCs), these clinics take many shapes and forms, sometimes occupying a wing in a school building, a mobile unit on school grounds, or an old shuttered campus retrofitted as a modern medical facility. Most provide preventative and wellness care, although more are adding mental health, dental, and eye care services to their list of offerings. “Lots of times, people like to describe them as a doctor’s office, but often they are more comprehensive than that,” says Linda Juszczak, executive director of the National Assembly on School-Based Health Care. Numerous studies have shown that SBHCs can improve student health while lowering hospitalizations and Medicaid expenses. Several have noted sharp reductions in absenteeism and tardiness rates in schools where health centers exist. At least one study has determined that students who frequented the clinics for mental health services had higher grade point averages than those who didn’t use the centers. Meanwhile, a 2010 study published in the Journal of Community Health estimated that a nationwide school-based clinic program would cost $4.5 billion but save nearly $25 billion in medical and opportunity costs for missed work and premature death from asthma. That same year, as part of President Obama’s health care reform bill, Congress appropriated $200 million for school-based health programs. “It’s a triumph of common sense,” U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan told the Denver Post last summer. “Schools should be the heart of the neighborhood. You’re putting a critical, critical resource right there at the school building.” Juszczak says the federal government’s support has sent the message “that the clinics are here to stay, that they are filling a role that’s appreciated and essential in the communities that need them.” “That’s changed the attitude that people have of these programs,” she says. Subscribers please click here to continue reading. If you are not a subscriber, please click here to purchase this article or to obtain a subscription to ASBJ.

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The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) exists to record objects found by members of the public and enter them onto an online database. Since it began in 1997, PAS has recorded over 750,000 objects of all periods of history from Palaeolithic flints to eighteenth-century coins and has become an important source of new archaeological data to be used by students and academics in their research. Initially based on a small group of pilot regions, recording was extended to cover the whole of England and Wales in 2003, at which point Oxfordshire became a part of the Scheme with the employment of a local Finds Liaison Officer (FLO) in the county. Alongside recording ordinary objects, PAS also deals with objects which come under remits of the Treasure Act 1996, which include gold and silver artefacts and coin hoards. The Ashmolean has been officially involved with the PAS since 2004 when the Scheme’s ‘National Finds Advisor for Medieval and Post-medieval Coinage’ became a part of our Heberden Coin Room. A further strengthening of the ties between the Ashmolean and PAS came with the re-opening of the museum in 2009 when the Coin Room and Department of Antiquities started a monthly ‘identification service’ for artefacts and coinage, at which the Oxfordshire FLO also attends. Through this service, PAS has recorded hundreds of objects, many of which would probably not have come to PAS’s attention in any other way. The importance of PAS and local finds to the Ashmolean can be seen in the displays of local material around the museum, especially the ‘England 400-1600’ and ‘Money’ galleries, the latter housing a set of drawers including a range of finds made by a local metal-detectorist. Find out more about:

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Plants flower faster than climate change models predict Scientific models are failing to accurately predict the impact of global warming on plants, says a new report. Researchers found in long-term studies that some are flowering up to eight times faster than models anticipate. The authors say that poor study design and a lack of investment in experiments partly account for the difference. They suggest that spring flowering and leafing will continue to advance at the rate of 5 to 6 days per year for every degree celsius of warming. The results are published in the journal Nature. For more than 20 years, scientists have been carrying out experiments to mimic the impacts of rising temperatures on the first leafing and flowering of plant species around the world. End Quote This Rutishauser Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now” Researchers had assumed that plants would respond in essentially the same way to experimental warming with lamps and open top chambers as they would to changes in temperatures in the real world. Very little has been done to test the assumption until this study lead by Dr Elizabeth Wolkovich, who is now at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. With her colleagues she studied the timing of the flowering and leafing of plants in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1,634 plant species. According to Dr Wolkovich, the results were a surprise. "What we found is that the experiments don't line up with the long term data, and in fact they greatly underestimate how much plants change their leafing and flowering with warming," she said. "So for models based on experimental data, then we would expect that plants are leafing four times faster and flowering eight times faster in the long term historical record than what we're using in some of the models."'Consistent message' Observational data have been gathered by scientific bodies for many years. In the UK, the systematic recording of flowering times dates back to 1875, when the Royal Meteorological Society established a national network of observers. Since then, data has also been recorded by full-time biologists and part-time enthusiasts, and in recent years there have been mass-participation projects such as BBC Springwatch. This new research suggests that these observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to Dr Wolkovich. "In terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for every degree celsius of warming we get we are going to get a five- to six-day change in how plants leaf and flower." She argues that the difficulties in mimicking the impacts of nature in an artificial setting are much greater than many scientists estimate. The team found that in some cases the use of warming chambers to artificially raise temperatures can sometimes have the opposite effect. "In the real world, we don't just see changes in temperature - we see changes in precipitation and cloud patterns and other factors - so certainly when you think about replicating changes in clouds, we are very, very far away from being able to do that. "I guess we will never get to perfectly match nature, but I am hopeful as scientists we can do much, much better, given funding resources." The team found that the greater investment in the design and monitoring of experiments, the more accurate the result. "We have a very consistent message from the long-term historical records about how plants are changing, but we need to think more critically about how we fund and invest in and really design experiments," said Dr Wolkovich. "We do need them in the future, they are the best way going forward to project how species are changing but right now what we're doing isn't working as well as I think it could." Other researchers were equally surprised by the results. Dr This Rutishauser is at the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of Bern in Switzerland. He says that in light of this work scientists will have to rethink the impacts of global warming. "The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now. That's going to provoke a lot of work to probably revise modelling results for estimations of what's going to happen in the future for food production especially." Dr Wolkovich agrees that if the models are so significantly underestimating the real world observations, there could be also be impacts on water the world over. "If a whole plant community starts growing a week earlier than we expect according to these experiments, it's going to take up a lot more water over the growing season and if you add to that many years of the model projections, you are going to see big changes in the water supply." She appeals to people to get involved in citizen science projects and help gather data on flowering and leafing, especially in remote areas. The National Phenology Network in the US logged its millionth observation this week, and similar programmes are underway in the UK, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, and a pan-European database is under development. "We have very few monitoring networks. We need many, many people out there observing this because it is changing faster and across more habitats than we are currently measuring - we need more help!"

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The authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters, IBWA members include U.S. and International bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA represents our industry’s uncompromising commitment to the safety and availability of bottled water worldwide. Bottled water companies work hard to protect the environment, and play an important role in promoting recycling of plastic containers and groundwater management. The bottled water industry is one of thousands of food, beverage and commercial water users. Bottled Water companies actively support comprehensive ground water management practices that are science-based, treat all users equitably, multi-jurisdictional, and provide for future needs of this important resource. Learn more. Bottled water is a safe, healthy, and convenient packaged food product, which is comprehensively regulated at both the federal and state level. Strictly regulated as a packaged food product by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bottled water is a safe, refreshing, convenient, and consistently reliable beverage choice. Did you know that by mandate of federal law, the FDA regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the EPA regulations which govern tap water? Learn more. MYTH: Bottled water isn't as regulated as tap water. FACT: By federal law, the FDA regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the EPA regulations which govern tap water. To suggest in any way that bottled water is less stringently regulated than tap water is simply not true...

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is the standard method used by scientists to determine the age of certain fossilized remains. As scientists will often claim something to be millions or billions of years old (ages that do not conform to the Biblical account of the age of the earth), Christians are often left wondering about the accuracy of the carbon-14 method. The truth is, carbon-14 dating (or radiocarbon dating, as it’s also called) is not a precise dating method in many cases, due to faulty assumptions and other limitations on this method. has a weight of twelve atomic mass units (AMU’s), and is the building block of all organic matter (plants and animals). A small percentage of carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 14 AMU’s. This is carbon-14. Carbon-14 is an unstable, radioactive isotope of carbon 12. As with any radioactive isotope, carbon-14 decays over time. The half-life of carbon 14 is approximate 5,730 years. That means if you took one pound of 100 percent carbon-14, in 5,730 years, you would only have half a pound left. created in the upper atmosphere as nitrogen atoms are bombarded by cosmic radiation. For every one trillion carbon-12 atoms, you will find one carbon-14 atoms. The carbon-14 that results from the reaction caused by cosmic radiation quickly changes to carbon dioxide, just like normal carbon-12 would. Plants utilize, or “breath in” carbon dioxide, then ultimately release oxygen for animals to inhale. The carbon-14 dioxide is utilized by plants in the same way normal carbon dioxide is. This carbon-14 dioxide then ends up in humans and other animals as it moves up the food chain. There is then a ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the bodies of plants, humans, and other animals that can fluctuate, but will be fixed at the time of death. After death, the carbon-14 would begin to decay at the rate stated above. In 1948, Dr. W.F. Libby introduced the carbon-14 dating method at the University of Chicago. The premise behind the method is to determine the ratio of carbon-14 left in organic matter, and by doing so, estimate how long ago death occurred by running the ratio backwards. The accuracy of this method, however, relies on several faulty assumptions. carbon-14 dating to be accurate, one must assume the rate of decay of carbon-14 has remained constant over the years. However, evidence indicates that the opposite is true. Experiments have been performed using the radioactive isotopes of uranium-238 and iron-57, and have shown that rates can and do vary. In fact, changing the environments surrounding the samples can alter decay rates. The second faulty assumption is that the rate of carbon-14 formation has remained constant over the years. There are a few reasons to believe this assumption is erroneous. The industrial revolution greatly increased the amount of carbon-12 released into the atmosphere through the burning of coal. Also, the atomic bomb testing around 1950 caused a rise in neutrons, which increased carbon-14 concentrations. The great flood which Noah and family survived would have uprooted and/or buried entire forests. This would decrease the release of carbon-12 to the atmosphere through the decay carbon-14 dating to be accurate, the concentrations of carbon-14 and carbon-12 must have remained constant in the atmosphere. In addition to the reasons mentioned in the previous paragraph, the flood provides another evidence that this is a faulty assumption. During the flood, subterranean water chambers that were under great pressure would have been breached. This would have resulted in an enormous amount of carbon-12 being released into the oceans and atmosphere. The effect would be not unlike opening a can of soda and having the carbon dioxide fizzing out. The water in these subterranean chambers would not have contained carbon-14, as the water was shielded from cosmic radiation. This would have upset the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12. To make carbon-14 dating work, Dr. Libby also assumed that the amount of carbon-14 being presently produced had equaled the amount of carbon-12 – he assumed that they had reached a balance. The formation of carbon-14 increases with time, and at the time of creation was probably at or near zero. Since carbon-14 is radioactive, it begins to decay immediately as it’s formed. If you start with no carbon-14 in the atmosphere, it would take over 50,000 years for the amount being produced to reach equilibrium with the amount decaying. One of the reasons we know that the earth is less than 50,000 years old is because of the biblical record. Another reason we can know this is because the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere is only 78% what it would be if the earth were Libby and the evolutionist crowd have assumed that all plant and animal life utilize carbon-14 equally as they do carbon-12. To be grammatically crass, this ain’t necessarily so. Live mollusks off the Hawaiian coast have had their shells dated with the carbon-14 method. These test showed that the shells died 2000 years ago! This news came as quite a shock to the mollusks that had been using those shells until just recently. We’ve listed five faulty assumptions here that have caused overestimates of age using the carbon-14 method. The list of non-compliant dates from this method is endless. Most evolutionists today would conclude that carbon-14 dating is – at best – reliable for only the last 3000 to 3500 years. There is another reason that carbon-14 dating has yielded questionable results – human bias. If you’ve ever been part of a medical study, you’re probably familiar with the terms “blind study” and “double-blind study”. In a blind study, using carbon-14 dating for example, a person would send in a few quality control samples along with the actual sample to the laboratory. The laboratory analyst should not know which sample is the one of interest. In this way, the analyst could not introduce bias into the dating of the actual sample. In a double-blind study (using an experimental drug study as an example), some patients will be given the experimental drug, while others will be given a placebo (a harmless sugar pill). Neither the patients nor the doctors while know who gets what. This provides an added layer of protection against bias. that do not fit a desired theory are often excluded by alleging cross-contamination of the sample. In this manner, an evolutionist can present a sample for analysis, and tell the laboratory that he assumes the sample to be somewhere between 50,000 years old and 100,000 years old. Dates that do not conform to this estimate are thrown out. Repeated testing of the sample may show nine tests that indicate an age of 5000 to 10,000 years old, and one test that shows an age of 65,000 years old. The nine results showing ages that do not conform to the pre-supposed theory are excluded. This is bad science, and it is practiced all the time to fit with the evolutionary model. The Shroud of Turin, claimed to be the burial cloth of Christ, was supposedly dated by a blind test. Actually, the control specimens were so dissimilar that the technicians at the three laboratories making the measurements could easily tell which specimen was from the Shroud. This would be like taking a piece of wood and two marbles and submitting them to the lab with the instructions that “one of these is from an ancient ponderosa pine, guess which.” The test would have been blind if the specimens had been reduced to carbon powder before they were given to the testing laboratories. Humans are naturally biased. We tend to see what we want to see, and explain away unwanted data. Perhaps the best description of the problem in attempting to use the Carbon-14 dating method is to be found in the words of Dr. Robert Lee. In 1981, he wrote an article for the Anthropological Journal of Canada, in which stated: troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep and serious. Despite 35 years of technological refinement and better understanding, the underlying assumptions have been strongly challenged, and warnings are out that radiocarbon may soon find itself in a crisis situation. Continuing use of the method depends on a fix-it-as-we-go approach, allowing for contamination here, fractionation there, and calibration whenever possible. It should be no surprise then, that fully half of the dates are rejected. The wonder is, surely, that the remaining half has come to be accepted…. No matter how useful it is, though, the radiocarbon method is still not capable of yielding accurate and reliable results. There are gross discrepancies, the chronology is uneven and relative, and the accepted dates are actually the selected dates.” accuracy of carbon-14 dating relies on faulty assumptions, and is subject to human bias. At best, radiocarbon dating is only accurate for the past few thousand years. As we’ve seen though, even relatively youthful samples are often dated incorrectly. The Biblical record gives us an indication of an earth that is relatively young. The most reliable use of radiocarbon dating supports that position. This method of dating, overall, tends to be as faulty and ill conceived as the evolutionary model that is was designed TO EVOLUTION MAIN PAGE

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What is Braille? Braille is an arrangement of clusters of six points, some of which are raised, representing letters, sounds and words. The fingertips are passed over the embossed dots enabling the reader to feel the points. This process means that a visually impaired or blind person who understands the significance of the patterns at his/her fingertips can read. Who was Louis Braille? Louis Braille was a Frenchman. Born in 1809, he was a normally-sighted baby. Unfortunately he lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an accident. Seven years later he won a scholarship to the National Institute for the Blind in Paris where he learned to play musical instruments. He was an intelligent student and soon went on to play the organ in churches all round the country. The school was a leader in the field of teaching the blind and its founder had invented a system of raised letters on paper in order to teach blind children to read. There were drawbacks to this method, however. The books were large and unwieldy, and although the children learned to read they did not learn to write. Fortunately this situation was soon to change. In 1821 a former officer of the French Army paid a visit to the school. His name was Charles Barbier and he had been commanded by Napoleon to invent a system for writing at night, silently and without light, for use in the French Army. Barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and dashes, raised on paper. The code had not taken off very well, however, as it was too difficult to learn. Nevertheless he told the institute about it and the idea sparked Louis Braille’s creative abilities. He quickly spotted the flaw in Barbier’s system and set about simplifying the code to six dots which made it much easier to learn to use. The beauty of Braille’s system lay in the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12-dot cluster – the pattern of just six raised dots could be read with one touch. Also, blind people could write as well as read with this method. Louis Braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his teens. In later years he widened the scope of the code so that both music and mathematics could be read and produced with it. By 1830 the first book in Braille had been published. In adulthood Louis Braille stayed on at the Institute as a teacher though he didn’t teach his system for reading and writing to the children there – ‘Braille’ had yet to catch on officially. In 1852 he succumbed to tuberculosis and died. Just two years later his code of raised dots was given official recognition as the system to be used when teaching literacy to the blind. Exactly one hundred years after his death Louis Braille’s remains were transferred to the Panthéon in Paris, re-interred and accorded the honours the inventor of a reading and writing system for the blind deserved. In spite of the fact that the use of Braille is declining nowadays due to advances in technology, Louis Braille’s place in history is assured. See also: More important problems to deal with than blindness? Quick Quiz: Read the clues below and write the solutions on a piece of paper. Then take the first letter of each answer and rearrange them to find the hidden word connected with this Talking Point. 1. He lost his sight three years later when his eyes became infected after an __________. 2. The school was a __________ in the field of teaching the blind. 3. There were __________ to this method, however. 4. A former officer of the French Army paid a visit to the school whose name was Charles __________. 5. He had been commanded by Napoleon to invent a system for writing at __________, silently and without light. 6. Barbier had come up with a system of twelve dots and __________, raised on paper. 7. The beauty of Braille’s system lay __________ the fact that the fingertip did not need to move around in order to trace out each letter or cover a 12-dot cluster. 8. Louis Braille worked tirelessly on his system until he completed it in the mid 1820s, while still in his __________. 9. __________ one hundred years after his death Louis Braille’s remains were transferred to the Panthéon in Paris.

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Animal & Veterinary FARAD – Resource for Residue Problem Avoidance FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4 The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is a computer-based decision support system originally designed to provide livestock producers, extension specialists, and veterinarians with practical information on how to avoid drug, pesticide and environmental contaminant residue problems. However, FARAD also offers emergency response assistance for accidental or deliberate chemical exposures to food animals. Since 1982 the FARAD has provided emergency hotline assistance to State and Federal agencies dealing with chemical contamination in food animals. FARAD is a collaboration between USDA, FDA, and three Universities (North Carolina State University, University of Florida, and University of California, Davis). FARAD was authorized by Congress in 1998 (Public Law 105-185). Dr. Jim Riviere, Professor, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine says one of FARAD’s functions is “to provide withdrawal time guidance in support of extra-label drug use under AMDUCA.” Dr. Riviere adds, “They also provide such information to the FDA-supported Veterinary Antimicrobial Decision Support System (VADSS) program on Prudent Antimicrobial Use and internationally to the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, International (CABI), which is a global storehouse and disseminator of agricultural databases.” FARAD personnel at the University of California, Davis and the University of Florida comb through numerous sources of residue avoidance information and extract information that will be of greatest use. These data are reviewed by residue experts to ensure accuracy and consistency, and further analysis is done by FARAD personnel at North Carolina State University to explore novel ways in which the data may be used to prevent residue problems. FARAD maintains an up-to-date computerized compilation of: - Current label information including withdrawal times on all drugs approved for use in food animals in the United States and on hundreds of products used in Canada, Europe and Australia. - Official tolerances for drugs and pesticides in tissues, eggs and milk. - Descriptions and sensitivities of rapid screening tests for detecting residues in tissues, eggs and milk. - Data on the fate of chemicals in food animals. FARAD maintains the largest database of animal pharmacokinetic data in the world. These data describe the time-course of chemical (drugs, pesticides, environmental contaminants and toxins) depletion in the tissues and products of animals. FARAD is also sanctioned to provide these estimates to the United States Pharmacopeia-Drug Information (USP-DI) Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee. As a cooperative multi-state program, FARAD is available nationwide to offer advice about residue avoidance. Where to Call FARAD FARAD expert-mediated assistance is available from two Regional Access Centers that can be accessed by this single toll-free telephone number: WESTERN REGIONAL ACCESS CENTER EASTERN REGIONAL ACCESS CENTER When to Call FARAD Anyone who has a question about how to prevent residues in animal-derived foods is encouraged to call FARAD for assistance. Food animal veterinarians and Extension specialists are currently the major users of FARAD information. The FARAD Regional Access Centers operate during normal business hours. Most questions can be answered immediately; however, complex response may require a couple of days. For more information, please visit FARAD’s web site at http://www.farad.org.

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The Keglacian culture thrived in the mountainous regions of Jorvyll north of the Evesque Valley. Their skill in stone working and stonemasonry was most likely put to use in the building of the Baleman. The majority of the Keglacians fled South to the Valley in the wake of the Earthquake of Fluyr in -75 EC. With them they brought their songs, epic poetry, and sports including hoopkah. While much of the poems and old songs of the Keglacians have melted into the collective culture, hoopkah has made a distinctive mark and is becoming more popular with every passing year. Variations of this Keglacian sport are also known as choopkah (team play) or hoopspootch (a simplified version for children). Professional hoopkah teams wherein a Hive-Coach and his four or five player team compete in a series of matches against local rival teams are popular events often drawing huge crowds of common folk who treat such matches as huge social gatherings complete with food and drinks. While the stonemason origins of the Keglacians are now mostly destroyed, it would seem that this simple pastime will remain their gift to world culture. --Dr. H.L. Ackroyd 18:57, 27 Nov 2004 (EST)

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Started conversation May 4, 2004 It's incorrect to say that "gyratory system" is just the name for a roundabout that has got too big for its boots. In fact it's the original term which was soon displaced when they became common. I'm not sure if the term "gyratory circus" was ever really used. There are a number of junctions in London known as circuses after the circular range of buildings around them. This was a particularly 18th century fashion, so of course the most famously beautiful one is in Bath. The OED says of "gyratory": Applied to a system of directing road traffic round a roundabout or through a system of one-way streets to avoid the need for one line of traffic to intersect another. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug. 4/2 The gyratory principle, by which vehicles are directed into circular lines ingeniously devised to avoid intersection. 1926 Rep. Comm. Police Metropolis, 1925 16 in Parl. Papers (Cmd. 2660) XV. 239 Gyratory systems for the circulation of traffic, after years of discussion, reached the point of practical demonstration this year. 1928 Observer 5 Feb. 13/7 Now that every week dedicates a new bunch of streets to the Gyratory System. 1966 Guardian 8 Sept. 5/4 A new gyratory road system to ease traffic congestion..is to be built..at Stretford. And of "roundabout": A junction at which traffic moves one way round a central island. Cf. RONDPOINT b, ROTARY n. 3. 1927 Glasgow Herald 3 Jan. 7/2 There is only one draw~back to the roundabout, and that is the inconvenience caused to pedestrians. 1937 Times 13 Apr. (British Motor No.) p. viii/1 Roundabouts..have the advantage of keeping vehicles on the move. 1947 Daily Mail 22 May 3/4 Removal of the Mansion House to make room for a big round-about. 1955 Times 2 Aug. 9/7 Makeshift tactics are particularly evident in the proposed treatment at Hyde Park Corner which includes an extremely complicated roundabout. 1967 Listener 28 Sept. 398/1 People make only occasional use of their speedometer..on such critical occasions as the approach to roundabouts. 1977 Belfast Tel. 14 Feb. 5/9, 12 shots were fired at an armoured police vehicle near the roundabout at Narrow~water Castle. And of "circus": A circular range of houses. Also, a traffic roundabout. Often in proper names as Oxford Circus, Regent Circus. 1714 POPE Rape Lock IV. 117 Sooner shall Grass in Hide-Park Circus grow. 1766 ANSTEY Bath Guide II. ix. 57 To breathe a purer Air In the Circus or the Square. 1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 23 Apr., The same artist who planned the Circus has likewise projected a crescent [at Bath]. Ibid. The Circus is a pretty bauble..and looks like Vespasian's amphitheatre turned outside in. 1794 Looker-on No. 89 The squares and circuses are no longer the only scenes of dignified dissipation. 1898 Tit-Bits 15 Jan. 300/3 Bridges, of light and tasty design, across all the main thoroughfares, and at the various ‘circuses’ and cross roads. Posted Sep 2, 2004 I'm a little confused. The definitions you gave seem to support the idea that there *is* a difference between a roundabout and a gyratory. Those definitions say that a roundabout is a junction, while a gyratory is a particular kind of one way system. Of course a roundabout could be viewed as a very small one way system, so you could argue that all roundabouts are gyratories. But not all gyratories are really roundabouts according to the definitions you produced. (Specifically, a gyratory consisting of more than one junction is, by definition, not a roundabout.) But in practice, isn't the common usage pretty much as I suggested? I'm only actually aware of two road systems commonly referred to as gyratories - one is the subject of this article, and the other is in Reading. And both of them are distinctly on the large side. In particular, they both have multiple junctions. So the common usage of the word seems to be to describe overgrown roundabouts (and more specifically, multi-junction ones) in practice. Can you point to any counterexamples in real use? I'm just going on the gyratories I know - I've not done any exhaustive research on gryatories across the nation. Posted Aug 12, 2005 There is a gyratory system at Park Gate near Southampton that consists of a pair of roundabouts connected by a pair of one way carriage ways. Posted Aug 12, 2005 I have to correct my previous entry because, while I have heard it called the Park Gate gyratory system, it is not recorded as a gyratory system on Hampshire's register of adopted roads. It is recorded as the following separate components... Botley Road roundabout, the Bridge Road dual carriageway and the Brook Lane roundabout. However, I find there is a gyratory system just east of Park Gate on the A27 at Titchfield and this is a large roundabout with traffic lights and many junctions. Complain about this post

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A notch or groove cut into a piece of material to allow two sections to be combined with a flush joint. A woodcutting tool used to cut an L-shaped groove into a piece of material. see also Rabbet A strong current in a stream or river. 1. An enclosed metal channel, usually fire-resistant, installed in a building to hold electrical wiring. 2. A chute that directs the flow of a material to a specific location in a device. A channel holding electrical wiring that is designed to look like a piece of decorative trim or molding. A channel holding electrical wiring designed to be installed on a floor. The unit has a low profile and sloping edges to facilitate walking over it. The illegal practice of directing certain races away from some neighborhoods and into others. 1. A storage unit designed to hold various objects. 2. To cause a structure to shift so that it is out of plumb. 1. A force that causes a structure to shift so that it is out of plumb. 2. Installation of bricks or other masonry units so that each course is stepped back from the previous one. Straight-line outward movement from a circle's center. A power saw with a circular blade that is mounted on a moveable arm. The arm is lowered or raised to move the cutting blade to or away from the material to be cut. A drill press with a moveable arm that can be swung to various positions on the work table. An HVAC system with ductwork running outward from a central heating and/or cooling unit. The surface of a log cut down the center. Heating system where electrical or hot-water heating elements are installed in a concrete slab floor. see Radiant heating Use of radiation to generate heat such as with baseboard heating where the circulating hot water is radiated through conduction by thin metal fins at the bottom of the wall. The room is warmed by air circulating around the heating unit using convention. Heating unit that is exposed and which transfers heat generated by hot eater or steam through conduction. When the air circulates around the radiator using convention, the room is heated. The distance from the center of a circle to the circumference. One-half of the diameter of a circle. A tool used for checking the radii of convex and concave surfaces. Radioactive gas that seeps into some homes, from the ground, through sump pumps, cracks in the foundation, etc., it is considered a health hazard. Any of the beams that slope from the ridge of a roof to the eaves to serve as support for the roof. A metal fastener attached to the top plate of a wall to hold a rafter. A rafter parallel to the gable end that projects out to form an overhang. The end of a rafter extending beyond the line of a building's walls. A guide used when cutting rafters. The top plate of a building's walls. The rafters rest on the rafter plate. The vertical cut made into a rafter so it will rest on the wall plate. see also Rafter Seat Cut The horizontal cut made into a rafter so it will rest on the wall plate. see also Rafter Plumb Cut Cutting a section off of the end of a rafter equal to one-half of the thickness of the ridge board (the rafter on the other side of the ridge board receives a similar cut). Tables, often printed on a framing square, containing the data required to calculate angles and lengths of rafters for various roof types. see Rafter Overhang A horizontal structure used as a handhold or to block off a drop or other unsafe area. 1. Continuous metal bars on which wheeled vehicles travel (i.e. railroads). 2. The horizontal sections of a panel door. 3. The top and bottom sections of a window sash. Waterproof cap, also called weatherheads, mast heads or entrance caps, which is placed at the upper part of an electrical mast at the point where the wires are run to the inside electrical meter. Wires hang from the pole to the entrance cap so that the entrance cap is not the low point in the downhill run from the pole because water will run to the low point before dripping to the ground. Wires enter the entrance cap at an upward angle through a tight insulator. Water is further stopped from getting through the entrance cap because of this entrance angle. Wood where the fibers have swelled, usually because of becoming wet. Wood is often sanded with the grain raised to achieve an extremely smooth finished surface. 1. A fork-like tool used for gathering materials (i.e. leaves) or smoothing an area of soil. 2. A roof overhang on a building's gable end. 3. An angle between objects. A masonry joint where a portion of mortar has been removed, creating a groove between masonry units. A raked joint if often used in brickwork. Mortgage, most commonly used by the elderly who have substantial equity in their homes. A periodic payment is made to the borrower from the lender thus, increasing the loan balance, causing negative amortization. A hydraulically powered piston used for driving a weight. A sloping surface used to move from one elevation to another.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Jhansi city is located in central India, in Uttar Pradesh State. Situated between the rivers Pahunj and Betwa , the city is a symbol of bravery, courage and self respect. In ancient times Jhansi was a part of the regions Chedi Rashtra, Jejak Bhukit, Jajhoti and . It is most famous as the land of Rani Lakshmi Bai , the brave woman-ruler of Jhansi, who fought the British. Today it is a center of trade and industries including railway workshops and iron and steel mills. There are many manufacturing units of brassware, rugs, rubber, and silk goods. The city developed around a fort built in 1613 and strengthened in 1742. It was the scene of a massacre of British residents in 1857 during the Sepoy Rebellion. The total population exceeds three hundred thousand. The Jhansi festival is a major cultural event here. The seventeenth century Jhansi Fort is a major tourist attraction. Jhansi has its own railhead which links the city to major nearby destinations.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Bills create, amend, or repeal law. To become law, a bill must pass the House of Representatives and the Senate by a majority vote of the members-elect in each house. Bills may be introduced by members of the Legislative Assembly, standing committees, or the Legislative Management. A state executive agency or the North Dakota Supreme Court can have bills automatically introduced in the name of the standing committee to which the bill will be referred. House bills begin with the number 1001, and Senate bills begin with the number 2001. The Constitution of North Dakota (Article IV, Section 13) provides that bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly generally take effect August 1 after filing with the Secretary of State. However, certain appropriations and tax measures become effective July 1. The effective date may be later if specifically written into a bill. The effective date may be earlier if the Legislative Assembly declares an “emergency” and the measure receives a two-thirds vote of the members-elect in each house. Resolutions propose constitutional amendments, express opinions, request actions, congratulate, or console. Resolutions do not have the effect of law. Resolutions are the vehicles used to propose constitutional amendments for voter consideration. Resolutions are used to request an interim study by the Legislative Management on a specific subject. Resolutions frequently express legislative opinion to Congress or other federal offices with regard to federal programs or policies. House concurrent resolutions begin with the number 3001, and Senate concurrent resolutions begin with the number 4001. Concurrent means that a particular resolution must be approved by both the House and Senate. The House or Senate may use resolutions for their own separate business such as memorial resolutions for deceased members, e.g., House Memorial Resolution 7001 and Senate Memorial Resolution 8001. Session Laws (the popular name for Laws of North Dakota) Session Laws contain the text of all measures enacted (bills) or adopted (resolutions) by a particular Legislative Assembly. Session Laws also include: - Constitutional amendments proposed by the Legislative Assembly. Vote totals are provided for those “approved” or “disapproved” since publication of the preceding Session Laws. - Initiated laws or constitutional amendments and referred bills submitted to voters since publication of the preceding Session Laws (includes vote totals). - Governor’s veto messages. - Lists of House and Senate members. - A statewide legislative district map. Recent Session Laws are online at: http://www.legis.nd.gov. Statutes provide written organized law. Since becoming a state in 1889, North Dakota law has been codified as the: - Revised Codes of 1895. - Revised Codes of 1899. - Revised Codes of 1905. - Compiled Laws of North Dakota 1913, with 1925 supplement. - North Dakota Revised Code of 1943 with 1947, 1949, 1953, and 1957 supplements. - North Dakota Century Code. The North Dakota Century Code is the codification of general and permanent law. The Century Code was published between 1959 and 1960 and was named to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Dakota Territory in 1861. The Century Code is arranged systematically under broad titles such as Title 23 – Health and Safety, Title 39 – Motor Vehicles, Title 54 – State Government, and Title 65 – Workers Compensation. Laws with specific expiration dates usually are not codified in the Century Code. Following each Legislative Assembly, the Century Code is updated to reflect changes. Volumes are either reprinted or supplemented with a pocket part. Volume 13 of the Century Code contains the United States and the North Dakota Constitutions as well as other historic documents, including the Magna Carta, Articles of Confederation, and Declaration of Independence. The Century Code is available online at www.legis.nd.gov. How to Testify Before a North Dakota Legislative Committee You have the right... You have the right, as do all citizens, to testify before the North Dakota Legislative Assembly on any bill or resolution. North Dakota has one of the most open legislatures in the nation. Every bill must have a public hearing before a legislative committee, must be publicly voted upon by the committee, and then must come before the full House or Senate for still another public vote. Your opportunity to testify on a bill comes at the committee hearing. Legislative committees meet in rooms on the ground floor or in the legislative wing of the State Capitol. You can come into a committee meeting at any time, even if the door is closed or a hearing is in progress. Lists of the legislative committees, committee members, and the days and places committees meet are available on this website and at the legislative information kiosk in the hall between the Senate and House chambers. Committee hearing schedules are available on this website and can be viewed on the monitors by the information kiosk and in the hall of the ground floor at the Capitol. Most current versions of bills and amendments are available on this website. You can also get copies of bills from the Bill and Journal Room. However, if the bill has been amended, the printed bill may not include the amendments. Hearings Before North Dakota Legislative Committees Are Generally Informal and Few Rules Need Be Observed! Before the Hearing You Should... - Find out when and where your bill will be heard. Be on time for the hearing. Usually, once a hearing is closed on a particular bill, no further testimony is heard. - Plan your testimony. It is not necessary, but it is helpful, to have written copies of your comments available. - See if other persons will be testifying on your bill. If so, try to coordinate your testimony before the hearing to avoid duplication. - Contact the Secretary of State's office if you are going to testify on behalf of anyone but yourself to see if you must register as a lobbyist. At the Hearing You Should... - Be present at the start of the hearing. All persons present usually get a chance to speak, but sometimes because of large turnouts it is not possible to give everyone a chance to speak. If you do not get a chance to testify, your presence may be acknowledged and you might be asked if you favor or oppose the bill. Also, you can always submit written testimony. - Sign the witness sheet at the lectern. Give the bill number, whether you favor or oppose the bill, your name, your lobbyist registration number if you have one, and who you represent if other than yourself. - Wait your turn. The chairman announces the beginning of the hearing on a particular bill. The clerk will read the bill. The first speaker is usually the bill's sponsor. The chairman then asks for testimony first from proponents and then opponents. - Plan on following the custom (although it is not absolutely necessary) of beginning your remarks by addressing the chairman and committee members, giving your name and address, and why you are there. For example: "Mr. or Madam Chairman and members of the committee, my name is John Q. Public from Edwinton. I'm in favor of this bill because, etc." - Be brief. Do not repeat what others have said. The hearings are informal so be conversational. Avoid being too technical. Avoid using acronyms or technical references unless you first explain what they mean. - Do not be nervous or worried about doing something wrong. There are no "rights and wrongs" about testifying. Legislators are just your friends and neighbors who want to hear what you have to say. - Expect some questions and comments from committee members. These questions are not designed to embarrass you but merely to provide additional information. - Avoid any clapping, cheering, booing, or other demonstrations. After the Hearing... - Some committees vote right after a hearing. Others wait until the end of the meeting. Some postpone voting until another meeting. - All committee action is public so you can stay to listen to committee debate and its vote even though the public comment portion of the hearing is over. - One or two days later you can check with the committee clerk, your legislator, or the legislative information kiosk to find out how the committee voted on your bill. You have a right to testify on any bill before a legislative committee. Legislators want to hear what you have to say. State law (North Dakota Century Code Chapter 54-05.1) requires most persons to register as lobbyists if they (1) attempt to secure the passage, amendment, or defeat of any legislation by the Legislative Assembly or the approval or veto of any legislation by the Governor; or (2) attempt to influence decisions made by the Legislative Management or by an interim committee of the Legislative Management. The North Dakota Secretary of State administers the lobbyist registration law. Information on lobbyist registration is available from the Secretary of State.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT