tasksource/deberta-small-long-nli
Zero-Shot Classification
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3 | 1 | predictive models | predictive models are involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset. the process of training a predictive model is known as supervised learning. | predict a value based on other values in the dataset. process of training a pred model is supervised learning. |
3 | 1 | predictive models | predict a value based on other values in the dataset. process of training a pred model is supervised learning. | involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset; process of training this type of model is known as supervised learning |
3 | 1 | predictive models | predicting one value (the target variable) using other values | predictive models are involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset. |
2 | 1 | predictive models | predictive models are involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset. the process of training a predictive model is known as supervised learning. | predict value based on other values in data set supervised learning - uses inductive learning hypothesis |
1 | 0 | predictive models | predict a value based on other values in the dataset. process of training a pred model is supervised learning. | predict value based on other values in data set supervised learning - uses inductive learning hypothesis |
0 | 0 | predictive models | used to define an approximation of the actions that users will execute before involving the users themselves in real tests ex. mhp, klm, goms | use mathematical formulas to derive measures of user performance e.g. fitts' law |
3 | 1 | predictive models | predictive models are involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset. the process of training a predictive model is known as supervised learning. | involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset; process of training this type of model is known as supervised learning |
3 | 1 | class hierarchy | the organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent is a superclass and each child class is a subclass | the organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child class is a subclass. see also inheritance. |
2 | 1 | class hierarchy | the organization of classes in a hierarchical tree where each parent is a super class and each child is a sub class. | the relationship among classes created by inheritance in which the child of one parent can itself be the parent of other classes. |
1 | 0 | linear program | constraint x is defined by linear equations and inequalities. solves quickly | an mathematical programming model where the objective function is a linear function of the variables, and the constraints are linear equations and/or linear inequalities in terms of the variables. |
2 | 1 | linear program | mathematical program with a linear objective function and linear constraints | an mathematical programming model where the objective function is a linear function of the variables, and the constraints are linear equations and/or linear inequalities in terms of the variables. |
2 | 1 | linear program | a mathematical model with a linear objective function, a set of linear constraints, and nonnegative variables. | an mathematical programming model where the objective function is a linear function of the variables, and the constraints are linear equations and/or linear inequalities in terms of the variables. |
3 | 1 | linear program | a mathematical model with a linear objective function, a set of linear constraints, and nonnegative variables. | mathematical program with a linear objective function and linear constraints |
1 | 0 | linear program | constraint x is defined by linear equations and inequalities. solves quickly | mathematical program with a linear objective function and linear constraints |
0 | 0 | linear program | it is a method for solving systems of linear inequalities almost always involving what we call an &"objective function&" | developed for mathematically solving certain kinds of resource allocation problems has decision variables, objective function, constraints, and nonnegativity constraints |
0 | 0 | linear program | constraint x is defined by linear equations and inequalities. solves quickly | a mathematical model with a linear objective function, a set of linear constraints, and nonnegative variables. |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | conducting businesses activities (e.g., distribution, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or services) electronically over computer networks. any business transactions over the network. (b2b, b2c, c2c). | conducting business activities electronically over computer networks (i.e.. b2c, c2c, b2b) |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | the process of buying, sellling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer | (ec or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet. |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | conducting businesses activities (e.g., distribution, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or services) electronically over computer networks. any business transactions over the network. (b2b, b2c, c2c). | conducting business activities (e.g., distributing, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products and services) electronically over computer networks such as the internet, extranets, and corporate networks |
1 | 0 | electronic commerce | the sale and lease of goods, the sale of services, and the licensing software over the internet | the sale of goods and services or the licensing of intellectual property by computer over the internet. |
2 | 1 | electronic commerce | -shopping on the web -businesses trading with other businesses -internal company processes -all business activities using internet technologies -dot-com | shopping on the internet, business trading with other businesses and internal processes that companies use to support their buying, selling, hiring, planning and other activities |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | buying and selling goods electronically | the process of buying, sellling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | process of buying, selling, transferring, serving or exchanging products or services via computer. | the process of buying, sellling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | buying and selling goods electronically | (ec or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet. |
3 | 1 | electronic commerce | o also known as e-commerce o buying and selling over the internet | buying and selling of goods over the internet. (see also e-commerce) |
0 | 0 | feature vector | weighted list of words which defines a concept that describes unstructured information | the collection of attributes being used in a model, the list of independent variables |
1 | 0 | feature vector | the list of feature values representing an example passed into a model. | a row of a matrix, for example, all the reviews of a single critic |
0 | 0 | key ideas | main or important ideas in text example: the key ideas of the paragraph tells me the most important information in the paragraph. | you want to have 2 or 3 main ideas that you will support in your body paragraphs |
0 | 0 | social welfare | system of laws, programs, benefits, and services which strengthen provisions for meeting social needs | developed into two different categories social welfare defined as economic transfers outside the market system. social welfare defined as benefits and services to help people meet basic needs. |
1 | 0 | social welfare | system of laws, programs, benefits, and services which strengthen provisions for meeting social needs | economic transfers outside the market system or benefits/services to help people meet basic needs |
1 | 0 | social welfare | system of laws, programs, benefits, and services which strengthen provisions for meeting social needs | organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health |
0 | 0 | social welfare | practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it | is a system/ institution that social workers use to do there work to help people get their basic needs met |
1 | 0 | social welfare | practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it | developed into two different categories social welfare defined as economic transfers outside the market system. social welfare defined as benefits and services to help people meet basic needs. |
0 | 0 | social welfare | provides for those who cannot cope by themselves, creates social change and the modification of social institutions, and strengthens society | institution in society which manages dependency through provision of opportunity. |
0 | 0 | social welfare | seeks to enhance the social functioning of all age groups | the institutional response to human needs |
2 | 1 | social welfare | practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it | system of laws, programs, benefits, and services which strengthen provisions for meeting social needs |
1 | 0 | social welfare | the array of governmental programs, services, and institutions designed to maintain the stability and well-being of society | economic transfers outside the market system or benefits/services to help people meet basic needs |
1 | 0 | social welfare | a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet these social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society. | programs intended to assist vulnerable populations |
1 | 0 | social welfare | organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health | is a system/ institution that social workers use to do there work to help people get their basic needs met |
1 | 0 | social welfare | the array of governmental programs, services, and institutions designed to maintain the stability and well-being of society | is a system/ institution that social workers use to do there work to help people get their basic needs met |
1 | 0 | social welfare | developed into two different categories social welfare defined as economic transfers outside the market system. social welfare defined as benefits and services to help people meet basic needs. | economic transfers outside the market system or benefits/services to help people meet basic needs |
0 | 0 | social welfare | developed into two different categories social welfare defined as economic transfers outside the market system. social welfare defined as benefits and services to help people meet basic needs. | is a system/ institution that social workers use to do there work to help people get their basic needs met |
1 | 0 | software requirements | are the description of features and functionalities of the target system (the what). | field within software engineering that deals with establishing the needs of stakeholders that are to be solved by software. |
0 | 0 | software requirements | the process of establishing the services that the customer requires from a system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed | functionality that a system must provide for its users |
1 | 0 | software requirements | functionality that a system must provide for its users | a condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective and that must be met or possessed by a system or system component |
2 | 1 | software requirements | the process of establishing the services that the customer requires from a system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed | a condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective and that must be met or possessed by a system or system component |
0 | 0 | association rules | specify patterns found in the relationship among items or item sets; introduced in 1993; research area of sergey brin (google cofounder) while at stanford; input is set of items x | the result of market basket analysis that specifies patterns found in the relationship among items or itemsets |
2 | 1 | association rules | are created by analyzing data for frequent if/then statement patterns and using the criteria support and confidence to identify the most important relationships. | search all transactions from a system for patterns of occurrence -also called affinity grouping |
1 | 0 | association rules | determine which behaviors/outcomes go together and find relationships in data that frequently occur together | -unsupervised learning method -useful for finding groups of items that typically occur together -output is a collection of rules and is easy to understand |
1 | 0 | association rules | produce rules on associations between items from a database of transactions widely used in recommender systems | -unsupervised learning method -useful for finding groups of items that typically occur together -output is a collection of rules and is easy to understand |
2 | 1 | association rules | goal: produce rules that define &"what goes with what&" rows are transactions used in recommender systems also called &"affinity analysis&" | produce rules on associations between items from a database of transactions widely used in recommender systems |
0 | 0 | association rules | apply to an entire population, patterns between items in large databases | search all transactions from a system for patterns of occurrence -also called affinity grouping |
1 | 0 | association rules | a ⟾ b where b is 1 item 2^ |i| possible subsets of items i there are 3 ^ |i| - 2 ^ |i| + 1 possible assoc rules | • association rule r : itemset1 => itemset2 • itemset1, itemset2 are disjoint and • itemset2 is non-empty • simplified definition: itemset2 has only one item |
2 | 1 | association rules | the result of market basket analysis that specifies patterns found in the relationship among items or itemsets | goal: discover a set of regularities or rules between occurrences of items in the dataset. |
2 | 1 | association rules | goal: produce rules that define &"what goes with what&" rows are transactions used in recommender systems also called &"affinity analysis&" | determine which behaviors/outcomes go together and find relationships in data that frequently occur together |
1 | 0 | association rules | using if/then statements to discover relations | attempt to develop if/then statements that express conditional relationships between seemingly unrelated variables and data |
1 | 0 | association rules | are created by analyzing data for frequent if/then statement patterns and using the criteria support and confidence to identify the most important relationships. | apply to an entire population, patterns between items in large databases |
1 | 0 | association rules | approach that builds rules that describe the co-occurence of events in data. | produce rules on associations between items from a database of transactions widely used in recommender systems |
0 | 0 | association rules | goal: produce rules that define &"what goes with what&" rows are transactions used in recommender systems also called &"affinity analysis&" | -unsupervised learning method -useful for finding groups of items that typically occur together -output is a collection of rules and is easy to understand |
1 | 0 | association rules | determine which behaviors/outcomes go together and find relationships in data that frequently occur together | produce rules on associations between items from a database of transactions widely used in recommender systems |
1 | 0 | association rules | unsupervised, affinity analysis, market basket analysis identify item clusters in transaction-type databases 1. rule generation 2. assessing rule strength | search all transactions from a system for patterns of occurrence -also called affinity grouping |
0 | 0 | association rules | are created by analyzing data for frequent if/then statement patterns and using the criteria support and confidence to identify the most important relationships. | unsupervised, affinity analysis, market basket analysis identify item clusters in transaction-type databases 1. rule generation 2. assessing rule strength |
0 | 0 | association rules | apply to an entire population, patterns between items in large databases | unsupervised, affinity analysis, market basket analysis identify item clusters in transaction-type databases 1. rule generation 2. assessing rule strength |
1 | 0 | association rules | descriptive; discovers links or associations amongst data— based on confidence (can be different) and support (same) | descriptive - discovers links or associations amongst data |
1 | 0 | association rules | ppl buy certain items together x amount of times | a study of 'what goes with what' you may also like,, customers who bought x also bought y affinity or market basked analysis used on customer transactions |
1 | 0 | association rules | look at rules that strongly associate different attribute values, predict value of arbitrary attribute | = unsupervised - there is no class attributes - rules can predict any attribute, or combination of attributes |
1 | 0 | association rules | descriptive; discovers links or associations amongst data— based on confidence (can be different) and support (same) | what do customers buy together (descriptive) |
2 | 1 | association rules | specify patterns found in the relationship among items or item sets; introduced in 1993; research area of sergey brin (google cofounder) while at stanford; input is set of items x | specify patterns found in the relationship among items or itemsets. the goal is to discover a set of regularities or rules between occurrences of items in the dataset. |
3 | 1 | association rules | approach that builds rules that describe the co-occurence of events in data. | determine which behaviors/outcomes go together and find relationships in data that frequently occur together |
1 | 0 | association rules | approach that builds rules that describe the co-occurence of events in data. | goal: produce rules that define &"what goes with what&" rows are transactions used in recommender systems also called &"affinity analysis&" |
1 | 0 | design constraints | a design decision such as choice of platform | statements that constrain the ways in which the software can be designed and implemented. |
3 | 1 | microsoft sql server | hosts databases accessible from web servers and many applications port 1433 | sql server hosts databases that web servers and applications use port 1433 |
3 | 1 | microsoft sql server | hosts databases accessible from web servers and many applications port 1433 | server application that hosts database accessible from web servers and other wide array of applications. sql server uses port 1433 by default. |
3 | 1 | microsoft sql server | server application that hosts database accessible from web servers and other wide array of applications. sql server uses port 1433 by default. | sql server hosts databases that web servers and applications use port 1433 |
2 | 1 | microsoft sql server | &"a family of microsoft relational database management and analysis systems for e-commerce, line-of-business, and data warehousing solutions.&" | port 1433, a relational database management system developed by microsoft. |
0 | 0 | fault tolerance | data backup, disaster recovery, and data replication services to make sure your data is always safe. also, if one component fails, a backup component takes its place | if one of the nodes in the distributed database fails, it will keep operating as normal |
0 | 0 | fault tolerance | provides a correct service up to some process failures a service is correct if: - it responds despite failures - the client can't tell when/if it crashes | a general concept that a system has the ability to respond to unexpected failures or systems immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service |
3 | 1 | fault tolerance | a computer system designed so that in the event a component fails, a backup component or procedure can immediately take its place with no loss of service. | a general concept that a system has the ability to respond to unexpected failures or systems immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the need for continuous operation makes it necessary to provide redundancy in system operations network reduncancy | the design on the networks that can continue to operate without interruption in the case of hardware, software, or communications failures. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service | provides a correct service up to some process failures a service is correct if: - it responds despite failures - the client can't tell when/if it crashes |
1 | 0 | fault tolerance | - must be fault tolerant in critical situations - required when high availability requirements or system failure costs are high | assume that a system can be released with faults and that system failures can be dealt with by recovering from them at runtime |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | a property of computer design that enables a system to continue functioning in the event of a partial failure | system's ability to continue functioning when an equipment failure occurs |
1 | 0 | fault tolerance | a measure of how well a system deals with failures, measured by fault isolation and fault masking - mixture of hardware redundancy and software recovery | describes software, hardware, and operating procedure characteristics that ensure minimal data loss due to faults and minimal resource/service unavailability due to faults |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | provides a correct service up to some process failures a service is correct if: - it responds despite failures - the client can't tell when/if it crashes | a computer system designed so that in the event a component fails, a backup component or procedure can immediately take its place with no loss of service. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | - must be fault tolerant in critical situations - required when high availability requirements or system failure costs are high | the capability of the software product to maintain a specified level of performance in cases of software faults ( defects ), or of infringement of its specified interface. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some (one or more faults within) of its components | system's ability to continue functioning when an equipment failure occurs |
1 | 0 | fault tolerance | the need for continuous operation makes it necessary to provide redundancy in system operations network reduncancy | the capability of a system to continue performing when there is a hardware failure; so if one of the cables breaks, all of the other computers can still communicate. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the capability of a system to suffer a fault, but continue to operate. | stays up even if parts fail more strict than high availability |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | -is the ability of a system to remain in operation even if some of the components used to build the system fail. | the ability of a system to respond to unexpected failures. consists of availability (immediate) and durability (long term). |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service mission critical operations | a general concept that a system has the ability to respond to unexpected failures or systems immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service |
3 | 1 | fault tolerance | a property of computer design that enables a system to continue functioning in the event of a partial failure | enables a system to continue to operate if one or more components fail |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the capability of a system to continue performing when there is a hardware failure. | techniques that employ hardware and software to provide assurance against equipment failures, computer service interruptions, and data loss. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | assume that a system can be released with faults and that system failures can be dealt with by recovering from them at runtime | the capability of a system to continue normal operation despite the presence of (hardware or software) faults. fault tolerance may be stated as a quality requirement. |
0 | 0 | fault tolerance | - capacity for system to continue performing despite unexpected hardware, software malfunction - prevent faults from progressing to failures | techniques that employ hardware and software to provide assurance against equipment failures, computer service interruptions, and data loss. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the ability of a system or component to continue its normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults. | enables a system to continue functioning even in the presence of faults |
3 | 1 | fault tolerance | the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service mission critical operations | a computer system designed so that in the event a component fails, a backup component or procedure can immediately take its place with no loss of service. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | enables a system to continue to operate if one or more components fail | system's ability to continue functioning when an equipment failure occurs |
0 | 0 | fault tolerance | the capability of a computer or a network system to respond to a condition automatically, often resolving it, which reduces the impact on the system | the capability of a component, system, or network to endure a failure. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | -is the ability of a system to remain in operation even if some of the components used to build the system fail. | distributed systems must maintain availability even at low levels of hardware/software/network reliability through recovery and redundancy. |
2 | 1 | fault tolerance | the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service | a computer system designed so that in the event a component fails, a backup component or procedure can immediately take its place with no loss of service. |
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https://github.com/heyunh2015/PARADE_dataset
@inproceedings{he-etal-2020-parade,
title = "{PARADE}: {A} {N}ew {D}ataset for {P}araphrase {I}dentification {R}equiring {C}omputer {S}cience {D}omain {K}nowledge",
author = "He, Yun and
Wang, Zhuoer and
Zhang, Yin and
Huang, Ruihong and
Caverlee, James",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.611",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.611",
pages = "7572--7582",
abstract = "We present a new benchmark dataset called PARADE for paraphrase identification that requires specialized domain knowledge. PARADE contains paraphrases that overlap very little at the lexical and syntactic level but are semantically equivalent based on computer science domain knowledge, as well as non-paraphrases that overlap greatly at the lexical and syntactic level but are not semantically equivalent based on this domain knowledge. Experiments show that both state-of-the-art neural models and non-expert human annotators have poor performance on PARADE. For example, BERT after fine-tuning achieves an F1 score of 0.709, which is much lower than its performance on other paraphrase identification datasets. PARADE can serve as a resource for researchers interested in testing models that incorporate domain knowledge. We make our data and code freely available.",
}
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