text
stringlengths 20
1k
|
---|
ãé³é»ã ãš ãæå³ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ããã |
ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããããããšãã°ãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã«å±ããŠããã»ã«ãã¢ãã¯ãã¢ãã¢ããã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãããã¢ã³ããã°ãã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã§ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäºã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšãããããç¬ç«èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªããã»ã«ãã¢èªãã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªããã¹ãã¢èªã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ããããã«2006幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ãããç¬ç«ãããšãã¢ã³ããã°ãèªãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšãè€æ°äžå¿å°èšèªãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã |
æåã®èªèã«ã¯å·ŠçŽ¡éç¶åãäžã»äžåŸé åãé¢äžãããã挢å(è¡šææå)ãšã²ãããª(è¡šé³æå)ã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã |
ççå島(æ§çççåœé å)ã®èšèã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªãšç³»çµ±ãåããããå¥èšèª(ççèªãªããã¯ççè«žèª)ãšããæ¥æ¬èªãšãŸãšããŠæ¥çèªæãšãããŠãããå
±éç¹ãå€ãã®ã§ãæ¥æ¬èªã®äžæ¹èš(ççæ¹èš)ããšããå Žåãããããã®ãããªå Žåã¯æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãå€ç«ããèšèªããšããäœçœ®ã¥ãã«ãããã |
ã«è¿ãçºé³ãšæãããããÌ ã¯äžèå¯ããÌ ã¯åŸå¯ããÌ ã¯åŒ±ãã®ååã̹ ã¯åŒ·ãã®ååãË ã¯äžå¯ããË ã¯äžå¯ãã瀺ãè£å©èšå·ã§ããã |
ä¿é³ãã£ã(é³çŽ èšå·ã§ã¯ )ããã³æ¥é³ããã()ãšåŒã°ããé³ã¯ãé³é»è«äžã®æŠå¿µã§ãã£ãŠãåç¯ã§è¿°ã¹ãé·é³ãšäœµããŠç¹æ®ã¢ãŒã©ãšæ±ããå®éã®é³å£°ãšããŠã¯ããã£ã㯠ãªã©ã®åé³é£ç¶ãšãªãããã ãããã£ãã®ããã«ãåç¬ã§åºçŸããããšãããããã®ãšãã¯å£°éééé³ãšãªãããŸãããããã¯ãåŸç¶ã®é³ã«ãã£ãŠ ãªã©ã®åé³ãšãªã(ãã ããæ¯é³ã®åã§ã¯éŒ»æ¯é³ãšãªã)ãææ«ãªã©ã§ã¯ ãçšãã話è
ãå€ãã |
ä»æ¥ã®ææ³åŠèª¬ã§ã¯ãäž»èªãšããçšèªã»æŠå¿µã¯ãäœæ¥ä»®èª¬ãšããŠæçšãªé¢ãããããããªãäžè¬ã«çšããããŠãããäžè¬çã«ã¯æ Œå©è©ãã¬ãã䌎ãææ³é
ãäž»èªãšèŠãªãããã ããäžäžã®èª¬ã«å¯Ÿãã圢ã§æ¥æ¬èªã®æã«äž»èªãå¿
é ã§ãããšäž»åŒµããåŠèª¬ã¯ãçæææ³ãéŽæšé幞ãã®èšèªåŠç 究äŒã°ã«ãŒããªã©ãäž»èªã«çµ±èªäžã®éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãèªããåŠæŽŸãé€ããŠãå°æ°æŽŸã§ããã森éæã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ãããŠã䞻述é¢ä¿ã骚åã§ãããšã®ç«å Žãæ¡ããããã®å Žåã®äž»èªã»è¿°èªããäžè¬ã«èšããããã®ãšã¯ããªãæ§çžãç°ã«ããŠãããçŸåšäžè¬çã«è¡ãããŠããåŠæ ¡æè²ã«ãããææ³(åŠæ ¡ææ³)ã§ã¯ãäž»èªã»è¿°èªãåºæ¬ãšããäŒçµ±çãªææ³çšèªãçšããã®ãæ®éã ããæç§æžã«ãã£ãŠã¯äž»èªãç¹å¥æ±ãããªããã®ãããã |
ãã®å Žåãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã§ã¯ã銬ãã«ä¿ãé£äœä¿®é£ŸèªãçŽå±ã®ãã°ãèµ°ããããããåã«æ¥ãŠããããã«ææ§é ãããããããããè±èªã§ã¯ãThe horseãã修食ãããraced past the barnããããšã«æ¥ãŠããããã«ãæ§é ãææ¡ãã¥ãããªã£ãŠãããå
·äœçã«ã¯ããã®è±æã®éäžãThe horse raced past the barnããŸã§ããèªãã§ããªãç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãæã®æåãšããŠã®åè©(äž»èªã¯ãThe horseã)ã¯ãracedãã§ããããã«æãããããããfellããŸã§è¡ãçããšãæã®æåãšããŠã®åè©ã¯ãææ³äžããããŸã§å¯äžã®åè£ã ã£ã(1)ãracedãã«å ãã(2)ãfellããåºãŠããããšã«ãªããããããã®åè£ããšã«(1)ãã(ç¿æ
£çã«ããŸãã¯äžè¬æ³åã«åŸã£ãŠ)ã厩ããçŽå±ã®ãã°ã銬ãçŽ æ©ãèµ°ãæããããªã®ã(2)ãçŽå±ã®ãã°ãèµ°ãããã銬ãåããããªã®ããæ€èšããªããã°ãªããªããªãã |
åè©ãæ Œå©è©ã䌎ã£ãŠããŸããŸãªæ Œã瀺ãã®ã«å¯Ÿããçšèš(åè©ã»åœ¢å®¹è©ã»åœ¢å®¹åè©)ããã³å©åè©ã¯ãèªå°Ÿãå€åãããããšã«ãã£ãŠãæäžã®ã©ã®æåãæ
ã£ãŠãããã瀺ããããæå¶ã»çžãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãæã®åãç¶ãã®å¥ãªã©ã瀺ãããããããã®èªå°Ÿå€åãã掻çšããšããã掻çšããèªãç·ç§°ããŠã掻çšèªããšããã |
ããããã®èªã¯ãã°ãã°ãã«ååšããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããæå³ã»çšæ³ãªã©ã®ç¹ã§äºãã«é¢é£ããã£ãã°ã«ãŒãã圢æããŠããããããèªåœäœç³»ãšç§°ãããæ¥æ¬èªã®èªåœèªäœãäžã€ã®å€§ããªèªåœäœç³»ãšããããããã®äžã«ã¯ããã«ç¡æ°ã®èªåœäœç³»ãå«ãŸããŠããã |
æ¥èŸã¯ãè€åèªãäœãããã«åšåãçºæ®ãããããšãã°ããæãã¯ããé³æããèªæããè·é¢æããäžå®æããªã©æŒ¢å2åã»3åãããªãè€åèªã®ã¿ãªãããæè¿ã§ã¯ãéãæããæããæãããããã£ãšæãããã¡ããšæããªã©åè©ã»åœ¢å®¹è©ã»å¯è©ãšã®è€åèªãäœããããã«ã¯ããæã®ååã§åºãŠããŸããæã(=æã®ååã§åºãŠãããšããæã)ã®ããã«æã§ãã£ããã®ã«äžæ¥ããŠé·ãè€åèªãäœãããšãããã |
äžå¯§äœã§ã¯ãææ«ã«åè©ã»åœ¢å®¹åè©ã»å¯è©ãªã©ãæ¥ãå Žåã«ã¯ãå©åè©ãã§ãããä»ãã圢ã§çµã¶ãåè©ãæ¥ãå Žåã«ã¯ããŸãããä»ãã圢ã§çµã¶ããããããäžå¯§äœããã§ããŸãäœããšåŒã¶ããšããããäžå¯§ã®åºŠåãããã匷ãããã§ããã®ä»£ããã«ãã§ããããŸãããçšããæäœããç¹ã«ãã§ããããŸãäœããšåŒã¶ããšããããäžå¯§äœã¯ãæ¬èªã®é¢ããããã°äžå¯§èªãçšããæäœã®ããšã§ããããªããææ«ã«åœ¢å®¹è©ãæ¥ãå Žåã«ããã§ããã§çµã¶ããšã¯ã§ããããè±ãçŸããå²ããŠããŸãããè±ãçŸãã
ãããããŸãããªã©ãšèšãããã§ãããé¿ããããšãããã |
ããšãã°ãã課é·ãã³ãŒããŒãã飲ã¿ã«ãªãããã§ãããã¯ãå°æ¬è¡šçŸãã飲ã¿ã«ãªãããçšããŠããããæ¬æè¡šçŸãšããŠã¯é©åã§ãªããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯çžæã®æåãçŽæ¥çã«èãããšã¯å€±ç€Œã«åœããããã§ããããã³ãŒããŒã¯ãããã§ãããã®ããã«èšãã®ãé©åã§ããã第22æåœèªå¯©è°äŒ(2000幎)ã¯ããã®ãããªæ¬æè¡šçŸã®éèŠæ§ãèžãŸããŠããçŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã«ãããæ¬æè¡šçŸããçç³ããã |
å¹³å®æ代以éãèªäžã»èªå°Ÿã®ãã¯è¡ãé³ãããè¡ãé³ã«å€åãããè¡è»¢åŒãèµ·ãã£ããããšãã°ãããã¯(å·)ãããã²(è²)ããããµ(è²·)ããããž(æ¿)ãããã»(é¡)ãã¯ããããŸã§ ã§ãã£ããã®ãã ã«ãªã£ãããã¯ã¯(æ¯)ãããããªã·ã¿ã³è³æã§ã¯ãfauaã(ãã¯)ãšèšãããäŸããããªã©ãä»ã®èªãšåæ§ã«ãè¡è»¢åŒãèµ·ãã£ãŠããããšãç¥ãããã |
ãã€ãŠã®æ¥æ¬èªã«ã¯ãä¿ãçµã³ãšç§°ãããææ³èŠåããã£ããæäžã®ç¹å®ã®èªããããããªãããããããããããããªã©ã®ä¿å©è©ã§åãããã€ãŸããææ«ãé£äœåœ¢(ãããããªããããããããã®å Žå)ãŸãã¯å·²ç¶åœ¢(ããããã®å Žå)ã§çµã¶ãã®ã§ãã(å¥è¯æ代ã«ã¯ããããããé£äœåœ¢ã§çµãã )ã |
挢åãé€ããä»èšèªã®èªåœãåçšããããšã¯ãå€ä»£ã«ã¯ããã»ã©å€ããªãã£ãããã®ãã¡ã梵èªã®èªåœã¯ãå€ã挢èªã«åãå
¥ããããåŸã«ãä»æãšå
±ã«æ¥æ¬ã«äŒããããããåšå©ããæªé£ããæŒèŒçŸ
ããªã©ããã®äŸã§ããããŸããä»æ¥ã§ã¯åèªãšæ±ããããã»ãšã(ä»)ããããã(çŠ)ããªã©ã梵èªç±æ¥ã§ãããšãããã |
1981幎ã«ã¯ãåœçšæŒ¢åè¡šã»çŸä»£ããªã¥ããã®å¶éè²ãèãããåžžçšæŒ¢åè¡šãããã³æ¹èšãçŸä»£ä»®åé£ãããå
é£å瀺ãããããŸããéãä»®åã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ°æ¬¡ã«ãããè°è«ãçµãŠã1973幎ã«ãéãä»®åã®ä»ãæ¹ããå
é£å瀺ãããä»æ¥ã«è³ã£ãŠãããæŠåŸã®åœèªæ¿çã¯ãå¿
ãããå®èŠã«æ¯ããããŠãããšã¯ããããä»ã«è³ããŸã§è°è«ãç¶ããŠããã |
ãã ããæŠåŸãã°ããã¯å
±éèªã®ååŸã«åç¹ã眮ããåœèªæè²ãåçæè²ã®çŸå Žã§ç¶ããæå22幎(1947幎)ã®åŠç¿æå°èŠé åœèªç§ç·š(è©Šæ¡)ã§ã¯ãããªãã¹ããæ¹èšãããªãŸããèã®ãã€ãããªãããŠãæšæºèªã«è¿ã¥ããããã§ããã ããèªæ³ã®æ£ããããšã°ãã€ãããä¿èªãŸãã¯æ¹èšããããããã«ããããšã®èšèŒãèŠãããããŸããæå33幎(1958幎)ã®å°åŠæ ¡åŠç¿æå°èŠé ã§ãããå°åŠæ ¡ã®ç¬¬å
åŠå¹ŽãçµäºãããŸã§ã«, ã©ã®ãããªå°åã«ãããŠã, å
šåœã«éçšããããšã°ã§, äžå¿èããã話ãããããããšãã§ããããã«ããããšã®èšè¿°ãããã |
掻çšã®ç 究ã¯ããã®åŸãéŽæšæã®ã掻èªæç¶èã(1803幎é )ãæ¬å±
æ¥åºã®ãè©å
«è¡¢ã(1806幎)ã«åŒãç¶ããããå¹æ«ã«ã¯çŸ©éãã掻èªæåã(1844幎)ãèããå¯æš«åºèããèŸç襷ã(1829幎)ãèããªã©ãæ¥æ¬èªã®æŽ»çšãçµç¹åã»äœç³»åãããŠãã£ãã |
è¥è
ã®æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãè¡šèšã®é¢ã§ãç¬èªæ§ãæã€ã幎代ã«ããããŸããŸãªæ¥æ¬èªã®è¡šèšãè¡ãããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯å€ã挢ç±ãèªãããã®èŸæžãå€ãç·šçºããããåœå
ã«ãããèŸæžç·šçºã®èšé²ãšããŠã¯ã倩æŠ11幎(682幎)ã®ãæ°åã44å·»ãæå€ã§ããã(ãæ¥æ¬æžçŽã)ãäŒæ¬ã¯ãããéžæãããååšããªããããæžåãã挢ååæžã®é¡ã§ããããšæšæž¬ããã以å€ã¯ããããªãå
容ã®èŸæžã§ãã£ãããäžæã§ããã |
å°èªåŠ(å°åå°çåŠ)ã¯ãããç¹å®ãããå°åå
ã«ãããå°çåŠçäºè±¡ãèªç¶å°çã»äººæå°çäž¡æ¹ã®èŠå°ããç 究ããåŠåã§ãããèªç¶å°çã»äººæå°çã«ããããããå®éã«ç 究ããéã¯ãå
·äœçãªå°åãéžå®ããªããŠã¯ãªããªããããã²ãšã€ã®å°éåéãšããããã¯å°çåŠã®å
±éåºç€éšåãšèªèãããŠãããæåŠãåœéé¢ä¿åŠæ¹é¢ã®å°åç 究(åŠ)ãšã®å
±éç¹ãããã |
åžå人å£ã¯1950幎代ã®çŽ290äžäººã絶é ã«æžå°ãç¶ããããããæ°å¹Žã¯åŸ®å¢åŸåã«è»¢ããŠããã2011幎çŸåšã§çŽ225äžäººã§ãã(INSEEã«ãã)ã2011幎ã®è¿éãå«ãéœåžçå°åã®äººå£ã§ã¯1,200äžäººãè¶
ããŠãããEUæ倧ã®éœåžéšã圢æããŠããã |
ããªãžã®å€§éã®ç§»æ°ã®ç¬¬äžæ³¢ã¯1820幎代ããã€ãã®èŸ²æ°ãã蟲æ¥å±æ©ãšããã¬ãªã³ã»ãããã«ãã®äŸµæ»ã«ãšããªã£ãŠç§»äœããŠããããšã«ããããã®åŸãä»æ¥ã«è³ããŸã§ãäœåºŠã移æ°ã®æ³¢ãç¶ããŠããã19äžçŽã¯ã€ã¿ãªã¢äººãšäžå€®ãšãŒãããã®ãŠãã€äººã1917幎ã®ãã·ã¢é©åœåŸã¯ãã·ã¢äººã第1次äžç倧æŠäžã¯æ€æ°å°ã®åœã
ããã倧æŠéæã¯ããŒã©ã³ã人ã1950幎代ãã70幎代ã¯ã¹ãã€ã³äººãã€ã¿ãªã¢äººããã«ãã¬ã«äººãåã¢ã¡ãªã«äººããŸãã¢ããªã«ã»ã¢ãžã¢å°åã®ç¬ç«åŸã¯ãŠãã€äººã移æ°ããŠããã移æ°ã®å±
äœåºåã¯ãããããåºèº«å°ããšã«ç°ãªã£ãŠããã |
æ··ä¹±ãçµã1800幎åœæã®äººå£ã¯ã54äž7,756人ã§ãã£ããããã¬ãªã³1äžã¯ãããªãæ°ããããŒããšãã¹ããåžéœãšå®ããã«ã«ãŒãŒã«å±æéããšãã¯ãŒã«å±æéã建ãŠããŠã«ã¯éæ²³()ãéåãããªã©ããã |
1976幎ã«ã€ã«=ã=ãã©ã³ã¹å°ååãçºè¶³ãããšãããªã¯ãã®éŠåºãšãªã£ãã |
å³å²žã®ã°ã©ã³ã»ã·ã£ãã¬ã¯ãçã®ååæãå
éšã«çœ®ãããã®å¥é€š(巊岞ã®ããã£ã»ãã³ã«ããããã£ã»ã·ã£ãã¬)ãšãšãã«ã14äžçŽããç Žå£ããã1782幎ãŸã§æçæããã³æçœ®å ŽæãšãããŠããã |
è¥ã女æ§ã®äžã«ã¯ãå人ã«ãã£ãŠ(éå²ãã®ããã«)ããžãã¹ã®ããŒã«ãšããŠäœãã ãããéèªãªã©ã®åçš®ã¡ãã£ã¢ã§æµãããŠããèåãæ¬åœã®åã ãšä¿¡ãããã®åã«è¿ã¥ãããšããªã«ãã¯ãã¯ãšãã£ãŠããŠããŸãäºäŸãèšãããŠãããæ¥æ¬ã®è¥ã女æ§ã§ããããªã«æ¥ãŠããæéãã®å®æ
ãèªåã®ç®ã§èŠããã¡ã«ãèªåãèåãä¿¡ããŠããã«ãããªãããšã«æ°ã¥ãããããããŠé¬±ç¶æ
ã«ãªã£ãã責ããããŠããããã«æãèŠããã§åž°åœããŠããäºäŸãææãããŠãã(âããªçå矀ãåç
§ã®ããš)ã |
ã«ãŒãŽã«çŸè¡é€šããªã«ã»ãŒçŸè¡é€šããã³ããã¥ãŒã»ã³ã¿ãŒ(åœç«è¿ä»£çŸè¡é€š)ãªã©ã®çŸè¡é€šã«äžçäžçŽã®çŸè¡åãå€æ°åèµããããã£ãããšæ代ããšã«çŸè¡é€šãå²ãæ¯ãããŠãããå€ä»£ãã19äžçŽåã°ãŸã§ã®çŸè¡åã¯ã«ãŒãã«çŸè¡é€šã§èŠ³ãããšãã§ãããã¢ãã»ãªã¶ããµã¢ãã©ã±ã®ãã±ãããã®ãŽã£ãŒãã¹ãªã©äžçäžã®èª°ããç¥ã£ãŠããåäœãã¯ãããšããŠãããã¬ãªã³ããšãžããé åŸæã«éããå€ä»£ãšãžããã®èå€åŠåãªã©ãå«ããŠåžžèšå±ç€ºæ°ã¯ããã2äž6,000ç¹ã«ã®ãŒããç·æèµäœåæ°ã¯30äžç¹ãè¶
ããããã£ãšèŠ³ãŠãæ°æ¥ããããå
šéšãã£ãã芳ããš1ãæã»ã©ããããšãèšããããã«ãŒãŽã«ã¯å»ºç©èªäœããã€ãŠã®çå®®ã§ãããå
¥å Žè
æ°ã¯å¹Žé800äžäººä»¥äžã§ããã19äžçŽä»¥éã®çµµç»ãã€ãŸãå°è±¡æŽŸã象城䞻矩ãã¢ãŒã«ã»ããŒãŽã©ãŒã®çµµç»ãªã©ã¯ãªã«ã»ãŒçŸè¡é€šã«å±ç€ºãããŠããã |
瀟äŒæ¿æ²»åŠçãŸãã¯æåçãªåŽé¢ãèæ
®ãããšããšãŒãããã®å¢çã¯æ§ã
ãªèšåããªããããäŸãã°ããããã¹ã¯å°ã¢ãžã¢ã®ã¢ãããªã¢å島ã«è¿æ¥ããŠããããããã¯ãã°ãã°ãšãŒãããã®äžéšãšã¿ãªãããçŸåšã§ã¯EUã®äžå¡ã§ããããéã«ãã«ã¿ã¯é·ãéã¢ããªã«ã«å±ãã島ãšåãæ¢ããããŠãããæ¥æ¬ã®å€åçã®å
¬åŒãµã€ãã¯ãNISè«žåœã«è©²åœããã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢ãã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³ãªã©ã欧å·ã«å«ããŠããã |
以äžã«ãäºå®äžç¬ç«ããå°å(åœå®¶ã®æ¿èªãåŸãäºãå°ãªãããŸãã¯ãªãåœ)ã瀺ãã |
ãŸãè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ãçæ žçç©ã现èããã³å€çŽ°èãèåããŠèªçãããšãã説ãæåãšãªãã€ã€ãã(åç
§: çæ žçç©#èµ·æº)ããã®å Žåãå°çäžã«ã¯æ¬æ¥2ã€ã®ãã¡ã€ã³(现èãšå€çŽ°è)ããååšããªãã£ãããšã«ãªããã¡ãªã¿ã«å€çŽ°èã¯ããã€ãŠçŽ°èãããèµ·æºãå€ãå¯èœæ§ã瀺åãããããä»ããããååã§ããããå®éã®ãšããã¯ã现èãšå€çŽ°èã¯äž¡è
ãšãåçã«å€ãèµ·æºããã£ãŠããã |
ã³ã±æ€ç©ã¯èé¡ã»èé¡ã»ãããŽã±é¡ã®3矀ã«å€§å¥ããããåæã®åœ¢æ
圢質ãååŠæåãå©çšããå€å
žçç 究ã§ã¯å系統矀ã§ãããšèããããŠãããã³ã±æ€ç©éãšéã®éçŽã«çœ®ãããããã®åŸåå²åŠç解æãé²ã¿ãåå²é ã¯è«žèª¬ãã£ããã®ã®ãç¶ç®¡ææ€ç© (ãŸãã¯å€èåå¢æ€ç© )ã®åŽç³»çµ±çŸ€ãšèããããããšãäžè¬çã«ãªã£ãããã3矀ãç¬ç«ããéã«çœ®ãããããšãå€ããªã£ããåæã®åå系統解æã«ãããŠããã®çµæãæ¯æãããŠããããéžäžæ€ç©ã¯åé¡çŸ€ããšã«GCã®å²åãåã£ãŠããããšãåãã£ãŠãããééã£ãæšå®ããªãããŠãããšèããããŠãããããŒã¿ã»ãããå¢ããã解æã§ã¯ã3矀ãåã³å系統矀ãšããŠãŸãšãŸããæ®ãã®çŸçéžäžæ€ç©(ç¶ç®¡ææ€ç©)ãšå§åŠ¹çŸ€ããªãããšãæããã«ãªã£ãããã®ãããåã³ã³ã±æ€ç©ãã³ã±æ€ç©éãšããŠæ±ãèããæå±ãããŠããã |
èé¡ãšãããŽã±é¡ã¯åŒŸç³ž(ã ããã)ãæã£ãŠãããèå圢æ现èãäœçŽ°èåè£ããããšã§èåæ¯çŽ°èãšãšãã«åŒŸç³žçŽ°èã圢æãããããããŽã±é¡ã¯åºéšã§åå²ããèé¡ãæã£ãŠããããšãããã³ã±æ€ç©ã®å
±æ掟ç圢質ã ãšèãããããã掟ççãªçŸ€ã§ããããããªãããŽã±å±ããã³ã¢ããã·ãããŽã±å±ãšãã£ãããããªãããŽã±ç§ãé€ããããŽã±é¡ã¯èºæç¶è¥åãæããªãåœåŒŸç³žã§ãããã³ã±æ€ç©ã®å
±éç¥å
ã¯åŒŸç³žãæãããèé¡ã®å
±éç¥å
ãšããããªãããŽã±å±ã§å¹³è¡é²åãããšãæšå®ãããã |
確å®ãªå€§ååç³ã®äžã€ã«åŸæããã³çŽã®èé¡ããã©ããããã¹ (syn. ) ããããçŸåšã§ã¯ãæå€ã®èé¡ã¯äžæããã³çŽã®å°å±€ããèŠã€ãã£ãŠããããããŽã±ç¶±ã® ã§ãããšããããã¯ã£ãããšçŸåšã®ã³ã±æ€ç©ãšæå®ã§ããåç³ã¯ã·ã«ã«çŽããèŠã€ãã£ãŠãããçŸçã®èç¶æ§èé¡ãšåºæ¬çã«é¡äŒŒããæ§é ãåãã£ãŠããã |
ããã«ã第äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ãã¿ã«ã³ããã»ããŒãœã³ãºããããŒãã»ãã³ã°ã»ããŒãã³ãã«ããæ©èœäž»çŸ©ãæå±ããã瀟äŒåŠå
šäœã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒããããšãã«ããŒãœã³ãºã®æ§é æ©èœäž»çŸ©ç€ŸäŒåŠã¯ã瀟äŒåŠã«ãããçµ±äžçè«ãç¯ãäžããæå³ãæã£ãŠæèµ·ãããå€ãã®ç€ŸäŒåŠè
ã«åœ±é¿ãäžãã20äžçŽåã°ã«ããããäž»æµãæãèŠè§£ããšç®ãããã«è³ã£ããããã¯åéã®çµ±äžãäœç³»åãå®çŸãããã«èŠãã瀟äŒåŠã®çšæãªææã§ãããšãããã |
ãã€ã«å·æ¬æµãããã€ã«å·ã®äžæµã¯è°·åã§ãããã€ã«å·1æ¬ã ããæµããäžæµã¯ãã«ã¿å°åž¯(ãã€ã«å·ãã«ã¿)ãåºãã£ãŠãããæåã«äžæµå°å(äžãšãžãã)ãšäžæµå°å(äžãšãžãã)ã§ããããéã£ãæåãçºå±ããåŸã«çµ±äžãããããããã¡ã©ãª(ç)ã®ç§°å·ã®äžã«ãäžäžãšãžããçããšããéšåãæ®ããå€ä»£ãšãžãã人ãèªåœã®ããšããäºã€ã®åœããšåŒãã§ããã |
ãã®æ¬¡ã®ã¡ã«ãšã³ãã¿ãçã®æ代ã«ã¯çŽå
å1208幎ããã«æµ·ã®æ°ã®äŸµå
¥ãæéãããã圌ã®æ»åŸã¯çæéã®åšäœã®çãç¶ããå
æ¿ã¯æ··ä¹±ããŠãã£ããçŽå
å1185幎é ã«ã¯ç¬¬19çæã¯çµ¶ãã第20çæãæ°ãã«éãããã第20çæ第2代ã®ã©ã ã»ã¹3äžã¯æåŸã®å倧ãªãã¡ã©ãªãšåŒã°ãããã®æ代ã«æ°çåœã¯æåŸã®ç¹æ æãè¿ãããã圌ã®æ»åŸã¯åœå¢ã¯äžãåã«åããããããŠçŽå
å1070幎é ã«ç¬¬20çæãæ»
ã¶ãšãšãã«æ°çåœæ代ãçµãããåããããã以åŸå€ä»£ãšãžãããçµçãããŸã§ã®çŽ1000幎ã¯ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ä»åœã«å¯Ÿããè»äºçå£å¢ãç¶ããã |
å»åŠæè²ã«ã€ããŠã¯äžæãªç¹ãå€ãããç¥æ®¿ã®åšèŸºå°åºã§å®éã®æ£è
ã®æ²»çãªã©ãè¡ãªãããŠããããã§ããã |
çŸä»£ã§ã¯ç³å°¿ç
ãšæãããçäŸãå ±åãããŠãããªã©ã詳现ãªèšé²ãããã«ã¹ã«æ®ãããšã§èšºæãå»åŠæè²ã«æŽ»çšããŠããã |
å®æ芳ã¯æ代ã«ãã£ãŠå€åããŠãã£ããšãããããæ»åŸãæ¥äžã§æ°žé ã®çãåŸããããéã®åšãšãªãèäœããã€ã©ãšããŠä¿åããŠããã |
ãã®ç¶æ³ãåããŠ1952幎ãè»å
éšã®ç§å¯çµç¹èªç±å°æ ¡å£ãã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãèµ·ãããåœçãã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯1äžã亡åœã«è¿œã蟌ã¿ãã ãã³ããã»ã¢ãªãŒæãæåãã(ãšãžããé©åœ)ãçåŸãããå幎ã®ãã¢ãŒã2äžãå³äœãããèªç±å°æ ¡å£å£é·ã®ã ãã³ããã»ãã®ãŒããéŠçžã«å°±ä»»ããŠæš©åãææ¡ãããããã«ç¿å¹Žã®1953幎ãåœçãå»äœããŠå
±åæ¿ãžãšç§»è¡ããã®ãŒããéŠçžãå
ŒåãããŸãŸå代倧統é ãšãªãããšãžããå
±ååœãæç«ããã |
ã»åšçæ¥æ¬äººæ°719人(2021幎10æçŸåš) |
äž»é£ã®ã¢ãšãŒã·(ã€ãŒã·ã¥)ãšãããã³ã®åæã¯å°éºŠã§ããåœå
çç£ãçãã§ãããã2010幎代ã«ãããŠãåœå
éèŠã®å
šãŠãè³ãããšã¯ã§ãããçŽåæ°ã¯èŒžå
¥ã«äŸåããŠãããã³ã¡ãå€ãããçç£ãããŠããã1917幎ãããžã£ããã«ç±³ãå°å
¥ããŠããæŽå²ãããã倪平æŽæŠäºçŽåŸã®é£ç³§é£ã®ææ(1948幎)ã«ã¯æ¥æ¬ã«èŒžå
¥ããé
絊ã«çšããããããšãããã |
å€ä»£ãšãžããã«èµ·æºãæã€ãšèšãããŠããæ¥ç¥ãã·ã£ã³ã ã»ãã·ãŒã (æ¥éŠç¥)ã§ã¯ããã©ã塩挬ãã»çºé
µãããéæçã§ãããã£ã·ãŒããé£ã¹ããããªã©ãç¥ç¥ã«é¢é£ããé£æåãè±ãã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬åœããWIPOèäœæš©æ¡çŽ9æ¡ã®èŠå®ã«å£ã圢ã§ãåçã®èäœç©ã®ä¿è·æéãå
¬è¡šåŸ50幎ãŸã§ãšããŠããèäœæš©æ³55æ¡ãã1996幎12æã®èäœæš©æ³æ¹æ£ã«ãã£ãŠåé€ããã |
èäœè
ã®çåæéããã³æ»åŸ70幎ãŸã§ãä¿è·æéã®ååãšããã |
èäœæš©æ³(æå45幎5æ6æ¥æ³åŸç¬¬48å·)ã®å¶å®æã«ã¯ãæ ç»ã®èäœæš©ã®ä¿è·æéã¯å
¬è¡šæãã50幎ã§ãã£ããããããæ§èäœæš©æ³(ææ²»32幎æ³åŸç¬¬39å·)ã§ã¯ãç¬åµæ§ã®ããå人å矩ã®æ ç»ã®èäœç©ã«ã€ããŠã¯èäœè
ã®æ»äº¡æããèµ·ç®ããŠ38幎éåç¶ããããšã«ãªã£ãŠãããããä¿è·æéãå®è³ªçã«çããªãå Žåãçããããã®ããã2003幎ã®æ³æ¹æ£ã«ãããä¿è·æéã50幎ãã70幎ã«å»¶é·ãããã |
èäœæš©ãæ¶æ»
ãããšãèäœæš©ã«ããå¶éãªãã«ãååãšããŠèª°ã§ãèªç±ã«å©çšããããšãã§ããã |
2007幎8æ29æ¥ãæ±äº¬å°è£ã¯åååŽã®äž»åŒµãå
šé¢çã«èªããã¢ãã³ã»ã¿ã€ã ã¹ããªã©7ã¿ã€ãã«ã¯æ§æ³ã®èŠå®ã«äŒŽããã£ãããªã³ã®å人èäœç©ãšèªããããèäœæš©ä¿è·æéã¯çµéæªçœ®ã«ãã2015幎ãŸã§æå¹ã§ãããšå€æãããã«ã殺人çæ代ã(1947幎補äœ)åã³ãã©ã€ã ã©ã€ãã(1952幎補äœ)ã«ã€ããŠã¯2003幎æ¹æ£æ³ã®éå第2æ¡(æ§æ³ãšçŸè¡æ³ã®ã©ã¡ããã§ä¿è·æéãç°ãªãå Žåã¯ãããé·ãæ¹ãé©çšãã)ã«åºã¥ããå
¬è¡šåŸ70幎ãé©çšããããšå€æãã殺人çæ代ãã¯2017幎ããã©ã€ã ã©ã€ããã¯2022幎ãŸã§ä¿è·æéãåç¶ãããšãã被ååŽã«å¯Ÿã9ã¿ã€ãã«ã®è²©å£²çŠæ¢ãšåšåº«ã®å
šéåã³DVD補äœã«äœ¿çšãããã¹ã¿ãŒã®å»æ£ã»çŽ1053äžåã®æå®³è³ åãåœãããçºå£²æ¥è
ã¯ç¥è²¡é«è£ã«æ§èšŽãããã2008幎2æ28æ¥ã«æ§èšŽæ£åŽã®å€æ±ºãäžããã |
ãã®ä»ã«ãããåžã»åèšååžã»æ±æµ·æã»ã²ãã¡ãªãåžãåžžéžå€ªç°åžã»å€§åçºã»åžžéžå€§å®®åžã»é£çåžãªã©ããæ±äº¬é§
è¡ãããã¹ã¿æ°å®¿è¡ãã®é«éãã¹ã§æµ
èé§
ãäžéé§
ã§éè»ã§ããã |
çç©åŠã§ã¯ãä»ã®èªç¶ç§åŠåéãšåæ§ã«ãèšèŒã»å®éšã»çè«ãšãã£ãç§åŠçæ¹æ³ã«ãã£ãŠç 究ãè¡ããã(ããã§ã®ãçè«ãã¯æ¹æ³è«ãšããŠã®çè«ãæã)ããããã¯ç¬ç«ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããããããé¢é£ãåã£ãŠäžé£ã®ç 究ã圢äœãã |
çç©åŠã®è«žåéã¯ãåè«ã»æ¹æ³è«ã»çè«ã®èŠç¹ããåé¡ã§ãããåè«ã¯ç 究察象ã«ãã£ãŠãæ¹æ³è«ã¯ææ³ã«ãã£ãŠãçè«ã¯æ®éåãããåŠèª¬ã«ãã£ãŠåéåãã€ããããããã ããããã®åéããçšåºŠã®å·®ã¯ãã3ã€ãã¹ãŠã®æ§è³ªãããããã£ãŠãããããåé¡ã¯äŸ¿å®çãªãã®ã«ãªããäŸãã°ã现èçç©åŠã埮çç©åŠãçç©ç©çåŠãçååŠã |
äžæ¹ãçåœç§åŠ ("Life science") ãçç©ç§åŠ ("Bioscience", "Biological science") ãšããèªã¯ãååçç©åŠãèªçããŠããæ°ããäœããããã®ã§ãããå
šãŠã®çç©ã«å
±éãããèšèãã§ããDNAãååçç©åŠãæäŸããããšã§ãåéããšã«æçåããŠããçç©åŠãçµ±åããã€ã€ãããããã§æ°ãã«çåœç§åŠãšããèšèãçšããããããã«ãªã£ãã ãã ããçç©åŠãçåœç§åŠãåºçŸ©ã«è§£éãããšç¯å²ã¯åºãéãªããå®éã®çç©ç 究ãã©ã¡ããã«ãããããšã¯é£ããããšãããããŸããçç©åŠãã®æå³ãæ代ãšãšãã«å€åããŠããããã°ãã°ãçç©ç§åŠãããçåœç§åŠããšåãæå³ã«äœ¿ãããã |
æªå°±åŠãããã¯çŸ©åæè²æ®µéã§ããåäŸããåäŸãç¬èªã§ããããã¯ä¿è·è
ãæåž«ãã¯ãããšãã倧人ããã®ç€ºåãæå°ãåããªãã圢æãããã®å€ãã¯ä»¥äžã«æãããããªãåäŸã®åœ¢æéçšã§äœ¿ãããããŸããŸãªéå
·(ããã¡ã)ã«ãããåµé æ§ãæ³ååãªã©è³ã®çºéãšå
±ã«ãæåçæå³åããæã€ãã®ã ãšææã§ããã |
èšç®æ©ç§åŠãæ
å ±ç§åŠã»æ
å ±å·¥åŠãæ±ãåŠäŒãšããŠã¯ãç±³åœã§ã¯çºè¶³ãæ©ãã£ãããšããããACMã¯çŽèš³ãããšãèšç®æ©æ¢°åŠäŒãã§ãããåœéæ©é¢ã§ããæ
å ±åŠçåœéé£åã®1960幎çºè¶³ã®é ã«ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯(æ°ã®)èšç®ã®ã¿ãªããæ
å ±ãåŠçããæ©æ¢°ã§ãããšããèªèã¯åºãŸã£ãŠãããæ¥æ¬ã®åŠäŒçºè¶³ã«é¢ããŠããåç°åŒã«ãããæ
å ±åŠçåŠäŒãã®åãä»ããããæ
å ±åŠçãšããèšèã䜿ãããããã«ãªã£ãããŸãé»åæ
å ±éä¿¡åŠäŒããã®åéãããããèªãšããŠãæ
å ±ãã䜿ã£ãŠããã |
ãã ãçŽ æŽãªææ³è«ã®äž»åŒµã¯ã圢åŒèšèªã®çè«ãšã¿ãªãããšãã§ããã |
æ£èŠèšèªã代æ°åŠçã«å®çŸ©ããã«ã¯ãäºã€ã®æ¹æ³ããããΣ ãæéã®ã¢ã«ãã¡ããããšããΣ* ã Σ äžã®èªç±ã¢ãã€ã(Σ ã«ãã£ãŠäœãããèšå·åå
šãŠ)ãšãããšã"f" : Σ* â "M" ã¯ã¢ãã€ãååãšãªãããã ããã㧠"M" ã¯"æé"ã®ã¢ãã€ãã§ããããããŠã"S" ã "M" ã®éšåéåãšãããšã"f"â1("S") ã¯æ£èŠèšèªãšãªããä»»æã®æ£èŠèšèªã¯ãã®ããã«ããŠæ§æããããšãã§ããã |
人éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãç®çãšããŠèšèšããã圢åŒèšèªããšãã£ããããªãã®ãååšããã(ãã°ã©ã³ãªã©)ããŸãå€ããªãã人工èšèªãšããåé¡ã¯å€çŸ©çã§ããã圢åŒèšèªã®ããšãæããŠããå Žåãããã°ããšã¹ãã©ã³ããªã©ã人çºçºççãªèªç¶èšèªããšãã£ãã»ããè¯ãå Žåãããã |
ãªã1950幎代(ã1960幎代)èšç®çè«ããã§ã ã¹ããŒéå±€ãšããæ§æ³ãçè«ãçºè¡šãããæ代ã«ã¯ãèšç®è¡šçŸèœåã«åºã¥ããŠã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®èšèªããæœè±¡çã«ããã¿ã€ã0 / ã¿ã€ã1 / ã¿ã€ã2 / ã¿ã€ã3ããªã©ã«åé¡ããããšããŠããããšããã£ãããã ãè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ãã®ãããªåé¡æ³ã¯æ»
å€ã«æã¡åºãããªããäžã®äžã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãã¡ãèšèªéçºè
ãã¡ã®é¢å¿ã¯ããã§ã«å¥ã®ã¬ãã«ã«ç§»ã£ãŠããããã§ããã |
以äžã®LISPã®ã³ãŒãæçã¯æ§æäžã¯æ£ããããæå³çã«ã¯åé¡ããããå€æ° codice_15 ã«ã¯åŸæ¥å¡ããŒã¿ã®ãªã¹ããå
¥ããã¹ããã®ã§ããããcodice_15 ã¯å®éã«ã¯ç©º(codice_17)ãªã®ã§ãcodice_15 ããªã¹ãã§ããããšãåæã«ãcodice_15 ã®åŸç¶éšåãæ±ããåŒ codice_20 ã¯è©äŸ¡ã§ãããšã©ãŒã«ãªãã |
圢åŒæå³è«(ããã°ã©ã æå³è«ã®èšäºãåç
§)ã§æå³è«ãèšè¿°ããäŸãšã㊠Standard ML ã Scheme ãããã |
ãªãèšèªåããCãããDãã®ããã«1æåã®å称ã®å Žåããã®ãŸãŸã®è¡šèšã§ã¯æç« äžã«å没ããŠããŸãå€å¥ãã¥ãããªã©ã®äžéœåãããå Žåãããã®ã§ãããšãç»é²ãããŠããæ£åŒå称ããããŸã§ãCããªã©ãšäžæåã§ãã£ãŠããéåžžã®æç« äžã§è¡šèšããå Žåã¯ãæè¡æžãªã©ãå«ããŠããã°ãã°ãCèšèªããªã©ãšæåã®åŸãã«ãèšèªããæ·»ããŠè¡šèšãããã |
2022幎ç§ã«ChatGPTãå
¬éãããŠä»¥æ¥ãçæAIã®æŽ»çšãæ¥åžžåãã€ã€ããã人工ç¥èœã¯æªã ã«æ瀺(å°éçšèªã§ããã³ãããšèšã)ã«å¯ŸããŠèª€ã£ãåçãè¿ãããšãå€ãããã誀ã£ãåçãæå¶ããããã®éæž¡æã®ææ³ãšããŠããã³ãããšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°ãšããææ³ãå®è·µãããŠãããå é床çãªäººå·¥ç¥èœã®æ§èœåäžãèæ
®ããå Žåãé
ããšã2020幎代ã®å
ã«ã¯äººéãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ãšåçã®è³ªåå¿çãå¯èœãšãªããããããã³ããã«å¯Ÿãã人工ç¥èœç¹æã®å·¥å€«ã¯äžèŠãšãªãèŠéããããã |
ãã¡ãžã£ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã2018幎ãŸã§ã«æ¥æ¬ãäžçã®1/5ã®ç¹èš±ãååŸããŠããäºãããæ¥æ¬ã§ç¹ã«å€§ããªããŒã ãšãªã£ãŠããããšãåãã£ãŠããã |
2018幎9æãMITãªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æã¯åŸæ¥ãã©ãã¯ããã¯ã¹ã§ãã£ããã¥ãŒã©ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®æšè«ãã©ã®ãããªæ®µéãçµãŠèå¥ããã®ããæ確ã«åããã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãéçºããã |
2023幎1æ11æ¥ãDeepMindã¯ãç»åããäžçã¢ãã«ãåŠç¿ããããã䜿çšããŠé·æèŠç¹ããèããŠæé©ãªè¡åãåŠç¿ããäºãåºæ¥ããDreamerV3ããçºè¡šããã |
ãã€ãèªã®ãšã¹ã¿ãŒã©ã€ãã®reich(ã©ã€ã)ã¯ãã°ãã°ãåžåœããšæ¥æ¬èªèš³ããããããã©ã³ã¹ã®ãã€ãèªåãçŸåšã§ãFrankreich(ãã©ã³ã¯ã©ã€ã)ã§ããããã«ãå³å¯ã«ã¯ãåžåœããšããæå³ã§ã¯ãªãããreichãã«ã¯èªæºçã«çåœããŸãã¯æ¿æ²»äœå¶ãåããåã«åœã(ç¹å®ã®)äžçãé åã(åæ€ç©ã®)çãšããæå³ãå«ãŸããŠããã |
1526幎ãã¢ããŒãã®æŠãã§ãã³ã¬ãªãŒçã©ãšã·ã¥2äžãæŠæ»ããããšããããã¢å°åãšãªã¹ãã³åžåœãå é ããŠããªããã³ã¬ãªãŒã®æ®ãã®å°åããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã®æ¯é
äžãšãªã£ãã1529幎ã第äžæ¬¡ãŠã£ãŒã³å
å²ããªã¹ãã³åžåœã®ãã³ã¬ãªãŒãžã®æ¡å€§ã«ãããäž¡åžåœã¯ãã°ãã°æŠç«ã亀ããããã«ãªã£ã(æ±æ¹åé¡)ã1556幎ãã«ãŒã«5äžãéäœããŠã¹ãã€ã³=ããã¹ãã«ã¯å®¶ãæåããããã1648幎ã«ãŽã§ã¹ããã¡ãŒã¬ã³æ¡çŽãçµã°ããç¥èããŒãåžåœã¯åœ¢éªžåããã©ã³ã¹ãå¢åã䌞匵ããã |
è°äŒã¯4幎æ¯ã«åœæ°ããéžæã§éžã°ãã183è°åžã®åœæ°è°äŒ()ãšåå·è°äŒããéããã62è°åžã®é£éŠè°äŒ()ããæãäºé¢å¶ã®è°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©åœå®¶ãåœæ°ã«éžæã§éžã°ããåœæ°è°äŒã®è°æ±ºã¯é£éŠè°äŒã®ããã«åªå
ãããé£éŠè°äŒã¯å·ã«é¢é£ããæ³æ¡ã«ããæåŠæš©ãè¡äœ¿ã§ããªãã |
ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢äººã¯ãã€ã人ã«å«ãŸããã®ãããšããåé¡ã¯æŠåŸæèçã«é¿ããããŠããããè¿å¹Žæ¥éã«ã¯ããŒãºã¢ãããããŠãããããšããšãªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã¯ããã€ã»ã³ããã€ãšã«ã³ãªã©ãšåãããã€ããæ§æããåéŠã®ã²ãšã€ã§ãã(å€ãã¯ãã€ãšã«ã³ã®äžéšã§ããããã€ã人ãæ¯æå¥ã«åãããšãªãŒã¹ããªã¢äººã¯ãã€ãšã«ã³æã§ãã)ãããã12 - 19äžçŽã®éããªãŒã¹ããªã¢å€§å
¬å®¶ã§ããããã¹ãã«ã¯å®¶ããã€ãåžåœ(ç¥èããŒãåžåœ)ã®åžäœããã€ãé£éŠè°é·åœã®åº§ãç¬å ããŠããã圢骞åããŠãããšã¯ãããç¥èããŒãåžåœãé·å¹Žãã€ãè«žéŠã®çäž»ã ã£ãæŽå²ã¯ç¡èŠã§ããªãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢=ãã³ã¬ãªãŒäºéåžåœã®åŽ©å£ã«ãã£ãŠããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã®åœåãæ°æãã€ã人å±
äœå°åã«éå®ããããšãå·Šå³ãåããã«ãã€ããžã®å䜵ãæ±ãã声ãé«ãŸãã第äžæ¬¡å€§æŠææŠçŽåŸã¯ããã€ãã»ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢å
±ååœããšããåœåãåä¹ã£ãŠãããåœæã®æè©ã«ã¯ããã€ã人ã®åœããšããèšèã1930幎代ãŸã§æ®ã£ãŠããã1945幎ã®ããªã¿ãã«çŸç§äºå
žã«ã¯ããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ããã€ãããé€å€ããå°ãã€ã䞻矩ã®ãã¹ãã«ã¯äœå¶ã®æ¹ãæŽå²çäŸå€ã§ãããããã©ãŒã®ç¬å¢ºå䜵ã¯å
ã®èªç¶ãªåœ¢ã«æ»ããã«ãããªããšããèšè¿°ããããé£ååœåŽã«ããæŠåŸã®çµ±äžãã€ãç¶æãæ¯æããèŠæ¹ããã£ãããšã䌺ãããããããããã®æ°æèªæ±ºè«ãéæã«åã£ããªãŒã¹ããªã¢äººã®ããã©ãŒã®è¡çºã«å¯ŸããåçãããæŠåŸã¯ããã€ã人ãšç°ãªããªãŒã¹ããªã¢äººããšããåœæ°æèãèªçãã浞éããããã€ãåŽã¯ããã«ãœãŽã£ãšãå é å°åºã®åé¢ãäœåãªããããŠãããããããŠ3ã€ã®åœå®¶(ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢ãæ±ãã€ãã西ãã€ã)ã2ã€ã®åœæ°ã1ã€ã®æ°æãšåŒã°ããæ代ãå§ãŸãããªãŒã¹ããªã¢åŽã§ã¯ãã€ã人ãšå¥åã®åœæ°ã§ãããšããæèãè²ã¡ãããã«ã¯ãšã¹ãã·ãã£ã«ãããŠããã€ãæ°æãšã¯ç°ãªããªãŒã¹ããªã¢æ°æã§ãããšèªå·±èŠå®ãã人ãçŸãããããããªããããã€ãçµ±äžã»æ¬§å·é£åå ç以éããã€ãæ°æ䞻矩ãåã³æ¥äŒžããã2000幎ãã2007幎ã«ãããŠããã€ãæ°æ䞻矩è
ç³»ã®æ¥µå³æ¿å
ãé£ç«äžå
ã«å ãããåœéçã«æ³¢çŽãåŒãã ã®ããããã颚朮ãšé¢é£ããŠããã |
ãŠã£ãŒã³ã§ã¯ããªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã»ãã³ã¬ãªãŒåå°(ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢=ãã³ã¬ãªãŒåžåœãã€ã¿ãªã¢ (åããã«)ããã³ã¬ãªãŒããã§ã³ãã¹ãããã¢ãããŒã©ã³ã (ã¬ãªãã£ã¢)ãã¹ãããã¢ãã¯ãã¢ãã¢ãã«ãŒããã¢ããã³ãã)ã®åºèº«è
ã掻èºããã |
ããªãŒãœãããŠã§ã¢è²¡å£(FSF)ã«ããGFDLãšããŠã®å¹åããããšæ¿èªãããŠãããã®ã¯ãè±èªã®åæã«ããã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ã®ã¿ã§ãããå
¬åŒã®ä»èšèªèš³ã¯ååšãããFSFãšããŠãä»èšèªã®èš³æãæ¿èªããªãæ¹éãæ¡ã£ãŠãããããã¯èª€èš³ã®å¯èœæ§ããããã®ãæ¿èªããããšã«ãã£ãŠçãããªã¹ã¯ãåé¿ããããã§ããããã®ããã䜿çšãããšãã¯è±èªã®ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ææžã䜿ãããšã«ãªã£ãŠãããæ¥æ¬èªèš³ã¯ãããŸã§åèãšããŠç€ºãã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠãããããããªããããä»èšèªã®èš³æãæ¿èªããªãããšã¯ãããé¢ç¥ããªãããšããç«å Žãè¡šæããŠããã«ãããããCèšèªã§æžãããããã°ã©ã ãRubyã«ç§»æ€ããããšãã£ãã±ãŒã¹ã¯ãé¢ç¥ããªããã ãã®ããšã§ãããGNU ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ã«éåã¯ããŠããªãã |
ã¹ããã¶ã¯ãã人é粟ç¥ãæ§æãã芳念ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã¯(çŸå®ã«)ååšãã身äœã§ããããšå®£èšããããªããªããã延é·ããç©ããã³ææããç©ã¯ç¥ã®å±æ§ã®å€ç¶ã§ããã以äžãäºã€ã¯åããã®ã®äºã€ã®åŽé¢ã«ä»ãªããªãããã§ãããããã«ãã£ãŠå¿èº«ã®åäžãšããæã
ã®çŸå®çãªããããã説æã§ããããšã¹ããã¶ã¯èããã粟ç¥ã®å€åã¯èº«äœã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããã粟ç¥ã¯èº«äœããç¬ç«ã«ããããã§ã¯ãªãã身äœã粟ç¥ããç¬ç«ãšãªãããªãã身äœã«å
ã ã£ãŠç²Ÿç¥ããã(å¯å¿è«)ã®ã§ããªã粟ç¥ã«å
ã ã£ãŠèº«äœããã(å¯ç©è«)ã®ã§ããªããããããåäžååšã«ãããå¿èº«å¹³è¡è«ã§ããããã®äžã人éã®èº«äœã察象ãšãã芳念ããå°ãããããã®ã ããèªèããã人éã®æéãªç²Ÿç¥ã¯ãå
šèªç¶ãèªèããæãç¡éã®ç¥æ§ã®äžéšåã§ãããšããŠããããã®å
šèªç¶ããæ³å¿µçobjectiveãã«èªå·±ã®ãã¡ã«å«ããšããã®ææããç¡éã®å(potentia infinita cogitandi)ã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢æãããåã
ã®ææ³ãšããã®åã«ãã£ãŠèŠ³å¿µãããèªç¶ã®äžã®åã
ã®äºç©ãšã¯ãåãä»æ¹ã§é²è¡ãããšããŠãããããªãã¡ææãšããåŽé¢ããèŠãã°èªç¶ã¯ç²Ÿç¥ã§ããã延é·ãšããåŽé¢ããèŠãã°èªç¶ã¯èº«äœã§ãããäž¡è
ã®ç§©åº(粟ç¥ãæ§æãããšããã®èŠ³å¿µãšãã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã®ç§©åº)ã¯ãåãå®äœã®äºã€ã®åŽé¢ã瀺ããããäžèŽãããšããŠããã |
èšèª formula_35 ã¯ãformula_36 ãšãªããããªæèèªç±ææ³ formula_20 ãååšãããšããæèèªç±èšèª(CFL)ã§ãããšããã |
æèèªç±ææ³ã¯èœåãå¶éãããŠããããããã®æäœã®äžéšã¯æ±ºå®å¯èœã§ããããåæã«æ±ºå®äžèœãªåé¡ããããæãåçŽã§åããæã決å®äžèœåé¡ã®1ã€ãšããŠãCFG ãèšèªã®å
šæååãå容ãããã©ãããšããåé¡ããããéå
ã«ãã£ãŠããã®åé¡ããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ãã·ã³ã®åæ¢åé¡ãšåãã§ããããšã瀺ãããããã®éå
ã«ã¯ããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ãã·ã³ã®ããããèšç®éçšã瀺ããèšç®å±¥æŽããšåŒã°ããæŠå¿µãçšããããããã¥ãŒãªã³ã°ãã·ã³ãããå
¥åãäžãããããšãããããå容ããªãèšç®å±¥æŽã®æååãçæããCFGãæ§ç¯ã§ãããããããšããã®CFGã¯ãã·ã³ãå
¥åãå容ããªããšãã ãæååãå容(èªè)ããã |
㯠o ãš e ã®ååã§ããããã®çµã¿åãããåæ¯é³ã§çºé³ãããèªã§ã¯ão ãš e ã¯å¿
ããã®ããã«ã€ãªããŠæžããé垞㯠Åu 㧠ãè¡šãã |
ã€ã¿ãªã¢æ¬åœã®åœèªæè²ããã³ä»åœã®ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªæè²ã®å Žã«ãããŠçãã«çšããããŠããæšæºã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã¯ãããããåå°ã®æ¹èšã®äžã§æãåšèŸºåœã®èšèª(ãã©ã³ã¹èªãã¹ãã€ã³èªãªã©ãã€ã¿ãªã¢å°æ¹ãšæŽå²çã«çžæ·±ãåœã®èšè)ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããªãäžå€®ã€ã¿ãªã¢ã®ãã¹ã«ãŒãæ¹èšã«ãããªæ¹èšã»ã·ããªã¢æ¹èšã®èªåœãåãå
¥ãããã®ã§ãçµ±äžåŸã®æšæºèªæ¿çã«ãã£ãŠçãã«åºãããã(詳ããã¯"æ¹èš#ã€ã¿ãªã¢ã®æ¹èšæ¿ç"ãåç
§)ããã®ãããçŸåšã€ã¿ãªã¢åœæ°ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯æšæºã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã®è©±è
ãšãªã£ãŠããããããäžæ¹ã§ããŒã«ãªãºã éåã®é«ãŸãããã£ãŠãæ¹èšã®äžã§ãç¬èªæ§ã®åŒ·ããã®ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç¬ç«ããå°äœãäžãä¿è·ãã¹ããã©ããã®è°è«ãé²ããããŠãããå
·äœçã«ã¯ã·ããªã¢èªããããªèªããŽã§ããèªãã¬ãã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªãªã©ãäŸã«æããããé«éœ¢å±€ãäžå¿ã«ã€ã¿ãªã¢åœæ°ã®4å²ãæšæºã€ã¿ãªã¢èªãšå
±ã«ããããå°åç¬èªã®èšèªãç解ã§ãããšãããéœåžéšãªã©ã§ã¯çŸå°åããæšæºã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã«åã£ãŠä»£ããããŠããã |
å€ä»£ã®ã€ã¿ãªã¢å島ã«ãããŠã¯è€æ°ã®å€ä»£ã€ã¿ãªã¢äººãšãèšãã¹ãéšæãååšãããããããç°ãªãèšèªãçšããŠããããã®åŸãå€ä»£ã€ã¿ãªã¢äººã®äžæŽŸã§ããã©ãã³äººã®åœå®¶ããŒãã«ããã€ã¿ãªã¢çµ±äžã«ãã£ãŠã圌ãã®èšèã§ããã©ãã³èªãã€ã¿ãªã¢äººã®å
¬çšèªãšããŠæ®åãããã©ãã³èªã¯ããŒãã®åã西欧ãå°äžæµ·æ²¿å²žéšã«åºããã«ã€ããŠããã«æ¡å€§ããããå
¬åŒã®å Žã§çšããããã©ãã³èªãšæ°è¡ã®è©±ãèšèãšããŠã®ã©ãã³èªãããããæ°è¡ã©ãã³èª(ä¿ã©ãã³èªãšã)ã«ã¯è¥å¹²ã®å·®ç°ãååšãããšèšãããŠããã |
ãŸãããã³ãã»ã¢ãªã®ãšãŒãªåäŒ(Società Dante Alighieri) äž»å¬ã®ãã³ãã»ã¢ãªã®ãšãŒãªåäŒã€ã¿ãªã¢èªæ€å®ã幎ã«2å(5æãš11æ)è¡ãããŠãããéå»ã®åé¡éã¯ãã³ãã»ã¢ãªã®ãšãŒãªåäŒæ¬éšã®ããŒã ããŒãžããé²èŠ§ã§ããã |
ã¹ãã€ã³èªã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã¯åŒ·å¢ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã§ããã |
è±èªã®"Music"ãå§ãããšãŒãããã®å€ãã®èšèªã«ãããŠã¯ãå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ÎŒÎ¿Ï
Ïική ("mousike"; ãã ãŒãµã®æ[ãã]ãã®æ)ãèªæºãšãããã ãŒãµã¯ãã¥ãŒãºã®åã§ãç¥ãããèžè¡ãæåãåžã女ç¥ã§ããã |
çæŒå¥ãããé³æ¥œã¯ã (ããã©ãŒãã³ã°ã»ã¢ãŒã)ã®äžçš®ã§ãããèå°äžã§ç身ã®ä¿³åªã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããæŒåããçã§èžããããã³ã¹ãªã©ãä»ã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã°ã»ã¢ãŒããšåæ§ã«ãããã©ãŒããŒãããã©ãŒã ãããã³ã«ãå€ããå°ãªãããç°ãªããšããç¹åŸŽãããã |
ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã®åœæã¯äžéšã«èµ€ãäžéšã«çœã®2è²ã§æ§æãããé·æ¹åœ¢ã§ã瞊ãšæšªã®æ¯çã2:3ã§ãããã¢ãã³å
¬åœã®åœæãšé¡äŒŒããŠãããããã¡ãã¯çžŠæšªæ¯ã4:5ãšç°ãªãã |
ä»æ¹ã§æ¿åºã¯ç¬¬äžåœ(ã€ã®ãªã¹ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœ)ãªã©ã«å€äº€äœ¿ç¯å£ã掟é£ããŠç¬ç«ãåœéçã«ã¢ããŒã«ãããŸããçºè¶³ããã°ããã®åœéé£åã«ã仲ä»å£ã®æŽŸé£ãäŸé ŒããŠãå€äº€çãªåå©ã«åããŠãå°œåãããçµæãšããŠã1947幎8æ1æ¥ã«åœéé£åå®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã§åæŠããã³å¹³åçæ段ã«ããçŽäºè§£æ±ºãæ瀺ãããã |
2019幎ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ç·éžæã§ã¯ããžã§ã³ã»ãŠã£ããã倧統é ã«åéžãããã |
MIKTA(ãã¯ã¿)ã¯ãã¡ãã·ã³ (Mexico)ãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ (Indonesia)ã倧éæ°åœ (Korea, Republic of)ããã«ã³ (Turkey)ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ (Australia) ã®5ã¶åœã«ããããŒãããŒã·ããã§ããã詳现ã¯è©²åœããŒãžãžã |
2019幎æç¹ãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã«ã¯115ã®åœå¶äŒæ¥ããããã¯ã©ã«ã¿ãŠã»ã¹ããŒã«(補é)ããã³ãã£ãªéè¡ãªã©17瀟ãã€ã³ããã·ã¢èšŒåžååŒæã«æ ªåŒãäžå ŽããŠãããåéããšã«æã¡æ ªäŒç€Ÿãèšãããªã©å¹çåãå³ã£ãŠããããäžæ¹ã§éçšç¶æãªã©æ¿åºã®æåãåªå
ãããããšãå€ãã |
倫婊å¥å§ãåºæ¬ããã ãé称ãšããŠå€«ã®å§ãåä¹ãããšãå€ããç·æ§åŽãæ¹å§ããããšãå¯èœã§ããã |
ãã®åŸãæ¿åºã¯é幎ããšã«å®£èšç®æšãçºããŠå°æ¹äºç®ãèšå®ããŠãããã2021幎çŸåšã§ãæ±ãžã£ã¯ã ãã§æªã 1äž2000人ã®è¢«å®³è
ãæšå®ãããŠããã |
ã€ã©ãŒã¯ãšããå°åã¯äŒçµ±çã«ã¡ãœãã¿ãã¢å°æ¹ãæããã¢ã©ã人ã®ã€ã©ãŒã¯ã(al-âIrÄq l-âArabÄ«) ãšãã¶ã°ãã¹å±±èåšèŸºãæãããã«ã·ã¢äººã®ã€ã©ãŒã¯ã(al-âIrÄq l-AjamÄ«) ãããªãããçŸåšã€ã©ã¯å
±ååœã®äžéšãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã¯ãã¢ã©ã人ã®ã€ã©ãŒã¯ãã®ã¿ã§ãããã«ã·ã¢äººã®ã€ã©ãŒã¯ãã¯ã€ã©ã³ã®äžéšã§ããã |
1943幎ãã1945幎12æãã ãã©ãŒã»ããœé£å é äžã®å西éšãããŒããŒãã§ã¯ã«ã人ç¬ç«ãæ±ããŠèèµ·ããç¿å¹Žã¯ã«ãã£ã¹ã¿ã³å
±ååœãæš¹ç«ããããã€ã©ã³è»ã®äŸµæ»ã«ããåŽ©å£ ()ããã«ã¶ãŒããŒã¯ãœé£ã«äº¡åœãã1946幎8æ16æ¥ã«ã¯ã«ãã£ã¹ã¿ã³æ°äž»å
çµæã |
2010幎11æã«è°äŒã¯ãã¿ã©ããã倧統é ã«ãããŒãªããŒãéŠçžã«ãããžã£ã€ãã£ãåœäŒè°é·ã«éžåºããããŒãªããŒéŠçžãæåºããé£ååç°¿ãè°äŒãæ¿èªããŠã12æã«ç¬¬äºæ¬¡ããŒãªããŒæ¿æš©ãçºè¶³ããã |
ã€ã©ã¯ã®æ°åã¯ãã»ãŒå
šåã«ãããç æŒ æ°åã«åé¡ãããããã£ã°ãªã¹å·ã®å岞ããåã¯ã¹ãããæ°åãããã«å°äžæµ·æ§æ°åã«è³ãããããã£ãŠãå€æã«ä¹Ÿç¥ãã5æãã10æã®éã¯å
šåœã«æž¡ã£ãŠééšãèŠãªããå西å£ç¯é¢šã®åœ±é¿ããã£ãŠãç±èµ€éãåœåã®ååŽãééããããã7æãš8æã®2ã«æã¯æé«æ°æž©ã50 床ãè¶
ããããã ããå°é¢ã®ç±å®¹éãå°ãããæŸå°å·åŽã劚ããæ¡ä»¶ããªããããæäœæ°æž©ã30 床ãäžåãããšã¯çãããäžæ¹ãåéšå±±å²³å°åž¯ã®å¬ã¯å¯ãããã°ãã°å€éã®ééªããããç倧ãªæŽªæ°ŽãåŒãèµ·ããã |
蟲æ¥åŸäºè
ã®å²åã¯äœããå
šåœæ°ã®2.2 %ã«ããã62 äžäººã«éããªãã蟲æ¥åŸäºè
ãå°ãªããããäžäººåœãã16.2 haãšããã€ã©ã¯ã®èå°é¢ç©ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã§ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ãã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³ã«æ¬¡ãã§åºãã |
ããŒã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã©ãã¯ããã«2çš®é¡ã«åé¡ãããŠããããŸãããã¢ããã³ãšåŒã°ããã¹ã€ã®ã¥ãŠãåŽåœ¹ã«çšãã蟲æ°ã§ãããå€æã«ã¯ç±³ãæ œå¹ããå¬æã¯éºŠãè²ãŠããã¹ã€ã®ã¥ãŠä»¥å€ã«ãããžãæ±ã£ãŠãããåéšæããšã«ã€ããµããšåŒã°ããã ãã³ãããç¥å
ãšãããèè
ãæããããšãç¹åŸŽã ããã¢ããã³ã¯ã¢ã·ã«å®å
šã«äŸåããç掻ãéã£ãŠããããŸãã倧éã®ã¢ã·ã䜿ã£ãŠæ°Žé¢ã«ã島ããäœãããã®å³¶ã®äžã«ã¢ã·ã®å®¶ã建ãŠããã¹ã€ã®ã¥ãŠã®é€ãã¢ã·ã§ããã |
çŸä»£ã®ã€ã©ã¯äººã¯è¥¿æŽã®ããã¯ããããããããããã³ãããã¹ãªã©ãã©ãžãªæŸéå±ãªã©ã§æ¥œããã§ããããšã«ãã³çµç±ã§ãšãžããã®ãããã¹ãªã©ã茞å
¥ãããŠããã |
第å代åœçããŒã»ãããã£ãŒã³ã»ã·ã£ãŒãé©åœå®¶ã¬ã¶ãŒã»ã±ã«ããŒããŒã«æ殺ãããåŸã1896幎ã«ã¢ã¶ããã¡ãããã£ãŒã³ã第äºä»£ã¬ãŒãžã£ãŒã«æåœçã«å³äœãããã ããããŒã»ãããã£ãŒã³ã»ã·ã£ãŒã®äžã§å€§å®°çžãåãããçä»»ããæ¿çã«å€ããã¯ãªãã£ãããããããŸã§ã®å
æå€æ£ã«ãå€åã¯ãªãã£ããããããªãã1905幎ã«æ¥é²æŠäºã«ãŠæ¥æ¬ããã·ã¢ã«åå©ãããšããã®æ¥æ¬ã®åå©ã¯è°äŒå¶ãšå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœæ²æ³ãæããç«æ²åœå®¶ã®åå©ã ãšã€ã©ã³äººã«ã¯åãæ¢ããããã¬ãŒãžã£ãŒã«æã®å°å¶ã«å¯Ÿããæ²æ³ã®å°å
¥ãåœæ°çãªç±æã®è±¡åŸŽãšãªããåææã®èŸ²äœç©ã®äžäœãšã³ã¬ã©ã®çºçãªã©ã®ç€ŸäŒäžå®ãèæ¯ã«ã1905幎12æã®ç ç³å人ãžã®éæã¡äºä»¶ãçŽæ¥ã®å¥æ©ãšããŠãã€ã©ã³ç«æ²é©åœãå§ãŸã£ããã€ã©ã³äººã¯åœçã«å¯ŸããŠè°äŒ (majles) ã®éèšãæ±ããããã«æ°å§ãããåœçã¯1906幎8æ5æ¥ã«è°äŒéèšã®å
什ãçºãã9æ9æ¥ã«éžææ³ãå
¬åžããã10æ7æ¥ã«ã€ã©ã³åã®åœæ°è°äŒ (Majiles-e Shoura-ye Melli) ãå¬éããããããããªãããã®åŸã®ç«æ²é©åœã¯ãç«æ²æŽŸãšå°å¶æŽŸã®å¯Ÿç«ã«å ããç«æ²æŽŸå
éšã§ã®ç©å¥æŽŸãšé©åœæŽŸã®å¯Ÿç«ãæŽã«ã¯åŽåè
ã®ã¹ãã©ã€ãã蟲æ°ã®åä¹±ã1907幎ã«ã€ã©ã³ãããããã®å¢ååã«åå²ããè±é²ååãçµãã ã€ã®ãªã¹ãšãã·ã¢ã®ä»å
¥ãå
æŠã®åçºçã
ãè€åçã«é²è¡ããæ«ã«ã1911幎ã«ãã·ã¢åžåœè»ã®çŽæ¥ä»å
¥ã«ãã£ãŠè°äŒã¯ç«æ²æ¿åºèªãã«ãã£ãŠè§£æ£ãããããããã«ç«æ²é©åœã¯çµçããã®ã§ãã£ãããªãããã®ç«æ²é©åœã®æäžã®1908幎5æã«ãã¹ãžã§ãã»ãœã¬ã€ããŒã³ã§æ²¹ç°ãçºèŠãããŠããã |
ç£ç£è
è©è°äŒã¯12人ã®æ³åŠè
ããæ§æãããåæ°ãæ§æããã€ã¹ã©ãŒã æ³åŠè
6人ãæé«æå°è
ãæåããæ®ãåæ°ã®äžè¬æ³åŠè
6人ãæé«åžæ³æš©é·ãæåããããããè°äŒãå
¬åŒã«ä»»åœãããç£ç£è
è©è°äŒã¯æ²æ³è§£éãè¡ããè°äŒå¯æ±ºæ³æ¡ãã·ã£ãªãŒã¢(ã€ã¹ã©ãŒã æ³)ã«é©ããã®ãã審è°ããæš©éããã€ããããã£ãŠè°äŒã«å¯ŸããæåŠæš©ããã€æ©é¢ã§ãããšãããããè°äŒå¯æ±ºæ³æ¡ã審è°ã«ãã£ãŠæ²æ³ãããã¯ã·ã£ãªãŒã¢ã«åãããšå€æãããå Žåãæ³æ¡ã¯è°äŒã«å·®ãæ»ãããŠå審è°ããããæ¥æ¬ã®å ±éã§ã¯è·æ²è©è°äŒãšèš³ãããããããæå³åããç°ãªãã |
å
šè¬çã«ã¯å€§éžæ§æ°åã§æšé«ãé«ãããå¯æã®å·®ãæ¿ãããç¹ã«å¬å£ã¯ãã«ã·ã£æ¹Ÿæ²¿å²žéšããªããŒã³æ¹Ÿæ²¿å²žéšãé€ããšã»ãŒå
šåã§å¯ããå³ãããåœåã®å€§éšåãç æŒ æ°åãããã¯ã¹ãããæ°åã§ããããã©ã·ã¥ãã«ä»£è¡šãããã€ã©ã³å端éš(ã«ã¹ã海沿岞平é)ã¯æž©æ湿最æ°åã«å±ããå¬å£ã®æ°æž©ã¯0°CååŸãŸã§äžãããã幎éãéããŠæ¹¿æœ€ãªæ°åã§ãããå€ã29°Cãäžåãããšã¯çšã§ããã幎ééæ°Žéã¯åå¹³éæ±éšã§680 mmã西éšã§1700 mm以äžãšãªããããã©ã³ãªã©ã®å
éžé«å°ã¯ã¹ãããæ°åããç æŒ æ°åã«å±ããå¬å£ã¯å¯ããæäœæ°æž©ã¯æ°·ç¹äž10床ååŸãŸã§äžããããšãããééªããããäžæ¹ãå€å£ã¯ä¹Ÿç¥ããŠããŠæãæ¥äžã®æ°æž©ã¯40床è¿ãã«ãªããããããŒã³ãã¢ã«ãããŒã«ãã¿ããªãŒãºãªã©ã®ããã€ã©ã³è¥¿éšã®é«å°ã¯ãã¹ãããæ°åããäºå¯åž¯ã«å±ããå¬ã¯éåžžã«å¯ããå³ããã山岳å°åž¯ã§ã¯è±ªéªãšãªãå³ããå£ç¯ãšãªããç¹ã«æšé«1,850 mã«äœçœ®ããããããŒã³ã§ã¯æäœæ°æž©ã-30床ã«éããããšããããã€ã©ã³æ±éšã®äžå€®çå°ã¯ä¹Ÿç¥ããŠããã幎ééæ°Žéã¯200 mmã«æºãããç æŒ ãåºããç æŒ æ°åãšãªããç¹ã«ããã¹ã¿ã³ã«è¿ãåæ±éšç æŒ å°åž¯ã®å€ã®å¹³åæ°æž©ã¯38°Cã«ãéããé
·æå°åž¯ãšãªãããã«ã·ã¢æ¹ŸããªããŒã³æ¹Ÿæ²¿å²žã®ã€ã©ã³åéšã§ã¯ãå¬ã¯ç©ããã§ãå€ã«ã¯æž©åºŠã»æ¹¿åºŠãšãã«éåžžã«é«ããªãå¹³åæ°æž©ã¯35°CååŸãšé
·æãšãªãã幎ééæ°Žéã¯135 mmãã355 mmã»ã©ã§ããã |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
README.md exists but content is empty.
Use the Edit dataset card button to edit it.
- Downloads last month
- 38