Datasets:

GEM

/

wiki_cat_sum

like 4

Follow

GEM benchmark 86

[ "common waxbill, st. helena waxbill, saint helena, red - bellied waxbill, barred waxbill, brown waxbill, pheasant finch ;\nwant to see common waxbill in their natural habitat? in south africa the common waxbill can be seen all over the country .\npredicting the potential distribution of the invasive common waxbill estrilda astrild (passeriformes: estrildidae) .\ncommon waxbill: java sparrow is darker gray and has white patch on side of head .\ncommon waxbill juvenile, rondevlei bird sanctuary, south africa. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nflight: common waxbill has rounded wings, allowing it to take off with very rapid wing - beats .\na model for range expansion of an introduced species: the common waxbill estrilda astrild in portuga ...\nebscohost | 61212009 | predicting the potential distribution of the invasive common waxbill estrilda astrild (passeriformes: estrildidae) .\nprotection / threats / status: common waxbill is often raised and sold as cage - bird. but the species is common and populations are not threatened at this moment .\noren, d. , n. smith. 1981. notes on the status of the common african waxbill in amazonia .\ndiet: common waxbill feeds mainly on seeds taken on the ground or in the grasses’ ears. it also consumes flying termites .\nreino, l. 2005. variation partitioning for range expansion of an introduced species: the common waxbill estrilda astrild in portugal .\ncommon waxbill (estrilda astrild) an individual feeding on a flower and going off. | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\nthe common waxbill is an absolutely beautiful finch. this small bird is typically found in large flocks, sometimes numbering in the thousands. the common waxbill feeds on grass seeds, fruit flies, and small worms. also known as the st. helena waxbill. st. helena is a small island in the southern atlantic ocean .\nthe common waxbill is a small, grey - brown waxbill with a red eye stripe and bill with a pinkish - red belly. if you look closely, the common waxbill has finely barred upper - parts and flanks. females have less red markings on the belly while juveniles are duller with less striped plumage and black beaks .\ncommon waxbill is missing in brazil as introduced specie. by the way, in this search, there are no introduced birds in brazil .\nreino, l. , t. silva. 1998. the distribution and expansion of the common waxbill (estrilda astrild) in the iberian peninsula .\n), and the waxbill parents dotingly care for these parasitic young alongside their own .\npossibly mantids, as a large individual was found feeding on a still warm waxbill .\nthe common waxbill also called rooibeksysysie (\nrooibek\ntranslated is' red beak' in afrikaans) is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family .\n), a well known brood parasite. pin - tailed whydah chicks have evolved gape patterns that exactly match the gape patterns of common waxbill young, so that they are more likely to be accepted by waxbill parents. this relationship is harmful to the breeding success rate of common waxbills, but essential to the survival of pin - tailed whydahs .\nas their name implies, the are common all over southern and south africa .\na common resident in long grass, reeds and scrub, often found near water in marshes and among reeds. waxbills are common in domestic gardens throughout south africa .\ndistribution of common waxbill in southern africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project (© animal demography unit, university of cape town; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little). colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ncommon waxbill young have an increased risk of predation as a result of their nests being placed so close to the ground. mice and snakes are examples of the types of predators that will target common waxbill eggs and young. in a defensive response to this, the parents spread carnivore scat in and around the nest site to deter predators. the most commonly used scat comes from servals (\nboth male and female common waxbills incubate and feed the helpless, altricial young. the nests of common waxbills are often utilized by brood parasites such as pin - tailed whydahs (\nreino, l. , j. moya - larano, a. claudio heitor. 2008. using survival regression to study patterns of expansion of invasive species: will the common waxbill expand with global warming? .\n) is often confused with the common waxbill due to their similar appearances. both species have red beaks, a similar overall body coloration, and the red eye stripe. they can be differentiated, however, since the black - rumped (red - eared) waxbill lacks the distinct dark cross - barring on its feathers, has a\nhabitat: common waxbill forages in dry and grassy areas with shrivelled shrubs, and mainly near water. it frequents open lands, pastures and urban areas. it also may be found at forest edges and in clearings .\nschuetz, j. 2004. common waxbills use carnivore scat to reduce the risk of nest predation .\nprovides list of over 100 species, common name, scientific name, and links to additional information .\nthe common waxbill estrilda astrild was first introduced to portugal from africa in 1964, and has spread across much of the country and into spain. we modelled the expansion of the common waxbill on a 20 × 20 km utm grid in 4 - year periods from 1964 to 1999. the time variation of the square root of the occupied area shows that this expansion process is stabilizing in portugal, and reasons for... [ show full abstract ]\nbehaviour: common waxbill is very gregarious. it often moves in large flocks, and the birds gather at night at communal roosts. this species breeds during the rainy season, when insects are sufficiently numerous for feeding the clutch .\na breeding diet should be introduced about 1 month prior to breeding. common waxbills do not seem to require\n), was once considered a subspecies of common waxbills, but is now recognized as its own species .\nthe nest is often parasitized by the pin - tailed whydah (vidua macroura). but the chicks of the whydah do not destroy the waxbill’s eggs as several cuckoos do, and we can often see adult common waxbills raising mixed broods .\ncommon waxbills have different ecological roles depending on their location. in their native african landscape they have a minimal impact on the plant species they eat. however, this is not the case in some of the regions where they have been introduced. in cape verde and seychelles, for example, invasive common waxbill populations have been shown to have a destructive impact on the crops they consume. as granivores, common waxbills likely play a significant role in seed dispersal for plants they consume .\nbreeding season common waxbills mate in midsummer in most locations, and between january and september for winter - rainfall areas .\ncommon waxbills are not a threatened species. they are, instead, presently expanding their range and populations into new regions .\ncommon waxbill is an african species introduced to madeira where it now breeds locally in places with tall grass as marshes or reed beds, usually near fresh water and are observed from sea - shore level up to 400 meters of altitude. it also occurs in porto santo island .\ncommon waxbills are granivores, living on a diet mainly of seeds from pasture grasses and millets. of these, guinea grasses (\n... competition may play a role and theoretically could explain the absence of the common waxbill on mainland asia and australia as these areas are home to a variety of other estrildid finches (clement et al. 1993, restall 1996. reino (2005) related an expansion of the invaded range of the common waxbill in portugal mainly to spatialtemporal variables, but in a recent publication, temperature and relative humidity were identified as important predictor variables (reino et al. 2009). this ongoing range extension might indicate that at least some northern invasive populations are not in environmental equilibrium... .\nrange: common waxbill is found in sub - saharan africa. it has been introduced in numerous tropical islands. it is well adapted in cap - vert islands, and in south and centre of spain. we can also find it in brazil, new caledonia and hawaii, and in numerous warm regions .\ncovers other common names, range, disposition, appearance, song, pictures, favorite foods, habits, breeding, and life cycle .\ncommon waxbill: short song of two dry notes followed by two longer, nasal notes. contact call is a sharp\njip .\ncontact call song is two to three sharp notes, followed by a bubbling sound ,\nti - cket please !\nor\ndi - di - di - jeee\n.\ndiscusses three species, common names, origin, distribution, physical description, song, pictures, food, habitat, habits, and breeding .\ncommon waxbill: breeds in open, grassy areas in sub - saharan africa. several populations have also become established in other parts of the world including hawaii. first reported on the island of oahu in the late 1970s, it has spread to other islands. most populations are resident although some make local movements in search of seeding grasses .\nthe st. helena waxbill (estrilda astrild) is one of the many colourful and exotic foreign finches that are available to australian aviculturists. the st. helena’s natural habitat ranges from south africa, madagascar, mauritius and the island of st. helena. these little finches are called common waxbills in south africa, indicating how numerous they are .\nreproduction: common waxbill’s nest is an elaborated structure, with a “roost” above the nest itself. the nest is covered and made with grasses. it is situated on the ground, and is very similar to a ball of dry grasses and coconut fibres, with narrow entrance tunnel, and with second nest on top of the other for the male .\ndespite its role as an invasive species, there are no reports showing that common waxbills will serve to displace native species. in brazil, a relatively new range for\ncommon waxbill: these waxbills are granivores, feeding on seeds from pasture grasses and millets, fruit flies and small worms. they forage in flocks of two to twenty during the day, feeding mostly in the early morning and late afternoon. they either perch on the panicle while plucking seeds or pull the panicle to the ground. seed removal is done with the bill in both cases .\ncommon waxbill: these finches are monogamous. four to seven eggs are placed in a round nest made of grass and with an entrance tube at the bottom. the nest is placed in a cavity in low, dense vegetation. the eggs are incubated by both sexes for 11 to 13 days. fledging takes 17 to 21 days, and during this time both parents feed and care for the chicks .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto when in flocks, the common waxbill utters contact calls when taking off and while flying, some nasal warblers such as “tientientientien”. the courtship song by male is nasal too, highly rhythmical, and uttered in series more or less extended “tretrehiep - tretrehiep - tretrehiep”. we also can hear a rapid and modulated “tchit - tchit - djuhi - tchit - tchit - djuhi” .\ncommon waxbills build spherical nests out of dry grasses and keep them hidden in reeds close to the ground. the female does most of the nest - building, but the male assists in decorating it and lining the inside with feathers. both parents spread animal scat in the nest throughout the nesting period as a way to divert predators. a unique feature to common waxbill nests is the formation of a separate “cock’s nest” located atop the main nest. no one is certain what the purpose of this secondary nest is, but it appears to be a resting place for the parent who is not incubating the nest .\ncommon waxbills can be detrimental to crops in some areas. this seems to be most often reported in regions where waxbills are non - native. tomato crops in cape verde are one documented case which\npayne, r. , bonan, a. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). common waxbill (estrilda astrild). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\ndescription: common waxbill has grey upperparts, finely, but conspicuously barred grey - brown. underparts are pinkish - beige, barred dark grey on the flanks. in the middle of the belly, we can see an elongated bright red patch, more or less conspicuous according to each bird. this patch becomes paler while extending to breast and body sides. the tail is fairly broad at base. undertail coverts and vent are blackish. the tip area is black and whitish .\n, they are reported to feed mostly on introduced grass species which are eaten only sparingly by native brazilian bird species. therefore it is seen as unlikely that common waxbills will displace any native bird species in that region .\n... currently we do not know whether these historical events are related to the onset of the waxbill invasion in portugal, or whether the similar timing was coincidental. the first known established waxbill populations were in central portugal, in locations near the coast or near the tagus river (fig. 7. 3a; reino and silva 1996a, 1998), and recent reports suggest that in the late 1960s waxbills were also present more inland, near the city of coimbra in central portugal (josé mourão pers. comm .)... .\nthey take the simple finch type seed mix, and all other tit bits offered to your other smaller waxbill types. mealworms are taken and they will sit quietly running the mealworm skin back and forth extracting every last morsel. finer type seeding grasses are relished particularly when young are in the nest .\nthe author wishes to thank tiago silva and miguel araújo for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. i am also grateful to a. townsend peterson, carsten rahbek and an anonymous referee for many comments and suggestions. iam also grateful to helena simões (erena) for her help on the map production and to wanda meulemberg for her careful help and review of the english. finally, to tiago silva, for all these years working together since we started in 1994 on the introduction and expansion of the common waxbill in iberia .\ncommon waxbills inhabit damp grassy areas, preferring those near wetlands. they breed and nest among reed beds, tall grasses, riverside vegetation, and dense bushy cover. they may also be found in a number of open mesic habitats such as farmlands and parks .\n... this may have helped their successful range expansion. waxbills in iberia have a preference for heterogeneous habitats, usually including agricultural fields along river systems and tributaries (reino 2005; sullivan et al. 2012). some areas of portugal have not been colonised or harbour smaller waxbill populations than elsewhere, mainly in mountainous inland regions... .\nis a small grey - brown colored finch, distinguished by its red conical bill and face patch. the bill looks as if it has been dipped in red wax, providing explanation to the origin of their common name, common waxbills. the cheeks, throat, and belly are a whitish - grey color, while the rest of the plumage is finely barred and the underside has a dusting of red. adult common waxbills have a wingspan between 12 and 14 cm, and length of about 11. 5 cm. they weigh approximately 8. 9 g. the species has a fairly long, slender tail and rounded wings. females are paler overall with less red along the belly. the plumage of juveniles is duller than the adults, having little red on the underbelly, and no red on the bill. nestlings have obvious white gape flanges along the edges of their mouths .\ntakes place in midsummer, except in winter - rainfall areas (such as southern africa) where the breeding season is between september and january. the nest is a weaved, spherical mass of grasses with a narrow entrance. nests are generally on or near the ground, hidden in similar, grassy vegetation. they have a clutch size between 4 and 6 eggs, and may raise several broods a year. the incubation period lasts 11 to 12 days with both sexes working to incubate the eggs. fledging takes 17 to 21 days and during this time both parents feed and care for the chicks. common waxbill juveniles reach reproductive maturity between 6 months and 1 year of age .\n) and coccidiosis, and may benefit from a regular deworming program. air sac mites are uncommon but can occur. birds which are overcrowded, malnourished, or otherwise stressed may be prone to suffer from feather - plucking. obesity may plague birds which are offered inadequate space to exercise and fed too rich a diet year - round. candida (fungal) infections are common especially for birds fed maggots or which have access to damp flooring. due to the fine materials utilized in nest construction, common waxbills may suffer from foreign body constrictive necrosis of the toes or legs if material becomes wound around the limb .\nthe common waxbill estrilda astrild was first introduced to portugal, from africa, in 1964, from where it has spread to much of the country and to spain. we modelled the expansion of this species on a 20×20 - km utm grid in 4 - year periods from 1964 to 1999. colonisation process on a grid was modelled as a function of several biophysical and spatio - temporal variables through the fitting of several multiple logistic equations. variation partitioning confirmed the importance of the spatial - temporal component, explaining 33% of the total variation, followed by the combined effects of both environmental and spatial - temporal variables (around 25 %). only 11% of the total variation can be attributed strictly to the considered environmental factors .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as widespread and common (clement 1999), while the population in taiwan has been estimated at < c. 10, 000 introduced breeding pairs (brazil 2009). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\noccurs across much of sub - saharan africa, from guinea to ethiopia south to southern africa. here it is most common in mozambique, zimbabwe, northern botswana and south africa, with more localised populations in namibia. it generally prefers rank vegetation in moist grassland, fynbos and savanna, also occupying moist natural growth bordering on cultivated land and tangled vegetation along rivers and streams .\nis a soft, simple call with notes varying only slightly in pitch and length from the contact note. a common body movement for this species is a “curtsy”, where the body is crouched with the head slightly turned, accompanied by soft singing. females will sing more smoothly during this display, while males sing in a shorter series of notes. to impress a female, males fluff their feathers, point their bills upwards, and position their bodies so that their red underbellies are displayed clearly. strong lateral movements with the tail are also used by both sexes during a number of different social encounters. mates will perform mutual preening to establish or strengthen their pair - bond. like all birds, common waxbills perceive their environment through visual, tactile, auditory and chemical stimuli .\nspecies. depending on a plant’s structure, common waxbills may either perch on the panicle while plucking seeds, or will pull the panicle to the ground, holding the plant with one foot and steadying itself on the ground with the other. seed removal is done with the bill in both cases. they forage in flocks of 2 to 20 during the day, feeding mostly in early morning and late afternoon .\nshould also be offered. birds aged 1 to 3 years yeild the best breeding results. only one pair of common waxbills should be housed per enclosure, unless the enclosure is very large. productivity is increased in the one - pair - per - enclosure breeding scenario compared with colony breeding. avoid placing any nosey species (such as zebra finches and society finches) or large, aggressive species in the breeding enclosure .\n) are native across much of sub - saharan africa. the species has been introduced to the americas, the mediterranean basin, and oceania. a high reproductive rate and ability to adapt to new food sources have allowed common waxbills to successfully naturalize in many of the areas to which it has been introduced. while most of these introductions are thought to result from the escape of caged individuals, some regions have introduced flocks deliberately .\n... for example, in the 1980s (fig. 7. 3b) there were waxbills in the algarve, quite far away from the remaining waxbill distribution at the time. such discontinuous distribu - tions were observed during the 1980s (fig. 7. 3b) and could have been due to independent introductions along the coastline or, alternatively, long - distance dis - persion of individuals from central portugal to those areas before a more continuous and sustained range expansion started to unfold (reino and silva 1996a, 1998)... .\nphysical characteristics: common waxbills are mostly fawn in color, with upperparts that are darker than lower parts, a striped body, red bill, and a red stripe from the bill across the eye to the ear. males and females look alike, having the same colors. juveniles look paler than adults and with fainter barring. adults are 4. 3 to 5. 1 inches (11 to 13 centimeters) long. geographic range: they are …\nhens have a tendency to become egg bound (particularly first - year and old hens), especially if breeding in cold weather, so provide your pairs with adequate heat and a source of calcium. in captivity, the nails of this species tend to become overgrown and will need periodic clipping (in the wild, their tendency to perch on abrasive reed and grass stems prevent claw overgrowth). common waxbills may suffer from intestinal parasites such as: gizzardworms (\nin their natural habitat, and larger aviary flights, they feed on ground, or ledges, and upon vegetation. experts recommend sprouts, lettuce, spinach, broccoli, cabbage and certain herbs. even common lawn and garden weeds (free from pesticides and fertilizers) are loved by the waxbills. they even can ingest some needed minerals from the soil of plant roots. always provide a cuttlebone, or calcium additive to supplement the needed calcium for egg production and\ncommon waxbills in captivity may make use of a nest box, or may build a spherical nest close to the ground in a bush, clump of grass, shrub, tree, or creeper. both sexes participate in nest construction. nests built\nfrom scratch\nhave a side entrance and a bowl - shaped roosting nest (\ncock nest\n) on top. the cock nest is thought to act as a decoy since the birds will fuss noisily around the cock nest, carrying objects into it, when the pair becomes alarmed or suspicious. they make use of coconut fiber and grasses to build the nest, and occasionally use soft, white feathers to line the inside .\n... in europe, common waxbills use an ecological niche quite distinct from native passerines' (batalha et al. 2013), and their largest invasion started in the 1960s at locations near the portuguese coastline, initially progressing slowly, but then expanding to most of portugal and also spilling to some parts of southwest and northwest spain (reino and silva 1998; martí and moral 2003; reino 2005). the expansion in portugal was well documented (reino 2005; sullivan et al. 2012), and it now encompasses a range of abiotic ecological conditions (altitude, climate, and climate seasonality; figure 1b–f), as well as sites colonized for longer and with higher population densities and sites colonized more recently and with lower population densities (figure 1a). we tested if these differences among sites predict behavior and assessed if behavior changes plastically with season or if it differs among individuals of different sex and age classes... .\n... it is highly gregarious, gathers in flocks year - round, inhabits open habitats in proximity of water, and feeds on herbaceous seeds (clement et al. 1993). in europe, common waxbills use an ecological niche quite distinct from native passerines' (batalha et al. 2013), and their largest invasion started in the 1960s at locations near the portuguese coastline, initially progressing slowly, but then expanding to most of portugal and also spilling to some parts of southwest and northwest spain (reino and silva 1998; martí and moral 2003; reino 2005). the expansion in portugal was well documented (reino 2005; sullivan et al. 2012), and it now encompasses a range of abiotic ecological conditions (altitude, climate, and climate seasonality; figure 1b–f), as well as sites colonized for longer and with higher population densities and sites colonized more recently and with lower population densities (figure 1a)... .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: estrilda astrild. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\ngray - brown upperparts, lower breast, and belly. fine barring on back, wings, sides, lower breast, belly, and tail. white cheeks, throat, and upper breast. rosy - pink patch on belly. bright red mask surrounds eye. reddish - orange bill. black undertail coverts. black legs and feet. sexes similar. immature bird is similar to adult, but is duller, has brown undertail coverts, and sometimes lacks red eye mask. 4 inches in length .\nopen grassland, farmland, cultivated fields, marshes, and grassy clearings in forests. native to tropical and southern africa .\n4 - 5 white eggs. the eggs have a 13 day incubation period. fledging occurs in 20 days. the nest is a small globe of woven grass. it is built in a stand of grass or a short, dense shrub .\nintroduced species recorded in catalonia since 90' s. there is a well established population along the riverbank of the llobregat .\nbirds coming to drink from a leaking pipe. i placed the recorder on the ground near the water, and this was the result .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nan informative website about birdwatching and madeira wildlife developed by wind birds naturalists and tour leaders to madeira visitors .\nit has grey - brown body with fine dark barring upperparts while underparts are lightly barred with a pinkish - red belly patch and dark ventral region and tail. it is easily identified by its bright waxy - red bill and eye - mask on adults. younger birds have dark brown bill and paler body. females and males are not easily distinguished as their colours and size are very similar .\nthis species is sociable and generally quite tame, being seen in big flocks with a constant reedy twittering, both when flying or sitting .\nif seen well it is unlikely to be confused with any other european species .\nseasonality in madeira: all year breeding: built deep in dense vegetation with grass stems interlaced on a large ball shape, waxbills’ nests hold between 4 to 5 eggs on each of the up to 4 annually broods. diet: feed on seeds and some insects\nmadeira local status by romano et al, 2010: rare breeding bird conservation status by the iucn red list categories, 2013: least concern ver 3. 1\njoin madeira wildlife monthly newsletter. all the updates on your email every month .\n© 2004 - 2018 wind birds, lda. contact faq privacy terms • • • wind birds™ is a trademark of wind birds, lda cc by - nc - nd 4. 0\nlength: 11 to 13 cm. weight: 7 to 19 gms. wingspan: 12 to 14 cm .\ntheir primary diet consists of grass seeds but small insects are also favoured by the rooibeksysie .\nthey congregate in groups of 20 to 40 during the days and forage in flocks which may contain hundreds of birds. they are monogamous birds mating with only one partner .\nfour to seven white eggs are laid. they are incubated for 11 to 13 days and the young birds fledge 17 to 21 days after hatching. both parents take part in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. the timing of the breeding season varies in different parts of the world. in captivity they may breed up to four times a year .\nbirders from around the world come to south africa to experience the great variety of typically african birds, migrants, endangered, and endemic birds .\nurltoken has been assisting travellers with their south african holiday plans since 1999, and is the largest online travel guide for south africa available in both english and german .\nurltoken © all rights reserved. find and book hotels and accommodation in south africa. sitemap\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenerally peaceful, but can be defensive of the nest; active, lively, gregarious .\nred beak, red eye stripe, grey - brown plumage which is distinctly barred with dark lines on the back, wings, and body, a brown rump, a dark brown tail, a black undertail, and a rose - to - crimson stripe extending down the abdomen. the juvenile is more buff colored with less distinct cross - barring on the feathers, a black bill, and fainter markings (the crimson stripe extending down the abdomen and the black undertail are only faintly indicated) .\nthe cock' s abdomen is a darker, more extensive pink, while the hen' s markings are slightly paler in comparison. the hen' s undertail coverts are also blackish\ninstead of black like the cock' s, and the hen' s brown ventral / undertail coverts patch may appear broken. only the cock sings .\ntwo low, harsh notes followed by a\nthroaty bubbling\nnote with a rising inflection. songs may vary between individuals .\n( ant pupae, green aphids, termites, fruit flies), soaked seed, sprouted seed, greens (cucumber, chickweed, dandelion, etc .) .\nmarshes, swamp, open country with tall grasses, forest and woodland, bushes, and in tall grasses and reeds along rivers in savannahs and steppes, gardens, and sugar cane plantations .\nusually found in small to large flocks outside of the breeding season. social birds; will engage in allopreening. smaller flocks come together at night to roost communally in large numbers in reed beds, thick bushes, and papyrus swamps, but do not make use of roosting nests. nests in clumps of grass, thornbush, and vine tangles. breeds in loose colonies in nests built close to or on the ground. feeds on grass stems and on the ground. can catch insects in flight .\nthese birds must be kept warm during colder months; temperatures in the enclosure should not be permitted to drop below 54°f (12°c). in outdoor enclosures, adequate shelter should be provided to protect from driving rain, cold winds, and excessive heat .\nto the extent that most other waxbills do, although it should be offered for optimal results. soaked and sprouted seed, green food, and\nalthough pairs can breed in cages, better success comes from aviary breeding. aviaries should be planted with plenty of dense bushes. the cock performs his courtship dance by jumping up and down while holding a piece of straw or a feather in his beak, then sings with his tail pointed toward the hen. a willing female will flick her tail and approach the male, crouching and vibrating her wings. copulation usually occurs in the nest .\neach chick hatches with white nodules at the base of its beak which aids the parents in finding the hungry mouths in the dark recesses of the nest. begging becomes audible around day 6. brooding is ceased at 9 days of age, so it is important to ensure that the enclosure does not become chilled at this time. fledging occurs at 21 days; parent birds may withhold food and call loudly from the nest entrance to encourage young to fledge. the birds may or may not tolerate\n; nest checks performed when the chicks are approaching fledging age may come with the risk of causing premature fledging. if premature fledging occurs, do not attempt to replace the fledged bird to the nest as this may result in the siblings fledging prematurely; instead, fit the enclosure with a small brooder under which the fledges can huddle to stay warm at night, or bring chicks indoors (to keep them warm) overnight and release them back into the aviary in the morning .\njuveniles emerge from the nest with blackish beaks and do not return to the nest to roost at night. they are fed by the parents for an additional 10 days, but should be left in the enclosure with the parents for a minimum of 4 weeks to ensure independence. after weaning, juveniles can be removed from the breeding enclosure or left in with the parents .\nmost waxbills have poor nest hygiene, so spent nests should be removed, allowing the parents to build a fresh nest for the next brood. when not breeding, sexes should be housed separately and fed an austerity diet .\n: as the creator of finchinfo. com, i take no responsibility for any mishaps which you may experience in following any advice given, nor in purchasing any products suggested. i will therefore not be liable for any consequences that arise from following any advice provided in these pages .\nexternal sites open in a new browser. urltoken does not endorse external sites. urltoken is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. com. proceeds will be used to help this site grow .\n. no part of this page (including, but not limited to pictures, articles, advice, logo, or otherwise) may be copied or retransmitted by any means without expressed written permission from the author / creator of this page .\nthis page is hosted by dreamhost. styles: former fic | art deco | spring | magazine\nthe handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman, steve madge - c. helm - isbn: 0713639601\non the head, the crown is slaty - grey, slightly washed brown. the whitish colour of the throat extends to the head sides and neck. a broad bright red eye - stripe includes the eye, and extends from lores to ear - covert area. the conical, strong glossy bill is bright red. eyes are brown. legs and feet are dark grey .\njuvenile is similar in plumage but duller and with black bill. immature has pinkish bill .\nfemale lays 1 - 4 white eggs. incubation lasts about 10 days. the chicks are particularly noisy, and when they start growing up, they beg for food with loud calls between 10 and 20 days of age. then, they leave the nest and harass their parents to be fed. they are able to fly 15 days after hatching .\ndescribing the st. helena is a little difficult, but here goes. brown and finely barred darker above. mostly pinkish below, finely barred on sides. under tail black, crimson streak over eye and beak red. the hen is slightly smaller and shorter in the tail, and lighter markings and less pink on the abdomen. red eye streak is lighter and smaller and the beak is more orange. under the tail is more brown than black like the male .\nst. helena’s make idea finches in a mixed aviary being both active and unobtrusive to other occupants. many breeders find great success in colony breeding and many weaver breeders find that housing weavers with st. helena’s provide the weavers with ideal host parents. like many foreign finches they heavily depend on live food to be truly successful in rearing their chicks. mine nearly knock me over in the rush to the mealworms and fruit fly. along with live food they relish seeding grasses, such as millet sprays, chickweed etc .\nthe saints choose many nesting sites. mine have nested in cane baskets, wooden finch boxes, coconuts, gourds, wire cylinders and also built their own nests in the tea tree lining the aviary walls .\nst. helena’s make rather a unique nest, which is dome shaped, built of dry grass and coconut fibre, lined with feathers. on top of this, another is built, not quite complete to act as a camouflage to the real mccoy. clutches of eggs range from 3 - 7 and incubation usually commences after the 2nd or 3rd egg is laid. they are good sitters and don’t desert the nest easily. incubation takes approximately 12 days with both parents sharing. after hatching, the young remain in the nest for three weeks before fledging and then three weeks further on, they are fully independent and can be removed to the holding cage .\nst. helena’s make idea finches in a mixed aviary being both active and unobtrusive to other occupants .\nthe st. helena has one colour mutation being fawn. the fawn mutation when first produced was rather expensive and hard to come by. in recent years, many have been produced and consequently prices dropped and are now similar to the cost of the natural bird. many breeders have mixed feelings about mutations .\nin summary, these delightful little waxbills make great aviary inhabitants, being hardy, colourful and good breeders given the right conditions .\n© 2018 hawkesbury finch club. all rights reserved. website by roy peake .\nthe hawkesbury finch club is a branch of the finch society of australia inc. and has been established since 1986. we are located at the castlereagh community hall, on the corner of\nat the foot of the blue mountains. it will only take you approximately 13 minutes from the mulgoa road exit on the m4. the club meets at 7. 30pm on the fourth wednesday of each month, except december .\nweltweiter handel und mobilität haben zu einer zunehmenden ausbreitung nicht - heimischer arten geführt. invasive arten können großen einfluss auf zahlreiche aspekte ökosystemarer zusammenhänge haben. deshalb ist die fähigkeit, regionen vorherzusagen, die für solche arten potentiell geeignet und daher möglicherweise bedroht sind, eine kernaufgabe erfolgreichen managements. der wellenastrild estrilda astrild ist eine weit verbreitete afrikanische art, die erfolgreich in viele gebiete der welt eingeführt wurde. mit hilfe der software maxent, einem algorithmus, der auf maschinellem lernen basiert, haben wir seine gegenwärtige, potentielle verbreitung basierend auf fundpunkten aus verschiedenen quellen modelliert. die modelle wurden sowohl mit nachweisen aus dem heimischen als auch dem invasiven und heimischen verbreitungsgebiet gemeinsam trainiert. nachfolgend wurden beide auf unterschiedliche zukünftige klimawandelszenarien projiziert. die modelle identifizierten erfolgreich sowohl das bekannte verbreitungsgebiet der art, als auch gebiete, die klimatisch gut geeignet erscheinen, in denen der wellenastrild aber noch nicht nachgewiesen wurde. unter zukünftigen bedingungen legen die modelle eine polwärts gerichtete verschiebung der verbreitungsgebiete nahe, obwohl die muster der potentiellen verbreitung innerhalb der tropen des heimischen und invasiven areals komplexer erscheinen. trotz allgemeiner übereinstimmung zwischen beiden analysen wurden einige unterschiede auffällig. eine analyse des überlappungsbereiches der nischen ergab, dass invasive fundpunkte innerhalb des ökologischen raumes liegen, der durch die fundpunkte aus dem natürlichen verbreitungsgebiet aufgespannt wird. wir tendieren daher vorsichtig zu dem modell basierend auf der natürlichen verbreitung, unterstreichen aber vor allem die bedeutung des auswahlprozesses der fundorte für modellierungen invasiver arten .\nwe thank two anonymous referees for their comments on the manuscript. d. r. is grateful to the research initiative of the ministry of education, science, youth and culture of the rhineland - palatinate state of germany for financial support .\naraujo mb, pearson rg (2005) equilibrium of species’ distributions with climate. ecography 28: 693–695\naustin mp (2002) spatial prediction of species distribution: an interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling. ecol model 157: 101–118\nbaldwin ra (2009) use of maximum entropy modelling in wildlife research. entropy 11: 854–866\nbeale cm, lennon jj, gimona a (2008) opening the climate envelope reveals no macroscale associations with climate in european birds. proc natl acad sci usa 105: 14908–14912\nbeaumont lj, hughes l, poulsen m (2005) predicting species distributions: use of climatic parameters in bioclim and its impact on predictions of species’ current and future distributions. ecol model 186: 250–269\nbeaumont lj, gallagher rv, thuiller w, downey po, leishman mr, hughes l (2009) different climatic envelopes among invasive populations may lead to underestimations of current and future biological invasions. divers distrib 15: 409–420\nblackburn tm, lockwood jl, cassey p (2009) avian invasions. the ecology and evolution of exotic birds. oxford avian biology series, vol 1. oxford university press, oxford\nbroennimann o, guisan a (2008) predicting current and future biological invasions: both native and invaded ranges matter. biol lett 4: 585–589\nbroennimann o, treier ua, müller - schärer h, thuiller w, peterson at, guisan a (2007) evidence of climatic niche shift during biological invasion. ecol lett 10: 701–709\nbusby jr (1991) bioclim–a bioclimatic analysis and predictive system. in: margules cr, austin mp (eds) nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. csiro, canberra, pp 64–68\nclement p, harris a, davis j (1993) finches and sparrows. an identification guide. black, london\ncueto vr, marone l, lopez de casenave l (2006) seed preferences in sparrow species of the monte desert, argentina: implications for seed - granivore interactions. auk 123: 358–367\ndavis aj, jenkinson ls, lawton jh, shorrocks b, wood s (1998) making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming. nature 391: 783–786\ndickinson ec (2003) the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3rd edn. princeton university press, princeton\ndormann cf, mcpherson jm, araújo mb, bivand r, bolliger j, carl g, davies rg, hirzel a, jetz w, kissling wd, kühn i, ohlemüller r, peres - neto pr, reineking b, schröder b, schurr fm, wilson r (2007) methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. ecography 30: 609–628\nelith j, leathwick jr (2009) species distribution models: ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. annu rev ecol evol syst 40: 677–697\nelith j, graham ch, anderson rp, dudik m, ferrier s, guisan a, hijmans rj, huettmann f, leathwick jr, li j, lohmann lg, loiselle ba, manion g, moritz c, nakamura m, nakazawa y, overton jmm, peterson at, phillips sj, richardson k, scachetti - pereira r, schapire re, soberón j, williams s, wisz ms, zimmermann ne (2006) novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions form occurrence data. ecography 29: 129–151\nelith j, kearney m, phillips s (2010) the art of modelling range - shifting species. methods ecol evol 1: 330–342\nfry ch (2004) estrilda astrild. in: fry ch, keith s (eds) the birds of africa, vol vii. christopher helm, london\ngallien l, münkemüller t, albert ch, boulangeat i, thuiller w (2010) predicting potential distributions of invasive species: where to go from here? divers distrib. doi :\ngioia p, pigott p (2000) biodiversity assessment: a case study in predicting richness from the potential distribution of plant species in the forests of south - western australia. j biogeogr 27: 1065–1078\ngoodwin d (1982) estrildid finches of the world. british museum (natural history), london" ]

{ "text": [ "the common waxbill ( estrilda astrild ) , also known as the st helena waxbill , is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family .", "it is native to sub-saharan africa but has been introduced to many other regions of the world and now has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km ² .", "it is popular and easy to keep in captivity . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 15 ] }

[ "the common waxbill (estrilda astrild), also known as the st helena waxbill, is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family. it is native to sub-saharan africa but has been introduced to many other regions of the world and now has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km ². it is popular and easy to keep in captivity." ]

[ "the effects of recent social isolation upon subsequent social behavior in the mongolian gerbil .\nthe mongolian steppe is a harsh, extreme environment, where few animals can live. the mongolian gerbil therefore has few natural enemies, other than the birds of prey .\nthe origin of central pinealopetal nerve fibers in the mongolian gerbil as demonstrated by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase .\nwinkelman, j. r. , & getz, l. l. water balance in the mongolian gerbil .\nthe 81 known species of gerbils are found in desert areas throughout africa, parts of europe, and across asia and china. the mongolian gerbil is the gerbil species most often kept as a pet. the mongolian gerbil is also known by the names of mongolian desert gerbil, clawed gerbil, and clawed jird, but its scientific name, meriones unguiculatus is always the same. the mongolian gerbil is native to the desert and semi - desert areas of mongolia and northeastern china. mongolian gerbils are social animals and live in family groups or related individuals. however, they are territorial and will attack an unrelated or unfamiliar gerbil that tries to enter their territory .\nthere are a number of species of gerbil; however the mongolian gerbil is the one to keep as a pet. unlike rats or mice, gerbils have hairy tails .\n[ 0374 ] spangler et al. (1997), an assessment of behavioral aging in the mongolian gerbil (pubmed )\nnauman, d. j. open field behavior of the mongolian gerbil. psychonomic science, 1968, 10, 163–164 .\nthe mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) is an appropriate animal model for evaluation of the conversion of beta - carotene to vitamin a .\nthe origin of central pinealopetal nerve fibers in the mongolian gerbil as demonstrated by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. - pubmed - ncbi\nvan veen, k. 1999 .\nmongolian gerbil subjects\n( on - line). accessed october 31, 2000 at urltoken .\n[ 0375 ] sohal et al. (1995), oxidative stress and aging in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) (pubmed )\nf. petrij et al. , recessive yellow in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) journal of experimental animal science 43 (2007) 319–327\nthe gerbil color strips may not be copied, in whole or part, without prior written permission from the american gerbil society .\nthey range in size from the 5 - inch long henley’s gerbil to the great gerbil (please see photo) and the indian red - footed gerbil, which approach 18 inches in length .\nthe mongolian gerbil is obviously from mongolia. but, the part of mongolia that this gerbil comes from may be surprising. the mongolian steppe, one of the harshest environments in that region, is where this gerbil can be found in its natural environment. temperatures range from - 40 degrees fahrenheit (winter) and 122 degrees fahrenheit (summer). the steppe is a semi - arid and rocky environment. because of this inhospitable environment, the mongolian gerbil has few natural predators. not many animals can thrive in this type of environment like the mongolian gerbil. birds of prey, snakes, weasels, foxes, and wolves are some common predators .\n- infected mongolian gerbils by caesarean section and cross - fostering to rats and mice .\n, leaves a uniformly white gerbil. note that there is no such thing as an albino gerbil. an all white gerbil with pink eyes is a pink - eyed white, not an albino .\nthe mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) is an appropriate animal model for evaluation of the conversion of beta - carotene to vitamin a. - pubmed - ncbi\nwise, l. m. , & parker, e. discriminative maze learning in the mongolian gerbil. psychological record, 1968, 18, 201–203 .\nthis is just one of the reasons why the mongolian gerbil has become one of the most popular choice of pets on the planet since around the mid eighties .\nmarston, j. h. the mongolian gerbil. in: the ufaw on the care & management of laboratory animals. essex: longman; 257 - 268\nhigher testicular activity in domesticated laboratory gerbils compared to wild mongolian gerbils (m. unguiculatus )\nmøller m, korf hw (1983) central innervation of the pineal organ of the mongolian gerbil: a histochemical and lesion study. cell tissue res 230: 259–272\nleiper, b. d. & robinson, r. 1984. a case of dominance modification in the mongolian gerbil. the journal of heredity, 75, 323\nmongolian gerbils, or mongolian jirds, occur naturally in the highlands of inner mongolia. they are also found in adjacent parts of southern siberia and northern china, including sinkiang and manchuria provinces .\nschwentker, v. 1968. the care and maintenance of the mongolian gerbil. tumble - brook farms, inc. , brant lake, new york. 27 p .\nthe black eyed white gerbil doesn’t need any explanation! it’s a white gerbil with black eyes. the ears and the nose will be slightly grey .\nwelsh mg, beitz aj (1981) modes of protein and peptide uptake in the pineal gland of the mongolian gerbil: an ultrastructural study. am j anat 162: 343–355\necology and social behaviour of mongolian gerbils, m. unguiculatus, at xilinhot, inner mongolia, china\nsometimes, the black gerbil may seem slate. but in some cases, it can be the recessives gene that carries the gerbils that produce that color. a gerbil with aacchegpp will be lighter then a pure black gerbil with aacegp .\nin the case here with the mongolian gerbil, i have only used ranking labels at certain levels to indicate the traditional rank system, which was previously used for classification. these markers also help to indicate the current phylogenetic classification schemes with the older traditional system of classification. the table in effect also represents our current understanding of the mongolian gerbil' s evolutionary history .\nall possible gerbil colours are not included in this brief introduction. see also :\ngerbil, fox, falcon .\nnew standard encyclopedia, version 6 .\nyour gerbil’s home should be kept out of direct sunlight and away from draughts .\nthere are many species of gerbils, though the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) is the species of gerbil most commonly kept as a pet. they belong to the family of the cricetidae (burrowing rodents) and are naturally adapted to desert environments in africa, india and asia. why not view our full gerbil factfile (pdf 44kb) .\njohn r. winkelmann, lowell l. getz; water balance in the mongolian gerbil, journal of mammalogy, volume 43, issue 2, 29 may 1962, pages 150–154, urltoken\nthiessen, d. d. , lindzey, g. , & friend, h. c. spontaneous seizures in the mongolian gerbil. psychonomic science, 1968, 11, 227–228 .\nhenley, m. & robinson, r. 1981. non - agouti and pink - eyed dilution in the mongolian gerbil. the journal of heredity, 72, 60 - 61 .\nallan, d. and robinson, r. , 1988. assortment of coat color genes in the mongolian gerbil. journal of heredity, 79 (5), 386 - 7 .\nagouti colored gerbil sitting on a rock. frank greenaway / dorling kindersley / getty images\nthere are around ninety wild gerbil species, ranging from the steppes of central asia, the hot deserts, or semi - desert regions, of the middle east, to the african savanna. the mongolian gerbil was discovered in the northern part of this range, in eastern mongolia .\nwaring, a. d. & poole, t. w. 1980. genetic analysis of the black pigment mutation in the mongolian gerbil. the journal of heredity, 71, 428 - 429 .\nin the mongolian gerbil this diluting gene is distinct, and dissimilar in several ways from the dilute gene in the mouse (maltese dilution) where it dilutes all pigments equally, in the mongolian gerbil it is much more effective at diluting black pigments and ineffective at diluting yellow pigment. the effect of the gene on a yellow background is minimal, and any pigment lost, subsequently returns in older gerbils .\nthe mongolian gerbil has a long, hairy tail ending in a tuft, and has small ears. the body is arched and the front feet are small, while the back legs are long and strong. the gerbil’s jumping capabilities are often employed in attacking rival gerbils, or avoiding attack .\nreproduction of wild mongolian gerbils bred in the laboratory with respect to generation and season 1. morphological changes and fertility lifespan\nglickman, s. e. , fried, l. , & morrison, b. a. shredding of nesting material in the mongolian gerbil. perceptual & motor skills, 1967, 24, 473–474 .\nmatsuzaki, t. , yasuda, y. & nonaka, s. 1989. the genetics of coat colors in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus). experimental animals, 38, 337 - 341 .\npetrij f, m. mettler m, v. brückman v, van veen k, recessive yellow in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus). journal of experimental animal science 43 (2007) 319–327 .\nmongolian gerbils are the most common gerbil species that are kept as pets. i own a couple and they mate frequently, didn’t notice any strange behavior. luckily, all our babies have found new homes 🙂\na gerbil in the gobi desert, central asia. jlm visuals. reproduced by permission .\ngerbils are small rodents that are native to many parts of the world, but the type of gerbil commonly kept as a pet is the mongolian gerbil. the most common color is “agouti” (brown) however through selective breeding lots of different colors and markings are available nowadays. the average life span of a pet gerbil is about 3 - 4 years but they can live up to 5 years .\nthe gerbil most commonly kept as a pet is a species known as the mongolian gerbil, it’s scientific name is meriones unguiculatus. roughly translated, this means clawed warrior. legend has it that this name was bestowed on it by the emperor genghis kahn when a gerbil bit the foot of an assassin just as he was about to strike the sleeping emperor. the bite caused the assassin to yell out in pain, waking kahn who grabbed his sword and thwarted the assassin. from that moment on, genghis and his gerbil were inseparable and wherever genghis went his trusty warrior gerbil went too .\nbelow are some translations from his diary, where he writes about his first sightings (the first of any european) of the mongolian gerbil, which at the time he referred to as' the yellow rat' .\na healthy gerbil will be alert, have bright eyes, and a glossy coat. they are generally healthy creatures but as with all pets, if you are worried about any aspect of your gerbil’s health, seek veterinary advice. for a healthy life, your gerbil needs the following :\nall in all, a most interesting and unique rodent! the history of the mongolian gerbil’s discovery and entry into the pet trade also has many unexpected twists and turns. please see the article below for the fascinating story .\nreproduction of wild mongolian gerbils bred in the laboratory in dependence on generation and season. 2. spermatogenetic activity and testicular testosterone concentration\n1986. linkage of albino and pink - eyed dilution genes in the mongolian gerbil and other rodents. - leiper, b. d. & robinson, r. 1986. - the journal of heredity, 77, 207 .\n. all pink eyed uwuw gerbils will be white. with most gene combinations turning the gerbil either cream or white this can be very challenging to work with. a single uw will slightly lighten the gerbil. in a slate gerbil with one uw (d) changed to uw, a beautiful colour called\nhamster, guinea pig, and gerbil), and insight on mammalian biology and evolutionary history. …\nthe mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) was first classified in 1867. it is also known as a jird, the arabic word for a large desert rodent, and many species in the family of muridae are known as desert rats .\nwas brought to the united states in the early 1950s from mongolia for laboratory research and is often referred to as the mongolian gerbil. they are highly adaptable and there is danger that they may become established in the wild if released .\ngaese, bernhard h. nowotny, manuela and pilz, peter k. d. 2009. acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in the mongolian gerbil. physiology & behavior, vol. 98, issue. 4, p. 460 .\nanother unique characteristic of the mongolian gerbil is their ability to conserve water. they have adapted to their extreme environment by their ability to store water in their fat cells. they produce small amounts of urine and have dry feces as well .\nbelow in the gallery is a copy of the original publication, which was kindly sent to the egerbil website by dr. fred petrij. the publication is exceptionally rare, and marks the introduction of the mongolian gerbil to the scientific community .\na second acromelanistic allelomorph at the albino locus of the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) f. petrij, k, van veen, m. mettler, v. bruckman. - the journal if heredity - 2001: 92 (1 )\nwashington, dc: national acadamy press; 1995. nutrient requirements of the gerbil; pp. 140–143 .\nmøller m (1981) the ultrastructure of the deep pineal gland of the mongolian gerbil and mouse: granular vesicle localization and innervation. in: matthews cd, seamark rf (eds) pineal function. elsevier north - holland, amsterdam, pp 257–266\nmongolian gerbils are useful research animals and have become very popular in the pet trade. they are easy to take care of, get along well with other gerbils (when introduced to each other early), require very little maintenance, and are tremendously cute and fun to play with. the first documented pet mongolian gerbil lived in the united kingdom in 1961. (van veen 1999) .\nin the mongolian gerbil, two mutations have occurred at the e locus, both being recessive in nature. the first mutation, extension of yellow (e), appeared first in the u. s. a in the mid 1980' s, but its appearance was very poorly documented. surprisingly, a little later, an identical mutation occurred again in poland. in march, 1993, dr fred petrij, a member of the gerbil genetics group received several gerbils carrying this mutation. initially they were being kept at poznan zoo as an unknown gerbil species, but he could find no further information regarding their origin. karyotyping at the university of lübeck in germany was undertaken, as were taxonomic investigations at the museum alexander koenig, bonn, germany, where type specimens of the mongolian gerbil are kept. the conclusions of these studies, plus further breeding studies, showed the gerbils to be conspecific with meriones unguiculatus, and they represented a new mutation of the mongolian gerbil (petrij et al. , 2007 )\ncaptive mongolian gerbils eat a wide variety of foods, including grains, grasses, and some fruits and vegetables. (agren et al. 1989 )\nreproduction of wild mongolian gerbils bred in the laboratory with respect to generation and season 1. morphological changes and fertility lifespan | animal science | cambridge core\nthe most well - known pet gerbil or mongolian gerbil inhabits the steppe, savanna, hot and semmi - desert regions of mongolia, india, the middle east and africa and it was rarely found in the mountan regions. with their habit extending to east and also reaching northern limits by being transported they can even be found in russia (from the expedition in 1954 .) .\n“healthy handfuls” by oxbow (pellets), gerrie gerbil mix by “carefresh” or “bonanza” gerbil mix by “lm animal farms”. there are other brands available. just make sure it is specifically made for gerbils (watch for low fat content )\nschwenkter, v. the gerbil: a new laboratory animal. the illinois veteranarian, 1963, 6, 5–9 .\nin the mongolian gerbil, pink - eyed dilution and chinchilla, are known to share genetic linkage, meaning that both genes are located on the same chromosome. (leiper & robinson, 1986) so, just like the mouse, where the original p mutation and a mutation of the tyrosinase gene (c locus) were used to define the first genetic linkage groups (haldane et al. 1915), again holds true for the mongolian gerbil, and helps play an important role in the understanding of the basic aspects of mammalian genetics .\nseveral grass species are a part of the mongolian gerbils desert staple and the three examples below were all found in food chambers of excavated burrows during expeditions .\nbergin il, taylor ns, nambiar pr, fox jg. eradication of enteric helicobacters in mongolian gerbils is complicated by the occurrence of clostridium difficile enterotoxemia .\nthe mongolian gerbil is light brown with black tipped hairs and its under fur is gray. they are the size of any pet gerbil. they live in burrows with sandy soil and a little bit of grass, herbs and shrubs. they eat seeds, roots, vegetables and drink water. when they eat seeds, they spread them to different areas and make new plants in that area .\nabout a year later in 1867. a. milne – edwards described the mongolian gerbil in a scientific publication which was the result of armand sending unindentified specimens of yellow rats to be identified. they were then named gerbillus unguiculatus until later when they were renamed to meriones uguiculatus .\nmongolian gerbils are diurnal, meaning that they are more active during the day. most other desert animals are nocturnal, meaning they are more active at night. during the warmest and coolest part of the day though, mongolian gerbils use their burrows to stay protected from the extreme temperature. they are social animals, and communicate frequently by squeaking or thumping their hind legs. mongolian gerbils are peaceful in general; however females are usually more competitive with each other than males .\nhirayama f, takagi s, kusuhara h, iwao e, yokoyama y, ikeda y. induction of gastric ulcer and intestinal metaplasia in mongolian gerbils infected with\n, has such a drastic effect only the tail will retain any colour. it even strips the colour from black eyes, giving the appearance of red eyes. this even though the gerbil has genetically black eyes. the gerbil will start life looking like a pink - eyed white gerbil, and it can take several months for the colour in the tail to appear .\non top of this, the mongolian gerbil' s tail is quite fragile and is prone to injury which is why it' s essential no sharp objects be placed in their environments. when handling your pets, you have to be extra gentle and try to avoid touching their tails .\nnever punish your gerbil. don’t squeeze, flick his nose, yell or pick him up by his tail. be patient !\ntwo mutations do occur on the c locus in the mongolian gerbil, these being himalayan c (h) and chinchilla medium c (chm). himalayan is the earliest of the known colour mutations in the gerbil, and first appeared in the late 1960' s; chinchilla medium appeared much later in 1994. it was designated the name chinchilla medium because of its close similarity with the sable coat colour in the rabbit. (petrij et al, 2001) it should be noted though, that its old name was originally\nburmese\nbecause it was instrumental in producing the burmese coat colour variety in the mongolian gerbil, however, the effect of the gene in the gerbil is reasonably dissimilar from the burmese allele c (b) in the cat, even though both genes are mutations on the c locus. both mutations in the gerbil are inherited recessively, and both are acromelanic (acromelanism literally means\ncoloured ends\n) and as such they are both temperature sensitive genes .\nmongolian gerbils have developed so they can survive in desert regions. their feet have long, thin nails, for burrowing, and they produce very little urine or perspiration .\na true albino would be' cc', but as of yet none have appeared in the mongolian gerbil. only two intermediate alleles have occurred on this locus, these being himalayan (c (h) ) and chinchilla medium (c (chm) ), which we will discuss further below .\nplaying with your gerbil everybody needs somebody and you’re not the only one. sometimes a person finds his or her true companion not in another…\nagren, g. , q. zhou, w. zhong. 1989. ecology and social behaviour of mongolian gerbils, meriones unguiculatus, at xilinhot, inner mongolia, china .\n. like a black gerbil, nutmeg is the same colour all over. no white belly. the pups start bright orange all over, and molt into a mix of black and orange all over. the change is very dramatic, moving across the gerbil in a specific order .\ncleaning gerbil cages cleanliness is very important, especially for your pets. keeping a pet is a lot of fun but it also needs a lot…\nlooking after baby gerbils there are certain rules about taking care of baby gerbils. they mainly concern keeping them safe. gerbil parents are perfectly capable…\nit will be light orange with few brown ticking. the color will stay the same as the gerbil ages but may get darker a little .\nn. b: the spots make the general colour of the gerbil lighter then the solid one. also, the tip of the tail becomes white and the belly too. so, a black gerbil (who' s belly is black) will have a white belly when spotted .\nis a tall, erect, attractive grass species that branches at its base. its distribution is widespread along the ranges of the mongolian gerbil, and was mentioned as a food plant in the xilin hot study of inner mongolia. it is prolific throughout mongolia being distributed around khubsugul, khentei, khangai, mongol daurian, mongolian altai, khobdo, valley of lakes, depression of great lakes, gobi - altai, and is widespread in the dundgovi aimag. it is regarded as a pasture plant and used for livestock .\nin 1935 about forty gerbils where captured in the east of mongolia and manchuria. these produced the first mongolian gerbils born in captivity, and all the pet gerbils in the world have descended from those original animals, which were bred in japan. by 1954 mongolian gerbils had been introduced, as pets, to the usa. breeding pairs were first sent to united kingdom in 1964 .\ncaptive breeding of the mongolian gerbil has yielded a variety of fur colors. agouti, a sandy gold color, is the natural color for all wild mongolian gerbils. they have developed long, strong hind legs in order to jump and avoid becoming prey. they are also superb diggers. in the wild, they dig a complex system of burrows where they live, store food, and avoid predators. usually only one family inhabits each burrow system. herbivores themselves, these gerbils forage for food which they store in their burrows .\nwalters, g. c. , pearl, j. , & rogers, j. v. the gerbil as a subject in behavioral research .\nit may be very difficult to see any difference. on the top picture on the left, the center gerbil is a slate. belive me !\nthe\naa\nmakes the gerbil black but the double\nc [ chm ]\nmakes the center of the body lighter then the points .\n[ 0372 ] arkin et al. (2003), age - related changes on marking, marking - like behavior and the scent gland in adult mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) (pubmed )\nehrenstein, e. , v. bruckmann. 1996 .\ngerbil behavior\n( on - line). accessed october 31, 2000 at urltoken .\nthis is the wild color of the gerbil. it is brown with orange and grey trough the airs. the eyes are black and the belly is white\nmongolian gerbils feed mainly on mugwort (artemisia sieversiana and a. commutata). saltwort (salsola collina), bristle grass (setaria viridis), and lyme grass (leymus chinensis) are also eaten .\nin the united states gerbils are popular pets and are valuable as laboratory animals for scientific research. this gerbil is also known as the jird, and its taxonomic\n, (subfamily gerbillinae), any of more than 110 species of african, indian, and asian rodents, including sand rats and jirds, all of which are adapted to arid habitats. one mongolian species (\none year later in 1867, alphonse milne - edwards, the brother of henri, described the mongolian gerbil for the very first time in a scientific publication. the publication was the result of those first' yellow rat' specimens that armand had sent back to the museum d' histoire naturelle to be identified. at the time it was classified as gerbillus unguiculatus, it wasn' t until 1908 when oldfield thomas (the duke of bedford' s zoological exploration in eastern asia ix. list of mammals from the mongolian plateau) finally referred to it with its modern name, meriones unguiculatus\nthe middle and inner ear of the gerbil are large enough to give them excellent hearing. they can detect low frequency sounds, so they will hear the approach of a hunting owl. the gerbil rarely makes a sound, their main form of communication is by scent, but at times they also communicate with some foot drumming .\nthe mongolian gerbil can breed from the age of about three months, and only one of the females in the group will mate regularly with one of the males. gestation period is usually around twenty - four days. litter size varies, but on average female produces around four or five young. the nest is housed in one of the underground chambers, deep within the burrow .\nwalk into any local pet store and you will see an array of rodents available to choose as a pet: hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, and gerbils. do you ever wonder where these animals live in the wild? definitely not in your backyard! gerbils are popular pets, and the most common type is the mongolian gerbil. you can thank dr. victor schwentker for introducing the united states to this cute critter in 1954. unfortunately he brought this gerbil to the united states for use in research, not to keep as a pet .\nthe mutation on this locus occurred in 1997, and was tentatively assigned the symbol\nd\nby geneticists. however, although no scientific literature has been published on this gene, there is a brief mention of an unpublished report on the new diluting gene by pund & petrij in the published report on recessive and fading yellow in the mongolian gerbil (petrij et al. , 2007 )\nif you are thinking about getting a small pet for the family to look after, you would not go far wrong by choosing two same - sexed male mongolian gerbils. they are nocturnal but with a difference because these little guys are busy during the day time too. mongolian gerbils are easy maintenance little characters that are known for their inquisitive and friendly natures which is why they' ve been such a popular choice since the mid eighties .\n[ 0949 ] lee et al. (2011), heat shock protein 90 and its cochaperone, p23, are markedly increased in the aged gerbil hippocampus (pubmed )\nthe mongolian gerbil is among around 87 other known species and are known for their inquisitive natures and the fact they become very tame when kept as pets. the great thing about them is that instead of running away when they hear a new sound or come across something they have never seen before, these delightful creatures are more likely to investigate what' s going on rather than hide away .\nin the u. s. a news had reached victor schwentker about the japanese research programmes into the mongolian gerbil, and after some initial correspondence with them he had 4 pairs imported in 1954. this particular batch which dr. schwentker obtained came from miss michiko nomura (central laboratories for experimental animals) who obtained her stock from the kirasato institute in 1949. dr. schwentker established the first commercial colony of mongolian gerbils at the tumblebrook farm. at tumblebrook farm work was then started to increase the numbers of mongolian gerbils, and eventually five of the initial females produced young. it was during this period that they discovered just how friendly and suitable a pet the mongolian gerbil was. so when sufficient numbers had been reached, some of the surplus offspring were then given to families and friends to keep as pets. it wasn' t long after this that they were then seen in pet shops. in 1964 the first gerbils were imported into the u. k. from u. s. a. stock. a short time after in 1966 they arrived in fylde, near blackpool, which is close to the area in which i live in the northwest of the u. k. these two initial gerbil populations from the u. s. a and uk have continued to breed well despite the small number of foundation pairs, and have since been exported to many other countries around the world .\nthe natural habitat of the mongolian gerbil is desert or semi - desert from the sahara to the gobi desert. jirds are usually sand - colored and have tails about as long as the body. the molar teeth have a chewing surface that resembles that of burrowing mice with high crowns and small roots. the ears of the mongolian gerbil are relatively short and their hind feet make them appear sturdier than other gerbils. they are primarily active during the night and their diet includes leaves, seeds, and insects. they live in small colonies and, when upset, they may drum with their hind feet like rabbits. like other gerbils, jirds have a sebaceous gland in the center of the belly. they smear the secretion on various objects to mark their territories, and recognize each other by scent .\nmongolian gerbils are not extensive agricultural pests. escaped captive gerbils may become established in new areas and pose a threat to native wildlife through competition and disease introduction. gerbils, similar to other rodents, may serve as disease vectors .\ngerbils are fairly small rodents with long furry tails that have a little tuft of fur at the end (but you should never pick a gerbil up by their tail) .\ngerbil diets should consist of a formulated gerbil food. these are typically loose seed mixtures that also include rodent blocks. try to avoid sunflower seed mixtures and reserve those, as well as cheerios and rice krispies, as treats. look for a packaged diet that has 10. 5 - 12% protein and 4 - 7% fat in it .\nall the color names used in the website are the one used mostly in the united state. to know more about gerbil color names, you can use the color dictionary .\ngerbils are fascinating pets and will fit in well with most families. they are inquisitive, rarely bite and are found in many colours. there are about 90 species, but the mongolian gerbil is the one kept as a pet. they are sometimes mistaken for mice or rats, but they actually look and behave differently. gerbils have long, hairy tails and, as you’ll find out, are serious diggers !\nmongolian gerbils are not nocturnal although they are sometimes active at night. they go through several sleep / active cycles in the course of 24 hours. they are very curious and will explore anything so they can be quite entertaining to watch .\nas many research was done it showed that the more north a gerbils habitat was the more a gerbil was atracted to areas influenced by humans. that only shows how adaptive gerbils are .\na good quality gerbil mix makes an ideal core diet for your pet. this can be supplemented with small pieces of fresh fruit and vegetables. be aware that gerbils hoard food, so don’t give them too many green vegetables (which can rot). fresh drinking water should always be available, usually in a gravity bottle although a small heavy bowl can be used instead. like all rodents, a gerbil’s front teeth grow continuously, so provide them with something to gnaw on. you should never feed your gerbil potatoes, rhubarb, or tomato leaves .\nhurtado - parrado, camilo gonzález, carlos h. moreno, leyda m. gonzález, camilo a. arias, mónica beltrán, lorena and cardona, santiago 2015. catalogue of the behaviour of meriones unguiculatus f. dom. (mongolian gerbil) and wild conspecies, in captivity and under natural conditions, based on a systematic literature review. journal of ethology, vol. 33, issue. 2, p. 65 .\nthe seizures are usually short in length, lasting a few minutes, and may be mild or severe. in the mild form, the gerbil may simply freeze and be non - responsive. in others, the muscles will twitch. in some gerbils, the seizures are grand mal. the seizures are often brought on by stress such as handling or unfamiliar environments. generally no treatment is needed, and after the seizure is over, the gerbil appears normal. however, if the gerbil sustains a grand mal seizure for several minutes, brain damage may occur .\n[ 0734 ] scarano et al. (2006), tissue evidence of the testosterone role on the abnormal growth and aging effects reversion in the gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) prostate (pubmed )\nwalters, g. c, pearl, j. , & rogers, j. v. the gerbil as a subject in behavioral research. psychological reports, 1963, 12, 315–318 .\nblottner, s. and stuermer, i. w. 2006. reproduction of wild mongolian gerbils bred in the laboratory with respect to generation and season 2. spermatogenic activity and testicular testosterone concentration. animal science, vol. 82, issue. 03 ,\nfor gerbil enthusiasts it was his journeys to inner mongolia that are of great interest. these began in 1866. luckily for us, all his adventures and observations were meticulously recorded in his diary .\ngerbils usually enjoy human contact but can occasionally be timid. if this is the case, hold your hand in the cage without touching your gerbil – this allows it to get used to your scent – then gently stroke your pet. you can pick up a gerbil by placing your hand gently around its body behind the front legs whilst supporting the hindquarters with your other hand. be warned though – they can move and jump surprisingly quickly, so always handle them above a soft surface that won’t harm them should they fall. never pick up a gerbil by its tail as serious injury can result .\njust like all other rodents, the mongolian' s teeth grow continuously which means they need to wear down as naturally as possible. the best way to achieve this is to make sure your pets have plenty of good quality chewy toys and treats to gnaw on .\none of the nicest things about keeping mongolian gerbils is watching how they interact with each other. they adore playing, grooming and basically playing the fool whenever they' re awake. play time is really important for these little creatures because it helps with their bonding .\nmongolian gerbils are not nocturnal although they are active at night on and off; they go through several sleep / active cycles in the course of 24 hours. if you are bothered by their chewing / burying activities at night, don’t keep them in your bedroom .\ndistribution: khangai, mongolian altai, middle khalkha, depression of greatlakes, valley of lakes, gobi - altai, east gobi, and also in dundgovi aimag. - habitat: sandy and sandy - pebble steppe, stony and slushy slopes of mountains and hills .\nmongolian gerbils are highly sociable animals, and live in colonies consisting of 1 - 3 males and 2 - 14 females. colony members cooperate in gathering and storing food and also chase off intruding gerbils and small predators. winters are spent together in a communal burrow .\nat each show awards are given to the winner of each catagory. with the biggest award being to the owner of the bis - best in show. this award is given to the' best' gerbil out of all the entries. often it is the gerbil seen as having the best type, coat and build - with type meaning it' s personality, whether it bites or is at ease .\nif you have a spotted gerbil, he may have a lot of white on the belly. you might have to check both the all white belly and solid belly color links to find his true color .\ngerbil. the lighter shades are\nextended\nbeyond their usual places, replacing some of the black in the coat, extending the white further up the side of the gerbil, and lightening the area around the eyes. the really fun part of these gerbils is the dramatic colour change as they grow up. they start out orange, and when they molt into their adult coat, some darker hair appears .\nmongolian jird body length averages 120 mm long, tail length may range up to 120 mm. the fur is thin, with grey roots, a yellow shaft, and a black tip. ventral fur is white and their unfurred claws reveal their pink / white skin .\nlater they were found in the itermediate regions also inhabitating the south where their range was extending beyond mongolian boundaries to the sandy regions of nw and ne china (discovered in 1959. expediton). there were also reports of findings of isolated populations in the far west of kazahstan that is about 300 kilometers away from their main habitat in mongolia. the gerbil has a preference for dry soil, but being very adaptive little cratures they can be found even in rocky and humid areas .\nover the years many species have come to be known by several scientific names. in many cases one name is then chosen for the species and other names are known as' synonyms' again the mongolian gerbil had several synonyms that in the past and were often referred to as subspecies, such as meriones unguiculatus kurauchi, meriones unguiculatus selenginus, meriones unguiculatus kozlovi, and meriones unguiculatus chihfengensis. all these are now regarded as meriones unguiculatus, which is their currently recognised, valid name .\nmongolian gerbils are not nocturnal and can be more active during the day than they are at night. they have short bursts of activity throughout the day, and stay in the burrow, taking naps, during the hottest time of the day and the coldest time of night .\nnorthern rodent populations often exhibit temporal dynamics due to seasonal changes in demographic processes such as survival, reproduction, and movement. seasonal patterns in their demography partially result from seasonal changes in climate and resource availability. we studied the population ecology of mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus), a social rodent living in groups year - round in desert grasslands of china, mongolia, and russia, using capture - recapture methods to investigate seasonal patterns in demography. gerbils were livetrapped biweekly from late april to late october 2006 in inner mongolian grasslands, china. we used robust - design models and cormack - jolly - seber models to estimate population size and apparent survival probability. additionally, we used multistate models to test for a trade - off between reproduction and survival. like other northern rodents, mongolian gerbils showed a single annual peak in abundance, but gerbil numbers peaked unusually early in june. gerbil populations were female - biased and also biased toward older individuals. the breeding season was restricted to the wet season from april to the end of august, and survival declined from april to october. we found a trade - off between survival and reproduction in males but not in females. kinship and cooperation among females may enhance survival to offset the cost of reproduction .\nin 1935 professor kasugo who had been studying the mongolian gerbil in the wild, and subsequently imported a batch of twenty pairs into japan. these gerbils were captured in the basin of the amur river in mongolia itself. these gerbils were sent to the kitasato institute to be used primarily for rickettsial studies. it is this first batch of gerbils that were originally captured around eastern mongolia and manchuria that are the probable foundation ancestors of most of the gerbils that we now keep today as pets .\nmongolian gerbils and albino rats were observed individually in an open field. the rats exhibited their normal tendency to remain in the peripheral areas of the field. however, the gerbils did not show such thigmotactic tendencies. gerbils demonstrated more frequent central area occupancy, greater duration of central area occupancy, and greater locomotion in the field. the greater alertness and activity of the gerbil, in combination with its apparent relative preference for an open field, may have important implications in maze running situations .\nin the gerbil family there are 2 to 17 gerbils, but there are more males than females. they live together by age. for example, the older ones live with the older ones and the younger ones\nwhen picking up a gerbil it’s best to scoop him up with both hands. if you use one hand, put your thumb and fingers around his waist and support his feet with your other hand. never pick up a gerbil by his tail! it is uncomfortable for your furry friend and the tail can actually “de - glove” which means the skin can slip off, leaving bone exposed and requiring the tail to be amputated .\nmongolian gerbils, sometimes known as clawed jirds, are classified in the rodent subfamily gerbillinae. within this group are over 115 species of african and asian gerbils, jirds and sand rats, most of which are adapted to life in deserts, steppes and other arid, open habitats .\na study was made of the mongolian gerbil, meriones unguiculatus, to determine its water requirements and ability to utilize salt water. when available, free water is consumed (0. 039 grams / gram body weight / day) and weight losses occur when the animals are deprived of water; however, after 29 days without water, body weight appeared to stabilize. concentrations of salt water up through 0. 8 molar could be utilized and some water was even obtained from 1. 0 molar .\nthe light colorpoint agouti is light gray with brown ticking. the eyes are black but may seem red depending of the light. the belly is white. the adding c [ h ] gene make the gerbil lighter .\nthe heavy mottled gerbils have more white markings then the mottled ones. in some extreme cases, it' s almost impossible to say the real colour of the gerbil, so much there is white on the body .\nthere is no evidence of hibernation or estivation, and the mongolian gerbil may be active throughout the year, either by night or day. this species adapts to a range of temperatures from sub - zero to above 86°f (30°c). it may remain underground for long periods depending on the amount of stored food. daily summer movements of the mongolian gerbil may cover 0. 75 - 1. 1 mi (1. 2 - 1. 8 km). one marked animal moved as far as 31 mi (50 km). its social behavior under laboratory conditions indicates that adults may live together, but the introduction of a stranger may result in a fight to the death. females are as territorial and aggressive as the males. some studies suggest that males disrupt maternal behavior and many young are lost. but monogamous pairs seem to do well and some males share in caring for the young, cleaning, grooming and warming the newborns. fathers and juvenile males help to rear the younger animals .\nmongolian gerbils are quite small, with many people confusing them with mice but the difference is in the length of their tails which in gerbils is about the same length as their bodies. their tails are also covered in hair and on the end of it there is a small tuft .\nmongolian gerbils live in harsh conditions but do not have many enemies. when ever they come across an enemy, they use their strong legs so they can jump really high to escape the enemy or they can use their strong legs to help them dig really fast to escape the enemy .\nthe ngs does have a provisional section too, this is where a gerbil colour does not have a full standard yet and so can only win this particular section and it cannot go forward for the best in show .\nthe mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) has been found to be susceptible to secondary equine hydatidosis and fertile cysts can be routinely produced with the subsequent serial passage through further generations. mice, rats, rabbits, guinea - pigs, hamsters, cotton rats and voles proved to be refractory to infection. since some of these hosts have been infected experimentally with horse material in other countries, by other workers, these results suggest that strain differences may exist between echinococcus granulosus from the same host species subjected to geographical separation .\nmongolian gerbils adore burrowing and digging which is why it' s important they have a box in their environments for them to indulge their passion for getting underground. you should also ensure they have at least 3 inches of bedding in their cages which they can burrow into when they want to .\neckrich, tobias foeller, elisabeth stuermer, ingo w. gaese, bernhard h. and kössl, manfred 2008. strain - dependence of age - related cochlear hearing loss in wild and domesticated mongolian gerbils. hearing research, vol. 235, issue. 1 - 2, p. 72 .\na gerbil that carries two copies of either c (h) or c (chm) on a pink - eyed dilution background, will always be white all over with pink eyes, regardless of the other genes carried, they are known as pseudo albinos. however if a gerbil is c (h) c (h) pp or c (h) c (h) pp, the presence of at least one dominant p gene stops one c (h) gene having any effect, and two copies of the c (h) gene creates the dark tailed white (himalayan) coat colour variety. the presence of the dominant dark eyed genes doesn' t produce a dark eyed gerbil as we might expect but then again the pair of c (h) genes doesn' t produce a completely white gerbil either. on an agouti background a - c (h) c (h) produces a pink eyed white gerbil with a light brown tail, or a sepia - tailed white, but on a non - agouti background the tail becomes a much darker brown colour known as the dark - tailed white coat colour variety." ]

{ "text": [ "meriones unguiculatus , the mongolian jird or mongolian gerbil is a rodent belonging to subfamily gerbillinae .", "it is the most widely known species of the gerbil subfamily , and is the usual gerbil species to be kept as a pet or experimental animal , when it is known as the domesticated gerbil .", "like the syrian or golden hamster , it was first brought to the united states in 1954 by dr. victor schwentker for use in research .", "forty-four pairs were caught in mongolia and brought to england .", "they were described as \" squirrel colors ... with long furry tails . \"", "they are somewhat larger than mice , with a body about 12 cm long ( and a tail of similar length ) , with body mass averaging 50-55 grams in females and 60 grams in males .", "the mongolian gerbil is classed as a \" prohibited new organism \" under new zealand 's hazardous substances and new organisms act 1996 , preventing it from being imported into the country . " ], "topic": [ 16, 15, 6, 16, 23, 0, 4 ] }

[ "meriones unguiculatus, the mongolian jird or mongolian gerbil is a rodent belonging to subfamily gerbillinae. it is the most widely known species of the gerbil subfamily, and is the usual gerbil species to be kept as a pet or experimental animal, when it is known as the domesticated gerbil. like the syrian or golden hamster, it was first brought to the united states in 1954 by dr. victor schwentker for use in research. forty-four pairs were caught in mongolia and brought to england. they were described as \" squirrel colors... with long furry tails. \" they are somewhat larger than mice, with a body about 12 cm long (and a tail of similar length), with body mass averaging 50-55 grams in females and 60 grams in males. the mongolian gerbil is classed as a \" prohibited new organism \" under new zealand's hazardous substances and new organisms act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country." ]

[ "the genus andraca walker, 1865, is divided into two subgenera, one of them new: chrypathemola zolt. , subgen. nov. (type species andraca apodecta swinhoe, 1907). the following new species are described: andraca draco, sp. nov. (from java); andraca lawa, sp. nov. (from palawan), andraca paradisea, sp. nov. (from philippines), andraca chrysocollis, sp. nov. (from philippines) and andraca (chrypathemola) nobilorum, sp. nov. (from vietnam). a male lectotype for andraca bipunctata walker, 1865 is designated from the collection of zmhu; this designation led to the new synonymy: andraca bipunctata walker, 1865 = andraca angulata kishida, 1993, syn. nov. the systematics of the family bombycidae is briefly discussed .\nhave a fact about andraca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for andraca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\na revised annotated and distributional checklist of chinese andraca (lepidoptera, oberthuerinae) wit ...\n... lectotype: male (zmhu) [ examined ]. andraca angulata sensu wang et al. (2011). diagnosis... .\nthe six species of the genus andraca walker hitherto known from china are reviewed, and a new species, andraca gongshanensis, sp. n. , described from yunnan province, china. adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated, together with a distributional map. a key to all seven chinese andraca species is provided. the types of the new species are deposited in scau (south china agricultural university, guangzhou, china) and hunau (hunan agricultural university, changsha, china) .\nthe chinese andraca is revised with the check - list annotated. a new bombycid geographic subspecies, andraca nobilorum houtuae wang & zolotuhin subsp. nov. , is described from damingshan national nature reserve, south china. the new subspecies differs from the nominate a. nobilorum in central vietnam by the darker marker at the apex of the forewing indistinct but prominent in the holotype of a... . [ show full abstract ]\n... the phylogenetic position of the genus andraca is still disputed. traditionally, it was considered to be within the bombycidae (zolotuhin & witt 2009; zolotuhin 2012). recently, zwick et al. (2011) transferred it to the family endromidae based on phylogenetic analysis using molecular data, but only a few samples were included in their study... .\nthis tool lets you describe a concept and get back a list of words and phrases related to that concept. your description can be anything at all: a single word, a few words, or even a whole sentence. type in your description and hit enter (or select a word that shows up in the autocomplete preview) to see the related words .\n. if you' re really fond of the old system, or if you have javascript disabled in your browser, you can still access version 1. 0\nor click on the link that says\ntry your query on the old system\nthat appears at the very bottom of the results page .\n, which in turn uses several linguistic resources described in the\ndata sources\nsection on that page .\nfor some types of searches only the first result or the first few results are likely to be useful. we urge you to click on a word to check its definition before using it in your oscars acceptance speech or honors thesis .\nif you get back nothing but junk, try restating your query so that it' s just two or three simple words. some queries are very difficult for our system. that' s because not every dictionary indexed by onelook is used by the reverse dictionary, and our search algorithm still needs a lot of work. we' re continually adding more references and improving the precision of the system .\n) into any onelook search box, followed by your concept. if you put a\nbefore the colon, your results will be filtered by that pattern. (this is particularly useful for crossword puzzle help, as shown in the examples above. )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe distinctive features of island endemism in lasiocampidae are extensive adaptive radiation and vicariance. these phenomena are especially typical of archipelagoes, where different taxa occur on closely located islands. the diverse ecological conditions of the islands determine the presence of a great number of subordinate taxa. owing to the reduced flight activity, the species of... [ show full abstract ]\nthe genus syrastrenopsis grünberg, 1914 is revised and two new species, s. panga zolotuhin & saldaitis, sp. nov. and s. hun zolotuhin & saldaitis, sp. nov. are described from north sichuan and shaanxi provinces of china, respectively. all species of the genus are illustrated including the male of s. imperiatus zolotuhin, 2001 which is described for the first time .\nthe fauna of the family bombycidae sensu lato (insecta, lepidoptera, bombycoidea) from mainland chin ...\nseventy - seven species of family bombycidae s. lat. , belonging to 25 genera in three subfamilies, that have been recorded from china are listed and described, with illustrations of the adults, preimaginal stages (if available), and their genitalia. keys to subfamilies and genera are provided. two new genera and four new species are described, two subgenera are raised to generic status, seven... [ show full abstract ]\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: f8727887 - 0014 - 42d4 - ba68 - 21b3009e8c7f\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 7981bf0e - d1f8 - 43ca - a505 - 72dbba140023\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: d683614e - 1f58 - 4ca8 - 9d80 - b23bd41947a2\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 33d4bbfb - 4b7d - 4bbc - b34c - 17d2e7f99f67\nined species are illustrated, together with a distributional map. a key to all seven chinese\n( matsumura 1909) are described in detail. a key to the seven chinese\nspecimens of the new species were collected by light trap. e types of previously\nined. other materials examined in this study are preserved in scau and hunau .\nsevastopulo (1938) described the fully grown larvae of the type species. e larvae\nale genitalia (fig. 2 - a): uncus broad, duck beak -\n( eaceae) (banerjee 1982; chang 1989; chen et al. 1992; panigrahi 1995; h\nlength 5–7 mm (fig. 1 - b). hindtibia with two pairs of spurs; hindwings with rs and\nm1 connate. male genitalia (fig. 2 - b): uncus thick and round; valva simple, basal half\nbut 2006 - ix - 18, liu - sheng chen leg. ; 1\nang (1995) provide a ne color illustration of a fresh living male. ow -\nblack discal spot, smooth outer margin and apically not falcate. male genitalia (fig .\n. male genitalia (fig. 2 - d): uncus long with apex nger - shaped ;\naedeagus short but strong and straight, distally with a large number of spines .\n, same data but 2006 - ix - 17, zhen li leg. ; 2\nang (1995) described the species from zhejiang, china. e species is\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: e5dd5fb7 - 554b - 48a6 - 9ef3 - 65f1699e9897\nlength 5–8 mm (fig. 1 - e). antenna bipectinate except apex. w\nplaced on the wholly wings but termen. forewing apex falcate; outer edge smooth and\nmale genitalia (fig. 2 - e): uncus long with wedge - shaped apex; tegumen broad ;\n5–7 mm (fig. 1 - f). antenna bipectinate except apex. head thinly co\nmale genitalia (fig. 2 - f): uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs; tegumen broad ;\nlength 6–7 mm (figs 1 - g, 1 - h). head densely cov\nmale genitalia (fig. 2 - g): uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate; tegumen\ncally; dorsal margin with a subapical hump; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines .\nhistory museum, uk) for checking the types. is work was supported by scientic\nsphingidae. arkiv zoology 35a (8): 1–55, pls. 1–6 .\ndavis dr (1992) bombycidae. in: heppner jb, inoue h (eds) lepidoptera of\nholloway jd (1987) e moths of borneo (iii). kuala lumpur: malaysian n\nsian moths and butteries. brill, leiden / boston / köln. xi + 455 pp\nlemaire c, minet j (1999) e bombycoidea and their relatives. in: kristensen np (ed) lepi -\nminet j (1994) e bombycoidea–phylogeny and higher classication (lepidoptera, glossata) .\nsevastopulo dg (1938) early stages of indian lepidoptera (18). journal of bombay n\nstrand e (1924) bombycidae. in: seitz a (ed) m\nmuseum 32, (suppl. to part 2), london, 323–706 .\nsupport for higher - level clades within bombycoidea (lepidoptera). systematic entomol -\n... sampling and dna extraction larvae of a. theae were collected from a tea plantation located in panxian town (liupanshui city, guizhou province, china; 25 49 0 n, 104 38 0 e) in october 2015 and were provided by hui - zhu wang. species identification of the specimens was based on wang et al. (2011 wang et al. (, 2012wang et al. (, 2015). genomic dna was extracted from fresh larvae using a wizard genomic dna purification kit (promega, beijing, china) according to the manufacturer' s instruction... .\n... china (yunnan: northern baoshan (daoren shan, gaoligongshan), yunxian (dabingshan), lancang (fuli mts .), yulong (wubaoshan); guizhou: jiangkou (fanjingshan); sichuan: panzhihua (daheishan); myanmar (chin state), northern thailand (chiang mai, nan), northern india (sikkim, darjeeling, meghalaya), nepal. the species was absent from a list given by wang et al. (2011) and only recently has it been noted from china by zolotuhin (2012). taxonomic notes... .\n... holotype (by original designation): male (izas) [ not examined ]. chu & wang (1996: 18) recorded camellia japonica l. (theaceae) as a host of a. henosa, and wang et al. (2011) confirmed that the species is a serious pest on a tea tree and related camellia assamensis and c. oleifera c. abel... .\na new bombycid genus valvaribifidum is described based on v. huananense sp. nov. from south china. trilocha sinica dierl, 1979 is transferred to the new genus, i. e. , valvaribifidum sinica (dierl 1979) comb. nov. the genus is separable from its closely related genus triuncina dierl, 1978 by male genitalia with valva bifid postmedially, costa long sickleshaped, sacculus inflated, gnathos... [ show full abstract ]\ncorrespondence notes on the genus prismosticta (lepidoptera, bombycidae) with description of a new s ...\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "andraca draco is a moth of the endromidae family .", "it is found on java .", "the wingspan is 44 – 45 mm for males and about 59 mm for females .", "the forewings are dark brown , with brown wavy and concave transversal fasciae and distinct whitish to bluish suffusion .", "the discal spot is small and point-like and suffused with light scales .", "the hindwings are lighter , with a dark yellowish-brown costal area and indistinct yellowish shadows in anal area .", "adults are on wing from february to july , probably in multiple generations per year . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "andraca draco is a moth of the endromidae family. it is found on java. the wingspan is 44 – 45 mm for males and about 59 mm for females. the forewings are dark brown, with brown wavy and concave transversal fasciae and distinct whitish to bluish suffusion. the discal spot is small and point-like and suffused with light scales. the hindwings are lighter, with a dark yellowish-brown costal area and indistinct yellowish shadows in anal area. adults are on wing from february to july, probably in multiple generations per year." ]

[ "children bicyclus angulosus subsp. selousi, bicyclus campinus subsp. campinus, bicyclus condamini, bicyclus cooksoni, bicyclus cottrelli, bicyclus ena, bicyclus anynana subsp. anynana, bicyclus safitza subsp. safitza\nbicyclus ephorus weymer, 1892; stettin ent. ztg 53 (4 - 6): 79\nbicyclus auricruda; [ bow ]: pl. 115, f. 2; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 419; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1068\nbicyclus campina; [ bow ]: pl. 115, f. 3; [ nhm card ]; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1076\n= bicyclus denina; lamas, 2010, shilap revta. lepid. 38 (150): (197 - 204 )\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox, 1964; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 26: 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 1166\nbicyclus kenia; [ bafr ], 169; [ bk ]: 266, pl. 28, f. 403; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes; [ bafr ], 169; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 404; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 406; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 407; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 268, pl. 29, f. 409; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea; [ bafr ], 172; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 411; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo; [ bafr ], 174; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 416; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza; [ afrl ]; larsen & vane - wright, 2012, shilap revta. lepid. 40 (157): 85\nbicyclus campus; [ bafr ], 178; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 421; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 272, pl. 30, f. 423a; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 272, pl. 30, f. 423; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 273, pl. 30, f. 424; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne; [ bafr ], 173; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 413; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi; [ bafr ], 174; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 415; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas; [ afrl ]; [ bow ]: pl. 117, f. 6 (text only); [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza; [ bafr ], 178; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 420; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena; [ bafr ], 168 (text); [ bk ]: 266, pl. 28, f. 402; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 792; tl: cameroun, bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi; [ bk ]: 268, pl. 28, f. 408; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 170; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 412; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 172; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 173; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 414; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 177; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 418; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias; [ bow ]: pl. 118, f. 2 (text only); [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 179; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus - species dictionary - southern africa: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ndicothyris karsch, 1893; berl. ent. z. 38 (1 / 2): 203; ts: mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw. nigeria, cameroun, gabon, congo republic, zaire, equatorial guinea. see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis (birket - smith, 1960) (mycalesis); bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 22: 550\nephorus bergeri condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 256\ns. nigeria - cameroun, gabon, fernando póo (macías nguema i .). see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler, 1869; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 3 (13): 19, pl. 9, f. 4; tl: gold coast\nkenya, e. zaire, uganda (toro). see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina grünberg, 1912 ²; ergeb. dt. z. - afr. exped. 3 (zool. 1): 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 65 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 63 - 64; tl: gaboon\nc. kenya (highlands), loita, mau hills, n. tanzania, n. lake victoria, s. sudan. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis (?) kenia rogenhofer, 1891; ann. mus. wien 6 (3): 462, pl. 15, f. 8\nsenegal - w. kenya, tanzania (forests), uganda, zaire, gabon, angola. see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola, uganda, tanzania, w. kenya. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (4 - 6): 197; tl: abo, aburi und victoria\nburundi, rwanda, tanzania, zaire, uganda, w. kenya. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 65 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 65; tl: fernando po\nzululand - swaziland, e. transvaal, rhodesia - kenya, uganda. see [ maps ]\nmoçambique, rhodesia, zambia, zimbabwe - zaire, e. kenya. see [ maps ]\nrhodesia, mozambique, malawi, zambia, s. tanzania, s. zaire (shaba )\ne. tanzania (usambara mts. - iringa). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 260, pl. 21, f. 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 257, pl. 21, f. 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch, 1894; ent. nachr. 20 (14 / 15): 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot, 1921; bull. hill mus. 1 (1): 76, pl. 13, f. 38 - 40; tl: ruwenzori, western slopes\nw. tanzania (kungwe - mahale mts .). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis (monotrichtis) buea strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 109; tl: buea; musake\nbrunnea (jackson, 1951) (monotrichtis); proc. r. ent. soc. lond. (b) 20: 97\nw. kenya, uganda, e. zaire, s. zaire. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon, 1909; bull. ent. soc. lond. 1909: lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze, 1914; ent. rundsch. 31 (9): 49; tl: fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 66 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 67; tl: gaboon\ne. nigeria - cameroun, gabon, congo republic. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 269, pl. 6, f. 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler, 1870; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1870 (1): 124; tl: gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 257, pl. 21, f. 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis vii - viii): [ 59 ], pl. [ 31 ], f. 41 - 42; tl: old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin, 1958; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 20: 1348\nghana - cameroun, s. zaire (shaba), uganda. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 270, f. 4\nzaire, uganda, rwanda, burundi, w. tanzania, kenya (montane). see [ maps ]\nburundi, rwanda, e. zaire (kivu), uganda, nw. tanzania, w. kenya (mt. elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley, 1921; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1921 (1 - 2): 240; tl: nw. rhodesia, solwezi\nrhodesia, moçambique, natal, swaziland - ethiopia, s. somalia, kenya, uganda, e. zaire, comoros, socotra. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var. neglecta thurau, 1903; berl. ent. z. 48: 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania, zambia, malawi, mozambique, rhodesia, botswana, s. africa, comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin, 1968; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 30: 603\nmycalesis safitza ab. semicoeca strand, 1910; soc. ent. 25 (2): 6; tl: usambara\nsw. tanzania (mpanda), zambia, malawi, n. rhodesia. see [ maps ]\nn. zambia, s. zaire (shaba), s. tanzania, w. tanzania. see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia, w. kenya - mozambique, zimbabwe. see [ maps ]\nw. africa, cameroun, c. a. r. , n. zaire, sudan, uganda, ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson, 1864; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis v - vi): [ 57 ], pl. [ 30 ], f. 34; tl: white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler, 1876; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 18: 481; tl: abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis (ungemach, 1932) (mycalesis); mém. soc. sci. nat. phys. maroc 32: 50\nguinea, sierra leone - gabon, c. zaire (kasai). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 470; tl: makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 469; tl: makala; beni - mawambe\nnigeria, cameroun - gabon, congo republic, c. zaire. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis vii - viii): [ 62 ], pl. [ 32 ], f. 55 - 56; tl: old calabar\nguinea - nigeria, zaire, w. uganda (bwamba). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius, 1910; ann. mus. stor. nat. genova (3) 4 / 44: 516; tl: moca, 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius, 1895; ent. tidskr. 16: 113, f. 1; tl: camerun, yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede, 1915; int. ent. zs. 9 (13): 71; tl: bezirk jaunde, cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var. inocellata gaede, 1915; ent. rundsch. 32: 50; tl: kitumu, s. kenya\nmycalesis (monotrichtis) hintzi strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 110; tl: musake\nmycalesis campides strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze, 1914; ent. rundsch. 31 (9): 49; tl: o - wassa, fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet, 1894; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1894: cclvi; tl: french congo, niari\nmycalesis langi holland, 1920; bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 43 (6): 139, pl. 10, f. 10 (preocc. mycalesis langi de nicéville, 1883); tl: congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann, 1894; j. n. y. ent. soc. 2: 77; tl: piquinini sess, liberia, west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel, 1911; ann. mus. wien. 24: 412, pl. 14, f. 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede, 1915; int. ent. zs. 9 (13): 71; tl: bezirk jaunde, cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland, 1920; bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 43 (6): 140, pl. 7, f. 9; tl: congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 147; tl: alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 148; tl: w. africa, bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 149; tl: spanish guinea, alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e. laman und w. sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921. insecta 12. lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons (1949 - 1950) xxvii. - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr. g. f. scott elliot\ndescription d' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis (lep satyridae) (mission p. l. dekeyser et b. holas au libéria, 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by w. c. hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera, collected by mr. harold cookson, in northern rhodesia, in 1903 and 1904\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr. william bonny on the journey with mr. stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s. bell, of the 2nd west - india regiment, between mansu and the river prah, with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo. being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa. revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr. t. a. barns, in east central africa. new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg (deutch - westafrika) gesammelt von herrn dr. eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo (westafrika). 1. abtheilung: apterygota, odonata, orthoptera saltatoria, lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r. grauernach. zentralafrika. 1909 - 1911. lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr. w. j. ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr. arthur h. neumann, in neumann, a. h. , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara, gesammelt von herrn prof. dr. j. vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g. tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea. lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika. ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb. heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution à l' étude des lépidoptères d' abyssinie (pt. 1, rhopalocères )\nweymer, 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent. ztg 53 (4 - 6): 79 - 125\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "bicyclus cottrelli , the yellow-banded bush brown , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in the democratic republic of the congo , angola , tanzania , zambia , malawi and northern zimbabwe .", "the habitat consists of riparian forests and grassy areas at the margins of forests .", "adults are on wing year round .", "there are distinct seasonal forms . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 8, 11 ] }

[ "bicyclus cottrelli, the yellow-banded bush brown, is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in the democratic republic of the congo, angola, tanzania, zambia, malawi and northern zimbabwe. the habitat consists of riparian forests and grassy areas at the margins of forests. adults are on wing year round. there are distinct seasonal forms." ]

[ "select an image: 1. golden - mantled racquet - tail 2. golden - mantled racquet - tail > > male 3. golden - mantled racquet - tail > > adults in flight 4. golden - mantled racquet - tail > > adult male 5. golden - mantled racquet - tail > > male 6. golden - mantled racquet - tail > > male\ngolden - mantled racket - tail (prioniturus platurus) is a species of bird in the psittaculidae family .\nparrot of the day on twitter :\ngolden - mantled racket - tail, batui, central sulawesi, indonesia # parrototd .\nduanaud\nurltoken\nthe golden - mantled racquet - tailed parrot is commonly active on nights with a full moon .\nurltoken racket - tail. mp3 ] copyright remark: most sounds derived from xeno - canto\nurltoken racket - tail. mp3 ] copyright remark: most sounds derived from xeno - canto\nthe species was formerly considered conspecific with the blue - crowned racket - tail. [ 3 ]\nthe buru racket - tail, also known as the buru racket - tail (prioniturus mada), is a monotypic species of parrot in the psittacidae family. it is endemic to forest on the island of buru, one of the maluku islands of indonesia .\nthe blue - headed racket - tail (prioniturus platenae), also known as the palawan racket - tail and locally as kinawihan, [ 2 ] is a parrot found in the western philippines around palawan. it inhabits humid lowland forest in small flocks. it is threatened by habitat destruction and limited trapping for the cage - bird trade .\ncollar, n. & boesman, p. (2018). golden - mantled racquet - tail (prioniturus platurus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthe buru racket - tail is a mainly green parrot about 32 cm (12. 5 inches) long. the beak is blackish and lighter at the base, and the long undertail - coverts are yellow. the adult male has blue upper - parts from the back of its head to mid - back and which extends into the upper surfaces of the forewings. the female has a small area of blue on the nape. juveniles do not have racket - shaped tail feathers. the male juvenile has a little blue on the nape and the female juvenile has all - green upper - parts .\nnewton' s parakeet was 40 cm (16 in) long, about half of the length being the length of its tail feathers .\ncites lexicon of parrots internet bird collection birdlife international parrots: a guide to parrots of the world, juniper and parr, 1998 ml media collection catalogue 33028, golden - mantled racquet - tailed parrot prioniturus platurus, van den berg, arnoud, sulawesi tengah, indonesia, aug. 20 1984, cornell lab of ornithology. site parrots of the world, forshaw, 2006. 2010 edition parrots in aviculture, low, 1992 .\nthe rosy - faced lovebird is a fairly small bird, 17–18 cm long with an average wing length of 106 mm and tail length of 44–52 mm .\nthe blue - headed racket - tail is 27–28 cm long. the plumage is green with a bright, light blue head, blue underwings (except for green coverts) and, in the male, a bluish breast. the beak is bluish gray and iris is yellowish. [ 4 ] the species utters a variety of raucuous sqawks with the occasional musical phrase. [ 1 ]\np. p. platurus: as in female but no bare tail shafts. p. p. talautensis: as in platurus but paler green. p. p. sinerubris: undescribed .\ngreen parrot with racquet - like tail extensions. whitish - grey bill. bright green head, with bright blue crown. male has large red spot in centre of crown. rest of body yellowish - green, darkest on wings, with bluish wash to inner and outer webs of all primaries. outer tail feathers tipped black and tail spatules also blackish. similar spp. possibly confusable with tanygnathus parrots, but smaller, appearing shorter - tailed (except for racquets which can be difficult to see) and has pale (not red) bill (female t sumatranus has white bill also but bill is much larger) .\np. w. waterstradti: both adults - pale blue forehead to lores and beneath eyes; upperparts washed with brown; low back green / brown; belly olive / green; middle tail feathers green, “racquets” black, side tail feathers green tipped with black. bill blue / grey. eye dark brown. p. w. malindangensis: both adults - blue on forehead and beneath eye paler; less brown on back .\ndeforestation is considered the worst threat. on palawan, deforestation has been rapid due to large mining and logging operations. mining for chromite on palawan (and surrounding islands) has contributed majorly to habitat destruction in the area. illegal logging seems to prevalent in southern palawan, further putting the blue - headed racket - tail at risk. capture for the illegal exotic pet trade has a minor impact, as it is usually only captured and sold locally, with very few shipments going out of the palawan area. most of the time, the birds die quickly in captivity. [ 5 ]\nthe sri lanka hanging parrot is a small, mainly green hanging parrot, only 13 cm long with a short tail. the adult has a red crown and rump. the nape and back have on orange tint. the chin and throat are pale blue. the beak is red and the irises are white. [ 2 ]\np. p. platurus: male - back of crown is a pink / red spot, bordered by dull blue / grey patch reaching to nape; orange / yellow stripe across mantle; lower mantle blue / grey and upper wing coverts dull grey. pale yellow margins on inner webs of secondary feathers; green centre tail feathers, the “racquets” black washed with blue, side tail feathers green banded with black near the end. bill dark grey, paler at base. eye dark brown. female - crown all green; mantle green, orange / yellow band absent; upper wing coverts green with varying grey wash. p. p. talautensis: male - in general paler; less grey mantle and upper wing coverts; more evident pink / red spot on hindcrown with more blue patch. female - as in platurus, but paler green. p. p. sinerubris: male - pink / red spot absent from hindcrown; mantle and upper wing coverts green, lightly washed with grey; bend of wing and lesser wing coverts suffused with purple; smaller in size .\none can come across forest floor and understorey specialists throughout the reserve. the most repetitive song must surely belong to mountain tailorbird orthotomus cuculatus which is a low - level skulker, whilst the peculiar chestnut - backed bush warbler bradypterus castaneus behaves more like a mouse than a bird, running around on the forest floor with its tail cocked – rawa paya is a good area to see these species. another target species for many birders is scaly kingfisher actenoides princeps, endemic to montane forest throughout sulawesi and particularly easy to see at ambang in the less disturbed areas of forest .\nthe cebu hanging parrot (loriculus philippensis chrysonotus) is a subspecies of the philippine hanging parrot found only on the island of cebu, philippines. this subspecies was generally believed to be extinct [ 1 ] until an expedition led by the department of environment and natural resources (cebu) claimed to have seen and captured a tiny bird in thick foliage in the remote part of central cebu. the bird has a distinctive scarlet tail with faint patches of red on its head. the bird measures 14 cm (5. 5 in) long with a wingspan of 18 cm (7 in) .\nthe rose - ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. the adult male sports a red or black neck ring and the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow - like pale to dark grey neck rings. both sexes have a distinctive green colour. rose - ringed parakeets measure on average 40 cm (16 in) in length, including the tail feathers, a large portion of their total length. their average single - wing length is about 15–17. 5 cm (5. 9–6. 9 in). in the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call. it is herbivorous and not migratory .\nthe indonesian island of sulawesi, lying at the heart of wallacea, is famous for its unique array of species: at least 88 bird species are found nowhere else in the world. the majority of these endemics are restricted to the island’s montane areas and has become familiar to birdwatchers visiting the impressive lore lindu national park in central sulawesi (1 - 3). however, away from lore lindu, many mountain ranges remain little explored .\na chain of mountains runs along almost the entire length of the northern peninsula of sulawesi. in the west this forms the tentolo - matinan range and reaches heights of over 2, 000 m, whilst to the east the huge bogani nani wartabone (dumoga bone) national park includes extensive areas of montane forest. the only recent surveys of these mountains revealed a diverse avifauna with many exciting endemics (4) .\naccess and accommodation the reserve is under the administration of the national park office in kotamobagu and birders must obtain permits from here; the office is out of town in mongkonai (get a mikrolet – blue minibus) on jalan akd, telephone 0434 - 22548. kotamobagu is served by buses from manado (where there is an airport with international and domestic flights) and gorontalo (for people arriving from palu / lore lindu) .\nbirders visiting ambang will have to be accompanied by a ranger – not only is this advisable given the area’s remoteness, but rangers can also assist with language and organising food / accommodation close to the site. daily rates are usually between us $ 3 and us $ 5. these rangers are used to the demands of birders – such as early starts – and know their birds; check at the park office .\naccess to the best birding areas is from the village of singsingon, located at a chilly 1000 m. the village can be reached by a crowded public bus – one hour – from the centre of kotamobagu or alternatively one can charter a bus direct to the village for a more comfortable ride; expect to pay about us $ 5. ask the park office for help .\nthere is no official accommodation in singsingon but visiting birders can stay in the nature reserve guard post at the edge of the village. the post has running water and electricity, but no beds (at november 1999) and visitors need to bring camping mats or similar. accommodation can also be sought in singsingon village with a local family – contact yulius domingus (yus) the local park guard. there are some food stalls operating at night, but for us $ 2 or us $ 3 per person per day yus can arrange for food to be prepared for you. this will be simple – rice and fish – so it’s a good idea to shop in kotamobagu .\nthe footpath to the reserve winds gently uphill from close to the singsingon guard post, passing first through agricultural land and scrub, then selectively logged forest before reaching relatively undisturbed forest after some four km. ambang is an easy site to visit: there are no steep hills and the paths through the forest are well - marked .\nbirds undoubtedly the main attraction of a visit to ambang is the chance to see cinnabar hawk owl. this species was recently described from a specimen collected in dumoga bone in 1985 (4, 5) and the wcs team mist - netted a single bird in november 1999. the owl may be endemic to north sulawesi as it has not been recorded at the relatively well - watched lore lindu national park. it was caught in forest at 1400 m at rawa paya, otherwise information is scarce, partly because the calls of the species are not known. searches for the owl should be focused around the rawa paya area, along the main footpath through the reserve. the wcs team also recorded speckled hawk owl ninox punctulata in this area so care should be taken in distinguishing these two species .\nother night birds were recorded in scrub and cultivated areas. early morning departures for the forest usually produce sulawesi owl tyto rosenbergii and great eared nightjar eurostopodus macrotis around singsingon, whilst sulawesi scops owl otus manadensis is found in scrub and along the forest edge .\nthe second speciality of ambang is the little - known matinan flycatcher, a species endemic to montane forest in north sulawesi. the species is elusive but occurs in both logged and primary forest, and in november 1999 a nest site was found on the edge of the main footpath close to the forest / scrub boundary. flycatchers were noted in mixed - species flocks, generally in the forest mid - storey, and are confusingly similar to both the common sulphur - bellied whistler pachycephala sulfuriventer and sulawesi babbler trichastoma celebense. a useful distinction is the flycatchers’ habit of perching motionless for periods before snatching for food items .\nother flycatcher species at ambang are easier to find. they include the noisy, inquisitive citrine canary flycatcher culicicapa helianthea which is common throughout the reserve, snowy - browed flycatcher ficedula hyperythra and little pied flycatcher f. westermanni, both represented by endemic races and common in the forest understorey, whilst island flycatcher eumyias panayensis is most often seen in tree canopies in more open areas .\ncitrine canary flycatcher also joins mixed flocks associating with streaky - headed white - eye lophozosterops squamiceps, crimson - crowned flowerpecker dicaeum nehrkorni, cerulean cuckooshrike coracina temminckii, and sulawesi leaf warbler phylloscopus sarasinorum. all these species are endemic and the passage of a flock can surround one with birds for up to an hour and leave one confused with identification problems for the next .\nthe forest edge and adjacent agricultural land is the best area to search for raptors and the walk back to singsingon usually produces two or three species. wcs recorded black eagleictinaetus malayensis, barred honey - buzzard pernis celebensis, and the migrant grey - faced buzzard butastur indicus among eight species of raptor at ambang .\nmammals in addition to a wealth of montane bird endemics, several mammal species can be seen at ambang, despite populations in the reserve suffering from high hunting pressure. visitors are most likely to see crested black macaque macaca nigra, although monkeys are very wary at ambang because of hunting and, consequently, are found in more remote areas of the reserve. the nocturnal spectral tarsier tarsius spectrum is frequently seen at the forest edge in the early mornings, but other species, including sulawesi pig sus celebensis, anoa bubalus depressicornis / b. quarelsi, bear cuscus ailurops ursinus and sulawesi dwarf cuscus stigocuscus celebensis, are rare and visitors will need luck to see any of these species. spotlighting for owls can produce lots of forest rats – all indigenous species are endemic to the island – but these represent a real identification challenge !\nnotes hunting is rife at ambang and care should be taken to avoid the numerous traps set throughout the forest. the majority are set to catch small mammals and should cause nothing but an inconvenience, but if you do come across any traps ask the rangers to destroy them .\nwildlife conservation society – indonesia program in sulawesi is undertaking the first large - scale inventory of all sulawesi’s protected areas. any birdwatchers visiting the island should feel free to contact the author for advice and assistance. similarly i would be most interested to receive any observation notes and records from gunung ambang and elsewhere on sulawesi .\non behalf of wcs - ip, sulawesi, i would like to thank natural resource management (nrm / epiq), a program supported by usaid, for their funding of our fieldwork .\nekstrom, j. , tobias, j, and robinson - dean, j. (1998) forests at the edge of the lore lindu national park, central sulawesi. obc bull. 28: 37 - 39 .\ngibbs, d. (1990) birdwatching areas: lore lindu national park, sulawesi, indonesia. obc bull. 11: 24 - 26 .\njepson, p. and ounstead, r. (eds .) (1997) birding indonesia: a bird - watcher’s guide to the world’s largest archipelago. singapore, periplus editions .\nrozendaal, f. g. and dekker r. w. r. j. (1989) an annotated checklist of the birds of dumoga - bone national park, north sulawesi. kukila 4: 85 - 109 .\nrasmussen, p. c. (1999) a new species of hawk - owl ninox from north sulawesi, indonesia. wilson bull. 111: 457 - 464 .\noriental bird club, uk registered charity 297242, is for people around the world who are interested in birds of the oriental region and their conservation .\nour website uses cookies to improve your experience. please visit our page about cookies for more information about cookies and how we use them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world, many available for wpt members only .\ndistinctive from other racquet - tails; musical, slurred and moderately high - pitched whistling notes; some calls harsh and nasal .\nwalk - in enclosure, minimum length 3m (9. 8 ft) .\nfruit such as: apple, pear, orange, cactus fruits, pomegranate; forming about 30% of the diet; vegetables such as: carrot, celery, green peas and beans; fresh corn, green leaves such as: swiss chard, lettuce, sowthistle, dandelion, chickweed; spray millet; small seed mix such as: millet, canary and smaller amounts of safflower, buckwheat and a little hemp; soaked or sprouted sunflower seed; cooked beans and pulses, limited cubes of cheese, complete pellet .\nfresh bird - safe, unsprayed fir, flowering, elder, pine or willow branches and other bird - safe chewables (vegetable tanned leather toys, heat sterilized pine cones) .\nevidence of small decline in population; talautensis less secure, platurus and sinerubris more secure .\np. p. platurus: sulawesi, including siau, lembeh, dodepo, muna and butung islands and togian and banggai islands. p. p. talautensis: karakelong and salebabu, taulaud islands. p. p. sinerubris: taliabu and mangole, sula islands .\nfound in humid forest edge, woodlands, orchards and moss forest from the lowlands up to 2000m (6560 ft) .\nfound in small, noisy groups of up to 20; heard before seen; occasionally forms large flocks of several hundred birds. shy while feeding and easily overlooked. travels widely in search of fruiting trees .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research, seminars and podcasts, specialists to ask your toughest questions, and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member. join today > >\n↑ contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | © 2018 world parrot trust. all rights reserved. | design: david occhino design\nmay form a species - pair with p. mada. three subspecies recognized .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1898 – talaud is (karakelong, salebabu) .\n( vieillot, 1818) – sulawesi and associated islands (siau, lembeh, dodepo, togian is, banggai is, muna, butung) .\n28 cm. bill pale greyish; green on head with red spot on hindcrown bordered behind by larger lilac patch; dull orange lateral stripe across mantle; rest of mantle, back and ...\ncommonest vocalization a rolling screechy disyllabic “curleek”. when perched, also several rather ...\nlowland rain forest up to elfin moss forest at 3000 m; perhaps most numerous at 1800–2000 m... .\nsmall fruits and seeds taken in interior of forest from substage to lower canopy; fond of cultivated mangoes and reported to visit ripening ...\nno regular movements recorded, but birds move daily over large distances in search of food .\nnot globally threatened. cites ii. a birdlife “restricted - range” species. common, occurring in small parties throughout sulawesi. may have declined mid - century on muna and ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies, here treated as families (strigopidae, cacatuidae, psittacidae); same study split psittacidae, as here defined, into three families, with additional recognition of psittrichasidae (psittrichas to coracopsis, below) and psittaculidae (psephotus to micropsitta, below); in present work, separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support. in the past, present family was often split into two, with recognition of family loriidae; at the other extreme, it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 394, 722 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\npreviously published on avocet as av5542. certainty: 100% . id determined by: not specifically indicated; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question. gps: estimate from google earth. recorded august 19 - 21, 1996\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common (del hoyo et al. 1997). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser. reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in. please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers. please do leave them untouched. otherwise your message will be regarded as spam. we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary. the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer, click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser. once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer, they are available from everywhere .\nunique: the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet. see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life. real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word (“newspaper”), a word combination (“exciting trip”) or a phrase (“with all good wishes”) into the search box. the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples, which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts, which we have found for you on the internet, directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword. usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades. in addition, the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources. so, now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts. you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german? ” and so, you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe “examples from the internet” do, in fact, come from the internet. we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes. the main sources we used are professionally translated company, and academic, websites. in addition, we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union. because of the overwhelming data volume, it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents. so, we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation. this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations. in addition, we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs. we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications (mobile website, apps) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\na different wild parrot species every day, parrot ecology, science and more. visit our shop: 10% of sales to parrot conservation\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na pair playing in open mix garden (some 3 meters above the ground) very close to the major road, nearby batui river .\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps. you can also have your visited countries map on your site. if you see this message, you need to upgrade your flash player .\nphotos: mike (madbirder) nelson - birdtour asia, ulcia. tr, salvatorechamu, burungindonesia, hisao komori urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nforshaw, joseph m. ; cooper, william t. (1981) [ 1973, 1978 ] .\n( corrected second ed .). david & charles, newton abbot, london. p. 324 .\nthis page was last edited on 1 february 2018, at 02: 23 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nmelidectes ochromelas, cinnamon - browed honeyeater, melidektes alis - coklat the cinnamon - browed melidectes (melidectes ochromelas), also known as the cinnamon - browed honeyeater, is a species of bird in the meliphagidae family. it is found in west papua, indonesia and papua new guinea. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .\nthe sri lanka hanging parrot (loriculus beryllinus) is a small parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in sri lanka .\nimmature birds lack the orange hue to the back, have a duller rump, and have only a hint of orange on the crown. they have a faint blue throat. they have orange beaks and brown irises. [ 2 ]\nsri lanka hanging parrot is less gregarious than some of its relatives, and is usually alone or in small groups outside the breeding season. its flight is swift and direct, and the call is a sharp whistled twiwittwit. . twitwitwit. it undergoes local movements, driven mainly by the availability of the fruit, seeds, buds and blossoms that make up its diet .\nsri lanka hanging parrot is a bird of open forest. it is strictly arboreal, never descending to the ground. it nests in holes in trees, laying 2–3 eggs .\nin sri lanka, this bird is known as gira maliththa - ගිරාමලිත්තා or pol girwa - පොල් ගිරවා in sinhala language. [ 3 ] hanging parrot appears in a 15c sri lankan postal stamp, [ 4 ] also this bird appears in 1000 sri lankan rupee bank note (2010 series). [ 5 ]\nthis page was last edited on 28 may 2018, at 10: 48 .\none of only two known depictions of living psittacula exsul by jossigny from c. 1770, the other was also produced by him\n, who gave the first testimony of the bird. the last living bird was seen in 1875. only two complete specimens and various\nonly two complete specimens, one male and one female, survive and they are both in the cambridge university museum .\nmr vandorous shot the male specimen in 1875, which is thought to be a juvenile from its beak colouration and from the lack of a red patch on the shoulder of its wings .\nspecies, and it had the black collar characteristic of its genus; however, it differed by its slate blue, not green, plumage .\nthe specimens show it had a yellow iris, was a darker grey blue on its upper surfaces than lower surfaces, and the male had a dark line on its face running from its cere to its eyes, which was less prominent in the female .\nthe female had a greyer head, and the females black collar was not so prominent as the male' s, and did not extend to the back of the neck .\nearly travellers reported parrots having a red patch on the shoulders of their wings, a feature which in not seen on either of the two surviving complete specimens, leading to speculation the male specimen is in juvenile plumage .\nthe early reports suggest that green birds also existed; whether there were two color morphs, or the green coloration was borne by recently - fledged birds, or whether at one time a short - lived colony of a related green species existed on rodrigues cannot now be determined .\nhe said that the parrot was abundant and reported that they ate mainly on the nuts of an olive - like tree .\nhe said that they were good to eat and able to imitate speech. one was tamed by them spoke\nreceived a live specimen in the 1770s, of which jossigny made two illustrations, which are the only ones known drawn from a live specimen .\nthe species' extinction was presumably caused by a combination of habitat loss and hunting .\nbirdlife international (2008). psittacula exsul. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 1 nov 2008 .\nfuller, errol (1987), extinct birds, penguin books (england), pp. 143–4, isbn [ [ special: booksources / 0 - 670 - 81797 - 2 | 0 - 670 - 81797 - 2 ] ]\nleguat, françois (1891), the voyage of françois leguat of bresse, to rodriguez, mauritius, java, and the cape of good hope. 2 volumes. , edited and annotated by samuel pasfield oliver, london: hakluyt society\n. transcribed from the first 1708 english translation. internet archive has several files including :\nthis entry is from wikipedia, the leading user - contributed encyclopedia. it may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer )\nune fenêtre (pop - into) d' information (contenu principal de sensagent) est invoquée un double - clic sur n' importe quel mot de votre page web. la fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c' est - à - dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre français sont: ○ anagrammes ○ jokers, mots - croisés ○ lettris ○ boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris. chaque lettre qui apparaît descend; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée .\nil s' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs! jouer\nla plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (tid). l' encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence wikipedia (gnu) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme, mot - croisé, joker, lettris et boggle sont proposés par memodata. le service web alexandria est motorisé par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2016 sensagent: encyclopédie en ligne, thesaurus, dictionnaire de définitions et plus. tous droits réservés .\nles cookies nous aident à fournir les services. en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site, vous acceptez l' utilisation de ces cookies. en savoir plus\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nthe rosy - faced lovebird (agapornis roseicollis), also known as the peach - faced lovebird, is a species of lovebird native to arid regions in southwestern africa such as the namib desert. a loud and constant chirper, these birds are very social animals and often congregate in small groups in the wild. they eat throughout the day and take frequent baths. coloration can vary widely among populations. plumage is identical in males and females. lovebirds are renowned for their sleep position in which they sit side - by - side and turn their faces in towards each other. also, females are well noted to tear raw materials into long strips ,\ntwisty - tie\nthem onto their backs, and fly distances back to make a nest .\nthey are common in the pet industry, although lovebirds are often not hand - raised .\nit was described by the french ornithologist louis jean pierre vieillot in 1818. it was originally named psittacus roseicollis but later moved to the genus agapornis with the other lovebirds .\nwild birds are mostly green with a blue rump. the face and throat are pink, darkest on the forehead and above the eye. the bill is horn coloured, the iris is brown and the legs and feet are grey. the pink of the\njuvenile birds have a pale pink face and throat, a greenish fore crown and crown, and the beak has a brownish base .\nit inhabits dry, open country in southwest africa. its range extends from southwest angola across most of namibia to the lower orange river valley in northwest south africa. it lives up to 1, 600 metres above sea - level in broad - leaved woodland, semi - desert, and mountainous areas. it is dependent on the presence of water sources and gathers around pools to drink .\nwhere they live in a variety of habitats, both urban and rural. some dwell in cacti and others have been known to frequent feeders in decent sized flocks .\npopulations have been reduced in some areas by trapping for the pet trade. however numbers may have increased in other parts due to human creation of new water sources and the building of artificial structures which provide new nesting sites. because of this the species is classed as\nthe diet mainly consists of seeds and berries. when food is plentiful, it may gather in flocks containing hundreds of birds. it can sometimes be a pest in agricultural areas feeding on crops such as millet .\nfinding a pair of these birds for breeding is not easy because their sex is not easily determined. the sex can be determined by the distance between the\n. man - made structures such as the roofs of houses may also be used. 4 - 6\nare laid between february and april. they are dull white and measure 23. 5 mm by 17. 3 mm. they are incubated for about 23 days. the young birds\nrosy - faced lovebirds are one of the more common parrots kept in captivity, because of their small size and ease of care and breeding. the birds are kept alone or in pairs, though they' re often aggressive, and tend to bond towards one individual, be it human or avian, and may not get on well with other people or pets. two lovebirds may not always get along, and may have to be separated .\nrosy - faced lovebirds have the widest range of colour mutations of all the agapornis species. generally speaking, these mutations fall into the genetic categories of dominant, codominant, recessive, and x - linked recessive. while this seems fairly straightforward, it can quickly become confusing when a single specimen has multiple examples of these mutational traits .\nmclachlan g. r. & liversidge, r. (1981) roberts birds of south africa, john voelcker bird book fund, cape town. isbn 0 - 620 - 03118 - 2\nluft, stefan | luft, stefan (2007): parrots of africa (1st edition). halberstadt, germany. isbn 978 - 3 - 8334 - 8445 - 2\nforshaw, joseph m. (2006). parrots of the world; an identification guide. illustrated by frank knight. princeton university press. isbn 0 - 691 - 09251 - 6 .\nafrican love bird society an international organization dedicated to the keeping, breeding, and showing of love birds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be generally rather scarce to fairly common (del hoyo et al. 1997) .\nsubspecies and distribution: * simplex (a. b. meyer, 1874) - vogelkop (nw new guinea). * buergersi neumann, 1922 - snow mts e to owen stanley range, new guinea .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nblue - crowned hanging parrots are mostly green and the adults have black beaks. adult males have a blue crown, red throat, red rump, and a yellow lower back. adult females are duller than males and lack the yellow lower back, usually lack the red throat, and the blue crown is much less noticeable. the juvenile is duller than the female, and has a grey forehead and horn - coloured beak .\nblue - crowned hanging parrots nest in tree cavities. here' s a short video of a female exploring a cavity -\nthere are usually three eggs in a clutch. the female incubates the eggs for 20 days and the chicks leave the nest about 33 days from hatching .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 29 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nrarest bird in the world: the cone - billed tanager, the mystery .\natlapetes blancae, 8 years later, still not found. wish or species ?\noriental region: mindanao, philippines. prioniturus waterstradti is endemic to mindanao, philippines, where it is known from nine montane localities, as follows: mt hilong - hilong; mt mayo; anakan and civolig near gingoog city; mt kitanglad; mt apo; mt matutum; lake sebu; and mt malindang .\nit inhabits humid montane forest at 820 - 2, 700 m, but it has been recorded as low as 450 m .\nit occurs in groups of 2 - 10 individuals and apparently undertakes daily altitudinal migrations .\nthe rose - ringed parakeet (psittacula krameri), also known as the ring - necked parakeet, is a gregarious tropical afro - asian parakeet species that has an extremely large range .\none of the few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in disturbed habitats, it has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation. as a popular pet species, escaped birds have colonised a number of cities around the world. since the population appears to be increasing, the species was evaluated as being of least concern by the iucn in 2012, but its popularity as a pet and unpopularity with farmers have both reduced its numbers in some parts of its native range. [ 1 ]\n, and other western countries, it is often referred to as the indian ringneck parrot .\na phylogenetic analysis using dna (see psittacula) showed that the mauritius parakeet (psittacula echo) is closely related to this species, and probably needs to be placed between the african and asian subspecies. consequently, this species is paraphyletic .\nin the wild, rose - ringed parakeets usually feed on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries, and seeds. wild flocks also fly several miles to forage in farmlands and orchards, causing extensive damage." ]

{ "text": [ "the golden-mantled racket-tail ( prioniturus platurus ) is a species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .", "it is endemic to indonesia .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests up to an altitude of about 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 24 ] }

[ "the golden-mantled racket-tail (prioniturus platurus) is a species of parrot in the family psittaculidae. it is endemic to indonesia. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests up to an altitude of about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)." ]

[ "what type of species is thecacera pacifica? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the thecacera pacifica species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of thecacera pacifica species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species thecacera pacifica .\nhow to identify thecacera pacifica marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species thecacera pacifica. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species thecacera pacifica are marked in green .\nthecacera pacifica from christmas island from: w. b. rudman, april 30, 2002\nthecacera pacifica from christmas island from: w. b. rudman, april 27, 2002\nwhere is thecacera pacifica found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species thecacera pacifica can be found .\nthough it’s formally called thecacera pacifica, this marine creature has now become more commonly known by its nickname – the ‘pikachu sea slug. ’\npikachu nudibranch (thecacera pacifica) from polyceridae family. juvenile, profile, focused on the rhynophore, brown background. underwater shot taken in amed, bali, indonesia .\np i k a c h u nudibranch (thecacera pacifica) anilao, ... by irwin ang | underwater life (nudibranchia) | pinterest | underwater photos, underwater and underw…\nscientists have long known about the existence of thecacera pacifica, but the sea slug’s popularity has been reignited after it was featured on a television segment by japanese teacher - celebrity osamu hayashi, according to rocketnews24 .\ndear parvita, i' m afraid i am not an expert on japanese monsters so can' t comment on its likeness to pikachu. its name is thecacera pacifica. there are not many records of this species so yours is a welcome addition best wishes bill rudman\ncitation :\npacific thecaceras, thecacera pacifica ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed wednesday, july 11, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\na. kaloplocamus peludo. fly point, 11 september, 2014. b. tambja victoriae. fly point, 20 february, 2010. c. polycera risbeci. pipeline, 23 november, 2014. d. thecacera pacifica. fly point, 6 december, 2014. photos: a, tom davis; b, roxanne streatfeild; c, david harasti; d, meryl larkin\nthe team determined the cephalopod was a stubby squid — also known as rossia pacifica — which is closely related to cuttlefish, according to a description of the video posted by the team that captured the footage .\nresearch thecacera pacifica » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nif you ever wanted to meet a live pikachu, you might have a hard time finding one. however, there is a creature on this earth that kind of looks like one. that creature’s name is thecacera pacifica and it is a species of a sea slug. these little critters can be found in the indian ocean from african coast to indonesia and vanuatu. their vibrant orange and blue colors look gorgeous, making it look like some sort of anemone. also, as you might have guessed from the striking colors of the sea slug, just like most of anemones, this creature is very toxic. thus, keeping it as a pet isn’t an option .\napparently this species is known to bare a striking resemblance to the lovable pokemon character .\nfor that reason, i’m now kicking off the freaky featured creature special with this little nudi. he’s already in costume for pete’s sake! and i have a fond attachment to pikachu; i even went to a costume party dressed up like him once :\ncarly brooke is the animal - obsessed founder and author of the award - winning animal website, the featured creature. com, where little - known species become known .\ni have a confession: i love animals. join me and the rest of the featured creature community as we learn about the weirdest, coolest, and craziest animals out there. including your dog, mr. scrufflebutt (if you submit him !) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nam c132433, 25 mm long alive. 17 october 1981, underneath loose rock, 12 m, christmas is. , indian ocean. photo: john hicks\nreference: • bergh, r. (1883). beitr├ąge zu einer monographie der polyceraden. verhandlungen der koniglich - kaiserlich zoologische - botanischen gesellschaft in wein (abhundlungen), 33: 135 - 180, pls 6 - 10\ndear bill, during my dive around the komodo island, indonesia, my eyes caught this cute nudibranch. there was no current. i thought this nudibranch looked like pikachu, the japanese pocket monster character: -) which species does this belong to ?\nsite: pink beach, komodo island date: 22 august 2003 depth: 12 meters size: 1. 5 to 2 cm\nsiregar, p. , 2003 (dec 20) pikachu was inspired by this? .\nrudman, w. b. , 2003 (dec 20). comment on pikachu was inspired by this? by parvita siregar .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a translucent - orange animal decorated with black bands shading into electric - blue and white .\nis known from only a few animals found along the leeward coast at 8 - 18 m (25 - 60 ft). some were crawling on sand, others on debris or\n. it has also been found in a moderately protected rocky habitat on the kona coast of the big island at 3 - 6 m (10 - 20 ft) .\nbig island and maui: widely distributed in the indo - pacific; also recorded from the gulf of mexico .\nfirst recorded in hawaii from kihei, maui by andy schwanke on mar. 24, 2004 .\npf: st. anthony wreck, maui; sept. 2, 2006 .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\nis characterized by its orange body, its extrabranchial processes, extrarhinophoral processes and the' tail' are white tipped diffusing into blue then into a black band. the rhinophores are orange with a black apex, the gills have a black line along the outside .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbergh, l. s. r. 1883 ,\nbeiträge zu einer monographie der polyceraden\n, verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien, vol. 33, pp. 135 - 180, pls 6 - 10\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7fcf778d - 57b4 - 42c3 - b88d - 2454d0176bd3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c8e11b70 - eaea - 40b2 - 92b0 - f795952542da\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d7338eb2 - 582c - 4a1e - a6aa - 4f47dd949c1c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 508202\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis species is unmistakeable, bright orange to yellow in colour with blue tips to the partial rhinophore sheaths, gills processes and tail .\nall specimens found on books and internet apparently had the\nnormal unstriped colour pattern\n, corresponded to berg description... ours specimens from mayotte had\nbergh, r. (1883). beiträge zu einer monographie der polyceraden. verhandlungen der koniglich - kaiserlich zoologische - botanischen gesellschaft in wein (abhundlungen), 33: 135 - 180, pls 6 - 10 macnae, w. (1958) the families polyceridae and goniodorididae (mollusca, nudibranchiata) in southern africa. transactions of the royal society, south africa, 35 (4): 341 - 372. (pls. 17 - 18 )\nif you have taken a photo of this species in reunion, mauritius or mayotte islands, please contact us ...\n). the southward flow of the east australian current (eac) brings warm water from tropical latitudes to the tasman sea (booth et al. ,\n). in this area, southward shifts in distribution are anticipated for many marine organisms (przeslawski et al. ,\n), and host anemones and their complement of commensal crustaceans (scott et al. ,\n) and as a result of range shifts due to warming conditions. those changes resulting from warming seas have important implications for marine conservation management particularly for species with a very restricted range (o’hara\n). the occurrence and distribution of sea slugs is also well known, however to record range extensions reliably, it is imperative that observations of any taxa not previously recorded in an area are thoroughly documented .\nthe port stephens–great lakes marine park encompasses 98, 000 ha of coastal and shelf waters between cape hawke and birubi beach, incorporating the extensive port stephens embayment (fig .\n). being close to newcastle, the second largest city in nsw, and with easy access for scuba divers and watercraft, the biotic and abiotic aspects of port stephens have been well studied (e. g. harasti et al. ,\nmany sea slug species of tropical origin are regularly observed in port stephens where conditions are conducive for the settlement of veliger larvae that may have travelled considerable distance on the eac. in this paper, observations of 12 sea slug species are recorded at significant distances (at least 300 km) south of their previously reported southern limit. coastal lagoons and estuaries provide sheltered locations for successful settlement and growth of more tropically adapted marine organisms (willan et al. ,\n) and accessible, safe diving conditions. these factors, combined with the increasing popularity of diving - based citizen science activities in the region (e. g. smith & edgar ,\nprogram) increase the likelihood that additional species will not only occur in the region, but also that they have a reasonable probability of being found .\nport stephens is a large, drowned river valley fed by two major, eastward - flowing rivers, the karuah and the myall, and comprises two basins that exhibit differences in substrate and hydrodynamics. the marine - influenced eastern basin is characterised by a complex of channels and shoals formed by the influence of strong tidal flows (vila - concejo et al. ,\n). a narrow entrance and elevated shoreline to the south - east provide considerable protection from the effects of strong southerly winds and large ocean swells. the tidal range in the sheltered port is approximately 1. 4 m (creese & wales ,\n). these organisms, in turn, provide food and habitat for a diverse assemblage of sea slugs. several popular shore - dive sites, noted for their diverse invertebrate life and opportunities for macro - photography, are located on the southern shoreline of the eastern basin, centered around nelson bay (32°42′54″s 152°9′01″e) (fig .\n). ‘seahorse gardens’ is 900 m east of the ‘pipeline’ and supports octocoral colonies situated in sandy substrate with sponges located in deeper areas (harasti et al. ,\n). ‘fly point’ lies to the east of ‘seahorse gardens’ within a sanctuary (no take) zone that has been protected since 1983. situated on a prominent point, this site has complex topography including a series of substantial ledges at various depths. while many habitats are similar to those at ‘pipeline’, there are extensive areas of large sponges in the deeper sections (to 24 m) (coleman and marsh\n). ‘little beach’ is 450 m east of ‘fly point’ and comprises sandy substrate interspersed with seagrasses, sponges and gorgonians (harasti et al. ,\nobservations of sea slugs were made between 2009 and 2015 using scuba at the four dive sites. many observations were made during recreational diving activities, as incidental sightings whilst undertaking other research or as part of broader research projects carried out by trd and ml. other observations were made as part of a southern cross university (scu) / combined hunter underwater research group (chug) citizen - science project to document the diversity of sea slugs at three - monthly intervals over a two - year period (the sea slug census) .\nrecords of all species of sea slugs were collated from the authors’ databases as well as from extensive photographic material from key underwater photographers. species observations that had been reported online (in nudi pixel or the sea slug forum) were considered as published observations .\n) from specimens found off kurosaki and hayama in sagami bay, japan. baba expressed doubts about that generic location in correspondence with rcw. it was recently transferred into the genus\n). it is distinguished by the presence of numerous scattered white spots and areas of opaque white marks containing smaller yellow lines and spots that form a line across the head and transversely across the mid - notum, and a patch on the tail (gosliner et al. ,\n). an observation of a 15 mm specimen at 8 m depth on 14 february, 2015 at ‘fly point’ (fig .\n) extends the east coast range for this species by 2, 246 km to central nsw .\na. philinopsis orientalis. fly point, 14 february, 2015. b. jorunna ramicola. pipeline, 30 november, 2013. c. thordisa tahala. little beach, 15 january, 2015. d. marionia pustulosa. seahorse gardens, 7 march, 2015. photos: a, matt doyle; b, c, tom davis; d, kristine o’keefe\nare notoriously difficult to identify morphologically). as with many discodorids, this species exhibits protective resemblance (behrens et al. ,\n) and is thus well camouflaged. in australia, this species has been recorded several times from subtropical qld and northern nsw (table\n). prior to our observation of a 12 mm individual at 6 m depth from the ‘pipeline’ on 30 november, 2013 (fig .\n), indicating a wide indo - pacific distribution (gosliner et al. ,\n). this observation on 22 january, 2015 of a 60 mm specimen (fig .\n) at 8 m depth, at night, from ‘little beach’ extends the east coast range for this species by 480 km .\nis a moderately large sea slug which, when amongst its host octocoral, is camouflaged using a complex pattern of reticulated lines, various muted colours and many elevated papillae on its dorsum, oral veil and rhinophoral sheaths. this dendronotid nudibranch appears endemic to australia and was first described by odhner from a specimen sourced from port curtis, qld, in 1929 and later redescribed by thompson (\n) using a live specimen found in moreton bay, qld, in 1972. it has been recorded from dampier, wa, noosa, qld (coleman ,\n). this species was photographed by carol buchanan in nelson bay in march 1988 and again in march 1996; however, these observations remained unpublished. those earlier observations, and another of a 35 mm specimen (fig .\nis recognised by its orange body with blue and yellow cerata (gosliner et al. ,\n). it is rather difficult to see underwater, but is assumed to be quite common. on 8 december, 2013 a 5 mm specimen was observed at ‘little beach’ on rocky reef at 8 m deep (fig .\na. trinchesia ornata. little beach, 8 december, 2013. b. trinchesia puellula. little beach, 11 september, 2013. c. facelina rhodopos. little beach, 15 december, 2014. d. sakuraeolis nungunoides. fly point, 23 august, 2013. photos: a, b, c, tom davis; d, nicola davis\n) described this species from a single 10 mm animal from hayama, sagami bay, japan. it is characterised by the presence of orange markings on both the rhinophores and oral tentacles, vertical white lines on the cerata, and the black speckled appearance of the digestive gland within the cerata (\n), implying a broad distribution across the pacific ocean, most likely facilitated by shipping. little is known of the biology and ecology of this species with few observations recorded outside japanese waters. our recent observation of a 5 mm specimen on sand at ‘little beach’ on 11 september, 2013 at 7 m depth constitutes a southward range extension of 680 km (fig .\n). on 15 december, 2014 at ‘little beach’, we observed a 15 mm specimen at 7 m depth on a rocky reef (fig .\n) at night. this record extends the east coast range southward by 300 km .\nwas originally described from tanzania in tropical eastern africa. its range has subsequently been found to extend into the indo - pacific reaching malaysia, the philippines, new caledonia and australia (\n). this species bears long, transparent cerata which are frequently held erect; each has a subapical orange band. a median orange band extends between the base of the rhinophores and the oral tentacles. the rhinophores are long, tapering, translucent and tipped in orange (\n). the observation of a 35 mm specimen at ‘fly point’ on 23 august, 2013 at 14 m, and two additional individuals ‘little beach’ at 11 m deep on 2 february, 2015 (fig .\n) that afford it a strong resemblance to its prey (gosliner et al. ,\n). this observation of a 10 mm specimen at ‘fly point’ on 11 september 2014 at 7 m depth represents a 640 km southward range extension (fig .\nspecies by the presence of dark blue rhinophores surrounded by dark blue rhinophoral sheaths edged in yellow (gosliner et al. ,\n, p. 118) and is known to feed on arborescent bryozoans. its distribution is thought to be restricted to the western pacific ocean, extending from the philippines to papua new guinea and eastern australia (rudman ,\n). however, this has not been tested genetically. australian records indicate a distribution spanning the northern gbr to the gold coast in southeastern qld (table\n). the observation of a 30 mm individual at ‘fly point’, on 20 february, 2010 at 7 m depth constitutes a southward range extension of 700 km (fig .\n, p. 102). the gills are pale yellow and the rhinophores are large .\noccurs in the tropical indian and western pacific oceans (gosliner et al. ,\n). on 23 november, 2014 an individual measuring approximately 4 mm was observed at the ‘pipeline’ at 5 m (fig .\nhas an orange body with black, blue and white tips to the tail and both the extra - rhinophoral and extra - branchial appendages (gosliner et al. ,\n). it has a wide distribution from southern africa, the red sea, japan, australia, hawai’i and the gulf of mexico (gosliner et al. ,\n, p. 109), though this has not been tested genetically. the extension of this species into the gulf of mexico may be the result of dispersal via shipping as is the case for its congener\n). an observation of a 30 mm individual at ‘fly point’ at 7 m depth on 6 december, 2014 extends its southern range by 685 km (fig .\npreliminary results from a biogeographic study of sea slug distribution on the nsw coast (by mn) record 313 species for port stephens. of those, 30 species have not been found further south on the east coast (table\nas a well - studied sea slug ‘hot spot’, there are extensive records for port stephens that clearly indicate a sustained high species richness. these observations of 12 heterobranch sea slugs substantially (i. e. , by distances greater than 300 km) south of their previously reported range provide support for other observations of range extensions of other taxa during the last decade. for example, the tropical stichodactylid actinian\n( saville - kent, 1893), host for three species of tropical commensal shrimps, was recently reported from port stephens and sydney harbour (scott et al. ,\n) and a number of intertidal mollusc species in eastern tasmania (pitt et al. ,\nmn collated occurrence records and with rcw and sdas wrote the manuscript. ml, td, dh and sdas carried out fieldwork and documented species occurrence. rcw identified the animals from photographs. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\naustralian museum. occurrence record: malacology: c. 125185 haminoea cymbalum. 1980. retrieved from\nbaba k. opisthobranchia of japan (ii). j dept agric kyushu imp univ. 1937; 5: 289–344 .\nbaba k. opisthobranchia of sagami bay. iwanami shoten: tokyo, japan; 1949. p. 289–383 .\nbaba k. opisthobranchia of sagami bay, supplement. tokyo: iwanami shoten; 1955. p. 59 .\nbaird a, sommer b, madin j. pole - ward range expansion of\nspp. along the east coast of australia. coral reefs. 2012; 31: 1063 .\n. jacksonville fl, usa: new world pubns inc; 2005. p. 67 .\nbooth d, figueira w, gregson m, brown l, beretta g. occurrence of tropical fishes in temperate southeastern australia: role of the east australian current. estuar coast shelf sci. 2007; 72: 102–14 .\nburn r. a checklist and bibliography of the opisthobranchia (mollusca: gastropoda) of victoria and the bass strait area, south - eastern australia. museum vic sci reports. 2006; 10: 7–13 .\nbergh, 1876 (nudibranchia: discodorididae) with a morphological phylogenetic analysis. j molluscan stud. 2008; 74: 143–81 .\ncamacho - garcía ye, ornelas - gatdula e, gosliner tm, valdés a. phylogeny of the family aglajidae (pilsbry, 1895) (heterobranchia: cephalaspidea) inferred from mtdna and ndna. mol phylogenet evol. 2013; 71: 113–26 .\n( nudibranchia: discodorididae) with descriptions of five new species. veliger. 2007; 48: 284–308 .\ncobb g, mullins d. nudibranchs: sunshine coast qld & tasmania australia -\n. qld, australia: neville coleman’s underwater geographic: springwood; 2008. p. 416 .\ncoleman n, marsh n. diving australia: a guide to the best diving down under. basingstoke, uk: periplus editions; 1997. p. 267 .\ncreese r, wales ns. mapping the habitats of nsw estuaries. industry & investment nsw: sydney; 2009. p. 1–95 .\ndavis tr, harasti d, smith sda. developing a habitat classification typology for subtidal habitats in a temperate estuary in new south wales. marine and freshwater research: australia; 2015. urltoken\ndeccw. port stephens - great lakes marine park operational plan. department of environment, climate change and water / new south wales marine parks authority: sydney south; 2010 .\nfigueira wf, booth dj. increasing ocean temperatures allow tropical fishes to survive overwinter in temperate waters. glob chang biol. 2010; 16: 506–16 .\ngladstone w. requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes. aquat conserv mar freshwat ecosyst. 2007; 17 (1): 71–87 .\ngosliner t. nudibranchs of southern africa: a guide to opisthobranch molluscs of southern africa. california academy of sciences, san francisco, usa: sea challengers; 1987. p. 1–136 .\ngosliner tm, vallès y. shedding light onto the genera (mollusca: nudibranchia )\nwith description of new species belonging to these unique bioluminescent dorids. veliger. 2006; 48: 178–205 .\ngosliner tm, behrens dw, valdés á. indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs: a field guide to the world’s most diverse fauna. california academy of sciences, san francisco, usa: sea challengers natural history books; 2008. p. 1–425 .\nin new south wales, australia. marine biodiversity records. 2015; 8 (e49): 3 .\nharasti d, gladstone w. does underwater flash photography affect the behaviour, movement and site persistence of seahorses? j fish biol. 2013; 83: 1344–53 .\nharasti d, martin‐smith k, gladstone w. ontogenetic and sex‐based differences in habitat preferences and site fidelity of white’s seahorse\nharasti d, malcolm h, gallen c, coleman ma, jordan a, knott na. appropriate set times to represent patterns of rocky reef fishes using baited video. j exp mar biol ecol. 2015; 463: 173–80 .\nhobday aj, lough jm. projected climate change in australian marine and freshwater environments. mar freshw res. 2011; 62: 1000–14 .\nmalcolm ha, jordan a, smith sd. biogeographical and cross - shelf patterns of reef fish assemblages in a transition zone. mar biodivers. 2010; 40: 181–93 .\nmarshall jg, willan rc. nudibranchs of heron island, great barrier reef: a survey of the opisthobranchia (sea slugs) of heron and wistari reefs. backhuys: leiden, the netherlands; 1999. p. 1–257 .\nbergh, 1876 (gastropoda: opisthobranchia) in new zealand. j nat hist. 1996; 30: 1095–109 .\nmorton jk, gladstone w. spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variation in the association of fishes (family labridae) with rocky - reef habitats. mar freshw res. 2011; 62 (7): 870–84 .\nnimbs mj, willan rc, smith sda. range extensions for heterobranch sea slugs (formerly opisthobranch) belonging to the families diaphanidae, plakobranchidae and facelinidae on the eastern coast of australia. mar biodivers rec. 2015; 8, e76 .\nodhner nh. nudibranchia dendronotacea. a revision of the system. memoires du musee royal d’histoire naturelle de belgique, series 2, fasc. 3. 1936. p. 1057–1128\no’hara t. marine invertebrate conservation at san remo. vic nat. 1995; 112: 50–3 .\npitt nr, poloczanska es, hobday aj. climate - driven range changes in tasmanian intertidal fauna. mar freshw res. 2010; 61: 963–70 .\nburn, 1962 (nudibranchia: polyceridae) from the indo - pacific. j molluscan stud. 2005; 71: 257–67 .\n( nudibranchia: goniodorididae) reveal a new cryptic species from new south wales (australia). j mar biol assoc u k. 2014; 94 (3): 587–98 .\npoulos d, gallen c, davis t, booth d, harasti d. distribution and spatial modelling of a soft coral habitat in the port stephens - great lakes marine park: implications for management. mar freshwater res. 2015. urltoken\nprzeslawski r, ahyong s, byrne m, woerheide g, hutchings p. beyond corals and fish: the effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs. glob chang biol. 2008; 14: 2773–95 .\nrudman w, willan r. opisthobranchia. in: mollusca: the southern synthesis. melbourne, australia: fauna of australia. csiro; 1998. p. 915–1035 .\nscott a, harasti d, davis t, smith sda. southernmost records of the host sea anemone ,\n, and associated commensal shrimps in a climate change hotspot. mar biodivers. 2015; 45: 145–6 .\nsimonitch s. sea slug bears striking resemblance to pikachu, rightfully known as ‘pikachu sea slug’ in japan. rocket news 24 ピカチュウが「ウデフリツノザヤウミウシ」に激似と話題: tokyo. 2012. retrieved from\nsmith sda. rapid assessment of invertebrate biodiversity on rocky shores: where there’s a whelk there’s a way. biodivers conserv. 2005; 14 (14): 3565–76 .\nsmith sda. interpreting molluscan death assemblages on rocky shores: are they representative of the regional fauna? j exp mar biol ecol. 2008a; 366 (1): 151–9 .\nsmith s. live ovulids from nelson bay, nsw. newsletter malacol soc aust. 2008b; 134: 1 .\nsmith sda, edgar be. documenting the density of subtidal marine debris across multiple marine and coastal habitats. plos one. 2014; 9, e94593 .\nsmith sda, jordan a, creese rg, gladstone w. the marine environment of the hunter - central rivers region of new south wales: a review of current knowledge. report to the: hunter - central rivers catchment management authority; 2010. p. 190. isbn 978 - 1 - 921324 - 02 - 4 .\nthompson t. eastern australian dendronotoidea (gastropoda: opisthobranchia). zool j linnean soc. 1972; 51: 63–77 .\nunderwood aj, chapman m. intertidal temperate rocky shores. in: marine ecology. melbourne, australia: oxford university press; 2007. p. 402–27 .\nvila - concejo a, short ad, hughes mg, ranasinghe r. shoreline implications of flood - tide delta morphodynamics. the case of port stephens (se australia). coastal sediments. 2007; 1417–1430 .\nwells fe, bryce cw. sea slugs of western australia: a guide for species from the indian to west pacific oceans. perth, w. a: western australian museum; 2000. p. 1–184 .\n( montagu) in new zealand, with a discussion on the genus. veliger. 1976; 18 (4): 347–52 .\nwillan rc, dollimore jm, nicholson j. a survey of fish populations at karikari peninsula, northland, by scuba diving. n z j mar freshw res. 1979; 13 (3): 447–56 .\nyonow n. red sea opisthobranchia 4: the orders cephalaspidea, anaspidea, notaspidea and nudibranchia: dendronotacea and aeolidacea. fauna arabia. 2000; 18: 87–132 .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\ntinksky party cap adjustable costume fancy hat seafood restaurant lobster cap for c ...\nmagical jellyfish float fun educational science pets toy gift for kids children (r ...\nsungpunet water wood magical jellyfish float fun educational science pets toy gift ...\namaza 24 pcs mini squishy animal squishies kawaii cute soft toys stress squeeze toy ...\njellyfish plate decoration kits for kids to make - summer children craft sets (pack ...\nhot bath toys. tuhao summer kids lovely bathroom shower playing bath water watering ...\nsponsored products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on amazon. when you click on a sponsored product ad, you will be taken to an amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it .\nthis shopping feature will continue to load items. in order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading .\ninstantly receive a £10 urltoken gift card if you’re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend. representative 21. 9% apr (variable) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd, over 18s only, subject to status. terms apply .\nplease make sure that you' ve entered a valid question. you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nthe orange sea slug is a small species of sea slug that appears in both games .\nthis bright orange sea slug has two protuberances near its tufted gills. the base of its antennae, tail area and tips of its protuberances are a luminous pale blue .\nit lives on rocky reefs, and sways the protuberances beside its gills as it moves .\nthe chances of tiny sea slugs meeting in the ocean are low, so they cannot rely on chance encounters for breeding. they leave a scent trail wherever they go so others can follow it to find a mate for procreation .\norange sea slugs can be found all over on coral and sandy areas near coral .\nthese are found in gatama atoll, around coordinates c - 5, g - 6, and b - 7 .\nunder glows, they can be found by themselves, with another sea slug or even with a sea star. they like food and being stroked .\nthese can be found day and night, but they are more active in the daytime .\nin one part of the fragments of memory quest, ml asks for the player to take a picture of an orange sea slug .\nit is recommended that players bring oceane with them if they are searching for this creature, as it can be somewhat hard to find without the extra zoom - mode spots she can see .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthis nudibranch is popular with underwater macro photographer as it looks like the cartoon character, pikachu from the pokemon series .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nwith its cartoonish yellow body and black - tipped' ears,' it’s no wonder that one adorable sea slug has gained a legion of new fans among pokémon go players in japan .\nthe brightly - coloured slug bears a striking resemblance to pikachu, and many claim it is the real - life inspiration for the beloved character .\nthe brightly - coloured slug bears a striking resemblance to pikachu, and many claim it is the real - life inspiration for the beloved character. fans have taken to social media to express their excitement through emojis and side - by - side comparisons\npikachu is the most well - known pokémon, dating back to the early games and anime series in the 1990s .\nthe character is a bright yellow electric rodent with black - tipped ears, red cheeks, and a lightning bolt shaped tail .\npikachu is now among the many creatures that can be caught in the new augmented reality game, pokémon go .\nfans have taken to social media to express their excitement through emojis and side - by - side comparisons of the real - life and fictional creatures .\njust like pikachu, the slug has a bright yellow body that’s accented with black markings, including at the tip of its ear - like rhinophores .\nalong with this, it also has patches of blue at the end of its tail and along other areas of the body .\nthis sea slug typically inhabits the indian and pacific oceans, and can be found along coastal regions in japan, including the izu peninsula, bonin islands, and yakushima .\nand, the pikachu sea slug isn' t the only creature in the ocean that looks as though it belongs in a cartoon .\nmeet meritamun, the 18 - year - old egyptian mummy with a taste ...\nis apple planning a' universal health cloud'? iphone maker ...\nwith its cartoonish yellow body and black - tipped' ears,' it’s no wonder why one adorable sea slug has gained a legion of new fans among pokémon go players in japan. just like pikachu, the slug has a bright yellow body that’s accented with black markings\nengineers from mit’s computer science and artificial intelligence lab (csail) have shown off a new technology that lets objects such as pokémon interact with their environments in specific, realistic ways, such bouncing off the leaves of a nearby bush .\nthe simulation system could also reduce the need for cgi green - screens when making movies .\nthe technology, called interactive dynamic video (idv), lets users reach in and ‘touch’ objects in videos by using traditional cameras and algorithms to pay attention to the tiny, almost invisible vibrations of an object and create simulations that users can virtually interact with .\nto simulate objects, the engineers analysed video clips to find ‘vibration modes’ at different frequencies that each represent the different ways an object can move .\nby identifying these shapes, the researchers could begin to predict how these objects would move in new situations .\nthey used idv on videos showing different of objects, including a bridge, a jungle gym and a ukulele, showing they can push and pull and image to make it wobble and bend and move it in different directions .\nin this way, pikachu can land on a ‘real’ bush and make it rustle .\njust last week, researchers revealed a big - eyed purple squid spotted by the e / v nautilus that left even scientists amazed by its appearance .\nin footage of the discovery, the team can be heard dissolving into laughter while watching the animal .\nthe amazing video of the googly - eyed squid has gone viral after it was spotted off the coast of california by a research vessel. stubby squid live in the northern pacific between japan and southern california, and are usually spotted at a depth of about 300 meters .\n' they look like googly eyes … it looks so fake!' one woman exclaims in the video .\nit was spotted in trask knoll, a nw - se elongated hill located south of santa rosa island, in the outer california borderland .\nthis feature is about 20 km - long and ~ 400 m - high, and little is known about it, except that it appears to be bounded to the west by a fault, the trask knoll fault .\nearlier studies indicate that miocene sedimentary rocks cover most of trask knoll, but at the center is a metamorphic rock of unknown age .\nnautilus live | explore the ocean live with dr. robert ballard and the corps of exploration\nrussian girl, 17, is left sterilised after' boyfriend' s ...\ntrump' s court pick came out for law that would shield ...\nbritish father - of - two, 42, loses the use of his legs ...\nrare and unseen pictures of the who taken by super - fan ...\nthe future of building? watch the french' builderbot' that 3d printed a family home for five in just 54 ...\ndid the romans hunt whales? ancient bones at a fish processing factory reveal the civilisation may have ...\nwill your child have a high - pitched voice as an adult? just check the length of the index finger on their ...\nhelicopter pilot captures jaw - dropping footage of a bubbling lava lake while dangling over active volcano on ...\ngoogle declares war on apple in payments battle as it finally lets users store tickets on their phone and ...\nthe end of live tv? starz reveals season premiere of power starring 50 cent was watched more on its app than ...\noldest written record of homer' s odyssey is found on a 3rd century clay tablet unearthed near greece' s ...\nstunning mosaics uncovered in israel reveal new clues on the' rich visual culture' that flourished in ...\nsouthern california coast headed for crisis: usgs warns rising sea levels could double cliff erosion rates ...\nsnapchat now lets you search through thousands of augmented reality face filters made by other users with ...\npolice can still break into your iphone without permission using a simple hack that bypasses apple’s new ios 11. 4. 1' cracking defence tool'\nmel b debuts strawberry blonde hair... as it' s revealed she spent $ 1m in legal fees during bitter divorce battle and is near financial ruin\ncynthia nixon calls for roe vs. wade to be protected at nyc protest against trump' s supreme court pick kavanaugh as reaction intensifies\nhalloweentown stars kimberly j. brown and daniel kountz are dating 17 years after disney film\nsouthern charm' s shep rose admits he hooked up with kathryn dennis' six or seven' times... and would consider something serious with her\nneve campbell oozes glamor at the skyscraper premiere... after revealing she' s adopted a son\nelizabeth taylor' s beverly hills mansion she lived in with husband michael wilding in the 1950s goes on sale for $ 15. 9m\ned westwick' s girlfriend jessica serfaty stuns in swimsuit as she straddles her beau in mexico... after he was' spotted on dating app'\niggy azalea flaunts her curves in a skintight dress as she twerks during a tv interview... after a plastic surgeon claimed her supposed' butt implants leaked'\nariana grande rocks oversized hoodie and thigh high boots as she heads to photoshoot... as fiance pete davidson steps out to join her\nexclusive: mel b' s divorce from stephen belafonte has left her strapped for cash as docs reveal she spent more than $ 1m in legal fees and is $ 3. 2m in red\ncheryl and liam split: one direction star' moves into west london flat'... as he reveals his cringe - worthy new nickname\n' it was like being attacked by a flabby walrus': russell simmons is accused of rape by granddaughter of publisher w. w. norton' s after 1990 date\nkylie jenner puts her curves on display in purple bathing suit to plug summer cosmetics line... after earning praise for her' new' lips\njustin bieber still doesn' t follow new fiancee hailey baldwin on instagram... but she has him added\nivanka trump wears a pussy - bow blouse paired with a chic flared skirt as she leaves her d. c. home with a notebook in hand\njulia louis - dreyfus, 57, flaunts toned stomach while in red bikini in hawaii... five months after surgery for breast cancer\nlea michele and zandy reich go for a beach bike ride in the hamptons... where he proposed in april\ndrake supports married' ex' serena williams at wimbledon' s centre court... but fans beg him to leave as they claim he' jinxes' her matches\nrihanna has very tense exchange with hassan jameel on vacation in mexico... one month after singer' dumped saudi businessman'\npierce brosnan raves about co - star cher... and admits he doesn' t sing' as much' in mamma mia! sequel\nhailey baldwin confirms engagement to' incredible person' justin bieber... but she has a condition for their highly - anticipated wedding\nstormy daniels' d. c. debut is overshadowed by trump' s supreme court announcement as porn star fails to lure a crowd for pair of strip club performances\nchloe green and jeremy meeks gush over each other with matching sunset snaps... a year after their controversial romance came to light\nkristin cavallari and husband jay cutler list magnificent seven - bed nashville mansion for $ 7. 9m\nthe 19, 000 - square - foot home sits on 8. 5 acres\n' make it quick, please. there' s a group date coming up': bachelorette fans slam trump for interrupting abc show with his scotus nomination\nkylie jenner flaunts new smaller pout... before making her lips bigger again with lipstick\nkim kardashian shares cute video of daughter chicago... after the game said that the reality star should run for president in 2020\n' you' re the love of my life... i' ll lead our family with honor': justin bieber confirms engagement and hints at baby fever while hailey flashes new band\nboris becker' s estranged wife lilly larks around with their son amadeus on wimbledon common... before playfully making off with his scooter\nhalsey' s rapper ex g - eazy is turned away at canadian border and forced to cancel headlining gig... after his cocaine arrest in sweden\nheiress tamara ecclestone again hits out at' outrageous' trolls over breastfeeding daughter sophia, 4... as she admits fifi always comes above husband\ntyra banks confirms life size 2 movie sequel starring francia raisa... as it appears lindsay lohan won' t return\nboxer amir khan baffles fans as he points out' white stuff' on his nose while posing with 50 cent in la nightclub... before deleting the caption\nhailey baldwin' s ring from justin bieber is similar to blake lively' s $ 2m rock... and that may be because the model tweeted in 2012 she liked it\nkylie jenner flashes underboob and her derriere in sheer orange ensemble... one day after revealing she took her lip filler out\nlucy hale flashes her toned midriff in a sports bra... as she remembers her grandma with new tattoo\nhailey baldwin and justin bieber passionately kiss in the bahamas... as news of engagement spreads\nfarm heroes saga, the # 4 game on itunes. play it now !\nit' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2, 999, but naim' s uniti atom is a revelation, an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x, while face id isn' t perfect, and the' notch' is an annoyance, the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren' t cheap, but shinola' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl, google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there, but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel." ]

{ "text": [ "thecacera pacifica is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family polyceridae .", "it is sometimes also nicknamed pikachu nudibranch due to its resemblance to the pokémon character pikachu . " ], "topic": [ 2, 10 ] }

[ "thecacera pacifica is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family polyceridae. it is sometimes also nicknamed pikachu nudibranch due to its resemblance to the pokémon character pikachu." ]

[ "drapetodes croceago; [ mob8 ]: 50, pl. 3, f. 101\ndrapetodes croceago hampson, 1895; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895 (2): 290\ndrapetodes croceago is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by hampson in 1895. [ 1 ] it is found in southern burma and on peninsular malaysia and borneo. [ 2 ]\ndrapetodes nummularia; [ mob8 ]: 50, pl. 3, f. 98\ndrapetodes fratercula; [ mob8 ]: 50, pl. 3, f. 95\ndrapetodes matulata; [ mob8 ]: 51, pl. 3, f. 96\ndrapetodes magnifica; [ mob8 ]: 51, pl. 3, f. 99 - 100\ndrapetodes magnifica swinhoe, 1902; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1902 (3): 589; tl: singapore\ndrapetodes obliquifasciata swinhoe, 1902; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1902 (3): 589; tl: pulo laut\ndrapetodes circumspecta warren, 1922; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 10: 469, pl. 48i; tl: sumatra\ndrapetodes deumbrata warren, 1922; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 10: 459, pl. 48i; tl: bali\ndrapetodes magnifica denotata watson, 1961; bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 10 (8): 323\ndrapetodes circumspecta; watson, 1968, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) suppl. 12: 124 (note )\ndrapetodes deumbrata; watson, 1968, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) suppl. 12: 124 (note )\ndrapetodes barlowi holloway, 1998; moths of borneo 8: 51, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: genting tea estate, 2000ft, w. pahang, malaysia\ndrapetodes mitaria guenée, 1858; in boisduval & guenée, hist. nat. insectes (spec. gén. lépid .) 10 (atlas): pl. 18, f. 6\ndrapetodes; gaede, 1931, in strand, lepid. cat. 49: 14; watson, 1968, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) suppl. 12: 124, pl. 12, f. 373; [ mob8 ], 49\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe facies is a rather washed out grey and pale orange with some similarity in the extent of the latter to the more conspicuous, well - defined markings of nummularia, except they do not extend obliquely across the centre of the forewing, and there is an additional pale orange area at the forewing tornus .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nsri lanka, ne. himalaya, borneo, bali, sulawesi. see [ maps ]\npeninsular malaysia, sumatra, java, n. borneo, e. borneo. see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. volume 10. uranides et phalénites\n( uranides, phalenides): pl. 1 - 11, (uranides) pl. 1 (1858) ,\n( uranides, phalenides, siculides): pl. 12 - 22, (siculides) pl. 1 (1858 )\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nwatson, 1968 the taxononomy of the drepaninae represented in china, with an account of their world distribution (lepidoptera: drepanidae) bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) suppl. 12: 1 - 151, pl. 1 - 14\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nauthors: hampson, george francis, sir, bart. , 1860 - 1936 bell, thomas reid davys scott, francis burgess, 1885 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work." ]

{ "text": [ "drapetodes croceago is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by hampson in 1895 .", "it is found in southern burma and on peninsular malaysia and borneo .", "the wingspan is about 30 mm .", "adults are bright orange-yellow , the forewings with orange veins and four slightly waved orange lines before the middle .", "the disc is clouded with fuscous and there are two black spots at the end of the cell , as well as two curved postmedial orange lines and two dentate submarginal lines .", "the hindwings have the disc clouded with fuscous and there is a black speck at the end of the cell .", "there are also a medial , postmedial and two crenulate submarginal lines . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "drapetodes croceago is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by hampson in 1895. it is found in southern burma and on peninsular malaysia and borneo. the wingspan is about 30 mm. adults are bright orange-yellow, the forewings with orange veins and four slightly waved orange lines before the middle. the disc is clouded with fuscous and there are two black spots at the end of the cell, as well as two curved postmedial orange lines and two dentate submarginal lines. the hindwings have the disc clouded with fuscous and there is a black speck at the end of the cell. there are also a medial, postmedial and two crenulate submarginal lines." ]

[ "palm civet (asian palm civet) - manufacturer luwak coffee. dalat, vietnam .\nmain characteristics golden palm civets have a coat that is golden brown in colour and the hair on the back of their neck grows in reverse grain from their shoulders towards their head. like other palm civets, they are solitary, nocturnal, and arboreal. habitat golden palm civets can be found in the forests of sri lanka. diet golden palm civets feed on fruits, insects, frogs, birds and lizards. breeding predators subspecies there are no subspecies of golden palm civet. interesting facts golden palm civets are featured on the 3 rupee sri lankan postage stamp however, on the stamp they are named as the golden palm cat. similar animals african palm civet asian palm civet banded palm civet jerdon' s palm civet masked palm civet owston' s palm civet small - toothed palm civet sulawesi palm civet\n, and easily recognisable by its dark, coarse hair and large eyes. the asian palm civet is also known as the common palm civet and the toddy\n- the\ngolden droppings\nof the luwak, or asian palm civet, fetch up to $ 800 per kilogram (two pounds) .\n…in trees, as do several palm civet s, such as the masked palm civet (paguma larvata) and the golden palm civet (paradoxurus zeylonensis). many are good swimmers, and two species, the aquatic genet (osbornictis piscivora) and the otter civet (cynogale bennettii), are semiaquatic. viverrids are mostly carnivorous, their diet consisting of…\nwhat made you want to look up golden palm civet? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe golden jackal, particularly, can be a major competitor to the cat .\nmarcone, m. f. (2004) .\ncomposition and properties of indonesian palm civet coffee (kopi luwak) and ethiopian civet coffee\n.\nthe markings on its face resemble a raccoons facial markings. its tail does not have rings, unlike similar palm civet species. the common palm civet has sharp claws which allow it to climb trees and house gutters .\nthe common palm civet (paradoxurus hermaphroditus), also known as the’ asian palm civet’ ‘musang’ or the ‘toddy cat’, is a cat - sized mammal that resides in the southeast asian tropical rainforests. the common palm civet is found from the himalayas and southern china, to the philippines, the malay peninsula and the indonesian islands .\nthe golden palm civet is infamous for its ravishing golden brown coloured cape among the other paradoxurus species. a fully grown mature individual is about 95cm long. being omnivorous their diet consists of a vast variety of food ranging from fruits like bananas and mangos to small birds and bantam mammals like rats .\nexcept for the arboreal palm civet s, such as paradoxurus (also known as toddy cat because of its fondness for palm juice, or “toddy”) and nandinia, civets are mainly terrestrial. the sunda otter civet (cynogale bennetti), the african civet (civettictis civetta), and the rare congo water civet (genetta piscivora) are…\nthe golden palm civet' s habit of roosting in the roof of bungalows located near the edge of the jungle may be annoying to humans, but no damage by these creatures was reported. the frugivorous habits of\n* h - 08 - 1320 is a human strain typical of canine rabies virus circulating in sri lanka; h - 1413 - 09 is a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant from a golden palm civet in sri lanka .\nthe\ngolden droppings\nof the luwak, or asian palm civet, fetch up to $ 800 per kilogram (two pounds) in countries like the united states, australia, japan, south korea and singapore .\ninformation is scarce about sylvatic rabies virus in asia and about rabies in palm civets. we report a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant detected in a golden palm civet in sri lanka. evolutionary analysis suggests the virus diverged from canine rabies viruses in sri lanka in ≈1933 (range 1886–1963) .\nthe common palm civet is a highly adaptive animal and can live in dense forests, agricultural areas and even alongside humans .\n…to have occurred in the palm civet, since the sars virus present in horseshoe bats is unable to infect humans directly .\nreturn to our hotel for an early dinner, then take a guided walk after dark with our expedition leader to look for the gray slender loris, a small nocturnal primate. among the other animals active at night, we occasionally see fishing cat, indian civet, golden palm civet and collared scops owl .\nthe common palm civets species name comes from the fact that both male and female have scent glands underneath the tail that resemble testicles. it can spray a harmful secretion from these glands. the common palm civet is solitary, nocturnal and arboreal. common palm civets spend the day asleep in a tree hollow. common palm civets are territorial .\nthis article is about the animal civet. for the perfume, see civet (perfumery). for the music band, see civet (band). for the economic term, see civets .\ngolden palm civet song what' s that catlike creature i see in the top of the trees of sri lanka? golden palm civet can you tell us how to love life and to live it? can you tell us how to make our dreams come true? yes i can and i' ll give this secret to you. simply dream with me what you wish to see. i' m a magic lucky cat and your wish will come true like that. just like that. urltoken\nmarcone, m. f. (2004). composition and properties of indonesian palm civet coffee (kopi luwak) and ethiopian civet coffee. food research international 37 (9): 901 - 912 .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the asian palm civet article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nthe common palm civet has black markings on its feet, ears and muzzle. it also has three rows of black markings on its main body .\nsingh, l. a. k. (1982) .\nstomach contents of a common palm civet, paradoxurus hermaphroditus (pallas )\n.\nborah, j. and k. deka (2011). an observation of common palm civet paradoxurus hermaphroditus mating. small carnivore conservation 44: 32–33 .\ncommon palm civets reproduce throughout the year although it has been recorded that kittens are most often seen from october to december. kittens are born in a litter of 2 to 5 young. palm civets become sexually mature at 11 to 12 months. in captivity the common palm civet can live up to 22 years .\nin sri lanka, the asian palm civet species is known as\nuguduwa\nby the sinhala speaking community. the terms uguduwa and kalawedda are used interchangeably by the sri lankan community to refer to the same animal. however, the term kalawedda is mostly used to refer to another species in the civet family, the small indian civet. sri lanka also has an endemic civet species called golden palm civet. recently this species was split into 3 separate endemic species as paradoxurus montanus, p. aureus, and p. stenocephalus. in bangladesh and in bangla speaking areas of india this animal is known as\nkhatash\nand is now extremely rare in all parts of bangladesh .\n, claims that natural civet has been replaced with a synthetic substitute since 1998 .\nsuggested citation for this article: matsumoto t, ahmed k, wimalaratne o, nanayakkara s, perera d, karunanayake d, et al. novel sylvatic rabies virus variant in endangered golden palm civet, sri lanka. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. 2011 dec [ date cited ]. urltoken\n* h - 08 - 1320 is a human strain typical of canine rabies virus circulating in sri lanka; h - 1413 - 09 is a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant from a golden palm civet in sri lanka. †blank spaces indicate no site / domain / region has been identified in that portion of the protein .\nthe golden palm civet is mainly frugivorous, with preferences for mango, coffee, melon, pineapple and bananas. this species has also been observed to eat small mammals, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, moths, and other insects when it is able to catch them. (anderson 1984, parker 1990, phillips 1935 )\ngroves, c. p. , rajapaksha, c. , manemandra - arachchi, k. (2009) .\nthe taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of sri lanka\n. zoological journal of the linnean society (155): 238–251. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1096 - 3642. 2008. 00451. x .\nan asian palm civet was rescued by wildlife sos rapid response unit from the department of biophysics, university of delhi, earlier this week. the animal has been released back into its natural habitat .\nis no exception. however, it is known that this species is mainly arboreal, moreso than its relative, the toddy - cat. the golden palm civet is nocturnal as well as solitary, except during the breeding period and while young are being raised. the young of these animals are easily tamed (although no accounts of them as common pets were found). (phillips 1935 )\nthe common name is used for a variety of carnivorous mammalian species, mostly of the family viverridae. the african palm civet (nandinia binotata) is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, nandiniidae .\n) is a civet endemic to sri lanka. it is a smallish civet and has a coat that is a golden brown or dark brown in color. the hair on the back of its neck grows reverse grain, from the shoulders toward the head. it is poorly studied, but it is thought to feed on fruits, berries, insects, birds, frogs, and lizards .\nthe common palm civet weighs around 3. 2 kilograms (7 pounds) and has a body length of 53 centimetres (21 inches). the common palm has a tail length of 48 centimetres (19 inches). its long, stocky body is covered with coarse, shaggy hair that is usually a greyish colour .\n2) paradoxurinae (palm civets and binturong). the subfamily paradoxurinae as treated by jennings and veron (2009) includes at least seven civet species, all of them asian and arboreal. however, a subsequent molecular phylogenetic study suggested that including the small - toothed palm civet (arctogalidia trivirgata) in this subfamily may render the paradoxurinae paraphyletic (agnarsson et al. 2010). similarly, the authors of a molecular genetic study using museum skins concluded that the sulawesi palm civet (macrogalidia musschenbroekii) actually falls within the hemigalinae, not within the paradoxurinae where it was placed by jennings and veron and previous authors (wilting and fickel 2012) .\ncommon palm civets are classed as ‘least concern’. it is plentiful in its natural range and is not endangered .\nthe impact of the demand for this fashionable coffee on wild civet populations is yet unknown but may constitute a significant threat. in indonesia, the demand for asian palm civets appears to be in violation of the quota set for pets .\nas they mark their ranges by dragging their anal glands along the ground. despite being predominately ground - dwelling though the asian palm civet is known to climb up into the trees either in search of food or to hide from approaching predators .\nmammal native to tropical asia and africa, especially the tropical forests. the term civet applies to over a dozen different mammal species. most of the species diversity is found in southeast asia. the best - known civet species is the\n- the main ingredient in a popular luxury brand of coffee is beans excreted from a stable of civet\ncats .\ncommon palm civets live in tropical forested habitats, parks and suburban gardens where mature fruit trees and fig trees grow and undisturbed vegetation .\nthe common palm civet is a nocturnal omnivore. its primary food source is fruit such as chiku (from a long - lived, evergreen tree native to the new world tropics), mango (a tropical fruit of the mango tree) and rambutan (a medium - sized tropical tree). it also has a fondness for palm flower sap which, when fermented, becomes ‘toddy’, a sweet liquor .\nthe civet produces a musk (also called civet) highly valued as a fragrance and stabilizing agent for perfume. both male and female civets produce the strong - smelling secretion, which is produced by the civet' s perineal glands. it is harvested by either killing the animal and removing the glands, or by scraping the secretions from the glands of a live animal. the latter is the preferred method today .\nthe success of luwak coffee has given birth to a plethora of fake brands, which promise that special civet experience at half the usual price .\nis classified as endangered. some species of civet are very rare and elusive and hardly anything is known about them, e. g. , the\ncommon palm civets forage mainly at night. the likelihood of encountering predators during the day may have favoured nocturnal foraging behaviour. the activity period, from around 6pm in the evening to 4am in the morning, is influenced by daylight. palm civets become active only after dark and retreat to rest sites just before dawn .\nthe common palm civet is also fond of coffee cherries. they eat the outer fruit and the coffee beans pass through their digestive tract. an expensive coffee called ‘kopi luwak’ is supposedly made from these coffee beans. kopi luwak is said to have a gamy flavour and sells for more than $ 100 per pound .\nmathai, j. (2010) .\nhose' s civet: borneo' s mysterious carnivore\n. nature watch 18 / 4: 2 - 8 .\nand other small creatures scuttling through the under - growth. asian palm civets are also known to eat the fruits and flowers of palms, mangos and coffee in their natural habitats .\nthe asian palm civet (paradoxurus hermaphroditus), also called toddy cat, is a small member of the family viverridae native to south and southeast asia. in 2008, the iucn classified the species as least concern as it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. it is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining. [ 2 ] in 2012, it was suggested that recent increases in capturing the animals for kopi luwak production may constitute a significant threat to wild civet populations. [ 3 ]\nyet animal experts say asian palm civets — solitary and territorial by nature — shouldn’t be kept in cages, nor in enclosures, because a single civet needs an average of 17 sq km of territory. “i have seen 100 luwaks kept in a half - hectare coffee farm, ” wild says. “it’s kind of a prison camp where they fight each other. ”\na distress call on the wildlife sos 24 - hour rescue helpline (9871963535) alerted the ngo’s rapid response unit to the presence of the civet inside a laboratory on south campus .\nkopi luwak is coffee prepared using coffee beans that have been subjected to ingestion and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of the asian palm civet, which is called luwak in indonesia. caffeine content in both arabica and robusta luwak coffee is lower than in unfermented coffee. [ 12 ] large deformation mechanical rheology testing revealed that civet coffee beans are harder and more brittle in nature than their control counterparts indicating that digestive juices enter into the beans and modify the micro - structural properties of these beans. proteolytic enzymes cause substantial breakdown of storage proteins. [ 13 ]\n) differs in males and females. scent marking by dragging the perineal gland and leaving the secretion on the substrate was most commonly observed in animals of both sexes. the olfactory response varied by duration, and depended both on the sex and excretion type. the palm civet can distinguish animal species, sex, and familiar / unfamiliar individuals by the odor of the perineal gland secretion .\nenvironments, with people often complaining about civet feces or noise from the animals climbing on roofs. some studies have been undertaken to examine and mitigate human - animal conflict in these cases .\nin sri lanka, the palm civet is known as ‘uguduwa’ by the sinhala speaking community. in most parts of the island, the civets become a menace to the people due to fact that it litters in ceilings and attics of common households and then makes loud noises at night disturbing the sleep of the inhabitants of the house (noises are mostly due to their movements and fights) .\nindonesia' s self - proclaimed\nking of luwak ,\ngunawan supriadi, is having a hard time keeping up with demand for the beans excreted by his stable of pampered civet\ncats\n.\n7. sinharaja forest sinharaja forest reserve is home to almost half of sri lanka’s species of mammals, insects, reptiles and amphibians. the forest, in october 1988, was added to the unesco world heritage list. the main nature trails of sinharaja rain forest are the peak of both moulawella and sinharaja. visiting this place will give you beautiful memories of the wide verities of creatures and animals found in here. you will find many species of deer like sambhur, the mouse deer, and barking deer. other animals commonly sighted are leopards, brown mongoose, the golden palm civet, and purple - faced leaf monkey. a lot of colourful birds are also found in the sinharaja such as the malkoha, blue magpie, babbler, and the green - billed coucal .\nhistorically, the viverridae has included the mongooses, the linsangs, and the african palm civet, but based in part on molecular phylogenetic studies, these are now often placed in their own families, the herpestidae, prionodontidae, and nandiniidae, respectively. several carnivore species from madagascar were at one time also believed to belong in the viverridae, but all malagasy carnivores are now placed together in their own family, the eupleridae .\n3) viverrinae (terrestrial civets). viverrids in the subfamily viverrinae, all of which are terrestrial and known as civets, include the african civet (civettictis civetta) and five or six asian species .\njoshi, a. r. ; smith, j. l. d. ; cuthbert, f. j. (1995) .\ninfluence of food distribution and predation pressure on spacing behavior in palm civets\n.\njoshi, a. r. , smith, j. l. d. , cuthbert, f. j. (1995) .\ninfluence of food distribution and predation pressure on spacing behavior in palm civets\n.\nthat lasts for a couple of months. the babies are weaned by their mother until they are strong enough to fend for themselves. asian palm civets can live for up to 20 years, although most rarely get to be this old .\nthe asian palm civet (paradoxurus hermaphroditus), also called a toddy cat, is a small member of the family viverridae native to south and south - east asia. it can survive in a wide range of habitats and can be seen in urban environments, but quite rarely as it tends to be shy and wary of humans. it feeds on fruits, berries, coffee beans, insects and small mammals, and is protected under schedule ii of the wildlife protection act, 1972 .\nscent marking behaviour and olfactory response to various excretions (such as urine, feces, and secretion of the perineal gland) differs in males and females. scent marking by dragging the perineal gland and leaving the secretion on the substrate was most commonly observed in animals of both sexes. the olfactory response varied by duration, and depended both on the sex and excretion type. the palm civet can distinguish animal species, sex, and familiar / unfamiliar individuals by the odor of the perineal gland secretion. [ 7 ]\n“i did not want to startle the civet or cause it harm, so i thought it best to let it remain inside the cabinet. i came across wildlife sos helpline on our emergency contact list and called them for help, ” said student abhishikha srivastava .\nthe costliest coffee on earth has a humble proletarian beginning. as folklore has it, civet coffee, or kopi luwak in indonesian, was discovered by plantation workers in colonized indonesia. forbidden from consuming coffee beans picked from the plants, they picked up, cleaned and then roasted the beans excreted by wild asian palm civets that entered the plantations to eat the ripest coffee cherries. the civets’ digestive systems gave kopi luwak a uniquely rich aroma and smooth, rounded flavor — so much so that the dutch plantation owners soon became die - hard fans .\nkopi luwak is traditionally made from the faeces of wild civets, however, due to it becoming a trendy drink, civets are being increasingly captured from the wild and fed coffee beans to mass - produce this blend. many of these civets are housed in battery cage systems which have been criticised on animal welfare grounds. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] the impact of the demand for this fashionable coffee on wild civet populations is yet unknown but may constitute a significant threat. in indonesia, the demand for asian palm civets appears to be in violation of the quota set for pets. [ 3 ]\nasian palm civets are omnivores utilizing fruits such as berries and pulpy fruits as a major food source, and thus help to maintain tropical forest ecosystems via seed dispersal. [ 5 ] they eat chiku, mango, rambutan and coffee, but also small mammals and insects. ecologically, they fill a similar niche in asia as common raccoons in north america. [ 6 ] they play an important role in the natural regeneration of pinanga kuhlii and p. zavana palms at gunung gede pangrango national park. [ 8 ] they also feed on palm flower sap, which when fermented becomes toddy, a sweet liquor. because of this habit, they are called the toddy cat .\nthey also inhabit parks and suburban gardens with mature fruit trees, fig trees and undisturbed vegetation. their sharp claws allow them to climb trees and house gutters. in most parts of sri lanka, palm civets are considered a nuisance since they litter in ceilings and attics of common households, and make loud noises fighting and moving about at night .\nthe asian palm civet is a small, mottled gray and black viverrid weighing 2 to 5 kg (4. 4 to 11. 0 lb). it has a body length of about 53 cm (21 in) with a 48 cm (19 in) long tail. its long, stocky body is covered with coarse, shaggy hair that is usually greyish in color. there is a white mask across the forehead, a small white patch under each eye, a white spot on each side of the nostrils, and a narrow dark line between the eyes. the muzzle, ears, lower legs, and distal half of the tail are black, with three rows of black markings on the body. the tail is without rings, unlike in similar civet species. anal scent glands emit a nauseating secretion as a chemical defense when threatened or upset. [ 4 ] despite its species name hermaphroditus, the civets (like all other mammals) have two distinct sexes and are not hermaphrodites .\nwhile there are some ethical suppliers of hand - gathered civet coffee, recent investigations, both by journalists and animal - rights activists, have revealed a cruel and avaricious industry. to satisfy global demand, many suppliers keep captured civets in cages and feed them almost exclusively on coffee cherries. enduring appalling living conditions and an unhealthy diet, these nocturnal omnivores suffer mental distress — incessantly pacing and gnawing on their limbs — and succumb to illness and death. these grim farms are not confined to indonesia. farmers elsewhere in asia have jumped on the bandwagon. by one estimate, 50 tons of mass - produced civet coffee from indonesia, vietnam, the philippines and china flood the market every year .\nasian palm civets are believed to lead a solitary lifestyle, except for brief periods during mating. they are both terrestrial and arboreal, showing nocturnal activity patterns with peaks between late evening until after midnight. [ 5 ] they are usually active between 6: 00 pm and 4: 00 am, being less active during nights when the moon is brightest. [ 6 ]\nsri lanka is considered to be the pearl of the indian ocean. it is one of the world’s most exotic, diverse and beautiful tourist destinations. here you will find beautiful rainforests, dazzling gems, beaches covered with palm trees, cloudy mountains, and other amazing things! we’re listing eight breathatking sites to see in sri lanka which are world heritage sites as per unesco .\nteguh pribadi, founder of the indonesian civet coffee association, admits animal cruelty is rampant in the industry. “the luwaks aren’t treated well, ” he tells time. “many farmers don’t understand how to keep the animals properly. ” the association recommends the civets be kept in cages that are at least 2 m by 1½ m wide and 2½ m high, and for no longer than six months .\nalthough some animals are hunted, and apparently consumed locally, such events are opportunistic and, overall, rare; no specific use of the species has been documented or is yet likely to exist. related species in some other parts of tropical asia are being captured in large numbers for use in civet - coffee production; it is unlikely that this will happen in sri lanka (r. pethiyagoda pers. comm. 2015) .\nkartick satyanarayan, the co - founder of wildlife sos, said: “we believe the civet cat had wandered out of the neighbouring forest area, which is its natural habitat. often, the plight of urban wildlife is dismissed because city - dwellers consider them to be a nuisance and they are often met with hostility. we are glad to see that people are becoming more sensitised towards the presence of wild animals in the ncr. ”\nasian palm civets are native to india, nepal, bangladesh, bhutan, myanmar, sri lanka, thailand, singapore, peninsular malaysia, sabah, sarawak, brunei darussalam, laos, cambodia, vietnam, china, philippines and the indonesian islands of sumatra, java, kalimantan, bawean and siberut. they were introduced to irian jaya, the lesser sunda islands, maluku, sulawesi and japan. in papua new guinea, their presence is uncertain. [ 2 ]\nin some parts of its range asian palm civets are hunted for bush meat and the pet trade. in southern china it is extensively hunted and trapped. dead individuals were found with local tribes in coimbatore, tamil nadu and agra, uttar pradesh in india between 1998 and 2003, where it is killed for its meat. [ 2 ] the oil extracted from small pieces of the meat kept in linseed oil in a closed earthen pot and regularly sunned is used indigenously as a cure for scabies. [ 11 ]\nin march 2010, a pair of palm civets was observed when attempting to mate. the pair copulated on the tree branch for about five minutes. during that period the male mounted the female 4–5 times and did not ejacuate. after each mounting the pair separated for few moments and repeated the same procedure and ejacuated. after completion of mating, the pair frolicked around for some time, moving from branch to branch on the tree. the animals separated after about six minutes and moved off to different branches and rested there .\nviverrids are among the most poorly studied of all carnivora. at least one species, the malabar civet (viverra civettina), is ranked as critically endangered by iucn (upgraded from probably extinct) and a number of others are ranked as endangered or vulnerable—but the information on which status assessments have been made for most viverrids is very limited. as for most taxonomic groups, the greatest conservation threat is believed to be habitat loss and degradation, although hunting poses a serious threat to some species as well .\ndue to their solitary and nocturnal habits, little is known about the reproductive processes and behaviour of civets. [ 9 ] in march 2010, a pair of palm civets was observed when attempting to mate. the pair copulated on the tree branch for about five minutes. during that period the male mounted the female 4–5 times. after each mounting the pair separated for few moments and repeated the same procedure. after completion of mating, the pair frolicked around for some time, moving from branch to branch on the tree. the animals separated after about six minutes and moved off to different branches and rested there. [ 10 ]\nbesides, the harvesting of genuine kopi luwak, gathered in the wild, seems either more trouble than its worth — or hazardous to health. “we don’t know how long a dropping has been out in the wild, ” teguh says, “and civet - coffee beans that have been on the ground for more than 24 hours can be infected with fungi. ” wild has been told by a local expert that “following a luwak around all night yourself” is the only way to guarantee real kopi luwak — and, now it seems, a fungi - free drink too. maybe we’re better off sticking to a cup of regular arabica .\nin the past 10 years, kopi luwak has won the hearts — and wallets — of global consumers. a cup sells for $ 30 to $ 100 in new york city and london, while 1 kg of roasted beans can fetch as much as $ 130 in indonesia and five times more overseas. the ultimate in caffeine bling is civet coffee packed in a britannia - silver and 24 - carat gold - plated bag, sold at the british department store harrods for over $ 10, 000. the justification for these exorbitant prices? a claim that kopi luwak is sourced from wild animals and that only 500 kg of it is collected annually. the claim is largely nonsense .\none of the most outspoken critics is former coffee trader tony wild, who imported a single kilogram of kopi luwak to the u. k. in 1991 and took pride in introducing it to the western world. (the coffee gained wider notoriety after being featured in the oprah winfrey show in 2003 and the myth of its all - natural origins was propagated in a jack nicholson–morgan freeman scene in the 2007 film the bucket list .) wild, who witnessed horrific animal abuse while helping a bbc team investigate civet - coffee farms in sumatra, has launched a petition and social - media campaign, “ kopi luwak: cut the crap, ” urging customers and companies to shun the product .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nduckworth, j. w. , mudappa, d. , pethiyagoda, r. , woolgar, j. , de silva wijeyeratne, g. & hall, j .\nnekaris, k. a. i. , dissanayake, r. , fernando, p. , yonzon, p. , wozencraft, c, weerasinghe, n. & hettige, u .\nduckworth, j. w. , mudappa, d. , pethiyagoda, r. , woolgar, j. , de silva wijeyeratne, g. & hall, j. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nyoung are born in tree hollows or in boulder crevices. during brief periods of mating and when the females have their young, the civets occupy resting trees together .\nwhen foraging in the same area, civets repeatedly use the same resting trees. resting trees with vines and holes are preferred by the civets and are used for several consecutive days .\nto fully enjoy the a - z animals website, please enable javascript in your web browser .\nthat only comes out under the cover of night to hunt and catch food. these\nplease enter a nickname which you can use to identify your comment, but which others cannot use to identify you. please do not use your online usernames / handles which you use for social networking .\nsources: 1. david burnie, dorling kindersley (2008) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 10 aug 2010 ] 2. david burnie, kingfisher (2011) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at: 01 jan 2011 ] 3. david w. macdonald, oxford university press (2010) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at: 10 aug 2010 ] 4. dorling kindersley (2006) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 10 aug 2010 ] 5. richard mackay, university of california press (2009) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at: 10 aug 2010 ] 6. tom jackson, lorenz books (2007) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 10 aug 2010 ]\nare you safe? is an online safety campaign by a - z - animals. com. if something has upset you, the are you safe? campaign can help you to speak to someone who can help you .\n. it is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining .\nlong tail. its long, stocky body is covered with coarse, shaggy hair that is usually greyish in color. there is a white mask across the forehead, a small white patch under each eye, a white spot on each side of the nostrils, and a narrow dark line between the eyes. the muzzle, ears, lower legs, and distal half of the tail are black, with three rows of black markings on the body. the tail is without rings, unlike in similar\n, but also small mammals and insects. ecologically, they fill a similar niche in asia as\ndue to their solitary and nocturnal habits, little is known about the reproductive processes and behaviour of civets .\nand the pet trade. in southern china it is extensively hunted and trapped. dead individuals were found with local tribes in\nin india between 1998 and 2003, where it is killed for its meat .\nenter into the beans and modify the micro - structural properties of these beans .\nthere is a quota in place in indonesia, which is largely ignored by hunters and traders and is not enforced by authorities .\nthe fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. mammalia. – volume 1\n' s first description published in 1777, a significant number of subspecies have been described between 1820 and 1992. they are listed according to the year of first description :\nkandechor\nकांदेचोर (meaning' onion thief') in konkan, maharashtra, india .\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\nlēkhakun, b. , mcneely, j. a. (1977). mammals of thailand. association for the conservation of wildlife, bangkok\ngrassman jr. , l. i. (1998). movements and fruit selection of two paradoxurinae species in a dry evergreen forest in southern thailand. small carnivore conservation 19: 25–29 .\n) at gunung gede - pangrango national park, west java (indonesia )\n.\n( symposium on forest regeneration in southeast asia, 9–11 may 1984): 151–153 .\nprater, s. h. (1980). the book of indian animals. second edition. bombay natural history society, bombay, india .\npocock, r. i. (1939). the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. mammalia. – volume 1. taylor and francis, london. pp. 387–415 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 18 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbrown j h (2001). mammals on mountainsides: elevational pattern of diversity. global ecology and biogeography, 10: 101–109\nchen f g, min z l, huang h f, ma q h, luo z t (1980). a study of mammalian fauna of qinlin - daba mountains, shaanxi. journal northwest university (natural science edition), 1: 137–147 (in chinese )\nchen l z (1993). biodiversity in china: status and its protection strategy. beijing: science press (in chinese )\nchen s h (2003). animal resource and its faunal characteristics of caiyanghe nature reserve. forest inventory and planning, 28 (1): 32–36 (in chinese )\nheaney l r (2001). small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the philippines: an assessment of patterns and hypotheses. global ecology and biogeography, 10: 15–39\nli b g, he p j, wang j t, guo b, wei w k, hu y l, si k c, liu y p (1997). an analysis of the fauna of mammals in zhouzhi national nature reserve on the northern slope of the qinling mountains. journal northwest university (natural science edition), 27 (3): 235–238 (in chinese )\nliu s f, zhang j (2003). research and protection on biodiversity in foping nature researve. xi’an: shanxi science and technology press (in chinese )\nlomolino m v (2001). elevation gradients of species - density: historical and prospective views. global ecology and biogeography, 10: 3–13\nmd nor s (2001). elevational diversity patterns of small mammals on mount kinabalu, sabah, malaysia. global ecology and biogeography, 10: 41–62\nmin z l (1991). key protected wildlife in shaanxi province. beijing: china forestry publishing house (in chinese )\nrickart e a (2001). elevational diversity gradients, biogeography and the structure of montane mammal communities in the intermountain region of north america. global ecology and biogeography, 10, 77–100 .\nruan s j, gong h s (1999). mammal resources in niubeiliang national nature reserve, shanxi province. chinese journal zoology, 34 (2): 30–35 (in chinese )\nwang y x (2002). a complete checklist of mammal species and subspecies in china: a taxonomic and geographic reference. beijing: china forestry publishing house (in chinese )\nwu j y (1986). giant panda in the qinling mountains. acta zoologica sinica, 32 (1): 92–95 (in chinese )\nwu j y, han y p, yong y g, zhao j w (1986). mammals of the conservation reserve in foping. chinese wildlife, 3: 1–4 (in chinese )\nwu j y, li g h (1982). a report on the mammals of ankang region of shaanxi province. zoological research, 3 (1): 59–68 (in chinese )\nyang m s, li g c, chen d s, li c p (1994). forest classify and regeneration of active cutting in qinling. xi’an: shanxi science and technology press (in chinese )\nzhang r z (1999). zoogeography of china. beijing: science press (in chinese )\nzheng y l (1982). mammalian fauna of the eastern part of qinling mountains, shanxi province, china. chinese journal zoology, 2: 15–19 (in chinese )\nzheng y l, yao j c, jiang y a (1982). abundance and distribution of protected animals in shanxi province. chinese wildlife, (3): 26–28 (in chinese )\nzhang z j (2001). study on the fauna of manmmals in songpan district. journal of sichuan teachers college (natural science), 22 (2): 120–126 (in chinese )\nis found in south and southeast asia, specifically in sri lanka and ceylon. (ellerman 1966, macdonald 1985, parker 1990 )\nis mainly arboreal, keeping mostly to large tree branches. they have been observed to sleep in the roof of bungalows adjacent to the jungle and in hollow tree branches. (phillips 1935 )\n. young have been found in october and november, and so it is thought that reproduction occurs in the latter months of the year. it is also thought that females may have more than one litter per year. two or three young are produced in each litter. the gestation period and life span of this species are unknown, as are the ages of weaning and sexual maturity. (anderson 1984, parker 1990, phillips 1935 )\nas the young are easily tamed, although no detailed information was given on any tamed animals. (phillips 1935 )\nmay be destructive if these animals live near land where fruits eaten by this species are being raised as crops (bananas, mangos, etc). however, this was not mentioned to be a large problem in any of the literature found on this species. (phillips 1935 )\nthis species needs to be studied in the wild, as well as in captivity, so that more information can be gathered about its life span, behavior, and reproductive habits. also, because this species is very local in its distribution, a careful eye should be kept on its numbers .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nanderson, s. and j. k. jones, jr. (ed .) 1984. orders and families of recent mammals of the world. john wiley & sons. new york .\nellerman, j. r. 1966. checklist of palaearctic and indian mammals. trustees of the british museum (natural history). london .\nmacdonald, d. 1985. encyclopedia of mammals. facts on file publications. new york .\nparker, s. p. (ed .) 1990. grzimek' s encyclopedia of mammals, volume 3. mcgraw - hill publishing company. new york .\nphillips, w. w. a. manual of the mammals of ceylon. dulau & co. , ltd. london .\nvaughan, t. a. 1986. mammalogy. 3rd edition. harcourt brace jovanovich college publishers. new york .\nto cite this page: schweighoefer, k. 1999 .\nparadoxurus zeylonensis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control." ]

{ "text": [ "the golden palm civet ( paradoxurus zeylonensis ) is a palm civet endemic to sri lanka .", "it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .", "its distribution is severely fragmented , and the extent and quality of its habitat in sri lanka 's hill regions are declining . " ], "topic": [ 28, 17, 13 ] }

[ "the golden palm civet (paradoxurus zeylonensis) is a palm civet endemic to sri lanka. it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list. its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent and quality of its habitat in sri lanka's hill regions are declining." ]

[ "kento furui added the japanese common name\nオカダンゴムシ科\nto\narmadillidiidae\n.\nin armadillidiidae the tails (uropods) are shorter than the last abdominal segment .\nadult image of armadillidium nasatum and photos of 2 other species not in armadillidiidae (scott baird, wright state u. , ohio )\nwhat made you want to look up armadillidiidae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nin the following image porcellio scaber is in the family porcellionidae and armadillidium nasatum is in the family armadillidiidae. note the length of the tails in each .\nthe armadillidiidae family is a group of land - dwelling crustaceans like the pill bug. this lesson will discuss how this family fits into the animal kingdom and will then explore some fascinating pill bug facts .\nso we know that armadillidiidae are a group of land - dwelling crustaceans that can roll up into a ball to protect themselves, but let' s check out some other cool facts about this family, focusing on the most famous member, the pill bug, which has a ton of nicknames, such as roly poly bugs, potato bugs, and woodlice .\nfamily: armadilliidae most within the family armadillidiidae are characterized by an hour - glass shaped telson. a telson is the last segment in the abdomen of a crustacean (the subphylum of a. vulgare is crustacea). a. vulgare also falls under this family because it has pigmentation patterns throughout its thorax, or the part of the body between the head and the abdomen (british myriapod n. d) .\nwhat probably doesn' t come to mind is a pill bug crawling inside of a log. but pill bugs belong to a family called armadillidiidae, which are terrestrial (land dwelling) crustaceans. the claim to fame of this family is their ability to roll into a ball to protect themselves, which is termed conglobation. so, while their common name suggests they are bugs, pill bugs are actually more closely related to marine critters, like crabs .\nyou might notice that the family name, armadillidiidae, sounds a lot like the animal armadillo, and it' s not a coincidence. while they are not related, the word' armatus' comes from a latin word meaning' to arm', which makes sense. the armadillo has plates and rolls into a ball to arm (or protect) itself, and pill bugs have body segments that look like armor, and they roll up into a ball to protect themselves .\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database. armadillidiidae brandt, 1833. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 148639 on 2018 - 07 - 11\nchances are you' ve come into contact with a pill bug in your lifetime, but you may not have realized that, while they appear bug - like, they are actually more closely related to crustaceans, like crabs and lobsters. pill bugs belong to a family called armadillidiidae, and these include terrestrial (land dwelling) crustaceans that can roll up into a ball when frightened, which is termed conglobation. pill bugs have gill - like structures to breathe, and typically eat dead or decaying plant and animal material. females lay eggs into a pouch, where the offspring live for 3 to 9 weeks before going out on their own to live their pill bug lives .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nschmalfuss, h. (2003). world catalog of terrestrial isopods (isopoda: oniscidea). stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde. serie a, 654: 1 - 341. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbecky ball added text to\ncomprehensive description for armadillidium vulgare\non\narmadillidium vulgare (latreille, 1804 )\n.\narmadillidium vulgare, known as pill beetles or roly polies, are part ...\nthe article says that a. vulgare is native to north america. i ...\nc. michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\narmadillidium vulgare (latreille, 1804 )\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nオカダンゴムシ\nto\narmadillidium vulgare (latreille, 1804 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\njulie a. franklin, morgan a. byron, and jennifer gillett - kaufman 2\nthe pillbug is often mistakenly referred to as a sowbug, which is the common name used for other species of woodlice in the genera oniscus and porcellio. sowbugs and pillbugs are both isopods, but they differ in that a pillbug can roll into a ball and a sowbug cannot. sowbugs are more flattened and have appendages extending from the last abdominal segment that prevent them from rolling (figure 2) .\na sowbug, another non - insect arthropod that is often mistaken for the pillbug, armadillidium vulgare (latreille) .\npillbugs were introduced from europe and are found throughout the world as a cosmopolitan species .\npillbugs are nocturnal isopods. during the day they can be found in dark, humid places such as under fallen leaves, rocks, or logs. they are terrestrial crustaceans that live their entire lives on land. pillbugs feed mainly on decaying plant leaves and other decomposing materials .\neggs: the eggs are carried in a marsupium (brood pouch) on the ventral (underside) surface of the female and can reach a diameter of 0. 7 mm. eggs hatch after three to four weeks. females may produce one to three broods every year and each brood is composed of 100 to 200 eggs .\nyoung: after hatching, the young may stay in the pouch on their mother’s underside for an additional one to two weeks and grow to 2 mm in length before venturing off on their own. while in the marsupium, both the eggs and the young survive on nutrients received through marsupial fluid (capinera 2001) .\nthe young’s first molt occurs within a day after leaving their mother. this first molt allows them to gain the seventh segment of their pereon (the thoracic structure in crustaceans). the second molt takes place two weeks later and allows the seventh pair of legs to generate, originating from the newest thoracic segement. the pillbugs continue to molt every one to two weeks for the next 18 weeks. when molting, the posterior portion of the body sheds first and then the anterior portion sheds around three days later (capinera 2001) .\nthe pillbug’s main habitat is under mulch, fallen leaves, and rocks. pillbugs are nocturnal and require humid conditions during the day. pillbugs are generally found in soil with sowbugs, millipedes, and earthworms. their preferred soil habitat is composed of organic matter and has a neutral to alkaline ph. pillbugs are least likely to be found in soil that has been tilled, is too wet, or has an acidic ph (capinera 2001). pillbugs have also been found feeding on seedlings and some plant roots, leading to occasional minor pest status .\nplants with damage to green leaves by armadillidium vulgare (latreille) include picris echioides and silybum marianum in the grasslands of california (paris 1963). additionally, armadillidium vulgare (latreille) was found to cause damage to tomato, radish, lettuce, mustard, pea, and bean crops (pierce 1907). armadillidium nasatum has been reported feeding on cucumber plants and fruit (goats 1985) .\na study was conducted on the effects of the detritivorous behavior (consumption of dead plant material) of the pillbug in the hydric hardwood forest of central florida. the pillbugs’ foraging had a positive impact on the ecosystem, shown by increased mineral layer nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium), increased ph, and higher amounts of carbon eliminated from fallen leaves (frouz 2008) .\npillbugs may also be found inside of homes, but are not known to cause any damage, only annoy people by being present inside their residences .\npreventing the establishment of pillbugs in unwanted areas is the best management strategy. pillbugs traveling inside a home can easily be swept up and taken outside. to prevent their re - entry, ensure any floor level cracks and door entries are sealed. cultural controls for preventing pillbugs from causing damage to seedlings or vegetables and fruit on the soil, may include avoiding overwatering leading to moist soil conditions and removing decaying plant material that may serve as a host area for the isopods. chemical controls include insecticide bait, dust, granular, and liquid formulations (capinera 2001) .\nbeck ml, price jo. 1985. genetic variation and differentiation in armadillidium vulgare (isopoda: oniscoidea). genetica 66: 169 - 171 .\ncapinera jl. 2001. handbook of vegetable pests. academic press, san diego .\nfrouz j, lobinske r, kalcik j, ali a. 2008. effects of the exotic crustacean, armadillidium vulgare (isopoda), and other macrofauna on organic matter dynamics in soil microcosms in a hardwood forest in central florida. florida entomological society 91: 328 - 331 .\nhoward hw. 1980. the distribution at breeding time of the sexes of the woodlouse, armadillidium vulgare (latreille, 1802) (isopoda). crustaceana 39: 52 - 58 .\nkoehler pg, pereira rm, allen ra. 2012. pillbugs, sowbugs, centipedes, millipedes and earwigs. uf / ifas. eny - 221. (10 august 2015) .\nmcdaniel ei. 1931. insect and allied pests of plants grown under glass. michigan agricultural experiment station special bulletin no. 214 .\nmcdaniel, e. i. 1924. greenhouse insects. michigan agricultural experiment station special bulletin 134: 52 .\nuniversity of california integrated pest management online. 2013. managing pests in gardens: fruit: invertebrates: sowbugs and pillbugs uc ipm. (10 august 2015) .\nziegler a, suzuki s. 2011. sperm storage, sperm translocation and genitalia formation in females of the terrestrial isopod armadillidium vulgare (crustacea, peracarida, isopoda). arthropod structure and development 40: 64 - 76 .\nthis document is eeny630, one of a series of the entomology and nematology department, uf / ifas extension. original publication date august 2015. visit the edis website at urltoken. this document is also available on the featured creatures website at urltoken .\njulie a. franklin; morgan a. byron; and jennifer gillett - kaufman, associate extension scientist, entomology and nematology department; uf / ifas extension, gainesville, fl 32611 .\nthe institute of food and agricultural sciences (ifas) is an equal opportunity institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. for more information on obtaining other uf / ifas extension publications, contact your county' s uf / ifas extension office. u. s. department of agriculture, uf / ifas extension service, university of florida, ifas, florida a & m university cooperative extension program, and boards of county commissioners cooperating. nick t. place, dean for uf / ifas extension .\n( woodlice) and chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) were positively influenced by mature garlic mustard densities, while araneidae (spiders) and passandridae (flat bark beetles) were negatively influenced .\n( pill bugs), a word with an uninterrupted string of 9 rnls .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nthis page was last edited on 20 april 2018, at 19: 30 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nall images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members. we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos. click on any image below to visit the species page. the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species, particularly from a photo. see our photo id page for more information .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed, after selecting from the menu below, click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson, hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l... kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nwoodlice are not insects, but are crustaceans; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects. the body is divided into three main regions, the head, the thorax (known in woodlice as the' pereion'), and the abdomen (' pleon') (2). the pill woodlouse is so called because it is able to roll into a ball when threatened; it is often confused with the pill millipede (glomeris marginata) for this reason (3). this woodlouse is typically slate grey in colour, but red or patchy forms may arise (2) .\narmadillidium vulgare are detritivores, meaning that they consume dead organic matter (le clec’h, 2013). a. vulgare consumes decaying leaf litter, but under stressed condition where no better option is available they may become graniverous and even cannibalistic (le clec’h, 2013). in one experiment a. vulgare individuals were starved for 3 months and were then left with another individual; the experiment resulted in one individual becoming cannibalistic and eating the other. (le clec’h, 2011) .\nmany of the patterns in a. vulgare’s behavior are dictated by the species’ struggle to maintain its body moisture and avoid desiccation (drying out) (moriyama, 2004). this species usually lives beneath dead leaf litter or stones and even conglobate (roll up into ball) to prevent any unnecessary desiccation (smigel, 2008). when a. vulgare experiences a strong vibration or pressure, it conglobates, covering its soft ventral side by rolling into a ball and exposing only a tough outer cuticle for protection against predators (smigel, 2008). interestingly, when in dry soils or in in temperatures above 40˚c, a. vulgare has been found to conglobate, however, when found in moist soil a. vulgare was found to be unconglobated, meaning that conglobation may not only be for defensive purposes, but also for water retention (smigel, 2008) .\nwhen moisture levels are above 10% and leaf litter (dead organic material) present, a. vulgare populations can be expected (smigel, 2008). a. vulgare individuals contain a pheromone that may give notice to surrounding congeners (like - species) and have them aggregate; often times, this aggregation can exceed 70 + individuals in a span of 10 minutes (broly, 2012). this massive aggregation is a water retention mechanism that prevents water loss by covering individuals with their bodies (broly, 2012) .\nwhen considering a. vulgares’ ecological importance, its role as a detritivore and ability to remediate make it a valuable species of animal to protect (paoletti, 1999). as a detritivore, a. vulgare drives nutrient cycling by breaking down organic debris to nutrients that can be readily absorbed by plants (paoletti, 1999). a. vulgare also has the ability to partially remediate heavy metal contamination by taking in heavy metals and storing deposits on their mid - gut, which helps in the recovery of areas contaminated with toxic heavy metals, making it a great bio - indicator for the health of an ecosystem (paoletti, 1999) .\nbroly, p. , mullier, r. , deneubourg, j. l. , & devigne, c. (2012). aggregation in woodlice: social interaction and density effects. zookeys, (176), 133–144. advance online publication. urltoken\nchevalier, f. , j. herbinière - gaboreau, j. bertaux, m. raimond, f. morel, d. bouchon, p. grève, c. braquart - varnier. (2011). the immune cellular effectors of terrestrial isopod armadillidium vulgare: meeting with their invaders, wolbachia. plos one\nharding, p. t. , & sutton, s. l. (1985). woodlice in britain and ireland: distribution and habitat. huntingdon: institute of terrestrial ecology .\nhopkin, s. p. (1991). a key to the woodlice of britain and ireland. field studies 7, 599 - 650. published by the field studies council (uk). isbn 1 85153 204 8\nlawlor, l. (1976). molting, growth and reproductive strategies in the terrestrial isopod, armadillidium vulgare. ecology, 57 (6), 1179 - 1194. doi: 10. 2307 / 1935043\nle clec’h, w. , f. chevalier, l. genty, j. bertaux, d. bouchon, m. sicard. (2013). cannibalism and predation as paths for horizontal passage of wolbachia between terrestrial isopods. plos one, 8 / 4: e60232 .\nmoriyama, t. (2004). problem solving and autonomous behavior in pill bugs (armadillidiun vulgare). ecological psychology, 16 (4), 287 - 302 .\npaoletti, m. g. , & hassall, m. (1999). woodlice (isopoda: oniscidea): their potential for assessing sustainability and use as bioindicators. invertebrate biodiversity as bioindicators of sustainable landscapes, 157 - 165. doi: 10. 1016 / b978 - 0 - 444 - 50019 - 9. 50012 - 1\nsmigel, j. t. , & gibbs, a. g. (2008). conglobation in the pill bug, armadillidium vulgare, as a water conservation mechanism. journal of insect science, 8, 44. urltoken\n© guillermo ortiz; env 201 at arizona state university. editor: becky ball\nyou have probably seen them in your basement or garden, for they live under stones and bark in damp places. while they exist in large numbers here in north america, they also reside in the wettest areas of germany .\nthis species is very common in the south - east of england, is found in parts of western and northern england and becomes rare in scotland (2) .\ntheir light shell - like crustaceous exterior is usually a drab earthy color. pill bugs found in north america range from gray to brown. however, those with habitats in europe have large red dots, which give them protection by conferring a resemblance to black widow spiders. pill bugs have five abdominal segments which are distinct dorsally. their first antennae are vestigial .\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 4 taxa. environmental ranges depth range (m): 229 - 1646 graphical representation depth range (m): 229 - 1646 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\npill bugs hide in damp places during the day and are active at night. under moist areas such as bark and stones, they make their burrow (living quarters .) one of the pill bugs' most surprising characteristics is that they have such a wide distribution pattern .\nhome\ncan be a forest, garden, or basement .\noccurs only on calcareous soils, except in coastal areas (2), and is able to withstand much drier conditions than most other woodlice (3). it shows a distinct preference for chalky or limestone sites with stony turf (2) .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\n, like most isopods, are omnivorous. they feed on fungi, live or dead plants and animals. special treats for pill bugs are monocotyledonous leaves. all isopods increase decomposition by processing leaves through their alimentary canal. it is not uncommon for pill bugs to shift from one type of food to another, for during a drought they turn from being vegetarians into scavengers .\nthese animals are part of the community of species that break down dead plants and animals .\npillbugs and sowbugs have microbes in their guts that allow the crustacean to digest plant material .\nthey are famous for curling up into a tight ball for a defense mechanism. some may secrete a substance which discourages spiders. the most common defense among all of them is to remain inconspicuous .\nreproduce on land as opposed to in water. eggs develop in a brood pouch filled with fluid, from which fully developed young are released. they produce between one and two broods. the number produced depends on the size and condition of the female, who may cease to grow under stress due to excessive hydration, which reduces the chance of a second reproduction. ironically, when the food supply is short, the offspring grow larger .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\npillbugs may occasionally eat small plants as they germinate, causing some trouble in gardens .\npill bugs living in gardens help circulate soil, although they may also eat small plants .\nmay reach a length of 18 millimetres (0. 71 in), and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed; this ability, along with its general appearance, gives it the name\nthrough its behaviour, preferring bright sunshine when temperatures are low, but remaining in shadow when temperatures are high; temperatures below −2 °c (28 °f) or above 36 °c (97 °f) are lethal to it .\nis common in the south and east, but rarer in the north and west .\nit has also been introduced, to a lesser extent, to sites across the world .\nin areas throughout the u. s. , typically among children. among adults, they are often seen as unwanted (but essentially harmless) home\nkeeping a pet pill bug requires a very moist habitat with limited light and lots of decaying plant matter .\nhelmut schmalfuss (2003) .\nworld catalog of terrestrial isopods (isopoda: oniscidea) — revised and updated version\n. stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, serie a 654: 341 pp .\nroberto refinetti (1984) .\nbehavioral temperature regulation in the pill bug, armadillidium vulgare (isopoda )\n. crustaceana 47 (1): 29–43. doi: 10. 1163 / 156854084x00298 .\njan frouza, richard lobinske, jirí kalcík & arshad ali (2008) .\neffects of the exotic crustacean, armadillidium vulgare (isopoda), and other macrofauna on organic matter dynamics in soil microcosms in a hardwood forest in central florida\n. florida entomologist 91 (2): 328–331. doi: 10. 1653 / 0015 - 4040 (2008) 91 [ 328: eoteca ] 2. 0. co; 2 .\noscar h. paris (1963) .\nthe ecology of armadillidium vulgare (isopoda: oniscoidea) in california grassland: food, enemies, and weather\n. ecological monographs (ecological society of america) 33 (1): 1–22. doi: 10. 2307 / 1948475. jstor 1948475 .\nstanley a. schultz & marguerite j. schultz (2009). the tarantula keeper' s guide: comprehensive information on care, housing, and feeding. barron' s educational series. pp. 181–183. isbn 978 - 0 - 7641 - 3885 - 0 .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: ivan hadrián tuf (zc. lopu @ fut. navi )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ngenerally, when animals encounter their predator they (1) run away, (2) attack it or (3) stay invisible and / or look unpalatable .\nanti - predatory behaviour including boldness can be a part of animal personality. personality of animals has been routinely studied during the last twenty years, although the study of personality in vertebrates prevails. behavioural traits, which are consistent over time in individuals and as a response to different situations, have been described as a personality (reale et al. 2007). the concept of personality has been used for a relatively broad spectrum of invertebrates including crustaceans (e. g. briffa 2013, biro et al. 2014, brodin and drotz 2014), but not explicitly studied in terrestrial isopods previously. the main behavioural traits found in crustacea are boldness (brifa et al. 2008; hazlett and bach 2010; brifa and twyman 2011; brifa 2013), voraciousness (biro et al. 2014) and activity (yli - renko et al. 2014) .\nchange in anti - predatory behaviour during growth and development of animal can challenge stability over time of the behavioural traits mentioned above. examination of animal personality traits must consider consistency over two different time intervals: short intervals to determine whether behaviour is sufficiently consistent to be included in a study of personality, and longer intervals to determine how behaviour changes over the course of a lifetime (stamps and groothuis 2010) .\nthe usefulness of feigning death as an anti - predatory behavioural strategy can theoretically be dependent on body size of an animal. if smaller animals can be easily overlooked by predator, the frequency of using this strategy by small animals can be higher than by bigger animals. this pattern was confirmed in some studies (hals and beal 1982; quadros et al. 2012) but not found in other ones or in other species (hazlett and bach 2010; quadros et al. 2012) for several crustaceans including terrestrial isopods .\nwe studied anti - predatory behaviour of the common rough woodlouse porcellio scaber latreille, 1804, and we added a new parameter to standard experimental design – repetitions at the individual level. with this modification we were able to study the stability of behavioural traits, i. e. animal personality. the main aims of this research were: are there any patterns in death feigning (tonic immobility, ti) behaviour? is ti affected by type of treatment or its order? is there a body - size pattern of behaviour among woodlice suggesting any developmental changes of its behaviour? despite size of body, is there an individual specific pattern of behaviour among woodlice, i. e. are we able to evaluate their boldness on personal level ?\nbehavioural experiments followed the design used by quadros et al. (2012); each isopod was exposed to several treatments. one experimental set contained three types of treatments to induce tonic immobility (ti): touch, squeeze, and drop. the touch stimulus was applied as gentle nudge to the isopod with forceps. the squeeze stimulus was applied as a firm grab to the isopod body by entomological soft - metal forceps, when one prong was undercutting the ventral part of the body and the other part was applied on the dorsal part. the drop stimulus was similar to squeeze one, though followed by lifting to ca 10 cm and then letting it drop back in the box .\nthe first treatment was applied and if ti was induced, its duration was measured. if necessary, the stimulus was repeated up to 5 times in order to induce ti. if ti was not induced, lack of reaction was recorded. we let individual woodlouse rest for approximately 30 minutes and applied the second treatment in the same way and the third treatment after a further half hour, respectively (fig .\n). id of woodlouse, order of types of treatments, sensitivity or promptness of ti induction (i. e. number of stimuli needed) or non - reactivity; and endurance of ti (i. e. time from start of ti to the first movement of antenna or leg) was measured in each experimental set. each individual was involved in five experimental sets with 4 day intervals between experimental sets. the order of stimuli was changed systematically to distinguish the effect of type of stimulus from an effect of order of stimuli .\ndesign of one experimental set. dashed arrows symbolise repeated stimuli applied if previous stimulus did not evoke tonic immobility. experimental sets were applied repeatedly over a three week period; each individual was exposed to five experimental sets with 4 days intervals between .\nthree isopods died after the first experimental set, but data are available to evaluate from 738 experimental sets; ti as a reaction to at least one treatment was recorded in 334 sets (45% of sets) in 35 woodlice (23% of individuals). ti was induced by all treatments during the same experimental set in 41 experiments (6 %) in 25 woodlice, with only one individual showing ti at each of the 15 treatments (i. e. through all five experimental sets) .\n), too: with touch followed by the longest ti. also reactivity, i. e. number of stimuli needed to induce ti, was significantly dependent upon the type of treatment (f\n); if the global probability to react to touch is the lowest, more stimuli of touch were necessary to induce ti .\ntonic immobility of porcellio scaber induced by different treatments: a probability of inducing ti by the first, the second and the third treatment b probability of inducing ti by different treatments c endurance of ti following the first, the second and the third treatment d endurance of ti following different treatments e sensitivity, i. e. promptness of inducing ti by the first, the second and the third treatment f sensitivity, i. e. promptness of inducing ti by different treatments. (* * * p < 0. 001; * * p < 0. 01; * p ≤ 0. 05 )\nto avoid misunderstandings relating to the effect of treatment type and its order in the experimental set, the order of the applied treatments was changed. without respect to type of treatment, the third treatment was the most probable to be followed by ti (f\nendurance of tonic immobility of porcellio scaber of different body sizes induced by treatments. (* * * p < 0. 001; * * p < 0. 01; * p ≤ 0. 05 )\npersonality, i. e. individual stability of duration of ti was confirmed by kendall’s concordance analysis for the whole reactive group of isopods (w = 0. 73, p < 0. 001); there were individual patterns of endurance of ti irrespective of type of treatment or its order. to avoid obfuscation of personality and size - dependent differences in behaviour, concordance analyses for individual size categories were calculated and revealed significant stability of endurance of ti inside all body - size categories (large size: w = 0. 68, p < 0. 001; medium size: w = 0. 82, p < 0. 001; small size: w = 0. 65, p < 0. 001). stability of patterns of durations of ti can be visualised by correlations between endurances of different ti values (fig .\ncorrelations between duration (in seconds) of ti of porcellio scaber induced by the different treatments: a correlation between duration of ti induced by squeeze and drop b correlation between duration of ti induced by touch and drop c correlation between duration of ti induced by touch and squeeze. data were transformed by decimal logarithm .\ncorrelations between durations of ti of porcellio scaber induced by different treatments: d – drop, s – squeeze, t – touch. (* * * p < 0. 001; * * p < 0. 01; * p ≤ 0. 05 )\nwe evaluated reactivity, sensitivity, and duration of tonic immobility of porcellio scaber. it is difficult to evaluate the functional significance of anti - predatory behaviour, as there are several interfering behaviours which affect probability of an animal being recognized, captured and consumed by predators (lind and cresswell 2005). these behaviours can have evolved independently; nevertheless it is impossible to measure the independent effect of one of those behaviours on the fitness of target animals. for this reason we cannot say that tonic immobility increases the fitness of porcellio scaber .\ngenerally, the reactivity was relatively low (23% of isopods). it is known that tonic immobility is not the main anti - predatory strategy for porcellio scaber, as a clinger ecomophological type (schmalfuss 1984). they use sticking against a surface, or run away more frequently to escape predators (77% of woodlouse in our study tried to run away exclusively), or uses chemical protection (gorvett 1956; deslippe et al. 1996). nevertheless, quadros et al. (2012) found porcellio dilatatus to be a highly responsive species (89% specimens used ti) .\nanother advantage of aggregates is the higher probability of being passed over by a predator among running conspecifics (miyatake et al. 2009). if larger predator turns over the shelter of a group of isopods (e. g. stone or bark on dead stump), it can be useful to stay in ti and wait until the predator is lured away by other, running members of the aggregation. it can be gainer strategy even if the woodlouse is lost by the predator (drop or squeeze). in addition, the shorter duration of ti can be more useful if the lured - away predator is coming back to search for the last prey items. it can be an explanation for higher reactivity and shorter endurance for ti following drop and squeeze stimuli .\nstudies have shown changes in behaviour according to the type of disturbing treatment. carbines et al. (1992) studied the character of escape mechanisms of isopods from predators. they measured turn alteration in a simple labyrinth and related it to the probability of survival (as direction of run). if the treatment was harmless cotton - wool fluff, the probability of survival was much lower than if dysdera spider predators were the agent of disturbance. it means an authenticity of stimulus affected its defensive behaviour; perhaps over time in our prolonged experiment the authenticity of disturbance was decreasing. during one experimental set in our study, the reactivity increased in the third treatment while in the third treatment duration of ti was reduced. this resembles a situation when the isopod is (hypothetically) able to evaluate the meaningless stimulation of the experimenter and learn “to escape” from this situation by a more prompt ti response for a shorter time. as this “explanation” is rather implausible, shorter duration of ti in the last stimulus can be explained also by quick habituation of porcellio scaber to stable environmental cues, as was described by anselme (2013). habituation, i. e. changes of response to repeated stimulus was reported also for the aquatic crab chasmagnathus granulatus (tomsic et al. 2009) .\ncorrelations between length if ti, even if there is a decrease of endurance of ti during one experimental set, can be caused by habituation of isopods to repeated treatment as well as their sensitivity to new type of treatment. anselme (2013) found that porcellio scaber individuals are able to habituate to an environment in around 10 minutes. over this time, they become less interested in stable stimulus and their activity decreased. in the same study woodlice preferred new stimuli (such as a new texture of substrate) if it was provided (anselme 2013), or a random pattern of known stimuli (anselme 2015), so there is some evidence of “curiosity” in porcellio scaber (although not studied at individual level) .\nbesides finding differences in endurance of ti between body size groups, we also identified personal behavioural patterns in all tested individuals, as well as variation within these body - size groups. these findings are not able to resolve if personality is changing during individual development or not. although behavioural traits can be stable across short time intervals, changes to personality due to development can cause inconsistency in responses to stimuli over longer time intervals (stamp and groothuis 2010). we did not evaluate if traits remained the same over long time intervals, but this type of stability was not proved for marine isopod idothea baltica recently (yli - renko et al. 2015). investigation of long - time stability of behavioural traits in terrestrial isopods should be a possible goal of future studies .\nwe are grateful to elisabeth hornung and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestion. megan short (deakin university, australia) kindly improved the english of the manuscript .\ntuf ih, drábková l, šipoš j (2015) personality affects defensive behaviour of porcellio scaber (isopoda, oniscidea). in: taiti s, hornung e, štrus j, bouchon d (eds) trends in terrestrial isopod biology. zookeys 515: 159–171. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 515. 9429\nindividual and sex - specific differences in intrinsic growth rate covary with consistent individual differences in behaviour .\nthe influence of personality on a group - level process: shy hermit crabs make longer vacancy chains .\ncomparing the strength of behavioural plasticity and consistency across situations: animal personalities in the hermit crab pagurus bernhardus .\ndo i stand out or blend in? conspicuousness awareness and consistent behavioural differences in hermit crabs .\nindividual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis, h. milne edwards, 1854) during initial invasion of lake vanern, sweden .\nbroly p, mullier r, deneubourg j - l, devigne c. (2012 )\nincreased turn alternation by woodlice (porcellio scaber) in response to a predatory spider, dysdera crocata .\ncsonka d, halasy k, szabo p, mrak p, štrus j, hornung e. (2013 )\neco - morphological studies on pleopodal lungs and cuticle in armadillidium species (crustacea, isopoda, oniscidea) .\ndistribution of colonies and prey specialization in the ponerine ant genus leptogenys (hymenoptera: formicidae) .\nthe death feint and other responses of the terrestrial isopod porcellio scaber to a jarring stimulus .\nadaptive significance of death feigning posture as a specialized inducible defense against gape - limited predators .\nbehavioral evidence for internal factors affecting duration of conglobation in pill bugs (armadillidium vulgare, isopoda, crustacea) .\nmiyatake t, nakayama s, nishi y, nakajima s. (2009 )\nreale d, reader sm, sol d, mcdougall pt, dingemanse nj. (2007 )\nconglobation in the pill bug, armadillidium vulgare, as a water conservation mechanism .\ntomsic d, berón de astrada m, sztarker j, maldonado h. (2009 )\nbehavioral and neuronal attributes of short - and long - term habituation in the crab chasmagnathus .\npostembryonic ontogenetic development in porcellio scaber (isopoda: oniscidea): the significance of food .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n, the common pillbug, is native to the edge of the mediterranean and has been introduced to nearly all worldwide terrestrial landmasses, with particularly dense populations in temperate climates. there are significant populations throughout the united states, and it is also found in madagascar, australia, south africa, and india, among many other areas .\nhas also been extensively studied and collected in japan, france, canada, central bohemia, the czech republic, and shorelines of western romania .\n(\nisopoda (pillbugs, slaters, and woodlice )\n, 2003; beauché and richard, 2013; ferenţi, et al. , 2013; giraud, et al. , 2013; karasawa, et al. , 2012; moriyama and migita, 2004; saska, 2008; wright and o' donnell, 2010 )\nis abundant and active as both a soil and surface dweller. populations thrive in moist climates and damp soils .\ncan be found in locations with a standard mediterranean climate or in temperate agroecosystems. data has been compiled that indicates that\npopulations range throughout the temperate, subtropical, and subarctic climates of japan. humidity levels ranging from 50 to 60% are acceptable conditions to prevent desiccation. optimal habitats have abundant decomposing organic matter, moderate temperatures, low illumination, and moderate to high humidity. while other terrestrial isopods populate thermal habitats such as the soil near heated swimming pools or shorelines during colder winter months ,\nprefers drier areas further from water. locations where the soil entirely freezes over do not encourage population growth .\n( dias, et al. , 2012; ferenţi, et al. , 2013; karasawa, et al. , 2012; moriyama and migita, 2004; robinson, et al. , 2011; saska, 2008; wright and o' donnell, 2010 )\ncommon pillbugs can be found under pieces of natural debris such as stones or logs in forests, and in the soil of fields, gardens, or hedgerows. exposed large - particle soil (as found in agricultural cultivation sites or greenhouses) is more desirable than finer soils, as the former allows for increased water retention, easier burrowing, and increased relative humidity. human domestic waste such as cardboard or old rags provide suitable habitats as well .\n(\nisopoda (pillbugs, slaters, and woodlice )\n, 2003; karasawa, et al. , 2012; robinson, et al. , 2011; wright and o' donnell, 2010 )\npopulations have been maintained successfully under stable laboratory conditions such as daily fluorescent illumination exposure ranging from six to ten hours a day, temperatures between 20 to 25°c, and combinations of damp soil and deciduous leaf litter with 100% humidity .\n( beauché and richard, 2013; robinson, et al. , 2011; wright and o' donnell, 2010 )\nis oval - shaped and moderately flattened along its dorsal plane. isopods have a cephalic shield (incompletely fused carapace) that is less durable than the fully fused carapace of other crustaceans. they have three tagmata: the head, which bears their cephalon (fused maxillipeds), the pereon (thorax), and the pleon (abdomen) .\ncan be distinguished from other terrestrial isopods by observing both clearly visible antennae that protrude during conglobation and relatively short pereopods that cannot be seen from their dorsal surface. compared to other species within the same genus ,\nhas a thicker cuticle and denser endothelium between the respiratory cavity and lung fluids. although not visible externally, these morphological adaptations may have contributed to its increased resistance to desiccation, and thereby its cosmopolitan distribution .\n(\nisopoda (pillbugs, slaters, and woodlice )\n, 2003; beauché and richard, 2013; bousfield and conlan, 2013; csonka, et al. , 2013; hild, et al. , 2008 )\nhas an oval body shape approximately twice as long as it is wide. two - to three - month - old\njuveniles are generally between 5 to 7 mm in length. typical young adults are 10 mm long and 5 mm wide. sexually mature individuals can generally be distinguished by having a length greater than 0. 7 mm. males and females have approximately equivalent mass .\n(\nisopoda (pillbugs, slaters, and woodlice )\n, 2003; beauché and richard, 2013; moriyama, 2004; robinson, et al. , 2011 )\nis determined by two distinct pigments in the integument (outer shell): ommochrome pigment that produces dark body coloration, and pteridine pigments that produce distinct colored spots in the dorsal region. the presence of dense pteridine pigments usually results in slightly yellowish spots, although brown or red coloration also occurs. most individuals have a dull, dark gray universal body color due to the distribution of these pigments but variants occur. individuals infected with iiv - 31 may instead be light blue, purple, or violet. some populations of" ]

{ "text": [ "armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice , a terrestrial crustacean group in the order isopoda .", "unlike members of other woodlouse families , members of this family can roll into a ball , an ability they share with the outwardly similar but unrelated pill millipedes and other animals .", "it is this ability which gives woodlice in this family their common names of pill bugs , roly polies , or doodle bugs .", "the best known species in the family is armadillidium vulgare , the common pill bug . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 29, 29 ] }

[ "armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order isopoda. unlike members of other woodlouse families, members of this family can roll into a ball, an ability they share with the outwardly similar but unrelated pill millipedes and other animals. it is this ability which gives woodlice in this family their common names of pill bugs, roly polies, or doodle bugs. the best known species in the family is armadillidium vulgare, the common pill bug." ]

[ "have a fact about sebrus absconditus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sebrus absconditus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ zimbabwe ], rhodesia, umvuma, xii. 1918, leg. carnegie .\nholotype ♀, tmsa; paratypes 6♀ (see bassi 2013: 140), tmsa, bmnh .\njanse a. j. t. 1922. some apparently new south african genera and species of the family pyralidae. - transactions of the entomological society of london 1922 (1–2): 1–33 .\nbassi g. 2013a. notes on some old world prionapterygini landry, 1995 (lepidoptera: pyraloidea, crambidae, crambinae), with descriptions of new species. - revue suisse de zoologie 120 (1): 131–160 .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\n[ tanzania ], germ. e. africa, lulanguru, near tabora, leg. carpenter .\nhampson g. f. 1919c. descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamilies crambinae and siginae. - annals and magazine of natural history (9) 4 (20): 53–68; (21): 137–154; (23): 305–326 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "sebrus pseudosparsellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by bleszynski in 1961 .", "it is found in the democratic republic of congo and zimbabwe . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "sebrus pseudosparsellus is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by bleszynski in 1961. it is found in the democratic republic of congo and zimbabwe." ]

[ "citation: feng b, guo q, zheng k, qin y, du y (2017) antennal transcriptome analysis of the piercing moth oraesia emarginata (lepidoptera: noctuidae). plos one 12 (6): e0179433. urltoken\nthe unique life history of o. emarginata might have driven the increase in the number of chemosensory genes\nselect a genera calyptra ochsenheimer - calyptra minuticornis guenée oraesia guenée - oraesia emarginata fabricius plusiodonta guenée - plusiodonta calcaurea sp. n. - plusiodonta wahri sp. n. eudocima billberg - eudocima salaminia cramer - eudocima dividens walker - eudocima [ rhytia ] cocalus cramer - eudocima [ rhytia ] discrepans walker - eudocima [ adris ] sikhimensis butler - eudocima [ khadira ] aurantia moore - eudocima [ othreis ] phalonia linnaeus [ fullonia clerck ] - eudocima [ othreis ] srivijayana bänziger - eudocima [ othreis ] homaena hübner - eudocima [ othreis ] smaragdipicta walker - eudocima [ othreis ] kinabaluensis feige - eudocima [ othreis ] mionopastea hampson\nbehounek g. , hacker h. h. & speidel w. 2010. revision of the genus oraesia guenée, 1852 (old world) and related genera (lepidoptera, noctuoidea, noctuidae, calpinae). - esperiana memoir 5: 243–293 .\nizumi y, tian r, sonoda s, imayoshi y, iwabuchi h, miyashita y, et al. (2015) analysis of peach fruit headspace volatiles and response by the fruit - piercing moth oraesia excavata (lepidoptera: noctuidae). appl entomol zool 50: 231–238 .\nohmasa y, wakamura s, kozai s, sugie h, horiike m, hiran c, et al. (1991) sex pheromone of the fruit - piercing moth, oraesia excavata (butler) (lepidoptera: noctuidae): isolation and identification. appl entomol zool 26: 55–62 .\na total of 104 candidate olfactory genes, including 7 candidate prs and 3 candidate pbps were identified from the noctuid o. emarginata. seven olfactory genes of o. emarginata were not effectively clustered with those of other lepidoptera, and oemaors and oemaobps in 2 clusters were strongly expanded. these changes in olfactory genes in o. emarginata might correlate with its unique life history. most candidate prs and pbps (except for oemaor29 and oemapbp3) of o. emarginata were not clustered with other noctuid species. oemaor29 was grouped into cluster priii of type i pheromones, which recognized type ii pheromones instead of type i pheromones. noctuid species might thus have undergone diversification of the pheromone recognition gene for types i and ii sex pheromones. our results increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism of o. emarginata olfaction and the evolution of olfactory genes associated with sex pheromones .\nsix candidate ionotropic receptor (ir) genes and 2 sensory neuron membrane protein (snmp) genes were identified in o. emarginata, and their mean lengths were 535 aa and 522 aa, respectively (tables 4 and 5). all o. emarginata irs and snmps were clustered with lepidopteran irs and snmps, respectively, with the bootstrap values > 80% (figs 7 and 8). the full orf of 2 snmp genes was obtained .\nthe tree is rooted with ir25a and ir8a lineages. bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. bmor, b. mori, dmel, d. melanogaster, harm, h. armigera, msex, m. sexta, oema, o. emarginata, slitu, s. litura .\nbootstrap values < 50% are not shown. agam, a. gambiae, aips, a. ipsilon, bmor, b. mori, dmel, d. melanogaster, gmol, g. molesta, oema, o. emarginata, slit, s. littoralis, slitu, s. litura .\no. emarginata has a unique life history. the larvae feed on menispermaceae plants, but adults suck on the juices of ripe fruits. mating behavior is mediated by female sex pheromones. mated females oviposit on menispermaceae plants. odorant classes from different species might thus be different [ 52 ]. moths of o. emarginata must recognize a range of different odors with diverse chemical structures emitted from conspecifics, fruits, or orchard background and larval host plants. the olfactory acuity and discriminatory power in o. emarginata may have evolved to fulfill its ecological needs. we found 104 candidate olfactory genes in the antennae of o. emarginata, including 35 ors, 41 obps, 20 csps, 6 irs, and 2 snmps. in these 104 olfactory genes, 2 ors (oemaor24 and 35) and 5 csps (oemacsp1, 2, 7, 8, and 10) were not effectively clustered with those of other lepidopterans (bootstrap values < 50) in the phylogenetic analysis. in addition, 8 oemaors (oemaor11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, and 32) were clustered into the clade of ofuror34, msexor42, and adisor9 (bootstrap value = 87) (fig 2), and 7 oemaobps (oemaobp4, 11, 13, 18, 23, 27, and 35) were clustered with aipsobp4, slitabp1, slitobp12, sexiabp1, hvirabp2, harmobp7, and harmobp7. 2 (bootstrap value = 61) in the phylogenetic trees (fig 3). some of those genes might be species - specific to o. emarginata and used to recognize the odors produced by the menispermaceae and fruits .\nin the phylogenetic tree, 4 orthologous prs clusters for type i pheromones were obtained (cluster pri - priv), and candidate prs of the noctuid species (excluding o. emarginata) formed subclusters of these 4 clusters, with high bootstrap support (≥ 89, fig 10). oemaor29 and obruor1 (the only identified pheromone receptor for type ii sex pheromones from the geometrid o. brumata) belonged to cluster priii (fig 10). other candidate prs of o. emarginata were not grouped with any of these 4 clusters, but 5 (oemaor3, 4, 21, 26, and 28) were clustered, with a bootstrap support of 78 (fig 10) .\nthe tree was rooted with orco lineage (yellow color). bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. genes of o. emarginata, o. brumata, and other noctuid species are indicated by black circles, black triangles, and diamonds, respectively. clusters pri—priv for type i pheromones are indicated in red, green, purple, and blue, respectively. aseg, a. segetum, atra, amyelois transitella, bmor, b. mori, harm, h. armigera, hvir, h. virescens, obru, o. brumata, oema, o. emarginata, onub, o. nubilalis, pxyl, p. xylostella, sexi, s. exigua, slit, s. litura .\nbootstrap values < 50% are not shown. amel, apis mellifera, apol, antheraea polyphemus, bmor, b. mori, dmel, d. melanogaster, harm, h. armigera, hvir, h. virescens, mbra, m. brassicae, msex, m. sexta, nvit, nasonia vitripennis, oema, o. emarginata, scyn, samia ricini, slitu, s. litura .\ntype ii pheromones have mainly been found in the moth superfamilies geometroidea and noctuoidea [ 17 ], but olfactory genes for type ii pheromones were only identified in the geometrids a. selenaria cretacea [ 68, 69 ] and o. brumata [ 56 ] and the erebids l. dispar [ 70 – 72 ] and hyphantria cunea [ 73 ]. the sex pheromone of female o. emarginata was not published, but it was similar to the epoxide components of a preliminary identification (du et al. , unpublished data). in addition, cis - 9, 10 - epoxy - (z) - 6 - heneicosene and cis - 9, 10 - epoxy - (z, z) - 3, 6 - heneicosadiene were identified as the major and minor sex pheromone components from a sibling species, o. excavate [ 30 ]. in the present study, 7 candidate prs and 3 candidate pbps were obtained from the noctuid o. emarginata using antennal transcriptome analysis .\nthe tree was rooted with gobp lineage. bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. genes of o. emarginata, other species with type ii pheromones, and the other noctuid species are indicated by black circles, black triangles, and diamonds, respectively. clusters pbpi—pbpiii are indicated by orange, purple, and blue colors, respectively. acon, argyresthia conjugella, aips, a. ipsilon, apol, a. polyphemus, asel, ascotis selenaria cretacea, bmor, b. mori, cpun, c. punctiferalis, csup, c. suppressalis, ehip, eogystia hippophaecolus, harm, h. armigera, hass, h. assulta, gmol, g. molesta, ldis, lymantria dispar, msex, m. sexta, obru, o. brumata, oema, o. emarginata, ofur, o. furnacalis, onub, o. nubilalis, pxyl, p. xylostella, sexi, s. exigua, sinf, s. inferens, slit, s. litura .\nthe tree was rooted with orco lineage (pink color). bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. color legend: orange = pr group, yellow = or18 group, green = oemaors group, and blue = other general or groups. adis, athetis dissimilis, aips, a. ipsilon, bmor, b. mori, hvir, h. virescens, msex, m. sexta, oema, o. emarginata, ofur, o. furnacalis, slitu, s. litura .\nthe 35 candidate or genes encoding an olfactory receptor co - receptor (oemaorco), oemaor18, 7 candidate pheromone receptors (prs, oemaor3, 4, 21, 26, 28, 29, and 30) and 26 general or genes were identified from o. emarginata antennae (table 1, fig 2). candidate prs of o. emarginata were clustered together with previously reported prs in the phylogenetic tree. eight general ors (oemaor11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, and 32) were clustered with ofuror34, msexor42, and adisor9 into a specific group, with a bootstrap support value of 87 (fig 2). two general or genes (oemaor24 and 35) were not clustered with any reported ors from lepidopteran species with sufficient bootstrap values (bootstrap values < 50). full open reading frame (orf) of 8 or genes (oemaor5, 9, 19, 22, 26, 29, 35 and orco) were obtained, with the mean length of 435 aa .\no. emarginata larvae were collected from fields in gannan city of jiangxi province, china and reared in the laboratory at 25 ± 1°c and 75 ± 5% relative humidity with a 14 - h light / 10 - h dark photoperiod. our field collection activities did not impact endangered or protected species. larvae were fed fresh leaves of cocculus orbiculatus until pupation. emergence of males and females was checked every morning, and adults were separately maintained in ventilated wooden cages (35 cm × 35 cm × 50 cm). emerging adult moths were fed with 10% glucose water soaked into cotton .\nthe diversification of olfactory recognition to sex pheromones has been verified for type i pheromones in noctuids such as a. segetum, h. armigera, and s. litura, and the phylogeny of moth prs and pbps for type i pheromone identified several apparent orthologous clusters (cluster pri—priv for prs and cluster pbpi—pbpiii for pbps). prs and pbps from different clusters specifically respond to different type i sex pheromone components [ 59, 74 ]. although the functions of prs for type ii pheromone recognition were not identified, phylogenetic analysis clustered 3 candidate prs of h. cunea [ 73 ] and 7 candidate prs of o. emarginata into three groups. these findings are indicative of the diversification in olfactory recognition to type ii pheromones .\na total of 20 candidate chemosensory protein (csp) genes were identified in o. emarginata, with a mean length of 128 aa. the full orf of the 16 csp genes were obtained (table 3, fig 5). in the phylogenetic tree, oemacsp9 and oemacsp16 were clustered the homologous genes of other insect species into two conserved groups (fig 5). the bootstrap values of 5 csps (oemacsp1, 2, 7, 8, and 10) were < smaller than 50% , although these were clustered with studied csps of the lepidopteran species. four conserved cysteines were found in all csp genes, but oemacsp16 differed from the other csps in terms of the number of amino acids (fig 6) .\nphylogenetic analysis did not separate the prs and pbps for types i and ii pheromones, thereby suggesting that prs and pbps for types i and ii pheromones evolved from a common ancestor. however, type i pheromones differed from type ii pheromones in its chemical characteristics. oemaor29 and obruor1 belonged to cluster priii of type i pheromone recognition, which is under strong purifying selection (a very small dn / ds values), and did not respond to any type i sex pheromone components [ 75 ]. on the contrary, obruor1 was verified to specifically recognize the pheromonal tetraene of o. brumata, 3z, 6z, 9z - 19: h, and the orthologous receptor asegor3 responded strongly to the triene 3z, 6z, 9z - 21: h instead of any female sex pheromone of a. segetum [ 56 ]. cluster iii might be specialized in the recognition type ii sex pheromone components. in addition, 6 other candidate prs of o. emarginata were not grouped within any of the four pr clusters of type i sex pheromones, but 5 of these were grouped into a specific cluster, with a bootstrap support value of 78. the candidate main sex pheromone - binding protein oemapbp1 was not clustered into the subgroup of pbp1 genes from other noctuid species in the phylogenetic tree. these results indicate that the olfactory genes for sex pheromones in o. emarginata might differ from those of other noctuid species, and the diversification of pheromone recognition genes for types i and ii sex pheromones might exist in noctuid species .\nthe tree was rooted with the lepidopteran gobp - pbp group (green color). bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. color legend: orange = conserved obp groups, pink = expanded oemaobps group, green = lepidopteran gobp - pbp group, and blue = other general obp groups. adis, a. dissimilis, agam, anopheles gambiae, aips, a. ipsilon, bmor, b. mori, cpun, conogethes punctiferalis, dmel, drosophila melanogaster, dple, d. plexippus, gmol, grapholita molesta, harm, h. armigera, hvir, h. virescens, msex, m. sexta, ofur, o. furnacalis, oema, o. emarginata, sexi, s. exigua, slit, s. littoralis, slitu, s. litura .\nthe number of chemosensory binding proteins (including obps and csps) was slightly smaller than in b. mori, which included the whole genome, but larger than in other moth species studied using the same protocol (antennal transcriptome). these other species included polyphagous insects such as s. litura (table 6). the larger number of chemosensory binding proteins might be due to the life history of o. emarginata and the larger database in our study. we found a total of 103, 301, 292 reads that were assembled into 2, 202, 660 contigs, and compared to 55, 288, 304 reads assembled into 105, 971 contigs in s. litura [ 51 ]. however, the number of chemosensory receptors was lower than in most other moths (table 6). the low expression level of chemosensory receptor genes (fpkm < 60) and short read length (250 bp) of the transcriptome analysis might have resulted in short sequences for many chemosensory receptor genes. however, the long sequence of the chemosensory receptor genes (about 400 aa and 800 aa for or and ir, respectively) [ 53, 54 ] and the criterion of 50% orf length cutoff might have excluded numerous chemosensory receptors with short sequences. no gustatory receptor gene was identified in the antennae, which suggests that the antennae of o. emarginata are not major taste organs. the proboscis, which harbors considerably fewer sensilla than antennae, are believed to specialize in taste reception in some moths [ 37, 55 ]. in addition, the long sequence of gustatory receptor genes (about 400 aa) and the criterion of 50% orf length cutoff might have excluded some gustatory receptors with short sequences .\nwe identified 2 candidate prs (oemaor29 and 4) and 2 candidate pbps (oemapbp1 and 3) that showed male - biased expression and might be involved with female sex pheromone recognition in o. emarginata. our results were consistent with the study on the sex pheromone recognition in a sibling speciesm o. excavate, which produces two sex pheromone compounds at the ratio of 86: 14 [ 30 ]. oemaor29 was clustered with obruor1 and asegor3 in the phylogenetic tree, which recognized the pheromonal tetraene of o. brumata, 3z, 6z, 9z - 19: h and the triene 3z, 6z, 9z - 21: h separately [ 56 ]. oemapbp1 and oemapbp3 were ranked in the clusters pbpi and pbpiii in the phylogenetic analysis, respectively, which showed an equally consistent association with male - specific pheromone sensitive sensilla [ 57 ]. orthologous genes in the clusters pbpi and pbpiii play critical and minor roles in female sex pheromone perception, respectively [ 58 – 61 ]. oemaor29 and oemapbp1 showed the highest fpkm values in all ors and obps, respectively, and might be used to recognize the main sex pheromone component. oemaor4 and oemapbp3 might be involved in the recognition of the minor sex pheromone component. further studies are needed to verify the function of these genes .\nthe 41 candidate odorant - binding protein (obp) genes were identified from o. emarginata antennae. and these encoded 34 obps, 2 general odorant - binding proteins (gobps), 3 pheromone - binding proteins (pbps), an antennal - binding protein (oemaabpx), and oemaobp25 (dmelobp73a analogue) (table 2, fig 3). all oemaobps were clustered with those of lepidopteran species with sufficient bootstrap values (bootstrap values > 60). seven oemaobp genes (oemaobp4, 11, 13, 18, 23, 27, and 35) were clustered with aipsobp4, slitabp1, slitobp12, sexiabp1, hvirabp2, harmobp7, and harmobp7. 2 with a bootstrap support value of 61, and the latter 7 obps were clustered into a subgroup with a bootstrap support value of 99 (fig 3). the mean length of the obps was 166 aa, and the full orf of the 37 obp genes were obtained. thirty - three obps were a classic group with six conserved cysteines, 3 obps (oemaobp9, 28, and 30) were of the minus - c group with c2 and c5 missing, and 5 obps (oemaobp3, 12, 20, 29 and 33) were of the plus - c obp group with more than six conserved cysteines (fig 4) .\nguenée, but is much more robust, and the male has antennae bipectinate to two - thirds. the male has rather uniform rich brown wings with a reddish golden triangle to a triangular area extending from the tornus up the outer edge of the postemedial. females are more variegated, less reddish, and usually have a much more conspicuous pale streak along cua over the second quarter of the wing that has a distinctly darker brown area between it and the dorsum. there also may be a continuation of this pale streak along cua2 in the third quarter (\nmoore, mentioned as a possible bornean species in the generic account, is distinguished particularly by a shorter, broader silvery - white streak in this position, with another one subapically) .\n, 1996) needs further examination. larval material from queensland reared by f. p. dodd and some preliminary dissections by m. r. honey in bmnh of adults developing from these suggest that two distinct species may be involved. the larval material is preserved dry but is of two distinct types, both in turn different from the larva of oriental\nas described below. one larva type is black with extensive pale yellow speckling and a more even - sized row of larger yellow spots subdorsally. the other is much paler, brownish with slight longitudinal delineation and a subdorsal row of pale patches, those on a1 and a2 larger. the dark larva has adults with male genitalia similar to\n, and such genitalia have also been detected in material from new guinea and tanimbar. the pale larva has adults where the valve has a small digitate process from the interior of the sacculus, and where the aedeagus is\nslender, without a cornutus in the vesica. the latter has not been detected outside australia. both these species are generally smaller than\n. the male genitalia are distinctive: the valves have an interiorly directed spine at the centre of the ventral margin; there are small spined lobes flanking the anellus; the aedeagus vesica has four clumps of slender spines .\ne. africa, indian subregion to taiwan, china and japan, also in philippines, sulawesi and borneo .\n. the only bornean specimens seen in recent surveys are four from g. kinabalu: from bundu tuhan, an area of cultivation and forest remnants on the western slopes; montane forest at 1620m and 1930m. there are also several from tenom in the lowlands of sabah .\n( 1965), sugi (1987) and bell (ms). it has the prolegs on a3 absent and those on a4 reduced. the head and body are velvety black. the spiracles posterior to a1 are red. there is a dorsolateral row of white - edged yellow patches along each side, two to each segment, the posterior one of the pair smaller. from a2 to a5 the larger spots of each segment are relatively larger, and the intervening smaller ones become red. some of the primary setae are also based on white spots, and these are enlarged and more frequent on the thoracic segments. pupation is within a light cocoon of silk amongst the leaves of the host plant. the pupa does not have a powdery bloom. the host plants recorded by these authors and robinson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ndepartment of research and development, newcon inc. , ningbo, zhejiang, china\ncopyright: © 2017 feng et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: this work was supported financially by the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest in china (grant no. 201203036) to yd and ningbo science and technology funds (grant no. 2013c1025) to yq .\nolfaction plays a key role in foraging [ 1 – 3 ], mating [ 4, 5 ], and oviposition behaviors [ 6 – 8 ] of insects. insect olfaction studies have provided fundamental insights into chemosensory biology and chemical ecology and have provided valuable opportunities for pest management [ 9 – 14 ]. lepidopterans are often used for olfaction studies, as these have extensive and sensitive olfactory repertoires. however, molecular studies on olfaction in lepidopterans lag behind those of other insect models such as fruit fly and mosquitos [ 15 ] .\nlepidoptera sex pheromones are divided into two main types based on their chemistry [ 16 ]. type i pheromone components have 10 - to 18 - carbon, even numbered straight chain acetates, aldehydes, and alcohols. type ii pheromones consist of polyunsaturated c 17 - c 23 straight chains, skipped conjugated polyenic hydrocarbons and the corresponding epoxide derivatives [ 17 ]. type i pheromones occur in about 75% of all studied moth species, whereas type ii pheromones occur in about 15% of identified lepidopteran pheromones [ 17 ]. these two major types of sex pheromones are produced through distinct pathways that involve different biosynthetic sites, substrates, and enzymes, as well as respectively employ specific endocrine regulatory mechanisms. however, both types of pheromones have the same function in mate recognition and attraction in moths [ 16, 18 ] .\ngenes encoding lepidopteran olfactory proteins have been identified in bombyx mori [ 19 ], and also in the pest species manduca sexta [ 20 ], heliothis virescens [ 21 ], spodoptera litura [ 22 ], s. littoralis [ 23, 24 ], agrotis ipsilon [ 25 ], and dendrolimus spp. [ 26 ]. sex pheromones of above species are type i. however, studies on the olfactory genes that encode type ii pheromones are limited .\nantennae of 4 - d - old adults were used. a total of 25 adults (males and females separately) were collected after 3. 5 h of the dark cycle. antennae samples from each group were immediately homogenized in trnzol - a + (tiangen biotech, beijing, china) on ice, and total rna was extracted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. the concentration and purity of the total rna were determined by using a nanodrop2000 spectrophotometer (thermofisher, waltham, ma, usa). rna with an a260 / a280 ratio between 1. 75–2. 05, an a260 / a230 ratio > 1, and a concentration > 400 ng / μl was used for the experiments. total rna was treated with dnase i (takara, kusatsu, shiga, japan) to remove any genomic dna. rna extractions were performed in triplicate .\nthe same amount of rna collected from male and female antennae was pooled for transcriptome analysis. the cdna library for transcriptome analysis was prepared using a truseq sbs kit v3 - hs (illumina, san diego, ca, usa), following the manufacturer’s recommendations. the library was sequenced using illumina hiseq ™ 2000 (illumina, san diego, ca, usa) with a 90 - bp read length for the paired - end reads by bgi (shenzhen, guangdong, china). dirty reads containing adapters and unknown or low - quality bases were discarded from the raw reads to obtain clean reads for analysis. de novo transcriptome assembly was conducted with the short reads assembly program, trinity (r20140413p1, min _ kmer _ cov: 2) [ 31 ]. blastx (v2. 2. 28 +) alignment (e value < 0. 00001) between unigenes and protein databases (ncbi non - redundant protein database, swiss - prot, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome (kegg), and clusters of orthologous groups (cog) ) was successively performed. gene ontology (go) annotations of the unigenes were determined using blast2go (urltoken) [ 32 ] .\nthe candidate olfactory gene was manually obtained from gene annotation. in addition, a 50% orf length cutoff was used in identifying putative genes to prevent a gene from being counted twice. the candidate obps and csps were searched for the presence of n - terminal signal peptides using signalp4. 0 (urltoken) using default parameters [ 33 ]. the signal peptides likely contained significant phylogenetic information and were included in the phylogenetic analyses of obps and csps [ 34 ]. amino acid sequence alignment was performed using clustalx2. 1 using default parameters [ 35 ]. for phylogenetic analysis, known amino acid sequences of olfactory genes from other insects were downloaded (s1 file). phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the maximum likelihood method of mega 6. 0, which was based on the jones - taylor - thornton (jtt) substitution model, partial deletion gaps with 95% site coverage cutoff, a nearest neighbor interchanges (nni) heuristic search, and other default parameters [ 36 ]. node support for the phylogenetic tree was assessed using the bootstrap method with 1, 000 bootstrap replicates .\ngene expression levels were calculated using the fragments per kb per million fragments (fpkm) method based on the results of antennal transcriptome analysis. the number of fragments that uniquely aligned to a gene was divided by the total number of fragments that uniquely aligned to all genes and by the base number in the cds of that gene [ 37 ]. the fpkm method can eliminate the influence of different gene lengths and sequencing levels on the calculation of gene expression .\nsingle - stranded cdnas were synthesized from 1 μg of total rna using the revertra ace qpcr rt kit (toyobo, kita - ku, osaka, japan) following the manufacturer’s recommendations. rt - qpcr was performed with ssofast ™ evagreen ® supermix (bio - rad, hercules, ca, usa), following the manufacturer’s protocols, in a cfx - 96 ™ pcr detection system (bio - rad). the cycling conditions were an initial cycle at 95°c for 30 s, followed by 39 cycles of 95°c for 5 s and 60°c for 5 s. dissociation curves with 0. 3°c / s melt rates were used to check for the presence of non - specific dsdna sybr green hybrids. only primers with a single pcr amplification product were used in the subsequent analyses. the amplification efficiency of each primer was calculated from the slope of the standard curve [ 38 ]. the pcr primers used are listed in s1 table. ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase (uccr) and arginine kinase (ak) were used as reference genes. the difference in gene expression was measured by using the 2 - δδct algorithm [ 39 ]. differential gene expression between females and males was measured, with the female antennae used as reference. expression levels of target genes were normalized independent of each reference gene with the algorithm, and then averaged. when the gene expression of the female antennae was very low, the gene expression of the male antennae was used as control. rna extraction was repeated three times for each sample, and two or more rt - qpcr replicates were prepared for each sample .\ndata analysis was conducted using spss 17. 0 (spss inc. , chicago, il, usa). the significance of the difference between means was determined using the student’s t - test. the critical p value for each test was set at 0. 05 .\nusing the illumina hiseq ™ 2000 sequencing system, 117, 410, 034 raw reads were obtained from the antennal samples. after removing low - quality (< q20) adaptor and contaminating sequence reads, 103, 301, 292 (a total of 9, 297, 116, 280 bp) clean reads were generated from antennae, and 42, 992 unigenes were assembled (n50 = 1, 098), with a mean length of 713 bp. more than 58% (24, 954) of the unigenes were aligned to sequences in various protein databases. go annotation was performed to obtain information on their molecular function, biological process, and cellular location (s1 fig). the raw sequence of the transcriptome has been deposited to the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) (genbank accession number prjna358570; urltoken) .\n( black circle), other moth species (black lines), and dipteran species (green lines) .\n( black circles), other moth species (black lines) and dipteran species (green lines) .\n( black lines), other moth species (purple lines), and hymenopteran species (green lines) .\nthe fpkm values of the chemosensory receptors were < 60, and oemaorco showed the highest fpkm value (tables 1 and 4). the fpkm value of oemaor29 was higher, but those of the other candidate prs were lower than the general ors, including oemaor14, 25, 27, and 32 (table 1). the fpkm values of oemair75p and oemair21a were larger than those of the co - receptors oemair25a and oemair8a (table 4). in contrast to chemosensory receptors, 39. 0% of the obp and 52. 4% of the csp genes showed fpkm values > 300, including 3 candidate pbps (tables 2 and 3). oemapbp1 showed the highest fpkm value among all obps, and oemacsp19 had the highest fpkm value among all chemosensory genes. the fpkm value of oemasnmp1 was < 20, but that of oemasnmp2 was > 500 (table 5) .\nfive candidate prs (oemaor3, 21, 26, 28, and 30), oemaor13, oemaor16, oemaor30, oemaorco, 2 gobps, 7 obps (oemaobp4, 9–11, 26, 27, and 29), and oemasnmp1 were expressed at significantly higher levels in females, and oemaor26, oemaor28, oemaor13, and oemaobp10 were specifically expressed in females (fig 9). two candidate prs (oemaor29 and 4), oemaor18, 4 general ors (oemaor8, 15, 20, and 25), 2 pbps (oemapbp1 and 3), 3 obps (oemaobp6, 13, and 21), 6 csps (oemacsp1, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 19), oemair21a, and oemasnmp2 were expressed at significantly higher levels in males compared to that in females, and oemaor29, oemaor4, oemaor18, oemaor15, oemapbp1, and oemapbp3 were specifically expressed in males (fig 9) .\nexpression levels of olfactory genes in male and female antennae as measured by rt - qpcr analysis .\ngene expression was calculated relative to the reference genes, uccr and ak. the expression in female antennae was arbitrarily defined as 1 for all genes and was used in the normalization of gene expression of the male antennae. a, expression levels of csp, ir, and snmp genes. b, expression levels of the obp genes. c, expression levels of or genes .\nthe pbps and gobps of all test species were clustered into 3 (cluster pbpi - pbpiii) and 2 (cluster gobpi - ii) apparent clusters, with good bootstrap support (≥ 52), respectively (fig 11). oemapbp3 and oemagobp1 were clustered with orthologous pbps and gobp1s of the other noctuids for type i pheromones, respectively (bootstrap support ≥ 56) (fig 11). however, oemapbp1, oemapbp2, and oemagobp2 were not clustered within pbps and gobp2s from other noctuid species for type i pheromones. oemapbp2 was clustered with msexpbp2, with a bootstrap value of 74 (fig 11) .\nfive candidate pheromone receptor genes (oemaor3, 21, 26, 28, and 30) showed female - biased expression, and oemaor26, and oemaor28 were specifically expressed in females. the function of these genes is unknown, but these might be used by females to recognize male pheromones. production of short - range pheromones has been reported in male butterflies [ 62 ]; these function in female mate selection, act as an aphrodisiac, and arrest female departure [ 63, 64 ] .\nbesides the candidate pr genes, some genes with sex - specific expression were detected; for example, oemaor13 was female - specific. these genes might also be correlated with sex specific behaviors such as the recognition of oviposition cues by females [ 65 – 67 ] .\ns1 file. amino acid sequences of the olfactory genes used in the phylogenetic analysis .\nwe are grateful to caroline du (university of california irvine) for final english correction and enhancement. the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest in china (grant no. 201203036) to yd and ningbo science and technology funds (grant no. 2013c1025) to yq supported this study .\nriffell ja, shlizerman e, sanders e, abrell l, medina b, hinterwirth aj, et al. (2014) sensory biology. flower discrimination by pollinators in a dynamic chemical environment. science 344: 1515–1518. pmid: 24970087\nlibert s, zwiener j, chu x, vanvoorhies w, roman g, pletcher sd (2007) regulation of drosophila life span by olfaction and food - derived odors. science 315: 1133–1137. pmid: 17272684\ngoyret j, markwell pm, raguso ra (2008) context - and scale - dependent effects of floral co2 on nectar foraging by manduca sexta. proc natl acad sci u s a 105: 4565–4570. pmid: 18212123\nando t, inomata s, yamamoto m (2004) lepidopteran sex pheromones. top curr chem 239: 51–96. pmid: 22160231\nrenou m (2014) pheromones and general odor perception in insects. in: mucignat - caretta c, editor. neurobiology of chemical communication. boca raton (fl) .\nbruce tja, wadhams lj, woodcock cm (2005) insect host location: a volatile situation. trends plant sci 10 .\nbraks ma, leal ws, carde rt (2007) oviposition responses of gravid female culex quinquefasciatus to egg rafts and low doses of oviposition pheromone under semifield conditions. j chem ecol 33: 567–578. pmid: 17252215\nstelinski ll, rodriguez - saona c, meyer wl (2009) recognition of foreign oviposition - marking pheromone in a multi - trophic context. naturwissenschaften 96: 585–592. pmid: 19151965\nel - sayed am, suckling dm, wearing ch, byers ja (2006) potential of mass trapping for long - term pest management and eradication of invasive species. j econ entomol 99: 1550–1564. pmid: 17066782\ncook sm, khan zr, pickett ja (2007) the use of push - pull strategies in integrated pest management. annu rev entomol 52: 375–400. pmid: 16968206\nwitzgall p, stelinski l, gut l, thomson d (2008) codling moth management and chemical ecology. annu rev entomol 53: 503–522. pmid: 17877451\nsuckling dm, stringer ld, bunn b, el - sayed am, vander meer rk (2010) trail pheromone disruption of red imported fire ant. j chem ecol 36: 744–750. pmid: 20549330\ncarey af, carlson jr (2011) insect olfaction from model systems to disease control. proc natl acad sci u s a 108: 12987–12995. pmid: 21746926\nding bj, hofvander p, wang hl, durrett tp, stymne s, lofstedt c (2014) a plant factory for moth pheromone production. nat commun 5: 3353. pmid: 24569486\nleal ws (2013) odorant reception in insects: roles of receptors, binding proteins, and degrading enzymes. annu rev entomol 58: 373–391. pmid: 23020622\nwang hl, zhao ch, millar jg, cardé rt, löfstedt c (2010) biosynthesis of unusual moth pheromone components involves two different pathways in the navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella. j chem ecol 36: 535–547. pmid: 20393784\nmillar jg (2000) polyene hydrocarbons and epoxides: a second major class of lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones. annu rev entomol 45: 575–604. pmid: 10761590\nando t, kawai t, matsuoka k (2008) epoxyalkenyl sex pheromones produced by female moths in highly evolved groups: biosynthesis and its endocrine regulation. j pestic sci 33: 17–20 .\nkrieger j, grosse - wilde e, gohl t, breer h (2005) candidate pheromone receptors of the silkmoth bombyx mori. eur j neurosci 21: 2167–2176. pmid: 15869513\ngrosse - wilde e, kuebler ls, bucks s, vogel h, wicher d, hansson bs (2011) antennal transcriptome of manduca sexta. proc natl acad sci u s a 108: 7449–7454. pmid: 21498690\nvogel h, heidel aj, heckel dg, groot at (2010) transcriptome analysis of the sex pheromone gland of the noctuid moth heliothis virescens. bmc genomics 11: 29. pmid: 20074338\nfeng b, lin x, zheng k, qian k, chang y, du y (2015) transcriptome and expression profiling analysis link patterns of gene expression to antennal responses in spodoptera litura. bmc genomics 16: 269. pmid: 25887537\njacquin - joly e, legeai f, montagne n, monsempes c, francois mc, poulain j, et al. (2012) candidate chemosensory genes in female antennae of the noctuid moth spodoptera littoralis. int j biol sci 8: 1036–1050. pmid: 22904672\nlegeai f, malpel s, montagne n, monsempes c, cousserans f, merlin c, et al. (2011) an expressed sequence tag collection from the male antennae of the noctuid moth spodoptera littoralis: a resource for olfactory and pheromone detection research. bmc genomics 12: 86. pmid: 21276261\ngu sh, sun l, yang rn, wu km, guo yy, li xc, et al. (2014) molecular characterization and differential expression of olfactory genes in the antennae of the black cutworm moth agrotis ipsilon. plos one 9: e103420. pmid: 25083706\nzhang s, zhang z, wang h, kong x (2014) antennal transcriptome analysis and comparison of olfactory genes in two sympatric defoliators, dendrolimus houi and dendrolimus kikuchii (lepidoptera: lasiocampidae). insect biochem mol biol 52: 69–81. pmid: 24998398\ntian r, izumi y, sonoda s, yoshida h, fukumoto t, saito t, et al. (2007) estimation of repellency of a volatile compound, sec - butyl β - styryl ketone, against fruit - piercing moths. appl entomol zool 42: 433–437 .\ngrabherr mg, haas bj, yassour m, levin jz, thompson da, amit i, et al. (2011) full - length transcriptome assembly from rna - seq data without a reference genome. nat biotech 29: 644–652 .\nconesa a, gotz s, garcia - gomez jm, terol j, talon m, robles m (2005) blast2go: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. bioinformatics 21: 3674–3676. pmid: 16081474\npetersen tn, brunak s, von heijne g, nielsen h (2011) signalp 4. 0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. nat meth 8: 785–786 .\nmckenzie sk, oxley pr, kronauer dj (2014) comparative genomics and transcriptomics in ants provide new insights into the evolution and function of odorant binding and chemosensory proteins. bmc genomics 15: 718. pmid: 25159315\nthompson jd, gibson tj, plewniak f, jeanmougin f, higgins dg (1997) the clustal _ x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. nucleic acids res 25: 4876–4882. pmid: 9396791\ntamura k, stecher g, peterson d, filipski a, kumar s (2013) mega6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. 0. mol biol evol 30: 2725–2729. pmid: 24132122\nmortazavi a, williams ba, mccue k, schaeffer l, wold b (2008) mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by rna - seq. nat methods 5: 621–628. pmid: 18516045\nkubista m, andrade jm, bengtsson m, forootan a, jonák j, lind k, et al. (2006) the real - time polymerase chain reaction. mol aspects med 27: 95–125. pmid: 16460794\nschmittgen td, livak kj (2008) analyzing real - time pcr data by the comparative ct method. nat protocols 3: 1101–1108. pmid: 18546601\nwanner kw, robertson hm (2008) the gustatory receptor family in the silkworm moth bombyx mori is characterized by a large expansion of a single lineage of putative bitter receptors. insect mol biol 17: 621–629. pmid: 19133074\ntanaka k, uda y, ono y, nakagawa t, suwa m, yamaoka r, et al. (2009) highly selective tuning of a silkworm olfactory receptor to a key mulberry leaf volatile. curr biol 19: 881–890. pmid: 19427209\ncao d, liu y, wei j, liao x, walker wb, li j, et al. (2014) identification of candidate olfactory genes in chilo suppressalis by antennal transcriptome analysis. int j biol sci 10: 846–860. pmid: 25076861\nbengtsson jm, trona f, montagné n, anfora g, ignell r, witzgall p, et al. (2012) putative chemosensory receptors of the codling moth, cydia pomonella, identified by antennal transcriptome analysis. plos one 7: e31620. pmid: 22363688\nwalker wb iii, gonzalez f, garczynski sf, witzgall p (2016) the chemosensory receptors of codling moth cydia pomonella—expression in larvae and adults. sci rep 6: 23518. pmid: 27006164\nzhang s, zhang z, wang h, kong x (2014) antennal transcriptome analysis and comparison of olfactory genes in two sympatric defoliators, dendrolimus houi and dendrolimus kikuchii (lepidoptera: lasiocampidae). insect biochemistry and molecular biology 52: 69–81. pmid: 24998398\nzhang j, wang b, dong s, cao d, dong j, walker wb, et al. (2015) antennal transcriptome analysis and comparison of chemosensory gene families in two closely related noctuidae moths, helicoverpa armigera and h. assulta. plos one 10: e0117054. pmid: 25659090\nyang b, ozaki k, ishikawa y, matsuo t (2015) identification of candidate odorant receptors in asian corn borer ostrinia furnacalis. plos one 10: e0121261. pmid: 25803580\nzhang t, coates bs, ge x, bai s, he k, wang z (2015) male - and female - biased gene expression of olfactory - related genes in the antennae of asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (guenee) (lepidoptera: crambidae). plos one 10: e0128550. pmid: 26062030\nzhang yn, jin jy, jin r, xia yh, zhou jj, deng jy, et al. (2013) differential expression patterns in chemosensory and non - chemosensory tissues of putative chemosensory genes identified by transcriptome analysis of insect pest the purple stem borer\npoivet e, gallot a, montagné n, glaser n, legeai f, jacquin - joly e (2013) a comparison of the olfactory gene repertoires of adults and larvae in the noctuid moth spodoptera littoralis. plos one 8: e60263. pmid: 23565215\ncarey af, wang g, su c - y, zwiebel lj, carlson jr (2010) odorant reception in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. nature 464: 66–71. pmid: 20130575\nkrieger j, raming k, dewer yme, bette s, conzelmann s, breer h (2002) a divergent gene family encoding candidate olfactory receptors of the moth heliothis virescens. eur j neurosci 16: 619–628. pmid: 12270037\nolivier v, monsempes c, françois mc, poivet e, jacquin - joly e (2011) candidate chemosensory ionotropic receptors in a lepidoptera. insect mol biol 20: 189–199. pmid: 21091811\nreiter s, campillo rodriguez c, sun k, stopfer m (2015) spatiotemporal coding of individual chemicals by the gustatory system. j neurosci 35: 12309–12321. pmid: 26338341\nzhang dd, wang hl, schultze a, froß h, francke w, krieger j, et al. (2016) receptor for detection of a type ii sex pheromone in the winter moth operophtera brumata. sci rep 6: 18576. pmid: 26729427\nvogt rg, große - wilde e, zhou jj (2015) the lepidoptera odorant binding protein gene family: gene gain and loss within the gobp / pbp complex of moths and butterflies. insect biochem mol biol 62: 142–153. pmid: 25784631\nliu ny, he p, dong sl (2012) binding properties of pheromone - binding protein 1 from the common cutworm spodoptera litura. comp biochem phys b 161: 295–302 .\nliu ny, liu cc, dong sl (2013) functional differentiation of pheromone - binding proteins in the common cutworm spodoptera litura. comp biochem phys a 165: 254–262 .\nzhang t - t, mei x - d, feng j - n, berg bg, zhang y - j, guo y - y (2012) characterization of three pheromone - binding proteins (pbps) of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and their binding properties. j insect physiol 58: 941–948. pmid: 22549127\nzhu gh, xu j, cui z, dong xt, ye zf, niu dj, et al. (2016) functional characterization of slitpbp3 in spodoptera litura by crispr / cas9 mediated genome editing. insect biochem mol biol 75: 1–9. pmid: 27192033\nnieberding cm, fischer k, saastamoinen m, allen ce, wallin ea, hedenström e, et al. (2012) cracking the olfactory code of a butterfly: the scent of ageing. ecol lett 15: 415–424. pmid: 22390373\nnieberding cm, de vos h, schneider mv, lassance j - m, estramil n, andersson j, et al. (2008) the male sex pheromone of the butterfly bicyclus anynana: towards an evolutionary analysis. plos one 3: e2751. pmid: 18648495\ndelle - vedove r, frérot b, hossaert - mckey m, beaudoin - ollivier l (2014) courtship behavior of the castniid palm borer, paysandisia archon: potential roles of male scents and visual cues in a day - flying moth. j insect sci 14: 52. pmid: 25373199\nwanner kw, anderson ar, trowell sc, theilmann da, robertson hm, newcomb rd (2007) female - biased expression of odourant receptor genes in the adult antennae of the silkworm, bombyx mori. insect mol biol 16: 107–119. pmid: 17257213" ]

{ "text": [ "oraesia emarginata is a species of moth of the family noctuidae .", "it is found in australia , new caledonia , indonesia , new guinea , pakistan , the philippines , india , sri lanka , sulawesi , taiwan , china , japan , korea and nepal as well as eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , namibia , nigeria , south africa , tanzania , gambia , uganda , oman and yemen . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "oraesia emarginata is a species of moth of the family noctuidae. it is found in australia, new caledonia, indonesia, new guinea, pakistan, the philippines, india, sri lanka, sulawesi, taiwan, china, japan, korea and nepal as well as eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, namibia, nigeria, south africa, tanzania, gambia, uganda, oman and yemen." ]

[ "ketapangia, a new genus for macarostola leucochorda and acrocercops regulifera (gracillariidae, lepidoptera) .\nkumata, tosio (1995) ketapangia, a new genus for macarostola leucochorda and acrocercops regulifera [ gracillariidae, lepidoptera ]. insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 133 - 148\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhokkaido university collection of scholarly and academic papers > 農学院・農学研究院 > insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology. >\ninsecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology .\ntakagi, sadao (1995) a new species of beesonia with larval polymorphism, inducing a stem gall on shorea curtisii in singapore [ homoptera: coccoidea: beesoniidae ]. insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 1 - 19\nsasakawa, mitsuhiro (1995) lauxaniidae [ diptera ] of malaysia (part 3). insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 149 - 153\nkumata, tosio (1995) some species of the subfamily lithocolletinae [ gracillariidae, lepidoptera ] collected in the philippines. insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 105 - 131\ntakagi, sadao (1995) an approach to the rugaspidiotini - problem [ homoptera: coccoidea: diaspididiae ]. insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 21 - 79\nkudo, iwao (1995) some panchaetothripinae from nepal, malaysia and the philippines [ thysanoptera: terebrantia: thripidae ]. insecta matsumurana. new series: journal of the faculty of agriculture hokkaido university, series entomology, 52: 81 - 103\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of gracillariidae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\na new genus and species of leaf - mining moth from the french alps, mercantouria neli gen. n. , sp. n. (lepidoptera, gracillariidae )\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\na new genus and species of leaf - mining moth from the french alps, mercantouria neli gen. n. , sp. n. (lepidoptera, gracillariidae )\n1 tiroler landesmuseen betriebsgesellschaft m. b. h. , naturwissenschaftliche sammlungen, feldstr. 11 a, a - 6020 innsbruck, austria\ncorresponding author: peter huemer (ta. neesumsednal - relorit @ remeuh. p )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe alps are a hotspot of biodiversity in europe with many lepidoptera species still to be discovered. here we describe a new gracillariid genus and species, mercantouria neli gen. n. and sp. n. the morphology of the male genitalia is highly differentiated with unique features. dna barcodes show that its nearest neighbor is the north american species ‘ caloptilia ’ scutellariella (braun, 1923). mercantouria neli is known from four adults (two males and two females) collected at two localities in the french alps. its host plant and life cycle remain unknown .\nfor more than two centuries the alpine lepidoptera fauna has been at the focus of intense taxonomic and faunistic work. as a result, an estimated 5000 lepidoptera species are known to occur in the alps, of which about 250 species (ca. 5 %) but only a single monotypic genus (lunakia klimesch, 1941, plutellidae) are known to be endemic to the alpine region (huemer 1998, unpubl. data). several additional genera from various families, e. g. kessleria nowicki, 1864 (yponomeutidae), sattleria povolný, 1965 (gelechiidae), sphaleroptera guenée, 1845 (tortricidae), erebia dalman, 1816 (nymphalidae), sciadia hübner, 1822 and glacies milliére, 1874 (geometridae), show strong diversification and endemism in the alpine region. however, despite the relatively good knowledge of the alpine lepidoptera fauna, the recent use of dna barcoding has helped to reveal an increasing number of new species. many of these newly discovered taxa are cryptic or morphologically difficult to distinguish (buchner 2015; huemer 2011; huemer and hausmann 2011; huemer and hebert 2011; huemer et al. 2013; huemer and timossi 2014; huemer et al. 2014a, b; huemer and mutanen 2015; kirichenko et al. 2015; tabell and baldizzone 2014; whitebread 2007; zeller and huemer 2015). however, here we report the remarkable discovery of a genetically and morphologically highly divergent micro moth species of the family gracillariidae from the french alps .\ngracillariidae are a relatively well known family in europe with 23 genera and 260 species recorded (de prins and de prins 2015). however, new species have been discovered recently (laštůvka and laštůvka 2006; 2012; triberti 2007; laštůvka et al. 2013; kirichenko et al. 2015) .\nthe new genus and species described here belongs to the gracillariinae. this subfamily contains four groups of genera: acrocercops, gracillaria, parectopa and parornix (kumata et al. 1988 a, b). the new taxon belongs to the gracillaria group, which is characterized by the presence of the vein r 2 + 3 on the hindwing (kumata 1982). in the western palearctic eight genera are recognized to belong to the gracillaria group: gracillaria haworth, 1828; caloptilia hübner, 1825; povolnya kuznetzov, 1979; calybites hübner, 1822; euspilapteryx stephens, 1835; aspilapteryx spuler, 1910; aristaea meyrick, 1907; cupedia klimesch & kumata, 1973 (kumata 1982; 1995). in this study also the monotypic eastern palearctic genus eucalybites kumata, 1982, has been included in the comparison for some similarities .\nto date, over 40 species of the gracillaria group are known to occur in europe, about 30 included in the genus caloptilia. in the larval stage most species are leaf miners in early instars and leaf rollers in late instars, while some are leaf miners throughout the whole feeding stage. the majority of species prefer the leaves of bushy and woody plants, included mainly in the families aceraceae and betulaceae (especially favored), fagaceae, oleaceae and anacardiaceae. more rarely they also feed on herbaceous plants, particularly in the families plantaginaceae, hypericaceae and asteraceae (de prins and de prins 2015) .\nhere we present genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear) and morphological data that support the hypothesis that individuals of a highly differentiated gracillariinae collected in the french alps represent a distinct lineage that we formally describe as a new genus and a new species – mercantouria neli huemer, lopez - vaamonde & triberti, gen. n. , sp. n .\nspecimens examined in this study were obtained by light trapping integrating uv tubes and mercury lamp. a single specimen was collected flying freely above low vegetation at dusk. specimens were preserved in tubes, pinned and wings spread in the next morning .\nwe examined the morphology of four dried, pinned specimens belonging to mercantouria neli. the holotype was photographed with an olympus szx 10 binocular microscope and an olympus e 3 digital camera and processed using the software helicon focus 4. 3 and adobe photoshop cs4 and lightroom 2. 3. genitalia photographs were taken with an olympus e1 digital camera from olympus bh2 microscope .\ngenitalia dissections and slide mounts followed robinson (1976). terminology of the genitalia follows klots (1970) and kristensen (2003); wing venation kumata (1982) .\ntype material is deposited in the collection of tlmf = tiroler landesmuseum ferdinandeum, innsbruck, austria .\ndna extracts were prepared from a single hind leg removed from three of the four specimens of caloptilia neli. dna extraction, pcr amplification and sequencing of the barcode region were carried out at the canadian centre for dna barcoding (ccdb, biodiversity institute of ontario, university of guelph) following standard protocols (dewaard et al. 2008). sequence divergences were quantified using the kimura 2 - parameter model implemented within the analytical tools on bold (urltoken) (ratnasingham and hebert 2007) .\nin addition, an aliquot of dna of sample tlmf lep 08375 was received from ccdb (guelph). because dna concentration was low (0. 28 ng / μl), we performed a whole genome amplification using repli - g mini kit (qiagen). then a 350 bp fragment of the nuclear gene histone h3 was sequenced using primers and pcr conditions as described in kirichenko et al. (2015). this was done at marko mutanen’s lab (university of oulu, finland) .\nto explore the phylogenetic position of the new species and its generic classification we combined the mitochondrial and nuclear data for mercantouria neli with a published dataset of 39 gracillariidae species and one outgroup (kirichenko et al 2016, gutzwiller et al. 2015; kawahara et al. 2011) (suppl. material 1). all new specimens and sequence data are available in bold in the public dataset urltoken. sequences are also deposited in genbank and accession codes are provided in suppl. material 1. sequences were concatenated and aligned using geneious 9. 05 (urltoken) .\nmaximum parsimony (mp) and maximum likelihood (ml) analyses were performed using paup * version 4. 0 a 147 (swofford 2002) .\nmercantouria neli sp. n. , holotype; france, dep. alpes - maritimes, col de la cayolle n, 2080 m, 19. 7. 2013, leg. mayr .\nwing venation: a mercantouria neli sp. n. ; b caloptilia stigmatella (fabricius, 1781). scale length = 1 mm .\nmercantouria neli sp. n. , holotype, abdominal segments 7–8; france, dep. alpes - maritimes, col de la cayolle n, 2080 m, 19. 7. 2013, leg. mayr; genitalia slide p. huemer tin 94 ♂ .\nmercantouria neli sp. n. , holotype, male genitalia; france, dep. alpes - maritimes, col de la cayolle n, 2080 m, 19. 7. 2013, leg. mayr; genitalia slide p. huemer tin 94 ♂ 4 tegumen - vinculum - valva complex 5 phallus .\nmercantouria neli sp. n. , paratype, female genitalia; france, alpes - maritimes, n col de la cayolle, col de la boucharde n, 1950m, 7. 7. 2012, leg. huemer; genitalia slide p. huemer tin 93 ♀ 6 last segments 7 corpus bursae - signa .\n). forewing length 5. 1–5. 8 mm. head. vertex and face loosely scaled; ocelli absent; proboscis naked, well developed. antenna about as long as forewing, smooth, each flagellomere with an annulus of slender scales basally and another of shorter scales at apex, about 0. 2× length of basal ones, completely covered by the first (\n); scape moderate, about 3. 0× length of pedicel, pecten missing. labial palpus long, upturned, pointed apically, segment 2 as long as apical one, slightly thickened with scales towards apex. maxillary palpus smooth, shorter than apical segment of labial palpus .\nthorax. smoothly scaled. forewing narrow, lanceolate; discoidal cell with distal margin nearly vertical, 13 - veined; all radial veins separated but vein r4, r5 and m1 very close at their bases; veins m2 and m3 connate and arising from lower angle of cell; cu1b arising from cell more apical than r2. hindwing narrowly lanceolate, 8 - veined; cell opened between m2 and m3, r4 + r5 not parallel to the costal margin and meeting directly with m1 + m2 (fig .\n). legs with tibial spur pattern 0 - 2 - 4; epiphysis present but partly hidden by long scales .\nabdomen. in the male segment 7 and 8 weakly membraneous, with a pair of coremata on each segment; anterior pair of coremata consisting of hairlike scales, longer and thicker than the posterior pair (fig .\n). sternum and tergum 7 reduced into a thin sclerites; sternum 8 also reduced but tergum is formed by a small, fan - shaped sclerite, with a narrow median ridge. female postabdominal segments unmodified .\n). tuba analis produced beyond tegumen, membraneous, with a narrowly sclerotized subscaphium, widened basally. tegumen weakly sclerotized, simple. valva stout, with sacculus distinctly protruded and rounded apically, setose; cucullus straight, upturned, covered with strong setae on dorso - distal area; costal margin irregular with similar setae medio - distally. diaphragma with some fine setae at base of anellus. phallus slightly shorter than valva, apically with long rod - like sclerite branching off at right angle, no cornuti are visible .\n). lamella postvaginalis not connected with apophyses anteriores. ostium bursae located under a lobate sternite 7. ductus bursae completely membraneous, slender; corpus bursae ellipsoidal with two curved sickle - shaped signa, one of which is slightly longer than the other .\nthe generic name refers to the region of mercantour national park (france) .\nmercantouria belongs to the gracillaria group for the presence of a very short vein r 2 + 3 in the hindwing, running in parallel with apical part of vein sc + r 1. moreover this new genus shares with most genera of the gracillaria group the following characters: legs more or less smooth - scaled except for mid femur and tibia thickened with raised scales; forewing 13 - veined with m 2 and m 3 connate, r 1 arising from cell near base of wing, upper vein of cell weakened on basal part just beyond the point where r 1 branches off; hindwing 8 - veined, with radial veins always 2 - branched, veins m 1 and cu 1a stalked with veins m 2 and cu 1b respectively, vein m 3 branched from vein cu 1a, cell opened between m 2 and m 3; in male genitalia abdominal segment 7 and 8 weakly membraneous, each of them having a pair of coremata which are in a bundle of long and hairy scales, the latter covered with more or less deformed scales; in female, corpus bursae with two large sickle - shaped signa .\nwithin gracillaria group the genera are difficult to identify on the basis of apomorphies and comparisons are rather complicated due to the “cross” distribution of characters. mercantouria shows some similarity to the genus caloptilia and allied genera (gracillaria, povolnya, euspilapteryx, aspilapteryx and eucalybites): (1) forewing 13 - veined and hindwing 8 - veined, albeit with slight differences in the relative positions of some veins; also in gracillaria and povolnya there is a similar venation but in the former there are strong differences in the pregenital segments, the segment 7 being like the preceding and without coremata and the latter with peculiar male genitalia, with the tegumen having a pair of peniculi projected from caudal margin of tegumen; (2) male abdomen with two pairs of coremata more or less similar in length and thickness; a similar condition is found in povolnya and euspilapteryx but the latter differs from the new species in the forewing venation (12 - veined) and female genitalia (only one signum); (3) in the female genitalia, the bursa copulatrix has two corniform signa; this character is shared with aspilapteryx and eucalybites however both differ from forewing venation (12 - veined) and coremata of different size or only one pair .\n; however both clearly differ by having the forewing 12 - veined. 3) lack of pecten which also occurs in a few taxa closely related to\n). 4) the male genitalia has a highly modified valva (fig .\n) but easily distinguishable from the cucullus, which is straight and covered with strong setae along its margin in the new genus .\naspilapterix spectabilis, paratype, male genitalia; austria, osttirol, virgental, venedigergruppe, sajatmähder, 2150–2350 m, 31. 7. 1993, leg. ryrholm; genitalia slide p. huemer tin 33 ♂ .\nparatypes: 1 ♀, frankreich, alpes - maritimes, n col de la cayolle, col de la boucharde n, 6°44' 36\ne, 44°17' 0\nn, 1950m, 7. 7. 2012 leg. huemer, tlmf 2013 - 010 (gen. slide p. huemer tin 93 ♀; dna barcode id tlmf lep 08375); 1 ♂, frankreich, alpe - maritimes, pn mercantour, 2115 m, col de la cayolle nord, n44°16, 78', e6°44, 32', 21. 7. 2014, leg. drouet (gen. slide p. huemer tin 95 ♂; dna barcode id tlmf lep 16938); 1 ♀, htes - alpes, ristolas, la roche ecroute, 1750 m, 12. 7. 2010, leg. nel, genitalia slide 24139 j. nel (all coll. tlmf) .\n). head. labial palpus pale ochre - yellowish, apical segment dark brown medio - basally. legs smooth scaled, dark brown with exception of hind leg that are lighter; all tarsi white .\nthorax. dorsum and tegulae ochre yellow. forewing pale ochre yellow with small spots or suffusion of dark brown, mostly along the discoidal cell and sometimes forming, in the apical third of the wing, an irregular fascia. hindwing light ochre - greyish .\nnamed in honour of dr. jacques nel (la ciotat, france) who independently recognized and collected the new species .\nsuperficially the adult of mercantouria neli can be confused with some members of the gracillaria group, like light coloured specimens of caloptilia roscipennella (hübner, 1796) and aspilapteryx limosella (duponchel, 1843). however, in both species a trace remains of neat rows of darkish small spots, along the costa in the former and in the middle of wing in the latter, while in mercantouria neli the dark scales create confused and ill - defined spots. in the male genitalia, the short valva with a protruded sacculus shows some affinity to aspilapteryx and eucalybites species, particularly aspilapteryx spectabilis and eucalybites aureola. however, the new species can be easily separated by the straight cucullus and the numerous, thickened setae along its margin and costa. the female genitalia are easily distinguishable from other species of the gracillaria group by the heavily sclerotized sternum 7, which is flap shaped, lobate on caudal margin and about as long as tergum 7. a similar structure is present in eucalybites aureola but with the sternum 7 much narrower, about half of tergum, and a heavily sclerotized sterigma with a complicated shape (kumata 1982) .\nwe obtained dna barcode data for all 39 individuals and h3 data for 32 out of the 39 samples (suppl. material 1). the three dna barcodes obtained for mercantouria neli (maximum intraspecific distance = 0. 49 %) fall within the same barcode index number (bold: aca9784) allowing the unequivocal identification of the new species. the nearest neighbor is the north american species caloptilia scutellariella (braun, 1923) (bold: aau2901) and associated or possibly misidentified dna clusters (bold: abx8283, bold: aap8031) at a genetic distance of 8. 41% . that would suggest that the new species could be a representative of the genus caloptilia. however, the generic assignment of caloptilia scutellariella seems doubtful from genitalia morphology and needs further revision .\n). mp analysis returned four most parsimonious trees. the semistrict consensus is shown in fig .\nmaximum likelihood tree based on coi and h3 sequences for 43 gracillariid species. –ln likelihood = 11983. 13. bootstrap values are indicated for nodes more than 50% support (1000 replications). the general time reversible model of sequence evolution was used with the following settings: lset nst = 6 rclass = (abcdef) rmatrix = (2. 9833028 10. 54651 15. 145156 9. 0102019 24. 833933) basefreq = (0. 26825699 0. 20834936 0. 17265202) rates = gamma shape = 1. 0542648 pinv = 0. 53477118) .\nsemistrict consensus tree of four most parsimonious trees (length 2618, consistency index (ci) 0. 272, and retention index (ri) 0. 385). bootstrap values are indicated for nodes more than 50% support (1000 replications) .\nwas collected only in singletons so far, either at dusk or during the night at light. the flight period seems to be short, lasting from mid - to late july. the habitat (fig .\n) is dominated by subalpine scree and grassland on limestone soil. vertical distribution: from about 1750 to 2100 m. s. l .\ntype locality of mercantouria neli sp. n. near col de la cayolle .\nthe new species is so far known from a small area of the french hautes - alpes and alpes - maritimes .\nthe description of a new genus is an arbitrary decision (hennig 1966; humphreys and barraclough 2014) and a particularly difficult one to make when the genus is monotypic. we based our decision on the fact that neither morphological nor dna sequence data support the placement of the new taxon within any of the extant gracillariidae genera. indeed, the highly differentiated male genitalia with unique structures of the valva, and the forewing venation support the hypothesis of a new genus. both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data show that the new taxon might be closely related to the genus caloptilia and in particular to the north american caloptilia scutellariella. however, we think that caloptilia scutellariella belongs most likely to a different genus, not caloptilia, but more data is needed to test this hypothesis .\nmercantouria neli could represent a non native species introducted into the alps. indeed there are several species of non - native gracillariidae established in europe (lopez - vaamonde et al. 2010). however, based on the repeated collection of several individuals in different years in such remote alpine habitat we think an anthropogenic introduction is highly unlikely .\nmercantouria neli most likely represents a xero - montane relict alpine species like the recently discovered callisto basistrigella (kirichenko et al. 2015). however, gracillariid species thought to be endemic to the alps such as aspilapteryx spectabilis have been discovered in other mountain ranges (huemer 2011) and thus further work is needed to confirm the endemism status of mercantouria neli in the alps .\nlike other alpine lepidoptera such as the recently described syrianarpia faunieralis gianti, 2005 (crambidae), a species endemic to the cottian alps but with congeneric relatives in turkey and on the krim peninsula (gianti 2005; goater et al. 2005; huemer 2009), mercantouria neli could also have its closest relatives in asia. indeed, there is an undescribed species of a gracillariinae collected in turkey (specimens deposited at the natural history museum in copenhagen) whose morphology shows some affinities to mercantouria neli (unpublished morphological data). however, genetic data is necessary to support potential congenerity of these two taxa .\nfinally, additional biological and molecular data are needed to understand the interrelationships of mercantouria neli with the other genera within the gracillaria group .\nwe are particularly grateful to paul hebert and his team at the canadian centre for dna barcoding (guelph, canada) whose sequencing work was enabled by funding from the government of canada to genome canada through the ontario genomics institute. we are also grateful to the ontario ministry of research and innovation and to nserc for their support of the bold informatics platform. ph thanks the promotion of educational policies, university and research department of the autonomous province of bolzano – south tyrol for helping to fund the project “genetic biodiversity archive – dna barcoding of lepidoptera of the central alpine region (south, east and north tyrol) ”, and the austrian federal ministry of science, research and economics for funds received in the framework of abol (austrian barcode of life) .\nmarie - france leccia from parc national mercantour supplied us with the necessary collecting permits. eric drouet (gap, france), ole karsholt (zoological museum, natural history museum of denmark, copenhagen, denmark), natalia kirichenko (krasnoyarsk, russia), toni mayr (feldkirch, austria) and jacques nel (la ciotat, france) kindly lent or presented us material used in this study and / or supported us during field and lab work. andreas eckelt (tlmf), stefan heim (tlmf) and marlies mayr (feldkirch, austria) assisted with photographic work. to both david plotkin and akito kawahara for discussion and help about the combined molecular analysis. to marko mutanen, kyung min lee and laura törmälä (oulu, finland) for sequencing h3 of mercantouria neli. to both jean françois landry (ottawa) and jeremy dewaard (guelph) for allowing us to use unpublished barcode data .\nfinally, we are thankful to david lees (nhm, london) for providing insightful comments on the manuscript .\nhuemer p, lopez - vaamonde c, triberti p (2016) a new genus and species of leaf - mining moth from the french alps, mercantouria neli gen. n. , sp. n. (lepidoptera, gracillariidae). zookeys 586: 145–162. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 586. 8375\nthis dataset is made available under the open database license urltoken the open database license (odbl) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author (s) are credited .\ndewaard jr, ivanova nv, hajibabaei m, hebert pdn. (2008 )\nsyrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. from the cottian alps of italy (crambidae: scopariinae) .\npyraloidea i (crambidae: acentropinae, evergestinae, heliothelinae, schoenobiinae, scopariinae) .\ngutzwiller f, dedeine f, kaiser w, giron d, lopez - vaamonde c. (2015 )\ncorrelation between the green - island phenotype and wolbachia infections during the evolutionary diversification of gracillariidae leaf - mining moths .\naspilapteryx spectabilis sp. n. , eine neue schmetterlingsart aus dem gebiet des nationalparks hohe tauern (osttirol, österreich) (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nauf der suche nach schmetterlings - endemiten (lepidoptera) in den cottischen alpen (prov. cuneo, italien) .\npseudo - endemism and cryptic diversity in lepidoptera – case studies from the alps and the abruzzi .\na new expanded revision of the european high mountain sciadia tenebraria species group (lepidoptera, geometridae) .\ncryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine sattleria —a case study combining dna barcodes and morphology (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) .\ndna barcoding as a screening tool for potential unrecognized cryptic diversity exemplified by the genus caryocolum, with description of a new species (lepidoptera, gelechiidae) .\nsattleria revisited: unexpected cryptic diversity on the balkan peninsula and in the south - eastern alps (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) .\nrhigognostis scharnikensis sp. n. , eine morphologisch und genetisch differenzierte neue schmetterlingsart aus den hohen tauern (lepidoptera, plutellidae) .\nalpha taxonomy of the genus kessleria nowicki, 1864, revisited in light of dna - barcoding (lepidoptera, yponomeutidae) .\nkawahara ay, ohshima i, kawakita a, regier jc, mitter c, cummings mp, et al. (2011 )\nincreased gene sampling provides stronger support for higher - level groups within gracillariid leaf mining moths and relatives (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nkirichenko n, huemer p, deutsch h, triberti p, rougerie r, lopez - vaamonde c. (2015 )\nintegrative taxonomy reveals a new species of callisto (lepidoptera, gracillariidae) in the alps .\nkirichenko n, triberti p, mutanen m, magnoux e, landry j - f, lopez - vaamonde c. (2016 )\nsystematics and biology of some species of micrurapteryx spuler (lepidoptera, gracillariidae) from the holarctic region, with re - description of m. caraganella (hering) from siberia .\n. (second revised and enlarged edition). munksgaard, copenhagen, 115–130 .\nlepidoptera, moths and butterflies. vol. 2. morphology, physiology, and development. handbook of zoology iv (36 )\na taxonomic revision of the gracillaria group occurring in japan (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). part i .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). part ii .\nthe european phyllonorycter species feeding on the plants of the tribe genisteae (fabaceae), with descriptions of twelve new species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nadditional data on the phyllonorycter haasi - group with description of two new species .\na revision of the phyllonorycter ulicicolella species group with description of a new species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nlopez - vaamonde c, agassiz dvl, augustin s, de prins j, de prins w, gomboc s, ivinskis p, karsholt o, koutroumpas a, koutroumpa f, laštůvka z, karsholt o, marabuto e, olivella e, przybylowicz l, roques a, ryrholm n, šefrová h, šima p, sims o, sinev s, tomov r, zilli a, lees dc. (2010a )\nchapter 11. in: roques a, et al. (eds) alien terrestrial arthropods of europe\nphylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). version 4. 0b10\ncoleophora mareki tabell & baldizzone, sp. n. , a new coleophorid moth of the serpylletorum species - group (lepidoptera: coleophoridae) .\nremarks on the phylogeny of the genera parornix spuler and callisto stephens (lepidoptera gracillariidae) .\nthe phyllonorycter species from palaearctic region feeding on rosaceae (lepidoptera, gracillariidae) .\nsphaleroptera alpicolana (frölich, 1830) (lepidoptera, tortricidae, cnephasiini): a species complex .\na new species of micropterix hübner, 1825 from the orobian alps (italy) (lepidoptera, micropterigidae)." ]

{ "text": [ "ketapangia regulifera is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from japan ( ryukyu islands ) , malaysia ( sarawak , west malaysia , kedah and pahang ) , the philippines ( luzon ) and taiwan .", "the wingspan is 6.8-8.4 mm .", "the larvae feed on terminalia catappa .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine has the form of a linear-blotch mine on the lower side of food plant .", "the linear part of the mine is made by the young larva and is epidermal and is usually running from the median area near the mid vein to the leaf-edge with an irregularly curved trace .", "the blotchy part is elongaged along the leaf-edge , with parenchymal tissues within this part almost eaten by the larva .", "finally , the leaf-edge at the blotchy part is narrowly folded down causing the lower epidermis to shrink over the mining part .", "the full-grown larva emerges from the mine to make a cocoon outside .", "the cocoon is usually placed on the lower side of the leaf , mostly at the side of the mid or lateral vein .", "it is boat-shaped , whitish , partly stained by grains of frass and covered by five to seven bars of silken threads , without bubbles or globules . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 8, 11, 11, 1, 11, 8, 11, 11, 4 ] }

[ "ketapangia regulifera is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from japan (ryukyu islands), malaysia (sarawak, west malaysia, kedah and pahang), the philippines (luzon) and taiwan. the wingspan is 6.8-8.4 mm. the larvae feed on terminalia catappa. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine has the form of a linear-blotch mine on the lower side of food plant. the linear part of the mine is made by the young larva and is epidermal and is usually running from the median area near the mid vein to the leaf-edge with an irregularly curved trace. the blotchy part is elongaged along the leaf-edge, with parenchymal tissues within this part almost eaten by the larva. finally, the leaf-edge at the blotchy part is narrowly folded down causing the lower epidermis to shrink over the mining part. the full-grown larva emerges from the mine to make a cocoon outside. the cocoon is usually placed on the lower side of the leaf, mostly at the side of the mid or lateral vein. it is boat-shaped, whitish, partly stained by grains of frass and covered by five to seven bars of silken threads, without bubbles or globules." ]

[ "this is the place for terricula definition. you find here terricula meaning, synonyms of terricula and images for terricula copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word terricula. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word terricula and, of course, terricula synonyms and on the right images related to the word terricula .\nuntil another major fire hits the san bernardino national forest, the poodle - dog bush will continue to diminish. but it will be back .\nterricula is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae. [ 1 ]\nterricula parryi, or commonly called poodle - dog bush, is a california mountain shrub. “it ranges from the southern sierra to northern baja, but it’s really a northern california plant, ” he said. “and yes, we have it up here. there’s a nice patch of it down highway 330 at about the 5, 000 - foot level. ”\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nfrom vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum. 7. some additional data (lepidoptera: tortricidae) ,\nthis page was last edited on 21 march 2018, at 08: 38 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository: 2511782 (61. 20% )\ndescription: ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nedit your maps. learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification. play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - (alpha version) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected. start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag: get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery, and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story: follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest: take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhomonopsis multilata (x. p. wang, h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2003 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwhile the poodle - dog bush has attractive flowers in the spring, be advised not to touch the plant, because it can give a nasty reaction much like poison oak, the u. s. forest service reports .\nyou’ve probably seen it growing by the side of the road or when you’re out hiking, and when it’s in bloom in the spring you may have wanted to touch its very pretty lavender - colored flowers, or bend down to see if it has a pleasant fragrance .\nbut don’t even think about it, say botanists and those hikers who have been unlucky enough to feel its nasty bite .\nthe poodle - dog bush, native plant to the san bernardino national forest, is right up there with poison oak and stinging nettles, and for many people who touch it the plant can cause a skin rash, raise blisters lasting for several weeks and even bring about respiratory distress .\n“it’s not the kind of thing where you need to keep your distance, but you don’t want to touch it, ” said forest service botanist scott eliason, who is assigned to the san bernardino national forest .\npoodle - dog bush begins blooming in the spring, and flowers into the early summer. “it’s ending about now, ” said eliason. he’s not sure how it got its name, but “it kind of looks like a poodle dog’s puff, but that’s just a guess. ”\nthe plant also is called a fire follower, because it appears after an area of wildland or forest has been burned by fire .\n“we had quite a flush of it after the 2003 fire and after the 2007 fire, ” eliason said. “it comes in after the fires, then gradually gets crowded out by other native plants. it’s starting to taper off now. ”\nand it’s not a small plant, either. “it can be knee high, but i’ve seen it up to eight feet tall, ” he added .\nit has a similar effect on humans as poison oak, but poison oak has a certain oil that can cause an allergic reaction. the poodle - dog bush, however, has tiny hairs on its stems and leaves, much like stinging nettles, that secrete liquid, more of an aromatic .\nit causes contact dermatitis, according to the national institutes of health, a condition in which the skin becomes red, sore or inflamed after direct contact with a substance .\njack haskel is a trail information specialist with the pacific crest trail association (pcta). a portion of the 2, 650 mile - long trail from mexico to canada runs through the san bernardino national forest .\n“the earliest rumors of something out there (on the trail) was in 2011 or so, but in 2012 it really hit our radar, ” haskel said. “it’s a significant enough problem that people need to know not touch it. ”\nhaskel said some of the pcta’s volunteers have been trying to remove the plant from areas along the trail, especially in the neighboring angeles national forest .\n“the seeds can live in the soil for a long time until fire activates it, ” the forest service’s eliason said. “that’s why it’s called a fire follower. ”\nposted in mountain living, features on thursday, july 24, 2014 12: 00 am .\nmountain news phone number: (909) 336 - 3555 e - mail: support @ urltoken address: p. o. box 2410 lake arrowhead, ca 92352\n© copyright 2018, mountain news, lake arrowhead, ca. powered by blox content management system from urltoken. [ terms of use | privacy policy ]\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation' s collection." ]

{ "text": [ "terricula major is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in vietnam .", "the wingspan is 18 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is brownish with brown suffusions and a few white dashes along the costa .", "there are sparse refractive bluish scales all over the surface of the wing .", "the markings are dark brown .", "the hindwings are brown . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "terricula major is a moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in vietnam. the wingspan is 18 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is brownish with brown suffusions and a few white dashes along the costa. there are sparse refractive bluish scales all over the surface of the wing. the markings are dark brown. the hindwings are brown." ]

[ "garfish: surface feeders rarely found below 12ft. bait is fish strip, garfish or mackerel .\ngarfish tend to like the scent of raw chicken. you can use a small piece as bait to help you catch garfish .\nmacerate the garfish with the garlic and olive oil for at least 2 hours .\n] in the bones of the garfish is identical to that which we observed (fig .\nover winter i get asked more about garfish than anything else. i know we have monster southern bluefin tuna still hanging around, but the humble little garfish can be a mainstay for anglers .\nthe freshwater garfish is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\ninformation on the freshwater garfish (xenentodon cancila) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe eastern sea garfish is found in marine waters along the eastern australian coast from southern queensland to eastern victoria .\nsouthern garfish are mainly herbivorous with seagrass the dominant food item. they also eat plankton, worms and small crustaceans .\n. the amino acid compositions found in the garfish periosteum and spinal processes were almost identical. comparison with the literature [\nan adult garfish female can produce 10, 000 eggs which when laid sink to the bottom and attach to drifting algae .\nthe pigment isolated from the periosteum of the garfish and methylated pigment showed uv–vis maxima at 376 and 666 nm (fig .\nsouthern garfish are a schooling fish found in sheltered bays, inshore coastal areas and estuaries - especially where seagrass meadows are established .\nuv - vis spectrum of the blue - green pigment (biliverdin dimethyl ester) of garfish (b. belone) after methylation and separation\nthe combined spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses of the samples described below indicate that the pigments studied in the skeletons of garfish and eelpout are indeed biliverdin .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - freshwater garfish (xenentodon cancila )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - freshwater garfish (xenentodon cancila )\ntitle =\narkive species - freshwater garfish (xenentodon cancila )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nafter our walk from manly beach to shelly beach we stumbled upon sugarfish / garfish - a two - for - one restaurant overlooking the beautiful manly cove. since the restaurant, garfish was not yet opened, we decided to have a couple of small plates and cocktails at sugarfish. the beer ...\nc). to the best of our knowledge, the blue - green coloration of this tissue has not been described in the literature on garfish and eelpout .\nthe most productive method for garfish is to set up a berley trail to entice them and then use of small baits. flies can be also be used. some anglers like to use a small bait under a float, whilst others will watch the bait intensely and drift it back in the berley waiting for a garfish to take it. if the light is good and you are wearing polaroids you can often see garfish eat you bait. a little lift and you are on .\nthe blue - green periosteum around the garfish bones of up to 0. 3 mm thickness. the periosteum of the eelpout is much thinner and cannot be dissected .\nhplc chromatogram of biliverdin from garfish (b. belone) periosteum with the position of the biliverdin derivates 1 biliverdin, 2 biliverdin monomethyl ester, 3 biliverdin dimethyl ester\nwhat a perfect spot garfish is in sydney. we enjoyed a beautiful breakfast with great coffee. staff were lovely, highly recommended. catered to our dietary needs too .\ngarfish are excellent eating, providing the time is taken to remove the numerous bones. the flesh is translucent when raw and cooks white. it is sweet to the taste .\nspecies like pollack, mackerel, garfish and scad will attack a moving bait and it often pays to keep the bait on the move rather than leaving it to fish statically .\nftir spectrum of the a blue - green pigment (isolated by hplc from a methylated extract of garfish (b. belone) periosteum and b the reference substance biliverdin dimethyl ester\nthe eastern sea garfish is found in marine waters along the eastern australian coast from southern queensland to eastern victoria. it is a schooling species that grows to 52 cm in length .\nkill the fish you want to keep and put them on ice. they are messy when caught as they often expel vegetable matter and loose their scales quickly so a big bin is good. some people roll the backbones out of garfish while others just cook them whole. cooked in a pan, tossed in egg and bread crumbs garfish are an absolute delight .\nplace the garfish on very hot grill with a small amount of olive oil. add the fish to the grill and quickly char. remove and season with salt and the chopped parsley .\nselect the location of the garfish restaurant you want to look at, i chose manly, then select\nview our manly restaurant menu\nlink halfway down the page. menu will be displayed 👍\na small quill or bubble float makes it very easy to see if a garfish has taken your bait. a small split shot will keep the quill float upright and keep the hook in the strike zone .\n] in the “pure belone pigment” he isolated were at 385 and 678 nm, and these are in good agreement with our results, indicating that the pigment extracted from the periosteum of the garfish is biliverdin .\nthey can grow to around 40 cm in length and over 0. 5kg in weight, at which size they are around 8 years old. in tasmania it is not uncommon to catch garfish to 50 cm .\ndown the wall baits include small king ragworms, harbour ragworms (maddies), white ragworms, fish strip, either garfish or mackerel, sandeels, live prawns / shrimps, bread, maggots, sweetcorn etc .\n], the average iron content in edible parts of fish (musculature) is 2–5 μg / g, and this corresponds to our findings for the white musculature of garfish, eelpout, and herring. lönnberg [\nthe eastern sea garfish looks very similar to the southern garfish, hyporhamphus melanochir. in the key in his 1974 paper, collette states that the two species can be separated by gill raker counts, h. australis has 34 or more on the first gill arch and 27 or more on the second gill arch. h. melanochir has 33 or less on the first gill arch and 26 or less on the second gill arch .\nfood: a ferocious predator, garfish hunt in the open sea seeking shoals of small fish such as baltic herring, sprats, sandeels and even three - spined sticklebacks. larger individuals also take free - swimming crustaceans .\nin light of microscopic observations that the blue - green pigment was chiefly to be found in the garfish periosteum, further investigations were conducted to localize it more precisely by analyzing the amino acid composition of different samples. the results are presented in table\nlight snood lines (10lb) can be used to maximise tidal movement on the baits. mullet and garfish will avoid heavy monofilament line in clear water, others may not be fussy, but if you do go light chose a tough fluorocarbon line .\nhook sizes range between size 6 for garfish and mullet and size 2 for pollack. use a tough hook at the bottom because that’s the one that can pick up a bonus big fish. conger and bass hooks start at size 3 / 0 .\nthe best areas are shallow bays with good seagrass banks. some rubbly bottom often holds garfish as well. set your boat so your berley drifts back over these areas, rather than over deep water or sand. i love georges bay at st helens .\nthere must be some tide running and it depends where you are in tasmania as to how much is suitable. fast current doesn’t worry the garfish, but it will disperse the berley quickly and this makes the fishing a little harder. likewise if the is no run the berley won’t be dispersed and the garfish often won’t appear. so use your common sense here. some places in tasmania can be fish at any tide, whilst places like the tamar river can be all but impossible on a fast running tide .\ni took my elderly mother and husband to garfish on friday night 22nd june. i realise the waitress was new to the restaurant and trying her best to answer our questions however she obviously had not been provided enough information on the specifics of the ...\nfreelining a bait with a swan or ssg shot is a tactic that works well in light tide from many piers, especially for coalfish, mackerel, scad and garfish. a small strip of fish from the silver underbelly or a sandeel section is the bait .\nnoell c, ye q (2008) southern sea garfish. in: shepherd sa, bryars s, kirkegaard i, harbison p, jennings jt (eds) natural history of gulf st vincent. royal society of south australia inc. , adelaide, pp 429–436\nand found that the garfish pigment changed in color from a blue - green to a purple - to - reddish hue. the same reaction was shown by control biliverdin, but no spectroscopic analyses were conducted that would have confirmed the identification by wet chemical methods. willstaedt [\n], by christomanos. however, on the basis of spectroscopic examinations and solubility tests, he concluded that the “green dyestuff” found in the scales of garfish was related to the bile pigments, but definitely different from biliverdin. on the other hand, nomura and tsuchiya [\n]. such statements about the garfish pigment have been and continue to be repeated in many technical publications. in fact, an official government guideline also includes the statement that vivianite in the skeleton of eelpout is the reason for the green discoloration of the bones during cooking [\ndinner saturday night for 4 people. garfish only takes reservations to 6. 30pm so we booked at this time. was already 3 / 4 full and filled completely by 7. 30pm. usual seafood' s were great. the crab linguine was excellent. wines were reasonably priced\nfor the determination of the recovery rates, ca. 100 μl of a solution containing 90 μg / ml of biliverdin hydrochloride was added to 1 g sample of white muscle tissue of garfish and other food fish. the same analytical steps were then carried out as for experimental samples .\nlove garfish - have been coming here for years and always try and celebrate our wedding anniversary here. the food is consistently fantastic, great choice, fresh and tasty. the fact that it is byo is also great. service is attentive without being unobtrusive. and the ...\ngarfish are bluish green in colour along the back and a silver stripe bordered by a bluish stripe extending from behind the head to the tail. the belly is silver and fins may be translucent or tinged with green. body long and rounded covered with small scales which come off easily when handled .\nsouthern garfish: hyporhamphus australis common names: garies, gardies, beakies. size limit: 25cm, measured from upper jaw to end of tail. possession limit: 30 * * daily bag limits have been removed and replaced by a personal possession limit. possession limits apply everywhere, including the home .\nspecies are found at different depths so you can bait each hook differently. for instance, bread or fish strip on the top for garfish or mullet, a head - hooked white ragworm or bunch of maddies on the middle for scad or pollack and a large ragworm on the bottom for a bass .\nthe latest long continental quiver - tip rods are ideal, while a heavy freshwater feeder rod is the choice of some. for pollack, scad and garfish you can use braid line, which gives a more direct connection to the fish and bites, as well as combating strong tide, but this does require a soft rod .\nhplc–ms of the methylated extract of blue - green matter from garfish (b. belone) and eelpout (z. viviparus): a / d ms spectrum, showing the molecular ion [ ms + h ] + = 611 of biliverdin dimethyl ester obtained from a garfish and d eelpout; b / e) ms / ms spectrum collected from molecular ion from the corresponding ms spectrum (m / z = 611); c second - order product ion mass spectrum (ms 3) collected for the most intense ion from the corresponding ms 2 spectrum (m / z = 311); f formula and the proposed fragmentation of biliverdin dimethyl ester ix α\nlangmead, o. 2008. belone belone garfish. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 11 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\ngar or garfish are a family of freshwater fish that live in north america, distinguished by their long, cylindrical bodies, short snouts, and rounded tail fin. they are also good sport fish. if you are thinking about trying gar, you should know that they come in several varieties, however. take some time to learn about the different types, their habitat, and characteristics .\nthere is nothing more simple than berley for garfish. the smell of fish or tuna oil is often enough to attract them, but including bread is better. buy a loaf of unsliced white bread. i am not sure why i prefer the unsliced as i am sure sliced is just as good. white bread is more ‘doughy’ and makes better bait as it stays on the hook better .\n] shows good agreement with the amounts of individual amino acids in fish connective tissue from bone. further, comparison with the amounts of the amino acids hydroxyproline and proline shows that the periosteum and the protein of the spinal processes chiefly consist of collagen. analysis of the amount of hydroxyproline in the dissected blue - green garfish periosteum showed that this contained 15. 0 ± 1% connective tissue (\nthe purposes of this study were the following: (i) to identify conclusively the characteristic blue - green skeletal pigment in the garfish, a food fish, and in the eelpout; (ii) to conduct a quantitative estimate of the amount of pigment in the matrix; and (iii) to determine the exact location of the pigment, as a contribution to both fundamental and applied food research .\nappearance: long, eel - like body laterally compressed. jaws greatly elongated, lined with numerous sharp teeth. anal and dorsal fins similar in appearance and set well back just anterior to tail. lateral line runs close to belly. the garfish’s highly distinctive appearance means it is unlikely to be confused with any other fish species in finnish waters. resembles an elongated pike, although the two are not related .\nlevel in garfish bone ash to be 0. 004% , corresponding to an iron content of 14 μg / g, which could initially be interpreted as an indication of vivianite. however, the increased iron level in bones with a blue - green appearance and blue - green periosteum could also be due to an affinity of iron for biliverdin (as the cause of the blue - green color—see below) .\nreproduction: a surface - dwelling fish of the open sea, garfish move inshore into shallow water in may - june to spawn among floating vegetation. not known to spawn in finnish waters, the nearest known spawning sites being off the west coast of estonia and the sea around gotland. juveniles measuring just over 20 cm have been taken off the finnish coast at hanko, while some ripe adults have been caught west of the åland islands .\ngarfish (b. belone) a spinal and transverse processes (bar scale 2 cm); b central strand of the vertebral column with blue - green layers of coating (periosteum) (scale bar 2. 2 mm); c cartilage of the chordal sheath (cranial section) (scale bar 0. 5 mm); d section through a spinal process with more intensive pigmentation in the center (scale bar 0. 5 mm )\ndistribution and habitat: a sea fish that moves into finland’s waters along with surges of salt water through the straits of denmark into the baltic. migrates west and south of the british isles in winter and returns to its spawning grounds in early summer. garfish appear in finnish waters in late summer, only to disappear again as autumn sets in. fairly common off finland’s sw coast and throughout the gulf of finland. has been reported as far north as kokkola in the gulf of botnia .\ncould be derived for eelpout, only small amounts of which were available. biliverdin ix α is the chief metabolite of heme. in lower animals ix β, γ, or δ metabolites also occur, which we did not detect. overall, it can be stated that the hplc–ms spectra of garfish and eelpout (from methylated sample solutions) correspond to a high degree with that of the reference substance biliverdin methyl ester, so that it can be assumed with certainty, and in consideration of the other spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses, that the substance in question is biliverdin .\nshows the chromatogram of a sample solution prepared and methylated from garfish periosteum. specific retention times for biliverdin, biliverdin monomethyl ester, and biliverdin dimethyl ester are evident in the chromatogram for reference substances. under the conditions given above, biliverdin is not retarded, and the monomethyl ester has a retention time of ca. 10 min. in every case, biliverdin dimethyl ester was identified as the main component (> 95 %) of the sample solutions from the colored fish parts. the hplc investigation also permits testing of the efficiency of methylation to dimethyl ester. the identity of the extracted pigments was further confirmed by hplc–ms .\nsize: 50–75 cm, seldom over 80 cm or over 1 kg in weight .\nfacebook | contact information | terms of use and privacy policy | all rights reserved. © copyright luontoportti / naturegate 2018 .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\nwe decided to spend the day in manly walking to north head from where the ferry drops you off then headed for this restaurant as it had good reviews on tripadvisor i had the fish and chips which were delicious my husband had the bluefin ...\ni go there regularly. the service is great. . the food is great. try the casual bar area for food. . great value. . the mussles are amazing as are the balmain bug tacos. good value also! !! ! !\nhi debbie, thank you for your review. we appreciate any feedback as it allows us to continually review our offer and maintain the excellent standards of food and service that we have built our reputation on. i am sorry that on your visit we fell ...\nhead over for a gazing view of the harbour and a good glass of wine. the food and aesthetics are fabulous as well! the crab linguine is a must! will definitely be back\nwe went at sunset. requested a table closet to the harbour to make sure we could see it. as the sun was shining through, someone complained so they put the blinds down right in front of us therefore no more view or sunset! we asked ...\nhi thank you for your feedback. i am sorry you had a disappointing experience with us. unfortunately, with regards to the blinds, we are obviously, not able to please everyone if someone wants the blinds up and someone else wants them down. in this case, ...\ngreat ambiance. great service. great food. we stayed in manly only a couple of nights, but this was our favorite meal .\nbusiness dinner, no booking, food was excellent, seems menu has been revised. i' ve eaten here several times, but it is even better now. wine selection is perfect. a little noisy, but it would not stop me coming back .\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nthere are a few parking stations in manly including whistler street and some parking under manly wharf. parking is not cheap and i’d recommend public transport for less stress .\nlocated opposite the ferry terminal in manly, our focus is on serving the freshest fish available at a reasonable price for the ultimate seafood dining experience. we have daily blackboard specials as well as a great seasonal menu .\nown or manage this property? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthis page was last edited on 30 may 2018, at 00: 37 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\na delightful lunch with friends, sharing the vermicelli wrapped prawns and the grilled haloumi entrees, then enjoying the fish pie, and the crispy barramundi. sadly for us, our late lunch meant that the oysters, whiting and whitebait were finished for ...\njune 22, 2018 — we booked a table for 12: 45 pm, as reservation was necessary. true enough, the tables were all occupied when we got there at around 12: 40. i ordered barramundi or asian sea bass. it was good. tender. properly cooked. i will recommend .\nthank you for your feedback, we are glad you enjoyed your meal with us .\nwe sat outside under the heaters and had a very enjoyable meal and drinks. the gin and oyster shots were a hit, and after that my snapper pie was scrumptous. those who had fresh oysters were very pleased with their choice as well as the ...\nso i have now given this place three chances! i work locally so i want this to be a good local spot. the food is always just not great! i had the king prawn and goats cheese tart. it was thick goats cheese on a ...\ni' m sorry to hear you had such a disappointing experience with us. we would have appreciated your feedback on the occasion of your dining so that we could have rectified any problems as they occurred. please don' t hesitate to contact me at the restaurant to ...\ni' d say this place was slightly above average - nice staff, good seafood dominated menu and a pleasant outdoor eating area in a pavement cafe style. located just over the harbour bridge on the north side - excellent offering overall .\nwe had a 6. 15pm booking and then got asked to move by 8pm - very annoying as we had just finished dessert - naturally that resulted in no tip. fish is quite good 9 out of 10 times - have had the occasional poor meal but generally ...\nlet me start by saying the fish pie was amazing. it should come stuffed with mash however i did that myself. entrees were varied however the barramundi looked like battered chicken. everyone at the table really enjoyed their mains and the pricing was reasonable for ...\nwe chose two main courses, traditional fish and chips and za’atar swordfish. both portions were generous and cooked extremely well. the battered fish was crisp and crunchy under the knife, no wet under cooked batter as there so often is. the swordfish fillet was enormous, ...\nbeen to manly, and now to kirribilli. food and wait staff were good. entrees were really good, scallop carpaccio. mains were ok, nothing special. it’s a good restaurant, but i would rave about it. and it’s mid priced .\nlocated in broughton street opposite the sydney harbour bridge stairs in kirribilli, our focus is on serving the freshest fish available at a reasonable price for the ultimate seafood dining experience. we have daily blackboard specials as well as a great seasonal menu .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n), specimens from north truro, mass. , and from acapulco mexico. drawing by h. b. bigelow .\n) closely in general appearance, as well as in the nature and arrangement of its fins; especially in the fact that the rear parts of its dorsal and caudal fins can be depressed and almost completely concealed in a groove, with the forward parts still remaining erect. but its body is so strongly flattened sidewise as to be less than one - half as thick as it is deep, instead of about as thick as deep, or thicker, as it is in the silver gar. the dorsal fin, also, arises farther back relative to the anal fin, than is the case in the silver gar. the tail fin is broadly forked, the dorsal and anal fins deeply concave .\nback greenish with bluish green reflections; lower part of sides bright silvery, also the abdomen; snout greenish; dorsal fin mostly greenish, but with the rays black - tipped; tail fin greenish. some individuals have the sides plain silvery, but others are marked with dark blotches or indistinct sooty or blue crossbars. [ 9 ]\nbrazil to chesapeake bay in the western atlantic, and northward as a stray to cape cod. a specimen of this tropical fish, about 23\ninches (594 mm .) long to the fork of the tail, was taken in a fish trap on the shore of cape cod bay at north truro, mass. , on august 15, 1949 .\n( jordan and fordice, proc. u. s. nat. mus. , vol. 9, 1886, p. 342). but jordan and evermann (bull. 47, u. s. nat. mus. , pt. 1, 1896, p. 717, footnote) state that\n[ 9 ] smith (sea fishes of southern africa, 1949, pl. 7, fig. 26) gives a colored illustration of one with blue crossbars .\n[ 10 ] we have seen specimens from acapulco, west coast of mexico; panama; mauritius; and zanzibar .\n[ 11 ] this specimen was presented to the museum of comparative zoology by john worthington of the pond village cold storage co. , north truro, mass .\ngreek, belone = needle; any fish with sharp pointed snout; also pierre belon, 1517 - 64, french zoologist born in le mans. professor at the college de france, author of\nla nature et diversité des poissons\n, 1551 (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; pelagic - oceanic; oceanodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 0 -? m. temperate; 65°n - 14°n, 32°w - 42°e\neastern atlantic and mediterranean sea. three subspecies were recognized by collette and parin (1970, ref. 34977) belone belone belone (linnaeus, 1761) (northeast atlantic); belone belone euxini günther, 1866 (black sea and sea of azov); belone belone acus risso, 1827 (mediterranean sea and adjacent parts of atlantic ocean, madeira, canary islands, azores, and south to cape verde (ref. 50279); subspecies belone belone gracilis lowe, 1839 (france to the canary islands including the mediterranean) in collette & parin, 1990 (ref. 5757) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 104 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 113079); common length: 45. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 3397); max. published weight: 1. 4 kg (ref. 113079 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 20; anal soft rays: 19 - 23. jaw teeth comparatively large and widely spaced. vertebrae 75 - 84. vomerine teeth present at lengths greater than 20 cam. lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw. juveniles with greatly elongated jaw, without black posterior dorsal fin lobe .\nlives close to the surface and has a migratory pattern similar to the mackerel (ref. 35388). feeds on small fishes, particularly clupeids and engraulis (in the black sea). leaps out of the water when hooked. oviparous (ref. 205). eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg' s surface (ref. 205). utilized fresh and frozen; can be fried, broiled and baked (ref. 9988) .\ncollette, b. b. and n. v. parin, 1986. belonidae. p. 604 - 609. in p. j. p. whitehead, m. - l. bauchot, j. - c. hureau, j. nielsen and e. tortonese (eds .) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean, volume 2. unesco, paris. (ref. 5505 )\n): 8. 8 - 20, mean 11. 3 (based on 548 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00098 (0. 00079 - 0. 00122), b = 3. 04 (2. 98 - 3. 10), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 2 ±0. 4 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (tm = 2; fec = 1000) .\nprior r = 0. 44, 2 sd range = 0. 19 - 1. 00, log (r) = - 0. 82, sd log (r) = 0. 41, based on: 2 k, 2 tgen, 10 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100) .\nasian freshwater needlefish, freshwater gar, needlefish, needlenose halfbeak, silver needlefish .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2015. catalog of fishes. updated 7 january 2015. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 7 january 2015) .\nthree subspecies are recognized (collette and parin 1970, collette 2003): belone belone belone (linnaeus, 1761) from northeastern atlantic ocean, belone belone euxini günther, 1866 from the black sea and the sea of azov, and belone belone acus risso, 1826 from the mediterranean sea and adjacent parts of the atlantic, madeira, canary islands, azores, and south to the cape verde islands .\njustification: this species is widespread in the mediterranean sea and european waters; it has a limited occurrence in the eastern central atlantic. it is a commercial species and subpopulations show fluctuations, but no overall trend can be determined at present. nevertheless, it is not considered to be threatened and is assessed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in the northeast atlantic where its range extends from norway to south to madeira, canary islands, the azores and cape verde (occasional strays have been taken farther north: the white sea, the murman coast and south iceland (b. b. collette pers comm 2014) ). three subspecies have been recognized :\nlowe, 1839) from the mediterranean sea and adjacent parts of the atlantic ocean, madeira, azores, canary islands, and cape verde islands (collette in press) .\nthis species is considered to be widespread throughout the mediterranean sea, the black sea and the sea of azov. it is likely to be even more widespread than current fisheries records show .\nalbania; algeria; belgium; bulgaria; cape verde; croatia; cyprus; denmark; egypt; estonia; finland; france; georgia; germany; gibraltar; greece; guernsey; ireland; israel; italy; jersey; latvia; lebanon; libya; lithuania; malta; monaco; montenegro; morocco; netherlands; norway; poland; portugal (azores, madeira, portugal (mainland) ); romania; russian federation; serbia (serbia); slovenia; spain (canary is. , spain (mainland) ); sweden; syrian arab republic; tunisia; turkey; ukraine; united kingdom; western sahara\nthis species is seasonally common in the mediterranean sea. there is no specific information available on recent or current population trends .\nit is a commercial species, which is sold fresh and frozen. it is exported internationally for food and is also sport fished and used as bait. it is sometimes a target species in sport and recreational fisheries. there is a good market for garpike in the mediterranean sea. in the oceanic islands within the southern portion of its range, little is known about it utilization (b. b. collette pers. comm. 2012). there are no species - specific records in the southern portion of its range; only records of the genus exist (luis pers. comm. 2012) .\nat the global level, there are no conservation measures in place for this species. this species is very mobile and occurs in many marine protected areas (world database on protected areas 2010). in bulgaria, the minimum legal landing size is set at 35cm. no other national minimum landing sizes are in place. more research is needed on the biology and ecology of this species in the offshore islands of the southern portion of its range (b. b. collette pers. comm. 2012) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n, may be found throughout the british isles during summer but during winter is only seen in southern areas .\nwill spawn during may and june in seagrass beds and their eggs have long sticky filaments that adhere to seagrass blades. the juveniles stay in shallower waters until they reach sexual maturity .\ndorsal and anal fin set far away from the head, near the tail .\ndipper, f. , 2001. british sea fishes (2nd edn). teddington: underwater world publications ltd .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nmoen, f. e. & svensen, e. , 2004. marine fish & invertebrates of northern europe. southend - on - sea: aqua press .\nmuus, b. j. & dahlstrom, p. , 1974. collins guide to the sea fishes of britain and north - western europe. wm collins sons & co. ltd: london .\nnational biodiversity network (nbn) atlas website. available from: http: / / www. nbnatlas. org. accessed 01 april 2017\nobis, 2018. global map of species distribution using gridded data. available from: ocean biogeographic information system. www. iobis. org. accessed: 2018 - 07 - 11\nworms 2007. the world register of marine species (worms). http: / / www. marinespecies. org, 2008 - 10 - 31\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly. we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\n& copy; the state of queensland (department of agriculture and fisheries) 2010–2018. queensland government\nat least 18 species of garfishes are known from australian waters. they can be difficult to accurately identify. most have very elongate silvery bodies with a long lower jaw and short triangular upper jaw .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source: atlas of living australia .\nallen, g. r. , d. f. hoese, j. r. paxton, j. e. randall, b. c. russell, w. a. starck, f. h. talbot & gp whitley. l976. an annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island. records of the australian museum, 30 (15): 365 - 454 .\ncollette, b. b. 1974. the garfishes (hemiramphidae) of australia and new zealand. records of the australian museum. 29 (2): 11 - 105 .\nfrancis, m. p. 1993. checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe, norfolk, and kermadec islands, south - west pacific ocean. pacific science. 47 (2): 136 - 170 .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433 .\nkuiter, r. h. 2000. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. gary allen. pp. 437 .\nwe gratefully acknowledge the assistance of numerous volunteers for their assistance with the collection of samples, including several commercial fishermen who were very generous with their time. these include bruce jackson and matt lloyd for their assistance with field work and otolith preparation .\naustralian bureau of agricultural and resource economics (abare) (2006) australian fisheries statistics, 2005. canberra ,\nseagrass habitat in new south wales. aust j mar freshw res 29: 631–643\nbellwood dr, choat jh (1990) functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family: scaridae): the ecological implications. environ biol fishes 28: 189–214\nbeukers - stewart bd, jones gp (2004) the influence of prey abundance on the feeding ecology of two piscivorous species of coral reef fish. j exp mar biol ecol 299: 155–184\nblaber sjm (1980) fish of the trinity inlet system of north queensland with notes on the ecology of fish faunas of tropical indo - pacific estuaries. aust j mar freshw res 31: 137–146\nbryars s, wear r, collings g (2008) seagrasses of gulf st. vincent and investigator strait. in: shepherd sa, bryars s, kirkegaard i, harbison p, jennings jt (eds) natural history of gulf st vincent. royal society of south australia inc. , adelaide, pp 132–147\nbye jat, kämpf j (2008) physical oceanography. in: shepherd sa, bryars s, kirkegaard i, harbison p, jennings jt (eds) natural history of gulf st vincent. royal society of south australia inc. , adelaide, pp 56–70\ncarr we, adams ca (1973) food habits of juvenile marine fishes occupying seagrass beds in the estuarine zone near crystal river, florida. trans am fish soc 102: 511–530\nchoat jh, clements kd (1998) vertebrate herbivores in marine and terrestrial environments: a nutritional ecology perspective. annu rev ecol syst 29: 375–403\n( smith), from rondevlei, southern cape. s afr j zool 16: 14–20\ncollette bb (1974) the garfishes (hemiramphidae) of australia and new zealand. rec aust mus 29: 11–105\nduarte cm (1990) seagrass nutrient content. mar ecol prog ser 67: 201–207\nedyvane ks (1999) coastal and marine wetlands in gulf st. vincent, south australia: understanding their loss and degradation. wetlands ecol manag 7: 83–104\nfowler aj, ling jk (2010) ageing studies done 50 years apart for an inshore fish species from southern australia—contribution toward determining current stock status. manuscript submitted to env biol fish doi :\ngerking sd (1994) feeding ecology of fish. academic press incorporated, san diego\nhall sj, mainprize b (2004) towards ecosystem - based fisheries management. fish fish 5: 1–20\nhutchins b, swainston r (1986) sea fishes of southern australia. swainston publishing, smithfield\n), with a review of methods used in studies of food of fishes. j anim ecol 19: 36–58\n: gut passage rate and consumption of two food types and assimilation of seagrass components. mar ecol prog ser 12: 207–216\nknight ma, doonan am, tsolos a (2007) south australian wild fisheries information and statistics report. south australian research and development institute (aquatic sciences), adelaide f2007 / 000571 - 1. sardi research report series no. 200\n( cuvier and valenciennes) (hemiramphidae), in south australia: breeding, age determination, and growth rate. aust j mar freshw res 9: 60–110\nmayzaud p, martin jh (1975) some aspects of the biochemical and mineral composition of marine plankton. j exp mar biol ecol 17: 297–310\nmccormick mi (1995) fish feeding on mobile benthic invertebrates: influence of spatial variability in the habitat associations. mar biol 121: 627–637\npielou ec (1974) population and community ecology: principles and methods. gordon and breach science publishers, new york\nrobertson ai (1978) trophic interactions among the macrofauna of an eelgrass community. ph. d. thesis, university of melbourne\nrobertson ai, howard rk (1978) diel trophic interactions between vertically—migrating zooplankton and their fish predators in an eelgrass community. mar biol 48: 207–213\n: a diurnal herbivore and nocturnal carnivore. mar ecol prog ser 10: 197–201\nroughgarden j, smith f (1996) why fisheries collapse and what to do about it. proc natl acad sci 93 (10): 5078–5083\nwith reference to the role of the lateral line in feeding. proc r soc lond 224b: 209–221\nthayer gw, bjorndal ka, ogden jc, williams sl, zieman jc (1984) role of larger herbivores in seagrass communities. estuaries 7 (4): 351–376\nthomson jm (1959) some aspects of the ecology of lake macquarie, new south wales, with regard to an alleged depletion of fish. ix. the fishes and their food. aust j mar freshw res 10: 365–374\ntibbetts ir, carseldine l (2005) trophic shifts in three subtropical australian halfbeaks (teleostei: hemiramphidae). aust j mar freshw res 56: 925–932\nvalentine jf, duffy je (2006) the central role of grazing in seagrass ecology. in: larkum awd, orth rj, duarte cm (eds) seagrass: biology, ecology and conservation. springer, dordrecht, pp 463–501\nviherluoto m, viitasalo m (2001) effect of light on the feeding rates of pelagic and littoral mysid shrimps: a trade - off between feeding success and predation avoidance. j exp mar biol ecol 261: 237–244\nwilliams ab, bynum h (1972) a ten - year study of meroplankton in north carolina estuaries. chesap sci 13: 175–192\nearl, j. , fowler, a. j. & dittmann, s. environ biol fish (2011) 90: 71. urltoken\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\noven temperatures are for conventional; if using fan - forced (convection), reduce the temperature by 20˚c. | we use australian tablespoons and cups: 1 teaspoon equals 5 ml; 1 tablespoon equals 20 ml; 1 cup equals 250 ml. | all herbs are fresh (unless specified) and cups are lightly packed. | all vegetables are medium size and peeled, unless specified. | all eggs are 55 - 60 g, unless specified .\nby the beauty of the landscape and the glorious food and wine available on offer, peter kuruvita takes his coastal kitchen journey to western australia. airs ...\nchef, gabriel gaté, is back to present his delicious fourteenth serve of taste le tour, a gastronomic journey that follows the route of the 21 stages of the ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwrite an article request a new article answer a request more ideas ...\nwe use cookies to make wikihow great. by using our site, you agree to our cookie policy .\ngar are a freshwater fish that lives in north america, in upwards of 100, 000, 000 years old. they are also great sport fish. gar are aggressive predators, will eat nearly anything, and can put up a tremendous fight – not to mention that some grow up to 8 feet long and weigh over 300 pounds! [ 1 ] if you want a memorable fishing adventure, consider rigging your lure for one of the five different varieties: alligator, longnose, shortnose, spotted, or florida .\nalligator gar are probably the most striking. they are huge, growing up to 8 feet long and up to 300 pounds. gator gar are brown or olive above and lighter underneath, with light spots, broad snout, and two rows of very sharp teeth. [ 2 ]\nlongnose gar are very slender fish. they are smaller than alligator gar, maxing out at about 6 feet 8 inches and 35 pounds, but with a similar coloration, and most known for their elongated snouts, which are about twice as long as their heads. [ 3 ]\nshortnose gar lack spots. they also have much shorter snouts than longnose gar, as their name implies. the typical adult is about 2 feet long. [ 4 ]\nspotted gar usually grows to a length of about 2 feet, as well. their bodies are brownish - olive, even on the belly, and are covered with dark spots. [ 5 ]\nflorida gar have a ranged centered on the states of florida and georgia. they are olive - brown in color with spots, and mainly distinguished from spotted gars by their shorter snout. they grow to about 2 feet. [ 6 ]\nalthough gar are generally good gamefish, each variety will give you a slightly different experience and require slightly different preparation. for example, florida gar are usually found in streams or lakes with abundant vegetation, unlike their cousin the longnose gar, which prefers open water." ]

{ "text": [ "the garfish ( belone belone ) , or sea needle , is a pelagic , oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the atlantic , the mediterranean sea , caribbean sea and the baltic sea . " ], "topic": [ 20 ] }

[ "the garfish (belone belone), or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the atlantic, the mediterranean sea, caribbean sea and the baltic sea." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for heliconius hecalesia formosus yet. learn how to contribute .\nheliconius hecalesia, the five - spotted longwing, is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family. it is found from central america to venezuela and ecuador .\nhost plant: h. hecalesia larvae feed primarily on plants from the subgenera tryphostemmatoides and plectostemma (passifloraceae) (brown1981). in costa rica they utilize passiflora biflora and p. lancearea (devries, 1997) .\nheliconius hecalesia is distributed from central america to venezuela and ecuador. the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species. the original data used to draw these maps are derived from brown (1979) which is available at keith s. brown jr. (1979). ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .\nheliconius butterflies with proboscis bearing pollen collected from flowers. the diets of most lepidoptera are very limited in nitrogenous compounds, and pollen feeding is thought to increase longevity and egg production in heliconius butterflies. images ©\nadult: in costa rica h. hecalesia formosus is distinguished from its comimics hecale and tithorea tarracina by the black hindwing apex, which has a row of spots within it, and a rounded forwing apex. forewing length: 45 - 48 mm (devries, 1997) .\nthe 39 heliconius species are much studied by geneticists and taxonomists. many of them produce a staggering variety of colour forms - heliconius erato e. g. produces no less than 29 geographical forms, each of which corresponds almost exactly in colour and pattern to a' sister' subspecies of heliconius melpomene flying in the same area .\nlike its comimic h. hecale, h. hecalesia formosa is large and strong flying. it is rare at la selva, being more common higher in the mountains where its preferred host plant p. lancearia may be found. this species may also use p. arbelaezii, but i have not seen this at la selva. like many other members of the erato - charithonia species group, hecalesia feeds and grows well on a range of other decaloba species, including biflora, helleri and talamancensis. range: mexico to colombia and venezuela. i have no photos of the larvae .\nbrown k. s. 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera. annual review of entomology 26, 427 - 456 .\nhübner 1816 ts = papilio charithonia l. , 1767; junior objective synonym of heliconius; suppressed (iczn op. 381 )\nehrlich pr, gilbert le. 1973 population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly heliconius ethilla. biotropica 5: 69 - 82 .\nheliconius sapho male sitting on a female pupa. mating takes place as the female begins to eclose, and females mate only once. ©\nbrown ks, jr. 1981. the biology of heliconius and related genera. ann. rev. entomol. 26: 427 - 456 .\nin the genus heliconius most species rely entirely on airborne chemicals to locate mates. males of hecale, ismenius and cydno are attracted by pheromones to the pupae of conspecific females. the day before emergence a female pupa will usually have several males in close attendance. a frantic battle takes place the instant she hatches, as the males all struggle to copulate with her, not even allowing her time to expand and dry her wings. in some other heliconius species such as hecalesia, hewitsoni, erato, charithonia and sara the males don' t even wait until the female emerges. instead they physically break open her pupa and copulate as soon as her genitalia are accessible .\nemsley mg. 1965. speciation in heliconius (lep. , nymphalidae): morphology and geographic distribution. zoologica ny 50: 191 - 254 .\nheliconius butterflies are characterised by having a very delicate fluttering flight, particularly when hovering around flowers. they commonly nectar at hamelia, lantana and palicourea .\nh. hecalesia occurs from sea level to 1, 700 m in steep forests. usually individuals fly rapidly and in the canopy. the males sit on female pupae a day before emergence, and mating occurs the next morning, before the female has completely eclosed. adults roost at night in small groups 2 to 10 m above ground in twigs or tendrils (brown, 1981) .\nthis close relative of heliconius cydno is endemic to the pacific slope of costa rica and western panama. it is involved in müllerian mimicry with h. hewitsoni .\nmallet j. singer mc. 1987. handling effects in heliconius: where do all the butterflies go? j. animal ecology. 56: 377 - 386 .\ngilbert le. 1972. pollen feeding and reproductive biology of heliconius butterflies. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 69: 1403 - 1407 .\nthe heliconius butterflies are the most speciose genus within the heliconiini, displaying a dramatic diversity of colour patterns at species and sub - species level. they are also famous for müllerian mimicry, with many species converging on a common wing pattern where they live together. heliconius communities commonly consist of several ‘mimicry rings’, groups of species that share a common pattern .\nunlike other butterflies, heliconius females feed on pollen as well as nectar. studies of ethilla have shown that females deprived of pollen can only produce about 15% of the number of eggs laid by females that have access to it. this probably applies equally to other heliconius species including melpomene. the pollen from psiguria, anguria and gurania flowers provides amino acids that can' t be obtained from nectar or other sources, and contributes greatly to the longevity of the butterflies - some heliconius species are known to live for up to 9 months as adults .\nheliconius are recognized by their large eyes, long antennae, characteristic elongate wing - shape, teardrop - shaped hindwing discal cell, and distinctive colour patterns. the hostplants are all passifloreae, and there is some phylogenetic association between species groups of passiflora and the heliconius species that feed on them (benson et al. , 1976; brower, 1997) (see each species for more details) .\nheliconius clysonymus occurs as 4 named subspecies distributed variously from costa rica to peru. the red markings of the colombian race clysonymus are quite variable, being prominent in some examples and completely absent in others .\ndistribution of heliconius cydno subspecies and related species, including h. pachinus. thanks to jim mallet, mauricio linares and larry gilbert for some of the butterfly images that went into this map. © chris jiggins\nturner, j. r. 1976. adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus heliconius (lepidoptera: nymphalidae). zoological journal of the linnean society 58 (4): 297 - 308 .\nbrower, a. v. z. 1997 the evolution of ecologically important characters in heliconius butterflies (lepidoptera: nymphalidae): a cladistic review. zool. j. linn. soc. 119, 457 - 472 .\nthe tribe heliconiini, colloquially known as longwings, includes 71 species, all confined exclusively to the neotropics. the heliconiini includes the genera heliconius, podotricha, dryas, agraulis, dione, dryadula, eueides, neruda, laparus and philaethria .\nbeltrán m, jiggins cd, brower avz, bermingham e, mallet m. 2007. do pollen feeding, pupal - mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in heliconius butterflies? inferences from multilocus dna sequence data. biological journal of the linnean society in press .\nbrower avz, and egan mg. 1997. cladistics of heliconius butterflies and relatives (nymphalidae: heliconiiti): the phylogenetic position of eueides based on sequences from mtdna and a nuclear gene. proc. r. soc. lond. b 264: 969 - 977 .\nbeltrán m, jiggins cd, bull v, linares m, mallet j, mcmillan wo, and bermingham e. 2002. phylogenetic discordance at the species boundary: comparative gene genealogies among rapidly radiating heliconius butterflies. mol. biol. evol. 19: 2176 - 2190 .\nfor discussion of the monophyly of the genus as presented here and relationships among heliconiine genera, see the heliconiini page. within heliconius the relationships presented here are based on molecular sequence data for 3 mtdna and 4 nuclear gene regions (beltran et al. 2007). there is also a highly supported monophyletic ‘pupal - mating clade’ suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the heliconiina (see tree above). within heliconius, the absence of a signum on the female bursa copulatrix is a morphological character that defines the pupal - mating group (penz, 1999) .\ngilbert (1991) suggested that pupal - mating might play an important role in the radiation of heliconius as well as in the packing of heliconius species into local habitats. pupal - mating might enhance the possibility of intrageneric mimicry because in many cases, mimetic species pairs consist of a pupal - mating and a non pupal - mating species. the strikingly different mating tactics of these groups could allow phenotypically identical species to occupy the same habitats without mate recognition errors. second, this mating tactic may influence host - plant specialisation, as it has been suggested that pupal - mating species may displace other heliconiines from their hosts by interference competition (gilbert, 1991). males of these species sit on, attempt to mate with, and disrupt eclosion of other heliconius species of both mating types encountered on the host plant. this aggressive behaviour may prevent other heliconiine species from evolving preference for host plants used by pupal - mating species .\na second unusual trait found in some heliconius species is a unique mating behaviour known as pupal - mating. males of certain species search larval food plants for female pupae. the males then sit on the pupae a day before emergence, and mating occurs the next morning, before the female has completely eclosed (gilbert, 1976; deinert et al. 1994). various kinds of pupal - mating occur scattered across several insect orders (thornhill & alcock, 1993); in passion - vine butterflies almost half the heliconius species (42 %) are pupal - maters (gilbert, 1991, pupal mating clade marked in the cladogram above) .\nbeltrán, m. , jiggins, c. d. , brower, a. v. z. , bermingham, e. & mallet, j. 2007 do pollen feeding, pupal - mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in heliconius butterflies? inferences from multilocus dna sequence data. biol. j. linn. soc. 92, 221 - 239 .\nall heliconius species have elongated black wings, marked with simple but striking patterns usually featuring streaks or patches of red and cream, or blue and cream. a few, such as sara, antiochus and cydno have a metallic blue sheen over the basal area of both wings. all are characterised by their delicate fluttering flight, long straight antennae, and fondness for flowers .\nheliconius butterflies have two unique, derived ecological traits that may have facilitated rapid adaptive radiation: pollen feeding and pupal - mating behaviour (gilbert, 1972). adult butterflies systematically collect pollen from flowers, which they masticate on the proboscis to dissolve out amino acids. this allows caterpillars to develop relatively rapidly (since they do not need to store nutrients for egg and sperm production), and allows adults to have a greatly extended lifespan – up to 8 months – in the wild .\nstudies have shown that heliconius butterflies have home ranges within which they can memorise the locations of nectar and pollen sources, host plants and communal roosting sites. they are able to plan the most efficient route by which to visit all nectar / pollen sources in the vicinity by using simple calculations akin to what mathematicians call the' travelling salesman algorithm'. erlich & gilbert demonstrated that individual butterflies memorise the location of particular psiguria plants, which they visit daily, following a predefined circuit through the forest .\njoron m, papa r, beltrán m, chamberlain n, mavárez j, baxter, s, abanto, m, bermingham, e, humphray, sj, rogers, j, beasley, h, barlow, k, ffrench - constant, rh, mallet, j, mcmillan, wo, jiggins, cd. 2006. a conserved supergene locus controls colour pattern diversity in heliconius butterflies. plos biology vol. 4, no. 10, e303 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pbio. 0040303\netymology: heliconius signifies dwellers on mount helicon (turner, 1976) (see each species for more information). helicon is a mountain in southern greece, in boeotia, regarded in ancient greece, as the source of poetry and inspiration. from it flowed the fountains of aganippe and hippocrene, associated with muses. the nine muses are daughters of zeus and mnemosyne, the goddess of memory. the muses sat near the throne of zeus, king of the gods, and sang of his greatness and of the origin of the world and its inhabitants and the glorious deeds of the great heroes. from their name words such as music, museum, mosaic are derived (muses). the nine muses are :\nheliconius butterflies show a continuum of geographic divergence and speciation; they are unpalatable and exhibit inter - and intraspecific diversification of colour and patterns. bates’ classic paper (bates, 1862), reflecting observations during his stay in the amazon, showed a geographical pattern for the different colour forms: similar between species within any one area of the amazon basin, but the mimetic colour patterns themselves changed every 100 - 200 miles. beside this geographic divergence, closely related species within an area often belonged to mimicry “rings” (groups of unpalatable species, together with some palatable species, that have converged on the same warning colour pattern) (brower et al. , 1964; mallet and gilbert, 1995). bates’ system has all the intermediate stages between local varieties, geographic races, and sympatric species that make it an excellent biological model to study selection, hybridization and gene flow at the species boundary. see maps attached to each species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nearly stages: eggs are yellow and approximately 1. 2 x 0. 8 mm (h x w). females usually place 2 to 10 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant. mature larvae have a dark green to brown body with long black spines, and black head; length is around 1 cm. caterpillars are gregarious (brown, 1981; devries, 1997). pupae are slate grey with black markings, the thorax is strongly bowed and have short abdominal spines. the head has long head horns and the antennae have many short black spines (devries, 1997) .\ndevries p. j. 1997 the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history, volume i: papilionidae, pieridae, nymphalidae princeton university press, baskerville, usa .\nhewitson w. c. 1854. illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies, selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson. london, john van voorst. (9): [ 13 - 14 ], [ 25 - 26 ], [ 83 - 84 ], pls. [ 7 ], [ 13 ], [ 42 ] (2 january 1854), (10): [ 87 - 90 ], [ 97 - 98 ], pls. [ 44 - 45 ], [ 49 ] (3 april 1854 )\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life. the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe larvae feed on plants from the subgenera tryphostemmatoides and plectostemma, including passiflora biflora and passiflora lancearea. they are gregarious. pupation takes place in a slate grey pupa with black markings .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nts = papilio charithonia l. , 1767 (designated by hemming, 1933 )\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\ncolour pattern diversity of h. numata (top two rows), and h. melpomene (third row) with its co - mimic h. erato (bottom row) .\nmechanitis polymnia (l .), 1758 (ithomiini) (a variant spelling of polyhymnia )\nmembers of the genus are found from the southern united states throughout central and south america and the west indies, with the greatest diversity of species in the amazon basin (emsley, 1965; devries, 1987) .\nmany pairs or groups of co - mimetic species such as h. erato (top) and h. melpomene (bottom) have evolved a diversity of geographic races or subspecies. the two species look identical in any one locality but their patterns change in concert across their geographic range; localities left to right: zamora, ecuador; puyo, ecuador; tarapoto, peru; guayaquil, ecuador; yurimaguas, peru. © 1999 james mallet\nhübner 1816 ts = papilio erato l. , 1758; junior homonym of migonitis rafinesque 1815 (hymenoptera )\nhübner 1816 ts = papilio melpomene l. , 1758; currently viewed as a subjective junior synonym\nhübner 1816 ts = papilio rhea l. 1758 (= h. sara); suppressed (iczn op. 382 )\nbillberg 1820 ts = papilio doris l. , 1771; currently viewed as a subjective junior synonym\nhübner 1825 ts = papilio melpomene l. , 1758; junior objective synonym of sunias\ngistel 1848 ts = papilio charithonia l. , 1767; invalid junior homonym of podalirius latreille 1802\nbuchecker 1880 ts = heliconia choarina hewitson, 1872 (= h. hecuba); invalid junior homonym of blanchardia castelnau 1875\nbates, h. w. 1862. contributions to an insect fauna of the amazon valley. lepidoptera: heliconidae. trans. linn. soc. lond. 23: 495 - 566 .\nbenson ww, brown ks, gilbert le 1976. coevolution of plants and herbivores: passion flower butterflies. evolution 29, 659 - 680 .\nbrower, l. p. , brower, j. v. z. & collins, c. t. 1963 experimental studies of mimicry 7: relative palatability and mullerian mimicry among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae. zoologica 48, 65 - 84 .\ndeinert ei. longino jt, gilbert le. 1994. mate competition in butterflies. nature 370: 23 - 24 .\ndevries p. j. 1987 the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history, volume i: papilionidae, pieridae, nymphalidae princeton university press, baskerville, usa .\nlinnaeus, c. 1758 systema naturae, (10th edn. , facsimile reprint, 1956). london: british museum (natural history) .\nmuses .\nencyclopedia mythica from encyclopedia mythica online. urltoken [ accessed may 22, 2008 ] .\npenz cm. 1999. higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies (nymphalidae, heliconiinae) based on early stage and adult morphology. zoological journal of the linnean society 127: 277 - 344 .\nlos heliconiini (lepidoptera, nymphalidae) de venezuela. an excellent resource for venezuelan species .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 3. 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to margarita beltrán at, andrew v. z. brower at, and chris jiggins at\nbeltrán, margarita, andrew v. z. brower, and chris jiggins. 2010 .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\n[ lamas (2004) views pachinus as a subspecies of h. cydno ]\nearly stages: eggs are yellow and approximately 1. 6 x 1 mm (h x w). females usually place eggs singly on growing shoots and tendrils of the host plant. early instar larvae have a white body and black spines. mature larvae have a pinkish brown body with black spots, black scoli and the head is orange with two black horns, length is around 1. 4 cm. caterpillars are gregarious in small numbers (brown, 1981; devries, 1997) .\nadult: h. pachinus can be distinguished from mimetic h. hewitsoni by the proximal yellow forewing band. in h. pachinus, this band is entirely beyond the end of the discal cell, while in h. hewitsoni, the yellow band cuts through the distal end of the discal cell. h. pachinus lacks the brown\nforceps\nmarking on the underside of the hindwing that occurs in h. cydno forms, and instead exhibits rather extensive red basal streaks, another feature it shares in common with its mimic h. hewistoni .\nh. pachinus occurs from sea level to 1, 600 m in association with rain forest habitats. usually individuals fly rapidly and in the lower story. females mate multiply and adults roost solitarily at night at 2 - 10 m above ground on twigs or tendrils .\nhostplant: passiflora costaricensis, p. vitifolia, and many other passiflora spp (passifloracea) (devries, 1997) .\nsalvin 1871 [ lamas (2004) views pachinus as a subspecies of h. cydno ]\nlamas, g. (ed .) 2004 atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea. gainesville: scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\nsalvin, o. [ 1835 - 1898 ] 1871. descriptions of new species of butterflies from tropical america. annals and magazine of natural history (4) 7 (42): 412 - 416 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to margarita beltrán at and andrew v. z. brower at\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user" ]

{ "text": [ "heliconius hecalesia , the five-spotted longwing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "it is found from central america to venezuela and ecuador .", "the wingspan is 50 – 61 mm .", "adults feed on flower nectar .", "the larvae feed on plants from the subgenera tryphostemmatoides and plectostemma , including passiflora biflora and passiflora lancearea .", "they are gregarious .", "pupation takes place in a slate grey pupa with black markings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8, 0, 11 ] }

[ "heliconius hecalesia, the five-spotted longwing, is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family. it is found from central america to venezuela and ecuador. the wingspan is 50 – 61 mm. adults feed on flower nectar. the larvae feed on plants from the subgenera tryphostemmatoides and plectostemma, including passiflora biflora and passiflora lancearea. they are gregarious. pupation takes place in a slate grey pupa with black markings." ]

[ "pinned adult image of p. hectoides by jim vargo (moth photographers group )\n= phymatopus hectoides; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\nwingspan about 27 mm, based on jim vargo specimen of p. hectoides at mpg\npinned adult image of p. hectoides (bruce walsh, moths of southeastern arizona )\nphymatopus (?) hectoides; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\nphymatopus hectoides is a species of moth belonging to the family hepialidae. it was described by boisduval in 1868, and is known from the western united states, including california, arizona, nevada and oregon .\nno one has contributed data records for phymatopus hecta yet. learn how to contribute .\nphymatopus hectica; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\n= phymatopus hectica; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\n= phymatopus behrensi; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\nphymatopus (hepialidae); nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nlarvae of north american phymatopus feed on grasses, shrubs, and ferns. the european species feed on roots (s ee species pages )\nphymatopus (?) behrensi; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nphymatopus (?) californicus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\ntaxonomic study of the far eastern hepialidae (lepidoptera). record 1. on systematic positions of the phymatopus taxa described from the east palaearctic\nphymatopus hecta japonicus inoue, 1982; moths of japan 1: 47, pl. 3, f. 1 - 2; tl: tokachi, nukabira\nphymatopus japonicus; tshistjakov, 1996, far eeastern ent. 36: 7; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nan unpublished revision by wagner (1985) for the north american species suggested monophyly with phymatopus hecta of europe due to the uniquely shared absence of tarsi on the metathoracic legs. this feature is currently not confirmed for the eastern asian species .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 13. 6m; p. 36. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarvae bore in shoots and roots of various plants: apple, false willow (baccharis spp .), figwort (scrophularia spp .), horkelia species, lupine (lupinus spp .), sneezeweed (helenium spp .), woolly sunflower (eriophyllum spp .), and various ferns\nthe following applies to p. californicus: one generation per year; pupae eclose in late fall, and females broadcast many hundreds to several thousand eggs while flying over patches of lupine bushes during winter and spring nights; small first and second instar larvae develop in the soil under lupines and feed on the exterior of the upper portions of lupine tap root; by mid to late spring, caterpillars burrow into plants and create extensive feeding galleries inside a plant' s central shoot and at the top portion of the plant' s central tap root; often, many caterpillars can be found inside the same plant, and dammage to plant tissue can be extensive; individuals complete their development in fall, when they pupate\nbiology; pdf doc of p. californicus (john maron, u. of california, courtesy u. of montana )\nadult collection dates and locality; search on genus hepialus (lepidopterists society season summary, u. of florida )\npresence in california list of all 3 species in north america (u. of california at berkeley )\nsynonyms of all 3 species (d. l. wagner, u. of california at berkeley )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nwide variety of habitats often in association with oaks and high into the mountains .\nnorthwestern usa and eurasia. distribution maps for us species from wagner (1985 )\nuniversity of california, berkeley, 395 (diss. abs. order no. da8610260) .\ngrotto falls, little river rd, glide, douglas county, oregon, usa july 1, 2009 .\naromas, san benito county, california, usa, march 30, 2011. image courtesy of gary mcdonald©\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\n500x534 (~ 39kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, m 22. 7. 1972, f 23. 7. 1970, markku savela leg .\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\n=; [ nacl ], # 36; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 849 (list )\nthe dates of e. j. c. esper' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen... 1776 - [ 1830 ]; archives of natural history (1981) 10 (2): 251 - 254\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen. theil iv. die eulenphalenen\nhepialus hecta l. , nov. ab. strigosa hartwieg (lep. )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nvan wisselingh, 1961 enige nieuwe vormen van macrolepidoptera ent. berichten 21: 39 - 40\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\nthe wingspan is about 27 mm. the forewings are medium grayish brown with mottling and diffuse white patches along the costa. there are two oblque lines edged with brownish red which cross the wing in the median and subterminal areas. the hindwings are uniformly grayish brown. adults are on wing from may to july .\nthe larvae feed on baccharis, horkelia, lupinus, helenium, eriophyllum, scrophularia and fern species. they bore in the shoots and roots of their host plant .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "phymatopus hectoides is a species of moth belonging to the family hepialidae .", "it was described by boisduval in 1868 , and is known from the western united states , including california , arizona , nevada and oregon .", "the wingspan is about 27 mm .", "the forewings are medium grayish brown with mottling and diffuse white patches along the costa .", "there are two oblque lines edged with brownish red which cross the wing in the median and subterminal areas .", "the hindwings are uniformly grayish brown .", "adults are on wing from may to july .", "the larvae feed on baccharis , horkelia , lupinus , helenium , eriophyllum , scrophularia and fern species .", "they bore in the shoots and roots of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "phymatopus hectoides is a species of moth belonging to the family hepialidae. it was described by boisduval in 1868, and is known from the western united states, including california, arizona, nevada and oregon. the wingspan is about 27 mm. the forewings are medium grayish brown with mottling and diffuse white patches along the costa. there are two oblque lines edged with brownish red which cross the wing in the median and subterminal areas. the hindwings are uniformly grayish brown. adults are on wing from may to july. the larvae feed on baccharis, horkelia, lupinus, helenium, eriophyllum, scrophularia and fern species. they bore in the shoots and roots of their host plant." ]

[ "school shark meat quality school shark have a very firm texture, white. school shark is a very popular species for “fish & chips”\nschool shark fishery school shark are common all around new zealand and around the chatham islands. the school shark is caught mainly by way of long line & set net new zealand’s school shark fishery is managed by strict quotas, which allow only a set amount of school shark to be taken commercially each year .\nthe non - target catch of school shark is a sustainability concern. school shark are considered over - fished and cannot be targeted by fishers .\nschool shark can be caught by fishers using trawl nets, gillnets and longlines to fish for gummy shark .\ncommonwealth negotiations with relevant state agencies to protect the nursery areas of school shark, as outlined in the addendum to the school shark rebuilding strategy (tssc 2009d) .\ntypes of sharks like the great white shark, tiger shark, whale shark, bull shark, hammerhead shark, goblin shark, mako shark, and many more. read more…\nschool sharks are managed under an incidental catch limit, which allows a set amount of school shark to be landed which has been incidentally taken by fishers while targeting gummy shark .\nfollow the exciting, under - the - sea, misadventures of harry, a hammerhead shark, and his fishy friends, at school with the fintastically funny shark school series .\nthe generation length of the school shark may be between 20–25 years (stevens 2005) .\nthe listing of school shark as conservation dependent will be subject to five - yearly reviews .\nother: school shark are classified as vulnerable by the iucn red list of threatened species. they are listed as conservation dependent under the epbc act and are managed under afma’s school shark rebuilding strategy .\nthe school shark rebuilding strategy is a major policy to rebuild school shark stocks and to implement a sustainable maximum harvest yield. a number of management actions are highlighted in the strategy and include (afma 2009d) :\na rebuilding strategy for school shark is in place including measures such as fishing closures in pupping and nursery grounds, gear restrictions and a low by - catch limit. these appear effective in preventing the targeting of school shark. but they also make it extremely difficult to get good evidence of any recovery in the australian school shark population .\nsharkrag (2007). 2007 stock assessment report for school shark (galeorhinus galeus). prepared by the shark resource assessment group (sharkrag) .\nolsen, a. m. 1959. the status of the school shark fishery in south - eastern australian waters .\nthe school shark has long been the target of directed fisheries in most parts of its range. school shark are harvested for meat, liver oil (squalene) and fins (stevens 2005). an intensive fishery operating in california between 1937–1945 took over 24 million tonnes of school shark, resulting in a rapid population crash and closure of the fishery (stevens 2005). in the southwest atlantic, school shark have suffered intense declines yet continue to be fished. in the brazilian and uruguayan fisheries, the catch per unit energy rate of the school shark has declined to almost zero (walker et al. 2005) .\noverview of various pacific coral reef sharks, notably the blacktip reef shark, gray reef shark, and nurse shark .\nthe school shark is accepted to be below their minimum limit reference point under the harvest strategy policy and are therefore the subject of a rebuilding strategy developed by the australian fisheries management authority (afma 2009d). the school shark rebuilding strategy describes a series of management measures and responses designed to recover school shark to a prescribed target biomass within a biologically reasonable timeframe (afma 2009d; tssc 2009b) .\nannual reporting of the performance of the school shark rebuilding strategy (afma 2009d) to be evaluated by the threatened species scientific committee .\nonshore school shark recovery actions require cooperation between state and local governments. sharkrag can be used to advise on the benefit, feasibility and likely cost of undertaking research in impacts from coastal development and pollution on pupping grounds (afma 2009d). some known school shark nursery grounds in south australia and tasmania (with 11 designated pupping areas) have been closed to commercial fishing and all victorian coastal waters are closed to targeted shark fishing. since 2003, many other closures aimed at protecting school shark have been introduced and these are described in the school shark rebuilding strategy (afma 2009d) .\nthe school shark often occur in small schools composed predominately of individuals of the same sex and age group (last & stevens 1994) .\nthe threatened species scientific committee applied performance conditions to the management of school shark at the time of listing (tssc 2009d). these conditions aim to assess the impact that the school shark rebuilding strategy (afma 2009d) is having on the recovery of this species and include :\nconsistent with its obligations under the harvest strategy policy, the australian fisheries management authority has developed and implemented a rebuilding strategy for school shark (afma 2009d) that describes a series of management measures and responses designed to recover the school shark to 40% of pre - exploitation levels within a biologically reasonable timeframe. the addendum to the school shark rebuilding strategy (tssc 2009d) provides strategies for the onshore recovery of this species .\nthe genetic analyses of chabot (2015) indicatethat school shark populations around the world are isolated and should be managed as distinct, independent stocks .\nchool sharks used to be targeted however given their current status of ‘overfished’, school sharks are only taken as a bycatch while targeting gummy shark .\naustralian fisheries management authority (afma) (2009d). the school shark rebuilding strategy 2008. canberra: afma. available from: urltoken .\nthis article is about cooked shark. for the raw form, see raw shark .\nthe school shark has a widespread distribution and is found mainly near the seabed around coasts in temperate waters, down to depths of about 800 metres .\nthe smallest shark, a dwarf lantern shark, is rarely seen and little - known .\ngillnets were introduced to the fishery in 1964 and catches grew rapidly, peaking in 1969 at over 2500 t / year. the landing of large school shark was banned in 1972 due to concerns about mercury levels which saw a large shift in effort to gummy shark. once the mercury ban was lifted catches of school shark again increased, mainly based on catches from tasmania and south australia (afma 2009d). targeted fishing does not currently affect the school shark, however this species is taken as gummy shark bycatch in australian fisheries (stevens 2005) .\nspatial closures to fishing have also been implemented in areas of the great australian bight where pregnant female school sharks are known to aggregate (afma 2009d). the localised depletion of school sharks in port phillip bay highlights the sensitivity of this species to fishing and habitat disturbance in nursery areas. there have been individual management measures to protect some known school shark migratory and nursery grounds .\nthe current mature biomass of the school shark has been estimated to be below 20% of the pre - fishing level (walker et al. 2005) .\nthe school shark is commercially fished and is primarily caught in the gillnet, hook and trap (ghat) sector of the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (sessf); however, the species is also caught in fisheries of western australia and the eastern states. historically, the school shark was taken predominantly on longlines, but the ghat is now primarily a gillnet fishery that targets gummy shark (mustelus antarcticus), with school shark taken as bycatch (mcloughlin 2007). the school shark is considered overfished in the sessf. a stock rebuilding strategy has been developed in accordance with the commonwealth fisheries harvest strategy policy which requires formal rebuilding strategies for all fishery species that are below their biomass limit reference point (afma 2009d) .\na school shark, galeorhinus galeus, at the north sea oceanarium. source: jens christian schou / biopix (via eol). license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nnew information on the status of the school shark stock given to the department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts, for evaluation by the threatened species scientific committee .\nthe addendum to the school shark rebuilding strategy (tssc 2009d) provides a framework to assess the impact of recovery implemented by the school shark rebuilding strategy (afma 2009d). it has been identified that the rebuilding strategy (afma 2009d) is insufficient in providing habitat protection measures (tssc 2009b). key actions in this statement include (tssc 2009d) :\ndescription: distinguished by the broad flag like tip of the upper tail lobe. the school shark is pale brownish grey above, white below. caught in depths of up to 200m\niu alumnus derek pacqué started his company, coatchex, while he was a student at iu' s kelley school of business .\nhabitat: school shark are a temperate demersal species found on the continental shelf and slope. they can be found to depths of 550 metres, and often move up into the water column at night. school shark segregate into schools according to size and sex. size generally increases from inshore to offshore. pups and juveniles aggregate in shallower ‘nursery’ waters during the spring and summer. school shark undertake long migrations of up to 1400 km along the southern coast of australia, which are thought to be associated with homing to natal mating and pupping grounds .\nshark information, anatomy, habitat, feeding, reproduction and types of sharks. facts about great white sharks, tiger sharks, bull sharks, whale sharks, bull shark, hammerhead shark, mako shark and more .\nfisheries (commercial and recreational) operating in and around nursery areas threaten the school shark populations by intercepting gravid females during their pupping migration, and by increasing mortality of juveniles (stevens 2005) .\nthreatened species scientific committee (tssc) (2009d). addendum to the school shark rebuilding strategy 2008. department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts. available from: urltoken .\nolsen, a. m. (1959). the status of the school shark fishery in south - eastern australian waters. australian journal of marine and freshwater research. 10: 150 - 76 .\nsize: the spined pygmy shark, a deep - sea shark, is one of the smallest at only about 7 - 8 inches, while the whale shark is the largest shark, and fish, at about 50 feet in length .\ngummy shark is not a typical shark species and many of the sustainability concerns raised by environmental groups such as the australian marine conservation society, goodfishbadfish and humane society international are not as relevant to the gummy shark fishery. aside from the issue of school shark by - catch, which requires careful monitoring, all other signs point to a biologically and ecologically sustainable fishery in our backyards .\nthe main threat identified for school shark is fishing pressure. fishing for the school shark in australia began in 1927 in eastern bass strait using hooks, with catches reaching 400 t / year to 500 t / year by the mid 1930s (afma 2009d). the fishery continued to grow throughout the 1940s, spreading to eastern south australia and tasmania as demand for both meat and shark liver oil grew. demand for shark liver oil fell in the 1950s and catches declined until demand for meat grew again in the 1960s (afma 2009d) .\nthis site is protected by copyscape please, do not copy content. students and teachers are allowed to use this information for school projects and homework .\nstanley, c. a. (1988). tagging experiments on school shark (galeorhinus australis) and gummy shark (mustelus antarcticus): recapture data for south - eastern australian releases, 1942 to 1956. page (s) 92. csiro marine laboratories report no. 192 .\nstevens, j. d. & west, g. j. 1997. investigation of school and gummy shark nursery areas in south eastern australia. frdc project 93 / 061 july 1997. csiro marine research: hobart .\nthe size of the australian population of the school shark has decreased significantly over the last 50 years (stevens 2005). pup production is considered to be the most appropriate indicator for shark abundance and the 2001 assessment indicated that pup production was between 9–14% of unexploited levels (mcloughlin 2007), indicating a decline in the species of at least 86% between 1927 and 1999. consequently, lower catch levels have reduced the confidence in catch per unit effort data that has previously been used to assess the abundance of school shark stocks. however, an assessment by sharkrag in 2007 concluded that while school shark stocks were still very low, decline in abundance had halted and the stock was showing some signs of stabilising (sharkrag 2007) .\nwalker, t. i. 1998. can shark resources be harvested sustainably? a question revisited with a review of shark fisheries .\nin addition to seeing pacqué make his pitch, viewers will be taken to the iu bloomington campus, where scenes were filmed, including at the kelley school .\nadult school sharks are predatory and feed mainly on teleost (ray - finned) fish and bottom - associated species, but may also feed on pelagic species (stevens 2005). squid and octopus, as well as other cephalopods are also important constituents of their diet. the diet of juvenile school shark may include a higher proportion of crustaceans, annelids and gastropods (stevens 2005) .\nolsen, a. m. (1953). tagging of school shark galeorhinus australis (macleay) (carcharhinidae) in south - eastern australian waters. australian journal of marine and freshwater research. 4: 95 - 104 .\nthe school shark is a small, shallow - bodied shark with an elongated snout. the large mouth is crescent - shaped and the teeth are of a similar size and shape in both jaws. school sharks are dark bluish grey on the upper (dorsal) surface and white on their bellies (ventral surface). juveniles have black markings on their fins. mature sharks range from 135 to 175 centimetres for males and 150 to 195 centimetres for females .\ndozens of species of shark have fallen under the umbrella term of flake. in this case, it was advertised as local gummy shark .\nthe school shark population in southern australia appears to have been affected by historic fishing pressure and ongoing habitat degradation to inshore nursery areas (tssc 2009b). some pupping areas in southern australia have been closed to targeted shark fishing (including all large mesh netting), however degraded habitat is restricting recruitment and recovery .\nshark fin soup served to guests at social occasions where the dish is symbolic of the host’s status. although most shark fin products are traded through\ncommercial and sport fishermen harvest the leopard shark. the shark is used primarily as a food source, and is sold both fresh and frozen .\nthe leopard shark could possibly be mistaken for the swell shark (cephaloscyllium ventriosum), which is reddish - brown and has a flattened head .\nglobally, school shark numbers are declining. intensive fishing by the californian fishery caused stock collapse of this species. global populations are estimated to have decreased by over 20% in the past 60–75 years (three generations) (stevens 2005) .\nfurthermore, while it is an offence to describe food dishonestly, the reality in the case of flake is that it can be substituted for any other shark species. a greenpeace investigation using dna analysis of samples of flake sold in melbourne fish and chip shops found that a third were actually school shark, probably imported .\nas a key commercial species caught within a commonwealth fishery, the management of the school shark falls under the commonwealth government harvest strategy policy, an overarching policy for sustainable commercial fisheries management that is based on a series of biological reference points (daff 2007). while the school shark is no longer targeted within the sessf, the harvest strategy policy considers that it is a key commercial species because it has previously been targeted and was then considered a significant component of the fishery (tssc 2009b) .\npunt, a. e. & t. i. walker (1998). stock assessment and risk analysis for the school shark (galeorhinus galeus) off southern australia. australian journal of marine and freshwater research. 49: 719 - 730 .\nthe condition of, and threats to, school shark nursery grounds have not been assessed across the species' australian distribution, making it difficult to determine the extent of the impact of nursery habitat degradation on the species as a whole (tssc 2009b) .\npaul, l. j. & b. m. saunders (2001). a description of the commercial fishery for school shark, galeorhinus galeus, in new zealand, 1945 to 1999. in: new zealand fisheries assessment report 2001 / 32 .\nhow does a shark breathe as other fishes, sharks breathe by extracting oxygen when seawater pass through their gills. shark gills are just behind shark head and they are not specially covered like in most fish. water pass thorough their…\nin 1988, a management plan was introduced to control effort through prescribing net lengths; at this time the annual catch of school shark was around 1200–1500 t / year. since this time catches have fell to 750–1000 t / year (decrease in net lengths in 1991), to 400 t / year (gillnet mesh reduction in 1997) to 240 t / year (total allowable catch in 2007, an estimate of unavoidable incidental catch for gummy sharks) (afma 2009d). since then, focus has been on reducing effort per catch unit of gummy shark while reducing incidental catch of school shark (afma 2009d). a catch of 240 t is equivalent to 25 000 school shark per annum, or 1. 1% of the total population (afma 2009d). sharkrag estimates the total maximum sustainable yield to be approximately 4–5% (afma 2009d) .\nolsen, a. m. (1954). the biology, migration, and growth rate of the school shark, galeorhinus australis (macleay) (carcharhinidae) in southeastern australian waters. australian journal of marine and freshwater research. 5: 353 - 410 .\nsome shark fossils discovered date back as far as 420 - 450 million years .\nleopard shark with yellow tag through dorsal fin. photo courtesy national marine fisheries service\nxiao, y. (1995). stock - assessment of the school shark galeorhinus galeus (linnaeus) off southern australia by schaefer production model. page (s) 58. sharkfag document no. ss / 95 / d2. canberra: australian fisheries management authority .\nnursery degradation is limiting the recruitment and recovery of the school shark (afma 2009d). since nursery areas are often located in inshore bays and estuaries they are vulnerable to the effects of habitat destruction (for example, loss of seagrass habitat), coastal development and pollution (sediment and chemical run - off) caused by increasing human populations in coastal areas (stevens 2005). moreover, changes to coastal habitats, such as the draining of swamps and the clearing of mangroves, is reducing the value of some pupping sites for the school shark .\nkock a, johnson r (2006) white shark abundance: not a causative factor in numbers of shark bite incidents. finding a balance: white shark conservation and recreational safety in the inshore waters of cape town, south africa: 1–19 .\nbloomington, ind. - - a national audience will see how indiana university kelley school of business alumnus derek pacqué handled the pressure of making a pitch for his company before a panel of potential investors on the abc television show\nshark tank\non friday, sept. 14 .\nfor the past seven years, abc’s hit show “shark tank” has inspired entrepreneurs all over the county to pitch their business to a panel of “sharks” in the hope of getting a deal. harry s. truman high school business teacher angela owarzani decided to take that format and apply it to her introduction to business class and organized a shark tank lite for her students .\niucn ssc shark specialist group. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\n3. products made with shark fins are healthy and have medicinal and aphrodisiac properties .\noverview of several shark species, including the lemon, tiger, and hammerhead sharks .\nlearn about the grey (or gray) reef shark, including its mating behaviours .\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r. aidan martin copyright | privacy\ngallagher aj, hammerschlag n (2011) global shark currency: the distribution, frequency, and economic value of shark ecotourism. current issues in tourism 14: 797–812 .\nthe school shark is a moderately slender, bronze - grey shark with a very large sub - terminal lobe on the caudal fin (giving it a double - tailed appearance); a small second dorsal fin; relatively long snout; very small anterior nasal flaps; and sub - triangular teeth with oblique cusps and lateral cusplets (last & stevens 1994; stevens 2005) .\ndeclines in abundance of neonatal and juvenile school sharks have been documented in inshore and coastal waters off victoria and southern tasmania, although the causes for the decline are difficult to conclusively identify (tssc 2009b) .\nmany people complete their graduate degrees at the same university where they completed their undergraduate training. but i would advise against this. learn everything you can from everyone you can at your undergraduate school, then move on. when you settle on a graduate school, repeat the process. this will not only broaden your education but also your list of contacts, many of whom can help you further your scientific career .\n). this could theoretically provide the leopard shark with an edge over its chief competitors in estuarine environments by allowing the leopard shark to more easily absorb oxygen from the water .\nintensive fishing of juvenile school sharks in port phillip bay in the 1940s (60 000 juveniles were caught annually between 1943 and 1945) caused rapid localised declines (stevens 2005). since the 1950s, only small numbers of school shark have been caught anywhere in port phillip bay. however, it must be noted that stock collapse in port phillip bay may be the result of heavy industry development, especially near geelong. nevertheless, declines in abundance of juveniles in two tasmanian nursery areas was attributed to intensified fishing of juveniles in inshore areas such as port phillip bay. a continuation of this nursery area survey during the 1990s showed a substantial further reduction in abundance of school shark pups and small juveniles in tasmanian and victorian embayments and estuaries (olsen 1959; stevens 2005; walker et al. 2005) .\npacqué, who graduated in may 2011 with a bachelor' s degree in management and entrepreneurship, says the experience wasn' t as tough as when he took the iu kelley school' s spine sweat class .\nthe school shark has been identified as a conservation value in the south - west marine region. see schedule 2 of the south - west marine bioregional plan (dsewpac 2012z) for regional advice. the\nspecies group report card - sharks\nfor the south - west marine region provides additional information .\ngreek, galeos = a shark + greek, rhinos = nose (ref. 45335 )\n), blue, and hammerhead. of course, the larger the shark, the more\nthe school shark occurs throughout the temperate coastal waters of southern australia. they are found from moreton bay, in southern queensland, to perth, western australia, including offshore waters of lord howe island and tasmania (pogonoski et al. 2002). the school shark moves extensively throughout the waters of southern australia (tssc 2009b). this species is mainly found in demersal waters, over the continental and insular shelves, but also over the upper slopes, in depths from near shore to 550 m (last & stevens 1994). inshore areas are particularly important as birthing and nursery sites (tssc 2009b) .\nderek is an outstanding example of the determined and innovative iu entrepreneurship student that the kelley school program develops ,\nkuratko added .\nwe are all extremely proud to have him represent our program on national television .\nsharks are a popular food item in old school runescape, as they are high - healing and can be easily caught in large amounts. because of this sharks are widely used for player killing, general monster killing and quests .\npunt, a. e. , y. xiao & b. l. taylor (1996). standardization of commercial catch and effort data for school shark galeorhinus galeus (1973 - 1994). page (s) 31. sharkfag document no. ss / 96 / d8. canberra: australian fisheries management authority .\ntaylor, b. l. , a. e. punt, t. i. walker & c. simpfendorfer (1996). catches of school shark galeorhinus galeus (1927 - 1994). page (s) 14. sharkfag document no. ss / 96 / d7. canberra; australian fisheries management authority .\nthe school shark is distributed world - wide in temperate waters (compagno et al. 2005). it is found in the western and eastern north atlantic, western south atlantic, eastern north and south pacific, and off south africa, new zealand, hawaii and southern australia (last & stevens 1994; mcloughlin 2007) .\na slender slate grey to bronze shark with a pale belly, plain fins and the underside of the head near the snout tip often translucent. this active strong swimming shark which, together with the gummy shark, mustelus antarcticus, is the most important species in the southern australian commercial fishery .\ndescription: school sharks have slender bodies with grey or brown backs and upper sides, and white bellies. the snout is long and the underside near the tip is often translucent. the second dorsal fin is smaller than the first .\nthe number of school sharks caught during surveys conducted between sydney (nsw) and gabo island (north - east victoria) by a nsw fisheries research vessel in 1976–77 and again in 1996–97 illustrate population trend for this species (graham et al. 1997, 2001). in the years 1976–1977, the catch rate of the survey vessel was 3. 4 kg / h with this species common off ulladulla and eden. in contrast, no school shark were caught when the vessel returned to survey the same waters in 1996–97 (graham et al. 1997, 2001) .\nmost sharks are especially active in the evening and night when they hunt. some sharks migrate over great distances to feed and breed. this can take them over entire ocean basins. while some shark species are solitary, others display social behavior at various levels. hammerhead sharks, for instance, school during mating season around seamounts and islands .\nwalker, t. i. (1998). can shark resources be harvested sustainably? a question revisited with a review of shark fisheries. marine and freshwater research. 49: 553 - 572 .\ndeedi (2011) plan for assessment of queensland east coast shark resources 2009–14. brisbane. available :\nfor clarity, the electrodes of the shark shield ™ are displayed in white to highlight their position .\nreid d, robbins w, peddemors v (2011) decadal trends in shark catches and effort from the new south wales, australia, shark meshing program 1950–2010. marine and freshwater research 62: 676–693 .\nward, r. d. & m. g. gardner (1997). stock structure and species identification of school and gummy sharks in australian waters. frdc project 93 / 64. final report. canberra: fisheries research and development corporation .\nhammerheads gather in large schools for hunting, migration and social purposes. for example, a school of scalloped hammerheads may have 100 to 500 specimens; however, the majority of hammerheads in a school are female. for communication, hammerheads use body language for establishing the social hierarchy and giving orders for the schools to disperse. head shakes, torso thrusts and swimming in loops are some of the body language signals employed by hammerheads. hammerheads are nocturnal, meaning they are most active during the evening .\nthe school shark is threatened internationally by uncontrolled targeted fisheries, incidental and purposeful catch of pregnant females and juveniles around nursery grounds, habitat loss (especially of inshore pupping areas) and installation of high voltage direct current sub - sea cables across their migration lanes which disrupt the electric sensors sharks use to feed and navigate (walker et al. 2005) .\ngaleorhinus is derived from the greek galeo s meaning a' shark' and rhinos meaning' nose' .\n“paleontology is instantly charismatic, ” he said. “kids love giant snakes, shark teeth and dinosaurs. ”\nreproduction: school shark reach reproductive maturity at 8 - 15 years of age (about 8 years for males and at least 10 years for females). females are ovoviviparous and produce pups every 2‑3 years. litter sizes range from 15‑43 pups. birth occurs in early summer after a gestation period of 12 months. pups are born in shallow bays and estuaries .\nwe may think that great whites are massive, but their ancestors would likely have made them appear midgets by comparison. an ancient shark called the megalodon (carcharodon megalodon), appeared on earth more than 20 million years ago. based on fossil teeth, scientists believe these sharks could have been as big as a school bus—big enough to probably feast on whales .\npunt, a. e. & t. i. walker (1996). stock - assessment and risk analysis for 1996 for the school shark galeorhinus galeus (linnaeus) off southern australia using a spatially - aggregated age - structured population dynamics model. page (s) 49. sharkfag document no. ss / 96 / d9. canberra: australian fisheries management authority .\ntime - lapse video of hyperrealist artist marcello barenghi drawing a great white shark in 3 hours and 52 minutes .\nalthough lifespan varies by shark species, most sharks are long - lived and generally tend to live for 20 - 30 years. species like the spiny dogfish and the whale shark are believed to live for over 100 years !\nsmith e (1991) electric shark barrier: initial trials and prospects. power engineering journal 5: 167–176 .\na number of journal articles focus on the management and biology of the school shark and include graham and colleagues (2001), grant and colleagues (1979), olsen (1953, 1954, 1959), punt and walker (1996, 1998), punt and colleagues (1996), stanley (1988), taylor and colleagues (1996) and xiao (1995) .\nthis was the first year that owarzani used the “shark tank” format in her class, and she is hoping to improve upon it each year. “so far i’ve seen some really good ideas from the students. my goal is to take maybe three or four of the best ideas and have those groups present in front of the whole school for some sort of prize, ” said owarzani .\npeople think of sharks as ruthless predators that will attack humans at first sight. however, this myth is not accurate. in fact, according to the international shark attack file since 1581 there have been 828 unprovoked attacks so far, resulting in 160 casualties, meaning that there were less than two attacks on average each year. however, it is evident that not all attacks are registered. to have a better idea, during 2015 there were 98 unprovoked shark attacks which resulted in 6 deaths. contrary to popular belief, only 34 shark species are involved in such attacks and therefore are dangerous to humans, among them, the tiger shark, the bull shark or the great white shark .\nwest j (2011) changing patterns of shark attacks in australian waters. marine and freshwater research 62: 744–754 .\nsharks come in all shapes and sizes. today there are more than 440 known species - - from the 6 - inch long dwarf lantern shark (etmopterus perryi) to the 60 - foot long whale shark (rhincodon typus) .\nthe school shark feeds primarily on fish. examination of stomach contents of fish caught off california showed that they were not fussy eaters and consumed whatever fish were plentiful at the time. their diet was predominantly sardines, midshipmen, flatfish, rockfish and squid. feeding is done both in open water and near the seabed as sardines and squid are pelagic fish while the remainder are benthic (bottom) species\nhow does a whale shark reproduce whale shark reproduction process is not known in detail. initially, whale sharks were believed to be oviparus, as some eggs were found in the bottom of the ocean. later it was proved that such eggs…\ndecember, 2013 - as part of an international effort to cut down on the devastating impact of the fin trade on shark species, defenders helped organize a shark identification workshop in brazil that was attended by officials from all over the continent .\ndavis, skip .\nwhat is a hammerhead shark' s behavior like ?\nsciencing, urltoken 25 april 2017 .\nvianna gms, meekan mg, pannell dj, marsh sp, meeuwig jj (2012) socio - economic value and community benefits from shark - diving tourism in palau: a sustainable use of reef shark populations. biological conservation 145: 267–277 .\nhart ns, collin sp (2015) sharks senses and shark repellents. integrative zoology 10: 38–64. pmid: 24919643\nso back at the fish shop the local gummy shark sounds like a sustainable option. but can you trust the label ?\nleopard shark. illustration courtesy field guide to eastern pacific and hawaiian sharks, u. s. fish and wildlife service 1967\nthe leopard shark has a relatively broad and short snout. the prominent rounded dorsal fin of this shark originates over the inner margins of its pectoral fins. the second dorsal fin is pointed and averages about three - quarters the size of the first dorsal fin. the anal fin is diminutive in comparison to the leopard shark' s second dorsal fin. the pectoral fins of the leopard shark are rather broad and roughly triangular in shape. the upper lobe of the tail is notched and elongated .\ngirard first documented the leopard shark as triakis semifasciatum in 1855. since then, the species name has been modified to semifasciata. the genus triakis is derived from the greek word\ntriakis\ntranslated as three pointed, referring to this shark' s three pointed teeth, while the species name semifasciata means half - banded, describing the distinctive markings found on this shark .\ntriakis semifasciata is known as the leopard shark in the us and the uk, and is sometimes referred to as a cat shark. it is also known as leopardhai in germany, leopardihai in finland, luipaardhaai in the netherlands, tiburón leopardo in mexico, tollo leopardo in spain, turbarão - leopardo in portugal, and virli léopard in france. despite the fact that the two sharks do not share the same geographic distribution, the zebra shark (stegostoma fasciatum) is sometimes confused with the leopard shark (triakis semifasciata) as both animals are referred to by the common name leopard shark in australia and south east asia .\nshark information, habitat, distribution, feeding, reproduction, senses, anatomy, communication, evolution and social structure. read more…\nhow do sharks know when something is food or not studies have proved that shark senses are fully responsible for shark hunting. they commonly use the electrosense for location, even at long distances. the lateral line sense detects water vibrations usual to most living things…\n( 145 million to 66 million years ago) had expanded into the present - day families. overall, evolution has modified shark\nvery little except to improve their feeding and swimming mechanisms. shark teeth are highly diagnostic of species, both fossil and modern .\ndavis, skip .\nwhat is a hammerhead shark' s behavior like ?\nlast modified april 25, 2017. urltoken\nthere is a plethora of conflicting information about whether we should eat shark. australian fisheries are well managed and considered sustainable on the world stage. meanwhile, conservation groups say to avoid flake, but local gummy shark fisheries have addressed many of their concerns .\nmanagement of fishing effort was introduced in 1984 through limiting entry to the southern shark fishery (restricting the number of fishing licences issued). other action in place and directed at the school shark include limited permits for the use of gillnets and longlines (since 1984), minimum legal lengths (by early 1950s), gear controls restricting effort in net and hook sectors (since 1988), closure of nursery areas and some inshore waters (1953–67 and 1993–94), and restrictions on mesh size (since 1975) (stevens 2005; walker et al. 2005) .\nhow big is the biggest recorded whale shark the guinness book of records has the worlds largest fish (a whale shark) recorded as 12. 65 metres which is 41 feet 6 inches. however, there are versions that whale sharks could reach 60 feet, but…\nsummary of shark sightings, abundance (maxn; % maxn) and the proportion of adults recorded on baited remote underwater video stations .\nthis shark' s distinctive head is designed for greater agility and panoramic vision, making the hammerhead a hunter to be reckoned with .\na number of tagged individuals have been tracked moving between australia and new zealand, in both directions (stevens 2005). the relationship between australian populations and those in other regions is not clear. genetic studies using mitochondrial dna have revealed restricted gene flow between eastern new zealand and australia (ward & gardner 1997). australian and new zealand school shark populations are therefore regarded as separate stocks for management purposes (mcloughlin 2007; ward & gardner 1997) .\ngrant, c. j. , r. l. sandland & a. m. olsen (1979). estimation of growth, mortality and yield per recruit of the australian school sharks, galeorhinus australis (macleay), from tag recoveries. australian journal of marine and freshwater research. 30: 625 - 37 .\nthe commonwealth government harvest strategy policy (daff 2007) allows that declines of up to 60% are acceptable for a commercially harvested species where depletion is a managed outcome, depending on the biology of the species. given the life history characteristics of the school shark, in particular its low reproductive rate and slow growth compared to the high fecundity and moderate growth of most commercially harvested bony fish species, the decline of this species numbers is severe (tssc 2009b) .\nstevens, j. (2005). tope or school shark galeorhinus galeus (linneaus, 1758). in: fowler, s. l. , r. d. cavanagh, m. camhi, g. h. burgess, g. m. cailliet, s. v. fordham, c. a. simpfendorfer & j. a. musick, eds. sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. gland: iucn .\ncatch limits: currently 240 t as unavoidable by catch from gummy shark operations, will be reviewed and adjusted (if necessary) annually .\nconfusing species: may be confused with other houndshark species e. g. gummy shark but this species has white spots on the body .\nso called because of the tiger - like stripes on juveniles, the tiger shark is, like its terrestrial namesake, a voracious hunter .\npartial dependency plots from the aggregated boosted regression tree analysis of the occurrence and richness of shark species observed on baited remote underwater video stations .\ndavis, skip. (2017, april 25). what is a hammerhead shark' s behavior like? sciencing. retrieved from urltoken\ncliff g (1995) sharks caught in the protective gill nets off kwazulu - natal, south africa. 8. the great hammerhead shark\ncliff g, dudley sfj (1992) protection against shark attack in south africa, 1952–90. marine and freshwater research 43: 263–272 .\nsimilar to most shark species, the school shark has low fecundity compared to most bony fish species (tssc 2009b). males attain sexual maturity at 125–135 cm, and females at between 134–140 cm (stevens 2005). maturity is estimated to occur at 10 years with reproduction occurring every 2–3 years (fenton 2001; stevens 2005; tssc 2009b). life expectancy is estimated to be more than 55 years (fenton 2001; stevens 2005). in the absence of fishing, mortality is expected to be low, with a natural mortality rate of about 0. 10–0. 26 (stevens 2005) .\nthe school shark is ovoviviparous. this means that the eggs are fertilised internally and remain in the uterus where the developing foetus feeds on the large yolk sac. males become mature at a length of about 135 centimetres and females at about 150 centimetres. the gestation period is about one year and the number of developing pups carried varies with the size of the mother, there are 6 - 52 young born at 30 cm. the females have traditional\npupping\nareas in sheltered bays and estuaries where the young are born. the juvenile fish remain in these nursery areas when the adults move off to deeper waters. fished commercially (fish' n' chips fish !) unlike most ofther fish the school shark is able to close it' s eyes by drawing up it' s lower eye lids. eaten by porbeagle and probably other large sharks. often follow fishing lines to the surface and steal the bait in full view of fishermen .\nthe leopard shark poses virtually no danger to humans. the international shark attack file has a single report of an incident involving a human and a leopard shark. this incident did not reportedly cause any significant damage to the victim, and no bite was involved. however, leopard sharks do contain high levels of mercury and should not be consumed regularly, as per the warnings of the california department of fish & game .\n…cartilaginous fishes that includes the shark s, skates, rays, and chimaeras. the class is one of the two great groups of living fishes, the other being the osteichthians, or bony fishes. the name selachii is also sometimes used for the group containing the shark s .\nwhile there are ferocious species like the great white, there are gentle giants like the whale shark. facts about some of the best known species…\ns1 table. behavioural response of c. carcharias when encountering an inactive / control (a) or active (b) shark shield ™ .\nsmit ce, peddemors v (2003) estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent: applications. pp. 59–78 .\nsmith e (1974) electro - physiology of the electrical shark - repellant. the transactions of the institute of electrical engineers 65: 1–20 .\nthe uses of sharkskin - sharks - shark exhibition - oceanographic museum of monaco - to know, to love, and to protect the oceans .\nthe screenshots shown are three - dimensional, so for reference to size see fig 2b. using event measure software, the distance between a shark’s head (a) and the centre of the shark shield ™ electrode (b) is calculated by comparing the length and angle of lines drawn between these two points on the left and right synchronised / calibrated video clips. the proximity of the shark in the screenshots displayed is 40 cm .\nharry hammer and rick reef travel to the mysterious surface world of earth in this final shark school (mis) adventure. harry hammer’s latest hero ‘terranaut’ buzz sharkfin is planning a mission to ‘outer space, ’ which to a shark is planet earth! harry can’t wait to be part of buzz sharkfin’s awesome adventure. but when his arch - rival and life - long nemesis rick reef, is chosen for the mission, too, it’s anything but smooth sailing. once out of the deep blue sea, harry and rick discover a strange and dangerous new world with dogs and cars and humans, and they realize there’s no place like home !\nspecies catalogue. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. carcharhiniformes. fao fisheries synopsis no. 125\nmodels were developed with cross - validation on data from 364 sites using tree complexity of 5 and learning rate of 0. 001. shark species richness and the occurrence (presence - absence data) from the indicator species of shark assemblages (see fig. 4) were used in the abt .\nrobbins wd, hisano m, connolly sr, choat jh (2006) ongoing collapse of coral - reef shark populations. curr biol 16: 2314–2319\nmegalodon, the world’s biggest shark, dominated the ocean 23 to 2. 6 million years ago. florida museum of natural history photo by jeff gage\ngummy shark (mustelus antarcticus) are relatively small sharks, and their ‘gummy’ teeth are suited to eating small crustaceans and fish on the sea floor .\nschool sharks are distributed around southern australia mainly on the continental shelf and upper slope where they have been recorded from moreton bay (southern queensland) to perth (western australia), including tasmania. they have been taken from the nearshore zone to 550 metres depth, mainly near the bottom, but sometimes move through the water column further away from the shore .\ncitation: kempster rm, egeberg ca, hart ns, ryan l, chapuis l, kerr cc, et al. (2016) how close is too close? the effect of a non - lethal electric shark deterrent on white shark behaviour. plos one 11 (7): e0157717. urltoken\nthere is no scientific evidence supporting this myth. in fact, the unrestricted capture of sharks to get their fins is a big problem for shark conservation .\na treasury of new zealand fishes: graham galeorhinus galeus, tope shark\n. fishbase. org. 2012 - 07 - 03. retrieved 7 february 2014\npredators marine mammals prey upon young leopard sharks, and both juvenile and adults are vulnerable to large fish, including the white shark (carcharodon carcharias) .\nthe school shark undertakes long migrations of up to 2500 km in the north - east atlantic and 1400 km in southern australia. these migrations are thought to be associated with reproduction (last & stevens 1994). movements and mixing across the tasman sea between australia and new zealand have been recorded from tagged individuals (stevens 2005). despite extensive migrations within regions, studies of different global populations indicate that each region hosts a genetically distinct population. within regions it is suspected that there may be localised subpopulations (tssc 2009b) .\n( a) shows the remora in its deployed configuration with downward facing cameras. (b) shows the measurements recorded to calculate proximity of c. carcharias to the visible shark shield ™ electrode. using event measure software, the closest part of a shark’s head to the electrode is marked via the left and right video clips (a), followed by the centre of the shark shield ™ electrode (b). event measure compares the length and angle of the lines drawn in the left and right synchronised / calibrated video clips (c) to accurately calculate the closest observable proximity of the shark in three - dimensional space, taking into account both the vertical and horizontal axis. for clarity, the electrodes of the shark shield ™ are displayed in white to highlight their position .\nin an effort to study migrations, csiro marine researchers are tagging school sharks with data - logging tags that can record depth, water temperature and light levels for up to two years (johnson 1999). individuals have been recorded undertaking daily vertical migrations, remaining at depths of around 500 m during the day and moving to around 100 m at night (mcloughlin 2007)." ]

{ "text": [ "the school shark ( galeorhinus galeus ) is a houndshark of the family triakidae , and the only member of the genus galeorhinus .", "common names also include tope shark , soupfin shark , and snapper shark .", "it is found worldwide in temperate seas at depths down to about 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) .", "it can grow to nearly 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) long .", "it feeds both in midwater and near the seabed , and its reproduction is ovoviviparous .", "this shark is caught in fisheries for its flesh , its fins , and its liver , which has a very high vitamin a content .", "the iucn has classified this species as \" vulnerable \" in its red list of threatened species . " ], "topic": [ 26, 15, 18, 0, 8, 15, 17 ] }

[ "the school shark (galeorhinus galeus) is a houndshark of the family triakidae, and the only member of the genus galeorhinus. common names also include tope shark, soupfin shark, and snapper shark. it is found worldwide in temperate seas at depths down to about 800 m (2,600 ft). it can grow to nearly 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long. it feeds both in midwater and near the seabed, and its reproduction is ovoviviparous. this shark is caught in fisheries for its flesh, its fins, and its liver, which has a very high vitamin a content. the iucn has classified this species as \" vulnerable \" in its red list of threatened species." ]

[ "amblycipitidae .\na dictionary of zoology. . retrieved july 11, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\npeixes da família amblycipitidae, ordem siluriformes. consulte a fishbase para mais pormenores. (see also :\n, a new catfish (teleostei: amblycipitidae) from northeastern india. zootaxa. 2010; 2672: 50–60 .\namblycipitidae .\na dictionary of zoology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 11, 2018). urltoken\n, a new species of torrent catfish from myanmar (teleostei: amblycipitidae). raffles b zool. 2005; 53: 243–249 .\nfishes of the family amblycipitidae, order siluriformes (catfish). see fishbase for more information on this family. (see also :\nng hh, wright jj. a new torrent catfish from western thailand (siluriformes: amblycipitidae). copeia. 2009; 2: 369–377 .\n, a new species of amblycipitid catfish (osteichthyes: amblycipitidae) from pakistan. ichthyol. explor. freshw. 2001; 12: 201–204 .\n( osteichthyes: amblycipitidae) in indo - china, with descriptions of five new species. ichthyol. explor. freshw. 2000; 11: 335–348 .\n, a new genus of amblycipitide catfishes (teleostei: siluriformes), and phylogenetic relationships among the genera of amblycipitidae. copeia. 1995; 4: 780–800 .\npoissons de la famille des amblycipitidae, ordre des siluriformes (silures, mâchoirons ou poissons chat). voir fishbase pour plus d' information sur cette famille. (see also :\nlinthoigambi i, vishwanath w. two new catfish species of the genus amblyceps from manipur, india (teleostei: amblycipitidae). ichthyol. explor. freshw. 2008; 19: 167–174 .\nchen, x. p. & lundberg, j. g. (1995) xiurenbagrus, a new genus of amblycipitid catfishes (teleostei: siluriformes), and phylogenetic relationships among the genera of amblycipitidae. copeia, 1995, 780–800 .\nng, h. h. , 2001. amblyceps macropterus, a new species of amblycipitid catfish (osteichthyes: amblycipitidae) from pakistan. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 12 (3): 201 - 204. (ref. 41275 )\nng, h. h. and m. kottelat 2000 a review of the genus amblyceps (osteichthyes: amblycipitidae) in indochina, with descriptions of five new species. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 11 (4): 335 - 348 .\nwright, j. j. & ng, h. h. (2008) a new species of liobagrus (siluriformes: amblycipitidae) from southern china. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 157, 37–43. h urltoken; 2\ncitation: darshan a, kachari a, dutta r, ganguly a, das dn (2016) amblyceps waikhomi, a new species of catfish (siluriformes: amblycipitidae) from the brahmaputra drainage of arunachal pradesh, india. plos one 11 (2): e0147283. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution: southern asia, pakistan to southern japan and malaysia. dorsal fin covered by thick skin. adipose fin present, confluent with caudal fin in some species. anal fin with only 9 - 18 rays. barbels 4 pairs. lateral line incomplete. occurs in swift streams .\ngreek, amblys, - eia = weak, lifeless + lt, caput = head (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\namblyceps waikhomi sp. nov. is described from the nongkon stream which drains into the noa dehing river, a tributary of the brahmaputra river, in arunachal pradesh, india. the new species can be distinguished from congeners (except a. torrentis) in having a deeper body depth at anus. it further differs from congeners (except a. mangois and a. serratum) in having fewer vertebrae, from a. mangois in lacking (vs. having) strongly - developed projections on the proximal lepidotrichia of the median caudal - fin rays, and in having a longer, wider, and deeper head; and from a. serratum in having a posteriorly smooth (vs. with 4–5 serrations) pectoral spine, and unequal jaw length (lower jaw longer and weakly - projecting anteriorly vs. equal upper and lower jaws). it additionally differs from a. murraystuarti, a. torrentis, a. apangi, a. laticeps, and a. cerinum in having a deeply forked (vs. emarginate or truncate) caudal fin. this species is the seventh amblycipitid species known to occur in the ganga - brahmaputra river system .\ncopyright: © 2016 darshan et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: this work has been supported by university grants commission (ugc), new delhi, through the centre with potential for excellence in biodiversity (cpeb) scheme [ f. no. 1 - 15 / 2002 / 2011 (ns / pe), dated 20th march, 2012 ] to carry out the research work, and also through rajiv gandhi national fellowship scheme (f1. 17. 1 / 2013 - 14 / rgnf. 2013 - 14 - st - ass - 41715, dated 6th february, 2014) as fellowship to the second author. however no fund has been allotted for publication under the mentioned schemes .\nfishes of the genus amblyceps blyth are small - bodied, elongate catfishes, occurring in fast flowing streams and rivers of mainland southeast asia and the indian subcontinent [ 1 ]. the genus can be diagnosed by a double fold of skin on both the upper and lower lips, pinnate - like rays on the anterior margins of the procurrent caudal - fin rays, the anterior nostril situated immediately anterior to the base of the nasal barbel, and the epiphyseal commissure of the supraorbital sensory canals located immediately anterior to and not passing through the epiphyseal bar [ 2 ] .\neighteen species of amblyceps are presently considered valid viz. a. apangi nath and dey, a. arunachalensis nath and dey, a. caecutiens blyth, a. carinatum ng, a. cerinum ng and wright, a. foratum ng and kottelat, a. kurzii (day), a. laticeps (mcclelland), a. macropterus ng, a. mangois (hamilton), a. murraystuarti chaudhuri, a. platycephalus ng and kottelat, a. protentum ng and wright, a. serratum ng and kottelat, a. tenuispinis blyth, a. torrentis linthoingambi and vishwanath, a. tuberculatum linthoingambi and vishwanath, and a. variegatum ng and kottelat [ 3 ] .\nduring recent ichthyological surveys of the eastern part of arunachal pradesh, five specimens of amblycep s were collected from a stream flowing into noa dehing river of the upper brahmaputra basin in namsai district. after a detailed comparison with all 18 congeners, we concluded that they represent an unnamed amblyceps species, which is herein described as amblyceps waikhomi sp. nov .\nmeasurements were made on the left side of specimens with a digital caliper to the nearest 0. 1 mm and fin rays were counted under a nikon smz800 stereo - zoom microscope. morphometric measurement and fin ray counts followed ng and wright [ 4 ]. measurements of head length (hl) and body parts were expressed as percent proportions of standard length (sl) while measurements of the subunits of the head were expressed as percent proportions of head length. counts of gill rakers and vertebrae followed roberts [ 5 ] and roberts [ 6 ] respectively. clearing and staining of specimens followed hollister [ 7 ]. nomenclature of the bone followed chen and lundberg [ 2 ]. procurrent rays of the caudal fin were counted from anterior to posterior separately for the upper and lower lobe. the type specimens were deposited in the rajiv gandhi university museum of fishes (rgumf), arunachal pradesh and also in the zoological survey of india, arunachal pradesh regional centre (zsi / aprc), itanagar .\nthe water quality of the habitat was analysed by taking three replicates randomly from the type locality of the new species during january 2014. estimation of dissolved carbon dioxide (dco 2), alkalinity, and hardness followed apha [ 8 ]. temperature, ph, conductivity, and dissolve oxygen (do) were measured using a systronics water analyser 321 (systronics, india). water current and transparency were assessed using the jdc flowatch kit (jdc instruments, switzerland) and secchi disk respectively .\nwe followed the rules of the rajiv gandhi university institutional animal ethical committee, arunachal pradesh, and the work was approved by the committee and the present work did not involve any endangered species or protected areas .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix\nurltoken\n. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 96b8624a - 2a28 - 401f - bd79 - 366fb110435c. the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn, and has been archived and is available from digital repositories of pubmed central and lockss .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8f9219b2 - 619e - 4321 - 8c2e - f31926dad0ff\nholotype. zsi / aprc / p - 1125, 42. 9 mm sl; india, arunachal pradesh, namsai district, nongkon stream at nongkon village draining into noa dehing river (brahmaputra basin), 27°36’05”n, 95°50’51”e; akash kachari, 5 october 2013 .\nparatypes. locality and collector as for holotype, rgumf 269, 40. 2 mm sl, 1 cleared and stained (c & s), 20 june 2014; rgumf 270, 37. 4 mm sl, 1 c & s, 12 october 2014; rgumf 271, 30. 4–44. 7 mm sl, 2, 6 december 2014 .\namblyceps waikhomi sp. nov. (fig 1, s1 fig) differs from all congeners in having a deeper body (depth at anus 17. 0–20. 3% sl vs. 7. 6–16. 9) and fewer (except a. mangois and a. serratum) total vertebrae (34–35 vs. 37–48) (s1 table). it differs from a. mangois in lacking (vs. having) strongly - developed projections on the proximal lepidotrichia of the median caudal - fin rays and in having a longer, wider, and deeper head (s2 table) (length: 22. 1–24. 3% sl vs. 18. 8–21. 3, width: 20. 0–21. 9% sl vs. 17. 1–18. 3, depth: 13. 9–18. 0% sl vs. 11. 6–13. 2); and from a. serratum in having a posteriorly smooth (vs. with 4–5 serrations) pectoral spine, and unequal jaw length (lower jaw longer and weakly - projecting anteriorly vs. equal upper and lower jaws). it additionally differs from a. murraystuarti, a. torrentis, a. apangi, a. laticeps, and a. cerinum in having a deeply forked (vs. emarginate or truncate) caudal fin .\n, holotype, zsi / aprc / p - 1125, 42. 9 mm sl: a. lateral b. dorsal c. ventral views .\nmorphometric data are shown in table 1. body short, stout, laterally compressed. dorsal profile rising evenly from tip of snout to dorsal - fin origin, then straight upto middle of adipose - fin base, thereafter gently sloping ventrad to the end of caudal peduncle. ventral profile convex up to anal opening, then gently sloping dorsally up to end of anal - fin base, thereafter gently sloping ventrad towards caudal - fin base. anus and urogenital openings located slightly anterior to anal - fin origin .\nhead depressed. snout rounded. mouth terminal with unequal jaws, lower slightly longer; lips papillate, with double fold of thickened skin. premaxillary tooth band semicircular, bearing short, conical, posteriorly directed teeth. mandibular teeth short, conical, arranged in narrow crescentic band. eye small, rounded, and subcutaneous. anterior nostril short, tubular, situated immediately anterior to base of nasal barbel. nasal barbel extending beyond upper margin of upper gill opening, not reaching posterior margin of opercle. maxillary and outer mandibular barbels reaching to base of last pectoral - fin ray. inner mandibular barbel extending to base of pectoral - fin. skin on head and body tuberculate. lateral line incomplete, curved downward, and terminating at a point slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal - fin origin. first branchial arch with 2 + 7 (n = 5) gill rakers. gill membranes narrowly joined at isthmus, with 10 (n = 2) branchiostegal rays .\ndorsal fin with a spinelet, a spine, and 6 (n = 5) branched rays; its origin closer to snout tip than to adipose - fin origin; posterior margin of fin convex; fin base fleshy and swollen. dorsal - fin spine smooth, short and straight, distal tip sharply pointed, its length reaching one - third of fin height. adipose fin short, low, commencing from vertical midway between anus and anal - fin origin, posterior margin well separated from caudal fin. pectoral fin with a smooth spine and 6 (n = 5) branched rays; origin anterior to vertical through posterior margin of operculum posterior margin convex. pectoral - fin spine longer than dorsal - fin spine, straight, anterior and posterior margins smooth. skin covering pectoral - fin base and skin covering spine swollen. pelvic fin with i–ii, 4–5 rays, tip of adpressed fin reaching beyond urogenital opening but not anal - fin origin. anal fin with iii, 10 rays. caudal fin deeply forked with i, 7, 8, i (n = 5) principal rays, simple - principal and segmented procurrent rays of upper and lower lobe bears pinnate like rays anteriorly, upper lobe longer than lower (s2 fig) .\nin 70% ethanol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body brownish, ventrally creamy .\npresently known only from its type locality, nongkon stream draining to noa dehing river (brahmaputra basin), namsai district, arunachal pradesh (fig 2) .\nthe new species was collected from a slow moving stream (water current 0. 16 m / s) with a bottom substrate dominated by sand, occasionally associated with mud (fig 3). the species was often encountered under submerged logs and bamboo. water hyacinth was the dominant macrophyte of the stream. chemical parameters of the stream were do 6. 75 mg / l, dco 2 1. 53 mg / l, alkalinity 66. 06 mg / l, and hardness 71. 8 ± 3. 05 mg / l; while the physical parameters were ph 6. 78, air temperature 23. 8 ±0. 87°c, water temperature 23. 5 ±0. 96°c, transparency 79. 5 ±1. 93 cm, and conductivity 173. 33 μs .\nthe new species is named after waikhom vishwanath, honouring his outstanding contribution to freshwater ichthyology in the indian subcontinent .\namblyceps species have unossified pinnate - like rays (4–5 pinnate rays per lepidotrichium) on the anterior margins of the procurrent caudal - fin rays [ 2 ]. in the present study, we examined cleared and stained specimens of a. mangois, a. arunachalensis, a. apangi, and a. waikhomi and found the pinnate like rays (except a. apangi) only on the distal half of the anterior margin of the segmented procurrent rays and unbranched principal rays. ng and kottelat [ 9 ] further reported the presence of pinnate like rays along the median caudal - fin rays of amblyceps of the indian subcontinent. this finding was confirmed by our observations on a. mangois (fig 4a; s3 fig) and a. arunachalensis (fig 4b), which exhibited strongly - developed ossified projections on the proximal lepidotrichia of the median caudal - fin rays. however, this feature was absent in a. waikhomi (fig 4c) and a. apangi. in a. arunachalensis these ossified projections were observed between the two lowermost branched principal rays of the upper lobe, between the two uppermost branched principal rays of the lower lobe, and also between the lowermost and the uppermost rays of the upper and lower lobe of the caudal fin respectively. in the case of a. mangois, these projections were located only between the two lowermost branched rays of the upper lobe of caudal fin .\n( parphypural may be separated from hypural in a. waikhomi, not shown in figure). [ ph: parhypural, h: hypural plate, dr: depression, e: epural, c: centrum uprr: upper procurrent ray, uspr: upper simple principal ray, ubpr: upper branched principal ray, sdp: strongly developed - projections, lbpr: lower branched principal ray, lspr: lower simple principal ray ]\namblyceps waikhomi can be further distinguished from a. carinatum by its shorter adipose - fin base length (20. 3–23. 7% sl vs. 37. 5–44. 6) and longer dorsal to adipose distance (17. 0–21. 3% sl vs. 7. 8–10. 7); from a. tuberculatum by its shorter caudal peduncle length (15. 5–18. 6% sl vs. 21. 2–22. 4), shorter dorsal to adipose distance (17. 0–21. 3% sl vs. 27. 8–28. 0), and incomplete (vs. complete) lateral line; from a. kurzii by its longer adipose - fin base (20. 3–23. 7% sl vs. 15. 1–18. 3), shorter dorsal to adipose distance (17. 0–21. 3% sl vs. 30. 1–30. 6), and deeper caudal peduncle (13. 0–16. 4% sl vs. 9. 8–10. 7) .\namblyceps waikhomi can be further distinguished from a. platycephalus by its fewer principal caudal - fin rays (17 vs. 20); from a. caecutiens in having a larger eye (6. 7–7. 5% hl vs. 2. 0–3. 4) and shorter adipose - fin base (20. 3–23. 7% sl vs. 25. 6–33. 5); from a. protentum in having a longer prepelvic (48. 3–50. 3% sl vs. 42. 8–47. 8), prepectoral (19. 2–23. 0% sl vs. 15. 9–18. 3), and pectoral - fin (16. 8–19. 0% sl vs. 11. 2–14. 4) lengths, shorter and deeper caudal peduncle (length: 15. 5–18. 6% sl vs. 20. 0–25. 6; depth: 13. 0–16. 4% sl vs. 8. 0–10. 3), shorter snout (23. 4–27. 2% hl vs. 30. 1–34. 6), and shorter dorsal to adipose distance (17. 0–21. 3% sl vs. 26. 3–32. 2); and from a. variegatum by its uniformly brownish (vs. mottled) body coloration .\namblyceps mangois: zsi - nrs / f2556, 31, 40. 0–49. 4 mm sl, india: uttar pradesh, saharanpur, padhoe river at kalsia ghat, ganga river basin, k. p. singh, 20 january 1972. rgumf, unregistered, 3, 45. 2–55. 5 mm sl, india: uttarakhand, nainital district, gola river at kathgodam, ganga river basin, a. darshan, 30 april 2011. mumf 14301–14302, 2, 35. 5–37. 1 mm sl, india: barak river at silchar (assam), m. shantakumar and k. nebeshwar, 16 december 2000. mumf 14061, 1, 48 mm sl, india: arunachal pradesh, dikrong river, k. nebeshwar .\namblyceps arunachalensis: rgumf 117, 82. 6–97. 2 mm sl, 3, india: arunachal pradesh, subansiri river at daporijo, brahmaputra basin, 7 june 2005 .\namblyceps apangi (s4 table): rgumf 118, 160. 0 mm sl, india, arunachal pradesh, papum pare district, dikrong river at sagalee, brahmaputra basin, 7 january, 2005. rgumf 114, 45–91. 2 mm sl, 7, india, arunachal pradesh, papum pare district, dikrong river, brahmaputra basin, 17 july 2005. rgumf 116, 71. 5–120. 0 mm sl, 7, india, arunachal pradesh, subansiri river at daporijo, brahmaputra basin, 7 june 2005 .\na. torrentis: mumf 6170, 85. 0 mm sl, holotype, india, manipur, ukhrul district, laniye river at jessami village, chindwin basin. mumf 2111, 1, 76. 8 mm sl, paratype, india: manipur, ukhrul district, challou river at chingai village, chindwin basin. additional data from linthoingambi and vishwanath [ 10 ] .\na. tuberculatum: mumf 6184, holotype, 97. 2 mm sl, india: manipur, chandel district, lokchao river at moreh town, chindwin basin. mumf 6179–6180, 69. 4–76. 3 mm sl, 2, paratype, same data as above. additional data from linthoingambi and vishwanath [ 10 ] .\na. platycephalus, a. variegatum, a. foratum, and a. serratum: data from ng and kottelat [ 9 ] .\na. caecutiens, a. kurzii, a. protentum, a. laticeps, and a. murraystuarti: data from ng and wright [ 4 ], and ng and kottelat [ 9 ] .\na. tenuispinis and a. cerinum: data from ng and wright [ 1 ] .\ns1 fig. lateral view of amblyceps waikhomi, paratype, rgumf 271, 30. 4 mm sl .\ns2 fig. caudal fin of amblyceps waikhomi, holotype, zsi / aprc / p - 1125, 42. 9 mm sl .\ns1 table. data of total vertebrae count and body depth at anus of 19 species of amblyceps .\ns2 table. morphometric data and gill rakers count of amblyceps mangois (hamilton) .\nthe authors are thankful to p. c. tak for allowing access to museum specimens and hospitality, a. n. rizvi for providing necessary equipments and parmod kumar for assisting while accessing the specimens, during the visit to the zoological survey of india, northern regional centre (zsi - nrc), dehradun. this manuscript has benefited from the review by heok hee ng. we further extend our gratitude to gregory holwell of school of biological sciences, university of auckland, new zealand for his kind help in revising english language of the manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments: ad ak rd ag dnd. performed the experiments: ad ak rd ag dnd. analyzed the data: ad ak rd ag dnd. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: ad ak rd ag dnd. wrote the paper: ad ak rd ag dnd .\neschmeyer wn. [ cited 26 april 2015 ]. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. available: (\n, with descriptions of two new species (pisces: bagridae). ichthyol. explor. freshw. 1992; 3: 77–88 .\nsensu stricto, with a new species from thailand and cambodia. ichthyol. explor. freshw. 1994; 5: 241–256 .\nhollister g. clearing and dying fish for bone study. zoologica. 1934; 12: 89–101 .\napha. standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 21st ed. washington dc: american public health association; 2005 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n) differs from all congeners in having a deeper body (depth at anus 17. 0–20. 3% sl vs. 7. 6–16. 9) and fewer (except\nin lacking (vs. having) strongly - developed projections on the proximal lepidotrichia of the median caudal - fin rays and in having a longer, wider, and deeper head (\nin having a posteriorly smooth (vs. with 4–5 serrations) pectoral spine, and unequal jaw length (lower jaw longer and weakly - projecting anteriorly vs. equal upper and lower jaws). it additionally differs from\nin having a deeply forked (vs. emarginate or truncate) caudal fin .\namblyceps waikhomi, holotype, zsi / aprc / p - 1125, 42. 9 mm sl: a. lateral b. dorsal c. ventral views .\n. body short, stout, laterally compressed. dorsal profile rising evenly from tip of snout to dorsal - fin origin, then straight upto middle of adipose - fin base, thereafter gently sloping ventrad to the end of caudal peduncle. ventral profile convex up to anal opening, then gently sloping dorsally up to end of anal - fin base, thereafter gently sloping ventrad towards caudal - fin base. anus and urogenital openings located slightly anterior to anal - fin origin .\nmorphometric data of amblyceps waikhomi sp. nov. (n = 5) .\nthe new species was collected from a slow moving stream (water current 0. 16 m / s) with a bottom substrate dominated by sand, occasionally associated with mud (\n). the species was often encountered under submerged logs and bamboo. water hyacinth was the dominant macrophyte of the stream. chemical parameters of the stream were do 6. 75 mg / l, dco\n1. 53 mg / l, alkalinity 66. 06 mg / l, and hardness 71. 8 ± 3. 05 mg / l; while the physical parameters were ph 6. 78, air temperature 23. 8 ±0. 87°c, water temperature 23. 5 ±0. 96°c, transparency 79. 5 ±1. 93 cm, and conductivity 173. 33 μs .\ntype locality of amblyceps waikhomi, nongkon stream in namsai district, arunachal pradesh .\n) only on the distal half of the anterior margin of the segmented procurrent rays and unbranched principal rays. ng and kottelat [\n), which exhibited strongly - developed ossified projections on the proximal lepidotrichia of the median caudal - fin rays. however, this feature was absent in\nthese ossified projections were observed between the two lowermost branched principal rays of the upper lobe, between the two uppermost branched principal rays of the lower lobe, and also between the lowermost and the uppermost rays of the upper and lower lobe of the caudal fin respectively. in the case of\n, these projections were located only between the two lowermost branched rays of the upper lobe of caudal fin .\n, holotype, zsi / aprc / p - 1125, 42. 9 mm sl .\nthis work has been supported by university grants commission (ugc), new delhi, through the centre with potential for excellence in biodiversity (cpeb) scheme [ f. no. 1 - 15 / 2002 / 2011 (ns / pe), dated 20th march, 2012 ] to carry out the research work, and also through rajiv gandhi national fellowship scheme (f1. 17. 1 / 2013 - 14 / rgnf. 2013 - 14 - st - ass - 41715, dated 6th february, 2014) as fellowship to the second author. however no fund has been allotted for publication under the mentioned schemes .\neschmeyer wn. [ cited 26 april 2015 ]. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. available: (urltoken) .\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsmallest 42mm, largest 165mm, average 90mm, most commonly 85mm. all sl .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\n© a dictionary of zoology 1999, originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nferraris, carl j. , jr. , and mário c. c. de pinna\nproceedings of the california academy of sciences, vol. 51, no. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nprinted from oxford reference (www. oxfordreference. com). (c) copyright oxford university press, 2013. all rights reserved. under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a pdf of a single entry from a reference work in or for personal use (for details see privacy policy and legal notice) .\nsmall family of asiatic freshwater fish that inhabit fast - flowing streams... .\naccess to the complete content on oxford reference requires a subscription or purchase. public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription .\nif you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code .\nfor questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our faqs, and if you can'' t find the answer there, please contact us .\nneelesh dahanukar indian institute of science education and research (iiser), dr. homi bhabha road, pashan, pune 411 008, india systematics, ecology & conservation laboratory, zoo outreach organization (zoo), 96 kumudham nagar, vilankurichi road, coimbatore 641 035, india\na new species of torrent catfish, amblyceps accari, is described from the central region of the western ghats of india. the new species differs from all its congeners by having 12 branched anal - fin rays (vs. 7–10 in other amblyceps, rarely 11 in a. tuberculatum). it differs further from all other species of the genus except a. murraystuarti and a. torrentis in having the adipose fin confluent with the dorsal procurrent part of the caudal fin and by the following combination of characters from all its congeners: jaws unequal with lower jaw weakly - projecting, pectoral spine smooth, adipose - fin origin opposite anal - fin origin, dorsal fin to adipose - fin distance more than one fourth of standard length, adipose fin long with its base more than one - fourth of standard length, and deeply forked caudal fin with minute, poorly developed, centrally projecting hooks on the proximal lepidotrichia of central caudal - fin rays. the discovery of the new species represents the first record of this genus from peninsular india .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes .\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r .\nthe name actinopterygii is preferred over actinopteri, although van der laan, eschmeyer & fricke, r. (2014) suggest... [ details ]\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata (such as name authors) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms, in which role it may be null, and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification (not a taxon name). some classifications are local; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names, and are not necessarily english, correct, or common .\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2011. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. < a href =' urltoken' target =' _ blank' > www. fishbase. org, version (10 / 2011). < / a >\n< a target =' _ blank' href =' urltoken' > iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2013. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. ; urltoken version (12 / 2013) .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\na species of amblyceps having a slender body, body depth at anus 9. 2–12. 8% sl; eye diameter 7. 5–9. 7% hl; length of adipose fin base 17. 0–24. 1% sl; dorsal to adipose distance 23. 9–34. 0% sl; a strongly forked caudal fin; total vertebrae 37–38 (ng & wright, 2010) .\ns. s. mishra, laishram kosygin, p. t. rajan and k. c. gopi, zoological survey of india in venkataraman, k. , chattopadhyay, a. and subramanian, k. a. (editors). 2013. endemic animals of india (vertebrates): 1–235 + 26 plates. (published by the director, zoological survey of india, kolkata )\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. downloaded july 2006 .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). amblyceps tenuispinis blyth, 1860. [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was described from the salween river drainage in western thailand (ng and kottelat 2000) .\njustification: there is insufficient information about the geographic distribution and population size of this species for an accurate assessment, since it is only known from the holotype; it is thus assessed as data deficient .\nthis species is only known from the salween river drainage in western thailand, although it is likely to be also found in the portion of the same river drainage that flows through eastern myanmar .\nthere is no information available on the population and its trends for this species .\nthis species inhabits relatively swift rivers with rapids and a substrate of boulders, and most likely feeds on invertebrates .\nthis species is unlikely to be collected for food, except as bycatch in artisanal fisheries. it is also not collected for the ornamental fish trade .\nthe threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats (especially those of an anthropogenic nature) remains unknown. the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nthere is insufficient information on the distribution, biology and potential threats for this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\namblyceps mangois is described from the kosi river in northern bihar, india, a tributary of the ganges river (hamilton, 1822). this species was previously thought to be very widespread and variable in form, ranging from the indus river eastwards to the northern part of the malay peninsula (hora 1933). however, ng and kottelat (2000) restrict a. mangois to the northern part of the indian subcontinent. although some sources consider pimelodus indicus mcclelland, 1842 to be a junior subjective synonym of a. mangois (e. g. menon 1999), ng and kottelat (2000) show that this is most likely a bagrid catfish instead .\n1997), these are deemed to be speculatory and not based on hard evidence. given that this species is relatively common and abundant throughout the sub - himalayan region (in the ganges and brahmaputra river drainages) ,\nthis species is known throughout the ganges and brahmaputra river drainages in india, nepal and bangladesh. although also reported from the indus river drainage in pakistan, the conspecificity of this population needs further investigation (h. h. ng pers. comm. 2010) .\nthe population size and trend of this species is unknown. however, current evidence indicates that this species is relatively abundant throughout the subhimalayan region. in nepal, this species has been encountered at 0. 17 cpue (jha 2009 )\nthis species inhabits torrential streams and rivers with a substrate of rocks and pebbles, spending most of its time amongst the crevices. it is also said to be able to survive the drying up of the streams and living in pool - type habitats (prasad et al. 1997). amblyceps mangois is capable of breathing air (singh et al. 1989), which is what enables it to survive the lower oxygen content of the pool - type habitats .\nthis catfish is occasionally caught and exported as an ornamental fish. it is encountered as bycatch in artisanal fisheries of cobitid loaches (prasad et al. 1997) .\nthe threats to this species are unknown, since the impact of potential threats (especially those of an anthropogenic nature) remains unknown. the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified. although prasad et al. (1997) identified habitat modification via the removal of river substrate (for construction) and overfishing as accidental bycatch as major threats for this species, no empirical studies have been conducted on the effects of either of these supposed threats on fish populations. these are deemed to be based on speculation on should not be considered here .\nmore research about the distribution and the biology of this species is needed, as there is insufficient information available. potential threats to this species also need to be identified, and its effects on populations of this fish better understood. the species has been assessed as' endangered' in india (lokra\nwas described from the dikrong river in arunachal pradesh, northeastern india (nath and dey 1989). this species was considered a junior synonym of\n( hamilton 1822) by ng (2005) before vishwanath and linthoingambi (2007) revalidated the species .\nis known only from the dikrong and subansiri rivers and subsequent surveys in other areas have not revealed its presence elsewhere. the construction of the dikrong river hydel dam will bisect the currently known dikrong river population, resulting in two separate populations above and below the dam. the estimated range of the species based on its present known distribution is less than 150 km\n2007), the population size and trend for its entire range remain unknown. based on its restricted distribution and potential threats to the habitat as well the population, it is assessed as endangered .\nthis species is known two rivers in the brahmaputra river drainage in arunachal pradesh, northeastern india (vishwanath and linthoingambi 2007). it is at present thought to be restricted to the dikrong river (where the type locality is also recorded), estimated at 30 km long, and the subansiri river about 25 km. the estimated extent of occurrence for the species is less than 150 km² calculating the length of the rivers by 2 km width .\nthe population size and trend of this species is unknown, as museum holdings of this species are scarce. tamang\n( 2007) report that this species is extremely rare (3. 8% of catch frequency) in the senkhi river .\nthis species inhabits fast - flowing streams and rivers with a sandy or rocky bottom .\nthere is no information available on the use of this species. it may be utilized as a food fish in artisanal fisheries, but this awaits verification .\nthere are threats to the species from sand quarrying, as well as from fishery activities targeting other species (electro - fishing, poisoning, and blast fishing). the pare hydel dam project on the dikrong river is already under construction. the species distribution is likely to become more localised due to the dam; the species is primarily below the dam (including type locality), and threats include decrease in water flows and sedimentation. the threats to this species are unknown, since there is little information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats (especially those of an anthropogenic nature) remains unknown. the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nmore research on the distribution and the biology of this species is required, as there is insufficient information available. the impact of threats need to be researched and better understood .\nsungai brang just outside sekayu waterfall park, 4°57' 51'' n, 102°57' 46'' e, terengganu, malaysia .\nfrom the greek amblys, meaning blunt and kephale, meaning head; in reference to the blunt snout .\n85mm or 3. 3\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nthe catfish genus amblyceps is characteristic in having the epiphyseal commissure of the supraorbital sensory canals immediately anterior to, and not passing through the epiphyseal bar; the anterior cranial fontanelle narrowing abruptly along its posterior end offering epiphyseal commisure bony support from frontal; the fifth ceratobranchial expanding medially at its posterior tip; pinnatelike rays along anterior margin of the procurrent and medial caudal - fin rays; a transverse crest along entire posterior margin of roof of supraoccipital and pterotic; the lateroposterior process of horizontal lamina of urohyal short or vestigial, shorter than the horizontal lamina; the upper hypurals fused with compound centrum; the anterior nostril situated immediately anterior to the base of the nasal barbel; and both lips with double folds. it is also characteristic in having a prominent cup - like skin flap above the base of the pectoral spine .\nichthyological exploration of freshwaters. an international journal for field - orientated ichthyology. v. 11 (no. 4 )\n( 1) silurus, (2) amiidae. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species. you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species." ]

{ "text": [ "the amblycipitidae are a family of catfishes , commonly known as torrent catfishes .", "it includes three genera , amblyceps , liobagrus , and xiurenbagrus , and about 36 species . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26 ] }

[ "the amblycipitidae are a family of catfishes, commonly known as torrent catfishes. it includes three genera, amblyceps, liobagrus, and xiurenbagrus, and about 36 species." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - dolicholatirus cayohuesonicus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1878 )\nspecies dolicholatirus ornatus p. marshall, 1918 † accepted as latirogona ornata (p. marshall, 1918) †\ncossignani t. (2015). dolicholatirus vezzaroi sp. nov. malacologia mostra mondiale. 87: 23. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsnyder m. a. (2000). nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150: 173 - 179 page (s): 175 [ details ]\nkosuge s. (1981) description of a new species of the family fasciolariidae from philippines (gastropoda buccinacea). bulletin of the institute of malacology, tokyo 1 (6): 91 - 92, pl. 31. [ 31 july 1981 ] [ details ]\n( of latirofusus cossmann, 1889) snyder m. a. (2003). catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae. academy of natural sciences. of philadelphia, special publication. 21iii + 1–431. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsnyder m. a. (2000). nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150: 173 - 179 [ details ]\n( of murex lancea gmelin, 1791) gmelin j. f. (1791). vermes. in: gmelin j. f. (ed .) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae, ed. 10. tome 1 (6). g. e. beer, lipsiae [ leipzig ]. pp. 3021 - 3910. , available online at urltoken page (s): 3 556 [ details ]\nvine, p. (1986). red sea invertebrates. immel publishing, london. 224 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of murex angustus gmelin, 1791) snyder m. a. (2000). nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150: 173 - 179 [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of latirus cayohuesonicus g. b. sowerby ii, 1878) sowerby, g. b. , iii. 1879. descriptions of ten new species of shells. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1878: 795 - 798, pl. 48. [ details ]\nsimone l. r. l. , cavallari d. c. & abbate d. (2013) revision of the genus teralatirus coomans 1965 in the western atlantic, with an anatomical description of y. roboreus (reeve 1845) (gastropoda: neogastropoda: fasciolariidae). archiv für molluskenkünde 142 (2): 215 - 226. [ details ]\n( of teralatirus cayohuesonicus (sowerby iii, 1878) ) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of latirus cayohuesonicus g. b. sowerby ii, 1878) petit, r. e. (2009). george brettingham sowerby, i, ii & iii: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa. 2189: 1–218. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) to biodiversity heritage library (8 publications) (from synonym latirus cayohuesonicus g. b. sowerby ii, 1878) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life (from synonym teralatirus cayohuesonicus (sowerby iii, 1878) ) to global biotic interactions (globi) (from synonym teralatirus cayohuesonicus (sowerby iii, 1878) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis" ]

{ "text": [ "dolicholatirus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "dolicholatirus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "have a fact about eugnosta argyroplaca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eugnosta argyroplaca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eugnosta asthenia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eugnosta asthenia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eugnosta proanoa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eugnosta proanoa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n51 species are treated. 32 new species (henricus bibelonus sp. n. , h. platanillanus sp. n. , h. cuspis sp. n. , h. bleptus sp. n. , parirazona bomana sp. n. , p. caraca sp. n. , marylinka secunda sp. n. , phalonidia linharesa sp. n. , p. phlebotoma sp. n. , p. fariasana sp. n. , p. cerina sp. n. , p. monocera sp. n. , p. psephena sp. n. , velhoania paradoxa sp. n. , lasiothyris exoch a sp. n. , macasinia vilhena sp. n. , saphenista rhabducha sp. n. , s. chorfascia sp. n. , s. scalena sp. n. , s. alpha sp. n. , s. beta sp. n. , s. solisae sp. n. , s. novaelimae sp. n. , platphalonidia capadana sp. n. , eugnosta ensinoana sp. n. , e. jequieta sp. n. , e. cipoana sp. n. , e. fernandoana sp. n. , rudenia sepulturae sp. n. , deltophalonia indanzae sp. n. , phaniola caboana sp. n. , caraccochylis framea sp. n. , cochylis serrana sp. n .) and two new genera (velhoania gen. n. , caraccochylis gen. n .) are described. the material studied is from mexico, brazil, and ecuador. the data on distribution and morphology are provided .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsystematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini (lepidopte... : ingenta connect\nsystematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini (lepidoptera: tortricidae), with description of new species. part 2\nacta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series: a–vertebrata, and b–invertebrata. from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series. the journal includes original contributions on systematics, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide. all papers are subject to peer reviews. click here to see current issues of this journal .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in." ]

{ "text": [ "eugnosta cipoana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in minas gerais , brazil .", "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream with ochreous suffusions .", "the basal half of the costa , the subapical spots along the costa , as well as the subterminal and terminal suffusions are brownish .", "the hindwings are brownish . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "eugnosta cipoana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in minas gerais, brazil. the wingspan is about 14 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream with ochreous suffusions. the basal half of the costa, the subapical spots along the costa, as well as the subterminal and terminal suffusions are brownish. the hindwings are brownish." ]

[ "the subfamily dismorphiinae, to which the wood whites of europe belong, has its headquarters in south america, where 51 different species are found. the neotropical genera include dismorphia, enantia, lieinix, patia, moschoneura and pseudopieris .\nunknown, however devries states that several dismorphia species in costa rica feed as larvae on inga or pithecellobium (mimosaceae). in the case of most species in the subfamily dismorphiinae, the eggs are spindle - shaped, and laid singly on the underside of leaves. in most (probably all) species the larvae are cryptically coloured - dark green above, and paler green below .\nboth sexes are usually found as singletons flying in forest edge habitats, where they nectar at senecio, eupatorium and other herbaceous plants .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nall nymphalidae have only 4 fully - functional legs, while pieridae have 6. beware of pierids with broken legs, or not using all for standing on (eg leucidia, sometimes) .\nsex unknown las tangaras reserve, choco, colombia 1800 m. 2014 - may22 david geale\nsex unknown montezuma road, risaralda, colombia 2100 m. 2014 - feb11 david geale\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthe species in this neotropical genus are remarkable batesian mimics of various nymphalid models, especially ithomiines, and indeed, it was the convergent similarity between them and the ithomiines that led h. w. bates to fomulate his theory of mimetic resemblance (1862) .\nbates hw. 1862. contributions to an insect fauna of the amazon valley. lepidoptera: heliconidae. trans. linn. soc. 23: 495 - 566 .\nlamas g ed. 2004. atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea. gainesville: scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "dismorphia altis is a butterfly in the family pieridae .", "it is found in colombia .", "adults have white undersides that are mottled in grey and yellow . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1 ] }

[ "dismorphia altis is a butterfly in the family pieridae. it is found in colombia. adults have white undersides that are mottled in grey and yellow." ]

[ "all the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for rubens. rubens is a gelding born in 2009 october 11 by excellent art out of quite likely\nnewly - discovered rubens painting sells for $ 5. 1 million | artnet news\nnewly discovered rubens painting sells for $ 5. 1 million during sotheby’s masters week\n• for more mythological paintings by baroque artists like rubens, see: homepage .\nlion hunt – rubens (c. 1615) – jen smith – med meanderings\ncute animals: (via the life and art of peter paul rubens - news... | fun stuff and places | pinterest | peter paul rubens, sketch drawing and artist\nthe removal of an added background revealed a work by sir peter paul rubens. photos: christie’s\nhe sired 471 registered offspring. his most famous sons include rubenstein and the grand prix dressage horse rubens. his offspring have been successful in the dressage ring and the show jumping arena alike .\nthe rape of the daughters of leucippus by rubens. regarded as one of the greatest paintings ever .\nin the months that followed, the painting underwent a very special transformation. it emerged as a work by sir peter paul rubens, study of a horse with a rider, dating from the early 1610s .\nhorse racing: california stallion' s fees have skyrocketed after success of full brothers budroyale and tiznow .\nsecondly, this is such a dynamic piece of art, that the fact it is unfinished, detracts nothing from the impact that it has upon the viewer. look at the horse’s head – it captures the fear of the moment in such a powerful way. the structual power of the lion – back legs in the rump of the horse - is almost humanlike and is doubtless the source of the fear of the horse. the sketch of the fleeing horse in background adds to the panic and intensity which rubens was clearly aiming to create .\nafter the painting by rubens in the national gallery, london, inv. no. 38 (rooses 803) .\n“cecilia straub - rubens, with the encouragement of her horse manager, eric anderson, sent us cee’s tizzy years ago, and we did well with him. her daughter, pam ziebarth, still keeps horses with us. ”\n“he’s a character and a very smart horse, ” said mcglothlin. “he takes really good care of himself. ”\nrubens (gb) ch c 1805 (buzzard - mare, by alexander). sire line buzzard. family 2 - n .\nthese are gorgeous paintings. i love the roundness and sensuality of rubens. the study is particularly nice. thanks for sharing these .\ntiznow’s sensational second half of 2000 earned him eclipse awards as champion 3 - year - old male and horse of the year .\nthe removal of the background following its sale in 2015 revealed a work of high quality in the style for which rubens is so celebrated .\nalthough he didn’t seem to find the horse a particularly moving subject, they do make an appearance in a selection of his art .\nnz connemara soc. nz farriers assn. aust / nz friesian soc. nz hanoverian soc. irish draught horse soc. advertising options\nhis deep understanding of perspective and the ability to convey overwhelming emotion with his art make mr. rubens a master no matter what he paints .\nrebozo’s compact, modern sport horse conformation, along with his scope, carefulness and relaxed attitude make him an ideal match for many mares .\ni would really like to emphasize the movement portrayed in some of these paintings by rubens as he defines the form of the body which is being painted .\n“rubens was an enthusiastic rider, and the study demonstrates not only his facility for painting animals, but also his deep understanding of horses and horsemanship. ”\nthe rape of the sabine women; several women wrestling with roman soldiers and trying to escape in foreground, romulus seated on a platform in top left and giving a signal with his hand, one woman pulled onto a horse at left, classical buildings in background; after peter paul rubens. 1769 engraving\nthe picture shows the moment when hilaeira and phoebe are physically abducted by the dioscuri. (note: in classical myths, the word\nrape\nmeans\nabduction\n.) on the left, castor the horse - tamer, identifiable by his armour and his obedient horse, grabs the struggling hilaeira; while on the right, pollux the boxer, recognizable from his bare chest and unruly mount, wrestles with the flailing phoebe. (note: the rein of castor' s horse is held by a cherub with a black wing - rubens' way of indicating the ultimate fate of its rider. )\nto maximize his output he began to rely on studio assistants, and crucial to guiding them was a large number of studies by rubens himself, including the present example .\nbut this was no ordinary horse painting, and the recent history of this 400 - year - old oil - on - canvas is little short of remarkable .\nsotheby’s explained the history of the painting in its catalogue notes, describing it as a newly discovered work and a rare example of a large - scale animal study by rubens .\nsir peter paul rubens’ recently restored study of a horse with a rider sold for $ 5. 1m at sotheby’s new york master paintings & sculpture evening sale on january 25. an entirely new landscape background had been added to the picture in the 19th century, concealing its quality when offered as a van dyke copy in amsterdam in 2015 .\ndave mcglothlin is one of them. he heads up the horse division, as he has since john harris hired him in 1981. mcglothlin brought with him a b. s. in animal science and an m. s. in reproductive physiology from colorado state university, along with experience in managing a horse farm in idaho .\nrubens (gb) ch. h, 1805 { 2 - n } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\nben van beneden, director of the rubenshuis museum, and professor arnout balis, director of the rubenianum, confirmed the attribution of the newly revealed artwork to rubens after first - hand inspection .\nof late i have spent a lot of time looking for unusual works of art from the renaissance period and i came across this wonderful sketch by rubens which i wanted to share with you .\n“lakerville is pretty easygoing and has been a happy horse here, ” said mcglothlin. “his closing speed was phenomenal, and we hope he’ll be able to pass that along. ”\na flemish baroque painter, peter paul rubens was a major player when it comes to baroque style art. his work is bold and lively while giving the viewer a feeling of color and movement .\nrubens (gb) ch. h, 1834 { 2 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf career earnings: aka cartoon\na newly discovered peter paul rubens canvas was the highlight of sotheby’s masters week in new york, fetching $ 5. 1 million at the january 25 evening sale of “ master paintings & sculpture. ”\nthe painting was dated to a period when rubens painted a series of equestrian studies for use in both portraits and subject pictures. they were required to help him cope with increasing demands on his time .\ntiznow was one of the most popular racehorses in north america during the turn of the millennium, and his hard - charging racing style drew fans to the track in a show of both national and regional support. bred in california by cecilia straub - rubens, tiznow made his debut at santa anita in april 2000 as a 3 - year - old for the partnership of straub - rubens and michael cooper .\nrubens always aspired to match the classicism and heroic grandeur of renaissance art, and this masterpiece is no exception. the two brothers have similar muscular bodies to those in michelangelo' s genesis fresco in the sistine chapel, while the rich reds, golds and greens of the women' s clothes are reminiscent of titian and venetian colour painting (1500 - 76). the fleshy female nudes however are pure rubens .\nbred by the duke of bolton, got by mr pulleine' s blind horse, brother to grantham (son of the brownlow turk), out of old lady, by pulleine' s arabian .\nlion hunt (74 x 105. 5cm) (c. 1615) is an oil sketch on wooden panel (rubens preferred to work on wood panel in the planning stages for a painting) and is so interesting on a number of levels. firstly, it is monocromatic but this element of itself draws you to the painting because you need to focus more diligently on its composition and detail – revealing how rubens was thinking as he sketched out his thoughts .\nuntil recently, the canvas, a rare large - scale study of an animal by the flemish artist, had been attributed to a follower of anthony van dyck. the painting’s true authorship came to light when details added later to the unfinished work were removed, revealing study of a horse to be, according to the catalogue, “a typical example of the spirited and rapidly painted oil sketches—seemingly ‘drawn by the brush’—for which rubens is so celebrated. ”\nto leap this season at five guineas a mare, and a crown the servant, at great smeaton, near northallerton, the bay horse, regulus. he was got by the godolphin arabian, out of roxana .\nfor 7 sep). this camillus was a bay horse raced by the duke of bolton in 1733 and 1734, winning 2 of his 4 starts. his dam was not given, and since his foaling year was the same as starling' s, he is unlikely to have been out of starling' s dam. there is no record in the calendars or contemporary newspapers of a grey horse called camillus belonging to the duke of bolton .\nlexington, ky. - - lexington' s winstar farm and taylor made stallions have jointly purchased an interest in tiznow, the 2000 horse of the year and only horse to win back - to - back breeders' cup classics. the 4 - year - old cee' s tizzy colt, who retired friday, will stand at winstar under the management of both winstar and taylor made. a fee will be announced at a later date .\nthe 118cm by 82cm work − depicting a cavalier wearing a broad brimmed hat, slashed riding breeches and a sword atop a skewbald horse and set in a rolling landscape − fetched €12, 500, or $ us14, 022 .\n“the emphasis of the painting is clearly on the balance and pose of the horse itself; the careful weighting of the legs; the raised rear left leg; and the poise with which the rider is seated in the saddle .\n“it looks like candy ride may be a sire of sires, as evidenced by the success of twirling candy, ” said mcglothlin. “clubhouse ride is a good horse to handle. he’s not aggressive in the breeding shed. ”\nof the many horses represented by those silks, one of john harris’ favorites was soviet problem, the california - bred horse of the year in 1994 who is buried at the farm. harris bred and raced soviet problem with don valpredo .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for pins of pele (nzl). pins of pele (nzl) is a gelding born in 2009 september 25 by pins out of riverine\nat last week’s old master sales at sotheby’s in new york, the top lot was a “newly discovered” painting of a gentleman on horseback by rubens. estimated at $ 1 million, it sold for $ 5. 1 million (£4. 1 million) .\na horse painting by an old master sold at a recent sotheby’s auction in new york for more than $ us5 million, apparently to a telephone bidder, leaving the pre - auction estimate of $ 1. 5 million well in its wake .\nresponsible for some of the best baroque paintings, rubens excelled in all genres. an outstanding contributor to catholic counter - reformation art, he was also much sought after for his history painting as well as his portrait art and landscape painting. today he is seen as the leading exemplar of flemish baroque art and a bridge between the classicism of the italian renaissance and the dynamism and drama of baroque painting - a position illustrated perfectly by his masterpiece, the rape of the daughters of leucippus. strongly influenced by the colour schemes used by titian and others in venetian altarpieces, when art criticism emerged from the 17th century rubens was considered to be the master of colour, while nicolas poussin was seen as the master of design. other exceptional works by rubens include: samson and delilah (1609, national gallery, london); descent from the cross (rubens) (1612 - 14); minerva protects pax from mars (1629 - 30, national gallery, london); and judgement of paris (1632 - 6, national gallery, london) .\nhristie’s was aware that the painting shared features with an established rubens, but they were put off the scent by all the later over - paint. the eagle - eyed buyer is thought to have been a london dealer with a track record for uncovering such things .\nn b the horse is to be seen at mr moule' s, at the george - inn, in chatteris aforesaid, being eight miles from ely, eight miles from st ives, nine miles from huntingdon, and sixteen miles from cambridge .\n“i have enjoyed my association with the horse industry and all the people in it, ” harris said. “being on the chrb was interesting, and i felt i was able to contribute some on - the - ground insight. it has a good staff and board, but unfortunately, like many governmental organizations, things don’t move along as fast as they should. the racetracks and the horse organizations dominate things, and i would like to see more input from the regular people in the game .\ncee' s tizzy and cee' s song are both owned by pamela ziebarth, kevin cochrane and mike cooper. ziebarth and cochrane, who trains horses, are the daughter and son of cecilia\ncee\nstraub - rubens, who watched her tiznow win the breeders' cup race in kentucky, then died two days later in a newport beach hospital. her battle with cancer ended at 83. cooper, a close friend and business associate of straub - rubens' late husband, bud straub, is trustee for the estate .\ntiznow will stand as the property of winstar and taylor made with michael cooper and cee' s stable, which is operated by pamela ziebarth and kevin cochrane. ziebarth and cochrane are the children of the late cecilia straub - rubens, who bred tiznow and raced him with cooper .\nformerly the chairperson of the california thoroughbred breeders association and a current director, harris also was the chairman and vice chairman of the california horse racing board and a director of the thoroughbred owners of california. he is a current member and steward of the jockey club .\nrebozo is a compact horse, yet has long lines. his world - class prize winnings and pedigree, along with his fi rst off spring’s success on the international circuit, confi rms that he has every quality to become a sire of high level sport horses .\non his only other start of the year, pan was matched against the 1810 derby winner whalebone for 200 guineas over four miles on 29 october. he sustained his first defeat for almost eighteen months as he failed to concede five pounds to the younger horse. [ 25 ]\nat chatteris in the isle of ely, at one guinea a mare, and one shilling the servant, a beautiful dapple grey horse, rising eight years old, fifteen hands high, with a blaze down his face, short back' d, an extraordinary fine shoulder and forehand, and stands very upright on his pasterns. he was got by old starling, out of a partner mare, and is as strong an horse as ever was bred in england, of that kind. as witness my hand this 11th day of december, 1752 robert fawcett\nharris farms runners have been represented at every level of racing in california because of the way in which harris and mcglothlin built the horse division into the powerhouse it is today. the ctba recognized their quality by inducting john harris into its hall of fame in 2008 and mcglothlin in 2016 .\nthough tiznow got away from california to kentucky for stud duty, harris stands another son of cee’s tizzy in tizbud, tiznow’s full brother. straub - rubens bred and raced tizbud, and ziebarth now owns him. ziebarth bred and raced tiz flirtatious, a daughter of tizbud and a multiple cal - bred champion .\nrubens was born in siegen, westphalia on june 28, 1577 and spent the first 10 years of his life in cologne. his early artistic training is a fascinating read in itself but it is his time travelling italy that was his most productive. i will write more on his life and artistic influence in another piece .\nhe was purchased by colonel hoomes for 500 guineas in 1804 at the age of 16 even though he had lost one eye and was down on one hip. hoomes sounded well pleased with buzzard as he wrote after his arrival in 1805 :\nhe is a light chestnut, about 15. 2 hands high and by far the most beautiful horse i ever beheld. i never saw such such fine hair .\ndescribed in a letter by miles selden he was said to be a\nhandsome horse, but under size for a stallion... a pale chestnut, with but one eye .\nwhen mcglothlin began working for harris, the horse division was much smaller than it is today. harris and mcglothlin have expanded it to more than 500 acres—340 acres on the coalinga property and another 200 acres on the river ranch about 65 miles away on the kings river. laurie brown manages the river ranch .\nstraub - rubens died shortly after tiznow’s first breeders’ cup, and a year later, cooper and her heirs solicited offers from several stud farms before selecting winstar, which partnered with taylor made stallions to purchase an interest in the stallion prospect. it has been smooth sailing ever since, with the stallion’s name never far from the headlines .\nart critics continue to debate the meaning of the rape of the daughters of leucippus. one scholar, for example, suggests that rubens created this painting at the behest of an aristocrat who wished to celebrate the arranged double marriage of louis xiii of france and his sister elisabeth to the teenage philip iv of spain and his sister anne, all of whom were aged between eleven and fifteen. another historian concludes that the artist is promoting natural impulse over conventional inhibition. or maybe rubens is merely illustrating the women' s elevation to divine status, as they are literally and figuratively raised up to the heavenly heights of olympus, home of the gods. an apotheosis perhaps, of the fair sex .\nthe straub - rubens family and cooper will breed four of their own mares to cee' s tizzy. naturally, one of those will be cee' s song, who is due to drop a cee' s tizzy foal next week. she will be bred back to cee' s tizzy, for the ninth time, in mid - february .\nriverside’s athletic career is extremely successful. in 2006 he was a was finalist of the world championships for young dressage horses in verden. he was the most highly qualified horse with a score of 9, 0 for the federal championships (bundeschampionat) in warendorf. his particular talent for collection is evident in his talent for higher level movements .\nrowton was a dark - coated chestnut horse with no white markings who stood 15. 2 hands high when fully grown. [ 1 ] henry hall dixon described him as being\nas nearly perfection as possible\n, with\nbeautiful quarters\n, a\ndeer - like\nhead and an\nexquisitely expressive eye\n. [ 2 ]\ncertainly, an army of people worked together to allow california chrome and tiznow to accomplish what they have. owner / breeders perry martin and steve coburn and trainer art sherman have been instrumental in california chrome’s rise to the top of the earnings list. the late cecilia straub - rubens bred and raced two - time classic winner tiznow, who was trained by jay robbins .\nthe two - horse race, according to george tattersall, had a poor pace until the bushes ,\nwhere bay middleton went up. at the top of the hill he was leading, and in going down it his wonderful stride enabled him to show his tail to his gallant opponent .\ndespite john day' s\nlavish use of whip and spur to the flanks of one of the best and gamest horses that ever ran ,\nbay middleton won by a length, having been touched by the whip once by robinson, the only time the horse ever felt it. elis was, tattersall said ,\nbeaten in pace, stride and stoutness by the winner of the derby .\nover at the training center, they have a seven - furlong track with a four - stall starting gate. tree barns house the trainees and lay - ups, though antonsen also has access to grass runs, pens, and paddocks if a horse needs them. facilities include an outdoor arena, two covered round pens, and two equi - gym panel walkers .\nhis sire, sultan, was by the\nbeautiful\nselim, and out of bacchante by (williamson' s) ditto. selim was one of three famous brothers - - castrel and rubens were the others - - and a sister, oaks winner bronze, out of an alexander (son of eclipse) mare and by the good match horse and sire, buzzard. the alexander mare was described as\nsuch a weed to the eye\nthat she was given away by her owner, and then proceded to produce her influential offspring. selim won newmarket' s oatlands twice, and other races, and was\nfull of quality, and so majestic altogether that no one would have suspected him to be the workman he was at all distances .\nlettered in lower margin with production details and dedication to charles alexander :\npeint par p. p. rubens\nand\ngravé par pitre martenasie 1769\nand\ndedié à son altesse royale monseigneur le duc charles de lorraine et de bar / gouverneur et capitaine général des pays - bas grand - maitre de l' ordre teutonique / par son tres humble et tres soumis serviteur pitre martenasie graveur et / professeur de l' academie royale de peinture et de sculpture d' anvers\nand\ngravé d' après le tableau original de p. p. rubens peint sur bois haut de 5 pieds 3 pouces 3 lignes / sur 7 pieds 3 pouces 4 lignes de large mesure de france qui est au cabinet de urltoken bosschaert à anvers\nand\nà anvers chez / l' auteur place de mer\n.\nbronze (br f 1803), bred by mr craven, was sister to castrel (ch c 1801), selim (ch c 1802) and rubens (ch c 1805). she won the oaks stakes and was ancestress of the derby winner cremorne (b c 1869 parmesan). bronze was also the dam of miss chantrey (br f 1818 clinker) taproot mare of family 2 - p .\ni' m thrilled to death to still be a partner in this horse, joining this great team of winstar farm and taylor made stallions ,\nsaid cooper .\nwith this deal, we are giving tiznow every chance to succeed at stud like he did as a racehorse. there is something so magical about tiznow, i have learned to expect everything beyond belief with him .\nrowton was the only classic winner sired by oiseau (1809–1826), a horse who was undefeated in a five race career, and who stood as a breeding stallion in both ireland and england. [ 4 ] rowton' s dam katherina (also known as perspective) was a daughter of the oaks winner landscape and was also closely related to the st leger winner ashton. [ 5 ]\nbudroyale and tiznow are both from matings of cee' s tizzy to the broodmare cee' s song. tiznow has done even better than his full brother budroyale. supplemented into the 2000 breeders' cup classic for $ 360, 000, tiznow won the race last november at churchill downs, beating older horses and fusaichi pegasus, the kentucky derby winner. tiznow has earned $ 3. 4 million - - second only to best pal on the money list of cal - breds - - and is a heavy favorite to be named horse of the year when the announcement is made in new orleans on jan. 30. before tiznow, no cal - bred had won a breeders' cup race, and there hasn' t been a state - bred horse of the year since swaps in 1956 .\nby tracy gantz / photos by ron mesaros that california chrome and tiznow, north america’s all - time leading money earner and the only horse to win two editions of the breeders’ cup classic (gr. i), came of the same farm is amazing enough. that the farm isn’t located in the heart of kentucky speaks volumes about the quality of california breeding in general and harris farms in particular .\nsixth in his debut, he would finish no worse than third the rest of his career. he emerged from an unsettled 3 - year - old crop during the fall, dominating the grade 1 super derby and defeating older horses in the grade 2 goodwood breeders’ cup handicap before reaching his first acme in the breeders’ cup classic at churchill downs, where he outlasted europe’s “iron horse” and eventual leading sire, giant’s causeway, by a neck .\nin 1999, when the 2 - year - old tiznow, having been broken at harris farms, was being loaded on a van that would take him to trainer jay robbins at santa anita for the start of his racing career, veterinarian jeanne bowers - lepore had his picture taken. bowers - lepore said that she doesn' t photograph many horses that way, but the unraced tiznow had the look of a horse that might turn out to be something .\nat sotheby’s, over - paint removed and fully attributed to rubens, it sold to a telephone bidder who appeared to be on a spending spree; paying a record $ 4. 6 million, six times the estimate, for a rediscovered painting of the goddess flora by willem drost, a dutch artist who was inspired by titian, and a double - estimate record $ 4. 8 million for an atmospheric painting of a woman by candlelight, by the flemish carravaggisti painter, adam de coster .\ntiznow, the two - time winner of the breeders’ cup classic and the 2000 horse of the year, has fashioned a consistent stud career at kenny troutt’s winstar farm in versailles, ky. , succeeding both as a sire of racehorses and in the commercial arena. many of tiznow’s best progeny are like their sire in developing as late 3 - year - olds or even later in their racing careers, and such is the case with his recent grade 1 winner tiz miz sue .\nrubinstein (pictured above) is considered one of the all time great sires and dressage competitors world wide. the double world champion and fourfold european champion was the world’s most successful dressage horse for a long time. his full - brother amon also took part in the olympic games three times (if one includes rotterdam in 1980) and was the most successful dressage horse of the netherlands under annemarie sanders - keyzar, where he was considered to be unbeatable for a long time, gaining the dutch championship title seven times. in october of 2000, amon passed away at the ripe old age of 32 years. then there is rembrandt, the elegant dancer, who with nicole uphoff glided through the big dressage arenas of the world, enchanting the public with his fantastic agility. he won individual and team gold with his rider twice, making her the youngest olympic champion of all times, breaking the sonic barrier of the magic 1500 points delimitation in 1990 and becoming world champion .\nsatirist (1838), bred at eaton, was out of sarcasm (half - sister to touchstone), by teniers. teniers was a son of rubens, making satirist in - bred to buzzard through his sire and dam. sarcasm' s dam was the excellent broodmare, banter (1826, by lechmere charlton' s stallion master henry), also the dam of touchstone (1831, by camel), and his brother launcelot (1837), both winners of the doncaster st. leger. at eaton, banter was also bred to pantaloon, and to his cover produced four daughters that bred on. satirist was the first of pantaloon' s classic winners, and a versatile horse that could win over 8 furlongs and over two miles. he stood 15. 2 hands when grown, with a flat croup and was somewhat vertical in the shoulder and pasterns. he was sold to germany not long after his career on the turf was done; he is not seen in the pedigrees of principal winners in that country .\njohn scott had predicted that rowton would be better at four, [ 15 ] but the horse had little chance to prove his trainer correct as his third season consisted of a single race. on 22 september, one year and four days after his last appearance, he ran in a sweepstakes for four - year - olds over the st leger course at doncaster. ridden as usual by bill scott, he started 1 / 2 favourite and won from his only opponent, lord cleveland' s colt stotforth. [ 16 ]\nthe death of sir hedworth williamson in march led to the sale of all his horses [ 4 ] and pan was bought for 1, 350 guineas [ 11 ] by a mr bouverie. on 7 may he ran in a match race against mr shakespear' s horse tumbler, with bouverie wagering 300 guineas against shakespear' s 200. pan was beaten in the match, in which he carried seven pounds more than his opponent. he was then sold to lord sackville, in whose colours he ran for the next three years. [ 12 ]\ndonnerhall is the most successful dressage horse in the world and looks back on an exemplary career. he managed like no other sire of his generation to combine success in breeding and in sport alike. in 1986 donnerhall was the german dlg champion in hanover. after many wins in grand prix, grand prix special and freestyle classes at international level he became german champion in mannheim with his constant rider karin rehbein in 1994, team world champion and individual bronze medal winner in the hague. this was followed by another climax in 1997: team gold and individual bronze at the european dressage championships in verden .\nin september, altisidora ran for the third year in succession at the st leger meeting and contested four races. on the opening day she won the one and a half mile fitzwilliam stakes, beating seven opponents at odds of 4 / 6. two days later she received seven pounds from catton in the doncaster stakes, but again finished second to lord scarborough' s horse. on the following afternoon she finished last of the three runners behind the three - year - old st leger winner filho da puta in the doncaster club stakes over two miles and then immediately reappeared to beat two opponents in a four mile sweepstakes .\nto be sold immediately, at bolton - hall, near richmond, in yorkshire; all the stud of his late grace the duke of bolton, viz two stallions, one six year old horse, two old brood mares, one five year old mare, covered by whitenose, one four year old mare, covered by young cade, one three year old mare, covered by wilson’s arabian, one three year old filly out of whistle jacket’s dam, two strong stoned colts two year old, one filly two year old, and two fillies one year old. [ newcastle courant. 25 jan 1755. no. 4087. ]\nin the fall, the frequency of his races was stepped up. at newmarket, he lost a 500 guineas match to the 5 year old doncaster st. leger winner, symmetry, and then ran third in a six horse race won by a precipitate colt, humbug. he ran second in his next race, a king' s plate at newmarket, won by a pot - 8 - os son, worthy, but he beat humbug, who ran third. he finished the season with two wins: a 200 guineas match at newmarket over the ditch - in course, beating a buzzard colt, surprise, and the october oatlands handicap, beating eight horses .\nregazzoni was 1995 vice federal champion at the german bundeschampionat in warendorf. regazzoni won the stallion performance test in munster - handorf in 1994 with the tremendous score of 152 points for rideability. he received the optimum score of 10 for temperament, rideability and rideability assessment by an extraneous rider, as well as a further 9. 5 score for character and preparedness to perform. he gained 8. 5 for walk, 8 for canter and 9 trot. he was federal vice - champion german riding horse in warendorf in 1995 and won the finals of the 1996 german 5 year old dressage championship. he has competed successfully in dressage competitions up to intermediate level and was training grand prix .\npan was off the course for more than a year, and became the property of a mr mitford, before he ran at goodwood in july 1814. he finished second in both heats of the goodwood club stakes, won by mr newnham' s gelding cambrian and ran again later the same day in the ladies' plate. in this race he was beaten in two heats by albany, a four - year - old gelding to whom he was attempting to concede twenty - nine pounds. [ 28 ] pan changed owners again and ran for mr weston on his final racecourse appearance in which finished well beaten by a six - year - old horse named beverley in both heats of a race at basingstoke on 17 september. [ 29 ]\ncomus, a temperamental chesnut with white and dark spots scattered throughout his coat, was the sorcerer son through whom the godolphin arabian line survived. he was born 1809, out of the sir peter daughter, houghton lass, who had been a decent race mare. comus was a fairly moderate horse on the turf, but he could win at distances from five furlongs to two miles. in the stud he was succcessful, siring four classic winners: two classic - winning sons, and two daughters, the 1, 000 guineas winner catgut, and the great staying mare matilda, who won the st. leger. the son who continued the godolphin arabian line was humphrey clinnker, an even more modest racehorse than his sire, although he won at 4 miles, and he inherited his sire' s temper, as well as introducing an unsoundness in the wind which plagued future descendants, including his son, melbourne, twice leading sire in england, through whom the sire line continued. bourbon, a bay of 1811, by sorcerer, out of a precipitate mare, was a sturdy colt that ran for four years, accumulating 5, 015 guineas. he won, among other races, the oatlands, the claret stakes, the craven stakes, and the trial stakes. he sired the staying mare, doncaster cup winner fleur de lis, and a good race horse in alderman; their dams were the only mares sent to him his only season at stud in england .\nmorel was a good three year old, winning the newmarket (july) stakes, the oaks, the three year old stakes at newmarket, two matches and a forfeit. at age four, all at newmarket, morel won the october trial stakes and a sweepstakes, matches against beau nash and against clinker, and received a forfeit from rubens. at age five, again at newmarket, she won two matches, one against nuncio, and the second a forfeit from agnes; she also won the october oatland stakes and the jade stakes that year, and then was sold by the duke to robert andrew. the following year, 1811, she won a match against asmodeus at newmarket, and she came out three times in 1812, age seven, but failed to place and was retired to stud .\npan began 1811 with a rematch against tumbler at newmarket on 18 april. the conditions of this occasion saw him receiving seven pounds from shakespear' s horse and he won to claim the 500 guinea prize. [ 18 ] two weeks later sustained his only defeat of the year when he was beaten in a two - mile match in which he attempted to concede three pounds to lord oxford' s mare victoria for a prize of 200 guineas. [ 19 ] on 27 june, pan\nraced\naway from newmarket for the first time since his derby win more than three years earlier. at the bibury club meeting he was allowed to canter around the three mile course unopposed for a 100 guinea plate when the entries of the other horses were withdrawn. [ 20 ]\nrubens' life - size painting illustrates the mythical tale recounted by the poets theocritus (c. 300 - 250 bce) and ovid (43 bce – 18 ce), concerning the abduction of the daughters of king leucippus of argos, by the twin brothers castor and pollux (polydeuces), together known as the dioscuri. according to legend, these twins had the same mother, leda, but different fathers: castor was the earthly son of tyndareus, king of sparta, while pollux was the divine son of zeus, who seduced leda in the guise of a swan. the brothers were set on marrying hilaeira and phoebe - the daughters of leucippus - who were also known as the leucippides. unfortunately, they were already betrothed to the twin brothers lynceus and idas of thebes, sons of tyndareus' s brother aphareus. so to enforce their will, castor and pollux carried off the two women to sparta, where they were duly married, and both gave birth to sons: phoebe bore mnesileos to pollux; hilaeira bore anogon to castor .\nunraced as a two - year - old, pan made his one and only appearance of 1808 in the derby at epsom on 2 june. ridden by frank collinson, a\ncunning yorkshireman\n, [ 5 ] he was a 20 / 1 and 25 / 1 outsider for the race, with the duke of grafton' s colt vandyke starting 9 / 4 favourite in a field of ten runners. in the straight, vandyke moved to the front and after a\nsevere\nstruggle with clinker and rubens, looked the likely winner. collinson however, produced pan with a strong late run to catch the leaders inside the final furlong and win by half a length. it appeared that vandyke' s jockey had failed to notice the challenge of the outsider until it was too late for his colt to respond. [ 6 ] the race was considered one of the finest derbies ever run. after the race, the owners of the second, third and fourth placed horses all challenged the winner to match races, but sir hedworth did not accept. [ 7 ]\nbronze won one of her eight races as a four - year - old and was placed on six occasions. at the craven meeting she finished third in a sweepstakes over the two mile\nditch - in\ncourse. two weeks later she finished fourth of the eight runners in a king' s plate for fillies and mares over the four mile beacon course, finishing ahead of houghton lass and jerboa. [ 10 ] at brighton in august she was beaten by sir john shelley' s colt sir launcelot in a four mile sweepstakes and finished second to the prince of wales' s six - year - old horse sir david in the brighton gold cup. at lewes, two days later, she was withdrawn after finishing second in the first heat of a king' s plate won by sir launcelot. [ 11 ] on 12 october at newmarket, bronze ran a match race at level weights against the duke of grafton' s three - year - old colt musician. bronze defeated her younger rival over the ten furlong distance to win the 200 guinea prize. four days later she was beaten in a match over the same course and distance when attempting to concede twenty pounds to a colt named ferdinand. on 29 october at the newmarket houghton meeting, bronze ended her season by finishing second to meteora in the audley end stakes. [ 12 ]\nbefore the start of the 1808 season, bronze entered into the ownership of thomas goddard. she raced eight times in the year, winning twice and being placed four times, running mainly in minor races at provincial courses. she made her first appearance of the year at maddington in wiltshire on 8 june when she was beaten in a two mile sweepstakes by bucephalus. at bibury on 5 july she finished last of the five runners in the sherborne stakes, carrying a weight of 150 pounds and then finished last of three in a sweepstakes at the same course two days later. at stockbridge a week later she ran a dead heat in the first heat of a maiden plate, but failed to win the three subsequent heats, eventually finishing third to timekeeper. [ 13 ] in september, bronze was sent to compete at kingscote in gloucestershire. on the opening day of the meeting she won the kingscote stakes over three miles, beating four opponents including bucepahlus. two days later, carrying a weight of 154 pounds, she finished second to cambrian, in a sweepstakes over one mile. later the same day she finished last of the four runners behind bucephalus over two miles. bronze ended her racing career at chippenham on 27 september in a race run in a series of heats, with the prize going to the first horse to win twice. the mare finished fourth in the first heat, but won the next two heats to win the £50 purse. [ 14 ]\nbuzzard ch c 1787 (woodpecker - misfortune, by dux). sire line\nbred by thomas bullock, he was sold to christopher wilson who raced him in 1793 and 1794. there is some evidence that he was instead bred by lord egremont and sold to mr bullock at the conclusion of his first year of racing. in either case mr weatherby acted as agent in the sale from mr wilson to colonel hoomes .\nbuzzard, like other offspring of woodpecker, matured early and as a two year old defeated three year olds in several matches. during his six year turf career he won the craven stakes twice, the jockey club plate, a handicap plate plus twenty - four other matches and stakes .\nbefitting his success in the stud his fee was as high as 10gs during his years in england. in 1795 he covered at bennington, near stevenage in hertfordshire, in 1796 at newmarket, in 1797 and 1798 at boroughbridge in yorkshire and from 1799 to 1804 at newmarket .\narriving in virginia just before hoomes' death, he was sold at hoomes' dispersal for $ 5, 860 to a kentucky syndicate headed by henry clay and abe buford. buzzard died two years later in kentucky at the age of twenty - four .\nin 1789 he won a 50gs match at newmarket houghton from mr fox' s hope (bl f 1786 florizel). won a 50gs match at newmarket in november from mr dawson' s sulky (b c 1786 garrick) .\nin 1790 won a 100gs match at newmarket craven from mr vernon' s trial (b c 1787 pantaloon). lost a 100gs match at the same meeting to the right hon c j fox' s shovel (ch c 1785 magnet). lost a 100gs match at newmarket first spring to mr f dawson' s coriander (b c 1786 pot8os). lost another 100gs match at the same meeting to coriander. collected a 25gs compromise at newmarket second spring for a 50gs match with the hon c wyndham' s gallipot (b f 1787 apothecary). won a 200gs match at newmarket houghton from mr thomas panton' s ostrich (ch c 1787 woodpecker). won a 200gs match at the same meeting from mr vernon' s crazy (ch f 1787 woodpecker) .\nin 1791 won a match at newmarket craven from ostrich, with mr panton staking 250 to 200gs. won a 200gs match at newmarket first spring from hrh the duke of york' s glaucus (b c 1786 diomed). collected a 120gs compromise at newmarket second spring for a 200gs match with lord derby' s lee boo (b c 1787 florizel). unplaced in the oatlands at ascot, won by hrh the prince of wales' s baronet (b c 1785 vertumnus). won a 300gs match at newmarket july from mr t panton' s griffin (b c 1787 woodpecker). finished 3rd in the great subscription at york, won by mr h peirse' s contessina (gr f 1787 young marske), with a woodpecker colt placing 2nd, beating 5 others. won £50 at chesterfield beating 2 others. won a £50 plate at the same meeting .\nin 1792 collected a 200gs compromise from a 300gs match at newmarket craven from mr fox' s shovel. unplaced in the oatlands at the same meeting, won by mr bullock' s toby (b c 1786 highflyer), with coriander placing 2nd, actaeon (b c 1788 highflyer) 3rd, asparagus (ch c 1787 pot8os) 4th and 14 others. collected 100gs forfeit at newmarket first spring from mr o' hara' s phaeton (highflyer). won a 100gs match at the same meeting from the duke of bedford' s skyscraper (b c 1786 highflyer). lost a match for 150gs at newmarket second spring to mr wyndham' s dare devil b c 1787 magnet). won a £50 handicap plate at the same meeting, beating don quixote (ch c 1784 eclipse), griffin and 8 others. won a 100gs match at the same meeting from dare devil. won a 200gs match at newmarket october from lord foley' s vermin (br c 1788 highflyer) .\nin 1793 won the craven stakes at newmarket craven, beating mr f dawson' s coriander, mr serle' s degville (b c doge) and 12 others. won a 200gs match at the same meeting from dare devil. won a 200gs match at newmarket second spring from lord grosvenor' s derby winner rhadamanthus (b c 1787 justice). lost a 200gs match at the same meeting to coriander. won 60gs at newmarket july, beating lord egremont' s cinnabar (ch c 1789 mercury) and lord grosvenor' s brobdignag (br c 1789 highflyer). finished 2nd in the king' s plate at nottingham to colonel radcliffe' s ploughboy (ch c 1787 young morwick) in both heats. won a 100gs match at newmarket october from brobdignag. won 60gs at the same meeting." ]

{ "text": [ "rubens ( 1805 – february 1829 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "during his career he won three races , including the craven stakes in 1810 .", "after retiring from racing he became a successful stallion and was the leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1815 , 1821 and 1822 .", "his progeny included landscape , pastille and whizgig . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 7, 15 ] }

[ "rubens (1805 – february 1829) was a british thoroughbred racehorse. during his career he won three races, including the craven stakes in 1810. after retiring from racing he became a successful stallion and was the leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1815, 1821 and 1822. his progeny included landscape, pastille and whizgig." ]

[ "the initial naming of stegastes occurred when forster (1801) released his manuscript detailing a new species of fish he chose to call stegastes lividus. shortly thereafter, lacepede (1802) proclaimed stegastes nigricans as a valid species, but he opted to name it eupomacentrus, another new generic name for damselfish. species that are now considered stegastes were continually added to either genus until bleeker (1877) revised the genus, declaring stegastes a junior synonym and a subgenus of eupomacentrus. subsequently, emery and allen (1980) reinvestigated the genus, and resurrected stegastes, and placed eupomacentrus as a synonym of stegastes. perhaps interesting to note - the species that were classified under the subgenus of stegastes were moved to plectroglyphidodon upon stegastes elevation to genus .\notolith increment data from analyses of otoliths from stegastes partitus collected from the florida keys .\na rather striking example of the bicolor damsel, stegastes partitus. photo courtesy of john randall .\nsmall - man' s complex: the genus stegastes by henry c. schultz iii - urltoken\nanatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding\nstegastes pelicieri is noted to remain as a solitary individual throughout its life. photo courtesy of john randall .\nanatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding - sciencedirect\ndescripción anatómica de la jaqueta de cortés stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). estructuras clave para la alimentación omnívora\narticle: anatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding\nstegastes rectifraenum 346 3% xr - v o v r» e 26°c sg: 1. 022 10 cm 100l\nstegastes apicalis 346 8% xr - v (r r > t: 26°c sg: 1. 022 15 cm\naggregations of stegastes bicolor feed cautiously from the water column as a predator looms nearby. photo courtesy of henry c. schultz iii .\ndetails - anatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding - biodiversity heritage library\nas an endemic of the coral sea, stegastes gascoynei has little chance of appearing in the american marine aquarium trade. photo courtesy of john randall .\nrelative abundances of autotrophs, heterotrophs and coral - specific potential pathogens in the eam in control plots outside of stegastes' s territories, inside s. apicalis' s territories and inside s. nigricans' s territories. asterisks represent significant differences (p < 0. 05) between the control plot (outside stegastes' s territories) and respective stegastes' s territories (kruskal–wallis one - way analysis of variance; see the electronic supplementary material, table s5) .\na clutch of eggs laid by a stegastes species. note how they are spread thinly over a large area. photo courtesy of henry c. schultz iii .\nthese photos of stegastes diencaeus show just how remarkable of a color change occurs as gregories transform from their juvenile stage to adulthood. photos courtesy of john randall .\nthis paper aims to determine how the cultivation of turf algae - dominated territories by intensive territorial grazers in the genus stegastes influences the structure of the microbial community and the prevalence of coral disease. specifically, we characterized the algal assemblages inside and outside stegastes apicalis' s and stegastes nigricans' s territories to determine which algae were cultivated or excluded by these fish species, assessed and compared associated differences of microbial communities in the eam inside and outside of stegastes' s territories, and ran coral disease surveys inside and outside of s. nigricans' s territories. our results reveal that microbial assemblages and coral disease prevalence are considerably different inside stegastes' s territories and have substantial implications for coral health in reef systems, elucidating an important ecological link between microbes and macro - organisms in the marine environment .\nthe australian gregory, stegastes apicalis, can be found along the entire great barrier reef and is rarely found deeper than 20 feet. photo courtesy of john randall .\nstegastes nigricans and stegastes apicalis (f. pomacentridae), two intensive territorial grazers [ 7, 21, 25 ], were our study species. stegastes apicalis occurs at a depth of 1–15 m and reaches up to 15 cm (total length). stegastes nigricans occurs at the depth of 1–12 m and reaches up to 14 cm (total length). both species form social groups (termed ‘colonies’) made up of several contiguous territories, each territory belonging to an individual adult damselfish [ 37 ]. stegastes apicalis form colonies on the reef flat in association with crevices, coral rubble, sparse acroporids and soft corals, whereas s. nigricans form colonies in staghorn coral outcrops dominated by acropora muricata (j. m. casey 2013, personal observation). both damselfish species are aggressive territorial grazers that are not easily perturbed by human observers [ 13 ] .\nconsidering the outgoing, defensive nature of damselfish, especially those of pomacentrinae, i find it surprising that new species are still being uncovered. even so, new additions have been added as recently as 1999 (stegastes trindadensis), 2000 (s. uenfi) and 2001 (s. robertsoni). currently, there are 38 species in the genus stegastes .\na preserved specimen of stegastes emeryi is seen here. unfortunately, the photo does not show the wonderful blue spots that are prevalent in this species. photo courtesy of john randall .\nan intermediate coloration of stegastes variablis shown (left) alongside a juvenile (right). intermediate photo courtesy of john randall. juvenile image courtesy of henry c. schultz iii .\nanother stegastes not subscribing to the algae farm concept is s. partitus, the bicolor damsel. this species forms small aggregations of roughly 10 - 20 individuals and feeds on plankton in the water column several feet above their hideouts. their feeding tendencies are more similar to the damselfish known as chromis than with most other stegastes, but they remain every bit as fierce to intruders as the typical stegastes species. in fact, this species will greet intruders in squadron formation; each member of the local hierarchy is quick to join in the defense of their patch reef .\npcoa plot showing the per cent of variation in the microbial community of the eam explained among s. nigricans' s territories, s. apicalis' s territories and outside of stegastes' s territories .\ndias - júnior ea, molina wf. análise de similaridade genética entre espécies insulares endêmicas e costeiras do gênero stegastes (perciformes) através de marcadores moleculares rapd. publica. 2008; 4: 37–46 .\nstegastes apicalis de vis 1885, the australian gregory. western pacific, east coast of australia. to six inches maximum length. the four inch individual pictured photographed on australia' s gbr off heron island .\nstegastes beebei (nichols 1924), the southern whitetail major or galapagos ringtail damselfish. eastern pacific, panama to galapagos. to six inches maximum length. juvenile, intermediate and adult photo in the galapagos .\n( of stegastes fasciatus (ogilby, 1889) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of stegastes faciolatus (ogilby, 1889) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhile many of the fish listed are good tank mates for stegastes species, you should research each fish individually before adding it to your aquarium. some of the mentioned fish are better left in the ocean or for advanced aquarists .\nthe blunt - snout damsel, stegastes lividus, is seen here in both the juvenile (top) and adult (bottom) forms. note the change in the facial structure, hence contributing to its common name. photos courtesy of john randall .\nmolecular analyses involved extracting dna from three individuals of stegastes fuscus, s. variabilis, s. pictus, s. sanctipauli, and s. trindadensis and six of s. rocasensis (three from rocas atoll and three from fernando de noronha archipelago) .\nemery, a. r. and allen, g. r. 1980. stegastes; a senior synonym for the damselfish genus eupomacentrus; osteological and other evidence, with comments on other genera. rec. west. aust. mus. 199 - 206pp .\nallen, g. r. & a. r. emery. 1985. a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific, with descriptions of two new species. indo - pacific fishes. 3: 1 - 31 .\nmorphological approaches, associated with mitochondrial - and nuclear - gene analyses between continental and insular species of stegastes in the western atlantic displayed putative incongruities with respect to the taxonomic status attributed to the insular species s. rocasensis, s. sanctipauli, and s. trindadensis .\nstegastes obreptus prefers to occupy murky water. it lives so close to shore that a constant wave action stirs the silt from the bottom. the preserved bodies of the juvenile (left) and adult form (right) are pictured here. photos courtesy of john randall .\nallen, g. r. and a. r. emery, 1985. a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific, with descriptions of two new species. indo - pac. fish. (3): 31 p .\ndamsels are placed in the genera; abudefduf, amblyglyphidodon, amblypomacentrus, cheiloprion, chrysiptera, dischistodus, hemiglyphidodon, hypsypops, lepidozygus, mecaenichthys, microspathodon, neoglyphidodon, neopomacentrus, nexilosus, parma, plectroglyphidodon, pomacentrus, pomachromis, pristotis, similiparma, stegastes and teixeirichthys .\nstegastes species use a number of methods to communicate with conspecifics, particularly during spawning. similar to many marine fish, probably the most frequently encountered correspondence is males displaying or flashing brightly accented colors to females. take, for example, stegastes partitus, which is normally 50 / 50 black and white. when trying to attract a female, the fish becomes predominantly black and only the base of the tail remains white. the tail itself, which is normally white, matches the black of the body' s torso. these color highlights are usually associated with a series of mating dances consisting of a series of quick, short bursts in one direction followed by a nearly immediate reversal of direction. finally, individuals of stegastes species will produce audible grunts. the grunts are most often produced at the apex of their spawning dance .\nquite the conundrum is stegastes insularis. it is very abundant at depths shallower than 15 feet, seemingly making it easy to locate. however, it has only been found at two islands, christmas island and marcus island - roughly 6, 300km apart. photo courtesy of john randall .\nthe japanese gregory, stegastes altus, is not widespread enough to make it a regular import for aquarium purposes. the bottom two rays of the pectoral fin are unique for the genus - they are not attached via the membrane but isntead are free - formed. photo courtesy of john randall .\nallen, g. r. and a. r. emery, 1985. a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific, with descriptions of two new species. indo - pac. fish. (3): 31. (ref. 510 )\nstegastes diencaeus (jordan & rutter 1897), the longfin damsel. tropical west atlantic. to five inches in length. occasionally imported and sold as juveniles. adults an overall brown with dark margins on all scales. juvenile in the bahamas; a bit more mature and adult in st. thomas .\nmap showing the geographic distributions of stegastes variabilis and s. fuscus (red), s. rocasensis (blue), s. sanctipauli (green) and s. trindadensis (yellow). fna fernando de noronha archipelago, ra rocas atoll, spspa são pedro and são paulo archipelago, ti trindade island\nup to 1, 000 individuals of stegastes nigricans have been observed on a single rubble zone flat, loosely occupying the same territory and working in conjuction with one another to drive away any intruding herbivorous fish. the juvenile (above) and adult (below) color forms are pictured here. photos courtesy of john randall .\nthe differential effects of (a) s. apicalis and (b) s. nigricans on the eam. stegastes apicalis cultivates a thin layer of turf algae on barren regions and coral rubble on the benthos, whereas s. nigricans cultivates a thick turf on the branches of acroporids. (online version in colour. )\nsome species of stegastes exhibit a different coloration depending on locale. a good example of this is seen in the above two photos of s. fasciolatus, simply called the pacific damsel. the image on the left was taken in the maldives, while the image on the right is a hawaiian specimen. photos courtesy of john randall .\nanalysis of the canonical variables of body shape data of stegastes fuscus (blue diamonds), s. rocasensis (fernando de noronha archipelago, pink squares), s. rocasensis (rocas atoll, yellow triangles), s. sanctipauli (times symbols), s. trindadensis (green circles) and s. variabilis (violet squares with an asterisk), between the cv1 and cv2 axes (cv1 = 57. 3% and cv2 = 26. 4 %). the deformation grids illustrate the variation in body shape of a stegastes fuscus and s. variabilis, b s. rocasensis and s. sanctipauli, and c s. fuscus and s. trindadensis on cv1\nstegastes aureus, appropriately called the golden gregory, is often considered the best looking member of the genus. it is, after all, the only species which is not predominantly brown or black at full adult coloration. unfortunately, it is not common in the wild, and thus not common in the hobby. photo courtesy of john randall .\nthe juvenile color form of stegastes planifrons might as well be called the wise - man' s rock beauty angel because of the poor track record of the rock beauty when compared to the survivability of the threespot damsel. adult photo (left) courtesy of john randall. juvenile images (above & below) courtesy of henry c. schultz iii .\nspecimens of a stegastes variabilis castelnau 1855, b s. fuscus cuvier 1830, c s. sanctipauli lubbock and edwards 1981, d s. rocasensis emery 1972, e s. trindadensis gasparini, moura and sazima 1999, f s. pictus castelnau 1855. figures indicated by lower case letters correspond to the juveniles of the respective species. bars 1 cm\nsponaugle, su (2014) otolith increment data from stegastes partitus collected by scuba dives in the upper florida keys, usa from 2003 - 2008 (fk fish recruitment project, fk population connectivity project). biological and chemical oceanography data management office (bco - dmo). dataset version 2014 - 08 - 28 [ if applicable, indicate subset used ]. urltoken [ access date ]\ndispersion diagram of individual scores in the principal components analysis of stegastes fuscus (blue diamonds), s. rocasensis (fernando de noronha archipelago, pink squares), s. rocasensis (rocas atoll, yellow triangles), s. sanctipauli (times symbols), s. variabilis (violet squares with an asterisk), and s. trindadensis (green circles), in the space defined by spc2 and spc3\nty - jour ti - anatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding t2 - instituto de biología ur - urltoken pb - instituto de biología py - 2015 - 01 - 01 au - aguilar - medrano, rosalía au - kobelkowsky, abraham au - balart, eduardo francisco kw - damselfishes kw - diet kw - digestive systems kw - muscular system kw - osteology er -\nneighbor - joining tree derived from coi sequences of stegastes. analysis based on the kimura - 2 - parameter evolutionary model with 1000 bootstrap replicates (only values higher than 70 shown); spspa são pedro and são paulo archipelago, ra rocas atoll, fna fernando de noronha archipelago, ti trindade island; numbers below branches indicate bootstrap percentages; numbers before species names refer to bold sequences; the coi sequences obtained in this study are highlighted\ntypically, the depths they inhabit, as mentioned above, are shallow. additionally, at each locale the depth zone' s range is minimal for all but a few species (allen and emery, 1985). as always, a few species stand out as exceptions to the rule. stegastes altus, s fasciolatus, and s. gascoynei have all been noted to range from the surge zone to depths of nearly 100 feet at the same locale .\nstegastes arcifrons (heller & snodgrass 1903), the island major. good looking and... quite a bonus, a known aiptasia eater! to 13 cm. eastern pacific: costa rica and from cocos, malpelo and galapagos islands in shallow, rocky shores. typical for genus, this is a territorial species that is constantly looking for, if not driving off members of its own and often, other fish species. feeds on algae and small invertebrates, including tubeworms and anemone tentacles .\n@ article { bhlpart172202, title = { anatomical description of the cortés damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding }, journal = { instituto de biología }, url = urltoken publisher = { instituto de biología }, author = { aguilar - medrano, rosalía and kobelkowsky, abraham and balart, eduardo francisco }, year = { 2015 - 01 - 01 }, keywords = { damselfishes | diet | digestive systems | muscular system | osteology | }, }\ninjury - free adults of the species identified as stegastes fuscus (n = 31); s. variabilis (n = 18), s. rocasensis (n = 5; ra); s. rocasensis (n = 18; fna); s. sanctipauli (n = 17); and s. trindadensis (n = 26) were used in morphometric analyses. counts of branched rays in dorsal, pectoral and anal fins and lateral - line scales were obtained for all the specimens .\nmaximum likelihood tree based on the combination of 16s, coi, cytb, rag1 and rhod (2580 pb) sequences of stegastes. analysis based on the gtr + g evolutionary model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. highlighted are the close relationships between the insular species s. rocasensis and s. sanctipauli and between s. fuscus and s. trindadensis. spspa são pedro and são paulo archipelago, ra rocas atoll, fna fernando de noronha archipelago, ti trindade island. numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages\nanalyses of the principal components obtained by traditional multivariate morphometry indicated that the species in general have similar body morphology. in relation to insular forms, s. rocasensis from ra and fna exhibit overlapping morphological aspects. these two populations of s. rocasensis demonstrated markedly similar morphology to that of s. sanctipauli, and accurate ordering on the spc2 and spc3 axes. in fact, both species display morphological patterns more similar to each other than to the other species of stegastes analyzed. on the other hand, the continental species s. variabilis exhibits only partial discrimination of insular individuals, which could suggest the effect of different environmental pressures .\nto assess the algal communities inside s. apicalis' s and s. nigricans' s territories, we surveyed 20 territories from each study species. after estimating territory size, percentage coverage of algae in each territory was assessed visually and photographically. to assess the exclusion of macroalgae from stegastes' territories, ten 1 m 2 quadrats were placed on the benthos to identify the macroalgae taxa that did not appear in damselfish territories. algae were identified to genus level and, when possible, to species level [ 39, 40 ]. for the two damselfish species' territories, we quantified differences in algal species richness, evenness and shannon diversity .\nto determine the impact of territorial damselfish on microbial communities, we examined the bacterial composition of the eam inside and outside damselfish territories. in the field, ten 50 ml eam samples were collected from control plots outside of stegastes' s territories, inside s. apicalis' s territories and inside s. nigricans' s territories. for the collections from s. apicalis' s and s. nigricans' s territories, samples were taken across two damselfish colonies, and each sample came from a different damselfish territory. samples were immediately snap - frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored at −80°c [ 41 ] and transported to james cook university for processing and dna extraction .\npomacentridae es una de las familias de peces más abundantes en arrecifes de coral y rocosos de aguas tropicales y templadas. stegastes rectifraenum (gill, 1862), como los miembros del genero stegastes, es territorial y activamente cultiva algas en su territorio, ayudando en la regulación de la estructura de la comunidad algal y productividad del arrecife. es endémica y una de las especies más abundantes de la costa del pacífico mexicano. aun con su fuerte relación con las comunidades algales, esta especie es omnívora. en este análisis presentamos la primera descripción anatómica completa de un pomacéntrido, enfocándonos en una pregunta: ¿qué estructuras le permiten a s. rectifraenum acceder a una dieta omnívora? a través del análisis de los sistemas óseo, muscular y digestivo, la anatomía de la especie fue descrita. la compleja anatomía de s. rectifraenum muestra un conjunto de caracteres previamente descrito para especies ramoneadoras (músculos mandibulares), herbívoras (dientes mandibulares), omnívoras con preferencia por alga (osteología cefálica general) y zooplanctívoras (forma del intestino y dientes faríngeos). de acuerdo con nuestros resultados, s. rectifraenum es ramoneadora, omnívora con preferencia por algas. finalmente, el carácter clave que le facilita a s. rectifraenum el acceso a un amplio rango de recursos es la forma de los dientes faríngeos, los cuales pueden moler, sujetar y desgarrar eficazmente .\nreproductive behavior of the herbivorous damselfish stegastes nigricans was studied. both males and females held individual feeding territories, which were distributed contiguously and formed colonies. spawning season was from june to september. females visited males' territories and spawned eggs on the algal nest. males tended eggs until hatching but exhibited less care taking behavior than other damselfishes. the mating system was promiscuous in that both males and females spawn with several mates, even within a single day. however, only 1 female was accepted in the nest at a time. the restriction of the number of mates in the nest may be an adptation to prevent the sneaking which was often conducted by other males of the same colony, and may also be avoidance of disturbing the spawning female. most spawnings were done among members of the same colony and inter - colonial spawnings were rare (27 cases of 333 spawnings observed). the results of this study suggest that colonial distribution of s. nigricans may bring several benefits in reproduction to the colony members (e. g. easy mate findings within fellow colony members), but also seems to bring costs (e. g. restriction of number of mates) .\nthe taxonomic status of pomacentridae species can be difficult to determine, due to the high diversity, and in some cases, poorly understood characters, such as color patterns. although stegastes rocasensis, endemic to the rocas atoll and fernando de noronha archipelago, and s. sanctipauli, endemic to the são pedro and são paulo archipelago, differ in color pattern, they exhibit similar morphological characters and largely overlapping counts of fin rays and lateral - line scales. another nominal insular species, s. trindadensis, has recently been synonymized with s. fuscus but retained as a valid subspecies by some authors. counts and morphometric analyses and mitochondrial dna (coi, 16srrna, cytb) and nuclear dna (rag1 and rhodopsin) comparisons of three insular species (s. rocasensis, s. sanctipauli and s. trindadensis) and three other south atlantic species (s. fuscus, s. variabilis and s. pictus) were carried out in the present study. analyses of the principal components obtained by traditional multivariate morphometry indicate that the species in general have similar body morphology. molecular analyses revealed conspicuous similarity between s. rocasensis and s. sanctipauli and between s. trindadensis and s. fuscus and a clear divergence between s. variabilis from northeast brazil and s. variabilis from the caribbean region. our data suggest that s. sanctipauli is a synonym of s. rocasensis, support the synonymy of s. trindadensis with s. fuscus, and reveal the presence of a likely cryptic species in the caribbean that has been confused historically with s. variabilis .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > anatomical description of the cort & # 233; s damselfish stegastes rectifraenum (perciformes: pomacentridae). key structures for omnivore feeding < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > aguilar - medrano, rosal & # 237; a < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > kobelkowsky, abraham < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > balart, eduardo francisco < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > damselfishes < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > diet < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > digestive systems < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > muscular system < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > osteology < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > instituto de biolog & # 237; a < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > instituto de biolog & # 237; a < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < date > 2015 - 01 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eupomacentrus bleeker, 1877) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of segastes) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhanks to local aquarium stores nationwide, the first fishes introduced to aquarists, and added to their aquariums, are generally damselfishes. they are sold as fish that are incredibly hardy, usually withstanding all that new hobbyists can give them, and then some. in this regard they probably are the ideal fish for first - time hobbyists. the time will likely come, however, when the aquarist will need to remove these fish from the aquarium in order to keep the peace or be able to add additional, less pugnacious fish. unfortunately, this often either is not discussed prior to the damsels' introduction, or the aquarium store employees fail to relate and detail the tedious work required to remove the fish. the ensuing attempts to catch and remove these fish will undoubtedly stress the hobbyist, the fish they are trying to catch, and naturally any other inhabitants of the aquarium. perhaps the most apt\nhe common name\ndamselfish\nis applied to over 300 marine fish and as a group name, it is accurate enough for hobbyists. ichthyologists categorize them as belonging in the taxonomic family of marine fish family called the pomacentridae. this family presently contains 28 genera divided among the four subfamilies. the subfamily pomacentrinae is where you' ll find\n, and species from each ocean are common in the aquarium trade. six species are regularly encountered in the caribbean; the remaining 22 species are spread across pacific waters including not only the north and south pacific, but the indian ocean and red sea as well. some species, such as\n, range over a large geographical area incorporating most of the reefs from the east coast of africa to as far east as easter island. however, whereas\nis restricted to the tropical seas not stretching far from the equator. in contrast ,\n, the species with the smallest geographical distribution, is found only around mauritius (allen and emery, 1985) .\nof course, before the male does anything to attract a female he must first get the nest in ideal condition for the female' s eggs. the selected site usually is a hard surface such as rock, pier pilings, or dead coral. the male removes all algae and foreign objects, as well as any offending invertebrates such as urchins or starfish, from the area. the tail is used to dust away detritus, while they grasp bulkier items such as algae in their jaws, then remove them by swimming away and dropping them. mobile invertebrates which often have a good grasp on the rockwork are chased away in similar fashion to how these fish chase away scuba divers - persistent nipping of their extremities .\nnaturally, a similar group of the communication tools used in spawning is also used as a precursor to attacking intruders. if these warnings are not heeded, an all out assault on the intruder will result. unafraid of the largest parrotfish or even scuba divers, attacks on the skin begin. most often, the parrotfish and other fish species will move along before outward attacks are launched, but humans are usually not as lucky. fortunately, their small mouths and velcro - like teeth are unable to inflict damage beyond an increase in the diver' s heartbeat from being startled .\nfor a short video of a male both providing maintenance and defending his clutch, click the video button: the video and pop - up window may take a few minutes to load depending on your connection speed. the quicktime plug - in is necessary to view this video. to download the plug - in click on the image below :\nare characterized as popular reef aquarium fish. to say any particular damselfish, and specifically those of the genus\n, is a hardy aquarium inhabitant would probably be considered an understatement by many hobbyists with experience with these fish. they are resilient to the common mistakes made by beginning aquarists, often to the extent of being able to survive for extended periods of time variations in water parameters that would kill most reef animals. this is obviously why damselfish are suggested to be the first fish into the aquarium by most local marine aquarium stores .\nslow and unable to get out of the way, boxfishes are likely to be excessively harassed .\nnot recommended, but once established a jawfish can hide in its burrow and escape damselfish attacks. may remain mostly hidden .\ninvertebrates are, for the most part, ignored by damsels. possible exceptions would be small corals placed into their territory that they object to. although they will not intentionally harm the coral, they will redecorate the aquarium to suit their desires and in doing so may disturb the coral enough to cause stress. mobile invertebrates, such as snails and crabs, will also be subject to periodic eviction, although this is obviously of less concern .\nfood items offered should consist primarily of prepared algae diets, but an occasional mix of carnivorous foods are also appreciated. algal foods, such as the dried algae commonly called nori at oriental food stores, are some of the popular options, but many frozen, freeze - dried, and pellet options abound. in regard to meaty foods, enriched brine shrimp and mysid shrimp will adequately fill this void. this is especially important for juveniles as a larger portion of their diet consists of copepods due to their lack of an algae farm. additionally, harvesting the damsel' s farmed algal bed would not be a good idea no matter how much you despise filamentous algae. in fact, you may wish to encourage its growth prior to adding the damsel, but allowing it to take over the aquarium would be going too far .\n. you' d be hard pressed not to find a plethora of these damsels on the reefs across the caribbean. however, their lack of an attractive adult coloration doesn' t warrant a high degree of demand within the aquarium trade. the results in an extremely affordable fish that is rather plentiful, but that also lags in sales. those that do sell are the juveniles, which unlike the adults, have exquisite coloration. reaching a maximum adult size of five inches, they can be extremely aggressive. as juveniles, they mimic\n. the common name is obviously taken from the juvenile color form which sports a single spot on each side just underneath the dorsal fin, and a single spot at the base of the tail .\namselfish fill the niche of a fish meant for the beginning aquarist rather well. they withstand less than ideal water parameters and remain disease resistant, allowing aquarists to learn the hobby without killing large numbers of fish. at the same time, an advanced aquarist can settle in with the knowledge that they will have years of success keeping a fish with an interesting personality. regardless of which category you represent, do not make the mistake of trying to mix numerous other small, defenseless fish with\nif you have any questions about this article, please visit my author forum on reef central .\nallen, g. r. . 1991. damselfishes of the world. mergus publishers, melle, germany. 271 p .\nbaensch, h. a. 1994. baensch marine atlas, volume 1. microcosm. shelburne. 1215 pp .\nburgess, w. e. , et al. 1991. dr. burgess' s mini - atlas of marine aquarium fishes minedition. t. f. h. publications. neptune city. 1023 pp .\ndeloach, n. 1999. reef fish behavior. new world publications. jacksonville. 359 pp .\nhumann, p. 1996. reef fish identification. new world publications. jacksonville. 396 pp .\nlieske, e. and r. myers, 1994 collins pocket guide. coral reef fishes. indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea. haper collins publishers, 400 p .\nmichael, s. w. 1999. marine fishes: 500 + essential - to - know aquarium species. microcosm. shelburne. 447 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ngreek, stegastos, - e, - on = covered (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; demersal; ph range: 7. 5 - 8. 3; dh range: 15 - 40; depth range 0 - 3 m (ref. 7247). tropical; 21°c - 28°c (ref. 12468 )\nwestern atlantic: known only from jamaica, panama (atlantic coast), and cuba, but probably widespread in the caribbean .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 13. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 26340 )\ndorsal spines (total): 12 - 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 14; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 12 - 14. exhibits geographic color variations .\nadults inhabit brackish or freshwater at salinities ranging from 3 to 31. 5 ppt. , found in bays, estuaries, and lower reaches of freshwater streams (ref. 7247). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\noviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\nallen, g. r. , 1991. damselfishes of the world. mergus publishers, melle, germany. 271 p. (ref. 7247 )\n): 27. 7 - 28. 5, mean 28 (based on 119 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01479 (0. 00671 - 0. 03258), b = 2. 98 (2. 79 - 3. 17), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (24 of 100) .\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 2 - 10 m (ref. 9710). tropical; 30°n - 30°s\nindo - pacific: ryukyu islands, encompassing the indo - malayan archipelago, western australia north of abrolhos islands; reaching eastward along the northern margin of the tropical indian ocean to sri lanka and india .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 12. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 7247 )\ndorsal spines (total): 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 16; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 12 - 14. diagnosis: body and median fins generally brown to nearly black; body paler ventrally; fins grading to smoky gray distally. margin of scales on sides with blackish streak, appearing as series of transverse bands; few small blue spots scattered on head and sides. pelvic and anal fins bright blue anteriorly. lips dusky brown (ref. 510). body depth 1. 7 - 2. 2 in sl (ref. 90102) .\nadults occur close to shore in rocky or dead reef areas where visibility is often reduced due to silting and wave action. territorial, they maintain and' weed' filamentous algae patches growing on dead coral (ref. 9710). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\n): 25 - 29. 3, mean 28. 4 (based on 2607 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01995 (0. 00939 - 0. 04240), b = 2. 99 (2. 82 - 3. 16), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 0 ±0. 00 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100) .\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 0 - 10 m (ref. 27000). tropical; 33°n - 35°s, 98°w - 31°w\nwestern atlantic: including southern florida (usa), bermuda, and northern gulf of mexico to brazil .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9710 )\ndorsal spines (total): 12; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 16; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 12 - 14. caudal fin slightly forked, with rounded lobes. dark blue or brown above, yellow below, without obvious narrow vertical lines. dark spot near back of dorsal fin well above its base becomes smaller in larger fish (ref. 26938) .\nadults occur in seagrass beds, coral or rocky reefs and sandy areas. also found around mangrove shores and sponge beds; less common on flourishing coral reefs (ref. 26938). they remain within 50 cm from the substrate. adults feed on algae, polychaetes, amphipods, foraminiferans and gastropods while juveniles feed on harpacticoid copepods, nemerteans and polychaetes (ref. 9626). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205). caught incidentally in traps and small - meshed beach nets (ref. 5217) .\noviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205). the eggs are deposited inside empty shells or under stones or shell (ref. 39478) .\n): 26. 2 - 28. 2, mean 27. 5 (based on 586 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02042 (0. 01277 - 0. 03265), b = 2. 94 (2. 81 - 3. 07), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 2 se; based on diet studies .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (21 of 100) .\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 2 - 10 m (ref. 58047). tropical\nwestern atlantic: known only from brazil, including st. paul' s rocks .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 8. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 7247 )\nadults inhabit shallow outer reefs and lagoons (ref. 7247). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\n): 27. 1 - 27. 6, mean 27. 5 (based on 66 cells) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 7 ±0. 24 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (22 of 100) .\ndescription inhabits shallow seaward reefs exposed to mild to moderate surge (ref. 1602). at lord howe and easter islands it is know to ...\ndescription inhabits shallow seaward reefs exposed to mild to moderate surge (ref. 1602). at lord howe and easter islands it is know to occur from shallow surge pools down to at least 30 m. feeds on filamentous algae. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nking, c. m. ; roberts, c. d. ; bell, b. d. ; fordyce, r. e. ; nicoll, r. s. ; worthy, t. h. ; paulin, c. d. ; hitchmough, r. a. ; keyes, i. w. ; baker, a. n. ; stewart, a. l. ; hiller, n. ; mcdowall, r. m. ; holdaway, r. n. ; mcphee, r. p. ; schwarzhans, w. w. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; rust, s. ; macadie, i. (2009). phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 431 - 554. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pomacentrus atrilabiatus fowler, 1946) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus craticulus smith, 1965) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus fasciolatus ogilby, 1889) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus inornatus jordan & seale, 1906) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus jenkinsi jordan & evermann, 1903) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus vanderbilti fowler, 1941) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eupomacentrus fasciolatus (ogilby, 1889) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eupomacentrus marginatus jenkins, 1901) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eupomacentrus paschalis whitley, 1929) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudopomacentrus navalis whitley, 1964) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus niomatus de vis, 1884) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pomacentrus niomatus de vis, 1884) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pomacentrus luteobrunneus smith, 1960) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database. afcd. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is only known from three locations (galápagos, cocos and malpelo islands), but the majority of its adult poulation is thought to be restricted to the galapagos. given its association with shallow reefs, it is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2, 000 km². regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range, shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific. this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b and d2 .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific, and is found in the galápagos, malpelo and cocos islands. it has also been recorded as a vagrant on the coast of costa rica and in the pearl islands, panama. given its shallow - water, reef - associated habitat, this species is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2, 000 km² .\nthis species is considered abundant in the galápagos, and moderately common in mapelo and cocos islands. however, only juveniles were observed at malpelo and cocos, suggesting that the galápagos may have the only viable self sustaining population. more research on the population status and distribution is required .\nthis species inhabits coral and rocky reefs (allen 1991) to depths of 20 m .\nthere are no conservation measures known for this species. however, this species is present in marine protected areas in galápagos, malpelo and cocos islands (wdpa 2006). more research is needed to determine the population status and distribution of this species." ]

{ "text": [ "stegastes is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family pomacentridae .", "members of this genus are marine coastal fishes except for s. otophorus , which also occurs in brackish water .", "these fish are known by the names of damselfish , gregory and major .", "they are small tropical fish associated with coral and rocky reefs in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans .", "they are sometimes found in the aquarium trade where they are an easy-to-keep fish , but they do not mix well with other fish of their own or other species because of their territorial habits and aggressiveness . " ], "topic": [ 22, 26, 27, 18, 15 ] }

[ "stegastes is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family pomacentridae. members of this genus are marine coastal fishes except for s. otophorus, which also occurs in brackish water. these fish are known by the names of damselfish, gregory and major. they are small tropical fish associated with coral and rocky reefs in the atlantic, indian and pacific oceans. they are sometimes found in the aquarium trade where they are an easy-to-keep fish, but they do not mix well with other fish of their own or other species because of their territorial habits and aggressiveness." ]

[ "this is the place for ebenosticta definition. you find here ebenosticta meaning, synonyms of ebenosticta and images for ebenosticta copyright 2017 © urltoken\nironopolia common, 1994; monogr. austral. lepid. 3: 170; ts: depressaria sobriella walker\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ebenosticta. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ebenosticta and, of course, ebenosticta synonyms and on the right images related to the word ebenosticta .\nmachimia ebenosticta turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 116\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhoplitica neochlora meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 495\ndepressaria sobriella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 565\nmachimia stygnodes turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 116\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 27: 1 - 286 (1863), 28: 287 - 562 (1863), 29: 563 - 835 (1864), 30: 837 - 1096 (1864 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "ironopolia ebenosticta is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "it was described by turner in 1946 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the forewings are whitish-grey with blackish dots and a few scattered scales .", "the first discal spot is found at one-fourth , the plical beyond it and the second discal at the middle .", "there is a dot on three-fourths of the dorsum and the second discal is connected by a line of dots with one-third of the costa , and by another line with three-fourths of the dorsum .", "there is also a fine partly interrupted line from two-thirds of the costa to the tornus , indented beneath the costa and in the middle and there is a terminal series of dots .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "ironopolia ebenosticta is a moth in the oecophoridae family. it was described by turner in 1946. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the forewings are whitish-grey with blackish dots and a few scattered scales. the first discal spot is found at one-fourth, the plical beyond it and the second discal at the middle. there is a dot on three-fourths of the dorsum and the second discal is connected by a line of dots with one-third of the costa, and by another line with three-fourths of the dorsum. there is also a fine partly interrupted line from two-thirds of the costa to the tornus, indented beneath the costa and in the middle and there is a terminal series of dots. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "dinagat crateromys, dinagat hairy - tailed cloud rat, dinagat island cloud rat .\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\ndinagat hairy - tailed rat\n.\nwith reverso you can find the english translation, definition or synonym for dinagat hairy tailed rat [ batomys russatus ] and thousands of other words. you can complete the translation of dinagat hairy tailed rat [ batomys russatus ] given by the english - german collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as: wikipedia, lexilogos, larousse dictionary, le robert, oxford, grévisse\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - dinagat hairy - tailed rat facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nthe dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat is classified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\ninformation on the dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys australis) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys australis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys australis )\ntitle =\narkive species - dinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys australis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npanay bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys heaneyi). arkive. retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 28 .\nfacts summary: the dinagat hairy - tailed rat (batomys russatus) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area (s): philippines. this species is also known by the following name (s): russet batomys .\nthere is little information on reproductive mating systems in bushy - tailed cloud rats .\nthe giant bushy - tailed cloud rat occurs only in the high mountains of central northern luzon, the largest island in the philippines (2) (6) .\nreports from local inhabitants indicate that the panay cloud rat is faily common in its habitat, and is sometimes caught for food .\nduring the daylight hours, the giant bushy - tailed cloud rat sleeps in trees, either in a cavity in the trunk or in a hole amongst the tree' s roots (2). as the sun sets, the cloud rat becomes active, feeding on the buds and bark of trees, and on fruits (2) (5). occasionally, the giant bushy - tailed cloud rat will feed forage on the ground as well as in trees (8). giant bushy - tailed cloud rats construct their nests in trees, building a bulky structure with cut branches among the top branches of an oak or pine tree. a cosy chamber is created by lining the nest with a thick layer of pine needles, mosses and ferns (2) .\nlike other cloud rats, the panay bushy - tailed cloud rat is threatened primarily by wide - scale deforestation and habitat destruction (1) (6). additionally, cloud rats are hunted for their meat and to be kept as pets (6) .\nthe giant bushy - tailed cloud rat occurs in several national parks in northern luzon (8), including mount pulag national park (3). hunting of this species is not permitted under philippine law, except by indigenous people using traditional methods (8) .\nthe panay cloudrunner (crateromys heaneyi) is the second - largest cloud rat, a squirrel - like rodent that is found on the island of panay in the philippines .\nthere was little information on the ecosytem role of bushy tailed cloud rats. however, as herbivores, they may help to disperse seeds in the forests they live in .\nheaney, l. r. and rabor, d. s. (1982) mammals of dinagat and siargao islands, philippines. museum of zoology, university of michigan, michigan .\nthe giant bushy - tailed cloud rat is actively hunted by the local people of central northern luzon, who value its meat and use its beautiful, wool - like fur to make items (2) (5). some giant bushy - tailed cloud rats have also been captured to be kept as pets. the deterioration and loss of forest habitat may also be threatening this species (5), as commercial agriculture, population growth and poverty in the philippines forces people to clear forest for cultivation at increasingly high altitudes (9) .\nnatives of northern luzan island have hunted bushy - tailed cloud rats and sold their wool - like pelts. some have also been kept as pets, although their temperment in captivity has not been commented on in the literature .\nkemp' s thicket rat (thamnomys kempi) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found in burundi, democratic republic of the congo, and rwanda. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss .\nmusser, g. g. , heaney, l. r. and tabaranza jr, b. r. (1998) philippine rodents: redefinitions of known species of batomys (muridae, murinae) and description of a new species from dinagat island. american museum novitates, 3237: 1 - 51 .\ndinagat island is particularly threatened by increasing levels of mining for chromite which occurs in ultrabasic areas. the species and habitat occur in an area which is negatively affected by local political activities. deforestation is probably a major threat (oliver et al. 1993). currently much of the forest has been logged or fragmented. most of the dinagat island area is covered by approved mining claims with no area protected on national level and the threats are severe (řeháková et al. 2015). the specimen collected in san jose was likely to have been kept as a pet (p. ong pers. comm. 2016) .\nthe charming thicket rat (thamnomys venustus) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is described as data deficient as thamnomys schoutedeni. it is found in democratic republic of the congo, rwanda, and uganda. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss .\njustification: the species is listed as data deficient, because it is only known from a handful of specimens from two areas of dinagat island. almost nothing is known about its distribution, population, ecological requirements, or threats that it faces. whilst it is likely to be more common than previously thought, there is continued destruction of its forest habitat .\nthe russet batomys is endemic to dinagat island, a small, mountainous island off the northeast coast of mindanao, in the philippines (1) (2) (3) (5) (6). it may potentially be more widespread, possibly occurring on the nearby islands of siargao and bucas grande, but surveys are needed to determine this (1) .\nthis species is known only from the holotype captured in 1975, one individual photo and video recorded in 2012, and a specimen found in san jose, dinagat (l. heaney pers. comm. 2016). the species may be common on the island, but difficult to detect because it is shy and cryptic (p. ong pers. comm .) .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines where it is known only from dinagat island (heaney and rabor 1982). it is thought to occupy areas above 300 m. it may be more widespread than its current known range, occurring perhaps on siargao and bucas grande, but there have been no adequate surveys to determine this (l. heaney pers. comm. 2016) .\nthe population of this geographically restricted species on dinagat island has been particularly threatened by habitat loss caused by illegal logging since 1995 and more recently (2001 - 2007) several mining companies have started operating there. suitable habitat for this species is found within the mining concessions. the local government is also very supportive of the mining companies because of their contribution to the local governments funds .\nluzon bushy - tailed cloud rats have a strange shrill cry that sometimes sounds like insects and may be a form of communication. as mammals, it is likely that they use some visual communication, such as body postures, to communicate. most mammals have some chemical communication, where scents indicate reproductive status, or help to identify individuals. tactile communication is also likely to be present, especially between mates, parents and offspring, and between individuals during agonistic encounters .\nthe holotype is from disturbed lowland forest, near a logging road. the second individual was observed in a semi - protected area. the site in loreto where video footage of the species was recorded was dense tangled foliage of secondary forest (p. ong pers. comm. 2016). the species is small for a cloud rat which occurs in the canopy. it was observed closely after sunset and therefore is likely to be nocturnal (řeháková et al. 2015) .\ninformation on the russet batomys is lacking, but it is believed to have a small global population and to be declining as a result of habitat loss on dinagat, due to agriculture, mining and illegal logging (1) (2). as with many islands in the region, little of the original forest cover may now remain (7). this species is not thought to be very tolerant of habitat disturbance, and its small and highly fragmented range puts it at even greater risk of extinction (1), but little information is available on its exact status (2) .\nthees animals look a bit like long, bushy - tailed guinea pigs. the body is long, with a slim muzzle, and small eyes and ears. each of the hands and feet have five digits. the thumb has a flattened nail, while the remaining fingers and toes have strong, but slender claws with a bit of hair at the base of each claw. the head and body length ranges from 325 to 394 mm and the length of the tail ranges from 355 up to 475 mm. the pelage coloration ranges from dark brown to black on the upper body, dark gray on the sides, and lighter gray on the lower body. however, some individuals have white or brownish fur on the anterior of the body, or the underparts are completely white. the fur is very dense, with thick underfur and wavy to straight guard hairs. the tail is long and bushy .\ntogether with its smaller size, the distinctive fur colour helps distinguish the russet batomys from other batomys species, which are larger and darker, with dark patches on the front feet (3) (4) (5). interestingly, the russet batomys is unique in possessing a primitive pattern of blood vessels in the head, a feature shared by no other living members of the muridae family, although it is present in many species of ‘rats’ and ‘mice’ of the family cricetidae (3) (6) .\nvery little is known about the biology of this poorly - studied mammal. it is suspected to be active at night and to live on the ground (2) (3), and, like other batomys species, is likely to feed on a variety of leaves, seeds and fruits (3) (4) .\nthe russet batomys has been captured in lowland tropical forest at elevations of around 350 metres (1) (2) (3) (6) .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthere are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for this poorly - known mammal. surveys are needed to confirm whether the species occurs on any other islands and to assess its tolerance of habitat disturbance (1), and it may also benefit from further research into its ecology and behaviour .\nauthenticated (07 / 10 / 10) by dr lawrence heaney, curator and head of the division of mammals, the field museum, chicago .\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area .\nnowak, r. m. (1991) walker’s mammals of the world. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore and london .\nwilson, d. e. and reeder, d. m. (2005) mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference. third edition. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore. available at: urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - russet batomys (batomys russatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - russet batomys (batomys russatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - russet batomys (batomys russatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the species is assessed as endangered as it is has an extent of occurrence (eoo) of approximately 1, 272 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline caused by habitat loss and destruction from agriculture, mining and illegal logging activities. the species is probably not tolerant of habitat disturbance .\nthe species is known only from two specimens collected in 1975, and one individual in 1995 (musser et al. 1998). there have been no subsequent surveys done specifically for this species, but other surveys in the area in the early 2000s failed to locate any additional individuals (b. tabaranza pers. comm) .\n. 1998). it is not thought to be tolerant to major habitat disturbance. this species is nocturnal and probably arboreal (l. heaney pers. comm. 2016) .\nlittle is known about this species and field research is badly needed (l. heaney pers. comm. 2016). surveys are required to determine the geographic range of the species on nearby islands as well as its tolerance to habitat disturbance .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nong, p. , tabaranza, b. , rosell - ambal, r. g. b. , balete, d. s. , heaney, l. , řeháková, m. & duya, a .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation / definition, duplicate entries... )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nsea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles, well adapted to life at sea. unlike turtles on land, sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head. but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs, they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .\nhere, we look at the seven species that can be found today, all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nrestricted to the mountain areas (above 1, 800 to 3, 500 m asl) of the albertine rift valley in burundi, rwanda and the democratic republic of the congo. recorded from comparatively small area between 01s and 03s from the virunga volcanoes and kahuzi - biega national park west of lake kivu in the democratic republic of the congo, nyungwe forest in rwanda, and from northwestern burundi. it is possibly present in uganda, although this needs to be confirmed .\npreferred habitat is thickets in open areas of montane secondary forests (and occasionally in primary forests) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & cox, n. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000 km (presumably it is greater than 5, 000 km), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in the albertine rift .\nthe montane forests of the albertine valley are under threat, largely through the conversion of land to agricultural and other uses, and logging operations .\nit has been recorded from some protected areas (eg. kahuzi - biega national park). additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this little - known species. there is a need to conserve remaining areas of suitable forest habitat within the albertine rift .\n, its exact distribution is indeterminable. contemporary analysis suggests a' significant' difference in the size of the holotype and\n, where the former also exhibits molar features atypical of the later. yet other specimens collected from the slopes of mount karisimbi, rats that hatt had considered as examples of\nhatt, r. t .\nfourteen hitherto unrecognized african rodents\n. american museum novitates (708): 10 .\nwilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. (2005). mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). baltimore, md: johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0801882210 .\ndieterlen, f. 2004. thamnomys kempi. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 20 july 2007 .\nmusser, g. g. ; carleton, m. d. (2005) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 894–1531. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncloud rats are arboreal, nocturnal animals that usually spend most of the day sleeping in holes of large trees (1) (6). their diet typically consists of tender young leaves, bananas, guavas and young corns (1) (6). one captive specimen of this species lived for almost nine years, but the maximum potential lifespan is unknown (7) .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines where is found only in the greater negros - panay faunal region (heaney et al. 1999) on panay island perhaps up to 400 m. however, local people suggest that the species occurs up to a much higher altitude (w. oliver pers. comm .) .\nendemic to the philippine island of panay, where it is now confined to a mountain range on the western part of the island (2) .\nknown distripution is limited to the panay mountain range on panay island in the west - central philippines. the mountain range runs north - south and separates the provinces of iloilo, capiz and aklan in the east and antique in the west. distribution was likely more widespread when forest covered a much larger portion of the island .\nhead - body length is usually shorter than tail length. side of face, chin and throat is pale grayish - brown. short, tapering muzzle is covered in dark gray - brown hairs (15mm). incisors and upper molars are relatively large. vibrissae (whiskers) are long and black (≤80mm). ears are small and round with dark umber - brown hairs growing out of the distal end both inside and out, while the basal end of the ear is naked inside and covered with short hairs outside. eyes are small and black, rimmed with hairless skin. umber - gray underfur (17mm) covers the space between the eyes. dark umber - brown guard hairs (27mm) form a slight nuchal crest which obscures the ears .\nthe back is covered with dark umber - brown and black guard hairs (45mm) as well as a thick, soft umber - gray underfur (38mm). burnt - umber - gray guard hairs with golden tips (73mm) and umber - gray underfur (41mm) grow on the rump. the underside fur is thick and appressed to the body with a dark umber - brown stripe running from the base of the neck to the belly, surrounded by umber - gray fur; the scrotal region to the base of the tail is dark umber - brown. the tail is black and bushy, with hairs ranging from 27 - 35mm long .\nhairs on the back of the smaller forefeet and large, thick hind feet are dark umber - brown to black, except for the palmar and plantar regions, which are pale pinkish - brown and naked. the forefeet contain three interdigital and two palmar pads; the hind feet contain four interdigital and two plantar pads. claws are pale horn and curve downward .\ncrateromys heaneyi is a large murid rodent with a thick, soft coat of black, grey, and umber - brown and a long black tail; a short, pointed face with chubby cheeks and hairless, pink plantars and nose; small, black eyes and small, rounded ears; long, umber - brown guard hairs thick in the rear but nearly absent on the flanks, face and neck; ventral umber - grey hair with a dark umber - brown stripe running from the base of the neck to the belly; limbs covered in black hair, except for the palmar and plantar pads, which are hairless and pinkish - brown; and long digits terminating in sharp, pale horn, downward - curving claws. crateromys. heaneyi is larger than c. australis and c. paulus and smaller than c. schadenbergi .\nthis is a strictly arboreal and forest dependent species. it has been collected from lowland tropical primary and secondary evergreen rainforest formations (gonzales and kennedy 1996; schweigert 1998). it may also occur in higher elevation forests based on many reports from local people (w. oliver pers. comm .) .\nfound in lowland primary and secondary forest to approximately 400 m above sea level (5) .\nc. heaneyi inhabits a wide range of habitats and elevations, including patches of forest in agricultural and grassland areas; primary and second - growth forest to at least 400m elevations; and possibly montane mossy forest at higher elevations .\nmaximum longevity: 8. 8 years (captivity) observations: not much is known about this recently discovered nocturnal animals exclusive to the island of panay (ronald nowak 1999). one captive specimen lived for 8. 8 years (richard weigl 2005). because only a few specimens have been studied in detail, the maximum longevity of this endangered species could be underestimated .\ncloud rats give birth to one or two young per litter. adults may live alone or in mating pairs with or without 1 - 2 young .\nheaney, l. , balete, d. , rosell - ambal, g. , tabaranza, b. , ong, p. & widmann, p .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as endangered, because its extent of occurrence of less than 5, 000 km 2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe primary threat to its existance is habitat destruction through deforestation. cloud rats are also occasionally captured for food .\nthe species is severely impacted by habitat destruction on panay (gonzales and kennedy 1996; oliver et al. 1993), particularly so in the lowland areas, due to illegal logging and agricultural encroachment. there is a low level of hunting pressure. the species range may have been restricted further to upland areas only .\nthere is a successful captive breeding project in place in mar - it conservation park in lambunao on panay, numbering 45 individuals in 2005. there are also captive populations outside of the philippines (for example in london zoo). habitat protection and restoration urgently needed, a proposal for a protected area has was put forward in 1987 but little progress has been made. population surveys are required .\n. the late date of discovery was because the lack of forest cover on panay lead to the island being largely ignored by biologists .\nthe panay cloudrunner is a little over 600 mm long, with grizzled greyish - brown fur and a long, bushy tail making up more than half of the body length. it weighs around 1 kilogram .\n, and nests during the day in the hollow of a large tree. its diet includes bananas, guavas, corn, papayas, and assorted leaves .\ncontinued deforestation on the island of panay is the major threat to this species, and the animal is now confined to remnant forest in a mountain range on the western end of the island .\nthe latest in science and technology news, blogs and articles – where the running rodents play. discover magazine (1997 - 01 - 01). retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 28 .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines where it is known only from the greater luzon faunal region, in the mountains of northern luzon (southern to central part of the central cordillera), from benguet, ifugao and mountain provinces (heaney et al. 1998; oliver et al. 1993; sanborn 1952). it occurs at an altitude from 2, 000 to 2, 500 m (rabor 1955; sanborn 1952) .\n) are found only in benguet, ifugao, and mountain provinces of northern luzan island, philippines. they appear to be common on some high mountains and plateaus .\nheaney, l. 2002 .\nfieldiana: a synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the philippine islands\n( on - line). accessed 10 / 01 / 02 at urltoken .\nnowak, r. 1999. walkers mammals of the world, sixth edition. baltimore and london: the johns hopkins university press .\nthis species is arboreal and occurs in oak - dominated forest where it builds stick - nests in tree crowns for shelter (oliver et al. 1993; heaney et al. 1998). it has been said that c. schadenbergi is associated with anthropogenic disturbance but evidence is scanty and anecdotal .\nlives in pine and mossy forests on luzon island in the philippines at elevations between 2000 and 2500 meters .\nthis tree - dwelling rodent inhabits mossy cloud forests and forest of pine and oak (7), where it is most common at elevations of 2, 200 metres and above (3) .\nis primarily an herbivore. it feeds on the buds and bark of pine (\n. it is only known that they have been hunted by native peoples on northern luzan island in the philippines. apparently, their fur has some value .\ncrateromys schadenbergi is prey of: homo sapiens this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nmyers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2006. the animal diversity web (online). accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken. urltoken\n, although it was noted that one animal lived in captivity for four years and three months .\nobservations: little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one captive specimen lived 4. 3 years (richard weigl 2005) .\nis scarce. a single young is reported to have been produced in october, but the general pattern of reporoduction has not been reported .\nfamily, this species may have the following: duplex uterus and a baculum .\nbreeding season: the time of year in which breeding occurs is not known .\n. because the animals are mammals, we can infer that the mother produces milk and nurses the young. she probably grooms them and protects them as well. the period of juvenile dependence has not been reported for this species .\nmartin, r. , r. pine, a. deblase. 2001. a manual of mammology. boston: mcgraw hill .\nheaney, l. , balete, d. , rosell - ambal, g. , tabaranza, b. , ong, p. , ruedas, l. & oliver, w .\nlisted as endangered, because its extent of occurrence of less than 5, 000 km 2 and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km 2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat .\nis listed on the iucn red list as\nvulnerable\n. it is not listed under cites. the species is extremely vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation on northern luzan island. because they endemic only to this island, the loss of habitat is a serious concern .\niucn. 2002 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line). accessed 12 / 03 / 02 at urltoken .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list 2007 (1) .\nthis is a moderately widespread species in the pine forest of southern the central cordillera and apparently locally common in oak - pine forest, though it is rare elsewhere (heaney et al. 1998). from talking to local hunters it is less common than phloeomys pallidus, but apparently still moderately common .\nit is supposed that hunting is the greatest threat to this species. this species is hunted for food and for its fur to make hats, although this has not been seen for the past 5 years (l. heaney pers. comm .). it is also negatively affected by habitat loss due to conversion of its habitat to vegetable farms .\nstricter enforcement of hunting restrictions in combination with awareness raising may be most helpful. parts of the species habitat are protected but their management needs to be strengthened .\nit weighs 1. 35–1. 5 kilograms (3. 0–3. 3 lb) and is 73. 5–76 centimetres (28. 9–29. 9 in) long .\nthe very long, soft fur, which also covers the tail, is typically all black, but some individuals have white patches .\nheaney, l. , balete, d. , rosell - ambal, g. , tabaranza, b. , ong, p. , ruedas, l. & oliver, w. (2008) .\nfield museum of natural history (2010). crateromys schadenbergi. synopsis of philippine mammals. accessed 10 june 2011\nendemic to the montane regions of the albertine rift valley. recorded from a comparatively small area between 02 n and 03 s from east ruwenzori, uganda; kahuzi - biega national park and idjiwi island in lake kivu, both in the democratic republic of the congo. it might be present in rwanda, although this requires verification. the altitudinal range is around 1, 800 to 3, 000 m asl .\nthis species is associated with thickets in montane primary and secondary forests. it is not known if the species can persist outside of forested areas .\nobservations: little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one specimen lived 5. 8 years in captivity (richard weigl 2005) .\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000 km, it is known from fewer than ten locations, it is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its montane forest habitat .\npopulation size is uncertain. it is rarely collected and very little is known about this species .\nforest habitats within the range of this species are threatened by logging operations and the conversion of land to agricultural and other uses .\nthe species occurs in some protected areas (eg. kahuzi - biega national park). research is needed into the distribution, natural history, abundance and threats to this species. there is a need to protect remaining areas of suitable forest within the range of this species .\ndieterlen, f. 2004. thamnomys schoutedeni. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 20 july 2007 .\ndieterlen, f. & schlitter, d. 2004. thamnomys venustus. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 20 july 2007 .\nthis preview has intentionally blurred sections. sign up to view the full version .\nthis is the end of the preview. sign up to access the rest of the document .\n{ [ document. course. dept _ acro ] } { [ document. course. course _ num ] }\nas a current student on this bumpy collegiate pathway, i stumbled upon course hero, where i can find study resources for nearly all my courses, get online help from tutors 24 / 7, and even share my old projects, papers, and lecture notes with other students .\ni cannot even describe how much course hero helped me this summer. it’s truly become something i can always rely on and help me. in the end, i was not only able to survive summer classes, but i was able to thrive thanks to course hero .\nthe ability to access any university’s resources through course hero proved invaluable in my case. i was behind on tulane coursework and actually used ucla’s materials to help me move forward and get everything together on time." ]

{ "text": [ "dinagat hairy-tailed rat or russet batomys ( batomys russatus ) is one of five species of rodent in the genus batomys .", "it is in the diverse family muridae .", "this species is endemic to the philippines . " ], "topic": [ 29, 2, 2 ] }

[ "dinagat hairy-tailed rat or russet batomys (batomys russatus) is one of five species of rodent in the genus batomys. it is in the diverse family muridae. this species is endemic to the philippines." ]

[ "bijdrage tot de systematiek, morfologie en biologie van de west - palaearktische tetrigidae .\ndna barcoding reveals polymorphism in the pygmy grasshopper tetrix bolivari (orthoptera, tetrigidae) .\nthe grasshoppers and locusts (acridoidea) of australia, vol. i, tetrigidae and eumastacidae\na new species and a revised key of the genus thoradonta (orthoptera, tetrigidae) .\nreview of orthoptera of the eastern palearctica: genus tetrix latreille (tetrigidae, tetriginae). part 1 .\nnotes on the genus yunnantettix zheng (tetrigidae: cladonotinae), with descriptions of two new species from thailand .\nphylogenetic relationships among 12 species of tetrigidae (orthoptera: tetrigoidea) based on partial sequences of 12s and 16s ribosomal rna .\n( orthoptera, tetrigidae): distribution in ukraine, ecological characteristic and features of biology. vestnik zoologii 43: e1–e14 .\ntaxonomic revision of the cladonotinae (orthoptera: tetrigidae) from the islands of south - east asia and from australia, with general remarks to the classification and morphology of the tetrigidae and descriptions of new genera and species from new guinea and new caledonia .\ntaxonomie, verbreitung und ökologie von tetrix bipunctata (linnaeus 1758) und tetrix tenuicornis (sahlberg 1893) (saltatoria: tetrigidae) .\nwhat made you want to look up tetrigidae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\ngrasshoppers and locusts (acridoidea) of australia, vol. i, tetrigidae and eumastacidae | annals of the entomological society of america | oxford academic\ntetrigidae (pigmy grasshoppers) - - herbivores. similar to short - horned grasshoppers but with a pronotum that extends to the back of the abdomen .\na further striking polymorphism in tetrigidae is found in body colouration. colour polymorphism is widespread within tetrigidae species, even within the same populations (e. g. nabours 1930; hochkirch et al. 2007, 2008), see also the current study by zhao et al. (2016). from the beginning of tetrigidae taxonomy, colour variation has caused taxonomic uncertainties until it was recognized as an intraspecific phenomenon, see e. g. the list of synonyms for tetrix subulata in harz (1975). we have to assume that a number of newly described tetrigidae species from china merely represent colour morphs rather than new species .\npodgornaya li. (1983) orthopterous insects of family tetrigidae (orthoptera) ussr fauna. proceedings of zin an ssr 112: 97 pp. [ in russian ]\nweitere dornschrecken (insecta: orthoptera: tetrigidae) aus nepal in der sammlung des naturkundemuseums erfurt. biodiversität und naturausstattung im himalaya v, hartmann, m. & j .\ntype genus: tetrix latreille, 1802; priority for family - group names based on tetrix dates from tetridides rambur, 1838. first use as tetrigidae by bruner, l. , 1910 .\ntumbrinck j. (2014) taxonomic revision of the cladonotinae (orthoptera: tetrigidae) from the islands of south - east asia and from australia, with general remarks to the classification and morphology of the tetrigidae and descriptions of new genera and species from new guinea and new caledonia. in: telnov d (ed .) biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in wallacea and new guinea 2: 345–396 + plates 64–91 .\nthe grasshoppers and locusts (acridoidea) of australia, vol. i, tetrigidae and eumastacidae, annals of the entomological society of america, volume 46, issue 2, 1 june 1953, pages 313, urltoken\nan astonishing but common mistake in tetrigidae identification is the misinterpretation of nymphs for adults. tetrigidae can show interesting phenologies, including cohort splitting between years. this phenomenon is quite well studied in european species (e. g. schulte 2003, pushkar 2009) such phenomena can also be expected in the tropics, less so in lowlands but especially on mountains. especially in species with unknown adult phenology the collection of individuals from the same locality over the season might reduce this problem .\nzha l - s, yu f - m, boonmee s, eungwanichayapant pd, wen t - c (2017) taxonomy of macromotettixoides with the description of a new species (tetrigidae, metrodorinae). zookeys 645: 13–25. urltoken\nlehmann aw, devriese h, tumbrinck t, skejo j, lehmann guc, axel hochkirch a (2017) the importance of validated alpha taxonomy for phylogenetic and dna barcoding studies: a comment on species identification of pygmy grasshoppers (orthoptera, tetrigidae). zookeys 679: 139–144. urltoken\na fundamental aspect of morphological work on tetrigidae should be a common terminology of the body parts. a large set of morphological traits are depicted and named by devriese (1996, 1999) and recently by tumbrinck (2014). we strongly recommend using this terminology for an easier comparison of characters .\ntetrigidae have a tendency to exhibit extensive morphological polymorphisms, such as different wing morphs. wing dimorphism is best studied and understood in tetrix subulata (e. g. steenman et al. 2013, 2015), and a frequent phenomenon in european (summarized in devriese 1996) and african species (günther 1979). the easiest way to test for wing dimorphism in tetrigidae is obviously to study larger sample sizes and obtain data on body and hind wing dimensions. no such data seem to exist to date for asian species, but we would not be surprised if some of the newly described species from china would turn out to represent wing morphs of previously described species .\nin a recently published paper on colour polymorphism in a pygmy grasshopper from china (zhao et al 2016) an unidentified paratettix sp. was misidentified as tetrix bolivari. this case highlights the need for correct species identification and provides an opportunity to recommend some aspects of good taxonomic practice (gtp) in tetrigidae to reduce the number of erroneous identifications .\ndescriptions of the flying organs and generic characteristics of the genus macromotettixoides zheng, wei & jiang are currently imprecise. macromotettixoides is reviewed and compared with allied genera. a re - description is undertaken and a determination key is provided to macromotettixoides. macromotettixoides parvula zha & wen, sp. n. from the guizhou karst region, china, is described and illustrated with photographs. observations on the ecology and habits of the new species are recorded. four current species of hyboella hancock are transferred to macromotettixoides. variations of the flying organs and tegminal sinus in the tetrigidae are discussed, which will help to describe them accurately .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncoloration and pattern, even within a single species, are variable. often strongly sexually dimorphic, both in size (females usually larger) and in coloration. some specimens appear green due to growth of algae .\nusually near water, such as ponds and streams. occasionally found in dry habitats, woodlands, old fields, sandy areas with lichen .\neat roots of plants or seedlings, mosses, fungi, algae, organic muck .\ntypically overwinter as adults and breed in late spring. some species form breeding aggregations on the margin of ponds. one brood per year in north, two in southern areas. adults may live two years or more. reported to sometimes reproduce by parthenogenesis\nsemi - aquatic - - eggs sometimes laid underwater. some adults are reported to jump into water and swim away (underwater) as an escape mechanism .\namerican insects: a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h. arnett. 2000. crc press .\nthe tettigidae of north america hancock, joseph lane, 1864 - 1922. 1902. chicago, pub. by special grant of mrs. frank g. logan .\nhow to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches, and their allies jacques r. helfer. 1962. wm. c. brown company .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\northoptera species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nnomenclatural details: according to iczn article 11. 7. 2. rambur rather than serville is author of subsequently latinized family name .\nterrestrial. herbivorous, feeding mostly on algae and bryophytes; terrestrial, riparian and semi - aquatic species .\nserville. 1838 [ 1839 ]. histoire naturelle des insectes. orthoptères 570, 754 > > note: tétricidites, tetricidites [ the latter in italics ]\nhancock, j. l. 1907. genera insectorum 48: 1 - 79, pl. 1 - 4 > > note: tettiginae\nblatchley. 1920. orthoptera of northeastern america with special reference to the faunas of indiana and florida pp. 148\nbey - bienko & mistshenko. 1951. locusts and grasshoppers of the u. s. s. r. and adjacent countries 2: 86\nrehn, j. a. g. 1952. grasshoppers and locusts (acridoidea) of australia. family acrididae: subfamily cyrtacanthacrldinae tribes oxyini, spathosternini and praxibulini 1: 15\nllorente del moral & presa. 1981 [ 1982 ]. eos 57: 130 > > note: keys to genera and species\nzheng, z. 1988. in huang, fusheng, p. y. wang, w. y. yin, p. y. yu, t. s. lee, chikun yang & x. j. wang [ ed. ]. insects of mt. namjagbarwa region of xizang 1988: 52\npodgornaya. 1992 [ 1991 ]. in gorochov & korotiaev [ ed. ]. news of systematics and faunistics of vietnam insects part 2. trudy zool. inst. , akad. nauk sssr, leningrad 240: 20 > > note: key to subfamilies\nzheng, z. 1993. in huang, c. animals of longqi mountain 76\nichikawa. 1998. nature & insects 33 (2), no. 423: 44 > > note: key to species\nzheng, z. 1999. in huang, b. [ ed. ]. fauna of insects fujian province of china. vol. 1. 200\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nall images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members. we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos. click on any image below to visit the species page. the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species, particularly from a photo. see our photo id page for more information .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed, after selecting from the menu below, click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson, hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l... kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nis apple' s behavior illegal? ? - imac pro repair pt. 2\nnew * no limits * build update for kodi 18 & 17. 6 - get no limits back in 2018 - fastest install\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n5 subfamilies, 117 genera, and 620 species in north america (~ 240 spp. in\nmedium to large orthoptera, familiar due to their diurnal habits, typically open habitat, and propensity to jump. some species are quite colorful. characteristics of acrididae :\nthe six subfamilies used by orthoptera species file online are below, with some representative images. these have been arranged so that allied and / or similar - appearing subfamilies are adjacent, but there are many taxonomic issues in this group .\nmost species in grasslands, but some in forests, tundra, aquatic vegetation .\ntypically eat foliage of forbs, grasses. some species take a variety of plants, while others are restricted to a few species of closely related plants. they often take dry plant matter from the ground as well, and most will scavenge weak or dead grasshoppers when plant food is scarce .\nsome species have fairly elaborate courtship. mating itself may take up to one hour, and male may ride on back of female for a period of a day or more, a behavior known as mate guarding. females oviposit in loose soil (typically), among plant roots, in rotting wood, or even in dung. clutches consist of 10 - 60 eggs, and females may lay up to 25 clutches over several weeks. oviposition typically occurs in late summer, and the egg (as a developing embryo) overwinters. eggs then hatch in spring. life cycle is typically one year. a few species overwinter as juveniles (nymphs) .\nthe notorious migratory locust (schistocerca gregaria) of the old world, recorded in literature since ancient times, is a member of this family. north american species of schistocerca do not form damaging swarms .\nif you' ve walked through the grass on a warm summer day, you' ve likely encountered members of the order orthoptera - - the grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. orthoptera means\nstraight wings ,\nbut these insects would be better named for their characteristic jumping legs .\ncrickets, grasshoppers, and katydids undergo incomplete or gradual metamorphosis. nymphs look similar to mature adults but lack fully - developed wings .\npowerful hind legs, built for jumping, characterize the orthopteran insects. the muscular legs propel grasshoppers and other members of the order for distances up to 20 times their body lengths .\ninsects in the order orthoptera are known for more than their jumping skills, however. many are accomplished singers as well. males of some species attract mates by producing sounds with their legs or wings. this form of sound production is called stridulation and involves rubbing the upper and lower wings or the hind leg and wing together to create a vibration .\nwhen males call for mates using sounds, those species must also have\nears .\ndon' t look at the head to find them, however. grasshoppers have auditory organs on the abdomen, while crickets and katydids listen using their front legs .\northopterans are usually described as herbivores, but in truth, many species will scavenge other dead insects in addition to feeding on plants. the order orthoptera is subdivided into two groups - - ensifera, the long - horned insects (with long antennae), and caelifera, the short - horned insects .\nmembers of the order orthoptera exist in terrestrial habitats throughout the world. though often associated with fields and meadows, there are orthopteran species that prefer caves, deserts, bogs, and seashores. worldwide, scientists have described over 20, 000 species in this group .\noecanthus fultoni, the snowy tree cricket, chirps the temperature. count the number of chirps in 15 seconds and add 40 to get the temperature in fahrenheit .\nlarge lubber grasshoppers (family romaleidae) raise their hindwings when threatened and produce a foul - smelling liquid from pores in the thorax .\nthe mormon crickets (anabrus simplex) are so named for a legend. in 1848, the first crops of mormon settlers were threatened by a swarm of these voracious eaters, only to be eaten by a flock of gulls themselves .\nkaufman field guide to insects of north america, eric r. eaton, and kenn kaufman\nmichigan state university extension helps people improve their lives by bringing the vast knowledge resources of msu directly to individuals, communities and businesses .\nonly current reference book in the u. s. for all families and species of grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of a state; also useful in great lakes region. colored images of 137 species with fully illustrated keys to families and species .\nthis book also has a chapter on orthopteran species of special concern — i. e. , species with narrow habitat tolerances and, typically, declining habitats. there is a list of 27 additional species found either in only a few counties, in very localized habitats, or in very low numbers .\nthe orthoptera of michigan is written for a broad audience with an educated interest in insects and some experience in identifying insects. i classify the text as semitechnical — technical terms are minimized and always defined in the glossary, and all morphological descriptions are illustrated. the target audience includes professional and amateur entomologists in the great lakes region as well as in other areas of the world; natural resource, field, and conservation biologists; extension and plant pest quarantine agents; experiment station specialists; naturalists; biologists at nature centers; and biologists teaching at universities, colleges, and high schools .\ni have examined 25 institutional collections and three private collections and made numerous field excursions throughout michigan during the past two decades. many central and northern counties undoubtedly have additional species not yet recorded because of inadequate systematic collecting. the baseline species list and distribution data originated from the valuable annotated list of michigan orthoptera compiled by the late irving j. cantrall (1968). i hope that irv, with his knowledge and enthusiasm for the orthoptera, would have enjoyed this book .\nthe insect order orthoptera — grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, and others — includes some of our best - known insects, thanks to their relatively large size, strong leaping ability, often vivid coloration, and periodic high populations in gardens, fields, and rangelands. their agricultural and biological importance; the diversity of chirping, buzzing, clicking, and crackling sounds they produce during day and night; and their popularity as live bait for fishing add to their familiarity .\nsep 11, 2018 – oct 23, 2018 | st. clair county administration building - auditorium, 200 grand river ave. port huron, mi 48060\nsep 15, 2018 – oct 24, 2018 | msu tollgate farm and education center, 28115 meadowbrook rd. novi, mi 48377\napril 17, 2018 | duke elsner | please register again for michigan state university extension' s public input meeting on pollinator issues in the grand traverse region .\njanuary 2, 2018 | bindu bhakta | volunteer leader training program inspires michigan residents to engage in local conservation efforts .\njanuary 2, 2018 | bindu bhakta | michigan conservation stewards program partners explain how graduates jumpstart conservation activities at the local level .\nnovember 21, 2017 | erick elgin | annual certification training will be offered march 6 - 7, 2018 in east lansing to prepare those working at the water’s edge .\nnovember 17, 2017 | erick elgin | deq and epa report reveals the degraded conditions of michigan’s inland lakeshores .\nsuleiman bughrara, and ron calhoun, department of crop and soil sciences, michigan state university | bentgrass species are native to western europe, are the most widely used coolseason grass for golf courses, putting greens, tees and closely mowed fairways in the united state. the genus agrostis comprises more than 220 species. four are discussed below .\ncarolyn randall | the text about vertebrate pest management for commercial applicators - category 7d .\nthe name orthoptera, derived from the greek\northo\nmeaning straight and\nptera\nmeaning wing, refers to the parallel - sided structure of the front wings (tegmina) .\northoptera probably arose during the middle of the carboniferous period. most living members of this order are terrestrial herbivores with modified hind legs that are adapted for jumping. slender, thickened front wings fold back over the abdomen to protect membranous, fan - shaped hind wings. many species have the ability to make and detect sounds. orthoptera is one of the largest and most important groups of plant - feeding insects .\northoptera is generally regarded as a dominant group in most terrestrial habitats. these insects feed on all types of plants and often cause serious economic damage. swarms of grasshoppers (locusts) regularly appear in parts of africa, asia, and north america and destroy crops over wide land areas. mole crickets are major pests in lawns and golf courses in the southern united states. several species of field crickets are reared commercially as fish bait .\nacrididae (short - horned grasshoppers and locusts) - - herbivores. common in grasslands and prairies. this family includes many pest species such as the twostriped grasshopper (melanoplus bivittatus), the differential grasshopper (m. differentialis), the african migratory locust (locusta migratoria), and the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria) .\ntettigoniidae (long - horned grasshoppers and katydids) - - herbivores. females have a long, blade - like ovipositor. some species are pests of trees and shrubs .\n( true crickets) - - herbivores and scavengers. females have a cylindrical or needle - shaped ovipositor. this family includes the house cricket ,\n( camel crickets) - - scavengers. most species have a distinctly hump - backed appearance; a few are cave dwellers .\ngryllotalpidae (mole crickets) - - the front legs are adapted for digging. most species feed on the roots of plants, but some are predatory .\nin many species of orthoptera, the males use sound signals (chirping or whirring) in order to attract a mate. the sound is produced by stridulation - - rubbing the upper surface of one wing against the lower surface of another wing, or the inner surface of the hind leg against the outer surface of the front wing .\neach stridulating species produces a unique mating call. in fact, some species may be so similar to each other that they can only be distinguished by their mating calls .\nmany grasshoppers produce ultrasonic mating calls (above the range of human hearing). in some species, the sounds may be as high as 100 khz. (human hearing extends to about 20 khz. )\nspecies that produce sound also have auditory (tympanal) organs. in crickets and katydids, these\nears\nare on the tibia of the front legs. in grasshoppers, they are on the sides of the first abdominal segment .\nthe snowy tree cricket, oecanthus fultoni (family gryllidae), is often called the temperature cricket. adding 40 to the number of chirps it makes in 15 seconds will equal the ambient temperature in degrees fahrenheit .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ni agree to the terms and conditions. you must accept the terms and conditions .\nthank you for submitting a comment on this article. your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal' s discretion. please check for further notifications by email .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\narne w. lehmann, 1, 2 hendrik devriese, 1, 3 josef tumbrinck, 1, 4 josip skejo, 1, 5 gerlind u. c. lehmann, 6 and axel hochkirch\ncorresponding author: arne w. lehmann (ed. bew @ grubnednarb - nekcerhcsueh )\ncopyright arne w. lehmann, hendrik devriese, josef tumbrinck, josip skejo, gerlind u. c. lehmann, axel hochkirch\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\na second line of evidence comes from genetic data. the authors sequenced the gene coi (which is commonly used as barcoding gene) to examine a proposed correlation between colour morphs and haplotypes. as sequences of coi are available for a wide range of taxa, we deployed a quick analysis of the mitochondrial coi data from the barcoding of life database (bold version 3 ;\nneighbour - joining tree based upon the coi data, illustrating the clustering of the chinese samples by zhao et al. (2016) together with paratettix and not tetrix species, data extracted from the barcoding of life project .\nalong with studies on the morphology we need a better understanding of phenotypic variation between individuals. such phenotypic data of adults have been shown to be helpful to reduce the instability in hard to distinguish paratettix species from africa (günther 1979) .\nuntil improved determination keys (using multiple characters being complemented by drawings or photographs) along with verified molecular data are available, showing photographs of the studied specimens is a helpful practice. it was of great benefit that the article by zhao et al. (2016) provided photos of specimens in combination with gene sequences, which allowed us to reflect on the species identity .\nwe thank the editor pavel stoev for the opportunity to publish this commentary note and the help of the reviewers klaus - gerhard heller and sergey storozhenko in improving the manuscript .\ncigliano mm, braun h, eades dc, otte d. (2017) orthoptera species file. version 5. 0 / 5. 0. [ 27. 02. 2017 ]. urltoken\ndeng wa, zheng zm, wei sz. (2007) fauna of the tetrigoidea from yunnan and guangxi. nanning: guangxi science & technology press. 458 p. [ in chinese with english summary ]\nharz k. (1975) die orthopteren europas - the orthoptera of europe ii. dr w junk, the hague .\nhawlitschek o, morinière j, lehmann guc, lehmann aw, kropf m, dunz a, glaw f, detcharoen m, schmidt s, hausmann a, szucsich nu, caetano - wyler sa, haszprunar g. (2016) dna barcoding of crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers (orthoptera) from central europe with focus on austria, germany, and switzerland. molecular ecology resources, early view .\nphenotypic plasticity in insects: the effects of substrate color on the coloration of two ground - hopper species .\nkočárek p, holuša j, grucmanová š, musiolek d. (2011 )\nzhao l, lin l - l, zheng z - m. (2016 )\nling - sheng zha, 1, 2, 3 feng - ming yu, 1 saranyaphat boonmee, 3 prapassorn d. eungwanichayapant, 3 and ting - chi wen 1\ncopyright ling - sheng zha, feng - ming yu, saranyaphat boonmee, prapassorn d. eungwanichayapant, ting - chi wen\nbased on absent tegmen (accordingly tegminal sinus is absent or inconspicuous), zheng et al. (2005) erected macromotettixoides to distinguish from macromotettix günther, 1939; and for the reason of shortened hind process and with broad and arcuate apex, zheng et al. (2012) erected pseudomacromotettix zheng, li & lin, 2012 to separate from macromotettixoides. to these three allied genera there are some problems we are facing: 1) descriptions to both flying organs and tegminal sinus are ambiguous; 2) descriptions of generic characteristics of macromotettixoides are vague (deng et al. 2014, deng 2016); and 3) features of partial species of hyboella hancock, 1915 are also in accord with macromotettixoides, but the researches above seldom dealt with hyboella .\nin this study macromotettixoides is examined and compared it with allied genera. at the same time macromotettixoides parvula zha & wen, sp. n. , from guizhou karst region, china, is described and illustrated with photographs. some aspects of ecology and observations of habits of the new species are also recorded .\nspecimens were photographed using a stereo microscope (olympus corporation, szx16, tokyo, japan), ecological pictures were photographed using a nikon coolpix p520 camera. morphological terminology and measurement landmarks follow zheng (2005) and tumbrinck (2014). measurements are given in millimeters (mm). type specimens are deposited in the specimen room of the school of life sciences, huaibei normal university, huaibei, anhui province, china .\nmacromotettixoides zheng, wei & jiang 2005: 366; zheng 2005: 176; deng et al. 2007: 160, 2014: 548; deng 2011: 543, 2016: 155 .\nchina (fujian, guangdong, guangxi, guizhou, hainan, hubei, hunan, jiangxi, sichuan, yunnan, taiwan) .\nlongitudinal furrow between antennal grooves 1. 6 times as wide as diameter of scapus; pronotal disc with many net - like wrinkles; humeral angles indistinct; lower margins of fore and mid femora a little undulate (guangxi )\n* note: according to descriptions (antegenicular denticle and genicular denticle have not been separated) and drawings of zheng et al. (2002) and zheng (2005), the type specimen (only one female) of macromotettixoides aelytra (zheng, li & shi, 2002) (synonym: hyboella aelytra zheng, li & shi, 2002 (zheng et al. 2006) ) should be a nymph. validity of macromotettixoides aelytra requires more material to confirm its characters, and herein we temporarily place the species in the key .\nmacromotettixoides parvula sp. n. a oblique - lateral view of female body b lateral view of female body c dorsal view of male body. scale bars 1. 0 mm .\nmacromotettixoides parvula sp. n. a frontal view of female head b dorsal view of female head c left - lateral view of female tegmen and hind wing after uncovering the pronotum d lateral view of female head and anterior pronotum e lateral view of female ovipositor and subgenital plate f ventral view of female subgenital plate g lateral view of male subgenital plate h left - lateral view of female hind tarsus. scale bars 0. 5 mm .\nwith extremely small size, macromotettixoides parvula sp. n. can easily be separated from other species of the genus. other differences are listed in the key to species of macromotettixoides .\n. face and vertex rough, covered with large and small granules. vertex nearly at the same level but uneven, 2. 0 times as wide as one eye, a little contracted forward, protruding forward and slightly surpassing anterior margin of eyes; anterior margin broadly arcuate and depressed, anterior part of lateral carina distinctly folded upward and reaching top of eyes; medial carina distinct and erected in anterior half, but absent in posterior half; paired fossulae deep, behind fossulae vertex slightly elevated on both sides (fig .\n). in lateral view face slightly oblique, fastigium (vertex together with frontal costa) rounded and protruding forward; fascial carinae smooth, between lateral ocelli concave, between antennal grooves widely and obtusely triangular forward (fig .\n); in frontal view fascial carinae diverged in the middle of inner margin of eyes, longitudinal furrow wide and shallow and nearly forming into a scutellum, between antennal grooves 1. 5 times as wide as diameter of scapus (fig .\n). antenna filiform and short, 17 - segmented, inserted decidedly below lower margin of eyes, segment 11 longest, 5. 0 times as long as wide (fig .\n). eyes globose and protruding, over level of anterior margin of pronotum, lateral ocelli placed at lower one third of inner margin of eyes (fig .\n. pronotum disc very coarse, covered with big and small granules and many thick and net - like wrinkles (fig .\n). anterior margin truncated and wide, paired extralateral carinae indistinct (fig .\n); pronotum in the center between posterior sulcus and humeral angles slightly elevated, otherwise nearly at the same level. median carina entire and thick, between sulci distinctly elevated with swollen base, behind humeral angles with a protrusion, the posterior protrusions lower and indistinct; in lateral view upper margin undulate, the first sinusoidal wave occur between sulci, longest and highest, in the middle with a deep concavity, followed by the second wave behind humeral angles, the posterior waves low and nearly at the same height. prozonal carinae conspicuous, thick, erected and parallel (fig .\n); humeral angles obtuse angled and low, pronotum disc behind humeral angles covered with many reticular wrinkles; hind process reaching knees (three males and two females) or barely surpass apex of hind femur (one female), apex sharp - rounded; external lateral carina straight, distinctly surpassing middle of lower margin and reaching two - thirds of hind femur, folded upward indistinctly behind humeral angles; lateral carina of pronotum before apex curved inward; posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum extending turning outwards, margin smooth, apex truncated and anterior margin of apex rounded; posterior margin of each lateral lobe with one concavity. tegmina and wings extremely degenerated, long and oval, apices acute, wing distinctly larger than tegmen, both hidden beneath pronotum and invisible (fig .\n). margins of all femora serrate except base of upper margin of hind femur, upper margins of fore and mid femora nearly straight while lower margins with two teeth (basal and middle) each; hind femur stout, 2. 3 times as long as wide, upper margin before antegenicular denticle with a small tooth, other teeth on upper and lower margins indistinct; antegenicular denticle slightly isolated, low, apex or nearly right angled or a little sharp, genicular denticle finger - like, extending backward and apex obtuse; margins of fore and mid tibiae straight; two inner margins of hind tibia serrate, terminal part slightly wider than basal part, outer / inner side with 6 - 7 / 4 - 6 spines; first segment of hind tarsus 1. 35 times as long as second plus third, first and second pulvilli small and apices sharp, third pulvillus large and apex obtuse (fig .\n. ovipositor: upper valva about 4. 0 times as long as wide, upper margin arcuate, sub - base widest, in the middle slightly distorted inward, then slightly turn outward and at last inward again; outer margins of upper and lower valvae with saw - like teeth, but base of upper valva smooth (fig .\n). subgenital plate: length nearly equal to width, median carina distinct in anterior part, posterior margin nearly truncated and in the middle triangularly protruding which is slightly folded inward (fig .\n). antennae brown, color of terminal 3 - 5 segments dark, color of the two segments of before and after the longest segment a little light (fig .\n). sometimes both the posterior part of pronotum and the posterior part of outer side of hind femur brown. all tibiae with three yellowish brown rings each, but basal and middle rings of hind tibia large. more or less, infrascapular area, teeth on lower margins of fore and mid femora, upper and lower margin of hind femur, and outer sides of all femora maculated with yellowish brown .\n). vertex also 2. 0 times as wide as one eye; antenna 16 segmented, segment 10 longest. subgenital plate short cone - shaped, apex nearly truncated, upper apex bifurcate and forming into two obtuse and very short teeth (fig .\nlength of body ♂5. 8–6. 2 mm, ♀7. 5–8. 3 mm; length of pronotum ♂5. 8–6. 0 mm, ♀6. 3–7. 0 mm; length of hind femur ♂4. 1–4. 3 mm, ♀4. 2–4. 5 mm; length of antenna ♂, ♀2. 6–2. 8 mm .\nholotype female, china, guizhou, leishan, leigongshan mountain, n26°22' 18. 25\n, e108°11' 28. 06\n, 1430 m alt, 2 aug. 2016, collected by lingsheng zha. paratypes: three males and two females, leigongshan mountain, 1300–1600 m alt, 1–3 aug. 2016, collected by lingsheng zha .\nsp. n. were collected and observed among low and sparse shrubs with fall - leaf layers in gullies, slopes and a dry stream bed in humid rainforests of karst region (fig .\n). they are very small and not easy to find; they move quickly and they like to jump into shrubs when being disturbed. they mainly feed on humus. we infer their adults may prefer to stay in sandy soil, because body surfaces of most specimens are covered tightly by sandy soil (\nhabitat environment of macromotettixoides parvula sp. n. a a gully in a broad - leaved forest b border of a stream. pictures were photographed by lingsheng zha in china, guizhou, leishan, leigongshan mountain, 2 aug 2016 .\nchina (guizhou). only found in leigongshan mountain (leishan county) .\ncan be divided into four types: ‘normal’ (developed, nearly reach apex of hind process or more), ‘abbreviated’ (never reach middle of hind process, but distinctly longer than tegmen), ‘vestigial’ (shorter than tegmen) and ‘apterous’ (absent, degenerated completely). in\n, we believe their tegmina are presented and their hind wings belong to the ‘abbreviated’ (fig .\n) or ‘vestigial’ type, so using ‘absent’ to describe their small flying organs is exactly not suitable if not uncovering pronota. in this report, we use ‘invisible’ to replace ‘absent’ / ‘wanting’ for describing tegmen and wing. to some species of ‘abbreviated’ or ‘vestigial’ type, a little visible parts of their fly organs may vary distinctly even become invisible among the same species, which should not be considered as a valuable taxonomic character (\n). we also believe tegminal sinus varies according to tegmen strictly during evolution. in other words, normal tegmen means that the tegminal sinus is conspicuous; on the contrary, invisible or a little visible tegmen has determined that the tegminal sinus is absent or shallow .\nis a pronotum distinctly humpbacked and elevated before the shoulders while depressed and flattened behind shoulders. this characteristic can separate\ngünther, 1939 where their pronota are wholly roof - like or nearly at the same level. notably, partial species of\nhancock, 1915, not only possesses this typical characteristic, but also has a conspicuous tegminal sinus and normal flying organs. therefore, only depending upon the conspicuous tegminal sinus and normal flying organs can one separate\nmacromotettixoides badagongshanensis (zheng, 2013b), comb. n. = hyboella badagongshanensis zheng, 2013b ;\nmacromotettixoides curvimarginus (zheng & xu, 2010), comb. n. = hyboella curvimarginus zheng & xu, 2010 ;\nmacromotettixoides hainanensis (liang, 2002), comb. n. = hyboella hainanensis liang, 2002 ;\nmacromotettixoides taiwanensis (liang, 2000), comb. n. = hyboella taiwanensis liang, 2000 .\nwe sincerely thank dr. josef tumbrinck and dr. josip skejo who provided feedback and suggestions, and dr. fernando montealegre - z who offered careful corrections which improved the manuscript. this work was supported by the science research foundation of guizhou university (gzukey20160701) .\na taxonomic study on the genus macromotettixoides zheng (orthoptera, tetrigoidea, metrodorinae) .\ndeng wa, lei cl, zheng zm, li xd, lin ll, lin mp. (2014 )\ndescription of a new species of the genus macromotettixoides zheng (orthoptera: tetrigoidea: metrodorinae) from china .\na new species in the genus macromotettixoides zheng (orthoptera: tetrigoidea: metrodoridae) from sichuan, china .\nrevision der acrydiinae (orthoptera), iii, sectio amorphopi (metrodorae bol. 1887, aut .) .\nin: zhang yl. (ed .) systematic and faunistic research on chinese insects .\nzha ls, sheng my, wen tc, hyde kd. (2016a )\nzha ls, wen tc, boonmee s, eungwanichayapant pd. (2016b )\na new species of the genus macromotettixoides zheng (orthoptera: metrodoridae) from fujian province .\nkey to the species of systolederus, hyboella, bolivaritettix (orthoptera: tetrigoidea: metrodoridae) from china with descriptions of three new species .\nnew genus and new species of metrodoridae from guangxi (orthoptera: tetrigoidea) .\na new genus and a new species of metrodoridae from taiwan (orthoptera) .\nzheng zm, li p, wan b, niu y. (2006 )\na preliminary survey of tetrigoidea from southwestern yunnan province (insecta: orthoptera) .\na new record genus and a new species of metrodoridae from china (orthoptera) .\na new genus and a new species of metrodoridae (orthoptera) from china." ]

{ "text": [ "tetrigidae is a family in the order orthoptera , which also includes similar families such as crickets , grasshoppers , and their allies .", "species within the tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers , pygmy grasshoppers or ( mostly historical ) \" grouse locusts \" . " ], "topic": [ 2, 28 ] }

[ "tetrigidae is a family in the order orthoptera, which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. species within the tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers, pygmy grasshoppers or (mostly historical) \" grouse locusts \"." ]

[ "figure 1. distribution of hawaiian duck and hybrid mallard × hawaiian duck populations .\nthe hawaiian duck is known locally as koloa maoli, which means\nnative duck\n.\nthe mallard is the ancestor of all domestic duck breeds, except the muscovy duck .\nthe hawaiian duck is typically smaller than the mallard by 20 to 30 percent .\nhawaiian duck - old - hulēʻia - u. s. fish and wildlife service\ngenetic admixture supports an ancient hybrid origin of the endangered hawaiian duck. - pubmed - ncbi\nalso called spectacled duck (sacc). bronze - winged duck is the long established name in aviculture .\nthe hawaiian duck quacks like a mallard, but its call is softer and it quacks less frequently .\nwe conducted field trials to assess several different methods of estimating the abundance of four endangered hawaiian waterbirds: the hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana), hawaiian coot (fulica alai), hawaiian common moorhen (gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) and hawaiian stilt (himantopus mexicanus knudseni). at two sites on oʽahu, james campbell ...\nendangered hawaiian duck | the molokai dispatch. (2008, january 13). retrieved october 23, 2014, from themolokaidispatch\nintroduction: the hawaiian duck, like the laysan duck, is closely related to the non - native mallard, and both are sometimes considered subspecies of the latter. they are smaller, their behaviour is different and males do not have the elegant breeding plumage of the mallard. they are now often considered full species. the hawaiian duck is endemic to hawaiian islands .\ni. some people in the duck world treat it as a subspecies of the mallard because they look similar to a mallard and can breed with the mallard to create a hybrid but it is really quite a different duck altogether. the native hawaiian name for this duck is\n[ 6 ] plan, hawaiian bird conservation action. focal species: hawaiian duck or koloa maoli (anas wyvilliana) (n. d .): n. pag. web .\nthe hawaiian duck is fairly sedentary, but movements between the islands may occur according to food resources and rainfall. daily and seasonal altitudinal movements occur too. this duck is a strong and fast flier .\nrange: the hawaiian duck is restricted to kauai and niihau islands. the species is reintroduced on oahu, big island and maui. formerly, it was present on all the main hawaiian islands .\nhawaiian duck .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . retrieved july 11, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe former range of the hawaiian duck included all of the main hawaiian islands except the island of l? na? i. now the hawaiian duck only exists on the island of kaua? i. the hawaiian duck was extirpated on all other islands, but was subsequently reestablished on o? ahu, hawai? i, and maui through release of captive - reared birds. however, all the hawaiian ducks in the reestablished populations have bred with feral mallard ducks and have produced hybrid offspring (griffin et al. 1989); consequently ,\npure\nhawaiian ducks are still only found on kaua? i .\nthis is audubon' s painting of\nbemaculated duck\nor\nbrewer' s duck .\nit has been accepted as a mallard x gadwall hybrid .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana )\ntitle =\narkive species - hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin north america, it is also known as wild duck. it is a widespread dabbling duck found in wetland areas, including parks, small ponds and rivers .\nmallard ducks aka hawaiian mallard or koloa (anas platyrhynchos; greek for\nflat - billed duck\n-. formerly known as anas boscha) .\nthe most important actions necessary in support of the hawaiian duck are the protection of its remaining wetland habitats. the conversion of wet - lands into hostile land - uses (for example, into agricultural or residential uses) must be slower or stopped. it is also necessary to control the abundance of alien species that are predators of the rare duck, or that damage its habitat. feral populations of mallards should be eliminated within the range of the hawaiian duck. the fws is preparing a recovery plan for the endangered hawaiian duck .\nfor our analysis we focused on the hawaiian coot, gallinule, and stilt. we did not include the hawaiian duck in our analysis because population count results are complicated by the presence of feral mallard (anas platyrhynchos) and hawaiian duck hybrids. it can be difficult if not impossible to distinguish a pure hawaiian duck from a mallard - hawaiian duck hybrid in the field, especially females. in addition, streams are not included in the surveys, which is where the majority of hawaiian ducks are believed to reside [ 2 ]. these factors make use of the state semiannual population counts for this species unreliable. we also did not incorporate the hawaiian goose as their primary habitats are in dry uplands and not coastal wetlands, although wetlands and other water bodies may be used during their annual cycle [ 10 ] .\nlink to m. s. thesis – hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at hanalei national wildlife refuge on kaua‘i .\nthis duck readily hybridises with anas laysanensis - laysan duck. should be kept separate from this species and other closely - related (mallard - type) species to avoid hybridisation .\nthe male hawaiian duck has an average length of 48–50 cm (19–20 in) and the female has an average length of 40–43 cm (16–17 in) .\nhawaiian duck .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . encyclopedia. com. (july 11, 2018). urltoken\nthe hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana) is a species of bird in the family anatidae. it is endemic to the large islands of hawai? i. some authorities treat it as an island subspecies of the mallard, based on their capacity to produce fertile hybrids, but it appears well distinct and capability of hybridization is meaningless in dabbling duck taxonomy. the native hawaiian name for this duck is koloa maoli .\ngrouped among the dabbling ducks such as the mallard, the laysan duck prefers land habitats to aquatic and aerial habitats. the laysan duck is normally observed along the coast of laysan island or around the inland lake found on the island. this is where they reside year round. studies of dna in duck bones throughout the hawaiian islands have shown that the laysan duck' s range once included the entire hawaiian archipelago before the mass extinctions that occurred in that region after polynesian colonization between 400 and 600 ad .\n100 acres of marsh surrounding our arnold palmer golf course is a designated supporting habitat for the four species of endangered waterbirds: hawaiian stilt, hawaiian coot, hawaiian moorhen and hawaiian duck. the wastewater treatment plant for the property, mauka of kamehameha highway is also designated as a supporting habitat for these birds. the golf course water features are also an important habitat for these waterbirds .\nthe brightly colored area on the wing (secondaries of the wing) on several duck species .\ncalls and songs: the hawaiian duck has slightly softer voice than mallard, and it is usually less vocal. its voice is higher - pitched although its quack is softer .\nthis dusky call duck was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 27 december 2005 .\nthis dusky call duck was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 19 february 2006 .\n) endangered hawaiian duck is 1 of only 3 endemic species of waterfowl in the hawaiian islands today. known locally as koloa maoli (native duck) or simply koloa, this species historically inhabited the main hawaiian islands, except the dry islands of kaho‘olawe and läna‘i. in the mid - 1800s, it was considered common and was hunted for sport. by 1900 and again in the early 1920s, however, several ornithologists began to note the species' decline (\nbrowne, r. a. , c. r. grim in. p r. chanc; . m. hubley, and a. e. martin. 1993. genetic divergence among populations of the hawaiian duck. laysan duck, and mallard. auk 110: 49 - ^ 6 .\nmens hawaiian shirt short sleeve stag beach holiday aloha summer fancy dress hawaii ...\nmens hawaiian shirt short sleeve stag beach holiday hibiscus flower fancy dress haw ...\nthe diet of the hawaiian ducks consists mainly of freshwater vegetation, mollusks and insects .\nbrowne, robert a, curtice r. griffin, paul r. chang, mark hubley and amy e. martin. 1993. genetic divergence among populations of the hawaiian duck, laysan duck and mallard. the auk 110 (1). washington d. c. 1993 p. 49 - 56 .\nengilis jr, a. , uyehara, k. j. and giffin, j. g. (2002) hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana). the birds of north america, number 694 .\ncomic print shirt hawaiian shirt mens hawaii holiday beach stag bbq beer summer sup ...\nengilis jr. . a. . k. j. uyi: hara, and j. g. gifun. 2002. hawaiian duck [ anas wyvitlianu). the birds of north america. nuiiiber 694\nthey have also been introduced into australia and new zealand. it is now the most common duck in new zealand .\nthe laysan duck originally resided along all of the hawaiian archipelago but within the past two hundred years has found its range greatly diminished. at the current time the laysan duck can only be found on the small, 900 - acre, island (laysan island) that is under the protection of the us fish and wildlife service .\nengilis jr. . a. . k. j. uyi: hara, and j. g. gifun. 2002. hawaiian duck [ anas wyvitlianu). the birds of north america. nuiiiber 694 .\nthe hawaiian duck is a very wary bird often found in pairs instead of large groups. they occur in lowland wetlands, river valleys, and mountain streams, not adapting too well to human - modified habitat .\nuyehara, kimberly j. , engilis, andrew, jr. , and reynolds, michelle, 2007, hawaiian duck' s future threatened by feral mallards: u. s. geological survey fact sheet 2007 - 3047\nswedberg, g. e. 1967. the koloa: a preliminary report on the life history and status of the hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana). honolulu, hi: dep. land nat. resour. close\nlet' s take a moment to connect to the hawaiian duck and imagine yourself as one in a mountain stream on the island of kaua' i looking for some insects to eat while you hug your vulu angel .\nhabitat: the hawaiian duck frequents a variety of wetlands such as coastal ponds, lakes, flooded grasslands, swamps and mountain streams. this species is visible from sea level up to 3, 300 metres of elevation .\nthis brewer' s duck look - alike was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 13 february 2006 .\nuyehara, kimberly j. , engilis, andrew, jr. , and reynolds, michelle, 2007, hawaiian duck' s future threatened by feral mallards: u. s. geological survey fact sheet 2007 - 3047 urltoken\nthe shy and secretive hawaiian duck is one of several species belonging to the north american mallard complex, a group of closely related ducks (4). although similar in appearance to the much more common and widespread mallard duck, the genetically distinct hawaiian duck is smaller, behaves differently, and has different plumage (2) (4) (5) (6). male and female hawaiian ducks are mottled brown overall, but while the larger male has a predominately dark, olive bill and bright, orange feet, the female has a dark bill with orange or fleshy tones, and light orange feet (2) (4) (6) (7). the familiar quack of the mallard duck is softer and heard less often in the hawaiian species (2) (4). hybrids between the two species share characteristics of both parents (2) (6) .\nthe shy and secretive hawaiian duck is one of several species belonging to the north american mallard complex, a group of closely related ducks (4). although similar in appearance to the much more common and widespread mallard duck, the genetically distinct hawaiian duck is smaller, behaves differently, and has different plumage (2) (4) (5) (6). male and female hawaiian ducks are mottled brown overall, but while the larger male has a predominately dark, olive bill and bright, orange feet, the female has a dark bill with orange or fleshy tones, and light orange feet (2) (4) (6) (7). the familiar quack of the mallard duck is softer and heard less often in the hawaiian species (2) (4). hybrids between the two species share characteristics of both parents (2) (6) .\nonly two species of ducks have been domesticated: the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) and the muscovy duck (cairina moschata) .\nthe hawaiian duck is a medium to large waterfowl species that only occurs on the hawaiian islands of kauai, niihau, oahu, maui, and the big island. it occurs in a variety of freshwater wetland habitats from the lowlands to high elevations and uses its bill to forage for small creatures and plant matter in shallow water. the population of the hawaiian duck is believed to be around 2, 200 individuals and is threatened by destruction of wetlands, introduced predators that prey on them and introduced species that degrade their habitat. it has been given a conservation rating of endangered .\nhenshaw, h. w. 1902a. birds of the hawaiian islands being a complete list of the birds of the hawaiian possessions with notes on their habits. honolulu, hi: thomas g. thrum. close\njeetoo men' s pineapple shirts hawaiian style short sleeve summer casual (navy, xxx - ...\nhawaiian ducks are not difficult to keep; cover and loafing areas should be provided as well as water .\nthe most common in central new york are mallard x american black duck hybrids. (it turns out that most females of the mallard close relatives find a green head really sexy, and they will hook up with mallard males whenever they are available. such propensities create some conservation concern when domestic mallards are introduced into the range of some other species, such as american black duck or mottled duck. )\nfemale hawaiian ducks have a strange attraction to male mallards (a more general species of ducks in the same area), it' s unknown whether the female hawaiian duck attracts the male mallard or whether the color variation of the male mallard attracts the female. in any case this species have found each other irresistible and create feasible offspring. [ 7 ] evolution hasn' t moved fast enough for this species to be unable to mate but this interbreeding is one of the main causes for the endangerment of the hawaiian duck, specifically hybridization, which is explained mentioned below. [ 7 ]\nenglish: greenhead, common mallard, green headed mallard, / northern mallard, greenland mallard (conboschas); florida mallard, florida duck (fulvigula); mottled mallard, mottled duck; mexican mallard, mexican duck; hawaiian mallard, hawaiian duck, koloa (wyvilliana); laysan mallard, laysan duck / teal (laysanensis)... spanish: ánade de hawaï, ánade hawaiano... french: canard de hawaii, canard des hawaï, canard d' hawaii, canard koloa german: hawaii - ente, hawaii - stockente, koloaente, laysanente, stockente, zwergstockente... czech: kachna havajská... danish: hawaiiand... estonian: havai sinikael - part... finnish: havaijinsorsa... norwegian: hawaiiand... dutch: hawaiian eend, hawaiieend, hawaii - eend... swedish: hawaiiand... hawaiian: koloa maoli... italian: germano delle hawaii... japanese: hawaimagamo... polish: krzyzówka hawajska, krzy? ówka hawajska... russian: ?? ?? ?... slovak: kacica havajská\neven wildlife biologists have a tough time telling the difference between the endangered hawaiian duck, koloa maoli, and the common mallard. cross - breeding or hybridization between the two species is the primary reason the endemic koloa duck is endangered. a new collaborative program between the state of hawaii department of land and natural resources, the u. s. fish and wildlife service, and the university of hawaii pacific studies cooperative unit is addressing the future of the koloa. the project attempts to provide steps which will ensure its ultimate survival as one three remaining native waterfowl species in hawaii (koloa, hawaiian goose - nene, and laysan duck) .\nhawaiian forest birds serve as an ideal group to explore the extent of climate change impacts on at - risk species. avian malaria constrains many remaining hawaiian forest bird species to high elevations where temperatures are too cool for malaria' s life cycle and its principal mosquito vector. the impact of climate change on hawaiian forest birds ...\nmap of “main hawaiian islands” with the six coastal plain national wildlife refuges identified. hawai' i, usa .\nthe hawaiian duck inhabits a broad range of wetland habitats from sea - level up to 3, 300 metres, including coastal swamp, freshwater ponds, flooded grasslands, marshes, lakes, streams and artificial water - bodies (2) (6) .\nthe hawaiian duck inhabits a broad range of wetland habitats from sea - level up to 3, 300 metres, including coastal swamp, freshwater ponds, flooded grasslands, marshes, lakes, streams and artificial water - bodies (2) (6) .\nthis is probably the most common answer to most beginning birder’s duck problems. domestic duck breeds are not illustrated in most field guides, and the older guides did not mention this problem at all. when people go out looking for wild birds they seem to forget that domestic breeds exist. first rule of thumb: if your weird duck is found at a park, walking around on the grass or coming near people, it is probably a domestic duck. but, these domestic monsters do get mixed up in flocks of wild birds, too, so how do you spot them? second rule of thumb: if your duck has large patches of white where you didn’t expect it, think domestic duck. people seem to love to breed white or partially white domestic animals, presumably because such mutations don’t do well in the wild and consequently are rare. such mutations do turn up in the wild, though, and we’ll discuss them later, but for now, if you see big patches of white, think domestic duck .\nhawaiian geese graze and browse on the leaves, seeds, berries, and flowers of grasses, herbs and shrubs .\nthe mallards are probably the best - known of all ducks and are believed to be the most common duck species on earth; and they are not considered threatened. however, one major threat to this duck species includes hybridization with other ducks it is closely related to. mallards frequently interbreed with the american black duck, northern pintail and domesticated species, leading to various hybrids; and these hybrids are actually fertile (able to produce young) .\nmoulton, daniel w. and ann p. marshall. 1996. anas laysanensis: laysan duck. the birds of north america no. 242 .\npacific ocean: hawaiian islands. anas wyvilliana was once an inhabitant of all the main hawaiian islands (usa) except lanai and kahoolawe, but is now restricted to kauai and niihau, and is reintroduced on oahu, hawaii and maui .\nthe hawaiian duck adapts to a wide range of wetland habitats, including freshwater marshlands, flooded grasslands, coastal ponds, streams, mountain pools, mountain bogs, and forest swamps at elevations from sea level up to 8, 000 ft (2, 400 m) .\ndraft revised recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds, second draft of second revision: notice of document availability for review and comment .\nseasonal use by hawaiian stilts on two national wildlife refuges in hawai' i, usa for the time period spanning 1989–2008 .\nseasonal use by hawaiian coots on four national wildlife refuges in hawai' i, usa for the time period spanning 1989–2013 .\n” the hawaiian duck was extirpated on all other islands, but was subsequently reestablished on oʻahu, hawaiʻi, and maui through release of captive - reared birds. however, all the hawaiian ducks in the reestablished populations have bred with feral mallard ducks and have produced hybrid offspring that is fully fertile (griffin et al. 1989); consequently ,\npure\nhawaiian ducks are still only found on kauaʻi. with an approximate population of 2, 200 birds (engiiis and pratt 1993, engilis et al. 2002 )\nuyehara, k. j. , engilis jr, a. and reynolds, m. (2007) hawaiian duck’s future threatened by feral mallards: u. s. geological survey fact sheet 2007 - 3047. u. s geological survey, denver. available at: urltoken\nprotection / threats / status: the hawaiian duck is threatened by hybridisation with the non - native mallard, habitat loss, introduced predators such as cats, dogs, rats and some other animals, modification of wetland habitats, problems caused by non - native invasive plant species, avian disease and pollution. the species is reintroduced to several islands, and their population is estimated to 2, 200 individuals, equivalent to about 1, 500 mature birds. the numbers are decreasing due to the previous threats. the hawaiian duck is currently listed as endangered species .\nthe former range of the hawaiian duck included all of the main hawaiian islands except the island of lānaʻi and kauaʻi. 2 hawaiian ducks were found on the hottest coasts with suitable ponds as well as in the mountains that were up to 7, 000 feet high. (perkins 1903, cited in banko 1987b). this includes low wetlands, river valleys, and streams in mountains. “genetically - pure koloa populations were believed to occur on the islands of kaua' i (browne et al. 1993, rhymer 2001) ,\nrhymer, j. m. 2001. evolutionary relationships and conservation of the hawaiian anatids. studies in avian biology 22: 61—67\nkoloa maoli, anas wyvilliana, are similar to and probably derived from the mallard. they are also known as hawaiian ducks .\nannual population trends for the hawaiian coot, stilt, and gallinule from count data spanning 1986–2007 in hawai' i, usa .\nthe hawaiian duck was known from all the main hawaiian islands except lanai and kahoolawe. although there are no estimates of the original population, it is likely that this bird was once fairly common. indiscriminate hunting in the late 1800s and early 1900s took a heavy toll on the hawaiian duck, whose numbers fell drastically until the mid - twentieth century. in 1949, only about 500 birds remained on kauai, an unknown number on niihau, and about 30 on oahu. it was then considered only an occasional visitor to the island of hawaii, having already been eliminated from maui and molokai. it was apparently extirpated on oahu in 1960 when kaelepulu pond, the last nesting site on the island, was modified as part of a housing development. by the 1960s the hawaiian duck was found only on kauai. the hawaiian duck has been reintroduced to the coast of the island of hawaii from hawi south to paauilo. a natural population on kauai has remained stable. estimates from the mid - 1960s indicated approximately 2, 000 - 3, 000 birds, mostly in remote, mountainous stream areas. a population of about 50 birds has been established on oahu in typical waterfowl wetland habitat. three hundred birds were released on oahu at kawainui marsh, naupia ponds, waimea falls park, and hommaluhia park. although the kauai population of hawaiian duck exceeds 2, 000 birds and is self - sustaining, u. s. fish and wildlife service (fws) goals for de - listing the species call for self - sustaining populations of 500 birds on oahu and the island of hawaii .\nhawaiian geese are found only in the hawaiian islands and are the only extant species of goose not occurring naturally in continental areas. the hawaiian goose formerly bred on all or most of the hawaiian islands, but currently is restricted to hawaii, kauai, and maui. preferred nest sites include sparsely - to - densely - vegetated beach strands; shrublands; grasslands and woodlands on well - drained soil, volcanic ash, cinder and lava rock substrates. females typically nest on the ground and lay an average of 3 eggs .\nthis mallard x american black duck hybrid (in the rear) was with american black ducks at point lookout, nassau co. , ny, 3 march 2001 .\nuyehara, kimberly j. , andrew engilis jr. , and bruce d. dugger .\nwetland features that influence occupancy by the endangered hawaiian duck .\nwilson journal of ornithology 120. 2 (2008): 311 - 319. academic search premier. web. 23 oct. 2014 .\nwary by nature, especially when nesting or molting, the hawaiian duck often occurs alone or in pairs (7). it is a strong, agile flier and is believed to make daily and seasonal altitudinal movements. although inter - island movements are unknown, patterns in abundance suggest this species does move between the islands in response to rainfall and food availability (4) (8). the hawaiian duck is an opportunistic feeder, foraging mainly in shallow water, where it takes aquatic insects, molluscs, crustaceans, seeds and other plant matter (2) (4) (6) .\nthe hawaiian duck is usually seen in pairs or in small groups. they may form larger flocks during winter around abundant food resources. they are shy and wary birds. this species breeds all year round, with a peak from december to may on kauai, and between march and june on hawaii .\nthe clues for finding a hybrid are not so clear cut. the easiest way to spot them is when they have characters intermediate between the parental species. look for a duck that looks familiar, but just doesn’t look quite right. a black duck x mallard male will often have the mostly dull plumage of the black duck and some green on the head. it may or may not have the curled feathers over the tail, and the speculum can be blue like a mallard or more purple like the black duck. small green patches on the head can be a good sign of some mallard parentage. in general, watch for symmetrical abnormalities, patches of color or lack of color .\n( meaning\nnative duck\n), or simply koloa. this species is listed as endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species and its population trend is decreasing .\n). the term “main hawaiian islands” refers to the following eight islands: ni' ihau, kaua' i, o' ahu, maui, moloka' i, lāna' i, kaho' olawe, and hawai' i. semiannual waterbird surveys currently occur on all main hawaiian islands except for ni' ihau and kaho' olawe. the six coastal plain wetland refuges occur across the main hawaiian islands (see\nlet’s deal with the muscovy duck first, as it’s pretty easy to tell. the most obvious character of a muscovy is the red facial skin. if your duck has a red face, it’s probably a muscovy duck. this red skin can be quite bumpy, exaggerated, and frankly, gross, with a knob on top of the bill and lumps all over. if you see that, it’s a slam dunk muscovy duck. the wild type plumage of muscovy is all black, glossy greenish on the back, and with large white wing patches. but, because of our fondness for white, domestic muscovies can be pure white, all black, or any degree of pied black - and - white .\nonce common on most of the main hawaiian islands, the vast majority of hawaiian ducks now only occur on kauai, niihau, and the upper elevations of hawaii, with the largest numbers at the hanalei national wildlife refuge on kauai. captive reared hawaiian ducks were reintroduced to hawaii, oahu, and maui, but on all three islands there is now a high proportion of hybrids (2) (4) (6) .\nonce common on most of the main hawaiian islands, the vast majority of hawaiian ducks now only occur on kauai, niihau, and the upper elevations of hawaii, with the largest numbers at the hanalei national wildlife refuge on kauai. captive reared hawaiian ducks were reintroduced to hawaii, oahu, and maui, but on all three islands there is now a high proportion of hybrids (2) (4) (6) .\nfemale dabbling ducks look very similar to the mallards. however, the mallard is the only one duck with blue speculum (wing patches) that are bordered on both sides by white .\nthe birds of the hawaiian islands: occurrence, history, distribution, and status version 2 - 1 january 2017 robert l. pyle and peter pyle\nhawaiian goose: this species is a native of the hawaiian islands and is local in the hawaii volcanoes national park, mauna loa, and maui. it was recently established and is increasing in population on kauai and molokai. this bird prefers scrubland, grasslands, sparsely vegetated slopes and golf courses .\nthe native hawaiian name, nene, is derived from their distinctive\nnay - nay\nvocalization. the official bird of the state of hawaii, the nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of maui, kauai, and hawaii. it is also known as the hawaiian goose .\nhawaiian geese are considered sedentary, but, historically, seasonal movements were made in response to changes in food availability as a result of rainfall patterns .\nthe hawaiian duck is a very wary bird often found in pairs instead of large groups. the koloa is most prominently found residing in the tall, wetland grasses and streams near the kohala volcano on the main island of hawai’i (reed et al. 2012). they are very secretive birds and do not associate with other animals much .\ncrows – the hawaiian crow is now officially extinct in the wild. as of october 2012, only 109 individuals remained, not in hawaii but in california, in two captive - breeding programs. they are not bred in hawaii because they are prey to the hawaiian hawk, itself an endangered species .\nweird things happen in nature. albinism and other color abnormalities are rather common. odd, often irregular white patches can be a sign of partial albinism. it can be hard to tell sometimes if a duck is a mutant or has domestic duck genes. it is always good to look at the shape and size of any suspect duck and see if it looks like the other, more normally plumaged ducks around it. third rule of thumb: if it looks the same as the others ducks around it in every way except color (even behavior), then it probably is a mutant. note also that mallards and muscovy ducks normally do not dive, so if your patched white duck is spending lots of time under water, it' s a mutant .\n[ 7 ] draft revised recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds. portland, or. : u. s. fish and wildlife service, 2005. web .\nchang pr (1990) strategies for managing endangered waterbirds on hawaiian national wildlife refuges. m. s. thesis, university of massachusetts. 87 p .\nthe hawaiian duck is typically found alone or in pairs, although larger numbers of birds occasionally congregate around a rich food source. it is very wary of outside disturbance, particularly when nesting or molting. it feeds on snails, dragonfly larvae, earthworms, grass seeds, and other plant matter. while a strong flyer, the hawaiian duck it does not range far from its narrowly defined home territory and rarely moves between islands. nests are built on the ground near water at any time of the year; peak breeding season is from december to may. the female lays a clutch of two to 10 eggs that she incubates for about 30 days. most chicks hatch during april, may, and june .\nbanko, w. e. 1987a. historical synthesis of recent endemic hawaiian birds. koloa - maoli. manoa: univ. of hawai' i. close\nthe american black duck adult male looks similar to the adult female or eclipse male mallard. however, the body is darker overall and there are no white borders on blue speculum (wing patch) .\nother ways that the hawaiian ducks are being threatened is through the predation of dogs, introduced fish, and also other birds that are being introduced into their habitat .\n[ 3 ]\nrecovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds second revision\n( anas laysanensis) .\n( 2009): archivegrid. web. 23 oct. 2014 .\nhistorically they were found on all but two of the main hawaiian islands, by 1962 hunting and loss of habitat had extirpated them from all but kauai and niihau .\nrhymer, j. m. 2001. evolutionary relationships and conservation of the hawaiian anatids. stud. avian biol. no. 22: 61 - 67. close\nthis project examined altitudinal movements of the endangered hawaiian hoary bat and their use of high elevation caves on the slopes of mauna loa volcano on the island of hawai‘i .\nducks unlimited, inc. (2001) a conservation plan for the hawaiian stilt at cyanotech aquaculture facility keahole point, hawaii. sacramento, ca. 136 p .\nchang, p. r. 1990. strategies for managing endangered waterbirds in hawaiian national wildlife refuges. master' s thesis, univ. of massachusetts, amherst. close\nthe white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty, rusty - brown appearance. the birds aren' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north. regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a\nquack ,\nduck species in north america also variously whistle, squeak, click, and grunt .\nbehaviour in the wild: the hawaiian duck feeds on grass seed and other plant matter such as green algae, seeds and leaves of aquatic plants. it also takes crustaceans, insects, aquatic worms and earthworms, snails and dragonfly larvae. it dabbles and performs upending for feeding. it grazes while walking or swimming in shallow water, and also on land in flooded areas and other wetlands .\nusgs and oregon state university (osu) have joined forces to support usfws with research needed help manage and recover the endangered hawaiian duck, locally known as koloa maoli. hybridization of koloa with feral mallards on o‘ahu and maui is believed to have resulted in complete introgression in those populations (engilis et al. 2002), and kaua‘i is the only island that likely supports a ...\nthe decline of the hawaiian duck is directly related to the destruction of key wetland habitats in the hawaiian islands, particularly waikïkï, ka‘elepulu, köloa swamp, and kawai nui marshes on o‘ahu and the mana wetlands on kaua‘i. on hawai‘i, maui, and moloka‘i, this species was never abundant in historic times, owing to limited habitat. in addition to habitat loss, predation from introduced mammals dealt a severe blow to the species. sport hunting continued well into the first third of the twentieth century and has been mentioned as a factor in the species' decline (\nshallenberger, r. j. 1977a. an ornithological survey of hawaiian wetlands. honolulu, hi: ahuimanu productions report to u. s. army corps of engineers. close\na face only a mother could love. prominent in hawaiian mythology, the coot can be recognized by its white bill and frontal shield, which contrast with its dark body .\ncomments: hybridization with mallard is greatest threat to hawaiian duck' s viability as a species (englis et al. 2002). other causes of decline are overhunting, drainage of wetlands, reduction in taro farming, and probably also predation by mongoose, rats, cats, and dogs; some wetlands have been degraded by introduced plants. habitat has been lost / degraded due to coastal development .\nabout 1. 5 million years ago a handful of stray mallard ducks made their way to the hawaiian islands. they came from north america and found a hospitable home in hawaiʻi .\nthese two different mallard x american black duck hybrids were with mallards at stewart park, ithaca, ny, 24 march 2001. note that one has the curly upper tail coverts like a mallard and the other one does not .\nrecovery (downlisting or delisting from the endangered species list) for the hawaiian stilt, coot, gallinule and duck is linked to the permanent protection and active management of key remaining coastal plain wetlands [ 2 ]. six coastal plain wetland national wildlife refuges (refuges) on the main hawaiian islands have all been identified as core wetlands that will contribute toward recovery [ 2 ], [ 9 ]. these refuges have some of the most actively managed of hawai' i' s wetlands. in this study we use refuges to evaluate the effectiveness of the current management paradigm for these conservation reliant species .\na recent hybrid duck in union springs, ny resembles a duck illustrated by audubon and described as “ brewer’s duck. ” it has a dark cap with some greenish sheen, a pale to tan cheek, a dark neck ring, a lighter thin neck ring, a dark chest, dark sides, black rear end with a faint white stripe in front of it, and a whitish tail. audubon thought that his bird might be a cross between a mallard and a gadwall. the union springs brewer’s duck is very similar. the green on the head, white tail, black rear end, and pale neck ring are good mallard characters. the gray sides, dark rear end, and intricately patterned chest suggest gadwall. where the face patch comes from is anybody’s guess, and nothing has a black - and - tan bill like this bird. but does this bird have mallard in it? it looks very similar to a specimen in gillham and gillham (1996, hybrid ducks) that is labeled as gadwall x northern pintail. it’s hard to know for sure, and gillham and gillhan (1996) give several known combinations that look like this duck .\naverage weights for this long - lived duck vary with its age. an individual at age 14 can weigh 98. 1 grams while an individual at age 45 can weigh 402. 0 grams. there is little difference between the plumages of males and females. both are dull, dark brown with distinctive white eye rings and white feathering on head and neck. the main difference lies with bill coloring: the male bill is yellowish green with black spotting, while the female bill is dull orange. the laysan duck has strong wings that allow it quick take offs but not prolonged flight. the laysan duck spends most of its time on its legs dabbling into the water and on land for food .\n). at kealia pond nwr, hawaiian stilts occurred in significantly less numbers in february than in october and november (p < 0. 04, p < 0. 05; see\nreasons: population of only about 2500 occurs in much - reduced habitat in a few of the hawaiian islands; formerly more common and widespread; greatly threatened by hybridization with the introduced mallard .\n). however, for an anatid that was first documented more than 220 years ago, catalogued as a unique hawaiian species 120 years ago, and listed as federally endangered in 1978, information is scant at best. it remains one of the more poorly known of hawaiian birds and of the world' s waterfowl, and much of its life history is first reported in this account .\nthe federally endangered nēnē, or hawaiian goose, once present on most of the hawaiian islands, was found only on hawai‘i island by 1900. this remnant population was reduced to as few as 30 individuals by 1952 due to the combination of unregulated hunting, introduced mammalian predators, and large - scale habitat degradation. nēnē have been restored to a few places like hawai‘i volcanoes ...\nfish, u. s. and wildlife service. 1999c. draft recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds. 2nd rev ed. portland, or: u. s. fish wildl. serv. close\nlike mallards, koloa maoli (hawaiian ducks) are opportunistic and their diet includes snails, dragonfly larvae, earthworms, grass seeds, green algae, and seeds / leaf parts of wetland plants .\nhawai' i division of forestry and wildlife (1980–2008) semiannual hawaiian waterbird survey data. summarized by hawai' i natural heritage program and pacific islands fish and wildlife office, honolulu, hi .\nwary by nature, especially when nesting or molting, the hawaiian duck often occurs alone or in pairs (7). it is a strong, agile flier and is believed to make daily and seasonal altitudinal movements. although inter - island movements are unknown, patterns in abundance suggest this species does move between the islands in response to rainfall and food availability (4) (8). the hawaiian duck is an opportunistic feeder, foraging mainly in shallow water, where it takes aquatic insects, molluscs, crustaceans, seeds and other plant matter (2) (4) (6). the reproductive ecology of this duck is poorly known (6), but breeding has been documented year - round with a peak between december and may on kauai, and march and june on hawaii (2) (3). the female normally builds a nest away from human disturbance, in herbaceous upland vegetation near a wetland or stream, and lays up to ten eggs (4) (6). following an incubation period of around 30 days, the precocial chicks hatch and trail their mother to the safety of water (3) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 2011. recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds, second revision. u. s. fish and wildlife service, portland, oregon. xx + 233 pp .\nthe female is smaller than male. she has spotted brown plumage, indistinct eye line and reddish - brown breast. her bill is dark with orange tones in the subterminal part. she has light orange legs and webbed feet. outside the breeding season, the male is similar to the female except the bill. the juvenile is duller and browner than female, with indistinct markings on feathers. hybrids mallard / hawaiian duck share the characteristics of both species .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 2011. recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds, second revision. u. s. fish and wildlife service, portland, oregon. xx + 233 pp. urltoken\npratt, t. k. , r. e. david, and e. h. paxton. 2016. first record of the common sandpiper for the hawaiian islands. western birds 47: 167–169 .\nthe beaches at turtle bay are isolated from large human populations and are a favorite haul - out location for oahu wildlife including the critically endangered hawaiian monk seals. we are also located within the 1, 218 square nautical miles hawaiian island humpback whale national marine sanctuary, and are pleased to work within their program to protect the winter breeding, calving and nursing range of the largest remaining population of the endangered humpback whale .\nunbeknown to most, hawaii’s native duck, the koloa maoli, has been a part of the ecosystem of the hawaiian islands for tens of thousands of years. it is unique to these remote islands – found nowhere else on earth. like many native species it is threatened with extinction from the combined forces of habitat loss, introduced predators, historic overhunting, etc. , but is unusual in that it faces an additional threat – that of hybridization (or cross - breeding) .\nhybridization occurs when two distinct species interbreed and produce fertile offspring. in the case of the koloa, this has occurred with the domestic mallard, many of which have been released by people into the wild and become feral. domestic mallards are notoriously effective breeders, and can hybridize readily with even distantly related species of duck. this added pressure is threatening the very existence of the koloa, and has the potential to add one more hawaiian bird to the already too long list of extinctions .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (2005) draft revised recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds, 2nd draft of the 2nd revision. u. s. fish and wildlife service, portland, oregon. p 155\nthe hawaiian goose has a small range, confined to hawaii, which is the native habitat of the bird. this bird prefers subtropical or tropical grassland and shrubland ecosystems. the global population of this bird is estimated at less than one thousand mature individuals and while the population shows signs of increase, the small population necessitates inclusion on the iucn red list. for this reason, the current evaluation status of the hawaiian goose is vulnerable .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) (2011) recovery plan for hawaiian waterbirds, second revision. u. s. fish and wildlife service, portland, oregon. xx + 233 p .\nthe hawaiian duck' s population is affected by habitat loss, modifications to wetland habitats for flood control, non - native invasive plants, diseases, environmental contaminants, hunting and predation. the primary avian diseases of concern in hawai’i are avian malaria and avian pox, which have devastated forest birds and greatly limited their distributions (reed, et al. 2012). predation threats to the koloa maoli include feral cats, rats, and small asian mongooses, which eat the eggs and young .\nthe adults male has a darker head and neck which is also sometimes green. a first - year male koloa maoli looks like an eclipse - plumaged male mallard. the feet and legs are orange. the bill is olive green in the male and dull orange with dark markings in the female. another difference between the hawaiian duck and the mallard is their vocalizations: the koloa maoli quacks like a mallard, however not as harsh and vocal. instead, the voice is softer than a mallards .\n). for hawaiian coots, the estimated average percentage of the statewide population found on refuges for the subset of data used spanning 1986–2007 was 35. 7% ±4. 7% . for hawaiian stilts, the estimated average percentage of the statewide population found on refuges for the subset of data used spanning 1986–2007 was 41. 5% ±5. 0% . for hawaiian gallinule, the estimated average percentage of the statewide population found on refuges for the subset of data used spanning 1986–2007 was 33. 7% ±6. 6% . when we assessed the trend for the relative contribution of the refuges over time, we found that the pattern has remained stable .\nfowler ac, eadie jm, engilis a (2009) identification of endangered hawaiian ducks (anas wyvilliana), introduced north american mallards (a. platyrhynchos) and their hybrids using multilocus genotypes. conserv genet 10: 1747–1758\nthe koloa maoli’s former range included all the hawaiian islands except lanai. wild populations are still widespread on kauai. small, naturally breeding populations have been reestablished on oahu and hawaii through the release of birds reared in captivity .\ngriffin, c. r. and r. browne. 1990. genetic variation and hybridization in hawaiian ducks and mallards in hawai' i. honolulu: report submitted to u. s. fish wildl. serv. close\nhawaiian monk seals are among the most critically endangered mammals in the world. only about 1, 200 seals are alive today. there is a growing population of seals in the hawaiian islands and a 2005 survey observed 76 seals on oahu. monk seals frequently visit our shorelines to rest and molt. they may look sick, but they are usually perfectly healthy. we take extra precautions to make sure these wonderful animals are left alone and respected." ]

{ "text": [ "the hawaiian duck ( anas wyvilliana ) or koloa is a species of bird in the family anatidae that is endemic to the large islands of hawaiʻi .", "taxonomically , the koloa is closely allied with the mallard ( a. platyrhynchos ) , .", "it differs in that it is monochromatic ( with similarly marked males and females ) and non-migratory .", "as with many duck species in the genus anas , hawaiian duck and mallards can interbreed and produce viable offspring , and the koloa has previously been considered an island subspecies of the mallard .", "however , all major authorities now consider this form to be a distinct species within the mallard complex .", "recent analyses indicate that this is a distinct species that arose through ancient hybridization between mallard and laysan duck ( anas laysanensis ) .", "the native hawaiian name for this duck is koloa maoli ( meaning \" native duck \" ) , or simply koloa .", "this species is listed as endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species , and its population trend is decreasing . " ], "topic": [ 3, 29, 9, 19, 5, 6, 25, 17 ] }

[ "the hawaiian duck (anas wyvilliana) or koloa is a species of bird in the family anatidae that is endemic to the large islands of hawaiʻi. taxonomically, the koloa is closely allied with the mallard (a. platyrhynchos),. it differs in that it is monochromatic (with similarly marked males and females) and non-migratory. as with many duck species in the genus anas, hawaiian duck and mallards can interbreed and produce viable offspring, and the koloa has previously been considered an island subspecies of the mallard. however, all major authorities now consider this form to be a distinct species within the mallard complex. recent analyses indicate that this is a distinct species that arose through ancient hybridization between mallard and laysan duck (anas laysanensis). the native hawaiian name for this duck is koloa maoli (meaning \" native duck \"), or simply koloa. this species is listed as endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species, and its population trend is decreasing." ]

[ "the eastern meadowlark’s clear, whistled music is the unmistakable anthem of eastern north america’s farmlands and open country. [ eastern meadowlark song ] the western meadowlark and its sweet, liquid notes epitomize the natural expanses of the american west. [ western meadowlark song ]\nalso mapped here are predicted shifts in eastern meadowlark habitat due to climate change. b\n. also, where eastern and western meadowlark ranges overlap, male eastern meadowlarks will defend against male eastern and western meadowlarks. males typically defend their territories with posturing and aerial displays .\nthe eastern meadowlark is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\neastern meadowlark populations may also benefit from climate change. models of future distribution considering habitat and climate changes predicted that landscape capability (suitable climate and habitat) for the eastern meadowlark would increase by 17% by 2080 2 .\n“lillian’s” eastern meadowlark occurs in arizona grasslands. this subspecies has more white in the tail, grayer upperparts, and more contrastingly white cheeks than other eastern meadowlarks .\nuse the female song, during early morning preening. the alarm call of the eastern meadowlark is a short buzzy ,\neastern meadowlarks are not true larks; rather they belong to the same family as blackbirds and orioles (icteridae). there are about 18 recognized subspecies of the eastern meadowlark .\ncornell lab of ornithology. 2003 .\neastern meadowlark\n( on - line). accessed november 13, 2005 at urltoken .\ndisplayed are dsl landscape capability (lc) data for the eastern meadowlark for the future (dsl 2080) is also ...\nthis species can be difficult to distinguish from the western meadowlark (sturnella neglecta) which shares some of the eastern meadowlark’s range. the difference in song is the most reliable means of identification, with the western meadowlark having a more complex and musical repertoire (2) (3) .\nsome agricultural practices may negatively affect eastern meadowlark breeding success. early summer mowing of hayfields is detrimental to meadowlark nests and young. haying and mowing during the breeding season can cause egg, chick, and adult mortality .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna )\ntitle =\narkive species - eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbird sounds provided by the macaulay library at the cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york. eastern meadowlark recorded by lns 106881 r. s. little (ny state), western meadowlark by g. vyn lns 137513 .\nthe eastern meadowlark is not a lark (family alaudidae) but is related instead to new world blackbirds and troupials (family emberizidae, subfamily icterinae) .\nthe eastern meadowlark is a bird that breeds from new brunswick and central ontario to florida and northern mexico and winters as far north as southern new ...\nwestern meadowlark the western meadowlark is nearly identical in appearance, though it tends to have less white in the outer tail feathers and more yellow in the face. its song, however, is distinctive .\nthe eastern meadowlark is one of the most widely distributed species of songbird. it is native to north and central america, with its range extending into south america (2) .\nthe eastern meadowlark is not actually a lark (alaudidae family), nor does it belong to the family of starlings (sturnidae) as its latin name – meaning “large little starling” – suggests. rather, the eastern meadowlark is a member of the blackbird family (icteridae) along with orioles, cowbirds, grackles, red - winged blackbirds, bobolinks, and others .\neastern meadowlarks (lilian' s) in the southwest have more white in the tail, grayer upperparts, and more contrastingly white cheeks than other eastern meadowlarks .\neastern meadowlarks forage on the ground, searching and probing for insects and seeds .\nalthough there are currently no specific conservation actions aimed at the eastern meadowlark, recommendations for future management of this species include encouraging land - use practices that provide suitable nesting habitat (3). increasing the amount of hay fields, natural grasslands and delaying the mowing of farm lands until after the nesting season are all thought to be beneficial to the eastern meadowlark (3) .\nmale eastern meadowlarks are polygynous, with most males having two to three mates. female\nthe subspecies occurring in the southwestern u. s. may in fact represent a separate species, the lilian’s meadowlark .\nthe meadowlarks’ best hope for the future lies in farmland and grassland conservation. there are agricultural practices that are compatible with the needs of birds – such as delaying hay - cutting until nesting birds have fledged. and the conservation reserve program enables landowners to keep their acreage in grasslands. [ eastern meadowlark song, followed by western meadowlark song ]\nthe eastern meadowlark is most commonly found in open habitats, such as native grasslands and pastures. it can also be found on human altered habitats, such as crop fields, roadsides and golf courses (3) .\nthe stocky eastern meadowlark is brownish with darker mottling on the upperparts, has distinctive, bright yellow underparts with a black “vee” in the center of the breast, and a bold white eyeline bordered above and below by blackish lines .\nas with many open field nesters, like the bluebird, meadowlark, and bobwhite, the field sparrow is under pressure locally. this colorful sparrow was once abundant in the triangle, but has declined due to the loss of farmland to development, and changes in farming practice. following the land management suggestions for eastern meadowlark will also significantly help the field sparrow population .\nlanyon, w. e. (1995) eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna). in: poole, a. (ed .) the birds of north america online. cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca. available at: urltoken\nthe eastern meadowlark prefers larger, adjacent areas of grazed pastures and grasslands. their breeding range extends from southeastern canada, west to the great plains and great lakes regions, and south along the appalachian mountain corridor. eastern meadowlarks remain year - round throughout much of the grasslands of the eastern united states. eastern meadowlarks are also found in parts of central and south america throughout the whole year. in the winter, those individuals living in the northern - most portions of the breeding range will migrate to southern areas in order to forage .\nlanyon, wesley e. 1995. eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna), the birds of north america online (a. poole, ed .). ithaca: cornell lab of ornithology; retrieved from the birds of north america online .\na familiar bird, known by the black\nv\non its chest when it sings from a fencepost, or by the flash of white tail feathers when it flushes from the grass. the clear whistled song of the eastern meadowlark can be heard in spring not only in the east but also in desert grasslands of the southwest. some scientists believe that the southwestern form is actually a different species. other races of the eastern meadowlark are widespread in central america and northern south america .\nheavy streaking on their backs help eastern meadowlarks to hide from predators when foraging or walking on the ground .\neastern meadowlarks occur throughout the eastern and southwestern u. s. , as well as mexico, parts of central and south america, and cuba. its u. s. population has declined in recent decades .\neastern meadowlarks are resident throughout most of their range, including in new jersey, though northern birds migrate south in the fall. they feed in flocks in winter. eastern meadowlarks usually live up to 5 years .\nalthough still common throughout much of the eastern united states, the population numbers have significantly declined over the past few decades due to disappearing grassland habitat mostly caused by development, forest succession, and large - scale agricultural operations. the habitat of the eastern meadowlark is also decreasing in new york, especially in the southeastern part of the state and on long island .\nthe eastern meadowlark was once abundant over much of north carolina’s farm country. seen perched on wires or fences, these colorful members of the blackbird family nest in fields with long grasses. changes in farming practice, particularly the early harvest of grasses for hay, have decimated local populations. farmers and landowners can support meadowlark conservation by waiting until the birds finish nesting before mowing for hay. new hope audubon recommends august 1 for hay harvest, to reduce meadowlark chick mortality. low intensity grazing by livestock during the nesting season may also be helpful .\nthe clear, whistled music of the eastern meadowlark (seen here) is the unmistakable anthem of eastern north america' s farmlands and open country. the western meadowlark and its sweet, liquid notes epitomize the natural expanses of the american west. sadly, birds of such grassy habitats are among the fastest declining species in north america. learn more about these birds and efforts to conserve their habitats. the meadowlarks' best hope lies in the conservation of farmland and grassland. tell your elected representatives that you support the conservation reserve program .\nrighter yellow colors mean more eastern meadowlark habitat in 2080 under an average of 3 climate models with a lower emissions scenario (moderate climate change) and a high emissions scenario (severe climate change). for more information, see the climate change bird atlas (ccba) .\nsmith, c. r. 2008. eastern meadowlark. sturnella magna. pages 592 - 593 in mcgowan, k. j. and k. corwin, eds. the second atlas of breeding birds in new york state. cornell univ. press, ithaca, ny .\neastern and western meadowlarks are very similar and can be difficult to tell apart where their ranges overlap, which includes several central us states and the great lakes region. occasionally an\naccidental\nwestern meadowlark turns up in new jersey. their songs are the best field identifier .\nthe eastern meadowlark is a robust, medium - sized songbird, typically 8 - 10 inches long with a wingspan of around 14 inches. key markings are its vibrant yellow throat, chest, and belly, interrupted only by a thick black “v” on its chest. the head is alternately striped with black and pale, with the pale supercilium (“eyebrow” stripe) containing a bright yellow patch between the eye and bill. the eastern meadowlark also has a notably long and pointed bill, a short tail with white outer feathers, and a brown - streaked back .\nthe eastern meadowlark eats mostly grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, ants, and other insects and insect larvae. weed seeds, grains, and berries make up a smaller portion of the diet, except in winter when insects are scarce. the birds pick insects from the ground surface and also probe the soil with their bills. when winter weather is especially harsh, eastern meadowlarks may even feed on roadkill .\ndespite being relatively common, the eastern meadowlark appears to be declining throughout its north american range (3) (4). agricultural practices have led to the degradation of suitable breeding habitat and this species is also sensitive to human encroachment, often abandoning nests if disturbed (3) .\nno idyllic scene of grassland habitat is complete without a meadowlark singing from atop a fence - post, but unfortunately this sight is becoming increasingly rare in the commonwealth .\nthe song is a clear whistle of several syllables, not as musical as the song of the western meadowlark. the distinctive call is a buzzy\ndrzzt\n.\neastern meadowlarks are most common in native grasslands and prairies, but they also occur in pastures, hayfields, agricultural fields, airports, and other grassy areas. because vast swaths of grasslands are hard to find in parts of eastern north america, eastern meadowlarks will breed in many kinds of grassy areas as long as they can find about 6 acres in which to establish a territory. where their range overlaps with western meadowlarks, eastern meadowlarks tend to use wetter, lower - lying grasslands. back to top\nthe eastern meadowlark is a ground forager, searching for its invertebrate prey while walking or running along the ground, as well as probing beneath the soil with its beak (3). its diet consists mainly of grasshoppers and crickets, with caterpillars, grubs and seeds also being taken (3) .\ncalling all birders and bird enthusiasts! we have launched a multi - year citizen science project to study eastern meadowlarks. the project aims to collect presence - absence data for eastern meadowlarks at randomly selected sites throughout massachusetts from april 20 to june 15, 2018 .\njaster, levi a. , william e. jensen and wesley e. lanyon. 2012. eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\ndisplayed are dsl landscape capability (lc) data for the eastern meadowlark for the future (dsl 2080) is also displayed; higher values shown in blue. lc incorporates habitat, climate, and prevalence to estimate suitable and accessible conditions for the species. lc values can' t be compared across species .\nthe eastern meadowlark is arguably the grassland bird species that has been hardest hit by the loss of grassland habitat in massachusetts. according to our findings in the breeding bird atlas 2, this species has disappeared from more than 75 percent of its 1979 distribution, and its breeding range in massachusetts is now quite restricted .\nthe western meadow­lark is very similar. the call of the eastern is diagnostic; the higher - pitched chatter is unlike the dry rattle of a western. the eastern lacks yellow on the malar and is generally darker than a western, showing a saturated brown overall color. the eastern shows largely white outer 3 tail feathers, white is even more extensive on the “lilian’s” meadowlark. the “lilian’s” shows the pale plumage and discrete, separate barring as in western, but it lacks streaking on the pale, thus showing a great deal of contrast with the dark eye line and crown, and whitish supercilium and cheeks .\n5. jaster, l. a. , e. jensen, william, and e. lanyone, wesley. 2012. eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna), . the birds of north america online (a poole, ed) ithaca: cornell lab of ornithology; retrieved from the birds of north america online: urltoken .\neastern meadowlarks nest on the ground in grasslands. the female finds a small depression or even hoof print, typically well concealed by dense vegetation .\neastern meadowlarks are social, forming loose flocks during the fall and winter. these flocks lack a social hierarchy and are simply a loose aggregation of\nas recently as the 1970’s, the eastern bluebird was in steep decline over much of the eastern united states. the effects of ddt, and the lack of old tree cavities for nesting, were partly to blame. after several decades of awareness and conservation, and the installation by landowners of manmade nest boxes, the eastern bluebird has made a comeback. new hope audubon sells eastern bluebird houses online, and at our monthly meetings. hosting a family of bluebirds is one of the easiest ways to contribute to local conservation efforts. for more information on bluebird conservation, visit urltoken\n. eastern meadowlarks fall into the audubon society' s green conservation status, which means that it is of low or no conservation concern. however ,\nstatus is still of “least concern. ” in eastern north america, the loss of farmlands to development has shrunk grassland bird habitat significantly, while other open areas have reverted back to forests following the many decades of agricultural use and extensive logging that had originally made way for thriving grassland communities. the meadowlark’s range is growing in parts of western central america .\nfraga, r. (2018). eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\neastern meadowlarks live in farm fields, grasslands, and wet fields. they nest on the ground and sing from exposed perches such as treetops, fenceposts, and utility lines .\nlivestock grazing may significantly alter grassland habitat, making it unsuitable for eastern meadowlarks, particularly if the grazing intensity is high or if grazing occurs during the breeding season. livestock can also trample nests and will occasionally eat the eggs if they stumble across a nest. additionally, pesticide use can be detrimental to eastern meadowlarks as well as other grassland species .\nis found in the eastern united states, as well as parts of the southwest u. s. and central america. the summer breeding range includes parts of southern canada .\nthe eastern meadowlark is a medium - sized songbird with a slender bill (3). the feathers on its back are a mixture of browns and blacks, with an overlaid pattern of darker streaks and bars. its underparts are bright yellow and there is a black ‘v’ across the chest (2) (3). the male and female are similar in colour, though the female tends to be smaller in size (3) .\nmass audubon continues to monitor populations of eastern meadowlarks within massachusetts and new england. in addition we are working on a number of outreach programs and projects to help protect this iconic grassland species .\neastern meadowlarks are preyed on by hawks and falcons and occasionally by owls. they are most likely to be preyed upon by owls during the owl’s breeding season. while the owls are raising their young, they are more likely to hunt during daylight hours, in order to catch enough prey to feed the chicks. hawks and falcons are diurnal, and often hunt in similar habitats. during their nesting season, domestic cats, dogs, foxes, coyotes, and skunks prey upon the eggs and nestlings. eastern meadowlark coloration helps them to blend in to their grassland surroundings, they can be difficult to spot unless they are on a high perch .\neastern meadowlarks are medium - sized songbirds, with long, slender, light gray bills and dark brown eyes. the tails are short and have rigid rectrices. the legs and toes are long. male\nthe breeding season for the eastern meadowlark occurs between late march and august, and begins with the male establishing and defending a territory. during territorial disputes, the male will use singing, posturing and jump - flights, where they spring upwards and fly to a point several metres away with fluttering wing gestures (3). each male usually pairs with two females, with courtship displays between the pairs including aerial chases and jump - flights (2) (3) .\neastern meadowlarks have an expected lifespan of five years in the wild, which is the same as the high end of its expected lifespan in captivity. the longest know lifespan in the wild is nine years .\neastern meadowlarks are widespread in grassland habitats across roughly the eastern half of the us and southeastern canada, ranging southward into northern south america. they are usually year - round residents, but northernmost populations migrate south for the winter. new jersey' s meadowlarks are most common in the agricultural areas of sussex, warren, hunterdon, and salem counties and are often resident year - round, especially in the south .\neastern meadowlarks are prey for larger predators and they prey on a variety of insects, including grubs and caterpillars, which could damage the surrounding vegetation. they also act to disperse the sees of plants they eat .\ndespite its bright coloration, the meadowlark is actually a member of the blackbird family, icteridae. during the summer, meadowlarks may be seen along farm roads displaying their bold yellow chests from a nearby fence post, telephone pole, or tree, where their rich melodic song can be heard .\neastern meadowlarks are chunky, medium - sized songbirds with short tails and long, spear - shaped bills. in flight, their rounded wings, short tails, and long bills help set them apart from other grassland songbirds .\nit is present throughout the year in much of eastern north america, central america and the north of south america, breeding from new brunswick and nova scotia, south to the north - east of brazil (3) .\ncall: a buzzy dzert; also a chatter given by both sexes, higher pitched than rattle of the western meadowlark. flight note: a sweet whistled weeet. song: three to 5 or more loud, sliding, descending whistles lasting approximately 1. 5 seconds, tsweee - tsweee - tsweeeooo .\neastern meadowlarks are pale brown marked with black, with bright - yellow underparts and a bold black v across the chest. though most of the tail is brown with blackish barring, the outer feathers are white and conspicuous during flight .\nor along the perimeter. fence posts, tall forbs, shrubs, trees, and even utility wires can serve as perches. eastern meadowlarks are area - sensitive birds, requiring at least 15 - 20 acres of unbroken grassland habitat for nesting .\neastern meadowlarks breed in native grasslands, pastures, savannas, alfalfa and hay fields, cropland borders, roadsides, orchards, golf courses, airports, reclaimed strip mines, overgrown fields, and other open areas. in the western range, the breeding range also consists of tall - grass prairies and desert grassland. in the winter they are generally found in open country, cultivated fields, feedlots, and marshes. eastern meadowlarks are generally found in habitats that are more mesic than their close relative, western meadowlarks (\ndisplay their territories with flight displays and by singing. female eastern meadowlarks choose their mates by selecting territories, which are defended by males with conspecific vocalizations. once the pair bond forms the pair remains close together while foraging and searching for nest sites. a male\nopen fields and pastures, meadows, prairies. breeds in natural grasslands, meadows, weedy pastures, also in hayfields and sometimes in fields of other crops. winters in many kinds of natural and cultivated fields. in the midwest, tends to prefer taller and lusher grass than western meadowlark, but in the southwest it lives in very arid desert grasslands .\neastern meadowlarks often sing from fence posts, trees, and other elevated perches. their song is a clean, sliding whistle (“ tsee - you tsee - yer ”), but they may also use a rattling call or send out alarm notes to assert territories .\naccording to the iucn red list, the u. s. federal list, and the state of michigan list, eastern meadowlarks have no special status. they are not threatened, likely to become threatened, or endangered. this agrees with the audubon society' s assessment of\nhave grayish heads with blackish stripes, a yellow “eyebrow”, and dark crowns with a median stripe. the wings and tail are streaked and barred with dark and light brown. males have a broad white moustachial stripe and a yellow chin, which is divided from the underparts by a broad black breast band. the underparts turn off - white on the streaked flanks and under the tail coverts. the pale undertail coverts are streaked and spotted dusky black. females are similar to males except that they are smaller, paler, and have a narrower breast band. males are slightly larger than females, from 21 to 25 cm in length, females are from 19 to 23 cm. juvenile eastern meadowlarks have masked black areas and the white areas are buffish. juveniles also have more brown plumage in the winter. eastern meadowlark eggs are white, speckled with reddish - brown. when these birds walk, the tail constantly jerks open. these birds fly by beating their wings vigorously and then gliding .\nthat do migrate, do so during daylight hours, and begin their migration when it begins to freeze and snow. some of these birds may migrate over 1, 000 km to their winter range. eastern meadowlarks that migrate, leave by the end of november and return to the breeding range in march .\neastern meadowlarks walk on the ground, often concealed by grasses or crops. males sing beautiful, flutelike songs from exposed perches, particularly fenceposts. their flight is a distinctive sequence of rapid fluttering and short glides, usually low to the ground. in winter you may see flocks of meadowlarks hunting insects in fields .\nuse expansion posturing to warn off its mate when the female is unreceptive. if expansion posturing does not succeed in warning off the male, the female will hold its feathers tight against its body and point its gaping bill at the male. male eastern meadowlarks also use expansion posturing after the formation of the pair bond .\nthe eastern screech - owl is a small, adorable looking owl that comes in two varieties: gray and reddish - brown. cryptic and generally shy, the screech - owl is more often heard than seen. its call sounds much like the whinny of a horse, often followed by a melodious trill. eastern screech - owls are possibly threatened by the lack of appropriate nest holes in trees, and can be assisted by the proper placement nest boxes. new hope audubon sells screech - owl boxes online, and at our monthly meetings. placing nest boxes in almost any wooded area, including relatively urban back yards, may help support local screech - owl populations .\nfemale eastern meadowlarks gather nest materials and build the nest. the nest consists of coarse grasses, lined with finer grasses and is constructed on the ground, typically in a shallow depression. the outside diameter of the nest ranges from 14 - 21 cm, the inside diameter ranges from 8 - 15 cm, and the inside depth ranges from 5 - 8 cm. female\neastern meadowlarks walk and run on the ground while foraging for food, they also forage by probing beneath the soil. their diet varies with the season. in the spring they feed mainly on cutworms, grubs, and caterpillars. when summer comes they eat insects, primarily beetles and grasshoppers. in the winter they eat noxious weed seeds and waste grains as well as some wildfruits and occasional carrion from road - kill or predator - kills .\neastern meadowlarks eat mostly insects, including crickets, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and grubs. during winter they also eat weed seeds, spilled corn, and wild fruits, but don’t eat sprouting grain. they get their food by walking on the ground and probing with their bill. first they push their closed bill into the ground and then open their mandibles to disturb the dirt and expose grubs and worms—a common tactic for members of the blackbird family. back to top\nthe wood thrush is considered the most beautiful songster in the eastern united states. the flute like song of the wood thrush, however, is slowly fading away, as this shy bird declines across its range. about the size of an american robin, the wood thrush seeks dense, undisturbed forest to make its nest, typically close to the ground. development is the biggest threat to this species. maintaining areas of healthy deciduous forest is crucial to the future of the wood thrush .\nchimney swifts are spring and summer residents that migrate from south america to breed. these fast moving birds once nested in massive, hollow trees in the eastern united states, but have since adapted to using chimneys. if you have nesting swifts in your chimney, simply close the flue damper, and consider yourself lucky. chimney swifts are declining over their range, partly due to the recent trend towards capping chimneys. new hope audubon has built several swift “towers” in the triangle, to aid with nesting and roosting. one such tower can be observed at sandy creek park in durham .\nthe female builds the nest all by herself, taking 4–8 days. she constructs a cup nest woven with dead grasses, plant stems, and strips of bark that’s about 6–9 inches wide and 2–3 inches deep. some nests are quite elaborate, with overhead roofs and tunnel entrances made of woven grasses .\nmostly naked with pinkish - orange skin and sparse down along back and above eyes; eyes are closed at hatching .\nthis species often comes to backyards if food is offered. find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\ndunne, p. (2006). pete dunne' s essential field guide companion. houghton mifflin harcourt, new york, usa .\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsauer, j. r. , d. k. niven, j. e. hines, d. j. ziolkowski, jr. , k. l. pardieck, j. e. fallon, and w. a. link (2017). the north american breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966–2015. version 2. 07. 2017. usgs patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, md, usa .\nsibley, d. a. (2014). the sibley guide to birds, second edition. alfred a. knopf, new york, usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified. trend justification: this species has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america (- 71. 5% decline over 40 years, equating to a - 26. 9% decline per decade; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count: butcher and niven (2007) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22735434a119485103 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nchunky, medium - sized songbird with a short tail, and a long, spear - shaped bill. breeding birds are bright yellow below with a black v on the chest .\nchunky, flat - headed grassland bird with a long, pointed bill. nonbreeding birds are paler yellow below .\nmales sing a flutelike whistle in open areas, usually from an exposed perch .\nforages for insects such as grasshoppers and caterpillars or seeds by probing ground with their shear - shaped bill .\nsings from exposed perches such as treetops, fenceposts, and utility lines. note yellow throat bordered by a white mustache .\nslightly larger but more compact than an american robin; smaller than a blue jay .\nthe species probably increased in numbers during the 1700s and 1800s as forests were cleared and turned into farmland. however, populations generally have been declining in the east in recent decades. the decrease in amount and quality of habitat is the most likely cause .\nforages by walking on the ground, taking insects and seeds from the ground and from low plants. may probe in the soil with its bill. in winter, may forage in flocks .\n3 - 5, sometimes up to 7. white, heavily spotted with brown and purple. incubation is by female, about 13 - 15 days. young: both parents feed nestlings (but female does more). young leave nest after 11 - 12 days, when still unable to fly, and are tended by parents for at least 2 more weeks. 2 broods per year .\nboth parents feed nestlings (but female does more). young leave nest after 11 - 12 days, when still unable to fly, and are tended by parents for at least 2 more weeks. 2 broods per year .\nmostly insects and seeds. majority of diet consists of insects, especially in summer, when it eats many grasshoppers, crickets, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, ants, true bugs, and others; also spiders. seeds and waste grain make up over one - fourth of annual diet, and are eaten especially in fall and winter .\nmale defends nesting territory by singing. in courtship, male faces female, puffs out chest feathers and points bill straight up to show off black\nv ,\nspreads tail widely, and flicks wings; he may even jump in the air in this posture. male may have more than one mate. nest: placed on the ground, in areas with dense grass and other low cover, in a small depression in soil. nest (built by female) is a domed structure with the entrance on the side, made of grass stems interwoven with surrounding growth. usually has narrow trails or\nrunways\nleading to nest through the grass .\npresent all year in most of range, although only small numbers usually remain through winter in north. migrants arrive rather early in spring and linger late in fall .\nclear, mellow whistle, see - you, see - yeeeer; also a loud rattling alarm note .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\nbirds that rely on grassy habitats are among the fastest declining species in north america .\na proposed state law could turn minnesota' s solar gardens into actual gardens for native birds and pollinators .\nmillennia ago, more than 20 bird species in the caribbean vanished. here’s how we can use that fact to better protect birds this time .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. invertebrates animals with no backbone, such as insects, crustaceans, worms, molluscs, spiders, cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) and echinoderms. territorial describes an animal, a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area. territory an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a group .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in wisconsin' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area. to learn more visit our eco - region pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list. please click here to join the discussion\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: sturnella magna. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nurltoken needs javascript to function properly and provide you with a fast, stable experience. please enable javascript or check your browser' s settings .\nle site urltoken exige javascript pour fonctionner comme il faut, avec rapidité et stabilité. veuillez activer javascript ou vérifier les paramètres de votre navigateur .\nyou are using an outdated browser that is no longer supported by ontario. ca. outdated browsers lack safety features that keep your information secure, and they can also be slow. learn about the browsers we support .\nvous utilisez un navigateur désuet qui n’est plus accepté par ontario. ca. les navigateurs désuets ne disposent pas de caractéristiques sécuritaires permettant d’assurer la sécurité de vos renseignements. en savoir plus sur les navigateurs que nous supportons .\nthe sweet, whistled song betrays the presence of this ground - loving blackbird. polytypic. length 9. 5\n.\ncommon. breeding: grasslands and old field habitats; where sympatric with western, takes moister grassland and shrubby edge habitats. “lilian’s” in desert grassland. migration: diurnal migrant; northern birds move > 620 miles, southern ones resident. spring arrival dependent on snow melt, usually march–april, fall movements peak september–october. winter: farmland, grasslands, and rangelands. vagrant: casual to newfoundland, north dakota, colorado, southwestern arizona, and manitoba .\ngeneral declines have been detected from the 1960s to the 1990s due to habitat loss .\nwhat do (1) and (2) mean? learn more about the scoring system .\nand w texas) s to n mexico (s to n sonora and c chihuahua) .\n– se canada (s ontario e to new brunswick) and e usa from minnesota e to maine s to c texas and c north carolina .\nbangs, 1899 – s usa from kansas and oklahoma e to south carolina and s to e texas and florida .\nstone, 1897 – extreme s usa (se texas) and ne mexico (n tamaulipas) .\ng. b. saunders, 1934 – highlands of w mexico from sinaloa and durango s to upper r lerma drainage (in méxico) and to coastal nayarit .\np. l. sclater, 1861 – coastal lowlands of e mexico (from n veracruz) s to guatemala (petén) and belize .\nvan tyne & trautman, 1941 – coast of n yucatán, in se mexico .\ndickerman & a. r. phillips, 1970 – pacific lowlands of s mexico (se oaxaca) .\nnelson, 1900 – highlands from s mexico (chiapas) s to costa rica .\np. l. sclater, 1861 – ne andes from colombia (santander and cundinamarca) e to nw venezuela (trujillo) .\nbangs, 1901 – n colombia (santa marta mts s to w base of e andes) and savannas of n & c venezuela .\nc. chubb, 1921 – guianan highlands from venezuela (bolívar) and guyana e to french guiana and extreme n brazil (roraima and amapá) .\nsong variable, usually a series of 4 pleasant, descending whistles. female commonly produces a ...\ncontents of 1514 stomachs comprised 74% animal food and 26% plant food. feeds mostly on adult and larval insects, main insect prey ...\nseason apr–aug in usa, jan–jul in cuba, and from late apr in nicaragua; second broods frequent. in north america monogamous to ...\nusually resident in cuba and in central and south america. populations from canada s to n mexico ...\nnot globally threatened. common and widely distributed in n portion of range; fairly common to locally common in mexico and in central and south america. records of race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nclosely related to parulidae, and the two may be sisters # r # r. here considered to include icteria (formerly treated in parulidae), within its own subfamily; all remaining taxa are spread over seven major lineages, here treated as tribes of a second subfamily, whereas others have ranked them as seven subfamilies # r. recent multi - locus molecular phylogeny of present family, on which present treatment is largely based, has further clarified genus and species limits # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nmeadowlarks nest on the ground in dead grass clumps or under overhanging grasses and can be found in a variety of grassland types, including hay and alfalfa fields, shrubby overgrown fields, and pastures .\nread more about our work and keep up to date on specific projects by following distraction displays, our bird conservation blog. read the latest blog posts >\nsubscribe to our e - news for the latest events, updates and info .\nmany birds, especially females, tend to be much drabber during the nonbreeding season, having pale yellow underparts and a washed out black vee on the breast .\nmeadowlarks frequently perch on fence posts, making short flights to the ground and to other perches .\nthe nest is a domed structure, placed on the ground and composed of grasses, usually having a side rather than a top opening .\nnumber: usually lay 3 - 5 eggs. color: white with dark markings. incubation and fledging: the young hatch at about 13 - 14 days, and leave the nest in another 10 - 12 days, though continuing to associate with the adults for some time .\nhave only one mate per breeding season, provided that the male successfully defends the territory. males establish their territories approximately two to four weeks before females arrive. male\ndefends its territory against rivals by fluffing out its plumage and pointing its bill upwards. males guard their mates from neighboring males by constantly guarding their mate .\ncalls may accompany the receptive posture. however, if a male approaches when the female is not receptive, the female will use\nexpansion posturing\nto warn off the male. also, males and females make jump - flights before and during repeated copulation periods. a jump - flight consists of the bird jumping approximately one meter into the air and then flying several meters. once the breeding season is over, male\nbreeding interval breeding first occurs in late may, with a second brood produced in late june to early july .\nfemales incubate the eggs for 13 to 15 days, when the altricial young hatch. after the eggs hatch both the female and her mate feed the hatchlings. however, females do most of the feeding. nestlings typically fledge 11 to 12 days after hatching, but juveniles do not become independent for at least another two weeks. the parents continue to feed the fledglings until they become independent .\noften preen and stretch, especially in the early morning hours. stretching, specifically of the legs and wings, usually follows preening. they also tend to scratch their head with their foot, which they bring up over their wing .\nroosts on the ground in thick grass, with its head under its scapulars and its body resting on the ground .\ndo not migrate, except for those in the northernmost parts of their range. however ,\nestablish their territories in march, and defend their territories throughout the breeding season. during the breeding season the territories change in size and shape depending on population densities, relocations of female activity centers, and changes in habitat suitability. once the breeding season is over\nhave a variety of vocal communications. there are begging notes, location notes ,\n. nestlings and recently fledged juveniles use begging and location notes, which are simple high - pitched notes. these notes enable the parents to find and feed their young. the\ncall indicates mild disturbance. the whistle indicates intense excitement in males or females, such as the presence of a predator, just before a flight song, or immediately after an aerial chase or copulation. both sexes use the chatter call to indicate excitement such as the presence of a predator or intruder. females also chatter after copulation and in response to their mates’ primary song. only males use the primary song, which sounds like\nposturing and aerial chases are used to attract and pursue possible mates. jump - flights are used to ward off males that are intruding on another male’s territory. bill - tilting and tail - and wing - flashing are used in territorial disputes, as is expansion posturing. expansion posturing is when individuals extend their contour feathers, spread the tail, and draws the head close to the body. female\n. brown - headed cowbirds are obligate parasites, which lay eggs in the nests of other species of birds .\neat insects that are crop pests, therefore they act to control pest populations that impact crops .\nspecies eat kernels of sprouting grain, which can destroy portions of newly planted crops .\npopulations have been experiencing a significant population decline, declining by as much as 50% since 1966 .\npopulations could be partially due to the industrialization of agriculture, which increases the likelihood of a nest being destroyed by the agricultural machinery and the increased use of row crops which are an unsuitable habitat for these birds. another possible cause of the decline is apparent predation by cattle. cattle have been documented destroying nests, sometimes by accident but also by crushing eggs and nestlings with their muzzles and by removing nestlings from the nests." ]

{ "text": [ "the eastern meadowlark ( sturnella magna ) is a medium-sized icterid bird , very similar in appearance to the western meadowlark .", "it occurs from eastern north america to south america , where it is also most widespread in the east . " ], "topic": [ 17, 13 ] }

[ "the eastern meadowlark (sturnella magna) is a medium-sized icterid bird, very similar in appearance to the western meadowlark. it occurs from eastern north america to south america, where it is also most widespread in the east." ]

[ "muricidae » murex falsitribulus, id: 741835, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\n( of murex (murex) falsitribulus ponder & vokes, 1988) houart r. (2014). living muricidae of the world. muricinae. murex, promurex, haustellum, bolinus, vokesimurex and siratus. harxheim: conchbooks. 197 pp. [ details ]\nspecimen shell: murex falsitribulus each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality. these shells come from all over the philippines, provided by fishermen (philippines - zamboanga, mindanao island), divers, muricidae specimen shell: murex falsitribulus ponder & vokes 1988\nsea shell information on: ts124001 - muricidae murex - > falsitribulus. this specimen is of muricidae. the specimen shell of groupe: murex. shell found on the philippines. shell is of exceptional quality. more sea shell information\n( of murex (murex) falsitribulus ponder & vokes, 1988) ponder w. f. & vokes e. h. (1988) a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s. s. and haustellum (mollusca: gastropoda: muricidae). records of the australian museum suppl. 8: 1 - 160. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s. s. and haustellum (mollusca: gastropoda: muricidae) - australian museum\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nread more about shipping rules on right side of the screen in information / shipping & returns .\nbuy from us with all the confidence using your paypal account, credit card (by paypal module) or chek / money order .\nplease select american samoa angola argentina australia azores island bahamas baleares island. . belgium brazil brazil canada canary islands cape verde isla. . chile china colombia croatia cuba cyprus djibouti dominican repub. . ecuador egypt england fiji islands france french polynesi. . gabon greece hawaii islands honduras india indonesia israel italy ivory coast jamaica japan madagascar madeira island maldives malta mauritania mexico mozambique netherlands new caledonia north sea oman panama peru philippines portugal reunion island senegal solomon islands south africa spain sri lanka taiwan thailand u. s. a. united kingdom uruguay venezuela vietnam\ncopyright © 2018 deep' n reef store. powered by zen cart. mobile friendly zen cart templates by picaflor azul .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nphilippines. mindanao. surigao del norte. basul island. trawled. 80 - 100 m. november 2012 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nhow to buy? if you want to buy an item, click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page. once you' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem, you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page. after filling up the form and when you submit your order, the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include. all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included. the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\nmalacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second - largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many (but by no means all) of which have shells .\nponder and vokes, 1988, rec. aust. mus. , suppl. 8: 1–160\nthe known (albeit limited) biological information about these two genera is summarised and comparisons are made with related genera, based upon shell, radular and anatomical data." ]

{ "text": [ "murex falsitribulus is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the rock snails or murex snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "murex falsitribulus is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails." ]

[ "( 1) lichnochromis acuticeps, malawi gar, 1. 0 inches african cichlid guaranteed\n( 1) lichnochromis acuticeps, malawi gar, 1. 0 inches african cichlid guaranteed | ebay\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\nafrica: endemic to lake malawi. known from the type specimen and one record from nkhata bay .\nprefers the intermediate habitat and mostly occurs in shallow water not deeper than 10 m. it is a rare predatory species feeding on small fishes and soft invertebrates. it searches for hiding prey by inserting its narrow snout between rocks. known as\nmalawi gar\nin the aquarium trade .\nare you looking for huge malawi cichlids? checkout fossorochromis rostratus... . they get to about 16\n! i' ll be getting a few soon .\ngreek, lichnos = voracious, sweet toothed + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 14. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5658 )\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. lichnochromis. p. 241. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 5658 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (15 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\na little planning can go a long way towards a successful fish aquarium... . here is proof\nthis large, laterally - compressed cichlid consumes principally insect larvae and small mbuna in the wild but does not prey on tank mates in captivity. it cruises across the open sand and intermediate habitats at a constant pace, pausing only when prey is detected. its primary feeding behavior is to approach crevices between boulders and the sand floor. just before reaching this gap, it flops its body over 90 degrees, thus allowing it to get at prey hiding in narrow horizontal crevices between rocks and the sandy bottom. l. acuticeps is significantly laterally compressed, with a particularly narrow head and pointed snout. this shape is what allows it to gain access to these narrow crevices. couring males are blue and yellow. spawning usually occurs over a sandy substrate near rocks .\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\nthe term acuticeps is latin for pointed head. this gorgeous hap will reach up to 8 inches in total length with long flowing red fins. in the wild this species will dwell in shallow waters over the sand. it prefers to stay out in the open and will prey on insect larvae and small cichlids. a rich protein diet such as our plankton gold flake would be perfect for this species in the aquarium. while this fish will generally remain peaceful in an aquarium other species will not dare to get in its way as its long snout can be quite intimidating for them. this is a peace keeper cichlid as it will remain dominant in a tank without causing damage to the other top males .\nyou guys are great, my fish came in on time, healthy, and well packed. isaac helped me out a lot with some previous order confusion, and you guys worked fast to find a solution. and when you guys thought my ob was not going to fit in well for its size, yo (read more )\nlive fish direct and isaac are as legit as they come. top notch fish and customer service. this is the second order i have placed and both were smooth transactions from beginning to end. delivery was as expected and fish arrived healthy, happy and beau (read more )\nyou guys are legit. the fish are beautiful and healthy, great genes. i' ve had bad luck with other vendors, but no more, i' ll only use live fish direct from now on. my chailosi and jalo are beautiful. the only thing i can think of is the fish are ac (read more )\njust wanted to let you guys know what a pleasure it is to do business with such a class operation. from your web site to the quality of product to your staff it has been a wonderful experience. special thanks to heather for her professionalism, patience, (read more )\nsecure online payments through paypal. all major credit cards accepted. no paypal account required .\nhome • store • f. a. q. • our facilities • testimonials • shipping rates\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer' s proximity to the item location, the shipping service selected, the seller' s shipping history, and other factors. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nthe only member in the fossoxhromis family, rostrotus will grow quite ...\nthe yellow calvus comes from a very small population in zambia, and is ...\nt. moori nkondwe has a plum head and yellow body, a real stunner. like ...\nsynodontis eupterus is found in the basins of the white nile, volta and niger rivers and the chad basin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif this is your first visit, be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above. you may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. to start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\nwelcome to our home, feel free to look around. register now to become a part of our community .\ndoes anyone keep this fish? i' d like some info on it! i know i can google it but rather hear from people on here .\nif your parents never had children, chances are... neither will you .\nvery hard to find and $ $. there were some at rca in austin about six months ago but they were $ 35 for 2\nfish and it is impossible to tell males / females at that size. i have never kept them but was planning on getting one of those i saw for sale until i saw how small they were. they are not supposed to be very aggressive and kind of timid. males i have heard are not likely to color up very well in aggressive and crowded tanks. there are some people that have them at the eastcoastcichlids forum with some more information on keeping them .\n10 - 12\ni think at least. i think they are pretty slow to mature... not necessarily slow growing but it would take a while for a male to color up .\ni think juice04 has one that is turning into a monster... . was about 10\nlast i heard but probably bigger now. i have a male about 7. 5\nbut ime they are not really that fast growing but are amazingly beautiful when mature .\nfosso will never get to 16\nin captivity unless you have a huge huge tan or they were raised in a pond. actually my fosso grew 4\nsince last november he is now pushing 9. 5\n. very fast grower imo. the growth slows down quite a bit tho once he hits that 9\nmark .\ni was just going by their profile on cichlid - forum. after reading a bit more, seems like males get upto only about 11\nin captivity. which is great: p" ]

{ "text": [ "the malawi gar ( lichnochromis acuticeps ) is a species of predatory cichlid endemic to lake malawi .", "this species can reach a length of 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) tl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade .", "it is the only known species in its genus . " ], "topic": [ 6, 0, 20, 26 ] }

[ "the malawi gar (lichnochromis acuticeps) is a species of predatory cichlid endemic to lake malawi. this species can reach a length of 14 centimetres (5.5 in) tl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade. it is the only known species in its genus." ]

[ "alternative species names (the second part of the binomial species names): [ genus ] aberrans; [ genus ] alba; [ genus ] altaicus; [ genus ] amurensis; [ genus ] anakuma; [ genus ] arcalus; [ genus ] arenarius; [ genus ] blandfordi; [ genus ] brittanicus; [ genus ] canescens; [ genus ] caninus; [ genus ] caucasicus; [ genus ] chinensis; [ genus ] communis; [ genus ] danicus; [ genus ] europaeus; [ genus ] hanensis; [ genus ] heptneri; [ genus ] leptorhynchus; [ genus ] leucurus; [ genus ] maculata; [ genus ] marianensis; [ genus ] melanogenys; [ genus ] minor; [ genus ] raddei; [ genus ] rhodius; [ genus ] schrenkii; [ genus ] severzovi; [ genus ] sibiricus; [ genus ] siningensis; [ genus ] talassicus; [ genus ] tauricus; [ genus ] taxus; [ genus ] tianschanensis; [ genus ] tsingtanensis; [ genus ] typicus; [ genus ] vulgaris (b141) .\ngenus arctonyx. genus meles. genus melogale. the javan ferret - badger lives in indonesia. some are solitary, moving from home to home, while others are known to form clans called cetes .\nhome range of meles meles anakuma in mt. nyugasa, nagano prefecture, japan\nare we missing a good definition for genus meles? don' t keep it to yourself ...\ndemographic correlates of bite wounding in eurasian badgers, meles meles l. , in stable and perturbed populations\nkruuk, h. 1978. foraging and spatial organisation of the european badger, meles meles l. .\ntanaka, h. 2006. winter hibernation and body temperature fluctuation in the japanese badger, meles meles anakuma .\npreviously the genus meles was considered as monotypic. according to recent morphological and genetic studies the genus has been split into three different species: m. meles, m. leucurus and m. anakuma (abramov 2002, 2003, abramov and puzachenko 2005; see also wilson and reeder 2005) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - badger (meles meles )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - badger (meles meles )\ntitle =\narkive species - badger (meles meles )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na genus is a scientific way of showing that species are very closed related to each other. in fact the first word of the species' scientific name is its genus. so for lions (panthera leo), panthera is the genus and tells us that they are closely related to tigers (panthera tigris), because they share the name .\nroper, t. , j. ostler, t. schmid, s. christian. 2001. sett use in european badgers meles meles .\ntanaka, h. , a. yamanaka, k. endo. 2002. spatial distribution and sett use by the japanese badger, meles meles anakuma .\nthe best - studied human polyomaviruses bk and jc belong to this genus and are associated with nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively .\nbuesching, c. , p. stopka, d. macdonald. 2003. the social function of allo - marking in the european badger (meles meles) .\nrevilla, e. , f. palomares. 2002. spatial organization, group living and ecological correlates in low - density populations of eurasian badgers, meles meles .\nda silva, j. , r. woodroffe, d. macdonald. 1993. habitat, food availability and group territoriality in the european badger, meles meles .\nto cite this page: wang, a. 2011 .\nmeles meles\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nasiatic animals sometimes separated as meles anakuma (temminck, 1884) (b143) .\npetrov v. v. 1953. [ the data on the intraspecific variability of badgers (genus meles) ] / / uchenye zapiski leningradskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta. vol. 7. p. 149 - 205 [ in russian ] .\ndekker, j. , h. bekker. 2010. badger (meles meles) road mortality in the netherlands: the characteristics of victims and the effects of mitigation measures .\nwong, j. , p. stewart, d. macdonald. 1999. vocal repertoire in the european badger (meles meles): structure, context, and function .\ncleary, g. , l. corner, j. o' keeffe, n. marples. 2009. the diet of the badger meles meles in the republic of ireland .\ntorres, j. , j. miquel, m. motje. 2001. helminth parasites of the eurasian badger (meles meles l .) in spain: a biogeographic approach .\nda silva, j. , d. macdonald, p. evans. 1994. net costs of group living in a solitary forager, the eurasian badger (meles meles) .\nthe word\nbadger\n, originally applied to the european badger (meles meles), comes from earlier bageard (16th century), presumably referring to the white mark borne .\ncanis is a genus containing seven to 10 extant species, including the domestic dog, wolves, coyotes, and jackals, and many extinct species .\nkruuk, h. , t. parish. 1987. changes in the size of groups and ranges of the european badger (meles meles l .) in an area in scotland .\nvirgos, e. , j. casanovas. 1999. environmental constraints at the edge of a species distribution, the eurasian badger (meles meles l .): a biogeographic approach .\nsoutheastern volga, most of kazakhstan (excepting the northern and montane parts), the middle asian plains (excepting the regions occupied by meles m. canascens and meles m. severzovi )\nahnlund h. 1976. age determination in the european badger, meles meles l. / / zeitschrift für säugetierkunde. vol. 41. no. 1. p. 119 - 125 .\nbalestrieri, a. , l. remonti, c. prigioni. 2009. habitat selection in a low - density badger meles meles population: a comparison of radio - tracking and latrine surveys .\ndelahay, r. , g. wilson, s. harris, d. macdonald. 2008. badger meles meles. pp. 425 - 436 in s harris, d yalden, eds .\ndo linh san, e. , n. ferrari, j. weber. 2007. socio - spatial organization of eurasian badgers (meles meles) in a low - density population of central europe .\nloureiro, f. , l. rosalino, d. macdonald, m. santos - reis. 2007. use of multiple den sites by eurasian badgers, meles meles, in a mediterranean habitat .\ngasilin, v. , p. kosintsev. 2010. replacement of the european badger (meles meles l. , 1758) by the asian badger (meles leucurus hodgeson, 1847) at the boundary between europe and asia in the holocene epoch. doklady biological sciences, 432: 227 - 229 .\npreviously the genus meles was considered to be monospecific. recent morphological and genetic studies supported the separation of meles into three species (abramov 2002, 2003; abramov and puzachenko 2005, 2006). certain craniological and molecular data suggest that badgers from south - west asia (here treated as subspecies of m. meles) should be recognised as fourth full species, m. canescens (del cerro et al. 2010, tashima et al. 2011, abramov and puzachenko 2013) .\nbalestrieri, a. , l. remonti, c. prigioni. 2009. exploitation of food resources by the eurasian badger (meles meles) at the altitudinal limit of its alpine range (nw italy) .\nfrantz, a. , e. do linh san, l. pope, t. burke. 2010. using genetic methods to investigate dispersal in two badger (meles meles) populations with different ecological characteristics .\nvicente, j. , r. delahay, n. walker, c. cheeseman. 2007. social organization and movement influence the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in an undisturbed high - density badger meles meles population .\ninformation on the asian badger (meles leucurus) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ngraf m. & wandeler a. i. 1982. altersbestimmung bei dachsen (meles meles l .) / / revue suisse de zoology. vol. 89. no. 4. p. 1017 - 1024 .\nyamaguchi, n. , h. dugdale, d. macdonald. 2006. female receptivity, embryonic diapause, and superfetation in the european badger (meles meles): implications for the reproductive tactics of males and females .\nlynch j. m. 1994. morphometric variation in the badger (meles meles): clinal variation in cranial size and shape across eurasia / / small carnivore conservation. no. 10. p. 6 - 7 .\nroper, t. , d. shepherdson, j. davies. 1986. scent marking with faeces and anal secretion in the european badger (meles meles): seasonal and spatial characteristics of latrine use in relation to territoriality .\nin biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories. the rank of species, and specification of the genus to which the species belongs is basic, which means that it may not be necessary to specify ranks other than these .\nmacdonald, d. , c. newman, c. buesching, p. nouvellet. 2010. are badgers' under the weather'? direct and indirect impacts of climate variation on european badger (meles meles) populaiton dynamics .\nmoore, n. , a. whiterow, p. kelly, d. garthwaite, j. bishop, s. langton, c. cheeseman. 1999. survey of badger meles meles damage to agriculture in england and wales .\ncresswell, w. , s. harris, c. cheeseman, p. mallinson. 1992. to breed or not to breed: an analysis of the social and density - dependent constraints on the fecundity of female badgers (meles meles) .\nrogers, l. , r. delahay, c. cheeseman, s. langton, g. smith, r. clifton - hadley. 1998. movement of badgers (meles meles) in a high - density population: individual, population and disease effects .\ntanaka, h. 2005. seasonal and daily activity patterns of japanese badgers (melese meles anakuma) in western honshu, japan .\nthe completeness of the specimens from shuitangba allows the scientists to better understand the evolutionary history of otters and specifically this enigmatic genus from the miocene, of which there had been little information. the findings from shuitangba reveal that\nabramov a. v. 2000. a taxonomic review of the genus mustela (mammalia, carnivora) / / zoosystematica rossica. vol. 8 (for 1999). no. 2. p. 357 - 364 .\nmolina - vacas, g. , v. bonet - arboli, e. rafart - plaza, j. rodriguez - teijeiro. 2009. spatial ecology of european badgers (meles meles) in mediterranean habitats of the north - eastern iberian peninsula. ii: habitat selection .\nlüps p. & wandeler a. i. 1993. meles meles - dachs / / niethammer j. & krapp f. (eds .). handbuch der säugetiere europas. bd. 5. tl 2. wiesbaden: aula - verlag. s. 855 - 906 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - asian badger (meles leucurus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - asian badger (meles leucurus )\ntitle =\narkive species - asian badger (meles leucurus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngroups, kinship, spatial locations, and movement of individual japanese badgers (meles anakuma) in the hinode - town population between 1989 and 1997 .\ntuyttens, f. , r. delahay, d. macdonald, c. cheeseman, b. long, c. donnelly. 2000. spatial pertubation caused by a badger (meles meles) culling operation: implications for the function of territoriality and the control of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) .\nabramov, a. , a. puzachenko. 2005. sexual dimorphism of craniological characters in eurasian badgers, meles spp. (carnivora, mustelidae) .\nzyll de jong c. g. , van. 1972. a systematic review of the nearctic and neotropical river otters (genus lutra, mustelidae, carnivora) / / life sciences contributions, royal ontario museum. vol. 80. p. 1 - 104 .\nthe asian badger (meles leucurus), also known as the sand badger is a species of badger native to china, kazakhstan, the korean peninsula and russia .\nradiotracked home ranges of a female japanese badger (meles anakuma) during the mating season from april to july in 1996, defined by 95% minimum convex polygons .\nkurose n. , kaneko y. , abramov a. v. , siriaroonrat b. & masuda r. 2001. low genetic diversity in japanese populations of the eurasian badger meles meles (mustelidae, carnivora) revealed by mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences / / zoological science. vol. 18. p. 1145 - 1151 .\nto cite this page: oldham, c. 2014 .\nmeles leucurus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: riney, j. 2011 .\nmeles anakuma\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nwilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. , eds. (2005) .\ngenus canis\n. mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - amur badger (< i > meles leucurus amurensis < / i > )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - amur badger (< i > meles leucurus amurensis < / i > )\ntitle =\narkive photo - amur badger (< i > meles leucurus amurensis < / i > )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\non the discovery of one of the largest otter species ever found. this discovery was made in the yunnan province, southwestern china by an international team of scientists from the united states, france, and china. it represents groundbreaking research into the evolution of a little - known fossil genus of the otter family .\nabramov, a. , a. puzachenko. 2005. sexual dimorphism of craniological characters in eurasian badgers, meles ssp. (carnivora, mustelidae). zoolischer anzeiger, 244: 11 - 29 .\nmany authors considered meles monotypic (ellerman and morrison - scott, 1951; heptner et al. , 1967; long and killingley, 1983; novikov, 1956; stroganov, 1962). however, others supported the position that european and asian badgers are not conspecific (aristov and baryshnikov, 2001; baryshnikov and potapova, 1990; kastschenko, 1902; neal, 1948; ognev, 1931; satunin, 1914). kurose et al. (2001) argued that meles is heterogeneous. recent morphological studies (abramov, 2001, 2002) support the separation of meles into several species. species and subspecies allocated following abramov (2001, 2002) .\nzagainova, o. , n. markov. 2011. the diet of asian badger, meles leucurus hodgeson, 1847, in samarovskii chugas nature park, western siberia. russian journal of ecology, 42: 414 - 420 .\ntashima, s. , y. kaneko, t. anezaki, m. baba, s. yachimori, r. masuda. 2010. genetic diversity within the japanese badgers (meles anakuma), as revealed by microsatellite analysis .\nabramov a. v. 2001. [ notes on the taxonomy of the siberian badgers (mustelidae: meles) ] / / trudy zoologicheskogo instituta ran. vol. 288. p. 221 - 233. [ in russian, with english summary ]\nyayoi kaneko, eiji kanda, sara tashima, ryuichi masuda, christopher newman, david w. macdonald; the socio - spatial dynamics of the japanese badger (meles anakuma), journal of mammalogy, volume 95, issue 2, 15 april 2014, pages 290–300, urltoken\njapanese badgers (meles anakuma) in hinode - town monitored by radiotracking. sex, age class, sample size, and time–area curve stability (defined as the number of days without increase in the outermost polygon) are given. numbers in parentheses represent number of badgers tracked in 2 sessions .\nkastschenko n. f. 1902. [ about sandy badger (meles arenarius satunin) and about the siberian races of badger ] / / ezhegodnik zoologicheskogo muzeya imperatorskoi akademii nauk. vol. 6 (for 1901). no. 4. p. 609 - 613. [ in russian ]\nthe 1. 1 species of badgers are grouped in three subfamilies: melinae (eurasian badgers), mellivorinae (the honey badger or ratel), and taxideinae (the american badger). the asiatic stink badgers of the genus mydaus were formerly included within melinae (and thus mustelidae), but recent genetic evidence. their lower jaws are articulated to the upper by means of transverse condyles firmly locked into long cavities of the skull, so complete dislocation of the jaw is all but impossible .\nbaryshnikov g. f. & potapova o. r. 1990. [ variability of the dental system in badgers (meles, carnivora) of the ussr fauna ] / / zoologicheskii zhurnal. vol. 69. no. 9. p. 84 - 97 [ in russian, with english summary ] .\nwith its striking black and white striped head, the badger (meles meles) is one of our most instantly recognisable mammals. the rest of the stocky body appears grey, and the legs, throat, neck, chest and belly are black (5). the tail is a whitish colour, but can be darker (5). males and females are generally similar in appearance, although females tend to be slightly smaller in size (5). the badger' s name is said to derive from the french' bêcheur', meaning' digger'; the strong musculature, short legs and long claws of this species reflect its burrowing habits (6) .\nfour home ranges of sympatric male japanese badgers (meles anakuma) are depicted for 1995 (from radiotracking data), defined by 100% minimum convex polygons. the breeding female core area (60% fixed - kernel method) is shaded in gray. the symbols show breeding setts (stars) and resting locations (dots) used by females .\ntashima, s. , y. kaneko, t. anezaki, m. baba, s. yachimori, a. abramov, a. saveljev, r. masuda. 2011. phylogeographic sympatry and isolation of the eurasian badgers (meles, mustelidae, carnivora): implications for an alternative analysis using maternally as well as paternally inherited genes. zoological science, 28: 293 - 303 .\ncanis species too small to attract the word\nwolf\nare called coyotes in the americas and jackals elsewhere. although these may not be more closely related to each other than they are to c. lupus, they are, as fellow canis species, all more closely related to wolves and domestic dogs than they are to foxes, maned wolves, or other canids which do not belong to the canis genus. the word\njackal\nis applied to three distinct species of this group: africa' s side - striped (c. adustus), black - backed (c. mesomelas), and golden jackal (c. aureus), which can be found across northern africa, southwestern and south - central asia, and the balkans .\nhowever, the tradition which i have followed, in considering homer as born not far from smyrna, upon the borders of the river meles, is not only p. 35 the most probable but the most generally followed; it has in its favour pindar; the first anonymous life of homer; the life of this poet by proclus; cicero, in his oration for archias; eustathius in his prolégoménes sur l’iliade; aristotle, poétique, l. iii. ; aulus gellius, martial, and suidas. it is known that smyrna, jealous of consecrating the glory that it attributed to itself, of having given birth to homer, erected to this great genius a temple with quadrangular portico, and showed for a long time, near the source of the meles, a grotto, where a contemporaneous tradition supposes that he had composed his first works. voyez la vie d’homère, par delille - de - sales, p. 49, et les ouvrages qu’il cite: voyage de chandeler, t. i. , p. 162, et voyages pittoresques de choiseul - gouffier, p. 200 .\nthe asian badger is listed as critically endangered under criteria a2cd on the chinese red list (china species information service 2007). the china red list regards m. leucurus as occurring only in tibet while the populations elsewhere in the country are treated as m. meles and are near threatened. according to wozencraft (2005), only m. leucurus occurs in china and hence the existing red listing cannot be correct. further studies are required to clarify this situation and accurately assess threat status in the region. the species is found in many protected areas throughout its range .\nmovements of 3 radiotracked male japanese badgers (meles anakuma; 100% minimum convex polygons) in relation to their natal (mothers') group range. semibold line polygons represent natal groups (g0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7; fig. 4) that were determined from the outermost polygon of radiotracked females. gray areas represent male badger home ranges, showing 3 males (8902m and 8901m, born in go, and 9171m, born in g1). a–d illustrates dna sampling sectors with sample sizes in parentheses (1993, n = 1; 1994, n = 4; 1999, n = 4; 2005, n = 2; 2006, n = 5) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: asian badger is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, large population, occurrence in many protected areas, tolerance to habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing even as near threatened .\nasian badger is hunted legally in china, russia and mongolia, as well as illegally within protected areas in china. there is an established hunting season in russia, usually from august to november; the hunting is limited and licensed (a, v, abramov pers. comm. 2006) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njapanese badger is endemic to japan, where it is found on the large islands of honshu, kyushu and shikoku, and on shodoshima but no other small islands (kaneko 2009). the distribution was estimated to cover about 29% of country (about 126, 000 km²) by a 2003 survey for the ministry of the environment. it has been recorded over 37 - 2, 000 m a. s. l. (y. kaneko pers. comm. 2014) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\ntikhonov, a. , conroy, j. , cavallini, p. , fernandes, m. , stubbe, m. , wozencraft, c & basuony, m. i .\njustification: eurasian badger is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, occurrence in many protected areas, high densities in anthropogenic habitats in large parts of its range, and because it is highly unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing even as near threatened .\neurasian badger is abundant across much of its range. densities have increased in europe during recent decades (holmala and kauhala 2006), in central europe because of the reduction of rabies. in western ukraine the population has increased. in russia, 30, 000 individuals were estimated in 1990 (a. v. abramov pers. comm. 2006). in the united kingdom (1980s - 1990s) there was a 77% increase in the total population size. there are large differences in population densities across its range; in finland, near the northern limit of its distribution, density is low, at about 2 to 2. 5 individuals per 10 km² (kauhala in litt. 2006). there are only a few records from iran (moqanaki et al. 2010). in israel it is the second most - sighted small carnivore (werner 2012) .\neurasian badger is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention (mitchell - jones et al. 1999). it is also listed on schedule 6 of the united kingdom wildlife and countryside act and listed under the protection of badgers act. in albania it is considered endangered. the species is found in many protected areas .\ndefenders of free will often make the correct argument that we must believe in free will or otherwise social consequences are meaningless .\n, for example, argues that humans not only have free will but a “deep” level of freedom to choose among many current options, based on data showing that bad behavior increases as people come to disbelieve in free will and personal responsibility. but such arguments are also flawed. whether or not people believe they have free will surely affects their behavior, but that is not evidence for correctness of such a belief .\naccepting the illusory free - will world view would strip us of human capacity and personal responsibility. clearly, it makes sense to live as if we have free will, believing in it or not, for otherwise we limit our chances for personal growth and fulfillment. we limit our capacity for free will by our willingness to claim and exert the free will we think we have .\n). but such belief provides no evidence on whether or not free will actually exists. religious, social, or legal arguments for free will are merely statements of supposed consequences of behavior without free will. i will propose a better defense .\na robotocist world is not only morally pernicious, but would be an affront to human dignity and personal development. people without free will are more likely to be victims and less able to change maladaptive attitudes and behaviors. thus, it is argued that society and government must help people do what they cannot do for themselves. if we\ncan’t make conscious choices, then we can’t do much to improve ourselves or our plight in life. we are just victims of genetics and circumstance. or even if there are things that can be done to change us and our situations, the approach will surely have to be different if we can’t initiate the change by force of our free will. without free will, some outside force must program our unconscious .\nwe simply must hold people accountable for their actions, especially in the case of criminal and extreme antisocial behavior, like terrorism for example. but this is an argument about consequences of not having free will. the desired end of personal accountability does not justify a conclusion about free will one way or the other. at a personal level, people choose to avoid certain socially unacceptable behaviors because of the likely penalty. for example, you decide not to rob a bank because you are likely to go to prison. that doesn’t prove you have free will. it may only mean you have learned about such scenarios and that learning may operate unconsciously .\nreligious, social, or legal arguments for free will are based on the consequences of lack of free will. that does not provide evidence for free will .\nsimilar analysis applies to legal issues. legal analyst jeffrey rosen wrote in the new york times magazine, “since all behavior is caused by our brains, wouldn’t this mean all behavior could potentially be excused? … the death of free will, or its exposure as a convenient illusion, some worry, could wreak havoc on our sense of moral and legal responsibility. ”\npeople who conclude that no - one has free will must then hold no - one responsible for criminal or evil acts. free - will deniers would not make much effort to change and improve themselves. they could become intellectually and emotionally paralyzed. but again, the argument is about consequences of a belief, not whether or not there is evidence for the correctness of the belief .\nfinding a precise definition of free will, given the complexity and multidimensional nature of the term, is not a straightforward task. but in the multitude of approaches both in philosophy and in neuroscience, we can identify three main categories of definitions (\nthe first group connects free will to having a soul or another supernatural aspect of life. here all the religious and theological explanations of free will and what agents are would fit. only this group assumes as necessary a soul that is possibly made out of a different substance is necessary; the other two groups deem the supernatural nature irrelevant. since in this chapter i mainly focus on (nonreductive) physicalist approaches, this understanding of what is required for free will is automatically excluded, as it assumes a form of dualism .\nin the second group of definitions for an individual to have free will is to be able to make rational decisions, which are in no way forced. those decisions are then a basis for at least some of our actions. this definition is probably the broadest one, and can be accepted by most researchers working on the topic. the notions of rational decision and reasons for action are the core of the argument on free will constructed by\n, for whom both are essential marks of voluntary action. according to this position, the same movements executed in different contexts and for different reasons are distinct and possibly incomparable. the movement of a hand by a cyclist signaling his intent to turn has a different meaning than the same gesture in the experimental environment, like in libet’s experiments .\nfor the third group of definitions, the ability to make rational choices is not sufficient. what is needed is an actual choice between different options: for free will to exist in any moment, given the state of the universe at the moment, understood both physically as well as psychologically, there has to be more than one possible action. for\nthey admit of causal explanations given in terms of the agent’s reasons), motives, beliefs, desires, and so forth, are not determined. the totality of the agent’s prior states, including all the neurobiological states, was not sufficient to determine that a particular action had to occur. the agent might have performed a different action than the one actually executed. as\nsuggested this assumption seems to require indeterminism, which explicitly states that we cannot predict the outcome of every action given the precise state of the universe at a specific point of time combined with the laws of nature .\nin this chapter, i will focus solely on the issue of mental causation and its connection to the free - will debate. i will show that the problem of causal efficacy of the mental lies at the core of both what we usually understand as being free as well as in the most basic assumptions of the neuroscientific approach to free will. i will hypothesize that, without solving the puzzle of how the mental can influence the physical, the experiments do not tell us as much about free will as we would like them to .\never since the rise of modern neuroscience in the 1980s, there has been controversial discussion about its potential influence on topics that have been traditionally seen as part of the domain of social sciences and humanities (see, e. g. ,\nthe heated public and scientific debate on proposed neuroscientific solutions to the problem of the freedom of the will might be considered as the most prominent example (see, e. g. ,\nneuro - psychoanalysis, neuro - education, or neuro - economics, to name just a few, shows the appeal and attraction of applying neuroscientific methods to traditional scientific fields .\nin philosophy, two distinct ways of dealing with the problems and prospects of neuroscience have been developed in recent decades: on the one hand, the philosophy of neuroscience tries to apply methods and classical approaches from the philosophy of science to neuroscience, e. g. , to shed light on its specific explanatory strategies. while this view is sometimes considered to be a more skeptical, critical, or even destructive one, so - called neurophilosophy takes a different approach. here, neuroscientific findings are applied to classical philosophical issues such as the nature of emotions, the concept of morality, or the nature of consciousness, in order to develop empirically informed philosophical concepts and theories .\nin this chapter, i am going to evaluate the premises and prospects of both approaches by discussing the following issues: i will start by reviewing the methods, theoretical assumptions, and explanatory aims of both the philosophy of neuroscience and neurophilosophy. in the next step, i will look into neurophilosophy’s claim to integrate neuroscientific findings into philosophical theory by analyzing the relation between memory and personal identity. based on this analysis, i aim to shed light on the more general question of what philosophy and neuroscience can and cannot do for each other .\nthe use of beneficial insects for insect pest management in crops has a long history. this section provides a brief historical description of the development of biological control as a pest management tool in crops .\nants were the first organisms employed in biological control of pests in agricultural areas, probably because they are easily observed and widespread. a passage in the talmud suggests the use of ant colonies against one another for control purposes before 200 ad, although there do not appear to be any additional written records of the extent or duration of this practice\n). predatory ants appear to have been the first documented biological control agents used in crops, specifically citrus in china and dates in yemen. chinese citrus growers reportedly augmented populations of native asian weaver ants (\nthe weaver ant example represents not only the first, but also the longest use of a specific augmentation biological control practice for crop pest management. the concept of augmentation biological control in crops may also have spread long ago as a result of international trade. the practice of bringing colonies of predacious ants (described ambiguously as\nexample also involved the first use of a conservation biological control practice in a cropping system. from at least 1600\nalthough the predatory behaviour of insects such as ants was recognized long ago and utilized for pest management, recognition and utilization of the less obvious and more complex phenomenon of parasitism did not occur until much later. the first written reports describing parasitism appeared in the 3rd century and seemed to describe a tachinid fly attacking silkworm larvae in china (\nit took for hymenopteran parasitoid life histories to be understood may have been due to their greater complexity, but also lack of economic incentive as there was in the case of silkworms .\nthe concept of deliberately moving natural enemies from one location to another was apparently broadened in scope by c. v. riley, who distributed parasitoids of the weevil\npopulations throughout california were under complete control. along with the beetle, a parasitic fly\nwas also established and became the major factor controlling scale populations in coastal areas of the state. this classic example of importation biological control is highlighted in many books (e. g .\n), and set the stage for future biological control programmes. excitement from the success of the\ndebach, 1964; newsom and brazzel, 1968; stern et al. , 1959\n). wolf, bear and moose already went extinct in the middle age. purely aquatic mammals occasionally make their way into the rhine, for example the beluga whale (\n), which regularly occurred in the lower and delta rhine before world war ii. apart from a few locations, most semi - aquatic mammals are now extinct. the european beaver, a riparian keystone species, was hunted almost to extinction in europe for fur and castoreum. after re - introduction in france, switzerland and the lower and delta rhine, beaver populations have expanded along the rhine. in 1988, beavers from the middle elbe region were re - introduced in the natural areas biesbosch and gelderse poort (\n) considered as a noxius fish predator was hunted to extinction in most parts of the rhine. habitat loss and pollution enhanced the decline of otter populations, even though the species became protected. otter populations are still decreasing, mostly from habitat loss and reduced fertility induced by heavy metals, pesticides, and chlorinated biphenyls. today, otter populations are only known in the dutch part of the rhine. after extinction of the otter in the rhine delta in 1988, measures were taken to restore otter habitat in lowland peat marshes in the north of the country, and reintroduction of otters began in 2002. the population remains vulnerable to extinction due to high mortality from traffic (\n) is a large, stout, semi - aquatic rodent native to north america. in 1907, this species was introduced in bohemia (near prague) for their thick and water - resistant fur. some animals inevitably escaped from fur farms and others were released on purpose (\n). in 1930, muskrats also escaped from a fur farm near belfort (france) and invaded the rhine–rhône canal, the ill river in northwest france and western germany. muskrats now inhabit the entire european continent, including the rhine catchment. water authorities in the rhine delta consider the muskrat to be a pest that must be exterminated. its burrowing causes extensive damage to dikes and banks of drainage ditches, and they are trapped and hunted to keep the population low. from 1987 to 2006, the average trapping efficiency decreased from 0. 83 to 0. 46 animals per hour, indicating a decrease in the muskrat population in the rhine delta (\n) using old use old buildings (churches) as roosting sites can be observed in the valley of the middle rhine, moselle and lahn river during summer .\nbefore addressing the developmental question, a few caveats are in order. the first is an acknowledgment of the complexity of the concept; choice is a simple word but not a simple idea. instead, it captures a set of related concepts and intuitions, all of which are central to how we understand the causes of our own and others actions. our concept is both local—influencing “construals” of specific situations as affording / not affording choice—and global—influencing our “worldviews” of free will, autonomy, and moral responsibility. there are aspects of our concept of choice that are culturally universal, and other aspects that are highly culturally variable. in the words of\n: “though all humans share a basic need and desire for choice, we do not all see choice in the same places or to the same extent”. the individual, situational, and cultural differences in beliefs about choice strongly suggest that learning—and in particular social learning—plays a critical role in how this concept is constructed over development .\nthe second caveat concerns the relationship between beliefs about choice and actuality. i take the view, shared by many who research similar intuitions in adults, that our belief in choice is part of our general understanding of the psychological world (\nchoices (the so - called “problem of free will”) —for others to ponder. choice lives in the mind of the beholder; it relates to reality but is not wholly explained by it. for example, we sometimes feel we made a choice even when the evidence suggests that we did not (\n). also, we sometimes feel as if we were led by circumstance to act in a particular way, even when those circumstances do not technically force our actions. moreover, as mentioned above, the very same acts may count as choices for one individual but not for another (\none final point concerns the relationship between the concept of choice and the experience of agency. it is tempting to conclude, based on intuition alone, that our concept of choice arises directly from our experience of our own actions as “freely willed. ” even infants experience agency, so if that is the only basis for our concept, there is not much of a developmental story to be told. this seems to be the position of some neuroscientists and philosophers (e. g .\n). the opposite causal story—that our concept of choice is the first and foremost product of social cognition, arising from our interactions with and observations of other people, and only later gets applied to our own agentic experience—is perhaps less intuitive. it too, however, has empirical support: directly manipulating beliefs in free choice and autonomy can profoundly influence our experience of agency (\n). thus, we are left with a chicken - and - egg problem—which comes first, the experience of agency or the concept of choice? an interesting answer may reveal itself in developmental data, in particular if developmental changes are in any way related to children’s emerging ability to guide and control their actions .\nin short, choice is a theory—a social cognitive theory and a theory about our own experience. the development of these ideas is informed by evidence but does not reduce to a mere “empirical generalization” (\n) from evidence. this is precisely what makes the question of how we learn to view actions in this way so interesting and important .\nwere collected by the french jesuit père d' incarville at macao in late 1740 on his way to beijing where he lived from 1740 to 1757. he sent home letters and herbarium specimens to the french botanist bernard de juisseu and a specimen he collected of\nstill exists at the muséum national d' histoire naturelle, paris. the herbarium sheet is annotated in d' incarville' s handwriting: “\nyangtao – on mêle l' eau dans laquelle on a fait bouillir ces branches dans la composition du papier pour lui donner du corps. pour m. bernard de juisseu\n. ” [ yangtao – the water in which canes have been boiled is used in making paper to give it body. pour m. bernard de juisseu ]. d' incarville' s specimens arrived safely in france but were not properly examined until about 150 years later (\nusing a specimen held at the royal botanic gardens, kew. a handwritten label attached to the herbarium sheet of this type specimen at kew says, “china. fortune, 1846. ” this date is incorrect: the specimen was probably collected by robert fortune in 1845, close to ningbo, south of shanghai (\nis from a male plant and fortune did not describe the fruit. indeed, it seems likely that he did not ever see fruit. instead, the first fruiting specimens studied by western botanists were those collected by augustine henry near ichang (yichang), hubei and sent, preserved in alcohol, to kew in 1886. they were used to prepare the first european illustration of the fruit published by\n, as they essentially hairless with only a scattering of hairs at the distal end of the fruit. augustine henry was impressed by the fruit and in his\nit is a very large climbing shrub with white conspicuous flowers and fruit about the size of a plum, which can be made into a good jam with a guava - jelly kind of flavor. this fruit might be much improved by cultivation .\nh. l. li from taiwan. augustine henry was aware that whereas the first fruit he sent to europe were almost hairless, other plants had fruit that were much hairier (\nwere unsuccessful: thus the variant with hairy fruit soon became to be considered as the norm and the distinction noted by augustine henry and other early plant collectors in china between the smooth - skinned (var .\n) variants was eventually forgotten. it was the french botanist auguste chevalier who recognized the obvious differences between the published descriptions and illustrations of the variant with hairless fruit named as\nplant with hairy fruit growing at the jardin des plantes, paris. chevalier first named this plant as\nthat the differences in morphology, geographic distribution, and chromosome number justified separating the three variants as distinct species and they proposed consequent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. currently, however, the revised\n) and this is the nomenclature followed in this monograph. although the botanical distinction between var .\nwas not made until 1940, it is usually possible to determine retrospectively which variety is being discussed in earlier writings .\nbenarroch, 2007; delorey & olsen, 1999; krystal et al. , 2006; rudolph & mohler, 2004; thompson - vest et al. , 2003\n), evidence for the importance of phosphorylation in these studies is relatively scarce .\narancibia - carcamo & kittler, 2009; liu et al. , 2010; mielke & wang, 2005\n). interestingly, the association of the α1 subunit to gephyrin decreased and could be rescued with a can inhibitor. inhibitors of pp1α / pp2a rescued the loss of α1 subunit by ogd. further, ischemic insult resulted in decreased phosphorylation of s408 / s409 of the β3 subunit and phosphomimetic mutants of β3 or mutants that blocked ap2 binding protected cells from neuronal death (\nmele, ribeiro, inacio, wieloch, & duarte, 2014; smith et al. , 2012\nepilepsy is a common and often devastating neurological disorder based on a striking imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory activity. prolonged, continuous seizures (status epilepticus, se) in animal models and humans can induce the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (tle). modifications in gaba\nbrooks - kayal, shumate, jin, rikhter, & coulter, 1998; goodkin, joshi, mtchedlishvili, brar, & kapur, 2008; loup, wieser, yonekawa, aguzzi, & fritschy, 2000; naylor, liu, & wasterlain, 2005; sperk, drexel, & pirker, 2009; terunuma et al. , 2008" ]

{ "text": [ "meles is a genus of badgers containing three living species , the japanese badger ( meles anakuma ) , asian badger ( meles leucurus ) , and european badger ( meles meles ) .", "in an older categorization , they were seen as a single species with three subspecies ( meles meles anakuma , meles meles leucurus and meles meles meles ) .", "there are also several extinct members of the genus . " ], "topic": [ 27, 15, 26 ] }

[ "meles is a genus of badgers containing three living species, the japanese badger (meles anakuma), asian badger (meles leucurus), and european badger (meles meles). in an older categorization, they were seen as a single species with three subspecies (meles meles anakuma, meles meles leucurus and meles meles meles). there are also several extinct members of the genus." ]

[ "in their native china, the oobius agrili wasp is the natural enemy of the emerald ash borer .\nlyons has been installing\noobinators\nfull of oobius agrili eggs across areas affected by the emerald ash borer .\nthis detailed presentation shows how to look for oobius agrili (pdf: 2. 89 mb / 52 pages) .\nbarry lyons, a forest entomologist for natural resources canada, stands next to two\noobinators\nfull of oobius agrili eggs. (cbc news )\nthe oobius agrili parasitic wasp is very small and doesn' t have a stinger. it lays its eggs within emerald ash borer eggs, killing the host egg. (houping liu / michigan state university )\noobius agrili wasps are so tiny that they are difficult to see (0. 95 mm long). adult females search ash bark crevices to find eab eggs. a female will insert one of her eggs into an eab egg. the wasps develop in the eab eggs then emerge as an adult. there are at least two generations per year resulting in parasitism rates up to 60% . oobius agrili overwinters as mature larvae in eab eggs then adults emerge the following spring and summer. each o. agrili female can parasitize up to 62 eab eggs and can reproduce without males (parthenogenesis) .\nthe egg parasitoid oobius agrili zhang and huang (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) is one of four parasitoid species from northeast asia being released in regions of north america as part of a biological control program to manage the invasive emerald ash borer (eab), agrilus planipennis fairmaire (coleoptera: buprestidae) (bauer et al. 2015). to date, o. agrili has been released in 23 u. s. states and two canadian provinces. at michigan study sites where o. agrili was released starting in 2007, average egg parasitism reached up to 40% over a five - year period (abell et al. 2014) .\n​petrice, toby r. ; ravlin, f. william; bauer, leah s. ; poland, therese m. 2016. establishing oobius agrili (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), the introduced egg parasitoid of emerald ash borer, in michigan ash stands. newsletter of the michigan entomological society. 61 (3 / 4): 30 .\n​petrice, toby r. ; ravlin, f. william; bauer, leah s. ; poland, therese m. 2016. establishing oobius agrili (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), the introduced egg parasitoid of emerald ash borer, in michigan ash stands. newsletter of the michigan entomological society. 61 (3 / 4): 30 .\ntwo of the emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennisi) eggs in this image are parasitized by oobius agrili, an egg parasitoid introduced to the u. s. from china to help manage emerald ash borer. the black pellets inside the parasitized eggs are frass from the parasitoid. the other two eggs contain emerald ash borer larvae about to hatch .\ntwo new species of oobius trjapitzin (hymenoptera, encyrtidae) egg parasitoids of agrilus spp. (coleoptera, buprestidae) from the usa, including a key and taxonomic notes on other congeneric nearctic taxa\npetrice, toby; ravlin, f. william; bauer, leah s. ; poland, therese m .\nnewsletter of the michigan entomological society. 61 (3 / 4): 30 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchris mallet, eab biological control coordinator chris. mallet @ urltoken 651 - 201 - 6249\njonathan osthus, project manager jonathan. osthus @ urltoken 651 - 201 - 6248\nminnesota department of agriculture (mda), 625 robert street north, saint paul, mn 55155 - 2538, mda. info @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nintroduced into na to control a. planipennis (emerald ash borer) (bauer & houping 2007 )\neffects of cutting time, stump height, and herbicide application on ash (fraxinus spp .) stump sprouting and colonization by emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis )\ncheck the northern research station web site to request a printed copy of this publication .\nplease contact sharon hobrla, shobrla @ urltoken if you notice any errors which make this publication unusable .\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information .\nthis article was written and prepared by u. s. government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain .\nthere' s a tiny new weapon being used in the fight against the destructive emerald ash borer in ontario .\nthe federal government recently approved the introduction of a foreign breed of parasitic, non - stinging wasp that destroys ash borer eggs from within .\nthe wasp larvae eat the contents of the emerald ash borer eggs and then burst forth from the destroyed eggs as fully formed wasps to search for new eggs .\nthere are two types of the wasps approved for use in canada: one type attacks emerald ash borer larvae and were approved two years ago, while the second type attacks the eggs and were approved last month .\nwe don' t expect we' re going to get 100 - per - cent control, we' re not going to eradicate emerald ash borer ,\nsaid sean barker, director of eastern ontario arborists inc. , which works to stop the spread of emerald ash borer in ottawa .\nsean barker, director of eastern ontario arborists inc. , says he hopes the wasp will help control the emerald ash borer population. (cbc news )\ni don' t believe that' s even in the realm of possibility but keeping it at manageable numbers and controls would be considered a success... . just having the opportunity to save trees is what we' re hoping for .\nbarry lyons, a forest entomologist for natural resources canada, worked to bring the wasp to canada .\nhe said the canada food inspection agency is concerned the wasps could target a few species very similar to the emerald ash borer, but that the\nbenefits greatly outweigh the risks .\nhis department will now have to monitor the effectiveness of the wasps to see if they start cutting into the emerald ash borer population .\nto encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to cbc / radio - canada' s online communities (except in children and youth - oriented communities). pseudonyms will no longer be permitted .\nby submitting a comment, you accept that cbc has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner cbc chooses. please note that cbc does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. comments on this story are moderated according to our submission guidelines. comments are welcome while open. we reserve the right to close comments at any time .\naudience relations, cbc p. o. box 500 station a toronto, on canada, m5w 1e6\nit is a priority for cbc to create a website that is accessible to all canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges .\nclosed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .\nenter your email address to subscribe to entomology today. you' ll receive notifications of new posts by email." ]

{ "text": [ "oobius agrili is a parasitic non-stinging wasp of family encyrtidae which is native to north asia .", "it is a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer ( agrilus planipennis fairmaire , family buprestidae ) , an invasive species which has destroyed tens of millions of ash trees in its introduced range in north america .", "as part of the campaign against the emerald ash borer ( eab ) , american scientists in conjunction with the chinese academy of forestry searched since 2003 for its natural enemies in the wild leading to the discovery of several parasitoid wasps , including oobius agrili which is a solitary egg parasitoid of eab on ash trees in jilin province in 2004 and has been recorded to kill up to 60 percent of eab eggs .", "field studies were carried out in 2005 which revealed that oobius agrili completes at least two generations per year .", "the peak period for parasitism was during july and august where egg parasitism rates were 56.3 percent and 61.5 percent , respectively .", "o. agrili is parthenogenic and has a sex ratio of 14.5:1 ( female : male ) .", "o. agrili achieves synchrony with its host life cycle - part of the o. agrili larvae population in eggs of eab undergoes diapause within the eggs during winter and emerges the following summer .", "the usda carried out paired choice assays with eggs of six different native agrilus species , two cerambycid beetles , and four lepidopterans .", "o. agrili ignored eggs of all other species except of three of the agrilus species of egg size in the same range as that of eab .", "o. agrili strongly preferred to oviposit in eab eggs laid on ash than in eggs of other agrilus species on their respective host plants .", "the selectivity shown by o. agrili has led to its being included in the biological control program for controlled releases in selected sites for further research . " ], "topic": [ 2, 29, 28, 14, 7, 0, 14, 28, 13, 28, 6 ] }

[ "oobius agrili is a parasitic non-stinging wasp of family encyrtidae which is native to north asia. it is a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis fairmaire, family buprestidae), an invasive species which has destroyed tens of millions of ash trees in its introduced range in north america. as part of the campaign against the emerald ash borer (eab), american scientists in conjunction with the chinese academy of forestry searched since 2003 for its natural enemies in the wild leading to the discovery of several parasitoid wasps, including oobius agrili which is a solitary egg parasitoid of eab on ash trees in jilin province in 2004 and has been recorded to kill up to 60 percent of eab eggs. field studies were carried out in 2005 which revealed that oobius agrili completes at least two generations per year. the peak period for parasitism was during july and august where egg parasitism rates were 56.3 percent and 61.5 percent, respectively. o. agrili is parthenogenic and has a sex ratio of 14.5:1 (female: male). o. agrili achieves synchrony with its host life cycle - part of the o. agrili larvae population in eggs of eab undergoes diapause within the eggs during winter and emerges the following summer. the usda carried out paired choice assays with eggs of six different native agrilus species, two cerambycid beetles, and four lepidopterans. o. agrili ignored eggs of all other species except of three of the agrilus species of egg size in the same range as that of eab. o. agrili strongly preferred to oviposit in eab eggs laid on ash than in eggs of other agrilus species on their respective host plants. the selectivity shown by o. agrili has led to its being included in the biological control program for controlled releases in selected sites for further research." ]

[ "valter jacinto marked\ntavão / / horse fly (tabanus eggeri )\nas trusted on the\ntabanus eggeri\npage .\ntabanus eggeri by lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow\nnot an expert, but i know a few species. t. eggeri is beautiful and my favourite tabanus. susan\nthere are many species of tabanus, they all look exactly the same and they are all equally evil .\nyes it is t. eggeri. they are very orange like that, and the first posterior cell is closed, so it must be eggeri. i get them here too (i' m in 37, so' next door' to you). susan\nin 2008 i saw a male tabanus eggeri and this year i think i have one again. big tabanus (ca. 18 - 20 mm). i think it is t. eggeri because of the special form of the first posterior cell in the wings. at least i hope i understood it correct. but it was very orange when it showed its abdomen, so i am not at all sure! 31 - 07 - 2010, la fontouret, saint - gilles, indre, france. tjitske lubach attached the following image: [ 181. 5kb ] edited by tjitske lubach on 31 - 07 - 2010 23: 29 tjitske lubach\nthank you very much susan! nice to have an' expert' on diptera next door. anyway, it was a beautiful creature, this t. eggeri. the orange on the back was quite striking. tjitske lubach\nbut! this monster does not look like t. eggeri (because the lower callus - the black spot between the eyes - is triangular [ broadest at the base, in eggeri it should be broadest in the middle ]). possibly t. sudeticus or t. bovinus? t bovinus have a distinct dark central line on the underside (which can' t be seen) while in sudeticus the underside is brownish / blackish with broad white posterior edges on the sternites. in bovinus the pale triangles on the upperside of the abdomen (along the midline) reaches the preceeding segment, in sudeticus not - hard to tell ...\nive had numerous replies re this little slasher... . im convinced its the tabanus bovinus now... . so thanks for your time and effort to reply... ... very interesting tracking the correct answer down... .... i wanted to know for sure and you helped a lot... . thanks again! x\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou cannot post a blank message. please type your message and try again .\ncan you guys help me out... .. just took a pic this afternoon of this beast in my back garden and after serfing the net i dont think it should be in north wales... ... it wa rubbing its hands thinking what mischief it can get up to... . if it is what i think it is what is it doin here ?\ni' m most probably wrong, because i know absolutely nothing about flies .\nhi, im located in south wales (bridgend), and although this may not be helpful roughly 2 - 3 summers ago we had something very similar to your photos fly in through our patio doors and bob against the window. id never seen anything like it and am a keen rider so know the local horse flies well. however this guy was an inch / inch 1 / 2 in length and the sound it made in flight was incredibly loud, my mum trapped him under a glass and let him out but it looked very similar to the beasty in your photos and was quite frightening! ive always wondered what it was and this is the nearest ive got to finding out !\nhtml public' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en'' urltoken'\nit showed its abdomen when it was cleaning its wings. tjitske lubach attached the following image: [ 190. 6kb ] tjitske lubach\ndetail head tjitske lubach attached the following image: [ 192. 17kb ] tjitske lubach\njump to forum: diptera (adults) diptera (eggs, larvae, pupae) other insects, spiders, etc. fossils asilidae forum syrphidae overviews rearing diptera methodology what should i use? what is new? interesting literature about the website (requests, discussion, errors, etc .) international congress of dipterology 7 general queries the lounge distribution queries queries submitted as articles\nusername password not a member yet? click here to register. forgotten your password? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address, any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon. allat. kozlem thx\ncopyright © 2004 - 2018 paul beuk, images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright © 2002 - 2018 by nick jones. released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3. simpleasthat\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "tabanus eggeri is a mediterranean species of biting horse-fly , found in southern france , italy , albania , croatia , herzegovina , bulgaria , portugal and morocco .", "there are also unverified records from spain and israel . " ], "topic": [ 20, 8 ] }

[ "tabanus eggeri is a mediterranean species of biting horse-fly, found in southern france, italy, albania, croatia, herzegovina, bulgaria, portugal and morocco. there are also unverified records from spain and israel." ]

[ "nestoridae (family). . nestor (genus)... . nestor meridionalis (species) - new zealand kaka... . nestor notabilis (species) - kea... . ‡nestor productus (species) - norfolk island kaka\nare we missing a good definition for genus nestor? don' t keep it to yourself ...\nanother representative of nestor genus, the kaka (nestor meridionalis). (c) small. this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 2. 0 generic license .\nthe genus nestor is one of three genera of the parrot family strigopidae. together with the kakapo, and the extinct parrots in the genus nelepsittacus, they form the parrot superfamily strigopoidea .\ncolin w. stearn, barry d. webby, heldur nestor, and carl w. stock\nbond, a. , k. wilson, j. diamond. 1991. sexual dimorphism in the kea (nestor notabilis) .\na genus is a scientific way of showing that species are very closed related to each other. in fact the first word of the species' scientific name is its genus. so for lions (panthera leo), panthera is the genus and tells us that they are closely related to tigers (panthera tigris), because they share the name .\nthe new close relative of kea parrots (nestor notabilis) and kaka parrots (nestor meridionalis) was found by archeologists on chatham islands in the pacific ocean. this interesting discovery is based on an analysis of fossil parrot bones found on that place. detailed study was published in the zoological journal of the linnean society. this small archipelago is a part of the new zealand since 1842 and it’s about 800km distant. the bird got a name the chatham kaka (nestor chathamensis) .\ngajdon, g. , n. fijn, l. huber. 2004. testing social learning in a wild mountain parrot, the kea (nestor notabilis) .\nto cite this page: williams, r. 2001 .\nnestor notabilis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nclosely related kea (nestor notabilis). (c) markus koljonen. this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 unported license .\nthe chatham kaka has extincted because of its large size and the inability to fly. the last bird died probably soon after the first immigrants arrived because they start hunting these birds immediately for their delicious meat. several populations were surely threatened by invasive predators, mostly wild cats and rats. the chatham kaka is already the second extinct species of nestor genus. the norfolk kaka (nestor productus) has extincted at the same time. this parrot inhabited norfolk and phillip islands. in this case, the last individual died in 1851 in the zoo london .\nthe family carabodidae (acari, oribatida) viii. the genus machadocepheus (first part) machadocepheus leoneae sp. n. and machadocepheus rachii sp. n. from gabon\nthe family carabodidae (acari, oribatida) viii. the genus machadocepheus (first part) machadocepheus leoneae sp. n. and machadocepheus rachii sp. n. from gabon\nthe family carabodidae (acari: oribatida) i. description of a new genus, bovicarabodes with three new species, and the redescription of hardybodes mirabilis balogh, 1970 .\nin biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories. the rank of species, and specification of the genus to which the species belongs is basic, which means that it may not be necessary to specify ranks other than these .\nthe family carabodidae (acari: oribatida) v. the genus congocepheus (first part), with redescriptions of congocepheus heterotrichus balogh 1958, congocepheus orientalis mahunka 1987 and congocepheus hauseri mahunka 1989 .\nfamily carabodidae (acari: oribatida) v. the genus congocepheus balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of congocepheus involutus mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species .\nmachadocepheus longus balogh, 1962 was subsequently designated type species of tuberocepheus balogh & mahunka, 1969, while machadocepheus sagitta balogh & mahunka, 1966 was designated type species of the genus sagittabodes j & p balogh, 1992 .\npalaeozoic stromatoporoids comprise an extinct class of non - spiculate poriferans that are represented as fossils by their basal carbonate skeleton. a revised terminology for the description of these fossils is presented. seven orders (labechiida, clathrodictyida, actinostromatida, stromatoporellida, stromatoporida, syringostromatida, amphiporida) are recognized. the following is recorded for each genus: (1) type species, catalogue number and depository of the primary holotype; (2) synonyms and their type species; (3) diagnosis; (4) stratigraphic range; (5) estimate of the number of species assigned to the genus; (6) stratigraphic and geographic distribution of the genus. problems in the definition and recognition of the genus are briefly discussed in annotations. one hundred and nine genera are considered valid, or doubtfully valid. fifty three genera are placed in synonymy. an additional 14 genera are considered to be of uncertain placement in the classification .\nintricate structural shapes and the need to observe specimens from various angles and positions made many structures difficult to understand when only using optical observation. comparing these species with others from the same genus was greatly complicated by very short and superficial original descriptions, and some errors were detected in descriptions of various species of the genus machadocepheus as well as in related genera (bathocepheus, see fernandez et al. 2013; tuberocepheus see fernandez et al. 2014). much care had to be taken not to create any further confusion in the genus machadocepheus and related genera, and for the reasons cited above we deemed it necessary to continue our study of a number of related genera in a series, discussed in future papers, to try to understand the existing problems .\nthe genus machadocepheus, being one of the more complex genera of the carabodidae family, is briefly outlined to demonstrate this complexity. descriptions of two new species from gabon, machadocepheus leoneae sp. n. and machadocepheus rachii sp. n. are given .\nwilke, t. ; rolán, e. & davis, g. m. 2000. the mudsnail genus hydrobia ss in the northern atlantic and western mediterranean: a phylogenetic hypothesis. marine biology 137 (5 - 6): 827 - 833. [ links ]\nmachadocepheus foveolatus mahunka, 1978, was designated type species of the genus mauribodes j & p. balogh, 1992, and subsequently mauribodes was considered by subias (op. cit) as synonym of diplobodes (kalloia) mahunka, 1985. subias recombined mauribodes foveolatus (mahunka, 1978) as diplobodes (kalloia) foveolatus (mahunka, 1978). the genus kalloia was created by mahunka 1985, with kalloia simpliseta mahunka, 1985 as type species; however at present, this species has been recombined as machadocepheus (kalloia) simpliseta (mahunka, 1985) .\nfor over 40 years malacologists have been discussing the taxonomical status of heleobia species, an enigmatic genus from cochliopidae family (caenogastropoda: rissooidea). as with other rissooidean families, the considerable character convergence and the paucity of anatomical synapomorphies has proved to be a problem in resolving cochliopid phylogenetic relations and establishing the validity of several nominal cochliopid species. here we present a molecular contribution to solve the taxonomical status of one of the most abundant southern south america cochliopid genera which has many endemic species. we report molecular evidence that supports three of the four heleobia groups described for this region, the\naustralis\n,\nparchappii\nand\npiscium\ngroups. the fourth, the\nhatcheri\ngroup, belongs not to heleobia but to a different genus which itself should not be considered as part of the family cochliopidae but closely related to genus potamolithus pilsbry & rush, 1896 .\nwith respect to the phylogenetic proximity of h. hatcheri to the south american genus potamolithus and the suggestion that the latter belong not to lithoglyphidae but to tateidae (wilke et al. , 2013), these authors indicated that\nwe do not know of any unique characters defining this group\n. nevertheless, the diagnosis of the paleartic - neartic lithoglyphidae is made by the closed ventral wall of the female capsule gland and the blade - like penis lacking large appendages and specialized glands, remarking finally that the genus potamolithus was resolved as a member of the tateidae clade in all their molecular analysis (wilke et al. , 2013) .\nfernandez n, theron p, rollard c, leiva s (2014) the family carabodidae (acari, oribatida) viii. the genus machadocepheus (first part) machadocepheus leoneae sp. n. and machadocepheus rachii sp. n. from gabon. zookeys 456: 1–28. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 456. 8570\ncollar, n. & boesman, p. (2018). new zealand kaka (nestor meridionalis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nwith regard to subias’s recombination of genera and currently accepted classification of machadocepheus, the changes were published and necessitate justification. we studied type material in order to not accepted. this paper specifically establishes the series of characters for the genus, and future papers will discuss other problems in terms of classification, in order to state reasons why the authors agree with some changes and disagree with others .\ncollar, n. , de juana, e. , boesman, p. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). kea (nestor notabilis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthe only description of female genitalia available for the genus corresponds to that of p. ribeirensis (davis & pons da silva, 1984). while it has served as the basis to define the\ntypical\nidealized anatomical ground plan of the lithoglyphidae (wilke et al. , 2001), it is not incompatible with the characterization of the tateidae female genitalia as\nsimple, usually with one distal seminal receptacle and a bursa copulatrix; ventral channel occasionally separated to form a vestibule\n, (wilke et al. , 2013). in h. hatcheri the spermathecal tube seems not be separated from the albumen gland, which would distinguish it from the cochliopidae. however a deeper anatomical study of h. hatcheri, with emphasis on the female genitalia, and the incorporation of other mitochondrial markers is necessary to determine the genus and, more importantly, the family to which h. hatcheri belongs .\ncolin w. stearn [ colinst @ urltoken ], earth & planetary sciences, mcgill university, present address: 65 aberdeen road, kitchener, n2m 2y4, canada. barry d. webby [ bwebby @ urltoken ], centre for ecostratigraphy and palaeobiology, earth & planetary sciences, macquarie university, north ryde, nsw 2109, australia. heldur nestor [ hnestor @ urltoken ], institute of geology, tallinn technical university, estonia pst. 7. tallinn, ee0001, estonia. carl w. stock [ cstock @ urltoken ], department of geology, university of alabama, box 870338, tuscaloosa, al. 35487 - 0338, u. s. a .\ncites lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection parrots: a guide to parrots of the world, juniper and parr, 1998 parrots: status survey and conservation plan 2000 - 2004, snyder, mcgowan, gilardi and grajal, 2000. ml media collection catalogue 77525, kaka nestor meridionalis, robbins, mark, new zealand, dec. 19 1990, cornell lab of ornithology. site parrots of the world, forshaw and cooper, 1977. 2010 edition vanished and vanishing parrots, forshaw and knight, 2017. parrots of the world, forshaw and knight, 2006. parrots in aviculture, low, 1992. parrots: their care and breeding, low, 1986 .\nthe species machadocepheus papuanus balogh, 1970 (from new guinea), was instated as the type species of the genus guineobodes, erected by mahunka 1987, and is considered by subias (2004 updated 2014) to be a subgenus of pasocepheus aoki, 1976, as pasocepheus (guineobodes) (mahunka 1987). machadocepheus manguiati corpus - raros, 1979 was designated the type species of philippobodes j & p balogh, 1992, considered by subias (2004, updated 2014) as synonym of bathocepheus aoki, 1978, transferring the species to bathocepheus manguiati (corpus - raros, 1979) .\nheleobia hatcheri, abundant in patagonian waters, differs from the other heleobia species from the cmp in, among other characters, the presence of a so called nuchal papilla in all females studied (pseudohermaphroditism or natural imposex, martín, 2002), the only reported sex in cmp populations where sex ratios have been studied (uspallata river; martín, 2002; ciocco, 2011). this organ was previously mistakenly interpreted as a reduced and functional penis from hypothetical h. hatcheri males (gaillard & castellanos, 1976; cazzaniga, 1981), to the point that a new genus was proposed (strobeliella; cazzaniga, 1981) .\nour results suggest that heleobia hatcheri and the morphologically similar heleobia sp. should not be included among the family cochliopidae, and that they would be closely - related to the three studied potamolithus species. the latter has two novel and significant implications: i) the conspicuous group\nhatcheri\n. traditional component of the cochliopidae from chile (biese, 1944) and argentina (gaillard & castellanos, 1976), would disappear as part of this family; ii) as was recently suggested by wilke et al. (2013), the potamolithus genus endemic from south america would not be lithoglyphidae as was proposed originally by davis & pons da silva (1984) .\nthe genus is also complex in terms of the deposition of the type machadocepheus excavatus balogh, 1958 (see above). balogh indicated in page 1 of his paper that “les types des formes nouvelles que je decris ici font partie des collections du musée royal du “congo belge, a tervuren”, without further indications, but mahunka 1986 indicated rather confusingly in the text of the redescription (page 125) “examined types series: holotype and 62 paratypes. ang. 4370 - 1: angola: riv. tchimboma, affl. e du cuango - muque, galerie forestière des sources. alto chicapa, i: viii. 1954. station, holotype and 30 paratypes: irat, 30 paratypes (1107 - po - 55): hnhm, 2 paratypes: mhng. other material 1 specimen: ang. 16888: angola, environs de dundo forêt de la luanchino, 28. iii. 1962 (sanjinje et barros machado coll) 6 paratypes from the same sample: holotype and 2 paratypes in the mrat, 3 paratypes (1102 - po - 85): hnhm, 1 paratype: mhng» .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n... rocky mountains within colorado contain 52 14, 000 foot peaks. the mountains are timbered with conifer and aspen to an elevation of about 12, 000 feet i ...\n© 2018 kids. net. au - kids safe portal for children, parents, schools and teachers .\nthis etymology is incomplete. you can help wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term .\ngill, f. and wright, m. (2006) birds of the world: recommended english names, princeton university press, →isbn\na wise old man, especially one who serves as a counselor or adviser .\nthis page was last edited on 25 april 2018, at 10: 00 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nexists in our database, but we currently do not have a translation from english to dutch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkey words: stromatoporoids, porifera, taxonomy, morphologic terminology, palaeozoic, distribution .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (for details please see urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n1 national council of scientific and technological research, argentina (conicet). subtropical biological institut (ibs). evolutive genetic laboratory fceq y n, misiones national university. felix de azara 1552, 6°, (3300) posadas misiones argentina\n3 muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département systématique et evolution, unité oseb, section arthropodes, 57 rue cuvier. 75231, paris cedex 05. france\n4 fellowship, national institute agricultural technology (inta). experimental rural agency, aimogasta. 5310. la rioja. argentina\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ncarabodidae, machadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , machadocepheus rachii sp. n. , gabon\nbalogh, 1958 (page 21), but in very brief text lacking figures .\nwas redescribed (page 125) and figures 96 (anterior view) and 97 (bothridium and sensillus) added .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 41 dorsal view (2) 42 prodorsum, frontal view (1) 43 gnathosoma, frontal view (1) 44 aspis, frontal view (1) 45 sensillus (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 41 = 100 μm; 42 = 50 μm; 43–44 = 20 μm; 45 = 10 μm .\nmore recently, subias (op. cit .) divided machadocepheus into two subgenera, machadocepheus and sagittabodes, the first subgenus with machadocepheus (machadocepheus) exacavatus as type and the second with machadocepheus (sagittabodes) sagitta (balogh & mahunka, 1966) as type .\nfirst of all, the type material is not housed at the museum tervuren, and mahunka never differentiated between irat and mrat; mrat most probably refers to the musée royal du congo belge tervuren, and we suppose that the type material discussed by balogh in 1958, and possibly that of mahunka 1986, is housed in the latter .\nother problems with the type deposition include: mahunka indicated: “holotype and 62 paratypes (holotype and 30 paratypes irat; 30 paratypes hnhm and 2 paratypes mhng (total holotype, plus 62 paratypes) ”; but in the last part of text indicated 6 paratypes: “holotype and 2 paratypes mrat, 3 paratypes hnhm and 1 paratype mhng”. that, two holotypes are referred to, one in 1954 and another 1962, with 68 paratypes, 62 from 1954 and 6 from 1962 .\nwe studied most species cited, except for machadocepheus manguiati corpuz - raros, 1979, which we were unable to obtain, and machadocepheus longus balogh, 1964, which was not available on loan from hnhm. we were fortunate to later obtain large quantities of specimens (from madagascar) in the betsch collection of the muséum national d’histoire naturelles (mnhn), paris, france, and were able to conduct observations using both sem and optical microscopy. the situation machadocepheus longus balogh, 1964 will the subject of a subsequent paper .\nthis paper, the eighth in the series on the revision of the family carabodidae will be structured as follows: initial studies of a series of new species, making use of sem and optical microscopy in order to permit understanding of the structures involved. thereafter, we aim to study type material where only optical microscopy studies are available (or possible), with the intention of clarifying the taxonomy of machadocepheus and related genera .\nspecimens studied by means of optical microscopy were macerated in lactic acid and observed in the same medium using the open - mount technique (cavity slide and cover slip) described by grandjean (1949) and krantz and walter (2009). drawings were made using a zeiss axio scope (carl zeiss microscopy gmbh, jena, germany) compound microscope equipped with a drawing tube .\nspecimens were also studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (sem). specimens preserved in ethanol were carefully rinsed by sucking them into a pasteur pipette several times, after which they were transferred to buffered glutaraldehyde (2, 5 %) in sörensen phosphate buffer (ph 7, 4; 0, 1 m) for two hours. after postfixation for two hours in buffered 2% oso4 solution and being rinsed in buffer solution, all specimens were dehydrated in a series of graded ethanols and dried in a critical point apparatus. after mounting on al - stubs with double sided sticky tape, specimens were gold coated in a sputter apparatus (alberti and fernandez 1988). the critical point apparatus used was an emitech k 850 (quorum technologies ltd. , ashford, kent, united kingdom) and the sputter a jeol jfc - 1200 (jeol ltd. tokyo, japan) (metalized 80”) .\nsem observations were very complex, due to limited numbers and anatomic particularities shown by specimens. two different types of sem were used in order to obtain observations of adequate quality: 1) tescan vega ii lsu (tescan orsay holdings, kohoutovice, czech republic) (direction of collections - sem - eds - mnhn) and 2) hitachi su3500 (hitachi high - technologies europe, krefeld, germany) (plateau technique de microscopie electronique et de microanalyse (pmem) (mnhn) using accelerating voltage of 15 kv and 10 kv respectively .\nin the legends to figures, images obtained with tescan vega ii lsu are indicated with a small number 1 and those obtained with hitachi su3500, with a small number 2 .\nmeasurements taken: total length (tip of rostrum to posterior edge of notogaster); width (widest part of notogaster) in micrometers (μm) .\nleg chaetotaxy studies executed with the aid of standard, polarized and phase contrast microscopes are provisional, due to the fact that only adult specimens were available for study. setal formulae of the legs include the number of solenidia (in parentheses); tarsal setal formulae include the famulus (ε) .\nmorphological terms and abbreviations used are those developed by f. grandjean (1928–1974) (cf. travé and vachon 1975; norton & behan - pelletier (in krantz and walter 2009); fernandez et al. 2013; fernandez et al. 2013a, b; fernandez et al. 2013. for setal types evans 1992: 73; and for ornamentation of cuticular surfaces murley 1951 (in evans op. cit: 9) were used .\nmnhn: muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris, france; mnhg: museum natural history geneva; hnhm: hungarian natural history museum; mrat: probably musée royal du congo belge tervuren; irat: unknown .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 1 dorsal view (1) 2 anterior zone of prodorsum, dorsal view (1) 3 posterior notogastral zone, dorsal view (1) 4 prodorsum, dorsal view (1) 5 fovea, posterior notogastral zone, dorsal view (2). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 1 = 100 μm; 2 = 30 μm; 3–4 = 50 μm; 5 = 20 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 33 leg i antiaxial view 34 leg iv antiaxial view 35 leg ii antiaxial view 36 apical zone, leg ii (1) 37 leg iii, antiaxial view. abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bars: 35–37 = 50 μm; 36 = 10 μm .\nthe specific epithet is dedicated in homage to mrs. leone hudson, our efficient and helpful collaborator who enormously facilitated our work .\nholotype and four paratype females. holotype ♀ makokou, northeastern province of ogoové - ivindo, 500 m alt. dense evergreen humid forest, i. 1974, y. coineau, deposited in mnhn (muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris) .\nparatypes. same data as holotype, 4 ♀ (2 in mnhn; 2 in mnhg). all specimens are preserved in 70% ethanol .\ntype locality. makokou, province of ogoové - ivindo, northeastern gabon; situated at 0°34' 0\nn, 12°52' 0\ne. material used for sem observations not deposited .\nelongate animals; ro, in, notogastral, sub - capitular, epimeral, genital, aggenital, adanal, anal setae, simple; le, lanceolate, barbate. prodorsum truncate pyramid shape; elevated interlamellar process, divided sagittally by a deep furrow into two promontories; in setae situated anteriorly, directing posteriorly. deep posterior prodorsal depression. sensillus uncinate, curving upward; bothridial ring and bothridial tooth present; ro setae curving, directing medially; le setae situated ventrally on lamellar apical zone. lamellae lacking lamellar tip; lamellar furrow with deeper medial structure; superior cornea of naso convex elevation. notogaster characteristic: notogastral anterior depression with three anterior transversally aligned parallel cuticular folds; posterior zone with two large cavities, separated by longitudinal ridge, terminating in c 1 setae, which are positioned on triangular convexity. elevated medial notogastral zone with three pairs of aligned medial promontories with da, dm, dp setae and lateral semicircular promontories that bear la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, setae. behind elevated zone, posterior notogastral depression slightly concave; near circumgastric depression, a more or less flat zone with small protuberances present .\nnotogastral setae, fifteen pairs (holotrichy unideficient): c 1, c 2, c 3, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3 .\nsupratutorial depression with three pocket depressions, one internal, another anterior and a third posterior to supratutorial depression. bothridia cup - shaped with smooth bothridial ring and bothridial tooth. lyrifissures ih, ips present. subcapitular setae h on large promontories. epimere 1 with two promontories; epimere 2, one promontory; epimere 3 two promontories; epimere 4 two promontories. epimeral chaetotaxy 3 - 1 - 3 - 3; anterior aggenital furrow present. genital fig small in relation to anal fig; four pairs of genital setae; two pairs of anal setae; aggenital and adanal setae similar in length and shape; lyrifissures iad well discernible between ad 3 and ad 2. several large and small depressions visible on lateral anal fig .\nmeasurements. sem: 501 μm (515–424) × 310 μm (327–295) (measurements on four specimens). light microscopy: 512 μm (519–443) × 318 μm (338–301) (measurements on five specimens) .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 6 lateral view 7 dorsal view 8 ventral view. abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 6–8 = 145 μm .\ncolour. specimens without cerotegument, light to dark brown, observed in reflected light .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 13 bothridium and sensillus, lateral view (1) 14 posterior zone of notogastral anterior depression (2) 15 promontories with and without cerotegumental layer (2) 16 lamellae anterior zone, lateral view (2) 17 promontories with dorso - central setae (1) 18 lateral promontories with lm, lp, setae (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 13–14 = 20 μm; 15–16 = 10 μm; 17–18 = 30 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 22 ventral view (2) 23 anal fig (1) 24 genital fig (1) 25 aspis frontal view (2) 26 infracapitulum and surrounding zone (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 22 = 200 μm; 23–26 = 20 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 27 posterior general view (1) 28 fontal view (1) 29 prodorsum and anterior notogastral zone, posterior view (2) 30 notogastral posterior view (2) 31 notogastral ornamentation, rounded fovea (2) 32 promontories with dm, dp setae (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 27–29 = 100 μm; 28–32 = 50 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 9 dorsal inclined view (2) 10 dorsal anteroposterior view (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bars: 9 = 200 μm; 10 = 100 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 19 frontal view 20 promontories, lateral view 21 prodorsum anterior zone, lateral view. abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 19–21 = 100 μm .\nmachadocepheus leoneae sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 11 lateral view 12 inclined lateral view. abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 11 = 100 μm; 12 = 200 μm .\n) ovoid and conspicuous. fifteen pairs (holotrichous, unideficient) of notogastral setae ;\n). pedotectum i: prominent extended lamina covering first acetabulum, rounded apex. pedotectum ii: small ovoid lamina (figures\nclearly visible. discidium easily discernible as triangular structure with rounded apex. several large depressions (\nclearly visible, situated anteriorly to genital fig. genital fig small relative to anal fig (figure\n). all legs monodactyle. setal formulae i (1 - 4 - 3 - 4 - 15 - 1) (1 - 2 - 2); ii (1 - 4 - 3 - 3 - 16 - 1) (1 - 1 - 2); iii (2 - 3 - 1 - 2 - 15 - 1) (1 - 1 - 0); iv (1 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 12 - 1) (0 - 1 - 0). figure\nshowing shape of anterior setae, tarsus ii. observation of the shape of especially (\n` absent from tarsus i, but present on tarsus ii in all specimens studied .\ntibia i: solenidion φ 1 on small apophysis; tibia i, ii, setae d present, situated near solenidion. femur iv presenting a conspicuous ventral carina .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. optical observations. 38 dorsal view 39 ventral view 40 lateral view. abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 38–40 = 90 μm .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 64 leg ii, antiaxial view (1) 65 solenidion φ and dorsal setae of tibia ii (1) 66 solenidion σ and dorsal seta of genu ii (1) 67 leg i, antiaxial view (1) 68 solenidion φ 2 and dorsal setae of tibia ii (1) 69 leg iv, antiaxial view (1) 70 leg iii antiaxial view (1) 71 femoral groove, femur leg iii (2) 72 apical zone, tarsus iii (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bars: 64, 67, 69, 70 = 50 μm; 65, 66, 71 = 10 μm; 68 = 20 μm, 72 = 2 μm .\nthe specific epithet is dedicated in homage to mr rachid kebir of muséum national d’histoire naturelles, paris, who assisted us with great kindness and friendship on many occasions over the past 20 years .\nholotype and four paratype females. makokou, northeastern province of ogoové - ivindo, 500 m. alt. dense evergreen humid forest, i. 1974, y. coineau, deposited in mnhn. paratypes. same data as holotype, 4 ♀ (2 in mnhn; 2 in mnhg). all specimens preserved in 70% ethanol. type locality. makokou, province of ogoové - ivindo, northeastern gabon; situated at 0°34' 0\nn, 12°52' 0\ne. material used for sem observations not deposited .\nthin cerotegumental layer covering entire body, giving the impression of a smooth surface. setae ro, in, notogastral, sub - capitular, epimeral, genital, aggenital, adanal, anal, simple sharply tipped; le lanceolate, barbate .\npolyhedral prodorsum; interlamellar process elevated, divided sagittally by large deep furrow; in setae situated anteriorly, directing posteriorly. conspicuous deep posterior prodorsal depression present. bothridium cup - shaped; bothridial ring and bothridial tooth present. sensillus uncinate, upturned; le setae situated ventrally on apical zone of lamellae. lamellae running dorsolaterally, lacking lamellar tip; large, deep, shallow lamellar furrow demarcating paraxial lamellar margin. superior cornea of naso clearly visible as convex elevation situated anterior to insertion level of ro setae .\nanterior part of notogaster rectangular; posterior part oval with some irregularities and less conspicuous promontories, dorsosejugal furrow narrow, rectilinear, hardly discernible. fifteen pairs of notogastral setae (holotrichy unideficient), c 1, c 2, c 3, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3. notogaster presenting: notogastral anterior depression; elevated zone; slightly concave posterior depression. notogastral anterior depression simple, with transversally aligned parallel cuticular folds. elevated zone with three pairs of poorly developed promontories that bear da, dm, dp setae; and lateral semicircular, poorly developed promontories, that bear la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2 setae. humeral apophysis long, clearly visible .\ntutorium: rod - like curving cuticular thickening; supratutorial depression present; along with three pocket - shaped depressions, one anterior tutorial depression, one posterior tutorial depression and a small depression situated internally to supratutorial depression. pedotecta i, prominent extended lamina, rounded apex; pedotecta ii small, ovoid lamina. lyrifissures ih, ips clearly visible. discidium: polyhedral structure with rounded apex. depressions behind acetabulum iv; one of them elongated, concealing tarsus during folding legs process. series of aligned depressions in medial zone. epimeral chaetotaxy 3–1 - 3–3; anterior genital furrow clearly visible; four pairs of long genital setae; two pairs of small anal setae; anal fig terminating in small sharp tip; aggenital and adanal setae similar length; lyrifissures iad not discernible .\nmeasurements. light microscopy: 421 μm (396–426) × 262 μm (238–268) (on six specimens). sem microscopy: 416 μm (398–416) × 176 μm (173–181) (on six specimens, not deposited) .\ncolour. specimens without cerotegument, light to dark brown, when observed in reflected light .\n), giving the impression of a smooth surface. complete removal was necessary for optical microscopy, once removed, detailed microsculpture became visible (figure\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 46 lateral view (2) 47 inclined lateral view (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 46–47 = 100 μm .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 48 elevated notogastral zone (1) 49 tegument (1) 50 palp (1) 51 bothridia (1) 52 promontory with da setae (1) 53 elevated lateral notogastral zone (1). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 48 = 40 μm; 49, 51 = 5 μm; 50, 52 = 10 μm; 52; 53 = 50 μm .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 54 ventral view (2) 55 subcapitulum, ventral view (1); 56 genito - anal zone (1) 57 lamellar tip (2). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 54 = 100 μm; 55, 56 = 20 μm; 57 = 50 μm .\nmachadocepheus rachii sp. n. , adult female. sem observations. 58 posterior view (2) 59 notogastral elevated zone; dorsoposterior view (2) 60 notogaster, zone insertion c and d (2) 61 notogastral posterior zone; posterior view (2) 62 notogastral elevated zone, posterolateral view (2) 63 notogastral ornamentations (2). abbreviations: see “material and methods”. scale bar: 58, 59, 61 = 50 μm; 60, 62 = 20 μm; 63 = 5 μm .\nfifteen pairs (holotrichy unideficient) of notogastral setae: c 1, c 2, c 3, da, dm, dp, la, lm, lp, h 1, h 2, h 3, p 1, p 2, p 3 .\nζ; solenidium ω very long, extending to level of eupathidia. cheliceral setae\npresent, clearly discernible (figures, 46, 47, 51). sensillus uncinate, arched, curving upward (figure\nclearly visible. discidium easily discernible as polyhedral structure with rounded apex. several depressions (\n). all legs monodactyle. setal formulae i (1 - 4 - 2 - 4 - 16 - 1) (1 - 2 - 2) (figure\n), large, situated behind and associated with σ. femur iii with femoral groove\nour gratitude to the reviewers of the manuscript for valuable comments towards improving this paper .\nthis work is based on research supported in part by the national research foundation of south africa (uid) 85288. any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and therefore the nrf does not accept any liability in regard thereto .\nfine structure of a secondarily developed eye in the fresh water moss mite, hydrozetez lemnae (coggi, 1899) (acari: oribatida) .\neine neue gattung von carabodidae aus der insel hachijo, japan (acarina: oribatei) .\noribatid mites from the ibp study area, pasoh forest reserve, west malaysia .\nrecherches sur la faune endogeé de madagascar – vii – oribates (acariens) nouveaux ii .\nthe scientific results of the hungarina soil zoological expedition to south america – 10 acari: oribatids collected by the second expedition i .\neléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des caeculidae (acariens) .\nphilippine oribatei (acarina). i. preliminary list of species and descriptions of forty new species .\nfernandez n, theron p, rollard c, leiva s. (2013a )\nrevision of the family carabodidae (acari: oribatida) iii. redefinition of meriocepheus peregrinus aoki, 1973; bathocepheus concavus aoki, 1978; and opisthocepheus kirai aoki, 1976 .\nfernandez n, theron p, rollard c, leiva s. (2013b )\nfernandez n, theron p, rollard c, tiedt l. (2013 )\nfernandez n, theron p, rollard c, tiedt l. (2014 )\nrevision of the family carabodidae (acari: oribatida) vi. mangabebodes kymatismosi gen. n. , sp. nov and antongilibodes paulae gen. n. , sp. n. , (acari: oribatida; carabodidae) from madagascar .\nneue und interessante milben aus dem genfer museum xxxiv. a compendium of the oribatid acari fauna of mauritius, reunion and seychelles is. ii .\nmites (acari) from st. lucia (antilles). 2. oribatida .\na survey of the family carabodidae, c. l. koch, 1836 (acari: oribatida) .\na survey of the family carabodidae c. l. koch 1836 (acari: oribatida) ii .\nredescription of the fossil oribatid mite scutoribates perornatus, with implications for systematics of unduloribatidae (acari: oribatida) .\n( database updated 2014) listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (acariformes, oribatida) de mundo (excepto fósiles) .\n( del hoyo, et al. , 1996; tebbich, et al. , 1996 )\n) forests that line sub - alpine scrublands at 600 to 2000 m. in summer, kea inhabit high elevation scrub and alpine tundra areas. in autumn, they move to higher elevations to forage for berries. in winter, kea move below the timberline .\nkea are crow - sized parrots, about 48 cm long as adults. they have brownish - green heads and underparts with blackish edges. their bodies have dull bronze - green plumage. the outer webs of their primaries are dull blue, and the underwing coverts are orange red with yellow barring and notching that extends to the undersides of the flight feathers. the lower back is dull red in color, reaching to the uppertail coverts. the upper surface of the tail is bronze - green, and the under surface of the tail is dull yellow. kea have decurved upper bills (culmens). females have shorter, less curved culmens and weigh about 20 percent less than males. juvenile kea have yellowish crowns and ceres .\n( bond, et al. , 1991; del hoyo, et al. , 1996; diamond and bond, 1999 )\nkea have a polygynous mating system. males fight for dominance, and the hierarchy is strict: as few as 10% of males may be allowed to breed in certain years. copulation is often initiated the female, who approaches the male and invites play or adopts a submissive posture and solicits preening. the male then feeds the female a regurgitated meal and mounts her .\n( del hoyo, et al. , 1996; diamond and bond, 1999; tebbich, et al. , 1996 )\nkea have been observed breeding at all times of the year, except late autumn. their main reproductive period lasts from july to january. they nest in burrows under rocks or among tree roots. kea have clutches of two to four eggs, and incubate the eggs for three to four weeks. the altricial hatchlings fledge after 13 weeks, and then disperse from their natal ranges after another five to six weeks. males are sexually mature after four or five years, while females become sexually mature as early as three years of age .\none a female kea lays her eggs, she sits on the nest and incubates them for three weeks. during this time, she rarely leaves the nest and the male feeds her. after the eggs hatch, the male continues to feed the female, and she, in turn, feeds the chicks. after a month, the male begins feeding the chicks himself. the chicks fledge at 9 to 13 weeks of age, and the male assumes sole responsibility for feeding them. he continues feeding his fledglings for up to six weeks. afterward, the juveniles disperse from their natal area and travel together in flocks for two to three years before settling down .\nkea can live 14. 4 years in captivity. life span in the wild has not been reported .\n( diamond and bond, 1999; gajdon, et al. , 2004; huber and taborsky, 2001; tebbich, et al. , 1996 )\nkea perceive visual, tactile, auditory, and chemical stimuli. they communicate with a wide repetoire of vocalizations, including the\nkee - ah\nflight call for which they are named. they also communicate by fluffing their head feathers into various\nfacial expressions\nand by posturing .\nkea are opportunistic, omnivorous parrots. the leaves, buds, and nuts of southern beeches (\n) are especially important in the kea diet. the foods consumed vary by season, however. in spring they eat mountain daisies (\n), and eat the leaves, fruit, seeds, and flowers of other plants. in summer they also eat\n. in fall kea feed on mountain beech leaves and buds and continue foraging on the roots, bulbs, fruit, seeds, and stems of other plants. kea scavenge on trash heaps year round and relish the flesh and bone marrow from carcasses. these food sources become particularly important in winter, when plant foods are scarce. finally, kea have been reported to eat\n( del hoyo, et al. , 1996; diamond and bond, 1999; mathewson, 1991 )\n) have been observed attacking kea, but no one has reported an incidence of successful predation. kea remain alert for air attacks when foraging, and they band together to chase falcons that threaten a member of their group .\nkea, being opportunistic, generalist foragers, are primary, secondary, and higher - level consumers. in the past, kea probably had an array of competitors, such as kaka (\n). but human settlement fueled a mass extinction of new zealand' s native birds. moa, takahe, and new zealand ravens are now extinct, and kakapo are extremely rare. only kaka remain to compete with kea and, where their ranges overlap, these two closely related species use many of the same food resources .\nkea are important for new zealand' s tourism industry. these birds have been called\nthe clown of new zealand' s southern alps\nby the department of conservation, attracting crowds when they convene on automobiles .\nbacteria. the bacteria can cause blood poisoning, which can be fatal to sheep. increasingly, the parrots have come into contact with human habitations, sometimes foraging at dumps and cabins. kea have been known to destroy car accessories, such as windshield wipers and weather stripping. these birds also have shredded hiking boots and have stolen objects such as sunglasses. the damage can cause serious problems, such as when the birds rip out car wiring and destroy ski - lift warning systems .\nkea are currently classified as vulnerable by the iucn, and they are a birdlife\nrestricted - range\nspecies. they are subject to international trade regulations under cites appendix ii, as are most parrots. kea are also protected within new zealand by the wildlife act of 1953, the national parks act, the animals protection act, and the trade in endangered species act. these laws prohibit the capture of kea on private and public lands, prohibit their mistreatment, and ban their export. however, parrot - smuggling is a lucrative business, and kea are often captured and exported for the black market pet trade. it is unknown exactly how many kea are left in the wild. estimates range from only 2, 000 to 5, 000 birds, but for now, kea populations appear to be stable - - especially in national parks and other protected areas .\n( del hoyo, et al. , 1996; diamond and bond, 1999 )\nrebecca williams (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, terry root (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\ncarey, j. , d. judge. 2002 .\nlongevity records: life spans of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish\n( on - line). max planck institute for demographic research. accessed october 03, 2005 at urltoken .\nhuber, l. , m. taborsky. 2001. social effects on object - exploration in keas .\ntebbich, s. , m. taborsky, h. winkler. 1996. social manipulation causes cooperation in keas .\ndel hoyo, j. , a. elliot, j. sargatal. 1996 .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control." ]

{ "text": [ "the genus nestor is one of three genera of the parrot family strigopidae .", "together with the kakapo , and the extinct parrots in the genus nelepsittacus , they form the parrot superfamily strigopoidea .", "the genus nestor contains two extant parrot species from new zealand and two extinct species from norfolk island and chatham island , new zealand , respectively .", "all species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails .", "a defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue , which is tipped with a hair-like fringe .", "the superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related , but dna evidence shows they are not . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 12, 23, 6 ] }

[ "the genus nestor is one of three genera of the parrot family strigopidae. together with the kakapo, and the extinct parrots in the genus nelepsittacus, they form the parrot superfamily strigopoidea. the genus nestor contains two extant parrot species from new zealand and two extinct species from norfolk island and chatham island, new zealand, respectively. all species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. a defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe. the superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but dna evidence shows they are not." ]

[ "picture of proteracanthus sarissophorus has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\nproteracanthus sarissophorus on fish mapper tsn 623211 (taxonomic serial number) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database. this is a cached copy. more\n( of crenidens sarissophorus cantor, 1849) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of girella sarissophorus (cantor, 1849) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek, proteros = former + greek, akantha = thorn (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 32. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 7050 )\nkottelat, m. , a. j. whitten, s. n. kartikasari and s. wirjoatmodjo, 1993. freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi. periplus editions, hong kong. 221 p. (ref. 7050 )\n): 28 - 29. 3, mean 28. 8 (based on 1333 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01122 (0. 00514 - 0. 02450), b = 3. 04 (2. 87 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (36 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nnew * no limits * build update for kodi 18 & 17. 6 - get no limits back in 2018 - fastest install\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\ndepartment of fisheries malaysia (2009) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes. : department of fisheries malaysia. ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry. 180 p .\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\nkottelat, m. , a. j. whitten, s. n. kartikasari and s. wirjoatmodjo (1993) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi. : periplus editions, hong kong. 221 p .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p." ]

{ "text": [ "proteracanthus sarissophorus is a species of ephippid native to coral reefs around malaysia , borneo , and sumatra .", "this species grows to a length of 32.5 centimetres ( 12.8 in ) sl .", "this species is the only known member of its genus . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 26 ] }

[ "proteracanthus sarissophorus is a species of ephippid native to coral reefs around malaysia, borneo, and sumatra. this species grows to a length of 32.5 centimetres (12.8 in) sl. this species is the only known member of its genus." ]

[ "katja schulz selected\nacrolophus panamae\nto show in overview on\nacrolophus panamae busck 1914\n.\nspecies acrolophus panamae - panama grass - tubeworm moth - hodges # 0368 - bugguide. net\nkatja schulz added the english common name\npanama grass tubeworm moth\nto\nacrolophus panamae busck 1914\n.\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nis about 15 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "acrolophus panamae , the panama grass tubeworm moth , is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "it was described by august busck in 1914 .", "it is found in north america , including alabama , delaware , florida , georgia , maryland , mississippi , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina and virginia .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from june to july . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "acrolophus panamae, the panama grass tubeworm moth, is a moth of the acrolophidae family. it was described by august busck in 1914. it is found in north america, including alabama, delaware, florida, georgia, maryland, mississippi, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina and virginia. the wingspan is about 15 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from june to july." ]

[ "jennifer l. rapa esq. | rapa law office, p. c. | lehighton, pa\nmegan wannarka added the afrikaans common name\nraap\nto\nbrassica rapa subsp. rapa l .\n.\nbrassica rapa l. subsp. oleifera (dc .) metzg .\n© 2018 by rapa law office, p. c. all rights reserved. disclaimer | site map\nstellar lineup … moai at anakena beach, rapa nui national park. photograph: mlenny / getty images\ntable 4: the distribution of indels in the 199 b. rapa and 119 b. oleracea accessions .\ntable 3: the distribution of snps in the 199 b. rapa and 119 b. oleracea accessions .\nmegan wannarka added the spanish common name\nmostaza\nto\nbrassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (lour .) hanelt\n.\nmegan wannarka added the french common name\nchou moutarde\nto\nbrassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (lour .) hanelt\n.\nmegan wannarka added the english common name\nindian rape\nto\nbrassica rapa subsp. dichotoma (roxb .) hanelt\n.\nmegan wannarka added the english common name\nbrown sarson\nto\nbrassica rapa subsp. dichotoma (roxb .) hanelt\n.\ndistribution of calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) in the leaves of brassica rapa under varying exogenous ca and mg supply .\nauthenticity is being maintained and conservation interventions are consistent with the outstanding universal value of the property, with prevailing sense of respect for the historical transformation of the rapa nui culture, which, in a context of deep crisis, toppled the moai. in this respect, it is important to consider that the rapa nui national park must provide an account of the various stages of the rapa nui civilization, not excluding that of its crisis .\ndistribution of calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) in the leaves of brassica rapa under varying exogenous ca and mg supply. - pubmed - ncbi\ncolonization, the introduction of livestock, the confinement of the original inhabitants to smaller areas, the dramatic effect of foreign diseases and, above all, slavery, reduced the population of rapa nui to little more than a hundred. currently, the island is inhabited by descendants of the ancient rapa nui as well as immigrants from diverse backgrounds, accounting for a significant mixed population .\n( of rapa penardi montrouzier, 1856) spry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\npdf containing seed stock profile information for and illustration of the rosette - dwarf variety of brassica rapa (fast plants). this also includes some brief suggestions for their use as a model organism in teaching .\nrapa law office, p. c. , is located in lehighton and allentown, and serves clients throughout bethlehem, stroudsburg and other areas, including monroe county, carbon county, the lehigh valley, the poconos and throughout pennsylvania .\n( of murex rapa linnaeus, 1758) kilburn, r. n. (1977) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique. part 1. annals of the natal museum, 23, 173–214. [ details ]\n( of bulla rapa (linnaeus, 1758) ) kilburn, r. n. (1977) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique. part 1. annals of the natal museum, 23, 173–214. [ details ]\nrapa nui national park is a protected chilean wildlife area located in easter island, which concentrates the legacy of the rapa nui culture. this culture displayed extraordinary characteristics that are expressed in singular architecture and sculpture within the polynesian context. easter island, the most remote inhabited island on the planet, is 3, 700 kilometres from the coast of continental chile and has an area of 16, 628 hectares while the world heritage property occupies an area of approximately seven thousand hectares, including four nearby islets .\nforms with 3 - or 4 - valved fruit have been recognized as brassica trilocularis roxburgh and b. quadrivalvis j. d. hooker & thomson, respectively. they were treated by jafri (fl. w. pakistan 55: 24. 1973) as subspecies of b. napus, but both have 2n = 20, and therefore they should be recognized as a variety of b. rapa. of the six varieties recognized in b. rapa, the following four are grown and naturalized in china .\ncritère (i): rapa nui national park contains one of the most remarkable cultural phenomena in the world. an artistic and architectural tradition of great power and imagination was developed by a society that was completely isolated from external cultural influences of any kind for over a millennium .\non my final day, i visited the father sebastian englert anthropological museum. the rapa nui people were one of the only civilisations on earth to independently form their own written language, and this free museum on hanga roa’s northern edge has three wooden tablets depicting the so - called rongorongo glyphs .\n( of rapa tenuis h. adams & a. adams, 1858) higo, s. , callomon, p. & goto, y. (1999) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan. elle scientific publications, yao, japan, 749 pp. [ details ]\ncriterion (v): rapa nui national park is a testimony to the undeniably unique character of a culture that suffered a debacle as a result of an ecological crisis followed by the irruption from the outside world. the substantial remains of this culture blend with their natural surroundings to create an unparalleled cultural landscape .\nwe called him rapa after a hill in the area from where he was rescued. in time he calmed sufficiently and was able to join the established orphans for their daily outing in the forest. he has assimilated well and the calming care of the others has turned him into a happy member of the nursery herd .\nrapa nui, de inheemse naam van paaseiland, getuigt van een uniek cultureel fenomeen. rond 300 na christus vestigde zich hier een samenleving van polynesische oorsprong die een krachtige, creatieve en originele traditie vestigde van beeldhouwkunst en architectuur, vrij van elke invloed van buitenaf. het hoge culturele niveau is zichtbaar in monumentale stenen figuren (moai) en ceremoniële heiligdommen (ahu) die ze van de 10e tot de 16e eeuw bouwden en oprichtten. daarnaast kende het volk een opmerkelijke vorm van pictografisch schrijven (rongo rongo), dat tot nu toe niet ontcijferd is. het landschap van rapa nui is ongeëvenaard en blijft mensen over de hele wereld fascineren .\ndespite hardships, rapa nui culture is alive and thriving. for proof, look no further than the invigorating song - and - dance shows of the varua ora troupe (£18 for a 1. 5 - hour show) who perform in restaurant kanahau in hanga roa. the shows feature traditional hoko warrior dances alongside more recent ukulele anthems. show director nancy manutomatoma, the island’s first female choreographer, told me dance is a way for rapa nui people to express repressed ideas and emotions. “there was a long time during the colonial period when our dances and songs weren’t allowed on the island, so we are working hard to revive these traditions. ”\n( of murex rapa linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsubsp. campestris is the taxon found in semi - natural habitats. two other subspecies are widely cultivated in britain: subsp. oleifera is a bird - seed or oil - seed species; subsp. rapa (turnip) is a frequent relic of cultivation. the maps in the 1962 atlas are unreliable, since this species was confused with b. napus .\nnapa or nappa cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis or brassica rapa pekinensis group) is a type of chinese cabbage originating near the beijing region of china, and is widely used in east asian cuisine. in much of the world, this is the vegetable referred to as\nchinese cabbage\n. it is also known as sui choi in chinese and the west. in english, it is also called celery cabbage; in new zealand, the name wong bok or won bok is used; while wombok is used in australia and the philippines. in the united kingdom it is called chinese leaf. nappa cabbage is lighter in color than other chinese cabbages such as bok choy, which is also sometimes called chinese cabbage .\nthe results are consistent with arabidopsis thaliana and other brassicaceae, providing phenotypic evidence that conserved mechanisms regulate leaf ca and mg distribution at a cellular scale. the future study of arabidopsis gene orthologues in mutants of this reference b. rapa genotype will improve our understanding of ca and mg homeostasis in plants and may provide a model - to - crop translation pathway for targeted breeding .\n( of rapa papyracea (lamarck, 1816) ) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of rapa pellucida röding, 1798) oliverio, m. (2008). coralliophilinae (neogastropoda: muricidae) from the southwest pacific. in: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993). 196: 481 - 585. (look up in imis) page (s): 559 [ details ]\n( of rapa striata röding, 1798) oliverio, m. (2008). coralliophilinae (neogastropoda: muricidae) from the southwest pacific. in: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993). 196: 481 - 585. (look up in imis) page (s): 559 [ details ]\nthe rapa nui national park continues to exhibit a high degree of authenticity because there has been little intervention since virtual abandonment of the area in the later 19 th century. a number of restorations and reconstructions of ahu have been made on the basis of strictly controlled scientific investigations, and there has been some re - erection of fallen moai, with replacement of the red stone headdresses, but these do not go beyond the permissible limits of anastylosis .\nrapa nui, the indigenous name of easter island, bears witness to a unique cultural phenomenon. a society of polynesian origin that settled there c. a. d. 300 established a powerful, imaginative and original tradition of monumental sculpture and architecture, free from any external influence. from the 10th to the 16th century this society built shrines and erected enormous stone figures known as moai, which created an unrivalled cultural landscape that continues to fascinate people throughout the world .\nrelative concentrations of (a) ca and (b) mg at the apex and base of fully expanded leaves of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18). data represent the means (± s. e. m .) across all spectra (n = 10), cell types (n = 4) and ca: mg levels (n = 4) for three replicates (i. e. n = 480 in total) .\nrelative concentrations of (a) ca and (b) mg in four different cell types of fully expanded leaves of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18). data represent the means (± s. e. m .) across all spectra (n = 10), leaf zones (n = 2) and ca: mg levels (n = 4) for three replicates (i. e. n = 240 in total) .\nrapa nui –nombre indí­gena de la isla de pascua– ofrece el testimonio de un fenómeno cultural único en el mundo. asentada en esta isla hacia el año 300 d. c. , una sociedad de origen polinesio creó, al margen de toda influencia externa, grandiosas formas arquitectónicas y esculturales dotadas de una gran fuerza, imaginación y originalidad. desde el siglo x al xvi, construyó santuarios y esculpió numerosos ”moai“, gigantescos personajes de piedra que forman un paisaje cultural inigualable y fascinan hoy al mundo entero .\ncriterion (iii): rapa nui, the indigenous name of easter island, bears witness to a unique cultural phenomenon. a society of polynesian origin that settled there c. a. d. 300 established a powerful, imaginative and original tradition of monumental sculpture and architecture, free from any external influence. from the 10 th to the 16 th century this society built shrines and erected enormous stone figures known as moai, which created an unrivalled landscape that continues to fascinate people throughout the world .\nbrassica rapa ssp. trilocularis' r - o - 18' was grown at four different ca: mg treatments for 21 d in a controlled environment. concentrations of ca and mg were determined in fully expanded leaves using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (icp - ms). internal distributions of ca and mg were determined in transverse leaf sections at the base and apex of leaves using energy - dispersive x - ray spectroscopy (eds) with cryo - scanning electron microscopy (cryo - sem) .\nt was nearly midnight when my plane landed in the middle of the pacific ocean on rapa nui (easter island). the sky was full of stars but sleep would have to wait. i’d come all this way to see the megalithic religious statues that give this speck of an island an outsized reputation around the world. so, less than an hour after i landed i found myself rambling through a row of palms along the northern coast, lured by the sound of lapping waves to the island’s one true beach at anakena .\nrapa nui, nom autochtone de l' île de pâques, témoigne d' un phénomène culturel unique au monde. installée aux environs de l' an 300, une société d' origine polynésienne a développé ici, en dehors de toute influence, une tradition de sculpture et d' architecture monumentales puissante, imaginative et originale. du x e au xvi e siècle, elle bâtit des sanctuaires et dressa des personnages gigantesques en pierre, les moai, qui, créant un paysage culturel sans égal, fascinent aujourd' hui le monde entier .\n( a) fully expanded leaf of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18). the apical and basal zones represent typical sample areas for sectioning. (b) cryo - sem image of a leaf section in which energy - dispersive x - ray spectroscopy (eds) measurements were taken. leaf cells were categorized as adaxial epidermis (ad. e .), palisade mesophyll (p. m .), spongy mesophyll (s. m .) and abaxial epidermis (ab. e .) .\naccording to some studies, the depletion of natural resources had brought about an ecological crisis and the decline of the ancient rapa nui society by the 16 th century, which led to decline and to the spiritual transformation in which these megalithic monuments were destroyed. the original cult of the ancestor was replaced by the cult of the man - bird, which has as exceptional testimony the ceremonial village of orongo, located at the rano kau volcano. fifty - four semi - subterranean stone - houses of elliptical floor plans complement this sacred place, profusely decorated with petroglyphs alluding to both the man - bird and fertility. this cult would see its end in the middle of the nineteenth century .\nthe rapa nui national park covers approximately 40% of the island and incorporates an ensemble of sites that is highly representative of the totality of the archaeological sites and of the most outstanding manifestations of their numerous typologies. the integrity of the archaeological sites has been preserved, but the conservation of materials is a matter of great concern and scientific research. the management and conservation efforts, still insufficient, focus on addressing anthropic factors and the effects of weathering, both on the material - volcanic lava and tuff - and on the stability of structures. progress has been made in the closure of areas, monitoring and the layout of roads so as to maintain the visual integrity of the landscape .\nafter a sunrise dip the next morning at ovahe beach, about 10 minutes from anakena, i hopped on my bike and rode past the barren slopes of poike volcano over to the rano raraku volcanic crater. this quarry was the source of an estimated 95% of all known sculptures on the island, and its outer slopes are littered with about 400 moai in various states of disrepair (the reason remains a mystery). other incomplete statues can be seen, carved out of the crater wall, including one that’s more than 21m high and twice the size of any other moai. rano raraku is, perhaps, the best place on the island to appreciate the stupendous rise and dramatic downfall of the rapa nui civilisation .\nconcentrations of ca and mg in fully expanded leaves of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18) measured by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (icp - ms). plants were grown at low (l) or high (h) exogenous ca and mg supply to give four different ca: mg ratios (units given per litre of compost, where h = ‘high’ and l = ‘low’): (a) l: h, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1; (b) h: h, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1 (c) l: l, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1; (d) h: l, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1. data are the means of three replicates (± s. e. m .) .\nrelative concentrations of mg in four different cell types of fully expanded leaves of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18) at two leaf zones, the apex and base. plants were grown at four different ca: mg ratios (units per litre of compost, where h = ‘high’ and l = ‘low’): (a) l: h, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1; (b) h: h, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1 (c) l: l, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1; (d) h: l, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1. data represent the means (± s. e. m .) across all spectra (n = 10), for three replicates (i. e. n = 30 in total) .\nrelative concentrations of ca in four different cell types of fully expanded leaves of 21 - day - old brassica rapa (r - o - 18) at two leaf zones, the apex and base. plants were grown at four different ca: mg ratios (units per litre of compost, where h = ‘high’ and l = ‘low’): (a, b) h: h, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1; (c, d) h: l, 3. 5 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1; (e, f) l: h, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 3. 04 g mgcl 2 l −1; (g, h) l: l, 0. 44 g cacl 2 l −1, 0. 20 g mgcl 2 l −1. data represent the means (± s. e. m .) across all spectra (n = 10), for three replicates (i. e. n = 30 in total) .\noliverio, m. (2008). coralliophilinae (neogastropoda: muricidae) from the southwest pacific. in: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993). 196: 481 - 585. (look up in imis) page (s): 559 [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkilburn, r. n. (1977) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique. part 1. annals of the natal museum, 23, 173–214. [ details ]\nkilburn r. n. , marais j. p. & marais a. p. (2010) coralliophilinae. pp. 272 - 292, in: marais a. p. & seccombe a. d. (eds), identification guide to the seashells of south africa. volume 1. groenkloof: centre for molluscan studies. 376 pp. [ details ]\n( of pyrula papyracea lamarck, 1816) oliverio, m. (2008). coralliophilinae (neogastropoda: muricidae) from the southwest pacific. in: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993). 196: 481 - 585. (look up in imis) page (s): 559 [ details ]\nmorton b. & morton je. (1983). the sea shore ecology of hong kong. hong kong: hong kong university press. [ details ]\nphilippines, central visayas, bohol, ex coll. f. j. a. slieker jr. . image by joop trausel and frans slieker\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike 4. 0 license\nworms does not exercise any editorial control over the information displayed here. however, if you come across any misidentifications, spelling mistakes or low quality pictures, your comments would be very much appreciated. you can reach us by emailing\nor adding a comment, we will correct the information or remove the image from the website when necessary or in case of doubt .\nresults of dr. e. mjöberg' s swedish scientific expeditions to australia, 1910 - 1913. 19. isoptera\nresults of dr e. mjöberg' s swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910–1913. 20. acridiodea\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\npyrula papyracea lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1816: sw pacific (unnecessary nomen novum )\ncaroli linnaei... systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis .\nlegal battles are won in the courtroom. i am an experienced litigator with thousands of hours spent arguing in front of judges. i have a proven record of success with a wide range of criminal matters, but most notably, full acquittals in homicide and sex offense trials .\ni also have extensive experience representing clients with mental health disorders who have found themselves caught in the criminal system, and found them proper placement and treatment outside of incarceration. i have advocated for those facing involuntary commitments in state and local hospitals, and have successfully defended their best interests .\nfurthermore, for those that struggle with crime due to addiction, i have great knowledge and relations with many inpatient drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities. i would be happy to refer you to one that would fit your needs and help to coordinate your admission .\nplease also consider my assistance with your family law needs. the many areas of family law i focus on are: divorce, custody, support, protection from abuse, children & youth investigations, and contempt of orders .\nlastly, allow me to help advocate on your behalf for the social security / disability income you are entitled to. applying for benefits can be a long and intimidating process. i will assist you through the process and help you file your claim. if you are already in the appeals process, you will need a qualified litigator to help you win your claim. please allow me to help you with all of your social security / disability needs .\nplease enter a valid phone number. you may use 0 - 9, spaces and the () - + characters .\nthe use of the internet or this form for communication with the firm or any individual member of the firm does not establish an attorney - client relationship. confidential or time - sensitive information should not be sent through this form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n- it was a quiet morning with a clear sky when the orphans were let out. no single wild elephant or former orphans showed up that morning. namalok settled for a scratching game on the nearby rocks, a game that also attracted\n, kauro, esampu and roi. as soon as the orphans had enough lucerne, maramoja, who has all the characteristics of becoming a future matriarch, rumbled as she walked out southwards. this was a sign of letting everyone know that it was time to head for browsing before it got too hot .\nout in the field, the orphans were joined by orwa and bomani who were wondering when the time will come for laragai and her small group to join them out in the wild so that they might have some company and grow their herd. galla seized the opportunity to have a strength testing exercise with bomani. their game didn' t last for long as orwa warned them by taking too much time playing it would cost them time feeding, and they needed to get enough food to eat .\non the 1st of july lewa relayed a report to dswt from sera conservancy that samburu scouts had retrieved a young calf from one of the many wells in that area, kisima hamsini. the baby elephant had slipped in while the herd crowded around to drink water. because of the presence of the pastoral people in the area the elephants do not linger long, and tend to drink here at night often while passing through to more fertile pastures .\nby morning any evidence of elephants had vanished, only the screams of the desperate baby alerted the community. due to sensitisation throughout the region these orphans are often reported and timely solutions sought for them. the community conservation scouts extracted the calf and he was kept safe until the dswt could send a rescue plane to fly him to the nursery. this is a hot and arid part of the country and extremely dry at this time of year, human wildlife conflict incidences increase as both man and the elephants struggle to share the same water resources .\nthe flight to northern kenya past mount kenya and beyond samburu to sera conservancy is approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. the airstrip is short and fairly crude which makes rescues from here challenging. the calf had been driven in the back of a land cruiser to wait at the airfield shaded from the unforgiving sun while the scouts awaited the plane and keepers. he was a big, robust calf full of fight, but with bruises from his ordeal and very infected eyes as a result of his struggle in the putrid water while trapped in the well. thankfully because the calf was small only about five to six months old, the weight was well within the limitations for a cessna caravan for a short takeoff as the team departed with the calf safely strapped in the back and an iv drip in place to compensate for the time he had been without motherís milk .\non arrival in nairobi he was loaded onto the waiting pickup with all the crew at wilson airport now extremely comfortable wrangling elephant orphans having dealt with many before. even the police who man the airportís entrance gate curiously seek the details of each and every case as the dswt exit the airport perimeter for the short journey to the nairobi national park, and dswt nursery orphanage .\na very feisty baby was off loaded and placed in a stockade, too stressed for a stable, and while he looked like the perfect little grey fat - cheeked dumbo he packed a punch. it took two intensive days in order to settle him down .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018, the david sheldrick wildlife trust. all rights reserved. | privacy policy | cookie policy\nthe statues were like seven shadow puppets standing watch over the sands of time. inching across the beach, i found myself face to (giant) face with the enigmatic moai .\nmany travellers who set out to visit easter island quickly realise that the trip can be expensive. that’s why i had a plan, to explore it over five days in the most affordable way possible: camping, cooking for myself and walking or cycling around. of course, flying to mataveri international airport – the most remote airport in the world – isn’t cheap. neither is the £36 national park entrance fee, which allows you to roam freely on the island. on the plus side, the five - hour flight from santiago is considered a domestic trip (easter island is a chilean territory), so i arrived with a backpack full of wine and groceries bought on the mainland where prices are more than 50% cheaper .\nmy aim was to spend the first three nights next to these towering moai on the remote northern coast of the island at camping ana tekena (£19 a night, including all camping equipment). this tranquil, eco - friendly campsite opened in 2016 and is the only place to sleep next to anakena beach. with hot showers, wood - fired stoves and hammocks big enough to accommodate a football team, it’s a popular choice for budget - conscious chilean families .\ni rented a pitch from owner kihi tuki hito, who told me on the way from the airport that he had recently reclaimed his ancestral land from the chilean government and opened these fields as a campsite to allow visitors appreciate the island beyond hanga roa, the only town, where nearly all other accommodation is located .\nthe next morning i got my first proper glimpse of the moai that line the edge of anakena beach. these statues are among 887 created on the island between the 11th and 14th centuries and range in height from 1m to 21m – serving as a remarkable testament to the industrious society that thrived here. flanked by three extinct volcanoes, easter island is 2, 075km from the closest landmass (pitcairn island) and often has the smell of freshly cut grass with its green pastures and wildflowers, as well as its rocky shores. there is nothing on the horizon, just an empty palette of blue curving into oblivion .\nsome historians believe that the building of these monuments depleted the island of many of its trees, which were likely needed to transport the moai. they suggest that without protection from the winds, the soil dried up and crops struggled to survive. a depletion of resources led to intertribal conflict and cannibalism. the population fell from about 15, 000 to 2, 000, and there was not a moai left standing on the ceremonial stone platforms (called ahu) by the start of the 19th century (those standing today are the work of restoration teams) .\ni cycled along the southern coast back to hanga roa in search of information about the civil war period (late 1700s to mid - 1800s) and the cult of the birdman, which was the island religion between the moai era and modern christian times. i rented a tent at the oceanfront camping mihinoa (£12 a night), which is on a peninsula on the south - western coast near hanga roa. i then booked a boat tour with dive company mike rapu (£24) around the edge of rano kau volcano to moto nui islet. this tiny island, less than 1km off the southern coast, played host to an annual birdman competition from the early 1700s through the 1860s, where the first man to collect an egg from the migratory sooty tern and bring it back to the ceremonial village of orongo (atop rano kau) would gain supremacy for the coming year .\nmy visit to moto nui wasn’t to gain any superhuman powers, but to snorkel in its indigo waters, which are said to be some of the clearest in the world. though there is little coral, the perspective of easter island’s soaring volcanic cliffs from these crystalline waters was humbling .\nthis tiny island may have had a dark past, but from manutomatoma’s viewpoint the future looks brighter every day .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe michael c. rockefeller memorial collection, gift of mrs. gertrud a. mellon, 1972\nsource: unesco / eri description is available under license cc - by - sa igo 3. 0\nan increase has been observed in cattle that wander illegally inside the park limits. in terms of invasive vegetation, certain species have proliferated and have had an impact on the landscape. at the same time, they have adversely affected the structural stability which is being addressed through the management of the sites .\nvisitor management is a great imperative, with challenges in establishing carrying capacity and providing infrastructure of basic services and interpretation. also, it is necessary that the local population effectively support the conservation effort, for example, through livestock control .\na better dialogue is necessary among researchers to reach conclusions on the available knowledge and to manage it in a functional manner conducive to conservation; to systematize the information produced and generate a periodic, comprehensive and sustainable monitoring system. additional staff and resources are needed for the administration and care of the site, to reinforce the number and training of the park rangers team, and to increase the operating budget. there is a constant pressure on park lands; the state must prevent its illegal occupation .\nthe essential requirement for the protection and management of this property lies in its multifaceted status as a world heritage site, as a reference point and basis for the development of the population of the island, and repository of answers to fundamental questions that are far from being revealed .\ncommittee sessions statutory documents committee decisions more sessions... the 42 nd session (2018) live the 41 st session (2017 )\npublications world heritage review series resource manuals world heritage wall map more publications ...\nlearn about two new zero - day exploits and how windows defender atp researchers partnered with the security industry to discover them .\nyou should also run a full scan. a full scan might find other hidden malware .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwisconsin fast plants were developed as research tool at the university of wisconsin – madison and have been used by k - 16 teachers around the world for nearly 30 years as an educational model - organism .\nthis is a description sheet (with illustration) for the standard rapid cycling ideotype (rci) or ideal form for the anthocyaninless, or non - purple stem phenotype. in the anthocyaninless line, a recessive gene blocks the expression of purple, red, or pink pigment, also selected for few or no hairs. plants lack any purple anthocyanin pigment, anl, however the genetic background of the stock is for high expression of purple anthocyanin, pan (7), a quantitative trait. none or very few hairs on any plant part, hir (1), a quantitative trait. most plants, > 80% , are male fertile, mst2 / -. a few are male sterile, mst2 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarole ritchie. provided by ars systematic botany and mycology laboratory. india. usage requirements .\nbritton, n. l. , and a. brown. 1913. an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british possessions. 3 vols. charles scribner' s sons, new york. vol. 2: 193. provided by kentucky native plant society. scanned by omnitek inc. usage requirements .\nclick on a scientific name below to expand it in the plants classification report .\nthis plant is listed by the u. s. federal government or a state. common names are from state and federal lists. click on a place name to get a complete noxious weed list for that location, or click here for a composite list of all federal and state noxious weeds .\ncarole ritchie. provided by ars systematic botany and mycology laboratory. sweden, svalof. usage requirements .\nthis plant and the related entity italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. this plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of weeds of the u. s .\nassorted authors. state noxious weed lists for 46 states. state agriculture or natural resource departments .\nsouthern weed science society. 1998. weeds of the united states and canada. cd - rom. southern weed science society. champaign, illinois .\nwhitson, t. d. (ed .) et al. . 1996. weeds of the west. western society of weed science in cooperation with cooperative extension services, university of wyoming. laramie, wyoming .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhong cp 1, piao zy, kang tw, batley j, yang tj, hur yk, bhak j, park bs, edwards d, lim yp .\ndepartment of horticulture, college of agriculture and life science, chungnam national university, daejeon 305 - 764, korea .\nrios jj 1, lochlainn so, devonshire j, graham ns, hammond jp, king gj, white pj, kurup s, broadley mr .\nplant and crop sciences division, school of biosciences, sutton bonington campus, university of nottingham, loughborough le12 5rd, uk .\nleafy vegetable brassica crops are an important source of dietary calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) and represent potential targets for increasing leaf ca and mg concentrations through agronomy or breeding. although the internal distribution of ca and mg within leaves affects the accumulation of these elements, such data are not available for brassica. the aim of this study was to characterize the internal distribution of ca and mg in the leaves of a vegetable brassica and to determine the effects of altered exogenous ca and mg supply on this distribution .\nleaf ca and mg concentrations were greatest in palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, respectively, although this was dependent on exogenous supply. calcium accumulation in palisade mesophyll cells was enhanced slightly under high mg supply; in contrast, mg accumulation in spongy mesophyll cells was not affected by ca supply .\npmid: 22362665 pmcid: pmc3336946 doi: 10. 1093 / aob / mcs029\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nnote: frameshift means an indel variation that causes a frameshift mutation; abbreviations are the same as in table 3 .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nabbreviations: cds for coding sequences; nonsyn for non - synonymous; syn for synonymous; utr for untranslated region .\nan annual or biennial herb, found as long - established populations on river and canal banks, and as a casual on roadsides, in arable fields and on tips. lowland .\na native of eurasia; its precise native range is completely obscured by its spread in cultivation. it is also naturalised in africa, n. & s. america and australasia .\nplantatt - attributes of british and irish plants. (. zip 1455kb) this dataset was compiled and published in 2004, and last updated in november 2008. download includes an excel spreadsheet of the attributes, and a pdf explaining the background and nomenclature. note that the pdf version is the booklet as published, whereas the excel spreadsheet incorporates subsequent corrections. a hardcopy can be purchased from the centre for ecology and hydrology .\natlas of north european vascular plants north of the tropic of cancer. 3 vols\ncrucifers of great britain and ireland. botanical society of the british isles handbook no. 6\nthis is another weedy mustard species from eurasia. it should not be confused with the agricultural crop, oilseed rape (or canola), which is brassica napus oleifera, or one of the cultivated vegetables. rape mustard has several common names, including field mustard and birdseed rape. in general, rape mustard can be distinguished from other brassica spp. (mustards) by its glaucous gray - blue or gray - green foliage and its clasping alternate leaves. a similar species, brassica oleracea (wild cabbage), shares these characteristics, but this latter species has larger flowers (exceeding ½\nacross) and it is quite rare in illinois. oilseed rape has foliage that is more green than either rape mustard or wild cabbage, and its foliage isn' t glaucous .\nrape mustard is occasional in most areas of illinois (see distribution map). it is native to eurasia. typical habitats include cropland, weedy fields, roadsides, gravelly areas along railroads, and waste areas. this plant is usually found in areas with a history of disturbance where there is scant ground vegetation .\n© missouri botanical garden, 4344 shaw boulevard, st. louis, mo, 63110 usa\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nrape mustard prefers full sunlight, moist to dry conditions, and a neutral to alkaline soil containing loam, clay - loam, or gravelly material. the size of individual plants varies greatly according to moisture conditions and soil fertility .\nand thus belonged to the same species. since the turnip had been named first by linnaeus, the name\nclive stace (1997). new flora of the british isles. cambridge: cambridge. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 58935 - 2 .\ndoreathea hurst (1889). history and antiquities of horsham. farncombe & co .\nphil thomas (editor) (2003) .\nchapter 2\n.\ncanola varieties\n. canola growers manual. canola council of canada .\nwon bok\nredirects here. for the korean cartoonist, see rhie won - bok .\nin much of the world, this is the vegetable referred to as\nchinese cabbage\n. it is also known as\nnapa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild. the plant grows to oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly, thick, light - green leaves with white prominent veins. innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color .\nand its image often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures. the famous\nis a carving of a nappa cabbage variety. because of immigrants from these nations, it is also readily found in many north american, european and australian cities .\nthe outer, tougher leaves are used in soups. the flavor has been described by some as delicate compared to\n. it is also a very common ingredient that is eaten with hot pot .\nafable, patricia o. (2004). japanese pioneers in the northern philippine highlands: a centennial tribute, 1903 - 2003. filipino - japanese foundation of northern luzon, inc. p. 116. isbn 978 - 971 - 92973 - 0 - 7 .\nlee, cecilia hae - jin (22 may 2012). frommer' s south korea. john wiley & sons. p. 326. isbn 978 - 1 - 118 - 33363 - 1 .\nklein, donna (4 december 2012). the chinese vegan kitchen: more than 225 meat - free, egg - free, dairy - free dishes from the culinary regions of china. penguin group us. p. 30. isbn 978 - 1 - 101 - 61361 - 0 .\nvongerichten, marja (2 august 2011). the kimchi chronicles: korean cooking for an american kitchen. rodale. pp. 37–42. isbn 978 - 1 - 60961 - 128 - 6 .\nwere simultaneously described by linnaeus (sp. pl. 2: 666. 1753). johann metzger (systematische beschreibung der kultivirten kohlarten. 68 pp. heidelberg. 1833), who was the first to unite the two species, adopted\nfor the combined species, and therefore this name has priority (st. louis code, art. 11. 5). except for being an annual with nonfleshy taproots," ]

{ "text": [ "rapa rapa , common name the bubble turnip , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "rapa rapa, common name the bubble turnip, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails." ]

[ "bachelor' s double degree in business administration and management + telecommunications technology engineering ...\nthe former\nbachelor\ncontestant is healing after recently undergoing a preventive double mastectomy .\nradboud university offers the chance to combine a bachelor’s in computing science with a bachelor’s in mathematics. the double bachelor’s computing science and mathematics is meant as a challenge for motivated students who are able to complete the combined programme without substantial delays. these students will be rewarded with two separate bachelor’s diplomas .\ngöttingen university' s general admission requirements for two - subject bachelor' s degree programmes also apply to the two - subject economic sciences bachelor' s degree programme .\nbachelor' s exchange period at queen' s (jan - may) before the official start of the double degree programme, you will first spend your compulsory study abroad semester of your bachelor' s programme at queen' s (last semester of the bachelor' s programme). please be aware that the course requirments for double degree students differ from that for regular students that do their bachelor' s exchange at queen' s. after successful completion of all the sbe bachelor' s study requirements, you will receive a bachelor' s degree from sbe. this period is followed by a three - month holiday. if you fail to meet any of the bachelor' s requirements before the end of august, you cannot continue the double degree programme .\nlesley murphy, of the bachelor' s 17th season, said she' s set to undergo a double mastectomy after medical tests showed she' s vulnerable to breast and ovarian cancer .\nbachelor' s double ps mâle 1906 sb: xx = 100. 00% coi = 3. 74756% famille maternelle descendance production (53 )\nthe two - subject economic sciences bachelor' s programme is accredited (zeva hannover) .\ndouble life (ire) 1926 b. m. (bachelor' s double (ire) - saint joan (gb) by willbrook (gb) winner of the cambridgeshire handicap. dam of important stal… | pinteres…\ntwo and a half months after getting a preventive double mastectomy, the bachelor' s lesley murphy announced via instagram monday that she has undergone breast implant surgery .\na person who holds a bachelor' s degree might be eligible to enrol in a postgraduate qualification .\nthe selection criteria for these programmes can differ from the selection criteria for studying abroad during the bachelor' s programme. some double degree programmes (such as queen’s and edhec) incorporate the sbe bachelor’s exchange period; therefore, you have to submit your application for these programmes when you apply for the study abroad semester during the bachelor' s programme. more information about the application and admission requirements is specified per programme .\nin addition to the information below, you can also visit the homepage of the faculty of humanities for further information on the structure of the double - degree bachelor' s programme. the homepage also provides a comprehensive overview of all available double - degree programmes. for the bachelor' s degree, completion of 180 credits is required, comprised of :\ncharles sturt university' s bachelor of psychology is designed to meet the initial requirement of professional training in psychology .\n. joseph lowry was one of the founder members of navan racecourse on the proudstown road. he owned and bred two irish derby winners in killeagh and bachelor' s double, a close relation to\npremium is maastricht university’s exclusive honours programme for high - performing, motivated master’s students .\nthe double degree programme is an excellent opportunity to experience true north american campus life .\nbachelor' s degrees are taught mainly by people engaged in research [ 2 ], see s253b of the education act 1989 .\nyour motivation letter, cv and bachelor’s transcript will be evaluated and you will be informed about the results via e - mail .\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true' s nursery... as she reveals it' s kris jenner' s handwriting\ncharles sturt university' s bachelor of social science (psychology) course is a platform to further study in the field of psychology .\nprepare for a fascinating career in the justice system or community welfare, with vu' s bachelor of criminal justice and psychological studies .\n' s muzzle and a cow' s leg and the pulsating furs of ...\na bachelor' s degree provides individuals with a systematic and coherent introduction to a body of knowledge of a recognised major subject [ 1 ] (or subjects, in the case of a double degree or a double major) as well as to problem - solving and associated basic techniques of self - directed work and learning .\neligibility and admission requirements second - year sbe bachelor' s students in international business and in economics and business economics who have obtained 60 credits for the first year and who have a first - year average grade of 7. 0 (first sit) or higher are eligible to apply for the double degree programmen with queen’s smith school of business. selection procedure to be eligible, you will need to participate in the regular bachelor' s study abroad selection, organised by the international relations office (iro). the selection procedure for studying abroad within a double degree exchange agreement takes place around may of each year, approximately one year before the bachelor' s exchange period. for information about the registration, application and confirmation procedure for the double degree programmes (starting with a bachelor' s exchange period in january of each year), please refer to the regular selection studying abroad procedure for the study abroad period in the spring (outgoing bachelor students > information about studying abroad in spring). if you wish to apply for one (or both) of the double degree programmes, you should select the double degree option at queen’s school of business (and - if desired - up to 5 different regular exchange destinations) on the application form. when applying for queen’s school of business, there are two options: exchange or double degree. make sure to pick the right one (s)! only a limited number of places are available. a maximum of 15 spots are available for the queen’s school of business double degree programme .\na double degree programme is an approved combined study programme that leads to two master' s degrees. a double degree programme gives you the unique opportunity to study at two top universities. you will complete part of your master' s programme at an institution abroad and part at maastricht university’s school of business and economics (sbe). after successfully completing all the requirements of both master' s programmes, you will be awarded a master' s degree from two universities. double degree programmes come with two general options :\nin terms of the faculty - wide key competency modules, you can also select modules from other faculties such as course offerings from zess (central institution for languages and key competencies). detailed information on the interdepartmental key competencies can be found here: urltoken bachelor' s thesis (12 credits) the bachelor' s thesis can be completed in either one of your subject majors of your bachelor' s studies. a prerequisite for commencing your bachelor' s thesis in economics is completing at least 36 credits in the core curriculum of economics, including the economics seminar .\nyou will be able to conduct your own custom research in the form of the bachelor thesis .\ngraduate with a bachelor' s degree in law from uic barcelona and in international studies from prestigious iona college in new york in just 5 years .\nplease contact the student advisor (perry groot), if you are interested in the double bachelor’s programme, but wish to receive more information. should you decide to do the combined programme, you will have to enroll in both programmes via studielink .\ne! co - host giuliana rancic underwent a double mastectomy in 2011 after a breast cancer diagnosis .\nsir george murray gave 15, 000gns for bachelor' s double last autumn, when mrs. w. w. bailey sold her late husband' s horses. the tredennis horse won the kempton park jubilee handicap in excellent stylo in may, when he was not at all fancied by the publio .\nsbe and queen' s students form a cohort, which means students complete the double degree programme as a unit, sharing a common goal and experiences .\nthe bachelor of psychological science with honours, bpsychsc (hons) at university of tasmania, provides students who have graduated with a bachelor of psychological science or bachelor of behavioural science degree with sufficient merit, the opportunity to complete an australian psychology accreditation council (apac) accredited fourth year program in psychology .\n’s ass. ” he laughed. “i try not to be, but it’s hard... .\nplease note that you will not be eligible for an erasmus grant when participating in the double degree programme .\nbachelor\nalum lesley murphy has used social media to document her fight against potentially getting cancer. in april, she had a double mastectomy after testing positive for the brca 2 gene mutation, which greatly increases a person' s risk of developing breast cancer .\nthe bachelor of psychological science at cquniversity australia provides students with a comprehensive overview of the discipline of psychology .\neligibility and admission requirements second - year sbe bachelor students in international business and in economics and business economics students who have obtained 60 credits for the first year and who have a first - year average grade of 7. 0 (first sit) or higher are eligible to apply for a sbe / edhec double degree programme. eligible students participate in the regular bachelor study abroad selection, organised by the international relations office (iro). the selection procedure for studying abroad within a double degree exchange agreement takes place around may of each year; approximately one year before the bachelor exchange period. for information about the registration, application and confirmation procedure for the double degree programmes (starting with a bachelor exchange period in january of each year), please refer to the regular selection studying abroad procedure for the study abroad period ‘spring' (outgoing bachelor students > information about studying abroad in spring). if you wish to apply for a double degree programme, you should simply opt for the double degree option at edhec business school (and - if desired - 5 different regular exchange destinations) on the application form. when applying for edhec business school there are two options: exchange or double degree. make sure to pick the right one (s) !\nalbert john lowry, esquire, is recorded as a bachelor, of full age, the son of joseph lowry, esquire. albert' s residence is bachelor' s lodge, cavan. emma olivia lewis is recorded as a spinster, of full age, the daughter of thomas lewis. she is resident at 63 s. circular road, dublin, and moyfeigher, county meath .\nif you are interested in a double degree programme, you can already apply for the selection procedure as soon as you have sent in your application for the regular master’s programme. this means you do not have to wait until you are fully enrolled in the master’s programme to take part in the selection. if you are selected to take part in a double degree programme, however, you do need to be fully enrolled in the master’s programme at maastricht university before you are allowed to start the double degree .\nwilliam alexander mosely cheeke is recorded as a bachelor, of full age, the son of george a. cheeke, gentleman. william is a civil engineer, resident at bachelor' s lodge, navan. mary josephine lowry is recorded as a spinster, of full age, the daughter of joseph lowry, gentleman. she is resident at bachelor' s lodge, navan. the marriage was witnessed by george a. cheeke and george herbert lowry .\nif you are interested in the double degree programme with louvain la neuve, send an email to r. rijnders @ urltoken. you will then be provided with a form that you will need to fill in, stating your interest in the double degree programme. you should return this form together with a motivation letter for this programme, an updated cv and your bachelor’s transcript to the same email address .\nqueen’s is known for its excellent career services and as a student at queen’s you can also benefit from this service .\nyou do not have to wait until you are officially registered at sbe to take part in the selection for the double degree programme. sbe will consider your academic background (bachelor’s degree), your curriculum vitae and your motivation. if you' re selected to take part in a double degree programme, however, you do need to be officially registered at sbe before you are allowed to start the programme .\na\ndouble major'' is a student who plans to receive a single degree, but who will complete the requirements for two majors. in this case the last line of the student' s transcript will state that a single bachelor' s degree was awarded and that the student had two majors. alternately, a student may complete a\ndouble degree'' program. this requires the student to complete the requirements for both majors and also to obtain a total of 150 credits. in this case the student may actually receive two separate bachelor' s degrees. for more information, consult the undergraduate catalog or contact an advisor .\nthe bachelor alum lesley murphy is opening up after undergoing a preventive double mastectomy on april 11. murphy decided to have the surgery after testing positive for the brca 2 gene mutation, which greatly increases the chance of developing breast cancer .\nif you are interested in the sbe / qut double degree programme, please send an e - mail to r. rijnders @ urltoken. you will then be provided with a form that you will need to fill in, stating your interest in the double degree programme. you should return this form together with a motivation letter for this programme, an updated cv and your bachelor’s transcript to the same email address .\nif you are interested in the sbe / nova double degree programme, please send an e - mail to r. rijnders @ urltoken. you will then be provided with a form that you will need to fill in, stating your interest in the double degree programme. you should return this form together with a motivation letter for this programme, an updated cv and your bachelor’s transcript to the same email address .\nmaster' s thesis at sbe after completion of the semester (s) at qut, you will transfer back to maastricht to finish writing your master' s thesis at sbe .\nthe dual award degree bachelor of psychological science / bachelor of laws is a 5 year program (full - time) and provides an opportunity to obtain two degrees that would be of interest to students wishing to study both psychology and law .\na bachelor' s degree involves at least one sequential study programme in which content is progressively developed such that it might form a basis for postgraduate study and / or professional practice .\nyour motivation letter, cv and bachelor’s transcript will be evaluated and you will be informed about the results via e - mail. the best students will be invited for an interview .\nthis unique double degree explores a wide range of topics, encouraging students to question the link between crime and human behaviour .\nnote: if you want to take part in the selection for the management / ib double degree programme at nova lisboa, please let us know as soon as possible, as this is the only double degree that starts with the semester abroad .\nadditional costs students who are selected for this double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of €1, 000 for participation. travel / housing / visa and other personal costs related to the double degree programme are to be covered by the student .\na bachelor' s degree requires a minimum of 360 credits from levels 5 to 7. some bachelor' s degrees, notably in professional fields such as engineering, the health sciences and law, encompass additional credits and may require a longer period of study. for example, an eight - semester (four - year) degree would normally be equivalent to 480 credits .\nnotes that\njoseph lowry' s son albert was a major force in the breeding operation\n. albert owned bachelor' s mark which won the opening race of the first ever meeting at the navan racecourse on the proudstown road. albert' s most successful stud was named tredennis. when he bought tredennis in about 1892, albert was noted as being of\noatlands stud and bachelor' s lodge\n. albert bought tredennis, who had failed as a racer, finishing unplaced in the three races in which he was entered for £100. tredennis started his stud career at a fee of £5. he got few mares at first, most belonging to albert and his father. in his third crop of 1906 he sired bachelor' s double, winner of the irish derby and eight other races, and from there he had\nstudy the bachelor of psychological science (honours) at cquniversity australia to become eligible for provisional registration as a psychologist in australia .\nmeghan' s quick change! duchess of sussex wears stunning designer dress to meet ireland' s president (and the ...\nyou may need to enrol in courses for your major and / or your minor, particularly if you are completing a double degree .\nobtain your bachelor of psychological science (honours) at deakin and develop all skill areas with an integrated approach to science and psychology .\ndef leppard guitarist vivian campbell, 52, pulled out of the band' s tour in june after his hodgkin' s lymphoma returned .\nthe upbeat beauty said that of the' few options' she has after the discovery, she' s' decided that preventative surgery' is the way to go, adding:' a double mastectomy at 2freaking9. wtf? ! yep, it' s happening.'\ncertainly, any engineering student who intends to go on to graduate engineering coursework in mathematically demanding specialties should consider a double major with mathematics .\nadditional costs students who are selected for a sbe double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of € 1, 000 for participation .\nthe study load in this double bachelor’s is 25% more than in a regular programme. every year consists of 75 instead of 60 ec. if you think you could handle this, it might be interesting to combine the two. should it end up being too much for your, you can always drop one of the programmes later on .\nfive years, infinite opportunities. it will take you four years to earn a bachelor' s degree in law and just one more to further your education in international studies at iona college in new york .\na programme of study leading to a bachelor' s degree builds on prior study, work or experience, and is open to those who have met the specified entrance requirements, normally at level 3 on the nzqf .\nas a double degree graduate, you can benefit from the strong sbe and edhec alumni networks. according to le point news magazine, 90% of the edhec alumni are very satisfied with the school' s career services .\nparticipants in the double degree programme are responsible for getting acquainted with, and for abiding by, the rules and regulations of their host university in a timely manner, especially with regard to examination types, schedules and forms of resits, if any. the education and examination regulations (msc - eer’s) for the master’s study programmes at the school of business and economics of maastricht university (um) apply to all double degree programmes. you can find the msc - eer’s on intranet, under “regulations, rights and duties” .\nby studying a bachelor of psychological science at bond university, graduates become equipped with a scientific grounding and an awareness of the theoretical paradigms of psychology .\neligibility and admission requirements you are eligible to apply for this double degree programme if you are enrolled in the master' s in international business with a track in strategic marketing and if you have successfully passed both courses (13 ects) of the first course period (first sit) with an average grade of 7. 0 (or higher). sbe will consider your academic background (bachelor’s degree), your curriculum vitae and your motivation. the selection procedure is split into three rounds. after you have been selected for the double degree programme you need to pass the remaining courses of semester i .\n​please note that only students who start their master’s at sbe in the september semester can take part in a double degree or a network programme. interested students are encouraged to apply at the latest in may, preceding the start of the master’s programme at sbe. exceptions will, on occasion, apply. ​\nplease note that only students who start their master’s at sbe in the september semester can take part in a double degree or a network programme. interested students are encouraged to apply at the latest in may, preceding the start of the master’s programme at sbe. exceptions will, on occasion, apply. ​\nif you are considering double majoring, you should set up appointments with advisors in both disciplines. for an appointment with a mathematics advisor, send email to\nparticipants in the double degree programme are responsible for getting acquainted with, and for abiding by, the rules and regulations of their host university in a timely manner, especially with regard to examination types, schedules and forms of resits, if any. the education and examination regulations for the master’s programmes at the school of business and economics of maastricht university apply to all double degree programmes .\nzoraida sambolin was diagnosed with breast cancer in april 2013, and she chose to have a double mastectomy. sambolin said that angelina jolie' s new york times opinion piece about undergoing the procedure gave her courage to share her story .\nadditional costs students who are selected for this sbe / qut double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of € 1, 000 for participation. in case a student fails to pass one or more of the courses in block period 2 and / or 3 the double degree allocation will be cancelled and the administration fee will not be refunded. travel / housing / visa and other personal costs related to the double degree programme have to be covered by the students .\nat maastricht university, we believe that science can offer concrete, tangible solutions to the problems of today and tomorrow. today' s challenges transcend national borders. the world is our playing field, and maastricht university offers the most international learning environment in the netherlands. to help students to excell, we developed the following excellence programmes alongside regular bachelor' s and master' s programmes :\ndo you see yourself shaping australia' s foreign policy decisions? or working with elite international organisations like the united nations or our top spy agencies? the bachelor of international security studies can help you make your dream career a reality .\nqueen' s two most senior pr chiefs to leave after thomas ...\nomar khayyam, one of the fastest ever imported into the u. s .\nonly a limited number of places are available. a maximum of 15 students will be offered a place in the sbe / edhec double degree programme international business .\ngeorge herbert lowry is recorded as a bachelor, of full age, the son of joseph lowry, sub - sheriff. joseph is a farmer, resident at bachelor' s lodge, navan, county meath. margaret eliza irwin (née millar) is recorded as a widow, of full age, the daughter of j. s. millar, merchant. she is resident at richview, dublin. the marriage was witnessed by lara weir millar and henry edgar lowry .\na variety of professional opportunities await graduates of the two - subject bachelor' s degree programme in economic sciences. both the structure and content of the modules have been designed to join with the key qualifications provided by the programme to create a solid foundation for entering professional positions in companies, associations, guilds, public administrations, international organizations and similar institutions. among the actual, potential positions available to graduates of the economic sciences bachelor' s programme are, for instance :\nby studying a bachelor of social science in australia, students draw upon multiple perspectives and disciplines to look beyond preconceptions and equip themselves to promote change in society .\nstudy the bachelor of speech pathology (honours) at cquniversity australia and equip yourself with the skills needed to start a rewarding and varied career in speech pathology .\nmurphy, who said she' s currently cancer - free, said she' s slated to undergo surgery april 11, and will be traveling internationally until then .\nit is your own responsibility to check with duo whether you are entitled to retain your dutch study grant, or “studiefinanciering”, while abroad for the double degree programme .\nyou will form a cohort with the ucl students. this means you will complete the double degree programme as a unit, and share a common goal and experience .\napplicants for the two - subject economic sciences programme must have excellent math and english skills. applicants who lack the necessary skills are advised to visit introductory classes or take the math module of the bachelor' s degree programme during the orientation period .\nyour motivation letter, cv, and bachelor’s transcript will be evaluated. you will be informed about the results of this step via e - mail. the best students will be invited for an interview. for students who did their bachelor degree at maastricht university or graduated from specific nvao - accredited (dutch - flemish organisation) institutes and programmes, the gpa during their bachelor study has to be at least a 7. 0 in the dutch 0 - 10 grading system or a b + in the international a - d / f letter grading system. for students who did not do their bachelor study at maastricht university a gmat requirement of minimum 600 and a minimum analytical writing score of 5 applies. the selected students are invited for an interview .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nbarrister - at - law (king' s inn, dublin, 1931) .\nyou will form a cohort with the qut students. this means you will complete the double degree programme as a unit, and will share a common goal and experience .\nin the second round, your motivation letter, cv and bachelor’s transcript will be evaluated. you will be informed about the results of this round via e - mail. the best students will be invited for an interview in the third round. for graduates of maastricht university or from programmes accredited by the nvao (accreditation organisation of the netherlands and flanders), the gpa during your bachelor' s programme should be at least a 7. 5 in the dutch 0 - 10 grading system or a b + in the international a - d / f letter grading system. if you did not follow your bachelor' s programme at maastricht university, you should have a gmat score of at least 600 with an analytical writing score of at least 5. 0 .\nwhether you want to enter the psychology profession or envisage a career as a criminologist or in the criminal justice field, the bachelor of criminology will be of special interest .\nthe bachelor of psychological science (honours) offered at bond university is designed to provide students with an integrated, comprehensive, and complete education in the discipline of psychology .\nthe current course offer is subject to change. participants in the double degree programme are responsible for getting acquainted with, and for abiding by, the rules and regulations of their host university in a timely manner, especially with regard to examination types, schedules and forms of resits, if any. the education and examination regulations for the master’s programmes at the school of business and economics of maastricht university apply to all double degree programmes .\ncyril francis fleming is recorded as a bachelor, of full age, the son of thomas fleming, county inspector r. i. c. . cyril is a district inspector r. i. c. , resident in thomastown, co. kilkenny. helen gertude lowry is recorded as a spinster, of full age, the daughter of joseph lowry, gentleman. she is resident at bachelor' s lodge, navan. the marriage was witnessed by s. j. hannon and g. g. g. loch .\nif you have completed a degree in another field and wish to pursue a career in psychology the bachelor of science (psychology) offered at cquniversity australia may be for you .\nthe bachelor of social science with honours at university of tasmania is an empowering course for high - achieving students who want to understand society and are passionate about making a difference .\nhailey baldwin' s ring from justin bieber is similar to blake lively' s $ 2m rock... and that may be because the model tweeted in 2012 she liked it\nthe education and examination regulations (msc - eer’s) for the master’s study programmes at the school of business and economics of maastricht university (um) apply to the mgb programme. you can find the msc - eer’s on eleum, under “regulations, rights and duties” .\nalbert initially worked on his father' s stud farm at bachelors lodge. he owned and\n), graduates can progress to the aforementioned consecutive master' s degree programmes. in october 2013 additionally started two new master' s programmes (mainly german - language): the\nfirst semester of the master in international business at queen’s (sept – dec) after the exchange period, both the sbe and the queen’s double degree students will attend the first term of the queen’s master of international business (mib) programme. as a student, you will follow 3 core courses (6 ects credits each): business in the global economy, leadership across cultures and global strategy. you will furthermore have to choose 3 elective courses .\nas you will have a double degree, you will be a professional in any of the areas that both degrees enable you to work in, without the need for any additional training .\ncurious about how people think, act and feel? a bachelor of arts in psychology will help you understand why people behave the way they do and what motivates behaviours and social trends .\nthe bachelor of psychology (honours) is a four - year integrated undergraduate / honours degree in psychology designed to give you an understanding of human behaviour, motivation, relationships and communication .\ncurious about how people think, act and feel? a bachelor of arts - psychology will help you understand why people behave the way they do and what motivates behaviours and social trends .\nin addition, new courses and events will be offered every semester that may not be in the module handbook. for further information, please see the webpage\nadditional modules accepted for the bachelor' s and master' s degree programmes\n. professional skills / studies (36 credits) in terms of professional skills, completion of 18 credits in key competency courses, and 18 credits from the offered focus areas are recommended. if you plan to enrol in a master' s programme in economics, please ensure that your course selection meets the requirements to enter the programme (see below for further information). in doing so, you can choose a profile of either your focus within economics, or from your double major or concentration. the faculty of economic sciences offers two different\nprofiles\nfor those electing to complete a double - degree :\nas for what' s really on display in her photo, murphy offered a straightforward explanation .\nyou obtain two master’s degrees in considerably less time than it would take to earn them separately .\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nactress rita wilson, who can be seen on hbo' s\ngirls ,\nrevealed april 14 that she is fighting breast cancer and has undergone a double mastectomy. she thanked her family, including husband tom hanks, and doctors for their support in a statement to people magazine .\ntuition fees can vary, depending on your nationality, your place of residence and whether this is your first or second study programme. it is your own responsibility to check with duo whether you are entitled to retain your dutch study grant (studiefinanciering) while abroad for the double degree programme. students who are selected for this sbe double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of €250 for participation. it is your own responsibility to check with duo whether you are entitled to retain your dutch study grant, or' studiefinanciering, while abroad for the double degree programme .\n24 november 1904, at portobello house, dublin, county dublin, ireland, aged 29. the cause of death is listed as\ndouble ovarian cysts old peritonitis 12 years shock\n.\nfrom that point onwards the race became a credible target for the main epsom contenders and in 1964 santa claus became just the second horse to achieve the double. meadow court, ribocco and ribero were other notable winners during the 1960s but the race’s history was about to enter a new era .\n26 july 1913, at bachelor' s lodge, navan, county meath, ireland. joseph is recorded as a widower, aged 73. the cause of death is listed as a cerebral haemorrhage of a duration of 11 days and a cerebral contusion (?) of duration 1 day .\ntuition fees tuition fees can vary, depending on your nationality, your place of residence and whether this is your first or second study programme. it is your own responsibility to check with duo whether you are entitled to retain your dutch study grant (studiefinanciering) while abroad for the double degree programme. students who are selected for this sbe double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of €1, 000 for participation. it is your own responsibility to check with duo whether you are entitled to retain your dutch study grant, or' studiefinanciering, while abroad for the double degree programme .\nif your interest in psychology includes a desire to understand its applications across the broad base of human endeavour, you should consider a western sydney university bachelor of arts, with a specialisation in psychology .\nneve campbell oozes glamor at the skyscraper premiere... after revealing she' s adopted a son\nmurphy, 29, decided to have a double mastectomy to give herself the best odds of beating cancer before it strikes. and she knew she wanted to share the process with her fans and followers .\nif your interest in psychology includes a desire to understand its applications across the broad base of human endeavour, you should consider a western sydney university bachelor of arts, with a key program in psychology .\nyou are eligible to apply for the international triangle programme if you have applied and have been admitted to the master’s programme in international businesswith the track in organisation: management, change & consultancy or the track in strategic marketing. the school of business & economics (sbe) will consider your academic background (bachelor’s degree), your curriculum vitae and your motivation. the selection procedure is split into three rounds .\nif you plan to continue your studies and enrol in one of the master' s programmes in economics such as international economics, development economics, taxation or applied statistics; we recommend that you complete additional courses in the professional skills / studies area in addition to the required modules. courses in the professional skills / studies modules are prerequisites for the master' s programmes. it is also recommended to select a bachelor' s thesis topic that is relevant for continuing your studies at the master' s level. master of international economics (option for double degree) admission to the master' s programme in international economics requires 60 credits in economics, with at least 30 credits from modules in economic theory, finance and foreign trade. additionally, at least six of these credits must be in trade theory, and at least 12 credits must be from modules in mathematics, statistics or econometrics. the following courses are highly recommended :\nchat with us in facebook messenger. find out what' s happening in the world as it unfolds .\nthe now travel blogger hopes that sharing her story will help others. it' s already helped her .\nthe hawke' s bay jockey club have decided to limit their spring meeting to one day next season .\nto form a basis for completing a subsequent professional degree in the form of a master' s degree .\nmaster of development economics (option for double degree) for admission to the master' s programme in development economics, 60 credits in economics and / or agricultural economics are required. 30 of these credits should so be obtained through modules in economic theory, agricultural economics and development economics. 12 additional credits must have been completed in mathematics, statistics or econometrics. therefore, the following modules are prerequisites for the master’s programme :\nthe study load has been distributed as evenly as possible amongst the quarters. the programme is composed out of existing components of the standard computing science and mathematics. the diplomas received after the double bachelors are equal to the standard diplomas. these diplomas grant access to master’s programmes for mathematics and computing science in the netherlands .\nwhen former\nthe bachelor\ncontestant lesley murphy learned that she' d tested positive for the brca2 gene mutation, which indicates a significantly higher risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer, she knew she wanted to be proactive. murphy' s mom is a breast cancer survivor, after being diagnosed three years ago .\nthe bachelor of psychological science provides the first three years (full - time or part - time equivalent) of study and training required to prepare graduates for employment as psychologists in professional practice and in research careers .\nqueen’s school of business was founded in 1937 and is located midway between toronto and montreal, an ideal location to travel around canada and to the united states. in 2010, queen’s school of business was ranked no. 1 in canada and no. 2 in the world among full - time and executive mba’s by the business week’s ranking of top mba programmes outside the us. like sbe and edhec, queen’s is part of the exclusive group of 1% of business schools worldwide to hold the triple accreditation (amba, equis and aascb) .\nthe queen’s master of international business programme enables you to learn more about management issues from a north american perspective .\ndiploma after successful completion of all requirements of both master' s programmes, you will be awarded a master in international business degree from queen’s smith school of business and a master of science degree in international business from sbe .\ngolden fleece was unable to compete in the 1982 race but owner robert sangster had an able deputy in assert, who had won the prix du jockey club. at the curragh, assert stormed away from his rivals in impressive fashion to record a rare double – and would further add the benson and hedges gold cup before season’s end .\nyou participate in the marble research course (period 2 or 5) which supports you in 1) writing your bachelor thesis, 2) developing general research skills using an applied research, and 3) developing critical thinking skills .\nstudents can also enrol in any upv master' s degree programme as long as they take the appropriate bridging courses .\nthousands of people are evacuated from la' s iconic griffith observatory, and wedding ceremony is cut short ...\nthis programme offers you the opportunity to spend time at a university that is one of the world’s best in economics .\nat his daughter narah' s birth in 1894, albert is listed as an auctioneer and cattle salesman. in the\nof the credits required for a bachelor' s degree, a minimum of 72 credits must be at level 7 or higher. the degree should specify a spread of credit across levels, so that the qualification demonstrates progression, reflects the requirements of the degree definition and achieves the associated learning outcomes in a way that is appropriate to the subject area .\nmurphy, a travel blogger who appeared on on season 17 of\nthe bachelor ,\nsaid she decided to have the surgery after she tested positive for the brca 2 gene mutation, which increases the risk of developing breast cancer .\nafter the interview, you will receive the results via e - mail. a maximum of 5 students will be offered a place in the qut double degree programme. the selected students will have to confirm their participation via e - mail .\nafter the interview, you will receive the results via e - mail. a maximum of 5 students will be offered a place in the nova double degree programme. the selected students will have to confirm their participation via e - mail .\nthe first really high profile winner of the irish derby was also the first epsom derby winner to pull off the famous english - irish derby double: orby, who was trained in ireland by fred mccabe and accomplished his feat in 1907 .\nthe following gentlemen have been called to the outer bar: - henry edgar lowry, b. a. , t. c. d. , youngest son of joseph lowry, of bachelor' s lodge, navan, in the county of meath, esq. certificate signed by molyneux barton, esq. proposed by the right honourable the lord chief baron .\ngrateful dead bassist phil lesh took to facebook to reveal he' s battling bladder cancer. in an apology to fans for canceling a pair of concerts, lesh announced he' s received treatment at the mayo clinic and his prognosis is good .\nit is possible for queen’s graduates - which will include you - to get a (limited) working permit for canada .\ngraduates from anu have been rated as australia' s most employable graduates and among the most sought after by employers worldwide .\nif you are interested in double degree programme at edhec you can already apply for the selection procedure as soon as you have sent in your application for the regular msc programme - economics. this means you do not have to wait until you have an actual valid msc registration to take part in the selection. if you get selected to take part in a double degree programme, however, you do need to have an official msc registration at sbe before you are allowed to start the programme .\nemma was born on 19 june 1865 at moyfeigher, athboy, county meath, the daughter of thomas lewis and louisa jane spinks. she died on 9 may 1935, at bachelor' s lodge, scallanstown, liscaran, county meath, of hemiplegia and cardiac failure, aged 69. at her death, emma is described as the widow of a landed proprietor .\nare you interested in the intricacies of the human mind and human behaviour? our bachelor of science in psychology focuses on the science of human behaviour, thoughts and feelings and prepares you to be a valuable employee in a wide range of fields .\nstage i exchange period at edhec (january – may) before the official start of the double degree programme, students will first spend the last semester (spring) of their bsc programme at the same edhec campus (either lille or nice) as they have chosen to spend their double degree programme. in order to fulfill their compulsory study abroad requirement, students need to obtain a minimum of 26 ects credits. students can choose to participate in one of the following two programmes during this spring semester .\nthe bachelor of psychological science provides an accredited three year undergraduate sequence in psychology. this involves a thorough grounding in the core areas of psychology, plus an opportunity to explore specialist areas, while also allowing the student to study other areas of interest .\nif you are studying a bachelor of science (level 7) at a university and wish to transfer to a diploma of accounting (level 5) at the same institution, you would need to apply for and be granted a new student visa .\nthree' s company\nstar suzanne somers spoke with cnn' s piers morgan in 2012 about her stem cell surgery and her bout with breast cancer. she was diagnosed in 2001, which is when she began researching alternative methods to reconstructive surgery .\n( cnn) lesley murphy says she decided to kick\ncancer' s a * * before it could kick mine .\n' stay tuned': michael cohen' s lawyer issues cryptic warning to trump and giuliani about what ‘truth’ his ...\ncynthia nixon calls for roe vs. wade to be protected at nyc protest against trump' s supreme court pick ...\nlawyer for michael flynn tells court trump' s former national security adviser is' eager' to be sentenced for ...\n' s stomach and left to die. for a hundred years after... ... d. urltoken urltoken dead\nsomersault and flitaway, who will carry sir george clifford' s colours at wellington, have been registering good work of late .\nanne mary swan on 6 september 1904, at the registrar' s office, city of dublin, county dublin, ireland .\ncan be combined with over 40 subjects studies in economics as part of the two - subject bachelor' s degree programme can be individually combined with a second subject at göttingen. this degree programme offers comprehensive training in the methodical basics of economics and the possibility to create your own study profile. the focus of economics at göttingen is in the direction of international economic relations. a master' s degree in international economics or development economics as well as in taxation or applied statistics can be completed afterwards. general information\nformer\ndancing with the stars\nco - host samantha harris was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a double mastectomy. harris told people magazine she detected a lump during a self - exam and then followed up with a specialist after receiving a clean mammogram .\nadditional costs students who are selected for the sbe / nova double degree programme will be charged an administrative fee of €1, 000 for participation. according to portuguese law, nova must charge fees for the issuance of certificates of degree. the costs are determined by the ministry of education and science in portugal. travel / housing / visa and other costs related to the double degree programme are to be covered by the student. please note that you will not be eligible for an erasmus grant when participating in the programme." ]

{ "text": [ "bachelor 's double ( 22 april 1906 – 3 february 1931 ) was an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse that raced in ireland and britain and was a successful sire in the early 20th century .", "he won the irish derby as a three-year-old and also won the city and suburban handicap in 1910 and the kempton jubilee in 1911 .", "retired to stud in 1912 , he sired the 1921 epsom oaks winner love in idleness and the inaugural prix de l'arc de triomphe winner comrade .", "he died in 1931 in ireland . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 7, 14 ] }

[ "bachelor's double (22 april 1906 – 3 february 1931) was an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse that raced in ireland and britain and was a successful sire in the early 20th century. he won the irish derby as a three-year-old and also won the city and suburban handicap in 1910 and the kempton jubilee in 1911. retired to stud in 1912, he sired the 1921 epsom oaks winner love in idleness and the inaugural prix de l'arc de triomphe winner comrade. he died in 1931 in ireland." ]

[ "princess diana' s stepbrother has criticised a new documentary about his mother, countess raine spencer .\nprior to awesome again, willey had galloped touch gold and champions favorite trick and countess diana .\nwe catch up with everyone else and diana rigg shows up as the dowager countess of westeros .\nplay countess diana to win and box her in exactas with bourbon belle, catinca and hurricane bertie .\ncharles has charlotte diana with his wife countess spencer as well as six other children from previous marriages .\nthe programme documents the strained relationship between raine and diana, with the countess' personal assistant revealing diana once pushed her stepmother down the stairs .\nin 2012 private correspondence between countess spencer and diana reignited the debate as to whether camilla parker bowles cast a shadow over her life even before diana' s engagement .\ncountess spencer and her husband, earl spencer, outside of their althorp home .\nkiri te kanawa: yes, and rosenkavalier. she’s sort of a countess, even though she’s a really a marschallin. am i a countess? no .\nthe final time was. 28 off the track record of 51. 50 seconds set by countess diana on june 6, 1997. countess diana would go on to be a multiple grade 1 winner and 2 - year - old filly champion of 1997 .\n( deerhound - t. v. countess, by t. v. commercial )\nthe countess, according to a former friend, also had no love for diana, saying she “never read a book in her life” .\nthe countess is said to know all there is to be known about the county gossip .\ncountess diana' s weight assignment on the 1997 experimental free handicap for fillies reflected her breeders' cup dominance. countess diana was assigned high weight of 125 pounds. the weight remains the second - highest ever for a topweighted filly, surpassed only by first flight' s 126 pounds in 1946 .\nlike many promising young phenoms who can’t hit the curveball when they make it to the big leagues, countess diana looked like a has - been .\nunder lohmeier’s patient handling, countess diana began to show her old spark, turning in two brilliant five - furlong workouts at keeneland in: 58 and change .\nin 2007 countess spencer gave evidence at the london inquest into the death of the princess of wales .\nmr. kaster, remembering countess diana' s victory, said,'' it' s like having a football team and winning the super bowl.''\nas a broodmare, countess diana produced four named foals, one of which, mama nadine, is stakes - placed. her last two offspring are unnamed - - a\nboth diana’s grandmothers, the late countess spencer and ruth, lady fermoy were in the queen mother’s household, as were no fewer than four of her great - aunts .\nit’s a big leap from flower maiden to the countess in marriage of figaro. how did that come about ?\nauctioneers planned to sell the two handwritten missives, sent by diana to raine weeks before charles proposed - but a a furious countess spencer demanded to know the provenance of the letters .\nduring diana' s inquest, held in london in 2007, countess spencer said her stepdaughter was' madly in love' with dodi fayed and was probably about to marry him .\nearl and countess spencer at althorp house. they were married until his death in 1992 - it was her second marriage\ncountess spencer, born in 1929, was the only daughter of alexander mccorquodale and the noted novelist dame barbara cartland .\npalladian whopper holkham hall is home to viscount and viscountess coke of holkham, the future earl and countess of leicester .\ndeerhound (1988, by danzig) was indifferent both on the track and in the stud but did sire one outstanding horse in 1997 american champion 2 - year - old filly countess diana .\naccording to her voice coach peter settelen, she once pushed the countess down the stairs at the family’s ancestral home althorp .\nduring the interview, lady hick' s older sister patricia, countess mountbatten of burma, also speaks about prince philip .\nas countess spencer she was notoriously unpopular with her stepdaughter, diana, princess of wales although personal letters between the two which were leaked in 2012 appear to show a softer side to their relationship .\nbyrne left after countess diana' s 2 - year - old season to train for frank stronach. trained at three by bill mott and at four by mary jo lohmeier, countess diana won twice and ran second in the nassau county stakes (gr. iii) from eight starts those two years. she was retired with seven wins from 14 starts and earnings of $ 1, 117, 185 .\ncountess spencer was also a member of the board of directors of harrods, and was known to occasionally work in the store .\ncountess diana, who was produced from the t. v. commercial mare t. v. countess, was sold at the 2000 keeneland january horses of all ages sale. kenny troutt and bill casner, owners of newly formed winstar farm near versailles, ky. , bought her for $ 1. 8 million from eaton sales, agent .\nthe queen mother’s last goddaughter was diana’s eldest sister lady sarah, and the queen’s last godson was diana’s brother charles, now the 9th and current earl spencer .\nafter her divorce, officially, she was called diana, princess of wales .\n' william pushed tissues under the door when diana cried': ...\nprincess diana declared' game, set and match' after reading ...\ndiana' s former butler, paul burrell, backed hewitt up saying that the rumor is\nnot possible\nbecause hewitt met diana when harry was a toddler .\ncountess diana, 1997’s champion juvenile filly, was the most accomplished runner raised at sunny oak farm. the deerhound filly, bred and co - owned by richard kaster, captured the breeders’ cup juvenile fillies in 1997 to end an eclipse award - winning campaign that also included wins in the grade 1 spinaway and the grade 2 alcibiades and schuylerville. countess diana also set a track record at pimlico for 4 1 / 2 furlongs in her debut start .\ncountess spencer died on friday morning at her london home, her son william legge, the earl of dartmouth and a ukip mep, confirmed .\nyou seem to specialize in countesses. there are many countess roles in strauss, like in capriccio and in marriage of figaro, and vanessa .\ncountess diana was the top 2 - year - old filly of 1997, winning five of six starts, including saratoga’s schuylerville by two lengths and spinaway by 6. but the daughter of deerhound fell victim to the sophomore jinx .\nlohmeier knew that, physically, countess diana was in good shape. but since she hadn’t won a race since the breeders’ cup juvenile fillies in november ’97, the trainer wondered if the champion’s mind was still on the game .\njune: publication of andrew morton’s tell - all book, diana her true story .\nwhen karen spencer became a countess in 2011 after marrying charles spencer, princess diana ‘s brother and the 9th earl spencer, she moved into althorp, her new family’s 508 - year - old english estate – and started making some changes .\nthis entry was posted in people and tagged countess diana, horse racing, horse racing and breeding, kentucky breeding, paulick report, scott ricker, sunny oak farm, thoroughbred, thoroughbred breeding by paulick report staff. bookmark the permalink .\ndiana wrote back to ‘mama’ asking for time to think about it. not charles. having received a similar letter from his mother he wrote immediately to diana asking for a divorce .\nboth divorced, before diana' s death they had been seeing each other again discreetly .\nthe daughter of lord mountbatten said princess diana did not try with her fellow royals because she knew that the public admired her and claimed diana believed' she was the star' .\nprincess diana married prince charles on july 29, 1981 at st paul' s cathedral .\nduring the explosive interview with vanity fair, lady hicks and her sister patricia, countess mountbatten of burma, also make other revelations about the royal family .\nthe farm' s most notable runner was 1997 champion juvenile filly countess diana, who won the breeders' cup juvenile fillies, set a pimlico track record, and took home the grade 1 spinaway, grade 2 alicbiades, and grade 2 schuylerville .\nmr burrell, who once proclaimed himself diana’s “rock”, recently came under fire after he claimed the duchess of cambridge could never match diana’s legacy, saying she lacked the “x - factor” .\ncountess diana began her racing career for trainer carlos a. garcia. she won in track - record time of: 51. 50 for 4 1 / 2 furlongs at pimlico in her debut, after which she was transferred to byrne. countess diana' s other wins her 2 - year - old season came in the spinaway stakes (gr. i) by 6 1 / 2 lengths, the walmac international alcibiades stakes (gr. ii), and the schuylerville (gr. ii) stakes .\n‘she would never say now that diana hasn’t contributed to the family, ’ says the friend .\nin her own quiet way, the queen sees the irony of her changing view of diana .\n“diana was much bigger, much more. kate wouldn' t want to be diana. she wouldn' t want to try to fill her shoes. that is an impossible ask. ”\ncountess diana was bred and co - owned by richard kaster, who often partnered with ricker. the graded stakes wins for the daughter of deerhound include the 1997 breeders' cup juvenile fillies (gr. i) and spinaway stakes (gr. i) .\n“countess diana had gone to the clinic before i got her and was diagnosed with ulcers and some other minor ailments, ” lohmeier said. “she went to the farm and they did a good job with her, getting her going mentally in the right direction .\nas we have seen, though, the countess of wessex hates such comparisons. no wonder she is approaching her 51st birthday on january 20 without caring a jot .\nwhat is remarkable is that after the bitterness and tears of the diana years, and how they rocked the monarchy, she now recognises that the institution’s security owes a great deal to diana’s legacy .\nafter undergoing knee surgery, countess diana was transferred from trainer pat byrne’s barn to bill mott’s, only to struggle through four starts at 3, finishing second in the nassau county, fifth in the acorn, fourth in the mother goose and sixth in the gazelle .\nthe key to the race was the first 100 yards. both countess diana and salty perfume are loaded with early speed, and their riders had some tactical decisions to make. aboard countess diana, shane sellers decided to go for it .\nit was going to amount to who was quicker early and who had the most stamina left ,\nsellers said. the two were locked in battle down the backstretch in what was turning into a two - horse affair. salty perfume was just behind countess diana and no one else was close. on salty perfume, pat day made a move on the turn, but her momentum carried her only a few feet forward. sensing the challenge, sellers let out a notch on countess diana, who hit another gear .\ncoming to the quarter pole, i chirped to my filly and she just exploded ,\nsellers said .\nshe' s a freakish kind of horse. she' s a very nice 2 - year - old filly, as good as any i' ve ever been on .\nwhile the queen longed for camilla to be of her son' s life, charles dug his heels in, insisting that his beloved camilla wasn' t going anywhere. charles and the queen are pictured above at countess mountbatten of burma' s funeral countess mountbatten of burma funeral, at st paul' s church in knightsbridge on tuesday\nher father had moved to althorpe near northampton on becoming the eighth earl spencer. her parents had divorced and there was a new countess spencer, daughter of the romantic novelist barbara cartland. but soon it was diana who was to become the celebrated member of the family .\nthe historic residence, where diana moved when she was 14, holds countless memories of the princess .\n‘perhaps, after all, we have rather a lot to thank diana for, ’ she said .\nthe late princess diana' s brother thinks the royal baby' s name is\nperfect\n.\nshe also suggested that princess diana made the public believe she was treated badly by the royal family .\naccording to the daily mail, james hewitt spoke about falling in love with the late princess diana .\n‘she sees how much diana radiates out of william and harry and the effect they have on ordinary people. it is diana that they see. that sense of fun, that easy way with people. ’\nas for the ‘squidgy’ tape, in which diana talked to a man friend of how the queen mother was always looking at her ‘with a strange look in her eyes’, well, that was just diana .\nin a short statement the family said:' raine, countess spencer, died peacefully at her home in london on 21st october, 2016, after a short illness.'\nspencer’s youngest daughter enjoys rowboat rides to “visit auntie diana” on the tiny island where the beloved royal is buried. the grounds and interior are currently undergoing an elaborate renovation – including a new memorial at diana’s grave .\nwhy had the queen so quietly put the estranged diana on the guest list? the answer is extraordinary .\nthe queen hadn’t watched ‘live’ the panorama programme in which diana cast doubt on charles’s suitability to be king .\nhe told channel 4 documentary princess diana’s wicked stepmother: “diana confided in me that on the night prince harry was born, she cried herself to sleep. she said, ‘i knew my marriage was over’. ”\n“pope john paul ii had it. the queen has it. diana certainly had it. kate doesn’t .\nthe pair remained close until diana died in 1997. raine died last october following a battle with cancer .\ndavina’s mother was diana’s cousin, her father’s a friend of charles and her brother was a royal equerry .\ndiana frances spencer was born as the youngest daughter of edward spencer, viscount althorp, and his first wife, frances spencer, at park house on the sandringham estate. on the death of her paternal grandfather, albert spencer, 7th earl spencer, in 1975, diana’s father became the 8th earl spencer, and she acquired the courtesy title of the lady diana spencer and moved from her childhood home at park house to her family’s sixteenth - century ancestral home of althorp. a year later, lord spencer married raine, countess of dartmouth, the only daughter of the romance novelist barbara cartland, after being named as the “other party” in the earl and countess of dartmouth’s divorce .\nthe documentary, which airs tonight, also reveals the former princess of wales initially hated her father’s second wife, countess raine spencer, before the pair later made up their differences .\nit is thought that bosses for the show and relatives of the countess agreed to place quotation marks around the word wicked so viewers would realise it was an opinion rather than fact .\nshe is technically the princess of wales – because princess diana is closely associated with ‘the princess of wales’ camilla has chosen not to use that title. however, her full title is as follows: her royal highness the princess charles philip arthur george, princess of wales, duchess of cornwall, duchess of rothesay, countess of chester, countess of carrick, baroness of renfrew, lady of the isles, princess of scotland, dame grand cross of the royal victorian order .\n‘if she saw diana’s picture in a magazine or paper she would turn it face down, ’ griffin recalls .\ntina brown is a former editor in chief of vanity fair. excerpted from the diana chronicles (doubleday) .\ntell us about your debut as the countess in marriage of figaro at covent garden, in december 1971. did you have a feeling this was going to be a very big night for you ?\nkiri te kanawa: well, i was there to study. they brought me to covent garden very, very, very early, and i was to study the countess for a whole year .\nthere has been a glut of programmes to mark 20 years since the death of diana, including another channel 4 offering, the ghoulishly misguided diana: in her own words shown last sunday. this one, despite the tacky trimmings, was rather more insightful: ultimately less about diana and more of a portrait of raine in all her extraordinary glory .\nthe queen also asked her sister princess margaret — diana’s neighbour at kensington palace — to take her under her wing .\nincreasingly concerned about diana’s well - being, but uncertain how to proceed, the queen sometimes relied on messages relayed to her by her private secretary sir robert (now lord) fellowes, who is married to diana’s sister lady jane .\nfor the september 1988 cover, princess diana was photographed by lee brooks during that year’s royal tour of australia. the cover story, by georgina howell, wondered if diana had quietly resigned herself to marriage with the prince of wales .\nthe queen had wanted her gone before diana' s death, and felt no differently after it. her private secretary, sir robert fellowes — who was also diana' s brother - in - law — strongly reinforced her view .\nprincess diana died after the mercedes she was travelling in crashed in a tunnel in paris, on august 31 1997 .\nas raine, countess spencer really a “barbed wire powder puff” who merited the nickname “acid raine”? very probably. yet she was also a huge - haired force of nature whom you couldn’t help admiring .\nnow countess spencer – whose nonprofit, whole child international, helps change the lives of children living in third world orphanages – is opening the estate alongside her husband in a fundraising effort for whole child .\nafter flying to paris - where diana died - with his ex - wife' s sisters, prince charles flew to scotland to be with his sons. pictured above, charles with sons william and harry in 1997, the summer diana died\neclipse award winner countess diana, whose breeders' cup win remains the third - largest margin of all time, was euthanized over the memorial day weekend at rood and riddle equine hospital near lexington. the 11 - year - old daughter of deerhound had undergone surgery for the account of insurance underwriter lloyd' s of london .\ngossipy documentary princess diana’s “wicked” stepmother (channel 4) traced the volatile relationship between diana, princess of wales and her formidable stepmother, who died aged 87 last october after telling friends: “i’ve got a little bit of cancer, dear. ”\nin fact, the queen went even further in trying to educate and involve diana in the ways of the royal family .\nsaratoga springs – the second chapter in one of racing’s great comeback stories will be written today at the old spa when champion countess diana, a runaway winner here two weeks ago after nearly a year on the shelf, dashes seven furlongs against nine other fillies and mares in the grade 1, $ 200, 000 ballerina handicap .\nthe surprise was on the card' s back — a large picture of an ebullient countess, in military fatigues, laughing in the snow as she lay at the entrance to one of the finnish army' s snow tunnels while trying out their survival skills course 80 miles north of the arctic circle. for those dinner party guests, it was a reminder of a side of the countess that the public seldom sees .\ncentral kentucky owner and breeder scott ricker died of cancer at the age of 59 on thursday, according to a report by the daily racing form. ricker and wife carol owned sunny oak farm near paris, kentucky. the farm’s most notable runner was 1997 champion juvenile filly countess diana, who won the breeders’ cup juvenile [ … ]\ndarren, who later was diana’s chef in kensington palace and now runs a catering business in dallas, texas, recalls one evening when diana was sitting on the chest freezer when prince philip walked in to discuss the following day’s barbecue and saw her .\ncalling this' nonsense' she says princess diana was given the queen' s favourite lady - in - waiting. but she said diana did not want to be told anything and instead wanted to listen to music and go to discos and concerts .\nlady catherine and the real downton abbey by the countess of carnarvon (hodder & stoughton, £20) is available for £17 incl p & p. to order call the rt bookshop on 01603 648176 or visit urltoken\non aug. 8 countess diana put lohmeier’s fears to rest. making her first start in 11 months going 6 furlongs in a solid allowance field, she romped wire to wire by 53 / 4 lengths in the slop, running her record here to 3 - for - 3. she returned to the winner’s circle to a standing ovation .\nthe daughter of diana’s sister jane fellowes, laura is married to equity analyst nick pettman and they have two sons under four .\na former lover of princess diana is ready to come clean about rumors that he' s prince harry' s real father .\ndiana was often called princess diana by the media and the public, but she did not possess such a title and was not personally a princess, a point diana herself made to people who referred to her as such. contrary to belief, being princess of wales does not make one a princess in one’s own right. it merely indicates that one was married to a prince of wales .\nthe couple' s 16 years together have witnessed the rise and rise of the countess of wessex as a model modern royal — a prototype, it is said, for the future, from which the young royals might learn .\nher royal highness crown princess mary, countess of monpezat, was' just' mary, a marketing manager at an advertisement company, when she met her husband in sydney' s slip inn during the 2000 sydney olympic games .\nthe earl and countess of romney’s daughter lady laura marsham married the princes’ long - standing friend from eton, james meade (son of olympic gold medallist equestrian richard) at her family’s norfolk house, gayton hall, last year .\nhe loved diana, yes. how could he not? this beautiful, radiant creature, adored by the world, had chosen him, an obscure pakistani doctor, when she could have had her pick of any billionaire on earth. but it must have troubled khan that the love he gave her never seemed to be enough. was anyone’s? “diana needed more love than perhaps any englishman can give, ” observes diana’s girlhood friend and later tory m. p. hugo swire. but there may have been no man alive who could have answered the clamorous needs brought on by diana’s early abandonment by her mother, who chose her lover over her family when diana was six .\non paper, at least, diana fitted the needs of the windsor dynasty, and of the heir to the throne, so snugly .\nthe stress on diana was mounting, and yet she clung on to the dreams that she’d had on the day she married prince charles .\nshe wept for an hour as they talked. ‘diana was saying everyone was against her, ’ recalls a lady - in - waiting .\nshe’s known the prince of wales for decades – camilla and prince charles dated before charles’ ever met princess diana, having met in 1970 .\nprincess diana’s former butler has revealed she confided in him about when she realised her seemingly fairytale wedding to prince charles was dead and buried .\nfellowes wasn' t the only one who was unhappy about the birthday celebration — it also made princess diana' s blood pressure soar .\nincreasingly lonely, diana became unhealthily dependent on paul burrell. his busybody influence only fueled her various paranoias. “he didn’t like anybody he thought was closer or had more access to her, ” says mervyn wycherley, diana’s former chef. burrell had hardened her attitude to fergie too. a friend of the duchess says burrell whispered to diana that fergie, on her book tour in the united states, was using her relationship with the princess to get publicity. in fairness, it was the tv interviewers, not fergie, who kept bringing diana’s name up .\na day of contrasts, recorded by the court circular, came when the countess was on a solo tour of india and qatar, meeting the prime minister of qatar and his foreign minister at the former' s colossal palace in doha .\nlanded: tom and polly coke, the future earl and countess of leicester, have four children who are free to roam in holkham’s 25, 000 acres of park, farmland and nature reserve. tom is a former page to the queen\nraine spencer, the stepmother of diana, princess of wales, has died today aged 87 after a short illness, her family has said .\n‘believe me, diana wasn’t the airhead she was sometimes portrayed as. she knew what she was talking about when it came to aids. ’\ngriffin, now retired, recalls: ‘diana made the cardinal sin of referring to me and princess margaret’s policeman john harding by our first names .\ndiana was not there to hear it. she was alone on an island, in her grave at althorp, the spencer - family estate .\non this october 1985 cover, diana, princess of wales, is seen wearing the stunning cambridge lovers’ knot tiara, a wedding present from the queen on the occasion of diana’s july 1981 marriage to the prince of wales. upon the couple’s divorce, the tiara returned to the queen’s possession. the cover story, written by tina brown, examined how marriage and a public life had changed young diana, a former preschool teacher .\ndiana confided in me that on the night harry was born, she cried herself to sleep. she said, ‘i knew my marriage was over’\ncamilla had at first thought that diana' s injuries amounted to little more than a broken arm — which is what charles had been told .\nearl dartmouth, 67, revealed his fury over channel 4' s show diana' s' wicked' stepmother, which aired last night .\nsaratoga springs when it was over, when the other four fillies had staggered to the wire, badly beaten, countess diana stood alone. she' s the best, there' s no doubt about it now. yesterday' s spinaway was supposed to be a showdown between countess diana and salty perfume, who had each won a stakes at the meet and were the east' s top two 2 - year - old fillies. instead, countess diana blew the field apart, winning by 61 / 2 lengths. salty perfume finished last. with the win, trainer patrick byrne picked up still another 2 - year - old stakes win at the meet. he has won four of the five run at the meet and did not have a starter in the adirondack stakes won by salty perfume. and there might not be any stopping him. he will saddle the favorite, favorite trick, in today' s hopeful for 2 - year - old males. the victory was byrne' s first in a grade i stakes event .\nto get my first grade i win is very exciting ,\nbyrne said .\ni hope we don' t stop here .\n‘it was diana’s apprenticeship, learning the ropes if you like, ’ says margaret’s long - time chauffeur david griffin, who drove them about together .\ndickie arbiter, who played a key role in keeping the world informed after diana’s death, also insists she was ‘absolutely right’ to remain in scotland .\nthe statement from kensington palace read :\nthe duke and duchess of cambridge are delighted to announce that they have named their daughter charlotte elizabeth diana .\nthe prince, who had taken diana' s two sisters with him to paris, then flew straight back to scotland to be with his sons .\nhowever, the two women eventually made amends after earl spencer died, with diana thanking raine for all the' love' she had shown johnnie .\na new and unexpected ally was raine, diana’s formidable stepmother. in 1993, diana had finally made her peace with her. the painful years of separation from charles made the princess see her old adversary in a different light. still grieving for daddy, her greatest support, diana was at last able to recognize that raine had loved him, too. she invited her stepmother for a weepy reconciliation over lunch at kensington palace. for moral support, raine brought along her french fiancé, count jean - françois de chambrun. the precaution turned out to be unnecessary. afterward, the princess and the countess were often sighted deep in tête - à - têtes in the grill at the connaught hotel. according to diana’s therapist, simone simmons, one of raine’s cautions was to try to stay on friendly terms with charles for the sake of the children. she told diana that both she—raine—and her mother, the romance novelist barbara cartland, had maintained warm relations with all their former husbands and lovers .\nthe divorce deal had been sealed mainly on the terms diana had asked for. those terms included: the lump sum of £17 million ($ 26 million), £400, 000 ($ 625, 000) annually for diana’s office, and diana to be known as diana, princess of wales, without the designation h. r. h. diana had made one last attempt to salvage the h. r. h. before the decree, appealing to sir robert fellowes, her brother - in - law, who was queen elizabeth’s private secretary. on behalf of the sovereign, he declined the request. for diana, her son william’s response was the one that mattered. “don’t worry, mummy, ” he told her when he learned that she was upset that she no longer had the title. “i will give it back to you one day, when i am king. ”\nas for salty perfume, it was a devastating defeat. she had looked so good when winning the adirondack, but gave up too quickly, cracking the second countess diana picked up the pace. she was beaten more than nine lengths .\ni could see her getting beat, but she didn' t fire for whatever reason ,\ntrainer wayne lukas said .\ni' m disappointed .\ndiana, princess of wales, photographed by mario testino for the july 1997 cover of vanity fair. in a portfolio inside, diana modeled some of the 79 dresses she wore during her marriage to the prince of wales, which she was auctioning off—a powerful symbol of her changing life after the 1996 divorce. in a tragic twist nobody could imagine, diana was killed in a car crash a few short weeks later, on august 31, 1997 .\nthe queen and the countess also share a fascination with military history. sophie loves listening to the queen talk about great historical events, and the pair are sometimes gone for hours, poring over ancient documents in the royal archives, which are kept at windsor castle\nthe letters were described as being warm and affectionate and far removed from the' acid raine' nickname diana' s siblings used to describe their stepmother .\nthe queen herself was ‘speechless’ when she saw what she considered to be attention - seeking pictures of diana in surgical gown and mask observing a heart operation .\nthe self - harm episodes early in the marriage, when diana cut her arms and threw herself down the stairs, were still vivid and painful memories .\na cousin of prince philip has launched an astonishing attack on princess diana by accusing her of being' spiteful' and' unkind' towards prince charles .\nthe morning after gianni versace' s murder, dodi' s bodyguard found diana on the deck of the jonikal .\ndo you think they' ll do that to me ?\nshe asked. above, diana on a diving board on the jonikal in portofino, italy, a week before her death .\nthe queen and the countess also share a fascination with military history. sophie loves listening to the queen talk about great historical events, and the pair are sometimes gone for hours, poring over ancient documents in the royal archives, which are kept at windsor castle .\nfriends have no doubt that they are closer than ever because of the traumatic birth of their first child, lady louise, in november 2003. she was born a month premature and the countess lost nine pints of blood, and was in hospital for 15 days .\nbut, as lady pamela hicks has noted, diana seemed actively to resist such instruction — almost taking pride in defying the royal family’s way of doing things .\nmeanwhile, to her dismay, as the waleses’ marriage crumbled, the queen saw that a gap was opening up between diana and other members of the family .\nthat, manifestly, he would not do. during this period, according to an aide, the queen feared diana might do ‘something stupid’ to attract attention .\nthat was not the case of rick kaster, a home builder in wisconsin who was picking horses here with the aid of a bloodstock consultant hoping to strike gold again. mr. kaster said he and three partners spent $ 85, 000 on the mare that was pregnant with countess diana, the $ 1 million breeders' cup juvenile fillies champion last november. now, mare and brood are worth more than $ 6 million .\nthe fact that fergie, with daughters princesses beatrice and eugenie, was also there didn’t help because she and diana were not talking to each other at that point .\nthe early affection between the two kensington palace neighbours diana and margaret started to wane as margaret, always very fond of her nephew, took charles’s side without question .\nher letter to the princess began: ‘dearest diana... and was signed: ‘with love from mama. ’ it was sensitive and kind, but firm .\nraine spencer married diana' s father johnnie, the 8th earl spencer in july 1976 and was hated by his children, who nicknamed her' acid raine' .\ndiana princess of wales, prince william & prince harry visit the' thorpe park' amusement park. (photo by julian parker / uk press via getty images )\ncharles spencer has spoken out in favour of the moniker that was chosen by the duke and duchess of cambridge for their newborn daughter, charlotte elizabeth diana, and took to his twitter account to share his delight at the news, adding that his two - year - old daughter, charlotte diana, would also be\nthrilled\n.\nand then some of those guests received this year' s christmas card from the earl and countess of wessex. it bore two photographs. on the front, it had them standing together in front of a wooden cabin on the snow slopes of finland, which they visited in february .\nbut today, just as it was during her traumatic marriage to charles, it is diana’s long - term effect on the monarchy that concerns the queen most of all .\n‘princess diana liked to get away from the family and chat with us about the theatre, and so on, ’ says former buckingham palace chef darren mcgrady, 52 .\nthe queen had been the chief guest when diana' s parents were married in 1954; the ceremony at westminster abbey was one of the social events of the year .\ndiana also fell out with her own mother, frances shand kydd after she labelled her own daughter “a prostitute” for her relationship with dodi fayed, during a phone call .\nso charles knew before the queen did that dodi fayed — the princess' s latest boyfriend — was dead, though diana was still, at that stage, alive .\nthe film was knowingly soapy and salacious. i could have done without the cutaways to lacy bras and rumpled bedsheets whenever sex was mentioned, and the presence of tiresome commentators such as butler paul burrell was unnecessary. royal biographer penny junor rather unfortunately described prince charles and diana’s marriage as a “car crash”. downton abbey creator julian fellowes was excellent value as ever, wryly noting on her marriages :\nnobody gets to be a countess three times by accident. ”\n' i am rare because i am one of the few ladies in the british royal family who has had a professional business career and her own company,' the countess declared. it was an unexpected reflection as she spoke of her experience of the corporate world and climbing the career ladder .\nkentucky - bred countess diana was an easy choice for 1997 champion 2 - year - old filly after winning the breeders' cup juvenile fillies (gr. i) by 8 1 / 2 lengths at hollywood park, which remains a record for the race. the victory came for her breeder, richard s. kaster, and his wife, nancy, and for kaster' s sister, nancy, and her husband, donald propson. patrick byrne saddled her .\nshe can even look back on diana almost with a certain fondness, because, thanks to the princess, the future of the monarchy is set to be in popular hands .\nat the same time, the royals were beginning to feel the downside of being eclipsed by glamorous diana in public, a situation that had long exasperated the prince of wales .\non at least one occasion, having heard that diana was troubled, the queen telephoned her daughter - in - law at kensington palace to ask if she was ‘all right’ .\neven after the couple finally cut their ties in the summer of 1996, diana — no longer hrh — continued to make headlines with her romantic interludes and her landmines campaign .\ndiana and her brother earl spencer both told her to leave althorp the day after their father died, despite his wish she remain at the estate for at least six months .\nchannel 4’s recent royal documentary diana: in her own words was the broadcaster’s most watched factual show in three years with an average overnight audience of 3. 5 million viewers .\noutspoken: prince charles and princess diana married at st paul' s cathedral on july 29, 1981. lady hicks says prince charles has' blossomed again' following his divorce\ncamilla’s rise hit diana with blunt force when charles chose highgrove as the venue for his mistress’s 50th - birthday celebration, on july 17, 1997. the flagrant use of their former marital home was an unnecessary blow for diana. it plunged her more deeply into her “darkness. ” she was deeply envious as well as deeply hurt: while charles had found his love, diana had lost hers. salt was rubbed in the wound by a flattering television documentary about camilla—another plank in bolland’s relentless campaign. shirley conran advised diana not to watch it, but she couldn’t resist. after all this time, she still wanted one question answered: why? why was it this woman who had taken it all—her prince, her emotional security, her destiny as queen? after watching the program, diana called her astrologer, debbie frank, in anguish. “all the grief in my past is resurfacing, ” diana told her. “i feel terrible... so frightened and needy. ” she sounded, frank said, “breathy, child - like, again. ”\ncertainly, no one could have imagined back in those divisive years that now, as the queen approaches her 90th birthday, she would look back on diana with a certain gratitude .\nso when he rang at 3. 45am with the news that diana had just died on the operating table, she was as shocked as he was — and terrified for him .\njust a couple of months before diana' s death, camilla must have felt she was on her way to becoming a visible and acknowledged part of the prince' s life .\nthis went on for quite some time and it was all very friendly. diana and the princess got along well, although margaret was always ready to deliver a sharp lesson in protocol .\nsays a courtier: ‘after the separation, diana’s name was never mentioned at clarence house, but then, much to the irritation of prince charles, nor was camilla parker bowles’s. ’\nthe queen’s former private secretary, sir william heseltine, has never forgotten diana’s response when, on retiring from the royal household in the summer of 1990, he was saying his goodbyes .\nresolved to do that, hasnat met diana in an agreed - upon spot in hyde park at 10 o’clock one hot night in the second week of july. knowing she was to be rejected, diana reproached him with scalding words and tears. she could not really accept that it was over. but khan was not a man who played games. in august the khan family, returning to lahore, gave hasnat gifts for the beautiful princess who had visited them. he told them to mail them to her instead. he wouldn’t be seeing diana anymore .\n“but what i want to say is diana had something more. she had that extra something more. she had that extra - i don' t know... magic. ”\nbut diana was the problem that would not go away. four months after she and charles had separated, the queen held a state banquet at buckingham palace for president mario soares of portugal .\ndiana stayed overnight and went with her sons and the other royals to church, but she left before christmas lunch. servants recall the atmosphere later round the table lightened because of her departure .\nshe also claimed diana had no feelings for the rest of the royal family and did not wish to integrate herself into royal life, instead preferring to listen to music and go to discos .\nkate middleton and the late princess diana are two of the most talked - about members ever of britain' s royal family—but their respective approaches to fame couldn' t have been more different .\nin 1981, you were invited to sing at the wedding of prince charles and lady diana spencer. six hundred million people around the globe were watching on television. what was that like ?\nbehind her success lies something that the countess mentioned just the other week, while addressing a new york gala dinner as the new' global ambassador' for the 100whf (women in hedge funds). this is an organisation that aims to inspire women to follow a career in finance in order to raise funds for good causes .\nto the queen, however, it seemed that whatever she did, nothing worked. wherever diana went, she carried public sympathy with her, while behind palace walls there was tension and anxiety .\nfor the queen and her advisers, this was a cause of some anxiety. the more diana’s star continued to rise, the more it emphasised the flaws of the family she had left behind .\ntouchingly, the queen is doing much the same for sophie, whose mother mary died, aged 71, in 2005, by making sure that the countess' s 84 - year - old father, christopher, is included on the invitation list to many royal family events — a gesture that doesn' t extend to the middletons .\nbut the most interesting thing about it was i was paid 50 pounds a week. and that was my salary for the countess and every role that i did for the next several years. i think my wage was 100 pounds a week at the end of the five years. can you imagine how much it would cost now ?\nwith the breeders' cup in mind, byrne will hit the road with countess diana and go next in the oct. 11 alcibiades at keeneland, passing the major fall races at belmont .\ni' m going in the alcibiades because i want to get a two - turn race into my filly before the breeders' cup ,\nhe said .\nas much as i' d like to run her at belmont, getting the two turns is important. i want to have a serious horse for the breeders' cup .\nwhen diana was alive, the queen’s friend says, ‘she felt the pretty girl was a misfit who didn’t quite contribute to the things they did and what they wanted her to do in the family .\nbut diana, always a reluctant horsewoman, never took to riding. ‘she never overcame feeling vulnerable and frightened on horseback, ’ says one of the spencer family. and so the riding trips stopped .\nso now diana was gone. understandably, the queen has repeatedly asked herself the tortured question: did she really do enough to help the young and inexperienced earl’s daughter when she joined the royal family ?\nmr burrell said: “what i was trying to say was diana was unique and irreplaceable and she had that something, which is charisma or magic. i' m not quite sure what it is .\nthe prince and princess of wales were separated on 9 december 1992; their divorce was finalised on 28 august 1996. the princess lost the style her royal highness and instead was styled as diana, princess of wales. however, since the divorce, buckingham palace has maintained that diana was officially a member of the royal family since she was the mother of the second and third in line to the throne .\n* vanity fair’ * s february 1993 cover story, by british writer anthony holden, detailed the end of princess diana and prince charles’s marriage. (they separated in december 1992, though their divorce was not finalized until 1996 .) “the wales marriage, ” said holden, “was over before it had begun. ” on the cover, diana wears a catherine walker dress in a photograph by dave chancellor .\nseveral times she took her out riding at sandringham. it wasn’t only to introduce diana to a great royal passion but also intended to give them quality time alone together, which the queen thought would help." ]

{ "text": [ "countess diana ( march 22 1995 – june 2006 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "as a two-year-old in 1997 , she dominated the juvenile fillies division in north america , winning five of her six races including the schuylerville stakes , spinaway stakes , alcibiades stakes and breeders ' cup juvenile fillies .", "at the end of the year she was voted american champion two-year-old filly and rated the best american two-year-old filly for more than fifty years .", "her subsequent racing career was relatively diappointing : she failed to win in four starts in 1998 before winning two minor races in 1999 .", "after her retirement from racing she had limited success as a broodmare and died in 2006 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "countess diana (march 22 1995 – june 2006) was an american thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. as a two-year-old in 1997, she dominated the juvenile fillies division in north america, winning five of her six races including the schuylerville stakes, spinaway stakes, alcibiades stakes and breeders' cup juvenile fillies. at the end of the year she was voted american champion two-year-old filly and rated the best american two-year-old filly for more than fifty years. her subsequent racing career was relatively diappointing: she failed to win in four starts in 1998 before winning two minor races in 1999. after her retirement from racing she had limited success as a broodmare and died in 2006." ]

[ "saltoblattella montistabularis is a recently discovered south african cockroach (bohn et ...\na jumping cockroach from south africa, saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov. , spec. nov. …\nkatja schulz added text to\ntext\non\nsaltoblattella montistabularis bohn, picker, klass & colville, 2010\n.\na jumping cockroach from south africa, saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov. , spec. nov. (blattodea: blattellidae )\nkatja schulz added the english common name\nleaproach\nto\nsaltoblattella montistabularis bohn, picker, klass & colville, 2010\n.\none species of cockroach can jump - leaproach (saltoblattella montistabularis). | ✈ stunning photography to stare at | pinterest | wild animals, insects and an…\n28.  saltoblattella montistabularis — saltoblattella is latin for\njumping cockroach\nand montistabularis refers to table mountain — is a delicate creature just a centimeter (less than a third of an inch) long with powerful hind legs and bulging eyes. it could endear itself even to those who recoil at the thought of a household cockroach .\nbohn, picker, klass & colville. 2010. arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 (1): 56 > > saltoblattella montistabularis urn: lsid: blattodea. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 4433\na jumping cockroach, saltoblattella montistabularis, from south africa (photo courtesy of mike picker). resembling a grasshopper, it’s a remarkable example of convergent evolution between insects from two different orders. the website says this :\n27. v. new species          jumping cockroach scientificclassification kingdom: animalia phylum: arthropoda class: insecta order: blattodea family: blattidae / blattella genus: saltoblattella species: s. montistabularis\ncape town' s offering on the 2010 top 10 species list is a' flying' cockroach - well almost flying. saltoblattella montistabularis is a new species of cockroach that exhibits unusual morphology with legs that are highly modified for jumping .\netymology: saltoblattella is the latin translation of “jumping small cockroach”. the species name refers to “mons tabularis”, the old latin name of table mountain near cape town where the species has been found; montistabularis is the genitive of “mons tabularis” and therefore indeclinable .\nabout a third of an inch long, the roach is technically named saltoblattella montistabularis, but let' s stick with leaproach. (the researchers came up with that nickname .) its jumping movements were captured with a high speed camera operating at 2, 000 frames per second .\nhorst bohn, mike d. picker, klaus - dieter klass, jonathan colville (2010): a jumping cockroach from south africa, saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov. , spec. nov. (blattodea: blattellidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 53 - 69 .\nsaltoblattella montistabularis is a recently discovered south african cockroach (bohn et al. 2010). this species is characterized by a unique form of locomotion. rather than scuttling with short quick steps as is typical of cockroaches, these cockroaches jump and hop very much like grasshoppers (picker et al. 2011) .\nbohn, h. , picker, m. , klass, k. - d. , and colville, j. 2010. a jumping cockroach from south africa, saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov. , spec. nov. (blattodea: blattellidae). arthropod systematics and phylogeny, 68: 53 - 69 .\nreference: bohn, h. , m. picker, k. - d. klass and j. colville. 2010. a jumping cockroach from south africa, saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov. , spec. nov. (blattodea: blattellidae). arthropod systematics and phylogeny 68 (1): 53 - 39 .\n( a) male saltoblattella montistabularis preparing to jump; the hind tibiae are being flexed before fitting into ventral grooves of the enlarged femora. (b) femoro - tibial joint of a hind leg showing the blue fluorescence characteristic of resilin in a v - shaped notch and at the base of a dorsal spine. (c) selected images, at the times indicated, from a jump captured at 2000 s –1 with an exposure time of 0. 1 ms, arranged in two columns. take - off occurred at time 0 ms when the hind tarsi of this female cockroach left the ground .\nit is found at the silvermine nature reserve, part of table mountain national park. saltoblattella is the latin translation of\njumping small cockroach\n. this critter has jumping ability that is on par with grasshoppers. prior to its discovery, jumping cockroaches were only known from the late jurassic. in addition to the leg modifications, it has hemispherical shaped eyes, rather than kidney shaped eyes, which protrude from the sides of the head, and its antennae have an additional fixation point to help stabilize it during jumping .\nin the field, observations of the behaviour of 16 s. montistabularis (two males and 14 females; figure 1 a) for a total of 64 min (median 2. 5 min per individual, range 0. 5–23) showed that locomotion accounted for 62. 6 per cent of the observation time, and comprised 198 discrete locomotory events that were divided into three categories. first, 66 jumps (median 2. 5 for each individual, range 0–17), defined as a 5–20 cm horizontal displacement; second, 72 hops (median 2, range 0–20), a 2–5 cm horizontal displacement; and third, 60 scuttles (median 2, range 0–18), during which the cockroach did not become airborne. jumping and hopping comprised 71 per cent of all locomotory activity, and scuttling only 29 per cent .\nin the laboratory, saltoblattella jumped a maximum forward distance of 35. 1 cm (48 times body length for a female), reaching maximum heights of 18. 8 cm, from an average take - off angle of 40°. females jumped horizontally further (mean of 26. 3 ± 3. 1 cm, or 36 times body length, 64 jumps by six females) than males (mean of 22. 3 ± 3. 2 cm, or 24 times body length, 68 jumps by seven males; t - test, t 11 = 2. 32, p = 0. 041), but males (11. 6 ± 2. 7 cm) jumped slightly higher than females (9. 5 ± 2. 4 cm; t 11 = 1. 48, p = 0. 17). females (16. 7 ± 2. 8 mg) were significantly heavier than males (14. 0 ± 0. 8 mg; t 15 = 2. 51, p = 0. 024), but males were significantly longer (9. 3 ± 0. 5 mm, n = 7) than females (7. 3 ± 0. 5 mm, n = 10; t 15 = 8. 44, p = 4. 43 × 10 −7). females (1. 4 ± 0. 1 mm) had relatively longer hind legs than males (1. 1 ± 0. 1 mm; t 15 = 6. 70, p = 6. 99 × 10 −6) when expressed as a proportion of body length .\na newly discovered cockroach has a talent that none of the other 4, 000 plus known species of cockroaches has. it' s one of the insect world' s best jumpers .\nleaproach, a newly discovered cockroach, has a talent that none of the other 4, 000 plus known species of cockroaches has. it' s one of the insect world' s best jumpers .\nthe leaping roach, discovered in cape town, south africa, is described in the latest issue of royal society biology letters .\nanalysis of the photos showed that leaproach propels itself jumping by rapid movements of enlarged hind legs. the muscles of these buff legs contract long before take - off, storing energy that is suddenly released a / la a catapult .\nlead author mike picker, a university of cape town zoologist, and his colleagues write in the paper that\nthe jumps are powerful enough to propel the body forwards by nearly 50 body lengths (we can only manage about 2 body lengths) at take - off velocities of 2. 1 metres (6. 9 feet) per second while experiencing an acceleration of 23 g .\nthe authors continue ,\njumping makes up a large proportion of their normal movement, enabling them to move swiftly and agilely between grass and sedge culms .\nculms are stems that can bear flowers. and for some reason, this image of a cockroach giddily jumping around flowers reminds me of an old 60' s song that somehow became a pop hit at the time .\n( the previous two pics showed a male leaproach. this one is a female. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nnos. for 2003 - 2004 were issued as supplements to: proceedings. biological sciences. with issue for mar. 2005, the journal became a completely independent publication .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nurltoken; % 5fver = z39. 88 - 2004 & ctx; % 5fenc = info: ofi / enc: utf - 8 & rfr; % 5fid = info: sid / sfxit. com: opac% 5f856 & url; % 5fctx% 5ffmt = info: ofi / fmt: kev: mtx: ctx & sfx. ignore; % 5fdate% 5fthreshold = 1 & rft. object; % 5fid = 1000000000021344 & svc; % 5fval% 5ffmt = info: ofi / fmt: kev: mtx: sch% 5fsvc &\nurltoken; _ ver = z39. 88 - 2004 & rfr; _ id = info% 3asid% 2fualberta. ca% 3aopac & rft. genre; = journal & rft. object; _ id = 1000000000021344 & rft. issn; = 1744 - 9561 & rft. eissn; = 1744 - 957x & rft; _ val _ fmt = info% 3aofi% 2ffmt% 3akev% 3amtx% 3ajournal & url; _ ctx _ fmt = info% 3aofi% 2ffmt% 3akev% 3amtx% 3actx & url; _ ver = z39. 88 - 2004\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthe south african national biodiversity institute (sanbi) contributes to south africa’s sustainable development by facilitating access to biodiversity data, generating information and knowledge, building capacity, providing policy advice and showcasing and conserving biodiversity in its national botanical and zoological gardens .\nread more: wired science: leaping cockroach gets around on spring - loaded knees .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhow it made the top 10: this new species of cockroach exhibits unusual morphology. it has legs that are highly modified for jumping. prior to its discovery jumping cockroaches were only known from the late jurassic. this extant cockroach has jumping ability that is on par with grasshoppers. in addition to the leg modifications, it has hemispherical shaped eyes that protrude from the sides of the head instead of kidney shaped and the antennae have an additional fixation point to help stabilize them during jumping .\ntype material: holotype - south african museum (sam), cape town, republic of south africa. paratypes – sam; natural history museum (bmnh), london, uk; museum für tierkunde (mtd), senckenberg naturhistorische sammlungen, dresden, germany and zoologische staatssammlung münchen (zsm), münchen, germany .\ntype locality: south africa, western cape province, table mountain national park, silvermine nature reserve, 34°04′30″s 18°23′55″e .\nesf is committed to the accessibilty of all online materials. if you have any issues, contact web @ urltoken for a prompt solution .\ncockroach species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nif you' re the kind to jump up on top of a chair and screech at the sight of a cockroach, we' re here to tell you that chairs are no longer safe refuge. this south african cockroach can jump up to 48 times its body length in a single leap. so while it may not be able to angle that slightly upward and start from a distance so it can catch you up on that chair, it can probably sneak attack you from a significant distance away .\nhave a tip or story idea? email us. or to keep it anonymous, click here .\na place for me to tell you about what i love. insects and spiders are one of my passions and i' m glad that i get to share that with you all! : )\nthey can run, they can fly, some are pest, and back in prehistoric times they could also jump. well guess what? they' re baaaack! yes the jumping cockroaches have apparently\nresurfaced\n...... ... in south africa to be exact .\nthey were discovered earlier this year in capetown, table mountain national park in the grasses with an apparent taste in grasshopper poop among other things. i wonder if they get there super jumping powers from eating grasshopper poop .\nthis just gets better and better. i love it when they discover new things. makes me happy. now on to business. the info! first a video so you can get a lovely image of these things in action :\ndefinitely thinking they' re getting something eating that grasshopper poop. ^ ^ original youtube linky :\nsaid youtube link also provides tons of info from 2 articles in the description box. there' s also :\nthey never cease to amaze me insects... .... ♥ will be researching these further later. i have posts to fill in !\nmy full name is brittanie christina mccormack. i' m 18 yrs old and i have 4 pet hermit crabs. i like to sing and dance and i love to listen to music and some of my favorite artist are: selena, britney spears, nsync, the back street boys, ozone, jennifer pena, ect and i like to watch tv and movies. and i like to go on the internet. i also like to collect stuffed frogs which comes to the name of my blog. the name wapo gipo are the names of 2 of my stuffed frogs in a language that i made up. (i have over 200 stuffed frogs and they all have names .) the'' yellow and the # 88 mean the following: yellow is one of my favorite colors and the number 88 is one of my favorite numbers, ie my favorite number is 8 so there fore any number that has the # 8 in it is my favorite #. i came into this messed up world march 1st. 1992. and the name of my second blog\nwapogipomimimi\nwapo gipo mi mi mi (for those of who cannot separate the words .) is something i like to say to drive my mom crazy! ; )\nwon gun kim' s blog 몸은 비록 몰리 있어도 마음은 항상 가까운 곳에 ...\nthe content produced by this site is for entertainment purposes only. opinions and comments published on this site may not be sanctioned by, and do not necessarily represent the views of sustainable enterprises media, inc. , its owners, sponsors, affiliates, or subsidiaries. privacy policy\nfield observations were made at silvermine nature reserve, table mountain, south africa (34°04′30″ s, 18°23′55″ e, 450 m altitude), a montane fynbos habitat containing low - growing restionaceae, and ericaceae, and higher, bushy proteaceae .\nrecordings of the electrical activity of a hind extensor tibiae muscle showed that its motor neurons were active for an average of 224 ± 79. 7 ms (33 jumps by seven cockroaches) before the hind legs moved, during which phasically acting motor neurons spiked 14 ± 4. 6 times. these contractions would enable the power requirements to be met if energy were stored in advance of a jump .\nsanparks and capenature (permit aaa004 - 00026 - 0035) granted permission to work in the table mountain national park. this work was funded by a university of cape town urc grant (m. p .). we thank cambridge colleagues for help during the experimental work and for comments on the manuscript .\njumping cockroaches (blattaria, skokidae fam. n .) from the late jurassic of karatau in kazakhstan\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the biology letters web site .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. if you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. if you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. you can change your ad preferences anytime .\n3. common name: cockroaches (pl .)  why was it called so? - etymology: “ cucaracha” - a spanish term which means creeping into the chests they eat and defile their ill - scented dung. the name later evolved into cockroach .\n5. significance: ecological significance - paige (1998) cited that cockroaches play a vital role in recycling of nutrients. - involve in pollination and a part of the food chain. - medical significance - historical accounts claimed that these insects are used to treat asthma, stroke, and bronchitis, and urinary retention .\n7.    2 pairs of membranous wings when present. forewings are more sclerotised than hind wings. wings are folded left over right when at rest; prominent cerci; long antennae ;\n8. iia. life cycle       have incomplete metamorphosis; lay eggs in an ootheca (egg case); egg stage lasts from a few weeks to a few months; the young resembles the adults but usually lighter in color and lacks wings. nymphal instars - young cockroaches 1 - 12 months span of time until they reach maturity depending on the type of species .\n10. iib. feeding habits     majority are omnivorous some feed on rotting wood; some harbor symbiotic gut protozoa that aids in cellulose digestion; most domestic species eat almost everything .\n11. iib. habitat     can thrive in both wet and dry environments; most species are nocturnal and ground dwelling usually hiding during the day in crevices, bark and logs, rocks and burrows; some occur in plants or on litter; some are associated in human habitation .\n13. appearance: american cockroaches are reddish brown with a yellowish figure 8 pattern on the back of their head.  region: this species is located throughout united states, asia and europe. \n14.   habitat: american cockroaches are often found in sewers and basements, particularly around pipes and drains. unique facts: the american cockroach is the largest of the house - infesting cockroaches. they are active when the temperature is 70 degrees or higher, but they can survive lower temperatures with the right conditions .\n16.    appearance: brown banded cockroaches are brown with pronounced banding across their wings. region: this species is found in the us and asia and throughout the philippines .\n17.  habitat: within a room, brownbanded cockroaches tend to prefer warmer, drier, and higher locations than any of the other urban pest roaches. they are often found in upper cabinets or in rooms other than the kitchens or bathrooms. this species often hides its egg cases in or under furniture .\n18.  unique facts: brown - banded cockroaches get their name from the two lighter bands they have across their dark brownish bodies. the male’s wings are larger than the female’s wings .\n20.   appearance: oriental cockroaches are large very dark colored and shiny. region: this species is found in the northern region of the united states, southeast and south asia and other parts of europe .\n21. habitat: oriental cockroaches are often found in sewers and will enter structures through drains. they find indoor harborage in basements and crawl spaces. they can also be found in leaf piles and firewood outdoors. \n22.  unique facts: oriental cockroaches are sometimes called\nwater bugs\nbecause they come out of drains, and\nblack beetle cockroaches\nbecause of their smooth, dark bodies. this species creates a strong smell and is considered one of the dirtiest of all the cockroaches .\n24. perisphaerus sp. from malaysia with well developed young, which have recently left the underside of the mother .\n26. some of the largest & smallest cockroaches. megaloblatta longipennis (top), macropanesthia rhinoceros (right) .\n30. vi. evolution  this new species of cockroach exhibits unusual morphology. it has legs that are highly modified for jumping. prior to its discovery jumping cockroaches were only known from the late jurassic. this extant cockroach has jumping ability that is on par with grasshoppers .\n31.  in addition to the leg modifications, it has hemispherical shaped eyes that protrude from the sides of the head instead of kidney shaped and the antennae have an additional fixation point to help stabilize them during jumping .\n32.  in addition to the leg modifications, it has hemispherical shaped eyes that protrude from the sides of the head instead of kidney shaped and the antennae have an additional fixation point to help stabilize them during jumping .\n34. count the six legs of the specimen - a cockroach has 6 legs. how to identify a cockroach\n35. look at the brown or black color of the cockroach. german cockroaches and american cockroaches both have a reddish brown color. oriental cockroaches have a black, shiny color. brown banded cockroaches and a smoky brown cockroach, on the other hand, have a very dark brown color .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .\nlatiblattella avita greenwalt and vidlička, 2015, sp. nov. , and the first fossil of the genus, is described. the discovery of a fossil representative of this genus suggests that latiblattella was more widely distributed in the eocene. the eocene american cockroach fauna is mostly comprised of what are today, cosmopolitan genera while the extant genus latiblattella hebard, 1917 is restricted in its geographical distribution to central america, mexico, florida and arizona. the discovery of latiblattella avita, in combination with the recent description of cariblattoides labandeirai vršansky et al. , 2012, also documents the presence of rather derived representatives of the family ectobiidae as early as the middle eocene .\ndale e. greenwalt. department of paleobiology, nmnh, smithsonian institution, washington, district of columbia, u. s. a. 20013 - 7012 ,\nthis email address is being protected from spambots. you need javascript enabled to view it .\nfinal citation: greenwalt, dale e. and vidlička, ľubomír. 2015. latiblattella avita sp. nov. (blattaria: ectobiidae) from the eocene kishenehn formation, montana, usa. palaeontologia electronica 18. 1. 16a: 1 - 9. urltoken urltoken\ndates of the coal creek member of the kishenehn formation of northwestern montana have been estimated to be 46. 2 ± 0. 4 ma (middle eocene) by 40 ar / 39 ar analysis and 43. 5 ± 4. 9 ma by fission - track analysis (constenius, 1996). deposition of the fossiliferous deposits of the middle sequence of the coal creek member occurred in a shallow near - shore setting that exhibited little or no water flow in a seasonal subtropical / tropical environment (reviewed in greenwalt et al. , 2015, in press). the kishenehn fossil insect fauna is quite diverse with 15 different orders identified to date although only a single specimen (usnm 595139) out of 6, 558 is from the order blattaria (greenwalt et al. , 2015, in press) .\nspecimen usnm 595139 was collected at the dakin site on the middle fork of the flathead river near pinnacle, montana in 2013 in accordance with usfs authorization hun281. the piece of oil shale that contained the fossil also contained a fossil notonectid (heteroptera) and a leg of a tipulid (diptera). the specimen was photographed with an olympus szx12 microscope equipped with a q - color5 olympus camera. image - pro plus 7. 0 software (media cybernetics, inc. , bethesda, md) was used to capture and record the images. the specimen was immersed in 95% ethanol for examination and photography. measurements were made with the image - pro plus 7. 0 software. all measurements are in millimeters (mm). venational terminology is from vršanský (1997) as originally developed by comstock and needham (1898) .\ndiagnosis of the genus (after hebard, 1917), relevant material only. size moderately large to medium, form moderately broad to very broad, for the group. tegmina (in fully developed condition, found in numerous species only in the male) delicate, moderately broad, with costal and sutural margins straight and subparallel in greater part, scapular field very broad; discoidal (radial) sectors numerous (usually, including their branches, eight to ten), moderately oblique. ventral margins of median and caudal femora supplied with elongate, moderately stout spines. first three tarsal joints supplied distad with small pulvilli, brief ventral surface of fourth joint occupied by a pulvillus. moderately large arolia present .\netymology. the new species name is derived from the latin avitus meaning ancient or ancestral .\nholotype. usnm 595139; a fragment containing an intact tegmen attached (?) to an intact middle leg. deposited in the department of paleobiology, national museum of natural history (nmnh), smithsonian institution, washington, district of columbia .\ntype locality. dakin site, middle fork of the flathead river, near pinnacle, montana .\ndifferential diagnosis. the significantly less oblique radial sectors of the tegmen of latiblattella avita sp. nov. distinguish it from species in the closely related genera neoblattella, shelford, 1911 and lupparia walker, 1868. species of the genus balta tepper, 1893 differ from latiblattella in having a protruded clavus. in addition, the marginal and scapular fields of the tegmina are narrower in latiblattella than those in eoblatta shelford, 1911 (= balta tepper, 1893; synonymized by roth, 1990). l. avita differs from most living representatives of the genus latiblattella in having a basally forked, wide and darkly pigmented sc vein as well as a more pronounced coloration .\nin cockroaches, the dorsal aspect of the base of the coxa is very closely apposed to the base of the forewing and, given its size and association with the forewing, the leg of this fossil may be a mesothoracic appendage (figure 1). it is 13 mm in total length. the coxa, which is attached to the preserved thoracal - coxal joint, is 4. 05 mm long, 2. 14 mm wide and black / dark brown in color. the basal portion of the coxa and the trochanter are light brown. the trochanter is triangular in shape, 1. 13 mm long, 0. 80 mm wide and overlaps the basal femur by about 0. 5 mm. its shape resembles that of ectobiinae [ vs. species in blattellinae (bazyluk, 1977) ]. the femur is brown in color, slightly fusiform in shape, 3. 76 mm long and 1. 0 mm wide. its posterior margin contains seven or eight relatively short spines approximately 0. 4 mm long and 0. 04 mm wide, mostly on the apical half of the femur. the tibia, also brown in color, is 3. 3 mm long and slightly wider apically (0. 49 mm vs. 0. 56 mm). the tibia contains 14 visible spines, evenly distributed over its length, 0. 8 mm long and 0. 08 mm wide. four of the tibial spines originate at the terminus of the tibia and lie parallel to the first tarsal segment (figure 3. 2). the dimensions of the five tarsal segments are 1. 3 mm x 0. 31 mm, 0. 5 mm x 0. 2mm, 0. 35 mm x 0. 22 mm, 0. 2 mm x 0. 2 mm and 0. 46 x 0. 17 mm increasing distally to 0. 24 mm wide. t1, t2 and t3 have triangular distal extensions, which may contain remnants of tarsal pads (pulvilli). t4 is bilobed basally, as in ectobiinae [ vs. species in blattellinae in which the apical and basal margins are parallel (bazyluk, 1977) ]. the single asymmetrical claw that is preserved / visible is approximately 0. 36 mm long. the arolium is about 0. 2 mm in length and black / dark brown .\nextant species of latiblattella, in addition to exhibiting sexual dimorphism relative to body and wing length such that females often have significantly reduced wings, vary significantly in size (hebard, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1932). the holotype of latiblattella vitrea (♂) was reported to have a tegmina length of 10 mm while that of l. mexicana saussure, 1864 is 16 mm (brunner von wattenwyl, 1865; saussure, 1864). l avita sp. n. is 15. 1 mm in length and therefore amongst the largest of the species of this genus. the tegmina length / width ratio of extant species ranges from 3. 0 (l. pavida rehn, 1903) to 4. 53 (l. azteca saussure and zehntner, 1893) although this latter species is unusual in that most species exhibit a ratio between 3. 0 and 3. 5 (rehn, 1903); the tegmina of l. avita sp. n. fits comfortably within this range. the length of the humeral field, defined as the distance, on a line parallel to the wing’s anterior margin, from the tegmina’s base to the fusion of the primary sc vein with the wing’s margin, relative to that of the anal field, is another potentially valuable morphometric measurement. unfortunately, most holotypes and paratypes have not been figured in the literature and, as a result, the data is limited. this ratio is equal to 0. 92 - 0. 94 (l. rehni), 0. 92 (l. lucifrons hebard, 1917), 0. 79 (l. vitrea) and 0. 66 (l. avita sp. n .) (hebard, 1917; rehn, 1951; brunner von wattenwyl, 1865). given this limited available data and the single fossil specimen, the significance of l. avita ’s smaller ratio is unknown .\ndifferent extant species of latiblattella have extraordinarily diverse habitats given their small number. l. rehni is found under cracks in the bark of pinus caribea and within strands of dendropogon usneoides (spanish moss), l. chichimeca saussure and zehntner, 1893 is found on bromelias, l. lucifrons feeds on pollen and detritus on the flowers of yucca elata and l. zapoteca saussure, 1862 is found under stones along the margins of rivers (rehn, 1906; hebard, 1917; ball et al. , 1942; blatchley, 1920; picado, 1913). the conserved fragment of l. avita appears to be a remnant that could have been dropped from a predator or washed into the margins of the lake via a small stream and it is impossible to know the niche occupied by the insect. although pine leaves - yet to be identified - are found in the shales and siltstones of the kishenehn formation, none are known from the dakin site although a single pine seed has been collected there .\nwe thank c. labandeira and f. marsh for administrative support and p. vršanský (glu sav, bratislava) for review of the manuscript. we are also indebted to two anonymous reviewers whose efforts greatly improved the manuscript. this is contribution number 326 of the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems consortium of the usnm. this research was supported by vega 2 / 0186 / 13 .\nanisyutkin, l. n. , rasnitsyn, a. p. , and vršanský, p. 2008. cockroaches and mantises. orders blattodea (= blattida) and mantodea (= mantida), p. 199 - 209. in krassilov, v. and rasnitsyn, a. (eds), plant - arthropod interactions over the early angiosperm history. evidence from the cretaceous of israel. pensoft, sofia - moscow .\narillo, a. and ortuño, v. m. 2005. catalogue of fossil insect species described from dominican amber (miocene). stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde b, 352: 1 - 68 .\nball, e. d. , tinkham, e. r. , flock, r. , and vorhies, c. t. 1942. the grasshoppers and other orthoptera of arizona. university of arizona, college of agriculture, agricultural experiment station, technical bulletin, 93: 257 - 373 .\nbazyluk, w. 1977. blattodea and mantodea. polish academy of science, institute of zoology, state scientific publishing, warsaw .\nbeccaloni, g. w. 2014. cockroach species file online. version 5. 0 / 5. 0. world wide web electronic publication. < http: / / cockroach. speciesfile. org > [ accessed 06 june 2014 ] .\nbeccaloni, g. w. and eggleton, p. 2013. order blattodea. zootaxa, 3703: 46 - 48 .\nblatchley, w. s. 1920. orthoptera of northeastern america with especial reference to the faunas of indiana and florida. the nature publishing company, indianapolis .\nbohn, h. , beccaloni, g. , dorow, w. h. o. , and pfeifer, m. a. 2013. another species of european ectobiinae travelling north - the new genus planuncus and its relatives (insecta: blattodea: ectobiinae). arthropod systematics and phylogeny, 71: 139 - 168 .\nbonfils, j. 1975. blattopera (orthopteroidea) récoltés en guyane francaise par la mission du muséum national d’histoire naturelle. annales de la societe entomologique de france (n. s .), 11 (1): 29 - 62 .\nbrunner von wattenwyl, c. 1865. nouveau système des blattaires. g. braumüller, vienne .\nbrunner von wattenwyl, c. 1882. prodromus der europäischen orthopteren. verlag von wilhelm engelmann, leipzig .\nburmeister, h. 1829. de insectorum systemate naturali. dissertatio inauguralis. halis saxonum, typis grunertorum patris filiique .\ncaudell, a. n. 1903. notes on nomenclature of blattidae. proceedings of the entomological society of washington, 5: 232 - 234 .\ncomstock, j. h. and needham, j. g. 1898. the wings of insects. chapter iii. the specialization of wings by reduction. the american naturalist, 32: 231 - 257 .\nconstenius, k. 1996. late paleogene extensional collapse of the cordilleran foreland fold and thrust belt. geological society of america bulletin, 108: 20 - 39 .\nfieber, f. x. 1853. wissenschaftliche mittheilungen. synopsis der europäischen orthoptera. lotos. zeitschrift für naturwissenschaften, 3: 90 - 104, 115 - 129, 138 - 154, 168 - 176, 184 - 188, 201 - 207, 232 - 238, 252 - 261 .\ngermar, e. f. and berendt, g. c. 1856. die im bernstein befindlichen hemipteren und orthopteren der vorwelt, p. 1 - 110. in berendt g. c. (ed .), die im bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der vorwelt, vol. 2. commission der nicholai schen buchhandlung, berlin, germany .\ngorochov, a. v. 2007. new and little known orthopteroid insects (polyneoptera) from fossil resins: communication 2. paleontological journal, 41: 156 - 166 .\ngreenwalt, d. e. , rose, t. r. , siljestrom, s. m. , goreva, y. s. , constenius, k. n. , and wingerath, j. g. 2015. taphonomic studies of the fossil insects of the middle eocene kishenehn formation. acta palaeontologica polonica, in press. urltoken\ngreven, h. and zwanzig, n. 2013. courtship, mating, and organisation of the pronotum in the glowspot cockroach lucihormetica verrucosa (brunner von wattenwyl, 1865) (blattodea: blaberidae). entomologie heute, 25: 77 - 97 .\ngrimaldi, d. and engel, m. s. 2005. evolution of the insects. cambridge university press, new york .\ngutiérrez, e. and pérez - gelabert, d. e. , 2000. annotated checklist of hispaniolan cockroaches. transactions of the american entomological society, 126: 423 - 445 .\nhaupt, h. 1956. beitrag zur kenntnis der eozänen arthropodenfauna des geiseltales. nova acta leopoldina ns, 18: 1 - 90 .\nhebard, m. 1916. studies in the group ischnopterites (orthoptera. blattidae, pseudomopinae). transactions of the american entomological society, 42: 337 - 383 .\nhebard, m. 1917. the blattidae of north america, north of the mexican boundary. memoirs of the american entomological society, 2: 1 - 284 .\nhebard, m. 1921. mexican records of blattidae (orthoptera). transactions of the american entomological society, 47 (3): 199 - 220 .\nhebard, m. 1922. dermaptera and orthoptera from the state of sinaloa, mexico: part i. dermaptera and non - saltatorial orthoptera. transactions of the american entomological society, 48 (3): 157 - 196 .\nhebard, m. 1932. new species and records of mexican orthoptera. transactions of the american entomological society, 58 (3): 201 - 371 .\nhebard, m. 1940. new generic name to replace sigmoidella hebard, not of cushman and ozana (orthoptera: blattidae). entomological news, 51: 236 .\ninward, d. , beccaloni, g. , and eggleton, p. 2007. death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches. biology letters, 3: 331 - 335 .\nlatreille, p. a. 1810. considérations générales sur l’ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustacés, des arachnides et des insectes avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres, disposés en familles. schoell, paris .\nmitchell, a. a. 2013. blattaria occurrence data, accessed 27 july, 2011. edna, the fossil insect database. urltoken\npicado, c. 1913. les broméliacees épiphytes. considerees comme milieu biologique. bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique, 47: 215 - 360 .\npiton, l. e. 1940. paleontologie du gisement eocene de menat (puy - de - dom) (flore et faune). memoires de la societe d' histoire naturelle d' auvergne, 1: 1 - 303 .\nprincis, k. 1969. blattaria: subordo epilamproidea: fam. : blattellidae, p. 711 - 1038. in beier, m. (ed .) orthopterorum catalogus, pars 13. dr. w. junk, the hague .\nrehn, j. a. g. 1903. studies in american blattidae. transactions of the american entomological society, 29: 259 - 290 .\nrehn, j. a. g. 1906. notes on the orthoptera of costa rica, with descriptions of new species. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 57: 790 - 843 .\nrehn, j. a. g. and hebard, m. 1927. the orthoptera of the west indies. number 1. blattidae. bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 54: 1 - 320 .\nrehn, j. w. h. 1951. classification of the blattaria as indicated by their wings (orthoptera). memoirs of the american entomological society, 14: 1 - 134 .\nrehn, j. a. g. 1937. african and malagasy blattidae (orthoptera): part iii. proceedings of the academy of natural science of philadelphia, 89: 17 - 123 .\nroth, l. m. 1990. cockroaches from the krakatau islands (dictyoptera: blattaria). mémoirs of the museum of victoria, 50 (2): 357 - 378 .\nroth, l. m. 2003. systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (dictyoptera: blattaria). oriental insects, 37: 1 - 186 .\nsaussure, h. 1862. orthoptera nova americana (diagnoses praelimiinares). revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, 2 (14): 163 - 171 .\nsaussure, h. de. 1864. blattarum novarum species aliquot. revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, 2: 305 - 326 .\nsaussure, h. and zehntner, l. 1893 - 1899. orthoptera. biologia centrali americana: zoology, botany and archeology, 1: 13 - 122 .\nsaussure h. and zehntner l. 1895. histoire naturelle des blattides et mantides, p. 1 - 244. in: grandidier a. (ed .), histoire physique, naturelle et politique de madagascar. vol. xxiii: histoire naturelle des orthopteres: premier partie: blattides et mantides. paris .\nshelford, r. w. c. 1911. preliminary diagnoses of some new genera of blattidae. entomologists monthly magazine, 22: 154 - 156 .\nsolórzano kraemer, m. m. 2007. systematic, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the insect fauna from mexican amber. palaeontographica (a), 282: 1 - 133 .\nstatz, g. 1939. geradflügler und wasserkäfer der oligozänen ablagerungen von rott. decheniana, 99a: 1 - 102 .\nstephens, j. f. 1835. [ 1836 - 1837 ]. illustrations of british entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable, vol. 6. mandibulata. baldwin & cradock, london, united kingdom .\ntepper, j. g. o. 1893. the blattarae of australia and polynesia. transactions of royal society of south australia, 17: 25 - 130 .\nvidlička, ľ. 2001. fauna slovenska blattaria - šváby mantodea - modlivky (insecta: orthopteroidea). veda vydavateľstvo sav, bratislava .\nvishniakova, v. n. 1973. new cockroaches (insecta: blattodea) from the upper jurassic sediments of karatau ridge, p. 64 - 77. in narchuk, e. p. (ed .), problems of the insect palaeontology. lectures on the xxiv annual readings in memory of n. a. kholodkovsky (1 - 2 april, 1971). nauka, leningrad .\nvršanský, p. 1997. piniblattella gen. nov. - the most ancient genus of the family blattellidae (blattodea) from the lower cretaceous of siberia. entomological problems, 28: 67 - 79 .\nvršanský, p. 1999. lower cretaceous blattaria, p. 167 - 176. in vršanský, p. (ed .), proceedings of the first international palaeoentomological conference, moscow 1998. amba projects monograph, bratislava .\nvršanský, p. 2002. origin and the early evolution of mantises. amba projects, 6: 1 - 16 .\nvršanský, p. 2007. jumping cockroaches (blattaria, skokidae fam. n .) from the late jurassic of karatau in kazakhstan. biologia, bratislava, 62: 588 - 592 .\nvršanský, p. 2008. mesozoic relative of the common synanthropic german cockroach (blattodea). deutsche entomologische zeitschrift, 55 (2): 215 - 221 .\nvršanský, p. 2010. cockroach as the earliest eusocial animal. acta geologica sinica (english edition), 84: 793 - 808 .\nvršanský, p. and chorvát, d. 2013. luminescent system of lucihormetica luckae supported by fluorescence lifetime imaging. naturwissenschaften, 100 (11): 1099 - 1101 .\nvršanský, p. , vishniakova, v. n. , and rasnitsyn, a. p. 2002. order blattida latreille, 1810, p. 263 - 270. in rasnitsyn, a. p. and quicke, d. l. j. (eds). history of insects. kluwer academic publishers .\nvršanský, p. , cifuentes - ruiz, p. , vidlička, l. , čiampor, f. jr. , and vega, f. j. 2011. afro - asian cockroach from chiapas amber and the lost tertiary american entomofauna. geologica carpathica, 62: 463 - 475 .\nvršanský, p. , vidlička, l. , čiampor, f. jr. , and marsh, f. 2012. derived, still living cockroach genus cariblattoides (blattida: blattellidae) from the eocene sediments of green river in colorado, usa. insect science, 19: 143 - 152 .\nvršanský, p. , vidlička, l. , barna, p. , bugdaeva, e. , and markevich, v. 2013. paleocene origin of the cockroach families blaberidae and corydiidae: evidence from amur river region of russia. zootaxa, 3635: 117 - 126 .\nvršanský, p. , oružinský, r. , barna, p. , vidlička, l. , and labandeira, c. c. , 2014. native ectobius (blattaria: ectobiidae) from the early eocene green river formation of colorado and its reintroduction to north america 49 million years later. annals of the entomological society of america, 107: 28 - 36 .\nwalker, f. 1868. catalogue of the specimens of blattariae in the collection of the british museum. british museum (natural history), london .\nwei, d. and ren, d. 2013. completely preserved cockroaches of the family mesoblattinidae from the upper jurassic - lower cretaceous yixian formation (liaoning province, ne china). geologica carpathica, 64: 291 - 304 .\nwolfe, j. a. 1995. paleoclimatic estimates from tertiary leaf assemblages. annual review of earth and planetary sciences, 23: 119 - 142 .\nzachos, j. , pagani, m. , sloan, l. , thomas, e. , and billups, k. 2001. trends, rhythms and aberrations in global climate 65 ma to present. science, 292: 686 - 693 .\nzompro, o. and fritzsche, i. 1999. lucihormetica fenestrata n. gen. , n. sp. , the first record of luminescence in an orthopteroid insect (dictyoptera: blaberidae: blaberinae: brachycolini). amazoniana, 15: 211 - 219 .\nthis action might not be possible to undo. are you sure you want to continue ?\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobert k. robbins, robert busby, marcelo duarte (2010): phylogeny and taxonomy of the neotropical thepytus (lepidoptera: lycaenidae: theclinae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 35 - 52 .\nhorst bohn, mike d. picker, klaus - dieter klass, jonathan colville\nryuichiro machida, yoshie jintsu, toshiki uchifune (2010): structural features of eggs of the basal phasmatodean timema monikensis vickery & sandoval, 1998 (insecta: phasmatodea: timematidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 71 - 78 .\nvolker w. framenau, nadine duperre, todd a. blackledge, cor j. vink\nvolker w. framenau, nadine duperre, todd a. blackledge, cor j. vink (2010): systematics of the new australasian orb - weaving spider genus backobourkia (araneae: araneidae: araneinae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 79 - 111 .\nvolker w. framenau (2010): revision of the new australian wolf spider genus kangarosa (araneae: lycosidae: artoriinae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 113 - 142 .\ntaxonomy and the mediocrity of dna barcoding – some remarks on packer et al. 2009: dna…\nroman b. holynski (2010): taxonomy and the mediocrity of dna barcoding – some remarks on packer et al. 2009: dna barcoding and the mediocrity of morphology – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 143 - 150 .\nanna hundsdoerfer, ian j. kitching (2010): a method for improving dna yield from century - plus old specimens of large lepidoptera while minimizing damage to external and internal abdominal characters – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 151 - 155 .\nweichun li, h. li, matthias nuss (2010): taxonomic revision and biogeography of micraglossa warren, 1891 from laurel forests in china (insecta: lepidoptera: pyraloidea: crambidae: scopariinae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 159 - 180 .\nkazunori yoshizawa, charles lienhard (2010): in search of the sister group of the true lice: a systematic review of booklice and their relatives, with an updated checklist of liposcelididae (insecta: psocodea) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 181 - 195 .\nbradley j. sinclair (2010): revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae (insecta: diptera: empidoidea: brachystomatidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 197 - 228 .\nulrich irmler (2010): a new genus of osoriinae in the neotropical region with a cladistic analysis of the tribe thoracophorini (insecta: coleoptera: staphylinidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 229 - 237 .\ncarina dressler, rolf g. beutel (2010): the morphology and evolution of the adult head of adephaga (insecta: coleoptera) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 239 - 287 .\nherbert w. levi, helen m. smith (2010): review of the genus micropoltys (chelicerata: araneae: araneidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 291 - 307 .\nmartin fikacek, andrew edward z. short (2010): taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the genus cetiocyon and its discovery in the neotropical region (insecta: coleoptera: hydrophilidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 68: 309 - 329 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ndjernæs, marie; klass, klaus‐dieter; picker, mike d. ; damgaard, jakob\nister to cryptocercidae. nocticolidae + polyphagidae was sister to isoptera + cryptocercidae, and blaberoidea was sister to the remaining blattodea .\neach year the arizona institute for species exploration issues its list of the “top ten new species of the year. ” the mission of the aise, at arizona state university, is to promote taxonomy and the exploration of the earth’s biodiversity .\ntheir list for 2011, which includes only species first described scientifically in 2010, has now been published, and there are some amazing species on it. they include two fungi (a bioluminescent mushroom and the world’s only mushroom known to fruit underwater), a spider that builds the largest orb - style web ever described, a new halophilic bacterium found eating rust off the titanic, a cricket that pollinates an orchid on reunion island (the only cricket known to pollinate a flowering plant), a two - meter - long monitor lizard from the phillipines (it was already known to the locals), a jumping cockroach that looks like a grasshopper, and, perhaps most amazingly, a brand - new species of duiker (antelope), found in a bushmeat market in africa (it’s hard to believe an antelope has gone undescribed !)." ]

{ "text": [ "saltoblattella montistabularis is a species of jumping cockroach known only from table mountain near cape town , south africa .", "both the species and genus were newly described in 2009 .", "researchers nicknamed the species leaproach .", "its jumping mechanism is similar in anatomical features and in performance to grasshoppers with which it shares its habitat .", "like grasshoppers , it is able to jump between grass and sedge stems .", "its ability to jump is unique among the approximately 4,000 known species of cockroaches . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 16, 10, 28, 16 ] }

[ "saltoblattella montistabularis is a species of jumping cockroach known only from table mountain near cape town, south africa. both the species and genus were newly described in 2009. researchers nicknamed the species leaproach. its jumping mechanism is similar in anatomical features and in performance to grasshoppers with which it shares its habitat. like grasshoppers, it is able to jump between grass and sedge stems. its ability to jump is unique among the approximately 4,000 known species of cockroaches." ]

[ "rhyacionia hafneri; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 176\nrhyacionia maritimana; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 175\nrhyacionia cibriani miller, 1988; j. lep. soc. 42 (3): 236, f. 1 - 3; tl: paso de cortez, mexico\nrhyacionia rubigifasciola miller, 1988; j. lep. soc. 42 (3): 238, f. 4 - 6; tl: sta. lucia, sinaloa, mexico\nrhyacionia blanchardi miller, 1978; u. s. dep. agr. , agr. handb. 514: (19 - 21); tl: texas, montgomery co. , conroe\nuniversity of florida, george a. smathers libraries with support from lyrasis and the sloan foundation\ntypescript thesis (ph. d .) - - university of florida, 1975 vita includes bibliographical references (leaves 140 - 146 )\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\npinicolana (doubleday, 1849); stephens, 1852, (var. )\n911x397 (~ 87kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 9. 7. 2009, photo ©\nlarva on pinus hartwegii miller, 1988, j. lep. soc. 42 (3): 238\nlarva on pinus oocarpa miller, 1988, j. lep. soc. 42 (3): 238\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nsumpich & skyva, 2012 new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera, including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae, depressariidae, and gelechiidae (gelechioidea) nota lepid. 35 (2): 161 - 179\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nfatal error: uncaught error: call to undefined function rwmb _ meta () in / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - content / themes / kickcube - wp / functions / custom / single - image - title. php: 2 stack trace: # 0 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - includes / template. php (690): require () # 1 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - includes / template. php (647): load _ template (' / home / viewmon2 /...', false) # 2 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - includes / general - template. php (155): locate _ template (array, true, false) # 3 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - content / themes / kickcube - wp / single. php (71): get _ template _ part (' / functions / cust...') # 4 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - includes / template - loader. php (74): include (' / home / viewmon2 /...') # 5 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - blog - header. php (19): require _ once (' / home / viewmon2 /...') # 6 / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / index. php (17): require (' / home / viewmon2 /...') # 7 { main } thrown in / home / viewmon2 / public _ html / inahundredwords. com / wp - content / themes / kickcube - wp / functions / custom / single - image - title. php on line 2\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser." ]

{ "text": [ "rhyacionia hafneri is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in the czech republic , hungary , croatia , bulgaria and slovenia .", "the wingspan is 20 – 22 mm .", "the larvae feed on pinus nigra and possibly pinus sylvestris . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "rhyacionia hafneri is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the czech republic, hungary, croatia, bulgaria and slovenia. the wingspan is 20 – 22 mm. the larvae feed on pinus nigra and possibly pinus sylvestris." ]

[ "alosa finta, (cuvier) twaite shad and alosa alosa, (l .) allis shad\nreproduction de l’alose atlantique (alosa alosa l .) et transfert au bassin méditerranéen\nla ponte d’un poisson migrateur de la garonne la grande alose (alosa alosa l. )\nobservations sur l’activité de migration de la grande alose alosa alosa l. en loire (france )\nfeeding habits and condition of two landlocked populations of allis shad (alosa alosa) in portugal .\nsur une population d’alosa alosa l. , poisson migrateur amphibiotique, thalassotrophe, bloquée en eau douce au portugal\nprobably throw the list away before it can get to management... . alosa alosa alice shad alosa fallax twaite shad amarginops... ...\nobservations sur le comportement migratoires des aloses (alosa alosa l .) dans le canal artificiel de l’usine de golfech\nelectrophoretic identity between allis shad, alosa alosa (l .) and twaite shad, a. fallax (lacepede )\nmetazoan parasite communities in alosa alosa (linnaeus, 1758) and alosa fallax (lacépède, 1803) (clupeidae) from north - east atlantic coastal waters and connected rivers .\npremières observations sur les caractéristiques biologiques des adultes de grande alose (alosa alosa l .) dans le cours moyen de la loire\nmetazoan parasite communities in alosa alosa (linnaeus, 1758) and alosa fallax (lacépède, 1803) (clupeidae) from north - east atlantic coastal waters... - pubmed - ncbi\nle comportement migratoire des aloses (alosa alosa l .) dans le canal de restitution de l’usine de golfech. effects de la température\nthe allis shad (alosa alosa) and twaite shad (alosa fallax) aren’t purely freshwater - resident. as anadromous species, shad live in the sea as adults but migrate to freshwater to spawn .\npopulations of allis alosa alosa and twaite shad alosa fallax had been declining due to poor water quality, low water flows, habitat destruction and degradation and the construction of navigation weirs restricting access to spawning grounds .\ndescription d’une frayere et comportement de reproduction de la grande alose (alosa alosa l .) dans le cours supérieur de la loire (france )\n( of alosa alosa alosa (linnaeus, 1758) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of alosa spp. (clupeidae )\nthe allis shad alosa alosa: biology, ecology, range, and status of pop\nby j l. bagliniere, m r. sabatie et al .\nblueback herring (alosa aestivalis) are commonly mistaken for the nearly identical ...\nalosa pseudoharengus was formerly classified as alosa pseudoharengus. common names for a. pseudoharengus include alewife, gaspereau, sawbelly, kyak, kiack, river herring, and glut herring .\nalosa river campsites - delaware water gap national recreation area (u. s. national park service )\ncriteria for determining maturity stage in female american shad, alosa sapidissima, and a proposed reproductive cycle .\nanneke deluycker added text to\nlook alikes\non\nalosa aestivalis (mitchill, 1814 )\n.\ninformations on alosa pseudoharengus has been recorded for the following locations. click on the name for additional informations .\nuntersuchungen über die vertikale und horizontale verteilung der eier der finte, alosa fallax lac. , in der elbe\non the heels of chronic pain, alosa health has recently released an acute pain module through pennsy ...\ntracy barbaro selected\nbehavior\nto show in overview on\nalosa aestivalis (mitchill, 1814 )\n.\nliterature aprahamian, m. w. , aprahamian, c. d. , baglinière, j. l. , sabatié, r. and alexandrino, p. (2003). alosa alosa and alosa fallax spp. literature review and bibliography. r and d technical report w1 - 014 / tr. bristol. environment agency .\ndoherty, d. , ó maoiléidigh, n. and mccarthy, t. k. (2004). the biology, ecology and future conservation of twaite shad (alosa fallax lacépède), allis shad (alosa alosa l .) and killarney shad (alosa fallax killarnensis tate regan) in ireland. biology and environment: proceedings of the royal irish academy, 104b (3): 93 - 102. available online at: urltoken .\naprahamian m. w, aprahamian c. d. , bagliniere j. l. , sabatie m. r. et p. alexandrino (2003) alosa alosa and alosa fallax spp, literature review and bibliography r & d technical report w1 - 014 / tr, environment agency, r & d dissemination centtre wrc, pp 333 .\nbagliniere j. l, sabatie m. r. , rochard e. , alexandrino p. , aprahamian m. w. (2003) the allis shad alosa alosa: biology, ecology, range, and status of populations\ntracy barbaro selected\nlook alikes\nto show in overview on\nalosa aestivalis (mitchill, 1814 )\n.\nshields, b. 2002. the nematode anisakis simplex in american shad (alosa sapidisima) in two oregon rivers .\nfaria r, weiss s, alexandrino p. a molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of alosa spp (clupeidae )\ncollective book\nles aloses (a. alosa et a. fallax spp .): ecobiologie et variabilite des populations\ndr. jing luo, in - house physician advisor at alosa health and faculty member in the division of pharm ...\nrecommended citation: global invasive species database (2018) species profile: alosa pseudoharengus. downloaded from urltoken on 11 - 07 - 2018 .\ntobias, v. 2004 .\nalosa pseudoharengus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nguide pour l’interpretation des ecailles et l’estimation de l’age chez les aloses (alosa spp .) de la façade atlantique - est et de la méditerranée - ouest\nlive streaming world cup... . martino can call on the services of several internationally renowned players, ... alosa pseudoharengus (fish) english\neurasia: black sea and sea of azov (in sea and in the don, danube and other rivers, as much as 567 km up the don and as far as kiev on the dneiper before the dam was built). recognized sub - species (ref. 683): alosa pontica pontica in the black sea and rivers feeding it; alosa pontica kessleri and alosa pontica volgensis in the caspian sea. appendix iii of the bern convention (protected fauna) .\ncrecco, v. 1985. effects of biotic and abiotic factors on growth and relative survival of young american shad, alosa sapidissima, in the connecticut river .\nglebe, b. 1981. latitudinal differences in energy allocation and use during the freshwater migrations of american shad (alosa sapidissima) and their life history consequences .\nor by calling 877 - 444 - 6777. no fee is charged for use of the alosa river campsite but a nominal fee is charged for the reservation service .\nto cite this page: chandler, d. 2014 .\nalosa chrysochloris\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: kessler, s. 2012 .\nalosa sapidissima\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nmalapa a kopanelang ho alosa mehlape kapa a isang... public services when i lived in... production conditions and farmers? management decisions can vary ...\nfuller, p. , maynard, e. , raikow, d. , 2005. alosa pseudoharengus nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl. summary: available from: urltoken\nhansard: appropriation bill: debate on vote no 11... more effectively fulfil our shareholder management... palamente e disang le ho alosa tsela eo dikgwebo ...\nsvetovidov, a. n. 1964. systematics of the north american anadromous clupeoid fishes of the genera alosa, caspialosa, and pomolobus. copeia 1964 (1): 118 - 130\nzool, c. 1993. parasites of american shad, alosa sapidissima (osteichthyes: clupeidae), from rivers of the north american atlantic coast and the bay of fundy, canada .\ncross, f. b. and d. g. huggins. 1975. skipjack herring, alosa chrysochloris, in the missouri river basin. copeia 1975 (2): 382 - 385\n... south african sardine. common names: ... sardinops and sardina are more closely related than are alosa and... fishery and management of sardines (sardinops ...\nalosa sapidissima (for commercial) dorosoma petenense (experimental) morone saxatilis = striped bass (commercial and sport) salvelinus fontinalis (prized sport fish) esox lucius = n. pike (vicious predator )\npeople' s assembly. connecting people... disregard for the consumer who pays for those services, because they, management, ... le khampani e laolang le ho alosa ...\nhansard: debate on vote 11: ... in our economy through the way it is pricing its services to relevant... le khampani e laolang le ho alosa dikgwebo tsa mmuso ...\n( of clupea alosa linnaeus, 1758) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alosa communis yarrell, 1836) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alosa cuvierii malm, 1877) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alosa rusa mauduyt, 1848) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alosa cuvieri malm, 1877) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nprincipal source: vtdec, 2002 alewife species account \\ r \\ n maine’s department of marine resources, 1998 alewife fact sheet fuller et al. 2005. alosa pseudoharengus nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl .\nhe urged public servants to improve the quality of services... i am proud that they have adopted new public management... le sa tla be leo alosa likhomo tsa banna ba merafo ...\nservices on demand... . (hem, 1989). as such it can be of use in the field of freshwater fisheries management. schroder et... (alosa immaculate bennet 1835 ...\nchosid, d. undated. alewife alosa pseudoharengus. new jersey division of fish and wildlife. summary: alewife fact sheet available from the new jersey division of fish and wildlife. available from urltoken [ accessed 28 september 2003 ]\nharman willard n; albright matthew f; and warner david m. , 2002. trophic changes in otsego lake, ny following the introduction of the alewife (alosa psuedoharengus). lake & reservoir management. 215 - 226 .\nalosa, latin name for shad; chrysochloris, greek for “golden green”, in reference to color of the back (pflieger 1975). common name derived from the herring’s habit of leaping out of the water (smith 1979) .\nmárquez r, de la riva i, bosch j, matheu e (eds). guía sonora de las ranas y sapos de bolivia—sounds of frogs and toads in bolivia. alosa, fonoteca zoológica (cd and booklet). 2002 .\n( of clupea alosa linnaeus, 1758) berg, l. s. (1948). fresh - water fishes of soviet union and adjacent countries. i. no. 27, pp 1 - 466. page (s): 318 [ details ]\nthe alosa river campsites are located at river mile 224, just down river of walpack bend, on the pennsylvania side of the river and are for boaters on trips where the distance is too great to be travelled in one day. to use the alosa river campsites, the total river miles traveled must be at least 14 miles for a one - night trip, at least 26 miles for a two - night trip, and at least 34 miles for a three - night trip. camping is limited to one night .\nbrown, e. h. 1968. population characteristics and physical condition of alewives, alosa pseudoharengus, in a massive dieoff in lake michigan, 1967. great lakes fishery commission technical report no. 13. great lakes fishery commission, ann arbor, mi, 20 pp .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of alosa pseudoharengus are found here .\ndorsal spines (total): 4 - 6; dorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 16; anal spines: 3 - 4; anal soft rays: 16 - 22; vertebrae: 49 - 59. diagnosis: body somewhat compressed, moderately deep with depth at pectoral fin less than head length, scutes apparent along belly (ref. 188). upper jaw notched, lower jaw fitting into it; no teeth on vomer; gillrakers fairly short and stout, total 30 to 80, longer than gill filaments (ref. 188). a dark spot posterior to gill opening, followed by 7 or 8 similar spots along flank, but sometimes faint or absent (ref. 188, 40476). alosa fallax resembles alosa alosa, which has more and longer gillrakers and at most only 3 dark spots on flank (ref. 188) .\n( of clupea alosa linnaeus, 1758) eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neck, g. w. , and l. wells. 1987. recent changes in lake michigan’s fish community and their probably causes, with emphasis on the role of alewife (alosa pseudoharengus). canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 44 (supp. 2): 53 - 60 .\no gorman, r. , e. l. mills, and j. s. degisi. 1991. use of zooplankton to assess the movement and distribution of alewife (alosa pseudoharengus) in south - central lake ontario in spring. canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 48: 2250 - 2257 .\nburgess, g. h. 1980. alosa chrysochloris (rafinesque), skipjack herring. pp. 63 in d. s. lee, et al. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. n. c. state mus. nat. hist. , raleigh, i - r + 854 pp .\nnova scotia department of agriculture and fisheries. 2001. alewife (alosa pseudoharengus). inland fisheries: species fact sheets. summary: information on description, similar species, size, habitat, distribution, food habits, reproductive habits, and population status of species. available at: urltoken [ accessed 28 september 2003 ]\neducational modules are at the heart of alosa health' s efforts. each module typically contains four parts: a comprehensive evidence document; a shorter summary brochure; a small reference card; and a patient - friendly information brochure. all modules, while copyrighted, are free for single - use, non - commercial purpose .\nvirginia tech department of fisheries and wildlife sciences (vt - fiw). 2001. the virtual aquarium: alewife, alosa pseudoharengus. summary: information on description, similar species, size, habitat, distribution, food habits, reproductive habits, and population status of species. available from: urltoken [ accessed 28 september 2003 ]\n( of clupea alosa linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmills, e. l. , r. o gorman, j. degisi, r. f. heberger, and r. a. house. 1992. food of the alewife (alosa pseudoharengus) in lake ontario before and after the establishment of bythotrephes cederstroemi. canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences. 49: 2009 - 2019\nbushnoe, t. m. , warner, d. m. , rudstam, l. g. , and mills, e. l. 2003. cercopagis pengoi as a new prey item for alewife (alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (osmerus mordax) in lake ontario. journal of great lakes research. 29 (2): 205 - 212 .\nthe american shad, an anadromous fish, is a member of the herring family which also includes alewives. the scientific name of the fish is alosa sapidissima, meaning\nmost delicious .\nthese migratory, schooling fish are found in off - shore waters from the gulf of the st. lawrence river to northern florida until spring when they enter freshwater streams to spawn .\neasily distinguishable from other clupeids by its elongate and strongly compressed body, silvery coloration, prominently protruding lower jaw, and presence of teeth in both jaws (smith 1979). formerly placed with pomolobus, recently synonomized with alosa (svetovidov 1964). original description by rafinesque may have been based on a series containing both skipjack herring and alabama shad (hildebrand 1963) .\nowens, r. w. , r. o gorman, e. l. mills, l. g. rudstam, j. j. hasse, b. h. kulik, and d. b. macneill. 1998. blueback herring (alosa aestivalis) in lake ontario: first record, entry route, and colonization potential. journal of great lakes research 24: 723 - 730 .\nitis (integrated taxonomic information system), 2004. online database alosa pseudoharengus summary: an online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals. available urltoken; _ value = 161706 [ accessed december 31 2004 ]\nat alosa health, we believe that medical decisions should be based on unbiased, evidence - based information. our mission is to improve patient outcomes by identifying and disseminating the best evidence available, and to support health care professionals in providing optimal care, free of any commercial influence. we accomplish this through academic detailing - interactive educational outreach to clinicians in their own offices that delivers the best evidence on optimal patient care .\nfuller, p. , e. maynard, d. raikow, j. larson, a. fusaro, and m. neilson, 2018, alosa pseudoharengus (wilson, 1811): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 5 / 14 / 2018, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 11 / 2018\nbean, t. 2002. alewife (alosa pseudoharengus). introduced species summary project [ online database ]. summary: species fact sheet reporting common name, scientific name, classification, identification, original distribution, current distribution, site and date of introduction, modes of introduction, reasons why it has become established, ecological role, benefits, threats, control level diagnosis, and control method. available from: urltoken [ accessed 28 september 2003 ]\nun total de douze espèces fossiles a été attribué au genre alosa. une seule espèce provient de gisements oligocènes de russie alors que les autres sont des espèces miocènes en provenance de turquie (5 espèces), de l’afrique du nord (oran, 4 espèces), du caucase (1 espèce) et d’allemagne (1 espèce). la plupart de ces espèces seront retirées du genre lorsque les relations de parenté entre elles... [ show full abstract ]\nalosa pseudoharengus (alewife) is a small, fish species indigenous to the east coast of north america that causes several major effects in aquatic environments. alewife migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water. it can occupy all strata of a land - locked body of water throughout the course of the year. a. pseudoharengus alters the zooplankton community as it is an extremely efficient feeder on zooplankton, competing with other fish species for food. alewife feed on the eggs and larvae of other fish and thereby can cause other fish species to decline. it is often stocked as a forage fish .\nfishbase, 2003 species profile alosa pseudoharengus alewife summary: fishbase is a global information system with all you ever wanted to know about fishes. fishbase on the web contains practically all fish species known to science. fishbase was developed at the worldfish center in collaboration with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations (fao) and many other partners, and with support from the european commission (ec). since 2001 fishbase is supported by a consortium of seven research institutions. you can search on search fishbase this species profile is available from: urltoken; = pseudoharengus [ accessed 7 september, 2004 ]\nbiochemical genetic marking of sea of azov - black sea shads (alosa immaculata, a. caspia, and a. maeotica) of three local stocks—danube, dnepr, and azov—was performed based on an analysis of 19 enzyme loci and a series of loci coding muscle structural proteins. the high degree of monomorphism and the absence of any differences in the allele pools are shown, thus confirming their conspecificity. it seems that caspian, brazhnikov, and pontic shads are only morphologically discrete forms and their species rank is unjustified. in truth, they are local and migratory ecomorphs that are almost always present in anadromous fish species .\nfusconaia ebena is an interesting freshwater mussel for a couple reasons. one is that is that it was mentioned early on in a conservation context by coker (1914). he predicted that the completion of the dam at keokuk, ia would restrict the movement of alosa chrysochloris (skipjack herring) and that upper mississippi mussels that rely on that fish - - like f. ebena - - would suffer. early in the 20th century, f. ebena was quite common in mississippi (baker, 1928), but today, it merits government protection in many parts of its former range (cummings & mayer, 1992) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis, no. 125, vol. 7, pt. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nresearch curator of fishes, north carolina state museum of natural sciences, research laboratory, 4301 reedy creek rd. , raleigh, nc, 27607, usa\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, a. l. gardner, and w. c. starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nwhile the fda’s expedited review programs are often touted as a way of speedily getting life - s ...\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 318 [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nvan der land, j. ; costello, m. j. ; zavodnik, d. ; santos, r. s. ; porteiro, f. m. ; bailly, n. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; froese, r. (2001). pisces, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 357 - 374 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndyntaxa. (2013). swedish taxonomic database. accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ]. , available online at http: / / urltoken [ details ]\ncattrijsse, a. ; vincx, m. (2001). biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. sustainable management of the north sea. federal office for scientific, technical and cultural affairs: brussel, belgium. 48 pp. (look up in imis) page (s): 318 [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alausa vulgaris valenciennes, 1847) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaris, t. ; beauchard, o. ; van damme, s. ; van den bergh, e. ; wijnhoven, s. ; meire, p. (2013). referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. monitor taskforce publication series, 2013 - 01. nioz: yerseke. 35 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nintroduction this species has been introduced or released in dutch waters. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: presently only very locally distributed outside france. in the past it has been a victim of pollution, impoundment of large rivers and overfishing throughout europe. however, most populations declined during first decades of 20th century and it now seems to have stabilised at a low or medium level in recent times .\nbaltic, north and western mediterranean seas, atlantic coast of great britain, ireland, france, spain, portugal and morocco from where adults ascend rivers, migrating far upstream to spawn. earlier ascended rhine for about 850 km up to basel (switzerland). now, nearly extirpated east of rhine, most abundant in loire and garonne drainages (france). landlocked populations in some man - made lakes in morocco and portugal .\ncurrently large populations in france. has declined outside france, mainly in the early 1900s, almost extirpated in germany due to pollution in the 1920' s (freyhof pers comm .) .\noverfishing, pollution and dam constructions (cutting off access to spawning sites). gravel extraction in france is a current threat to the species .\nfish passes and elevators in france allow access to spawning sites. it is a (eu - berne convention) natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the greek word hals = salt; it is also the old saxon name for shad =\nalli\n; 1591 (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic - neritic; anadromous (ref. 51243); depth range 3 - 90 m (ref. 10439). temperate; 50°n - 41°n, 27°e - 44°e\nmaturity: l m? range? - 23. 4 cm max length: 39. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 188); max. reported age: 7 years (ref. 10439 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; anal spines: 0. body fairly elongate, more 'herring - like' than 'shad - like'. gill rakers rather thin, usually equal to or a little shorter than gill filaments. teeth well developed in both jaws. resembles a. caspia, which usually has more gill rakers (50 to 180, much longer than gill filaments), poorly developed teeth and a deeper, 'shad - like' body; a. maeotica has fewer gill rakers (33 to 36) .\nkottelat, m. , 1997. european freshwater fishes. biologia 52, suppl. 5: 1 - 271. (ref. 13696 )\n): 8. 6 - 14. 8, mean 13. 3 (based on 68 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01349 (0. 00796 - 0. 02287), b = 2. 98 (2. 83 - 3. 13), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 6 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 32; tm = 2; tmax = 9) .\nprior r = 0. 56, 2 sd range = 0. 27 - 1. 14, log (r) = - 0. 58, sd log (r) = 0. 36, based on: 1 m, 1 k, 3 tgen, 1 tmax, 6 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100) .\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic - neritic; anadromous (ref. 51243). temperate; 46°n - 25°n, 82°w - 66°w\nwestern atlantic: along the coast from maine to the st. john' s river, florida. also in rivers .\nmaturity: l m 32. 0 range? -? cm max length: 60. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 188); common length: 34. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 188 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 20; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 19 - 23; vertebrae: 53 - 55. belly with distinct keel of scutes. lower jaw very prominent, but not rising steeply within mouth; teeth reduced or in upper jaw absent in fishes over 23 cm standard length. a dark spot on shoulder, several obscure dark spots along flank (sometimes missing). closely resembles a. chrysochloris which has stronger jaw teeth, no shoulder spot and the body depth less than head length (ref. 188). silvery, with a dark grayish green back (ref. 7251) .\nschools of adults are found in marine waters, along the coast; also estuaries, tidal rivers and tributaries during late spring and early summer (ref. 4639). juveniles tend to leave nursery areas during summer (ref. 4639). feed on small fishes, also squid, small crabs and other crustaceans, as well as fish eggs. spawn in tidal freshwater (patuxent river, chesapeake bay in may) (ref. 188), and return to the sea shortly after (ref. 4639). parasites found are nematodes, cestodes and trematodes (ref. 37032) .\nwhitehead, p. j. p. , 1985. fao species catalogue. vol. 7. clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder clupeoidei). an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf - herrings. fao fish. synop. 125 (7 / 1): 1 - 303. rome: fao. (ref. 188 )\n): 8. 4 - 25. 5, mean 14 (based on 238 cells) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 1 ±0. 58 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 3) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (41 of 100) .\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic - neritic; anadromous (ref. 51243); depth range 10 - 300 m (ref. 10541). temperate; 66°n - 27°n, 25°w - 42°e\nnortheast atlantic: southern iceland, british isles and southern norway to morocco, including the baltic, mediterranean and black seas (refs. 188, 26334, 51442). several subspecies have been recognized based on the number of gill rakers and geographical location (ref. 10541) and some have since been given species - status (ref. 59043). listed in appendix iii of the bern convention (2002). listed in annex ii and v of the ec habitats directive (2007) .\nmaturity: l m 32. 5 range? -? cm max length: 60. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 35388); common length: 40. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 2945); max. published weight: 1. 5 kg (ref. 188); max. reported age: 25 years (ref. 556 )\n): 8. 7 - 19. 3, mean 10. 8 (based on 522 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00515 - 0. 00739), b = 3. 02 (2. 98 - 3. 06), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 4 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 21 - 0. 38; tm = 2 - 7; tmax = 25; fec > 10, 000) .\nprior r = 0. 48, 2 sd range = 0. 25 - 0. 93, log (r) = - 0. 73, sd log (r) = 0. 33, based on: 8 k, 24 tgen, 1 tmax, 6 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100) .\nuse soaps sparingly. soap should be dumped on well - drained soil away from water sources .\ncampers must use toilet facility and may not urinate or defecate elsewhere in or near the campsites .\nquiet hours are 10: 00 pm to 6: 00 am. loud audio devices and fireworks are prohibited .\njust like the other river campsites, these are primitive, backcountry - style campsites. they are accessed via a steep, 10 - foot path from the river. paths between campsites and to the restrooms are dirt, with uneven surfaces .\nthis page was last edited on 7 march 2018, at 22: 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsal & family, i' m really sorry for your loss. your parents ...\ni' m so sorry for the loss of your dad, he was a good ...\npublished in the concord monitor from feb. 5 to feb. 6, 2017\nbookmark this memorial on facebook with the my memorials™ application. my memorials™ helps you honor departed family members, friends, and even favorite celebrities – all on your facebook page .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe december 2012 mussel of the month is trapezoideus exolescens. trapezoideus is a genus of only four species from southern and southeastern asia .\nthe last mussel of the month of 2012, trapezoideus exolescens, is dedicated to mr. john m. pfeiffer iii in honor of the defense of his master' s thesis at the university of alabama. john has spent the last couple years exploring the phylogenetic relationships of southeast asian freshwater mussels, and trapezoideus has figured prominently in his research .\ntrapezoideus is one of the five genera of tropical asia freshwater mussels reported to have asymmetrical glochidia (ortmann, 1916; panha & eongprakornkeaw, 1995; deein et al. , 2008). the asymmetry of the larva is the result a pronounced flange (appendix, appendage, process, hook, & c. & c .) on only one of the valves. as john explained last summer in an award - winning presentation to the american malacological society, these genera are polyphyletic. that is, this odd larval morphology appears to have evolved more than once in the same geographical area. however, there are more interesting twists to this story. watch this site for updates, and we will let you know when the paper on the subject is published .\nthe november 2012 mussel of the month is lanceolaria grayana. lanceolaria is a genus of 7 species in eastern asia .\nlanceolaria is an easily recognizable and widespread genus, distributed from eastern russia south to vietnam. it is an interesting genus to us as a representative of the subfamily unioninae – the most easily recognized subfamily of the unionidae .\nbouchet & rorcoi (2010) recently took the bull by the horns and established seven subfamilies for the unionidae, the most species - rich family of freshwater mussels: unioninae, ambleminae, gonideinae, rectidentinae, parreysiinae, coelaturinae, and modellnaiinae. this was definitely an improvement over the two - subfamily - and - many - many - incertae - sedis - genera system we had punted with earlier (graf & cummings, 2006, 2007). since 2010, whelan et al. (2011) refined this new system somewhat by revising the coelaturini as a tribe within the parreysiinae, and this taxonomy is definitely something we can work with .\nwhile the new classification established the subfamilies, the actual generic constituents of those taxa was indicated only by the synonymy of family - group level names. as far as we know, ours is the only list assigning all genera to these new subfamilies, although some are certainly guesses or placed by process of elimination. the challenge of these new subfamilies is that we really don’t have a good handle on the characters that diagnose them. we have had to rely on geography (ambleminae), molecular characters (parreysiinae), monotypy (modellnaiinae), and intuition (gonideinae, rectidentinae) .\nbut, among the subfamilies, the unioninae is a shining star of recognizability. members of this clade are diagnosed by hooked - type glochidia, and they consistently present an ectobranchous marsupium (i. e. , they brood in the outer demibranchs). the placement of lanceolaria among the unioninae has also been supported by its frequent inclusion in phylogenetic analyses (huang et al. , 2002; zhou et al. , 2007; ouyang et al. , 2011) .\nwe have optimism for the new classification of the unionidae. what we are still waiting on is confidence .\nthe october 2012 mussel of the month is epioblasma capsaeformis. epioblasma is a genus of 22 species endemic to eastern north america .\na few years ago, we selected epioblasma as mussel of the month just because sexually dimorphic mussels like these are so cool. since we last checked in with this genus, some new taxa have been described (jones & neves, 2010). and, e. capsaeformis has recently been in the news, thanks to the re - stocking efforts of the alabama aquatic biodiversity center. friend - of - the - musselp paul johnson submitted the following report on 27 september 2012 :\nthe september 2012 mussel of the month is lasmigona complanata. lasmigona is a genus of eight species, widespread in eastern north america .\nin honor of the mussel project web site moving to the university of wisconsin - stevens point (see the latest news), we have chosen a mussel of the month described from wisconsin: lasmigona complanata (barnes, 1823) .\nd. w. barnes (1823) described 26 species of freshwater mussels, many from the interior and great lakes basins of north america. a good number of those names were in common usage during the 19th and early 20th centuries - - during the period when the works of rafinesque (1820, 1831, etc .) were ignored as so much jibba jabba. once frierson (1927) and others championed the recognition of rafinesque' s taxa, only a few of mussel names introduced by barnes retained their priority: lasmigona complanta and toxolasma parvum .\nthe august 2012 mussel of the month is chelidonopsis hirundo. chelidonopsis hirundo is a monotypic genus endemic to the congo basin of africa .\nwe have already spotlighted chelidonopsis as mussel of the month back in march 2005. but, the iucn as recently highlighted this freshwater mussel as an amazing species. and, we know a little more about this species than we did 7 years ago. for example, while sampling in malebo pool in 2006, we collected some live c. hirundo. unlike the unionids of north america and europe, iridinids like chelidonopsis have full - on siphons - - with mantle fusion more like a marine clam. while rooting around in the mud, ksc was injured by the sharp tail - fins of this really interesting shell .\nthe july 2012 mussel of the month is barynaias caldwellii. barynaias is a genus of five species in central america .\nwith previous mesoamerican mussels of the month, like psoronaias and nephronaias, it has been difficult to find something interesting to write. we know so little about what is actually quite a rich assemblage .\nwe don' t know much more about the species of barynaias. but we did find this interesting tidbit from isaac lea (1860) in his description of b. caldwellii :\na single specimen was brought by dr. caldwell from his perilous expedition on the isthmus of darien with lieut. strain, and these molluscs formed part of the food on which the party subsisted .\nthe june 2012 mussel of the month is pseudanodonta complanata. pseudanodonta is a european genus of three species .\nin contrast to mussel - rich temperate north america, the european freshwater mussels are relatively genus - and species - poor - - at least based on the current classification. however, recent research has indicated that the western palearctic diversity is under - estimated and the taxonomy is evolving to reflect this .\nfor example, at the beginning of the present millennium, the genus pseudanodonta was thought to be represented by a single species, p. complanata, and several subspecies (falkner et al. 2001, 2002). well, except that the russian comparatory school of malacology regarded the genus to be composed of 5 species (graf, 2007). nowadays, we list three species in pseudanodonta, and we ignore the russian classification .\nthe biggest challenge to revising the classification of european freshwater mussel species is the excess number of genus and species names (and associated type specimens) that need to be accounted for. more than 60 species names have been introduced for pseudanodonta, but that is still not enough for inclusion in the top 10 over - named species! to contribute at least some progress on this front, we have recently published on the genus (graf, 2010) and species (graf, 2011) of the 19th century french\nnew school ,\nthe most superfluous of the freshwater mussel super - nominators .\nthe may 2012 mussel of the month is lamellidens marginalis. lamellidens is represented from afghanistan to burma and north to nepal by eleven species .\nfor many tropical freshwater mussel species, very little known except that they exist. for examples, see previous mussels of the month: unionetta, ctenodesma, rectidens, etc. lamellidens, in contrast, is an important model mussel for physiological research. more than a dozen papers have been published since 2011 that mention\nlamellidens\nin the title. most of those have to do with toxicology and accumulation of metals .\nwe are more interested in lamellidens as a member of the parreysiinae. we recently resolved that subfamily composed of freshwater mussels from africa and southern asia (whelan et al. , 2011). as far as we can see today, the parreysiinae is represented by 4 tribes: coelaturini (africa), oxynaiini (s and se asia), parreysiini (s asia) and lamellidentini (s asia). lamellidens is the only genus of the last of these, and it represents the most basal member of the clade. of course, only two species of lamellidens have been analyzed to - date, and there is certainly more room for systematic studies of southern asian mussels .\nthe april 2012 mussel of the month is fusconaia ebena. fusconaia is a genus of about a dozen species found in eastern north america .\nanother reason that fusconaia ebena interests us is that, for the last decade or so, it has been hard to know to what genus this species belongs. cladistic analyses by lydeard et al. (2000) and campbell et al. (2005) resolved f. ebena in various positions, usually quite distant from other fusconaia species but without much in the way of support. campbell & lydeard (2012) have recently codified this lack of resolution by erecting a new genus for f. ebena, reginaia .\nas we discussed a couple months ago for pleuronaia, reginaia is based solely on mitochondrial dna. this classification - hypothesis is difficult to reconcile with ortmann' s (1912) report that he found fusconaia ebena difficult to separate from f. subrotunda using either shell or soft anatomical characters. moreover, while multiple phylogenetics studies have reported fusconaia polyphyly, they are all re - analyses of the same three (!) individuals. it is difficult to understand how to extrapolate classification from weak results based on such limited sampling .\nfor the time being, the mussel project database will maintain the use of fusconaia for f. ebena. when more information becomes available, the genus name reginaia may indeed be appropriate for this species. however, we do not think it is a good idea to name clades just for the sake of naming them. instead, we would like our classification to have a little more explanatory power. fusconaia turns out to not be that useful either, but it has the current advantage of prevailing usage .\nwe look forward to re - visiting this topic when some synapormorphies have been identified and the position of\nreginaia\nebena among the eastern north american unionidae is better resolved .\nthe march 2012 mussel of the month is antediplodon carolussimpsoni. antediplodon is a genus of freshwater mussels of the upper triassic of north america .\nto highlight the inclusion of fossil taxa into the mussel project database, this month we have selected our first fossil as the march mussel of the month .\nfor example, antediplodon (from the upper triassic, 228 - 200 mya) has been assigned to the hyriidae because shell sculpture is similar to that of some modern hyriids. but, as modell (1964) proved by concocting a shell - based classification that nobody follows, shell characters suffer convergent evolution worse than some other, more reliable traits. just because two freshwater mussels have similar looking shells doesn' t mean they are closely related. and, conversely, just because two freshwater mussels have different looking shells doesn' t mean that they aren' t closely related .\nsince we don' t have a better place to put antediplodon, we will leave it in the hyriidae, just like modell (1957). it is interesting to note that the earliest members of the unionoida in north america belong to family that is now limited to south america and australasia. this is all made even more interesting my the work of skawina & dzik (2011) which suggests that triassic unionoids are stem - group taxa rather than part of the extant crown group .\nthe february 2012 mussel of the month is pleuronaia barnesiana. pleuronaia is a genus of three species endemic to the cumberland plateau in eastern north america .\npleuronaia is a relatively new genus concept in north america. the taxon was originally introduced by frierson (1927) and parroted by haas (1969), but the genus name was never in wide use .\nthe change came following the comprehensive phylogenetic analyses by campbell et al. (2005). pleuronaia is made of parts of fusconaia, pleurobema and the now - out - of - use genus lexingtonia. the species currently included in pleuronaia are not identical to those originally placed in the genus by frierson, and diagnostic morphological synapomorphies have not been identified (williams et al. , 2008). instead, pleuronaia is applied merely as the oldest available genus name for a clade recovered by a single mitochondrial analysis .\nit is significant that taxonomic revisions occur even among the best studied freshwater mussels in the world. we look forward to seeing how the classification can be further improved to reflect evolutionary relationships .\nthe january 2012 mussel of the month is prohyriopsis stolata. prohyriopsis is a monotypic genus known only from sumatra .\nprohyriopsis stolata is another freshwater mussel about which we know just about nothing. martens (1900) described it as unio stolata from lake danau - baru in sumatra, haas (1914) made up a new genus name for it, and since then it has barely been acknowledged .\nunfortunately, this amount of data is typical of many taxa from the malay archipelago .\nthe mussel project — home page urltoken. site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings. hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point. funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place, one mollusk at a time .\n1. superficial neuromast (of the epidermis) 2. canal neuromasts (inside the pores that are along the body )\n1. pars superior (balance and equilibrium) 2. pars inferior (hearing )\ndetection of electric fields originating from low - frequency (< 0. 1 to 25 hz) electrical stimuli that are produced by the muscle contractions of other aquatic organisms - lampreys, sharks, rays, lungfishes, reedfishes, coelacanths, sturgeons and paddlefishes, and several orders of more advanced bony fishes" ]

{ "text": [ "alosa is a genus of fish , the river herrings , in the family clupeidae .", "along with other genera in the subgenus alosinae , they are generally known as shads .", "they are distinct from other herrings by having a deeper body and spawning in rivers .", "several species can be found on both sides of the atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea .", "also , several taxa occur in the brackish-water caspian sea and the black sea basin .", "many are found in fresh water during spawning and some are only found in landlocked fresh water . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 13, 20, 13, 13 ] }

[ "alosa is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family clupeidae. along with other genera in the subgenus alosinae, they are generally known as shads. they are distinct from other herrings by having a deeper body and spawning in rivers. several species can be found on both sides of the atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea. also, several taxa occur in the brackish-water caspian sea and the black sea basin. many are found in fresh water during spawning and some are only found in landlocked fresh water." ]

[ "fusinus crassiplicatus fusinus dilectus fusinus dowianus fusinus dupertitthouarsi dupertitthouarsi fusinus dupetithouarsi aplicatus (f) fusinus dupetitthouarsi irregularis fusinus excavatus fusinus faurei fusinus forceps fusinus forceps salisburyi (f) fusinus fredbakeri fusinus frenguelli fusinus frenguelli cf. fusinus helenae fusinus kobelti fusinus leptorhyreus fusinus longissimus fusinus luteopictus fusinus marmoratus fusinus mauiensis fusinus michaelrodgersi fusinus nodosplicatus fusinus novaehollandiae fusinus ocellifer cinnamomeus (f) fusinus ocelliferus fusinus ocelliferus adamsii (f) fusinus pauciliratus complex fusinus perplexus perplexus fusinus perplexus ferrugineus fusinus perplexus minor (f) fusinus polygonoides fusinus pulchellus fusinus retiarius fusinus rostratus fusinus species brasil (from) fusinus species kenya (from) fusinus species senegal (from) fusinus spectrum fusinus strigatus fusinus syracusanus fusinus tenerifensis fusinus tesselatus\nsubgenus fusinus (sinistralia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque, 1815\nfusinus toreuma fusinus tuberosus tuberosus nigrirostratus (f) fusinus undatus fusinus undulatus fusinus virginiae fusinus zacae fusolatirus formosior fusolatirus kandai fusolatirus kuroseanus fusolatirus paetelianus fusolatirus rikae granulifusus consimilis granulifusus dondani granulifusus dondani cf. granulifusus hayashii granulifusus kiranus granulifusus niponicus granulifusus rubrolineatus granulifusus staminatus granulifusus vermeiji hemipolygona armatus hemipolygona carinifera carinifera hemipolygona varai latirolagena smaragdula latirus abnormis latirus angulatus latirus balicasagensis latirus beckyae latirus belcheri latirus bernadensis latirus bonnieae latirus concentricus latirus constrictus latirus devyanae latirus deynzerorum latirus discrepans latirus filosus latirus gibbulus latirus infundibulum latirus maculatus latirus maculatus concinnus (f) latirus marquesana\nfusinus graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880): synonym of chryseofusus graciliformis\nbuzzurro g. & russo p. (2007). fusinus del mediterraneo. published by the authors\nroland hadorn .\nnew discoveries from southeastern africa: 2 new fusinus (gastropoda: fasciolariidae) from south mozambique and natal: fusinus rogersi sp. nov. and fusinus kilburni sp. nov .\nin: vita marina. - 46 (3 - 4), (1999), pp. 101 - 110\nr. n. kilburn (1973) .\nnotes on some benthic mollusca from natal and mozambique, with descriptions of new species and subspecies of calliostoma, solariella, latiaxis, babylonia, fusinus, bathytoma and conus .\n. pietermaritzburg, natal museum in: annals of the natal museum. - vol 21 (3) (1973). - pp. 557 - 578\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale, shells online « shells for sale, conchology, inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 351 seconds. )\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nthis family previously included genera colubraria, kanamarua and metula, which were then moved to colubrariidae, the first, and buccinidae the latter two .\nb. wilson, c. wilson, p. baker (1994) .\naustralian marine shells: prosobranch gastropods: part 2 (neogastropods )\n. kallaroo, odyssey publishing, 370 p .\nphilippe bouchet, jean - pierre rocroi (2005) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. hackenheim, conchbooks; malacologia\nr. tucker abbott, s. peter dance (1986) .\ncompendium of seashells: color guide to more than 4, 200 of the world' s marine shells\n. melbourne, fl, usa, american malacologists inc. , 411 p .\nluigi bozzetti .\ndue nouve specie dal mozambico (gastropoda prosobranchia fasciolariidae )\nin: malacologia mostra mondiale. - nº 36 (aprile 2002), pp. 3 - 4\nalain robin (2008) .\nencyclopedia of marine gastropods\n. hackenheim, germany, xenophora, conchbooks, 480 p .\ndaniel mallard, alain robin (2005) .\nfasciolariidae\n. les sables d' olone, muséum du coquillage, 28 + 70 p\ntakashi okutani (ed .) (2000) .\nmarine mollusks in japan\n. tokyo, tokay university press, 1173 p. ; illustrated ;\nm. latigan .\nnotes on south african fasciolariidae\nin: the strandloper. - nº 175 (1976), pp. 1 - 3\nsteyn, douw g. , lussi, markus (2005) .\noffshore shells of southern africa: pictorial guide to more than 750 gastropods\n. [ s. l. ], douw g. steyn & markus lussi, 289 p\nkilburn, r. n. .\non some species of the families tonnidae, hipponicidae, buccinidae, columbariidae, fasciolariidae, psammobiidae and mactridae (mollusca) in south african waters\nin: annals of the natal museum. - vol 20, 3 (1971), pp. 483 - 497\nguido t. poppe (2008) .\nphilippine marine mollusks: volume 2: gastropoda part 2\n. hackenheim, germany, conchbooks, 848 p .\nrichard kilburn, elizabeth rippey (1982) .\nsea shells of southern africa\n. johannesburg, macmillan south africa, xi + 249 p .\ncarlos leobrera, f. m. leobrera (eds .); f. j. springsteen (scientific researcher); neal oshima (photographer) (1986) .\nshells of the philippines\n. manila, carfel seashell museum, 377 p\nr. n. kilburn .\ntaxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca: 3: gastropoda prosobranchia, with descriptions of new taxa of naticidae, fasciolariidae, magilidae, volutomitridae and turridae\nin: annals of the natal museum. - vol 22, 1 (1974), pp. 187 - 220\nr. n. kilburn .\ntaxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca: 5: including descriptions of new taxa of rissoidae, cerithiidae, tonnidae, cassididae, buccinidae, fasciolariidae, turbinellidae, turridae, architectonicidae, epitoniidae, limidae and thraciidae\nin: annals of the natal museum. - vol 22, 2 (1975), pp. 577 - 622\nfusus bruguière, 1789 (invalid: junior homonym of fusus helbling, 1779. placed by the iczn on the official index by opinion 1765, 1994, bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 51 (2): 159. )\nthis genus is known in the fossil records from the cretaceous to the quaternary (age range: from 94. 3 to 0. 0 million years ago). fossils are found in the marine strata all over the worls. [ 3 ]\nsnyder, m. a. (2003) catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae. academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, special publication, 21, iii + 1–431\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses." ]

{ "text": [ "fusinus virginiae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "fusinus virginiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "twilight ridge... was 30 years old and in excellent health until the last month ,\nread a release from manchester farm .\nshe was a wonderful producer as well as a great race mare. twilight ridge had 11 winning foals and 6 of her foals had speed numbers above 100. twilight ridge will be missed at manchester farm as she was a very special lady, always having the sweetest disposition with other horses and people. twilight ridge will be buried at her home, manchester farm .\npensioned in 2007, twilight ridge lived out her retirement at manchester near lexington. she never lost the look of a champion and was regally graceful in her later years .\nwell, not quite forever, but from twilight ridge you will have a spectacular view of mount leconte, old - growth trees, and eagles swooping across the skies .\ndespite its quiet, bucolic setting, twilight ridge is only a short drive to downtown gatlinburg, the gatlinburg arts & crafts loop, and the great smoky mountains national park .\nfrom the lush king - size bed and the ceiling fan to the wood - planked walls and beamed ceiling, twilight ridge’s bedroom invites you to turn in early, snuggle under the covers, and relax .\neven if twilight ridge didn’t have its loft game room, it would be a fabulous place to stay, thanks to its outdoor hot tub, king - size bed, indoor jetted tub, and toasty fireplace .\nsee what we mean about twilight ridge being so packed with amenities, you might never want to leave? so go ahead and book your stay today, then get ready for what might be your best vacation yet .\ntwilight ridge' s offspring brought $ 2, 295, 000 at auction. the average price for one of her 14 yearlings—eight fillies and six colts—was $ 459, 000. her produce included 1995 demoiselle stakes (gr. ii) winner\ntwilight ridge (usa) b. m, 1983 { 20 - c } dp = 8 - 2 - 8 - 0 - 0 (18) di = 3. 50 cd = 1. 00 - 15 starts, 4 wins, 5 places, 2 shows career earnings: $ 743, 083\nwe thoroughly enjoyed our stay at twilight ridge and will not hesitate to return. working through your company was very easy and we felt well taken care of. as a side note, there was a piece on one of the morning news shows recently regarding the trend toward renting private luxury properties rather than staying in a hotel. good for your business !\ntwilight ridge is just minutes from downtown gatlinburg, the great smoky mountains national park, and the gatlinburg arts and crafts loop, among other attractions. but because there’s so much to keep you happily occupied at the cabin itself, from playing ping pong to soaking in the hot tub, you might find yourself venturing out and about less often than you’d imagined .\ntwilight ridge is just minutes from downtown gatlinburg, the great smoky mountains national park, and the gatlinburg arts and crafts loop, among other attractions. but because there’s so much to keep you happily occupied at the cabin itself, from playing ping pong to soaking in the hot tub, you might find yourself venturing out and about less often than you’d ...\nsmoky ridge view - three bedroom home is a vacation home with an outdoor pool, set in gatlinburg. it features a barbecue and a hot tub as well as free wifi and air conditioning .\nwhat a beautiful part of the world to have a holiday! twilight ridge at dollar point was the icing on the cake for us. great accomodation. the house is perfect. warm, comfortable, clean, convenient to tahoe city and all the great skiing locations, restaurants and bars. everything was supplied in the house that you could possibly need... even a hot tub on the deck with a view of the lake! just divine after a great day of skiing. i can' t say enough good things about this property and would highly recommend twilight ridge at dollar point any one looking for a holiday rental in tahoe. we will certainly book this property again for our next holiday! thank you tahoe luxury properties kelly & bill your attention to detail is impeccable !\nmy wife and i are just completing a stay at twilight ridge and found everything to be perfect. kelly and her team rent and sell only the finest lake tahoe properties and twlight ridge at dollar point is no exception. this three bedroom, 2 bath home is perfectly appointed for a tahoe vacation and located in a quiet family friendly neighborhood with tahoe city only minutes away. the kitchen is stocked with everything you could ever need and the appliances are all very up to date. we didn' t use the gas barbecue or the spa but they look brand new. it is by far the best house we have ever rented .\nwith filtered lake views and access to an array of private hoa amenities including a large sandy beach with a pier, a swimming pool with diving board, tennis courts, and an expansive lawn area, twilight ridge is the mountain home for your lake tahoe getaway. the expansive deck is ideal for entertaining with its sunny, southwest exposure. enjoy grilling a delectable meal on the gas barbecue while you toast to a great day with family and friends. soak in the hot tub as the sun sets over the sierra nevada mountain tops lighting the sky with warm purple and pink hues or retire inside to watch a movie the large, flat screen television. twilight ridge has been totally remodeled and boasts a spacious great room with large windows, a gas fireplace, vaulted ceilings, a loft with a foosball table and an upscale kitchen. the perfect place for family fun .\ntwilight was better than expected. even better than the pictures. the booking process was easy and pleasant. everything was wonderful. if they owners ever want to sell this house, we' d be very interested in buying it !\nyou could spend much of your stay at twilight ridge kicking back on the porch swing or rocking chairs, listening to the breeze rustling through the trees and admiring the mountain views. there’s even a dining table set up so that you can savor a meal and the sunset simultaneously. the hot tub on the rear deck offers an especially fabulous vantage point: not only can you look out at mount leconte, but you can do so while being massaged by jets of steamy water! life doesn’t get much better than this .\ni' d always admired her ,\nrutherford told the blood - horse in the summer of 2012 .\nat the breeders' cup, we were going down to the paddock and wayne' s eyes kind of twinkled when he pointed at her. when they had the sale, i asked him which fillies he liked and he said,' i really like twilight ridge, she' s smart.' he put me on her, we bought her, and she' s paid for herself time and time again .\nalthough twilight ridge did not win another stakes, she was third in the hollywood starlet stakes (gr. i), second in the las virgenes (gr. iii), and second in the santa anita oaks (gr. i). she raced to a 4 - 5 - 2 record from 15 starts before she was sold in a dispersal of klein' s bloodstock at the famous night of the stars mixed sale at fasig - tipton in 1987. rutherford went to $ 1, 325, 000 for the mare, who was carrying her first foal by\nyou can ooh and ahh at the towering trees and star - studded skies while indoors as well, thanks to the large windows and double - height ceiling of the living area. there’s even a log - frame rocking chair in the living room, so you can replicate the laid - back ease of sitting on the porch even while you watch a movie on the flat - panel tv with dvd player. or stretch out on the handsome leather sofa with your tablet as you surf the web by the golden glow of the gas fireplace, which will give the cabin the cozy ambience of a classic ski chalet. (and given that ober gatlinburg amusement park and ski area is only 20 minutes away, twilight ridge actually can qualify for ski - chalet status! )\ntwilight ridge’s kitchen is equipped with all the appliances, cookware, and tableware you’d expect from a home away from home—maybe even more. in addition, there’s a charcoal grill outside; if you reel in some trout from one of the nearby streams, grill it for a true smoky mountain feast. sure, there are plenty of restaurants you can drive to in just a few minutes, but after spending the day hiking or biking in the national park, skiing or ice - skating at ober gatlinburg, or exploring every inch of dollywood, you might prefer a laid - back dinner at the cabin. if you don’t want to dine on the porch, settle in at the indoor dining table, which seats 4 people comfortably (no knocking knees or bumping elbows !) .\nthe oldest living female breeders' cup winner died april 2 at manchester farm .\n, winner of the 1985 breeders' cup juvenile fillies (gr. i), died april 2 at mike rutherford' s manchester farm. at 30, she was the oldest living female breeders' cup winner .\nraced for eugene klein and trainer d. wayne lukas after being purchased for $ 350, 000 from the 1984 fasig - tipton kentucky summer yearling sale. she was bred in florida by dr. thomas e. burrow .\n, then won the astoria stakes (gr. iii) before using a runner - up finish in the critical miss at\nfinished one - two for lukas and klein. family style would be named champion 2 - year - old filly .\n. her daughters' progeny also brought significant amounts, and even granddaughters like 2006 sabine handicap (gr. iii) victress\nwon breeders' cup juvenile fillies (g1), astoria s. (g3) ;\n2nd santa anita oaks (g1), las virgenes s. (g3 )\nftk' 84 $ 350, 000 yrlg. ftknov' 87 $ 1, 325, 000 i / f to saratoga six (mike rutherford) .\ndied apr 2, 2013 at manchester farm, where she was buried. at 30, she was the oldest living female breeders' cup winner. (close )\nshut down the gateways, which cut off the flow of demons and ended the extra stresses on the remnants of the planet .\nthere is a camp of deathshadow cultists being overseen by reth' hedron the subduer, a 73 elite eredar. the shadow council has assigned some spellcasters to channel magic into the frame of the portal. it seems that they are trying to re - open it to let more of the burning legion through .\nfloating nearby on rock fragments are four of the same large statues that stand aside the dark portal (robed, hooded, holding a sword). no information about them is known .\ncurse of the blood elves: gates of the abyss\n, warcraft iii: the frozen throne. blizzard entertainment .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nthe gateway still exists; however, it is no longer functional. this area was once the palace - city of\nthis page was last edited on 9 february 2018, at 21: 56 .\ncontent is available under cc by - sa 3. 0 unless otherwise noted. world of warcraft content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of blizzard or its licensors. all rights reserved. this site is a part of curse, inc. and is not affiliated with blizzard .\nif your stay does not meet minimum night requirements to book online, please call our office, and we will be happy to assist .\npets considered. please inquire. prior written approval and $ 150 pet fee per pet .\nloved the huge windows and deck over looking the lake. beautiful property, perfect for the 5 of us staying. walkable distance to the hoa lake. super clean and a great location, it was less than 15 minutes to everywhere we wanted to go\nwe loved everything about this house. we have been vacationing in tahoe for more than 25 years and this our favorite place so far. the location is great and the house is cozy and grand at the same time. the great room with open kitchen worked so well for our extended family to hang out and cook together. the kitchen is extremely well stocked with high - quality cookware, good knives and nice dishware. the deck with its very large hot tub and table with seating for 6 allowed great indoor / outdoor living. the property had a lot of nice touches like providing comfortable beach chairs and fluffy beach towels. the beds were very comfortable with nice bedding. we will definitely be back .\nthe best experience we have ever had. spotless, perfectly located and great communication. a terrific value. this was a truly memorable experience. fantastic all around. we will be back and we will send our friends .\nthis was one of the very best vacation experiences we have ever had. the house was so much more than we expected and the location was perfect. the house amenities and the views it provided were terrific. it was such a pleasure to stay there. we are looking forward to a rerun trip and will definitely come back. we have told several friends already and they will be coming as well. thanks tluxp for giving us such a memorable vacation .\nthe house fit our needs perfectly. we plan on booking this home again next year. very cute and clean !\nme and my guests loved the cabin and all the convenient amenities it came with it. we cooked pretty much throughout our stay for which the kitchen was fully stacked with essential kitchen wares. the house is child friendly and is in perfect shape. very cozy cabin with luxury hotel services !\nthe description is accurate. this home exceeded our expectations for cooking utensils and serving ware. we typically cook our own meals at our rental properties, this home is one of the best setups for eating at home. for instance, a detailed example is the quality of their knives, pots, and plates. all high quality and plentiful. highly recommend for families looking to spend time at home cooking, eating, and entertaining .\nvery clean and in a great location. close to many attractions. would definitely stay here again. kitchen was well stocked and the quality of linens was superb. a +\nvery clean and spacious home with amazing view, perfect location to enjoy lake during summer and squaw valley during winter .\nthis house is absolutely beautiful and comfy! !! being our first trip to lake tahoe, i couldn’t have asked for a better place to enjoy our trip. close to so many activities and restaurants !\namazing! we will definitely be back! the home and community was beyond what we expected! everything is well maintained .\nboy have we been missing out! we' ve stayed at various properties throughout tahoe and this is now no. 1 in our book. we were greeted with a nice bottle of wine and it was all perfection from there. the house is located a couple a miles from a grocery store and restaurants. the house has everything you would ever want not to mention a beautiful view. i couldn' t wait to get up and look outside every day. i really loved the quartz countertops and blue cabinets - - it modernized the home. even the utensils were classy. details were not spared in this slice of heaven. we will definitely seek out this home first when we return .\nperfect house for a relaxing romantic vacation. view is beautiful. the staff at tahoe luxury properties is incredible and really go out of their way for anything you need. they spent lots of time helping me choose a property, and then were available, prompt, and friendly when i needed on - site help at the property. the best customer service i' ve encountered with rentals. i will only rent through tluxp moving forward for tahoe trips .\nthis place is perfect for 3 couples. we had an amazing weekend and went skiing at squaw which was nearby. beautiful deck with a view and hot tub. great layout with large picture windows. cooked all weekend in the fully stocked kitchen. we will be back soon !\nwe had the best stay. the house is beautiful, with top of the line everything! it' s close to tons of stuff, but tucked into a quiet neighborhood. loved our stay .\nincredible experience! welcomes us with some nice wine and wine glasses (for us to take). the place was very well stocked loved everything .\nour 9 day stay was fabulous. . the house was impeccable and had everything we could have ever needed for 3 of us the spa was first class and that gas fireplace kept us nice and toasty and with endless choices on the big flat screen tv. . when the rain and snow came we were in heaven. the beds were comfy and warm. . the area was perfect for day trips around the lake. . tluxp were there when any questions arose or problems needed solving. thank you for making this our best trip ever\nbeautiful house located in a nice and quiet neighborhood. house felt very warm and cozy. they allowed us to do late check out which was awesome. highly recommend .\nwe had a wonderful stay in your beautiful home. hot tub overlooking the lake, foosball table provided a lot of fun for the kiddos (and adults !) and comfortable space to cook and hang out. location is excellent, we skied 4 out of the 5 days we were there and enjoyed great restaurants in town. thank you for opening your home to our family and friends. we will be back in the summer !\nwe have rented many homes in the tahoe area and this was by far our favorite. the decor is fabulous. the dining room table is actually a cedar log cut in rings and hollowed out, so cool. the house was immaculate. we enjoyed the foosball table and the hot tub with the great view. highly recommend this home if you want to have a great vacation home .\nmy family and i stayed here in february for winter break. the house was everything we hoped it would be. very clean upon our arrival, even had some staples in the cabinets to get us started with groceries. great view from the balcony and the hot tub was very well kept! this place is just gorgeous and we will be coming back each year! you will not be disappointed if you book this beautiful home !\ni rented this home with my two kids and their spouses and it was perfect! the house was spotless and there were tons of special touches. i loved the furnishings and the beds were better than mine at home. the deck was perfect for my 2 year old grandson to play while the adults enjoyed dinner on the deck and bbq. i can' t wait to come back .\nperfect size house with a great deck. you can see the lake while you kick back in the hot tub. plenty of space with three bedrooms. couldn' t be a better location .\nmy family rented this home in june and we loved it. dollar point has a great pool and beach that works perfect for the kids. the house was very well equipped, they even had beach chairs. the house was very clean, and beautifully furnished. i am going to book it again for our winter break, the location is also great for skiing .\nfive stars to this property. a lovely location, beautiful and comfortable accommodations. the house was fully equipped with all the things that we could possibly have needed or wanted. the place was clean - both the kitchens and the bathrooms were very clean. the beds and linens were extremely comfortable. we thoroughly enjoyed our off - season, quiet stay. we highly recommend twighlight to other travelers .\neverything was as depicted, and in perfect conditions. holly from tluxp was always there in case of any need. however we had an issue with a squirrel (i guess) that got within the roof and was there during three nights without allowing us to have a good rest at night. i know that being in the woods you are exposed to such problems but it was not treated efficiently. everything else worked just perfect. we found everything we needed for having a good time. worth going to common lake shore deck and facilities .\nadorable home! had everything we needed for a great vacation. everything is new and functioning, we will definitely be booking again !\nca bre 01403242 - nv red b0027100 © 2018 tahoe luxury properties all rights reserved. | privacy policy\nempty' end date' values will use the' start date' values .\nanother area only accessible via flying. don' t miss burning crusade coverage at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nviews of the great smoky mountains and an outdoor hot tub from which to enjoy them? check. elegant yet comfy furnishings? check. a game room with pool table, ping pong, and a basketball game? check again !\nyou’re sure to feel right at home in the living area, whether you’re stretched out on the sofa watching tv, nestled in the rocking chair with a book, or enjoying drinks with friends by the fireplace .\nif you time it right, you can tuck into dinner at the porch’s dining table just as the sun starts its descent behind the mountains, for a meal you’ll long remember .\nwith its view of the woodlands, the hot tub on the covered porch is a perfect spot to rejuvenate body and spirit after a fun but exhausting day of hiking, skiing, fishing, or biking .\nthe huge windows in the double - height living area let you revel in the beauty of your surroundings even when you’re hanging out indoors .\nthe open and airy floor plan is perfect for families: you can keep an eye on the kids in the living room as you prepare a meal in the kitchen or catch up on email at the dining room table .\nif you don’t want to take your dinner out to the deck, you can eat indoors. the dining table seats 4; after you’ve cleared the plates, open up the scrabble board and enjoy a game night .\ncomplete with appliances, cookware, utensils, dishes, and glasses, the kitchen has everything you need to cook a glorious feast—or to heat up leftovers from the previous night’s restaurant meal .\nchallenge each other to ping pong in the loft game room, then remove the top and shoot some pool. if you win one game each, play a round of double shootout basketball game as a tiebreaker .\nwhen you’re not shooting pool or hoops, kick back on the game room’s futon and watch some tv. the futon opens into a bed for 2—if you’re vacationing with the kids, they’ll love having this as their bedroom !\nprop yourself up against the pillows or kick back in the rocker and watch your favorite late - night programs on the bedroom’s flat - screen tv .\nwith a jetted tub as well as a shower, the bathroom makes primping a truly spa - like experience .\nbring a cool drink out to the covered front porch, kick back on a rocker, and luxuriate in the mountain breeze and the singing of the warblers .\nthe futon in the loft’s game room opens into a bed for 2. the kids will love sleeping up here with the pool table that converts to a ping pong table, the double shootout basketball game, and a tv .\ntake a trip to the smoky mountains you can experience the unforgettable views. in the fall season the colors get really vibrant and is a spectacular sight! imagine going hiking .\nthere are several things you can do to have a good time such as: ziplining, ripleys believe it or not! odditorium and aquarium, and admiring the views via sky lift .\ntake some time out to view the variety of wildlife in ober gatlinburg during your stay, we promise you won' t regret it .\nyou will definitely have a great time here, if you haven' t skiid before don' t freight as they offer lessons. there' s plenty of other activities offered like: ice skating, scenic chairlift, wildlife encounter, ski mountain coaster, and aerial tramway .\nafter a long, fun and eventful day, you get to return to your cabin to kick off your shoes and settle down. plan for tomorrows adventure .\nthe best part about eating in—beside the fact that you can enjoy that extra glass of wine without worrying about whose turn it is to drive—is that after dinner you can head directly upstairs to your private game room. shoot some pool at the full - size billiard table or challenge each other to a game of ping pong. if hoops are more your speed, you’ll love the double shootout basketball game. between games sit back on the futon and watch tv. and because the futon opens into a bed for 2, the game room can double as a 2nd bedroom. if you’re vacationing with the kids, we’re sure they’ll love making this room their own !\nthe “proper” bedroom is on the main floor, and it’s inviting enough to serve as a honeymoon suite. there’s a king - size bed, of course, and a flat - panel tv, plus bedside lamps so that one of you can stay up reading while the other falls asleep. the en - suite bathroom includes a jetted tub, perfect for soothing your tired muscles… or for getting you in the mood for romance !\ntwo night minimum stay required. * * * final pricing will include fees in addition to rent; including a non refundable damage waiver, reservation fee, local and state tax. * * * all fees will be provided prior to booking .\nwe love the location and it' s easy access to the park and hiking trails .\nlocation, amenities, decor, size, all perfectly suited for a few days of rest, relaxation and renewal. close to everything while still remote enough to provide a tranquil place to unwind. will definitely seek this property out when considering a visit to the area .\nthe cabin had absolutely everything we needed. the only thing i can see needing improvement is the grill .\nperfect size cabin for two honeymooners. great location. convenient getting to gatlinburg !\neverything was great. communication on the rental was over the top and answered every question i had before i could even ask it. only thing i didn' t like was that there seemed to be quite a bit of dust on the beams and fans and i think that aggitated my allergies a good bit. but otherwise, everything was wonderful !\nthis is a preferred partner property. it' s committed to giving guests a positive experience with its excellent service and great value. this property might pay urltoken a little more to be in this program .\nless than 2 miles away from great smoky mountains national park, this downtown gatlinburg hotel features a heated indoor swimming pool with a lazy river, an on - site fitness center and free continental ...\nlocated outside the entrance of great smoky mountains national park, this lodge is located in downtown gatlinburg and features a heated outdoor pool, complimentary breakfast and rustic - inspired guest ...\nholiday inn express gatlinburg downtown is nestled in the foothills of the the great smoky mountains. a complimentary cold and hot breakfast is served daily in the lobby .\nin the heart of great smoky mountains national park, these gatlinburg accommodations feature a both a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and an outdoor hot tub .\nheavenly heights holiday home offers accommodations in pittman center. the kitchen is equipped with a dishwasher and an oven and there is a private bathroom. a flat - screen tv is available .\nthis gatlinburg baskins creek condos by wyndham vacation rentals apartment is a 9 - minute walk from gatlinburg city center. features include an outdoor pool, hot tub, and free wi - fi .\nabove the clouds - four bedroom home is located in gatlinburg, 2. 7 miles from bill gladwell, the mentalist, 2. 8 miles from ripley' s aquarium of the smokies, as well as 2. 7 miles from gatlinburg space ...\nfeaturing a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and a garden, marshall' s creek rest is located in gatlinburg, a 6 - minute walk from bill gladwell, the mentalist .\nfeaturing free wifi throughout the property, cozy bear lodge - three bedroom home is a vacation home located in gatlinburg, 1 mi from bill gladwell, the mentalist .\ncondo # 3052 - two bedroom apartment is located at the entrance of great smoky mountains national park in gatlinburg .\nlocated 5 miles from gatlinburg, knockin on heavens door holiday home offers accommodations in zion grove. a flat - screen tv is provided. there is a private bathroom with a bathtub or shower .\nlocated 9 miles from gatlinburg and 11 miles from pigeon forge, knotty pine delight holiday home offers accommodations in pittman center .\nfeaturing a garden with a heated outdoor pool, johnson’s inn offers free wifi and air - conditioned rooms with a private balcony. free public parking is available on site .\nlocated in gatlinburg, 2. 2 miles from bill gladwell, the mentalist and 2. 2 miles from ripley' s aquarium of the smokies, heaven' s view - two - bedroom cabin provides accommodations with free wifi, air ...\nfilters help our customers find the perfect place to stay. click the things that are most important to you, and we' ll show you what we' ve got .\nyou' re subscribed! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b. v. is based in amsterdam in the netherlands, and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc. , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews, and they' re all from real, verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking. that' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property, they check out how quiet the room is, how friendly the staff is, and more .\nafter their trip, guests tell us about their stay. we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review, please sign in first .\nby creating an account, you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nwe’re sorry, some parts of the airbnb website don’t work properly without javascript enabled .\n100% of recent guests gave this home’s check - in process a 5 - star rating .\nsuperhosts are experienced, highly rated hosts who are committed to providing great stays for guests .\nimportant: airbnb does not charge the county transient occupancy tax (tot) when you book online. the law requires tahoe luxury properties (tluxp) collect this tax when you sign tluxp' s vacation rental agreement, after booking. a tluxp rental agent will contact you within 24 hours of booking to email you the vacation rental agreement for your signature and to charge you the additional tot. if you have received prior written approval to bring a pet, the additional fee is $ 150 per pet .\nthe best airbnb experience we have ever had. spotless, perfectly located and great communication. a terrific value .\nthe house fit our needs perfectly. we plan on booking this home again next year. very cute and clean! zero complaints .\nhad a great stay... . this house is very nice and would definitely stay there again !\namazing property! me and my guests loved the cabin and all the convenient amenities it came with it. we cooked pretty much throughout our stay for which the kitchen was fully stacked with essential kitchenwares. the house is child friendly and is in perfect shape. very cozy cabi…\nthe description is accurate. this home exceeded our expectations for cooking utensils and serving ware. we typically cook our own meals at our rental properties, this home is one of the best setups for eating at home. for instance, a detailed example is the quality of their kn…\nmodern, cozy, and immaculately clean place that' s close to tahoe city shops and restaurants and a short (~ 25 min) drive to northstar, squaw, and alpine meadows resorts. our family especially enjoyed the private hottub on the back balcony, which was the perfect way to relax after…\nhello! we are so enthused to have you viewing our home. we at tahoe luxury properties have specialized in providing upscale vacation rentals in every size and price range for over 20 years. when you book with tahoe luxury properties, you will receive more than just a great house …\nto protect your payment, never transfer money or communicate outside of the airbnb website or app .\npress the down arrow key to interact with the calendar and select a date. press the question mark key to get the keyboard shortcuts for changing dates." ]

{ "text": [ "twilight ridge ( march 20 , 1983 – 2 april 2013 ) was an american thoroughbred racing filly .", "in 1985 , she won the breeders ' cup juvenile fillies .", "at the time of her death ( age 30 ) , she was the oldest living female breeders ' cup winner .", "her offspring brought $ 2,295,000 at auction . " ], "topic": [ 14, 14, 14, 4 ] }

[ "twilight ridge (march 20, 1983 – 2 april 2013) was an american thoroughbred racing filly. in 1985, she won the breeders' cup juvenile fillies. at the time of her death (age 30), she was the oldest living female breeders' cup winner. her offspring brought $ 2,295,000 at auction." ]

[ "jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nhoraglanis alikunhii subhash babu and nayar, 2004\n.\na new species of the blind catfish horaglanis, menon (siluroidea: clariidae) from parappkura, trichus district and a new report of horaglanis krishnai, menon from etomannar (kotayam district) kerala .\nhoraglanis is a genus of airbreathing catfishes endemic to india. three species are known, and all are blind .\nmembers of the genus horaglanis are blind catfishes that inhabit wells and sub - terrenanean channels in the state of kerala in india .\nhoraglanis: named after sl hora, the indian ichthyologist; the suffix - glanis is greek for catfish and is often used in generic names of catfishes .\nmembers of the genus horaglanis are blind catfishes that inhabit wells and sub - terrenanean channels in the state of kerala in india. horaglanis abdulkalami differs from other members of the genus in having lesser number of dorsal fin rays (21) and anal fin rays (15). has 28 caudal fin rays. live fish are red - blood colour .\nbabu, k. k. s. (2012): horaglanis abdulkalami, a new hypogean blind catfish (siluriformes: clariidae) from kerala, india. samagra criksc journal, 8: 51 - 56 .\nmembers of the genus horaglanis are blind catfishes that inhabit wells and sub - terrenanean channels in the state of kerala in india. horaglanis alikunhii can be differentiated from h. krishnai by the presence of more dorsal fin rays (24 vs 23) and more caudal fin rays (30 vs 24). the head shape of h. alikunhii tends to be more elongated when compared to the head shape of h. krishnai .\nhoraglanis: named after sl hora, the indian ichthyologist; the suffix - glanis is greek for catfish and is often used in generic names of catfishes. this species is named after dr. k. h. alikunhi from india .\nty - jour ti - a new species of the blind fish horaglanis menon (siluroidea: clariidae) from parappukara (trichur district) and a new report of horaglanis krishnai menon from ettumanur (kottayam district), kerala t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society. vl - 101 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society, cy - bombay: py - 2004 sp - 296 ep - 298 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - babu, k k subhash au - nayar, c k g er -\n@ article { bhlpart155430, title = { a new species of the blind fish horaglanis menon (siluroidea: clariidae) from parappukara (trichur district) and a new report of horaglanis krishnai menon from ettumanur (kottayam district), kerala }, journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society. }, volume = { 101 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder }, url = urltoken publisher = { bombay: bombay natural history society, 1886 - }, author = { babu, k k subhash and nayar, c k g }, year = { 2004 }, pages = { 296 - - 298 }, }\nhoraglanis: named after sl hora, the indian ichthyologist; the suffix - glanis is greek for catfish and is often used in generic names of catfishes. the species is named in honour of the former president of india, dr. a. p. j. abdul kalam, who ignited young minds towards the real world of science and technology .\nhoraglanis krishnai is listed as data deficient since, although it has been recorded from subterranean wells in a small area, very little is known about its status, threats, habitat requirements and habitat condition. the distribution has not been visited since 1979 and the status of the species is currently not known. the species could be assessed as cr to nt, more information is needed .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of the blind fish horaglanis menon (siluroidea: clariidae) from parappukara (trichur district) and a new report of horaglanis krishnai menon from ettumanur (kottayam district), kerala < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > babu, k k subhash < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > nayar, c k g < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 101 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the journal of the bombay natural history society. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> bombay: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > bombay natural history society, < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 101 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 296 < / start > < end > 298 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2004 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ntaken from mister s. l. hora, director of zoological survey of india + latin, glanis = a cat fish (ref. 45335 )\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .), 2005. catalog of fishes. updated database version of may 2005. catalog databases as made available to fishbase in may 2005. (ref. 54621 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00102 (0. 00046 - 0. 00225), b = 3. 06 (2. 88 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmadhusoodana kurup, b. , anna mercy, t. v. , basheer, v. s. , raghavan, r. , cox, n. a. , krishna, k. k. & dahanukar, n .\nis a western ghats endemic species, described from dugout wells in mundakkayam in kottayam district by menon (1950) and subsequently found in dugout wells in the midlands of ettumanur in kottayam district, kerala by babu and nayar (2004). (menon 1950 & 1951, jayaram 1977 & 2010, anna mercy\n2001 a & b, babu and nayar, 2004). the site has not been visited since 1979 .\nis a small sized, blind catfish. the species lives in subterranean tunnels. much of it' s natural ecology is unknown, but it' s reproductive cycle has been studied under captive conditions (anna mercy\nbeing a cave dwelling species, is understood to be out of reach from exploitation, as of now .\nthe species might be threatened by groundwater pollution from the surrounding town and agricultural pollution although this needs to be confirmed .\nthere have been no known conservation measures taken for this species. there is a need to monitor and reduce groundwater pollution in the surrounding area. this species is not found in a protected area. additional research is needed to understand the range, ecology and potential threats to the species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncava, irinjalakuda, trichur district, kerala, 10°20' 47. 50'' n, 76°12' 03. 50'' e, india, dugout well at 10. 2 meters .\n31mm or 1. 2\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nin ventral view especially, females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .\ncollected from an old well at irinjalakuda, kerala. this indicates its subterranean mode of life and that it might have reached the well through the interconnected cavities or channels in the rocks .\nk. k. subash babu (2012) samagra vol. 8, 15 nov 2012, pp52, fig. 1, pl. 1 .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 17 / 2013. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsmallest 31mm, largest 40mm, average 35mm, most commonly 40mm. all sl .\nwater well at parappukara, 10°13' n, 76°15' e, trichur district, kerala state, india, 8. 5 meters depth underground .\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000, started in 1972. it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted, as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation, values and development strategies. problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60, 000 international non - profit organizations, profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon, whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise. indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate. in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector, emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions, conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations (uia) is a research institute and documentation centre, based in brussels. it was established in 1907, by henri la fontaine (nobel peace prize laureate of 1913), and paul otlet, a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit, apolitical, independent, and non - governmental in nature, the uia has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907." ]

{ "text": [ "horaglanis is a genus of small airbreathing catfishes that are endemic to kerala in india .", "the three known species are all adapted to life underground , lack pigmentation and are blind .", "this genus and kryptoglanis , both from the western ghats , are the only known underground-living catfish in india . " ], "topic": [ 26, 10, 26 ] }

[ "horaglanis is a genus of small airbreathing catfishes that are endemic to kerala in india. the three known species are all adapted to life underground, lack pigmentation and are blind. this genus and kryptoglanis, both from the western ghats, are the only known underground-living catfish in india." ]

[ "eupithecia lavicaria fuchs, 1902 (syn: eupithecia lavicata prout, 1914), described from norway .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\nthe term\ncervina\nis composed of 7 letters. in alphabetical order, these 7 letters are :\ncervina has been found in our term list. if you need a definition or a context on the term, you will find a list of external links below .\nthe word\ncervina\nis a word starting by\nc\n. there are many other words starts\nc\nand if it is the only letter that you have to solve your game, you can take a look at the list of words starting in c .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae. there are hundreds of described species, found in all parts of the world (45 in the british isles alone), and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs. they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult. as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage. many species have a very specific food plant. some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects (e. orichloris, e. staurophragma, e. scoriodes). they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered, they quickly grab the insects touching them. the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen. also, insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhere are some links that can help you understand the meaning of the term. please take into account that each corpus is different. some results may be empty .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery, michael (1986). collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe (reprinted 1991) .\nskinner, bernard (1984). colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia cervina is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in south-western china ( tibet ) .", "the wingspan is about 26 mm .", "the fore - and hindwings are uniform mid brown . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "eupithecia cervina is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in south-western china (tibet). the wingspan is about 26 mm. the fore - and hindwings are uniform mid brown." ]

[ "details - southern african cumacea. part 3. families lamprodidae and ceratocumatidae - biodiversity heritage library\nwatling, l. ; gerken, s. (2018). world cumacea database. ceratocumatidae calman, 1905. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 110379 on 2018 - 07 - 11\nbacescu, mihai / gruner, h. - e. , and l. b. holthuis, eds. , 1992: cumacea ii (fam. nannastacidae, diastylidae, pseudocumatidae, gynodiastylidae and ceratocumatidae), pars 8. crustaceorum catalogus. 175 - 468 .\nty - jour ti - southern african cumacea. part 3. families lamprodidae and ceratocumatidae t2 - annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. vl - 76 ur - urltoken pb - south african museum, cy - cape town: py - 1978 sp - 137 ep - 189 sn - 0303 - 2515 au - day, r j er -\n@ article { bhlpart74639, title = { southern african cumacea. part 3. families lamprodidae and ceratocumatidae }, journal = { annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. }, volume = { 76 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { cape town: south african museum, 1898 - 2004. }, author = { day, r j }, year = { 1978 }, pages = { 137 - - 189 }, }\nthe order cumacea is subdivided into 8 families, 141 genera, and 1, 523 species: * bodotriidae scott, 1901 (379 species in 36 genera) * ceratocumatidae calman, 1905 (10 species in 2 genera) * diastylidae bate, 1856 (318 species in 22 genera) * gynodiastylidae stebbing, 1912 (106 species in 12 genera) * lampropidae sars, 1878 (114 species in 15 genera) * leuconidae sars, 1878 (139 species in 16 genera) * nannastacidae bate, 1866 (426 species in 25 genera) * pseudocumatidae sars, 1878 (30 species in 12 genera) one species is also placed\nincertae sedis\nin the order .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > southern african cumacea. part 3. families lamprodidae and ceratocumatidae < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > day, r j < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 76 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> cape town: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > south african museum, < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 76 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 137 < / start > < end > 189 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1978 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nwatling, l. (2001). cumacea, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 308 - 310 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmale pleopods 5, 4, or 3 pairs, with external process on inner ramus .\nexopods on maxillipeds and the following combinations of pereopods: in the male, 1 - 4, rarely 1 - 3 or 1 - 2; in the female, 1, or 1 - 3, with some females showing 1 + 3 rudimentary early in development .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: dbfdca06 - a8ae - 4ce3 - ab38 - 767857ca3715\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 16791d65 - 82e8 - 4743 - acf6 - e16ab8270c39\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 475387\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. < em > science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). < / em > 124 pp .\nmartin, joel w. , and george e. davis, 2001: an updated classification of the recent crustacea. natural history museum of los angeles, science series 39. 124 .\nparker, s. p. (ed). (1982). synopsis and classification of living organisms. mcgraw - hill, new york. 2 volumes .\nwatling, l. (2001). cumacea, < b > < i > in < / i > < / b >: costello, m. j. < i > et al. < / i > (ed .) (2001). < i > european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, < / i > 50: pp. 308 - 310\nannals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more." ]

{ "text": [ "ceratocumatidae is a family of crustaceans of the order cumacea .", "ceratocumatidae have a small free telson .", "the endopods ( interior branches ) of the uropods are present on only one segment .", "males have 5 , 4 or 3 pairs of pleopods .", "all maxillipeds and some of the pereiopods bear exopods ( outer branches ) .", "the gill apparatus has no supporting gill plates . " ], "topic": [ 26, 18, 16, 9, 21, 23 ] }

[ "ceratocumatidae is a family of crustaceans of the order cumacea. ceratocumatidae have a small free telson. the endopods (interior branches) of the uropods are present on only one segment. males have 5, 4 or 3 pairs of pleopods. all maxillipeds and some of the pereiopods bear exopods (outer branches). the gill apparatus has no supporting gill plates." ]

[ "the crimson - rumped waxbill also called the rosy - rumped waxbill is found natively in north - eastern africa .\ncrimson - rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga) is a species of bird in the estrildidae family .\nthe crimson - rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga) also known as rosy - rumped waxbill is a common species of estrildid finch found in north - eastern africa .\ncrimson - rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga) photographed by johnson in singapore in june as these are north african birds i assume this is a captive specimen .\nthe rosy - rump waxbill, also known as the crimson - rumped waxbill, rosey - winged waxbill, and sundevall’s waxbill, belongs to the group of estrildid finch. having a brownish - gray body and a dark bill, their eyes have crimson stripes with their feathers being marked with crimson patches. these monomorphic birds (identical males and females) are sometimes mistaken with red - ear waxbills .\nsimilar species include the black - rumped, crimson - rumped and black - lored waxbills. the black - rumped waxbill is black rather than brown on the rump and has a pale vent (area underneath the tail). the crimson - rumped waxbill has a dark bill, red rump and some red on the wings and tail. the black - lored waxbill (found only in the democratic republic of congo) has a black rather than red stripe through the eye .\nthe black - rumped waxbill is a very small and active bird of the dry grassland belt of sub - saharan africa .\nrump, and lacks the white lining around its tail. in addition, the common waxbill has a crimson stripe which extends down the center of its breast and belly .\none month later francis encountered another species, the common waxbill (e. astrild) (above right). then the orange - cheeked waxbill (e. melpoda) (below left), followed by the black - rumped waxbill (e. troglodytes) (below right) .\n), and the waxbill parents dotingly care for these parasitic young alongside their own .\n“a few months ago, if you ask anyone about the waxbills in singapore, you will at best be taken to the nearest bird shops, ” wrote francis yap, an avid birder - photographer. “back in february 2011, i managed to photograph an escapee, the crimson - rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga) (above left) and posted it here link .\nthe black - rumped waxbill is believed to be parasitized by the pin - tailed whydah. although these waxbills are difficult to breed, they have been known to hybridize with the following species (so take care when housing birds in mixed company to prevent cross - breeding): orange - cheeked waxbill (\npayne, r. (2018). crimson - rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\ndead red - eared waxbill for sale - buy dead birds. all major credit cards accepted .\nblack - crowned waxbill (estrilda nonnula) one of several birds feeding on crop near swamp .\nhi francis not sure if you have the blue waxbill in your photo collection but there is one at the sports hub at the moment. saw it on friday at 7pm (same time as a group of 5 crimson - rumped waxbills coincidentally) and again this morning at 7. 30am. let me know if you are interested and i can send you an iphone photo and give you directions. regards marcel\nrosey - rump waxbills (estrilda rhodopyga) have a dark brown - gray upper body color while the underparts are a light gray - beige color. they have a crimson eye stripe with crimson patches on the flight feathers and upper tail coverts. the beak and eyes are black while the legs are dark gray. both sexes look identical and are often confused with red - ear waxbills .\nin the wild, black - rumped waxbills breed during the second half of the african rainy season. in captivity, they tend to breed during the warmer months .\norange - cheeked waxbill (estrilda melpoda) is a common species of estrildid finch native to western and central africa .\nthe rosey - rump waxbill is found in parts of kenya, ethiopia and southern sudan. it originated in east africa .\nthe common waxbill also known as the st. helena waxbill, is found natively south of the sahara in africa. it is the commonest and most widespread of the waxbill in africa. the name waxbill itself is derived from the colour of the adult bird’s bill, which is the same colour as that of sealing wax. due to it’s popularity as a caged bird (like the red avadavat), it is now a widespread feral species after enough of them having escaped their caged existence .\na small, active and distinctively plumaged waxbill. globally, it is an introduced species found in bermuda, puerto rico and hawaii .\nthe orange - breasted waxbill or zebra waxbill is a close relative of the red avadavat but is originally from the grassland and savannah south of the sahara in africa. it is also the smallest of the african estraldid finches. a very distinctive looking bird, it is unlikely to be mistaken from others .\nthis bird is a good specimen for a mixed aviary provided there is plently of room. during the breeding season or when you have rosy - rumped males housed together they will become slightly agressive towards the same species during the breeding season .\n), a well known brood parasite. pin - tailed whydah chicks have evolved gape patterns that exactly match the gape patterns of common waxbill young, so that they are more likely to be accepted by waxbill parents. this relationship is harmful to the breeding success rate of common waxbills, but essential to the survival of pin - tailed whydahs .\nhens have a tendency to become egg bound (particularly first - year and old hens), especially if breeding in cold weather, so provide your pairs with adequate heat and a source of calcium. black - rumped waxbills may suffer from intestinal parasites such as: gizzardworms (\nhi marcel, yes i do have the cordon - bleu (the other name for blue waxbill), but i haven’t updated the article in some time. thanks for the reminder .\nthe common waxbill has a variety of twittering and buzzing calls and a distinctive high - pitched flight - call. the simple song is harsh and nasal and descends on the last note .\nin singapore, it was first found in june 2011 at pandan river flocking with the common waxbill. this species is not known in large numbers although sighting were reported up to year 2012 .\ncommon waxbill young have an increased risk of predation as a result of their nests being placed so close to the ground. mice and snakes are examples of the types of predators that will target common waxbill eggs and young. in a defensive response to this, the parents spread carnivore scat in and around the nest site to deter predators. the most commonly used scat comes from servals (\nthe common waxbill (estrilda astrild), also known as the st helena waxbill, is a small passerine bird belonging to the estrildid finch family. it is native to sub - saharan africa but has been introduced to many other regions of the world and now has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10, 000, 000 km 2. it is popular and easy to keep in captivity .\nreino, l. , t. silva. 1998. the distribution and expansion of the common waxbill (estrilda astrild) in the iberian peninsula. biological conservation fauna, 102: 163 - 167 .\noren, d. , n. smith. 1981. notes on the status of the common african waxbill in amazonia. wilson ornithological society, vol. 93, no. 2: 281 - 282 .\nsilva, t. , l. reino, r. borralho. 2002. a model for range expansion of an introduced species: the common waxbill estrilda astrild in portugal. diversity and distributions, 8: 319 - 326 .\n) due to their similar appearances. both species have red beaks, a similar overall body coloration, and the red eye stripe. they can be differentiated, however, since the common waxbill has more distinct dark cross - barring on its feathers, a\nwild black - rumped waxbills build their nests directly on the ground or around the bases of bushes, and black - rumped waxbills in captivity will do the same in a well - planted aviary. in fact, these finches rarely accept nest boxes. the birds make use of grasses, moss, and coconut fiber to construct their nest, which includes a roosting chamber (\ncock nest\n) on top or to the side. they may also line the inside of the nest with feathers and decorate the nest with white or dark and shiny objects (pieces of eggshell, dry excreta, bits of paper, shiny bits of wet earth). often they will add more decorations to the cock nest than the brooding chamber; the cock nest probably functions as a\ndecoy\nwhich might fool predators .\n. birds aged 1 to 3 years yeild the best breeding results. only one pair of black - rumped waxbills should be housed per enclosure, unless the enclosure is very large. productivity is increased in the one - pair - per - enclosure breeding scenario compared with colony breeding. avoid placing any nosey species (such as zebra finches and society finches) or large, aggressive species in the breeding enclosure .\nthe adult male looks similar to the common waxbill, but with its rump to tail black, white in outer tail feathers, pale pink tinge to breast and belly. the female is similar to the male except it lacks the pale pink tinge. the black rump and tail is prominent in flight\nit is the first recorded waxbill species in singapore with the first sighting in february 2011 at lorong halus. subsequently it’s found in many places with ever increasing numbers. it is now the most numerous of the waxbills species in singapore (personal observation 2014). as of today, no formal breeding record is known .\nit inhabit a variety of habitat, from grassland savanna, grassy clearings at the edge of cultivation, to swamps, forest edges, thickets or weedy patches, even in gardens where suitable feeding is available. found usually in pair or in small groups, but band together in sizable flock in non - breeding season. it tends to flock together with its own kind but does mix together with other waxbill and manikin especially at roost or at common source of food, though it appears to avoid areas where the common waxbill is numerous. it feeds in tall grass, where it takes seeds from the heads, and on the ground on a variety of mostly small seeds, but some insects may also be taken .\nthese are very agile birds. they feed on grass seeds and on the ground and can catch insects mid - flight. allopreening is common. wild birds live in pairs, small groups, or occasionally large flocks, and may be seen with other waxbill species. pair bonds may loosen during the non - breeding season, leading to pairing with new partners for subsequent breedings .\n) and coccidiosis, and may benefit from a regular deworming program. air sac mites are uncommon but can occur. birds which are overcrowded, malnourished, or otherwise stressed may be prone to suffer from feather - plucking. obesity may plague birds which are offered inadequate space to exercise and fed too rich a diet year - round. candida (fungal) infections are common especially for birds fed maggots or which have access to damp flooring. due to the fine materials utilized in nest construction, black - rumped waxbills may suffer from foreign body constrictive necrosis of the toes or legs if material becomes wound around the limb .\nit inhabit tall grasslands or savannas, swamp or marsh edges, rice - fields and reedbeds, usually adjacent to water. it feeds on the ground or from the stem of tall grasses, mainly on grass seeds or reed - heads, but also takes a few small insects. behaviourally, it is a rather tame and confiding, but is active and continually on the move; wags tail from side to side like the common waxbill .\ncommon waxbills have different ecological roles depending on their location. in their native african landscape they have a minimal impact on the plant species they eat. however, this is not the case in some of the regions where they have been introduced. in cape verde and seychelles, for example, invasive common waxbill populations have been shown to have a destructive impact on the crops they consume. as granivores, common waxbills likely play a significant role in seed dispersal for plants they consume .\na good rosey - rump diet is much like that of other waxbills cosisting of a small seed mix such as finch which includes a mixture of millets and seeding grasses. this waxbill can be highly insectivorous and will benefit from livefood. small mealworms, waxworms and fruit fly larva can be mixed in with soft food and offered daily. fresh water, cuttlebone and grit should also be supplied at all times. lettuce, spinach, chickweed, spray millet, eggfood, brocolli tops and carrot tops can also be offered on a regular basis .\ncommon waxbills build spherical nests out of dry grasses and keep them hidden in reeds close to the ground. the female does most of the nest - building, but the male assists in decorating it and lining the inside with feathers. both parents spread animal scat in the nest throughout the nesting period as a way to divert predators. a unique feature to common waxbill nests is the formation of a separate “cock’s nest” located atop the main nest. no one is certain what the purpose of this secondary nest is, but it appears to be a resting place for the parent who is not incubating the nest .\ntakes place in midsummer, except in winter - rainfall areas (such as southern africa) where the breeding season is between september and january. the nest is a weaved, spherical mass of grasses with a narrow entrance. nests are generally on or near the ground, hidden in similar, grassy vegetation. they have a clutch size between 4 and 6 eggs, and may raise several broods a year. the incubation period lasts 11 to 12 days with both sexes working to incubate the eggs. fledging takes 17 to 21 days and during this time both parents feed and care for the chicks. common waxbill juveniles reach reproductive maturity between 6 months and 1 year of age .\nbirds have often escaped from captivity or been deliberately released. breeding populations have become established in many places where the climate is sufficiently warm and where there is a sufficient supply of grass seeds. they are now found on many islands around africa: saint helena, ascension island, the cape verde islands, são tomé and príncipe, mauritius, réunion, rodrigues, the seychelles and ile amsterdam. they may possibly be native on some of these islands. in europe the common waxbill has become widespread in portugal and is spreading through spain. there are small populations on madeira and gran canaria and it has recently appeared on tenerife and the azores. in the americas waxbills are found in trinidad, several parts of brazil and there are a few on bermuda. in the pacific there are populations on new caledonia, efate island in vanuatu, tahiti and the hawaiian islands. in spain it has been introduced in the largest cities in the last ten years and is now quite commonly seen in madrid, barcelona and valencia, as well as along the spanish - portuguese border .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de inmunologia, facultad de medicina, universidad complutense de madrid, avenida complutense s / n, 28040 madrid, spain .\nestrildid finches are distributed throughout africa, south asia, australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans. some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies. our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch (about 16, 5 million years ago). this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift, triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes, like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts. the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african, asian and australian birds. the most ancient evolutive group comprises african (african silverbill), asian (indian silverbill) and australian (diamond firetail); this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india. more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography. in addition, monophyletic radiations include species from different continents. finally, ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .\nopen access will revolutionize 21 st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines .\nit is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant, high - standard and timely scientific information. this is exactly what open access journals provide and this is the reason why i support this endeavor .\npublishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress. open access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information, and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community .\nopen access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature. they offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals, including physicians, medical students, clinical investigators, and the general public. they are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information .\nopen access journals are extremely useful for graduate students, investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals. indeed, the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality. this is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals .\nopen access journals represent a major break - through in publishing. they provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues. relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world' s leading authorities .\nopen access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated: particularly, whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process, they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets .\nnot only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world, it also provides extra exposure for our papers .\nopen access' chemistry' journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content .\nin principle, all scientific journals should have open access, as should be science itself. open access journals are very helpful for students, researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals. the articles are high standard and cover a wide area .\nthe widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science. in this perspective, open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements .\nopen access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science .\nthere are many scientists who cannot afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals. open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information .\nopen access journals have become a fundamental tool for students, researchers, patients and the general public. many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis. the articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas .\nthese journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid, open access scientific communication. the articles are of high quality and broad scope .\nopen access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide .\nopen access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication. this option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists .\nopen access journals are freely available online throughout the world, for you to read, download, copy, distribute, and use. the articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields .\nopen access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines. the papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are indexed in: major international databases. i read open access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study .\nit is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals. researchers, faculty members, and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of bentham science publishers ltd. in this category .\nkothe, 1911 – se south sudan, c & s ethiopia, nw & s somalia, ne drcongo, uganda, kenya, tanzania and n malawi .\n). male nominate race has red lores and red stripe through eye to above ear - coverts, grey crown, greyish - brown upperparts ...\ncontact call a soft\nsspt - sspt\n; other calls a hard and grating\njup\n, a\n...\nsmall grass seeds, also tips of grass shoots; also ant larvae (formicidae), termites (isoptera), aphids (aphidoidea) and spiders (araneae ...\nbreeds sept and may in uganda, and mar, apr and jul in kenya. courting male holds grass stem in bill, head high, forehead sleeked, fluffs ...\nnot globally threatened. generally common; uncommon to rare in ­somalia. local in drcongo, where rare on lendu plateau. a single record from extreme nw mozambique .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common or locally common (clement 1999). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 392, 364 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: estrilda rhodopyga. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\ncalls from one of a small group of this species moving low in dense growth along a dry streambed through rocky thornscrub .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\neast africa, south africa, southern sudan, somalia, south - eastern kenya, inner parts of tanzania, north - eastern uganda, malawi, egypt, the democratic republic of congo .\nlarge planted aviaries or spacious cages are required for these birds. a soft wooden perch would be a good option. you can also place a handmade nest or a nest box within the cage .\nto ensure cleanliness, paper substrates are to be placed at the bottom of the cage and changed on a regular basis .\na temperature of about 70°f to 80°f is essential to keep them warm, especially during the winter months. in summer, the cages or aviaries may be placed outdoors to provide them with adequate sunlight .\nthese birds dwell well when kept along with mixed species. the males are a bit aggressive with each other during the breeding period .\nlike other waxbills, these birds also feed well on seed mix comprising of seed grasses as well as millets. being insectivorous, wax worms, fruit fly larva as well as mealworms can be included as a part of their diet. they should also be provided with chickweed, spinach, lettuce, broccoli tops, egg food and carrot tops. supplying them with grit and cuttlebone ensures a good amount of calcium and vitamins. moreover, clean water is to be provided at the bottom of the cage daily .\nthey should be provided with bathing water daily, while their nails should also be regularly trimmed and cleaned .\nthough no specific health problem is known, common problems like air - sac mite and egg - binding may affect them if proper care is not taken .\ncarl sundevall, a swedish ornithologist, was the first to have described this bird in 1850 .\nthe juvenile birds have a duller look than their parents, also lacking the red stripes on their eyes .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\n© 2018 (singing wings aviary). all rights reserved. reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nall the species described here belong to the estrildid finch family. included in this same family are the munias and mannikins, but that is the subject of another article .\ni highly recommend clement, peter (1993) finches & sparrow: an identification guide as additional reading. however it is out of print, so you need to obtain it through used book stores. alternatively there is wikipedia which holds some other information .\nthe red avadavat, also called strawberry finch or red munia is the only bird described here that is in the official nature society (singapore) bird checklist (2014). its original breeding range is in south asia to south - east asia (except malaysia and singapore). however due to it’s popularity as a caged bird, it is now found worldwide in places like malaysia, brunei, portugal, spain, egypt, fiji, puerto rico and hawaii .\nmales and females differ. the male in breeding colours is bright red with speckled white spots whereas the female has grey - brown upperparts .\nit inhabits tall grass, reeds, sugarcane, bushes or scrub usually in areas near water or marshes. it feeds in tall grass or on the ground, on a variety of grass seeds. behaviourally, it often seen in pairs or flocks of up to 30 birds, occasionally with other munias and sparrows. it characteristically roost communally in reed beds and sugar cane .\nin singapore it’s has been documented as an introduced species since the 19th century (hume, 1880) 2. number of birds of this species tend to fluctuate around, and it was only recently that it has been included in the checklist .\nthe adult male is bright orange from breast to undertail coverts. in contrast, the female lack the red supercillium, has pale orange undertail coverts with the rump to tail dull red .\nin singapore, it was first reported in a grassland at tuas in 2011. recent sightings of a flock at punggol barat (2014) suggest that they may have reached critical numbers for breeding .\nsexes are alike, but some can be separated by intensity of colour of underparts, though there is considerable individual and racial variation .\nit favours long grass or savanna habitat, also edges of marshes, swamps, abandoned cultivation, plantations, gardens, villages, often near water or, where suitable grass habitat exist. a tame and confiding bird that is usually in small flocks when breeding and larger ones when not breeding. it roosts communally in tight packed groups, either in a line on a grass stem or even on the backs of other birds. it feeds on the ground or on grass stems, on a variety of grass seeds, seeds of sedges and occasionally small insects. it is a brood host to the pin - tailed whydah .\nin singapore, it was first reported at pandan river in june 2011. subsequent sightings were at chinese garden and then later the same year at lorong halus. their numbers have increased substantially since then, but no breeding record has been reported yet, although birds have been seen picking up stalks of grass perhaps for nesting purposes .\nthe sexes are alike but the juvenile differ from the adult in that it is duller and lack barring on mantle, back and underparts, and has duller orange - red on rump and uppertail coverts. the juvenile also lacks the red - stripe through eye and has all - black bill .\nit inhabit lowland grassland with bushes or scrub, forest edges, open acacia savanna, marshes or swamp grassland and edges of cultivated area, it feeds on seed - heads or growing vegetation and on the ground, where it takes a variety of small seeds, mainly grass, but also small quantities of insects and ant larvae. it is a brood host of the parasitic pin - tailed whydah .\nit inhabits dry or arid grassland savannas, often in thickets, scrub or thornbush. usually in pairs, small groups or occasionally large flocks, often with other waxbills. feeds on the ground or vegetation principally on grass seeds, millet and even insects. it habitually switches or flick it’s tail from side - to - side when excited or alarmed. it is the brood host of the parasitic pin - tailed whydah .\nits orange face, present at all age is diagnostic and makes it unlikely to be confused with other species. sexes are alike .\nfirst found at pandan river in june 2011 and later in larger numbers near chinese garden. subsequent sightings have been less in number of birds .\nin this article and the previous one on weavers, you will find that the year 2011 seems to be a pivotal year for released bird originating from africa. it is believed that in that year, import of birds from asia was banned due to possibility of bird flu spreading through asian origin birds .\nit is hard to deduce which activity prompted the release of large variety and numbers of birds as sightings began from february onwards that year. nonetheless, 3 years in from that date, singapore’s avian species mixture seem to have been irrecoverably changed .\nreferences: 1. clement, peter (1993) finches & sparrow: an identification guide 2. gibson - hall (1949) a checklist of the birds of singapore island\nportrait of a raffles’ banded langur. one of the 60 or so individuals left in the wild singapore. listed as endangered. it’s a very shy animal and prefers the high canopy, so getting a close look is hard. # sgmammals # rafflesbandedlangur # sgbiodiversity\na juvenile square - tailed drongo - cuckoo putting on a begging display to prompt its host parent to feed it. the host parent in this case is the diminutive pin - striped tit - babbler. # sgbirds # singaporebirds # sgbiodiversity # drongocuckoo # upperpeircereservoir\na black - headed bulbul at jelutong tower. a rare resident species in the forest of singapore. # sgbirds # singaporebirds # sgbiodiversity # jelutongtower # macritchie # blackheadedbulbul\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nfinch information... index of finch species... photos of the different finch species for identification\nthese birds do best in a large planted aviary with mixed species. if you are wanting them to breed you can try seperating them by pairs into large flights. some heat will be required durring winter months so these birds are best suited for large indoor aviaries during winter. in the summer time they will thrive in outdoor aviaries. if they reamin in indoor aviaries year round the best temperature to maintain is 70 - 80 degrees .\nrosey - rump waxbills have no true song but do have certain warning and breeding calls .\nthis species is considered by some to be harder to breed than the more common red - ear and st. helena waxbills. a large planted same species aviary with low bushes and shrubs will help trigger a breeding response. if you use handmad nest a globe shaped nest made of grasses or moss works best. rosey - rumps normally build their nest in low bushes so you can place handmade nest in low concealed spots with in the bush and a few up higher. the male normally collects the nesting material and can be seen dancing with the material in his beak to his intended mate. after she accepts his offers she will began to construct the nest while he searches for more building materials. the average clutch consist of 5 - 6 eggs in which the parents take turns incubating for 12 - 14 days. the young rosey - rump waxbills emerge from the nest at about 3 weeks old with slightly duller plumage than the parents. adult plumage is normally acquired at 2 months of age. in the wild the pin - tailed whydah (vidua macroura) will lay eggs and abandon them in the nest of rosey - rump, red ear and st. helena waxbills .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nfrom senegal and the gambia east to north - eastern congo and north - western uganda, sudan north to darfur and sennar, eritrea and north - western abyssinia .\npeaceful, active, vivacious, social; may be defensive of the nest .\nred beak, red eye stripe, gray plumage with a pink - brown hue on the head, wings, and body, a black rump, a black tail with white edges, an off - white undertail, and a pink patch on the bird' s underside near the vent which may sometimes extend upwards towards the bird' s chest. one mutation which has been reported causes the bird to have a orange bill and turns the pink and red colored feathers yellowish orange. juveniles have a dark beak and light brown body color with a hint of pink around the vent; they lack cross barring on their feathers and also lack the red eye stripe .\nthe rose colored patch on the hen' s underside can be paler than the cock' s and her bill and eyestripe may be marginally paler, although this may not be a reliable indicator of sex. the surest way to sex these birds is to know that only the cock bird sings .\nthe song is variable and birds will often sing several different variations. songs usually include a loud\nexplosive\nnote followed by a descending note .\nsmall - grained millets, weed seeds, sprouted seed, greens (spinach, dandelion, chickweed, etc .) ,\nin dry steppes, semi - arid open country with thorn scrub, in the bushes of open grasslands, woodland; may also inhabit brush alongside rivers, marshes, swamp .\nthese birds must be kept warm during colder months; temperatures in the enclosure should not be permitted to drop below 54°f (12°c). in outdoor enclosures, adequate shelter should be provided to protect from driving rain, cold winds, and excessive heat .\nflights at least 3 feet long are recommended, although better results may be obtained by using a large, well - planted aviary with plenty of flying space. the male' s courtship dance includes holding some nesting material in the beak while bobbing up and down in front of a hen, his tail pointed toward her. the female may mimic this display, but she tends not to sing. copulation takes place inside of the nest .\nboth parents share incubation duties. chicks hatch with yellow skin and bluish down. begging becomes audible around day 6. brooding is ceased at 9 days of age, so it is important to ensure that the enclosure does not become chilled at this time. chicks emerge from the nest with black beaks and lack red coloration; after the chicks fledge, the parents will lead them back to the nest each night for the first several nights; the parents will then roost away from the nest. the parents continue to feed the young for about 10 days, but young birds should remain in the parents' care for about 4 weeks to ensure independence. juveniles should then be removed from the breeding cage to allow the parents to start the next brood .\nmost waxbills have poor nest hygiene, so spent nests should be removed, allowing the parents to build a fresh nest for the next brood. when not breeding, sexes should be housed separately and fed an austerity diet .\n: as the creator of finchinfo. com, i take no responsibility for any mishaps which you may experience in following any advice given, nor in purchasing any products suggested. i will therefore not be liable for any consequences that arise from following any advice provided in these pages .\nexternal sites open in a new browser. urltoken does not endorse external sites. urltoken is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. com. proceeds will be used to help this site grow .\n. no part of this page (including, but not limited to pictures, articles, advice, logo, or otherwise) may be copied or retransmitted by any means without expressed written permission from the author / creator of this page .\nthis page is hosted by dreamhost. styles: former fic | art deco | spring | magazine\nwaxbills are estrildid finches (family: estrildidae) native to the old world. these are small and brightly coloured songbirds, popularly sought after as cage birds .\n“waxbills are african in origin and are brought here by the bird trade. there are many who keep them as pets and subsequently some of these birds escape. then there are those who were released during certain religious festivals. all these mean that more than a few waxbills make it out to the wild. and when they do, they become photographic subjects, ” added francis .\nthis post is a cooperative effort between urltoken and besg to bring the study of bird behaviour through photography to a wider audience .\nmeibao was walking to the bus stop opposite the national university of singapore bukit timah ...\n“i was given an uncommon opportunity to get close by this adult common moorhen (gallinula ...\n“i was watching birds around the neighbourhood (up to 1 - 2 km away) and visited sites ...\n“sad to say that the common hill - mynah (gracula religiosa) appears to have lost one more ...\nin the 1990s i was a frequent visitor to pulau ubin, cycling around the island ...\n“the past week of monsoonal weather had barely allowed me to conduct my bird surveys, ...\nan escapee from africa now residing in singapore. a common aviary bird elsewhere, but not so locally. a lone bird found perching on a tree branch next to tall grass. this is the third african origin escapee bird i have found within these couple of months: )\nfind this pin and more on birds estrilididae finches (gouldian, zebra, javan, granandier, munias, waxbills, parrotfinches ...) by drnancie .\nred - cheeked cordon - bleu (uraeginthus bengalus) in gambia by mattias hofstede .\nblack - faced firefinch (lagonosticta larvata) in the gambia by mattias hofstede .\n) are native across much of sub - saharan africa. the species has been introduced to the americas, the mediterranean basin, and oceania. a high reproductive rate and ability to adapt to new food sources have allowed common waxbills to successfully naturalize in many of the areas to which it has been introduced. while most of these introductions are thought to result from the escape of caged individuals, some regions have introduced flocks deliberately .\nsub - saharan africa: all s of sahara, cameroon - c ethiopia and south except most of forest area, to the n and e of s kenya (but in c ethiopia), most of drier areas of namibia, botswana, and parts of tanzania and n mozambique .\nglobal range: native to africa south of sahara. introduced and established in hawaii (pearl harbor and kahuku area on oahu; apparently expanding range) and tahiti. reported by aou (1983) as established in puerto rico but not mentioned by raffaele (1983) .\nis a small grey - brown colored finch, distinguished by its red conical bill and face patch. the bill looks as if it has been dipped in red wax, providing explanation to the origin of their common name, common waxbills. the cheeks, throat, and belly are a whitish - grey color, while the rest of the plumage is finely barred and the underside has a dusting of red. adult common waxbills have a wingspan between 12 and 14 cm, and length of about 11. 5 cm. they weigh approximately 8. 9 g. the species has a fairly long, slender tail and rounded wings. females are paler overall with less red along the belly. the plumage of juveniles is duller than the adults, having little red on the underbelly, and no red on the bill. nestlings have obvious white gape flanges along the edges of their mouths." ]

{ "text": [ "the crimson-rumped waxbill ( estrilda rhodopyga ) also known as rosy-rumped waxbill is a common species of estrildid finch found in eastern africa .", "it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 830,000 km ² .", "it is found in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , djibouti , egypt , eritrea , south africa , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , rwanda , somalia , sudan , tanzania and uganda .", "the iucn has classified the species as being of least concern . " ], "topic": [ 23, 19, 20, 17 ] }

[ "the crimson-rumped waxbill (estrilda rhodopyga) also known as rosy-rumped waxbill is a common species of estrildid finch found in eastern africa. it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 830,000 km ². it is found in burundi, the democratic republic of the congo, djibouti, egypt, eritrea, south africa, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, rwanda, somalia, sudan, tanzania and uganda. the iucn has classified the species as being of least concern." ]

[ "young, f. n. (1979) water beetles of the genus suphisellus crotch in the americas north of colombia (coleoptera: noteridae). the southwestern naturalist, 24 (3), 409–429. urltoken\ngarcía, m. , benetti, c. & camacho, j. (2012) a new species of suphisellus crotch, 1873 (coleoptera: noteridae) from “los llanos”, venezuela. zootaxa, 3298, 62–68 .\nsuphisellus epleri sp. nov. is described from veracruz, mexico. the new species is characterized by (1) size; (2) elytra brownish - red, moderately punctate, each with three light - yellow spots; and (3) aedeagus with median lobe curved with width nearly uniform along its length. in appearance, s. epleri is very similar to s. neglectus young 1979 with which it is here compared based on specimens collected from colombia and venezuela. suphisellus epleri is distinguished by having a slightly broader anterior extremity of prosternal process and a slender median lobe that is not distinctly expanded at apex, as in s. neglectus. the first record of s. neglectus in venezuela is also reported. descriptions, images and illustrations of diagnostic characters, and differential diagnosis of s. epleri are provided .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmolecular phylogeny of the aquatic beetle family noteridae (coleoptera: adephaga) ...\nby s. m. baca, toussaint, e. f. a. , miller, k. b. , and a. e. z. short\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol. 107, pp. 282 - 292, 2017\ns. m. baca, toussaint, e. f. a. , miller, k. b. , and a. e. z. short, molecular phylogeny of the aquatic beetle family noteridae (coleoptera: adephaga) with an emphasis on data partitioning strategies, molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 107, pp. 282 - 292, 2017. noteridae subfamilies and tribes are reorganized. bg skips these taxa at present (going straight to genus), so no changes are required at this time. full text\ncontributed by edward l. ruden on 11 august, 2017 - 1: 56pm\na treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea (coleoptera): their classification, distributions, and ways of life. vol. iii\npensoft series faunistica 99. pensoft publishers, sofia - moscow. 412 pp. , 2011\nfull title: a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea (coleoptera): their classification, distributions, and ways of life. volume iii (carabidae – loxomeriformes, melaeniformes )\na treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea (coleoptera): their classification, distributions, and ways of life. vol. i\npensoft series faunistica 66. pensoft publishers, sofia - moscow. 323 pp. , 2007\nfull title: a treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea (coleoptera): their classification, distributions, and ways of life. volume i (trachypachidae, carabidae - nebriiformes 1) .\nchecklist of the water beetles of florida this checklist registers species known to occur in florida, based on literature citations and material examined by the author. it also includes taxa which may occur in florida; many of these taxa occur on the u. s. southeastern coastal plain but have not been positively identified from florida. note also that some literature records may be considered doubtful; some species recorded in earlier literature but misidentified are not listed. only important synonyms pertaining to florida water beetles are listed. in general, only aquatic or semi - aquatic species are listed. the families, genera and species are listed in alphabetic order. undescribed taxa are assigned letter or number designators .\nworld catalogue of insects. vol. 7: amphizoidae, aspidytidae, haliplidae, noteridae and paelobiidae. (coleoptera: adephaga) .\nby nilsson, a. n. and b. j. van vondel. 2005 .\nlimited preview anders n. nilsson, bernhard j. van vondel. 2005. world catalogue of insects. vol. 7: amphizoidae, aspidytidae, haliplidae, noteridae and paelobiidae. (coleoptera: adephaga). apollo books, vester - skerninge, denmark. 171 pp. world catalogue of insects is an initiative aiming at compiling worldscale, authoritative catalogues of monophyletic insect taxa. volumes in this series will contain standard nomenclatoral information on all names pertaining to the taxon treated, including type locality and distribution to the extent this is relevant .\nmemoirs of the entomological society of canada, 125: 1 - 397. , 1993\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nroughley, r. e. / arnett, ross h. , jr. , and michael c. thomas, eds .\namerican beetles, vol. 1: archostemata, myxophaga, adephaga, polyphaga: staphyliniformia\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nroberto arce - pérez instituto de ecología, a. c. carretera antigua a coatepec 351, el haya, 91070 xalapa, veracruz, méxico .\nstephen m. baca department of ecology and evolutionary biology and division of entomology, biodiversity institute, university of kansas, lawrence, ks 66045, usa .\narce - pérez, r. & roughley, r. e. (1999) lista anotada y claves para los hydradephaga (coleoptera: adephaga: dytiscidae, noteridae, haliplidae, gyrinidae) de méxico. dugesiana, 6 (2), 69–104 .\naubé, c. (1836–1838) hydrocanthares. in: dejean, p. f. (ed .), iconographie et histoire naturelle des coléoptères d’europe. vol. 5. méquignon - marvis, paris, pp. 1–416 .\nbaca, s. m. & toledo, m. (2015) canthysellus baca and toledo (coleoptera: noteridae: noterini), a new genus of burrowing water beetle from south america. the coleopterists bulletin, 69 (3), 477–488. urltoken\nbaca, s. m. toussaint, e. f. a. , miller, k. b. & short, a. e. z. (2017) molecular phylogeny of the aquatic beetle family noteridae (coleoptera: adephaga) with an emphasis on partitioning strategies. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 107, 282–292. urltoken\nbalfour - browne, j. (1939) a contribution to the study of the dytiscidae. - i. (coleoptera, adephaga). the annals and magazine of natural history, series 11, 3, 97–114 .\nbelkaceme, t. (1991) skelet und muskulatur des kopfes und thorax von noterus laevis sturm. ein beitrag zur morphologie und phylogenie der stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, serie a (biologie), 492, 1–94 .\nbeutel, r. g. , balke, m. & steiner, w. e. jr. (2006) the systematic position of meruidae (coleoptera, adephaga) based on a cladistics analysis of morphological characters. cladistics, 22, 102–131. urltoken\nbrug - aguilar, b. (2010) ensamblaje de larvas de odonata (insecta) en la laguna de miradores, municipio de emiliano zapata, veracruz, mexico. master in science thesis. instituto de ecología, a. c. , xalapa, 158 pp .\ncetenal, unam (1970) 1970 cetenal - unam carta de climas. veracruz, 14q - iv, comisión de planeación. comisión de estudios del territorio nacional - unam. instituto de geografía, escala 1: 500, 000. secretaria de la presidencia, méxico .\ncraec (2015) collections resourcres for aquatic coleoptera. version 1. 5. online collections database managed by the short lab research group, university of kansas biodiversity institute. available from: http: / / urltoken (accessed 16 june 2017 )\ncrotch, g. r. (1873) revision of the dytiscidae of the united states. transactions of the american entomological society, 4, 383 - 424 .\ndressler, c. , ge, s. - q. & beutel, r. g. (2011) is meru a specialized noterid (coleoptera: adephaga)? systematic entomology, 36, 705–712. urltoken\nhorn, g. h. (1871) descriptions of new coleoptera of the united states, with notes on known species. transactions of the american entomological society, 3, 325–344 .\nmiller, k. b. (2001) hydrocanthus (hydrocanthus) paludimonstrus, a new species from bolivia (coleoptera: noteridae: hydrocanthini) and its implications for classification of the subgenera. the coleopterists bulletin, 55, 363–368. urltoken; 2\nmiller, k. b. (2009) on the systematics of noteridae (coleoptera: adephaga: hydradephaga): phylogeny, description of a new tribe, genus and species, and survey of female genital morphology. systematics and biodiversity, 7 (2), 191–214. urltoken\nmiller, k. b. & nilsson, n. a. (2003) homology and terminology: communicating information about rotated structures in water beetles. latissimus, 17, 1–4 .\nnilsson, a. n. (2011) a world catalogue of the family noteridae, or the burrowing water beetles (coleoptera: adephaga). version 16. viii. 2011, 54 pp. available from: urltoken wcn _ 20110816. pdf (accessed 16 february 2017 )\nsay, t. (1823) descriptions of insects of the families of carabici and hydrocanthari of latreille, inhabiting north america. transactions of the american philosophical society, 2 (1825), 1–109. urltoken\nsharp, d. (1882) on aquatic carnivorous coleoptera or dytiscidae. scientific transactions of the royal dublin society, 2, 179–1003 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet, y. (editor). 1991. checklist of beetles of canada and alaska. research branch, agriculutre canada. publication 1861 / e. , ottawa. 430pp. excel version (includes updates). online. available: urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbousquet, y. , p. bouchard, a. e. davies, and d. s. sikes. 2013. checklist of beetles (coleoptera) of canada and alaska, second edition. pensoft series faunistica no 109 .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 1 (coleoptera, strepsiptera). entomological information services, rockville, md. available online: urltoken\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "suphisellus is a genus of beetles in the family noteridae , containing the following species : suphisellus anticicollis guignot , 1950 suphisellus balzani ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus bicolor ( say , 1830 ) suphisellus binotatus ( fleutiaux & sallé , 1890 ) suphisellus brevicornis ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus bruchi ( zimmermann , 1919 ) suphisellus brunneus guignot , 1950 suphisellus canthydroides guignot , 1940 suphisellus cribrosus ( régimbart , 1903 ) suphisellus curtus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus dilutus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus flavolineatus ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus flavopictus ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus gibbulus ( aubé , 1838 ) suphisellus globosus ( régimbart , 1903 ) suphisellus grammicus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus grammopterus ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus grossus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus hieroglyphicus zimmermann , 1921 suphisellus insularis ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus levis ( fall , 1909 ) suphisellus lineatus ( horn , 1871 ) suphisellus majusculus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus melzeri zimmermann , 1925 suphisellus minimus gschwendtner , 1922 suphisellus neglectus young , 1979 suphisellus nigrinus ( aubé , 1838 ) suphisellus obesus ( régimbart , 1903 ) suphisellus obscuripennis ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus ovatus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus parsonsi young , 1952 suphisellus penthimus guignot , 1957 suphisellus pereirai guignot , 1958 suphisellus phenax guignot , 1954 suphisellus pinguiculus ( régimbart , 1903 ) suphisellus puncticollis ( crotch , 1873 ) suphisellus remator ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus rotundatus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus rubripes ( boheman , 1858 ) suphisellus rufulus ( zimmermann , 1921 ) suphisellus sculpturatus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus sexnotatus ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus similis zimmermann , 1921 suphisellus simoni ( régimbart , 1889 ) suphisellus subsignatus ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus tenuicornis ( chevrolat , 1863 ) suphisellus transversus ( régimbart , 1903 ) suphisellus vacuifer guignot , 1958 suphisellus varians ( sharp , 1882 ) suphisellus variicollis zimmermann , 1921 suphisellus vicinus ( sharp , 1882 )" ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "suphisellus is a genus of beetles in the family noteridae, containing the following species: suphisellus anticicollis guignot, 1950 suphisellus balzani (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus bicolor (say, 1830) suphisellus binotatus (fleutiaux & sallé, 1890) suphisellus brevicornis (sharp, 1882) suphisellus bruchi (zimmermann, 1919) suphisellus brunneus guignot, 1950 suphisellus canthydroides guignot, 1940 suphisellus cribrosus (régimbart, 1903) suphisellus curtus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus dilutus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus flavolineatus (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus flavopictus (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus gibbulus (aubé, 1838) suphisellus globosus (régimbart, 1903) suphisellus grammicus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus grammopterus (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus grossus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus hieroglyphicus zimmermann, 1921 suphisellus insularis (sharp, 1882) suphisellus levis (fall, 1909) suphisellus lineatus (horn, 1871) suphisellus majusculus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus melzeri zimmermann, 1925 suphisellus minimus gschwendtner, 1922 suphisellus neglectus young, 1979 suphisellus nigrinus (aubé, 1838) suphisellus obesus (régimbart, 1903) suphisellus obscuripennis (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus ovatus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus parsonsi young, 1952 suphisellus penthimus guignot, 1957 suphisellus pereirai guignot, 1958 suphisellus phenax guignot, 1954 suphisellus pinguiculus (régimbart, 1903) suphisellus puncticollis (crotch, 1873) suphisellus remator (sharp, 1882) suphisellus rotundatus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus rubripes (boheman, 1858) suphisellus rufulus (zimmermann, 1921) suphisellus sculpturatus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus sexnotatus (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus similis zimmermann, 1921 suphisellus simoni (régimbart, 1889) suphisellus subsignatus (sharp, 1882) suphisellus tenuicornis (chevrolat, 1863) suphisellus transversus (régimbart, 1903) suphisellus vacuifer guignot, 1958 suphisellus varians (sharp, 1882) suphisellus variicollis zimmermann, 1921 suphisellus vicinus (sharp, 1882 )" ]

[ "what type of species is buccinum strigillatum? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the buccinum strigillatum species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of buccinum strigillatum species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species buccinum strigillatum .\nhow to identify buccinum strigillatum marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species buccinum strigillatum. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species buccinum strigillatum are marked in green .\nwhere is buccinum strigillatum found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species buccinum strigillatum can be found .\nspecimen shell: buccinum strigillatum each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality. these shells come from all over the philippines, provided by fishermen (north california - humboldt bay), divers, buccinidae specimen shell: buccinum strigillatum dall 1891\nbuccinum alicei dautzenberg & fischer h. , 1912: synonym of buccinum nivale friele, 1882\nbuccinum donovani sars g. o. , 1878: synonym of buccinum undatum linnaeus, 1758\nbuccinum donovani gray j. e. , 1839: synonym of buccinum glaciale linnaeus, 1761\nsea shell information on: ts98082 - buccinidae buccinum - > strigillatum. this specimen is of buccinidae. the specimen shell of groupe: buccinum. shell found on the philippines. shell is of exceptional quality. more sea shell information\nbuccinum strigillatum fucanum 1 3 / 8” - deep water - lot # 13093 [ n / a ] - $ 8. 50: florida seashells and fossils, quality florida fossil sea shells\nspecies buccinum alicei dautzenberg & fischer h. , 1912 accepted as buccinum nivale friele, 1882 (synonym )\ndetails: an f + buccinum strigillatum fucanum 1 3 / 8” or 32. 99mm. dall, 1907 dredged in 1000’ of water in 1985 san juan island, n. w. washington state. periostracum partially intact\nbuccinum sandersoni a. e. verrill, 1882: synonym of buccinum fragile g. o. sars, 1878\nbuccinum boreale broderip & sowerby g. b. i, 1829: synonym of buccinum ciliatum (fabricius, 1780 )\nspecies buccinum boreale broderip & sowerby g. b. i, 1829 accepted as buccinum ciliatum (fabricius, 1780) (synonym )\nspecies buccinum canaliculatum lamarck, 1822 accepted as nassarius siquijorensis (a. adams, 1852) (invalid: junior homonym of buccinum canaliculatum gmelin, 1791 )\nbuccinum luridum hutton, 1873: synonym of cominella quoyana a. adams, 1855\nbuccinum afrum philippi, 1851: synonym of nassarius coronulus (a. adams, 1852 )\nbuccinum brevidentatum wood, 1828: synonym of acanthais brevidentata (w. wood, 1828 )\nbuccinum canaliculatum lamarck, 1822: synonym of nassarius siquijorensis (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species buccinum (nassa) semiplicatum dunker, 1853 accepted as nassarius gaudiosus (hinds, 1844) (invalid: junior homonym of buccinum semiplicatum o. g. costa, 1830 )\nbuccinum preys on: pollicipes polymerus this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nbuccinum callosum w. wood, 1828: synonym of bullia callosa (w. wood, 1828 )\nbuccinum coronatum quoy & gaimard, 1833: synonym of nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852 )\n† buccinum dalei j. sowerby, 1825: synonym of † liomesus dalei (sowerby, 1825 )\nbuccinum zebra wood, 1828: synonym of anachis miser (g. b. sowerby i, 1844 )\nbuccinum elongatum wood, 1828: synonym of oxymeris strigata (g. b. sowerby i, 1825 )\nbuccinum floridanum lesson, 1842: synonym of anachis varia (g. b. sowerby i, 1832 )\nspecies buccinum cassideum g. b. sowerby i, 1825 accepted as demoulia abbreviata (gmelin, 1791 )\nbuccinum hinnulus adams & reeve, 1850: synonym of siphonalia hinnulus (a. adams & reeve, 1850 )\nspecies buccinum afrum philippi, 1851 accepted as nassarius coronulus (a. adams, 1852) (uncertain synonym )\nspecies buccinum brevidentatum wood, 1828 accepted as acanthais brevidentata (w. wood, 1828) (original combination )\nbuccinum acicula o. f. müller, 1774: synonym of cecilioides acicula (o. f. müller, 1774 )\nbuccinum concinnum c. b. adams, 1845: synonym of parvanachis obesa (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nbuccinum filosum a. adams & reeve, 1850: synonym of truncaria filosa (a. adams & reeve, 1850 )\nbuccinum glutinosum o. f. müller, 1774: synonym of myxas glutinosa (o. f. müller, 1774 )\nspecies buccinum acicula o. f. müller, 1774 accepted as cecilioides acicula (o. f. müller, 1774 )\nspecies buccinum aquilarum r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as gymnobela aquilarum (r. b. watson, 1882 )\nspecies buccinum armatum wood, 1828 accepted as mexacanthina lugubris (g. b. sowerby i, 1822) (synonym )\nspecies buccinum callosum w. wood, 1828 accepted as bullia callosa (w. wood, 1828) (original combination )\nbuccinum glabrum o. f. müller, 1774: synonym of omphiscola glabra (o. f. müller, 1774) †\nbuccinum is a genus of medium - sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family buccinidae, the true whelks. [ 2 ]\nbuccinum foliosum wood w. , 1818: synonym of nassarius mutabilis (linnaeus, 1758): synonym of tritia mutabilis (linnaeus, 1758 )\n† buccinum labiosum j. de c. sowerby, 1824: synonym of † nassarius labiosus (j. de c. sowerby, 1824 )\nbuccinum lugubre c. b. adams, 1852: synonym of [ [ trachypollia lugubris ] ] (c. b. adams, 1852 )\nspecies buccinum albozonatum r. b. watson, 1886 accepted as falsimohnia albozonata (r. b. watson, 1886) (original combination )\nbuccinum flexuosum costa o. g. , 1830: synonym of nassarius cuvierii (payraudeau, 1826): synonym of tritia cuvierii (payraudeau, 1826 )\nthis is a long list because, originally, all species resembling a buccinum were categorized in this genus. most of them have become synonyms in the course of time .\nbuccinum filiceum crosse & fischer, 1864: synonym of cominella eburnea var. filicea (crosse & fischer, 1864): synonym of cominella eburnea (reeve, 1846 )\nspecies buccinum atrum schrank, 1803 accepted as stagnicola atra (schrank, 1803) accepted as stagnicola palustris (o. f. müller, 1774) (original combination )\nspecies buccinum candidissimum c. b. adams, 1845 accepted as nassarius candidissimus (c. b. adams, 1845) accepted as phrontis candidissima (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nbuccinum candidissimum c. b. adams, 1845: synonym of nassarius candidissimus (c. b. adams, 1845): synonym of phrontis candidissima (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nsnails in this genus are commonly called whelks, a name shared with several related and unrelated species. the common whelk buccinum undatum is the most common representative of the genus in the northern atlantic ocean .\nthe eggs are generally united together. they are sometimes driven and transported by the waves to distances far removed from the places where they had been deposited; whence the same species of buccinum are often found in very different climates. [ 3 ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nturgeon, d. ; quinn, j. f. ; bogan, a. e. ; coan, e. v. ; hochberg, f. g. ; lyons, w. g. ; mikkelsen, p. m. ; neves, r. j. ; roper, c. f. e. ; rosenberg, g. ; roth, b. ; scheltema, a. ; thompson, f. g. ; vecchione, m. ; williams, j. d. (1998). common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd ed. american fisheries society special publication, 26. american fisheries society: bethesda, md (usa). isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8. ix, 526 + cd - rom pp. (look up in imis) page (s): 94 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncurrencies: currencies); $ currencies _ array = array (); while (list ($ key, $ value) = each ($ currencies - > currencies) ) { $ currencies _ array [ ] = array (' id' = > $ key,' text' = > $ value [' title' ]); } $ hidden _ get _ variables =''; reset ($ _ get); while (list ($ key, $ value) = each ($ _ get) ) { if (( $ key! =' currency') & & ($ key! = zen _ session _ name ()) & & ($ key! =' x') & & ($ key! =' y') ) { $ hidden _ get _ variables. = zen _ draw _ hidden _ field ($ key, $ value); } } }? >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nclick on photo to enlarge. scale line in photo equals 1cm unless otherwise specified .\nthis shell may be relatively smooth or have very defined spiral cording. this species was named after one of our club' s charter members, walter j. eyerdam. a. g. smith was also a club member, who joined during the first year of the club .\nthis is occasionally found intertidally. it is a highly variable species which has resulted in a number of synonyms. it generally has two or three strong spiral cords and sometimes some axial ribbing. spire height and shell proportions may vary. the color may be cream to brown to bluish - gray. the aperture is glossy and may be cream to purplish - brown .\nintertidal to 600m size to 10cm northern washington to northern alaska; circumboreal; northwest atlantic this is infrequently found intertidally. the axial ribs are wavy and only evident at the top of each whorl. it is light in color .\nthis is somewhat common to find intertidally in alaska. look for it under large rocks. the shell may be smooth to lightly sculptured with spiral ridges. it has a thin brown periostracum over a light tan to dark grayish shell. the aperture is glossy reddish - brown .\nwhich has a similar appearance. this shell is sturdier with a taller spire and smaller aperture. see\nthis is commonly found intertidally. the shell is usually gray to dark brown, but the odd orange one may be found. it has low spiral ridges and axial grooves which may extend the length of the shell or only the top portion of the whorls. on some beaches it frequently has the slipper shell ,\nthis is a delicate shell with very fine, closely spaced spiral lines. it is white with a thin, olive - brown periostracum .\nsubtidal size to 50mm southern california to at least northern washington the shell is white with stiff, hairy periostracum. there are numerous low, spiral ridges\nintertidal to1500m size to 20cm southern california to northern alaska this is rarely found intertidally and then only in alaska. the shell may be light to dark brown. juveniles may be purplish - brown. it has prominent spiral cords with fine lines in the interspaces. neptune species have distinctive looking egg masses. this species lays its eggs in flat, circular masses. these may be found in the low interidal even if the snail is not present .\nsubtidal, 60 - 250m size to 11cm washington to northern bc this is a light colored shell with very low spiral cording. this is another of our local buccinids named after an early member, everett c. stiles, by another member, allyn g. smith .\nsubtidal to 757m size to12cm southern california to southeast alaska; japan this is a thin white shell with delicate spiral cords .\nsubtidal to at least 237m size to 16cm california to bc this shell has fine spiral cords. as it matures, it can develop a flared aperture .\nthis species has a wide body whorl and spiral cording which can vary in size from specimen to specimen. it has a brown periostracum. the shell is quite variable. the snail lays egg masses which look like upright corncobs. see article\nthis is infrequently found intertidally at the northern end of its range. this species has a dark brown periostracum and little shell sculpture. it is one of the few readily identifiable north pacific\ncircumboreal, reaching south to washington, maine, northern europe & siberia this is very similar in appearance to b. plectrum. the wavy, axial ribs on this species are smaller and more numerous. it also has spiral sculpture of microscopic, beaded threads .\nof the northeast pacific are highly variable and not well studied. positive identification of most of the species is extremely difficult .\nintertidal to subtidal british columbia through bering sea; japan & korea size to 62mm this is somewhat common to find intertidally in at least southeast alaska. the shell is gray - brown with a thick, brown periostracum. the aperture is glossy. even when disturbed, the animal quickly comes back out of its shell and reveals a large speckled body. the specimens found in northeast asia are technically a different subspecies. (previous name - bullia ampullacea )\nthis is one neptune that is easy to identify. it has deeply channeled shoulders and fine spiral ribs. the shell is light in color with a dark brown periostracum .\nthis shell is lightly corded and somewhat thin. the color is usually golden tan .\nthe neptuneas can be a difficult group to identify to species. some of these may be forms of the same species. many of them are under study and it is possible that some of these names will change in the future. this will likely occur slowly as they are predominantly deepwater species and hard to obtain for study .\nthe shell may be whitish to chocolate brown. the last two whorls are smooth but the early whorls may exhibit low, spiral cords .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ndepth range based on 4 specimens in 6 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 110 - 130 temperature range (°c): - 0. 711 - - 0. 397 nitrate (umol / l): 24. 121 - 28. 998 salinity (pps): 33. 095 - 33. 155 oxygen (ml / l): 6. 378 - 6. 971 phosphate (umol / l): 2. 073 - 2. 211 silicate (umol / l): 46. 199 - 61. 882 graphical representation depth range (m): 110 - 130 temperature range (°c): - 0. 711 - - 0. 397 nitrate (umol / l): 24. 121 - 28. 998 salinity (pps): 33. 095 - 33. 155 oxygen (ml / l): 6. 378 - 6. 971 phosphate (umol / l): 2. 073 - 2. 211 silicate (umol / l): 46. 199 - 61. 882 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nmyers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2006. the animal diversity web (online). accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken. urltoken\nthe soft body is elongated and spiral. it shows two tapering, depressed tentacles, each of which bears on a lobe at the base a very small eye. the mantle forms a thin - edged flap over the branchial cavity. the long, annulated proboscis of the mouth is cylindrical. the proboscis is armed with minute teeth. the radula acts as a rasp. the foot is large and subelliptical .\nthe shell is ovate and elongated. the spire is moderate and pointed. the aperture is oval or oblong with a deep notch anteriorly. the columella is plain or callous. the outer lip is plain. the thin, horny operculum is ovate and concentrically striate .\n, feeding on dead or damaged marine animals. they have the power of perforating molluscs and\nhow to buy? if you want to buy an item, click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page. once you' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem, you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page. after filling up the form and when you submit your order, the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include. all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included. the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\ntritonellium valenciennes, 1858 (unnecessary replacement name for tritonium o. f. müller, 1776, by valenciennes considered a homonym of tritonia cuvier )\nthe shell is ovate or ovate - conical and elongated. the spire is moderate and pointed. the aperture is oval or oblong with a deep notch anteriorly and without a siphonal canal. the columella is plain, not flattened, swollen above, and often covered with a wide and flattened calcareous callosity, of more diaphanous substance. there sometimes exists a fold at the base of the columella. the outer lip is plain, quite thin, sometimes recurved, and forming a margin on the exterior. the thin, horny operculum is ovate and concentrically striate .\nthe soft body is elongated and spiral. the foot almost always considerable and subelliptical. it is shielded or two - lobed before, emarginated behind, bearing an operculum. the mantle is simple and forms a thin - edged flap over the branchial cavity. it is provided with a branchial siphon, projecting, thick, very long and dorsal, issuing from the emargination at the base of the shell. the head is rather thick, furnished with two conical, depressed tentacles supporting the eyes upon the outer side, (sometimes the eyes do not exist, but this case is extremely rare). the mouth is provided with a retractile trunk, armed with minute teeth. the radula acts as a rasp. the sexes are separate. the love dart of the male is considerable, without an exterior furrow at its base. [ 3 ]\nall animals are carnivores and scavengers, feeding on dead or damaged marine animals. they are provided with a cylindrical trunk, susceptible of being much elongated or of being concealed entirely within the body. this trunk is armed at its extremity with beaks, which enable the animal to pierce the shell of other molluscs and crustaceans, upon which it preys. [ 4 ]\nthe sexes are separate. the shells of the males are generally smaller, and less inflated than those of the females. the males are provided with a very large love dart, i. e. an exciting appendage, which, in a state of repose, is situated under the right edge of the mantle .\nthe whelks are met with in all seas, especially upon rocks, where they occur in large numbers. the warmest climates furnish the species most brilliant in coloring. some species serve for food to the inhabitants of many countries, particularly upon the shores of the english channel and the north sea. [ 3 ]\nlinnaeus (1758). systema naturae, ed. 10, 734; 1767, ed. 12, 1196 .\nkiener (1840). general species and iconography of recent shells: comprising the massena museum, the collection of lamarck, the collection of the museum of natural history, and the recent discoveries of travellers; boston: w. d. ticknor, 1837\nida shepard oldroyd, the marine shells of the west coast of north america, volume 2, deel 1, p. 252\nthis page was last edited on 13 april 2018, at 21: 50 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you would like to tell us more about this object or specimen, or believe you have found an error in the record, please let us know .\ndescription: fumosa bakery. 129 likes. fumosa bakery is a small local business in ortley beach, new jersey. started in may of 1975, fumosa bakery was started by the ...\ndescription: rita fumosa active in politics, helped run the family trucking company rita fumosa (nee gallipani) died peacefully in glen ridge, n. j. , on nov. 16, 2016, at the age of 84 .\ndescription: fumosac, lima, peru. 1, 407 likes · 3 talking about this · 110 were here. fundicion moreno sac - hierro ductil o nodular y acero, tuberia ductil, ...\ndescription: view the profiles of professionals named fumosa on linkedin. there are 28 professionals named fumosa, who use linkedin to exchange information, ideas, and opportunities .\ndescription: famosa - the surface studio® is a designer tile and stone showroom that services los angeles, orange county and san diego .\ndescription: bjerkandera fumosa (pers .) p. karst. , meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica 5: 38 (1879) [ mb # 100991 ]\ndescription: dr. russell fumuso, md is an ophthalmology specialist in rockville centre, ny and has been practicing for 36 years. he graduated from universidad autonoma de ...\ndescription: frumos presents a line of apparel that is as fashionable as it is comfortable. eye - catching prints, fresh silhouettes and soft fabric set this brand' s designs apart from the crowd .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n, not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature (iczn art. 11. 4) )\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 734 [ details ]\n( of tritonellium valenciennes, 1858) valenciennes a. (1858) note sur une suite intéressante de coquilles rapportées des mers du japon, et de la manche de tartarie, par m. le dr barthe. compte rendu des séances de l' académie des sciences [ paris ] 46: 759 - 762. [ after 19 april 1858 ], available online at urltoken page (s): 762 [ details ]\nmontfort p. [ denys de ]. (1808 - 1810). conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. paris: schoell. vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ]. vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 [ 1810 (before 28 may) ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 463 [ details ]\n( of reticubuccinum ito & habe, 1980) obis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( from oldroyd 1927): shell few - whorled; whorls ventricose; aperture large; canal very short, reflected; operculum lamellar, nucleus external .\n[ br05 ] bouchet, p. , & j. - p. rocroi. 2005. classification and nomenclator of gastropod families .\n[ bc01 ] boyko, c. b. , & j. r. cordeiro. 2001. catalog of recent type specimens in the division of invertebrate zoology, american museum of natural history. v. mollusca, part 2 (class gastropoda [ exclusive of opisthobranchia and pulmonata ], with supplements to gastropoda [ opisthobranchia ], and bivalvia) .\n[ d88 ] d’asaro, c. n. 1988. micromorphology of neogastropod egg capsules .\n[ f27 ] finlay, h. j. 1927. new specific names for austral mollusca .\nvol. ii pt i. stanford university press: stanford university (california) .\n[ p01 ] petit, r. e. 2001. book review: catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan. type figures .\n[ ph90 ] petit, r. e. , & m. g. harasewych. 1990. catalogue of the superfamily cancellarioidea forbes and hanley, 1851 (gastropoda: prosobranchia) .\ni' m an entomologist and taxonomist, currently based in perth, western australia. if you' d like to comment (or offer work), i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet. com. au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources. apart from the time taken to bring it all together, very little of it represents my own work. all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners, and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls. if you re - use anything taken from this site, please attribute it to the original owner. if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage, please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\nmost entries on this site are furnished with a dendrogram (tree diagram), showing taxa included in the subject taxon. these diagrams are not primarily intended to represent cladograms. taxa in the dendrogram may be arranged taxonomically or phylogenetically; priority has been given to taxonomic arrangements, and formally - named taxa are presented as if they were monophyletic unless one of the source references has indicated otherwise. the reference for each element of a dendrogram is represented by an alphanumeric code derived from the author (s)' initials and the publication date (e. g.' b09'); the identity of the reference so coded can be found in the reference listing. some taxa may have more than one reference listed against them: for instance, one reference may have indicated the phylogenetic position or current combination of a taxon, while another may have indicated the taxon' s authorship. synonyms of species and genera have been listed with' =' to indicate an objective synonymy,' incl' (includes) to indicate a subjective synonymy. because the dendrograms have been compiled from a number of sources, there may be unresolved conflicts between classifications used by different authors. also, few, if any, of the listings are complete. as this site was first intended to demonstrate, there are a lot of species out there! some of the abbreviations that have been used on this site are: i. s. = incertae sedis (indicates a taxon whose position within, or inclusion in, a given higher taxon is uncertain) l. c. = lapsus calami (a published spelling error) n. d. = nomen dubium (a taxon whose identification is uncertain) n. n. = nomen nudum (a taxon published without an adequate description and hence invalid) preoc. = preoccupied" ]

{ "text": [ "buccinum strigillatum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .", "the two subspecies are : b. s. fucanum dall , 1907 - the juanmore whelk b. s. strigillatum dall , 1891" ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "buccinum strigillatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae, the true whelks. the two subspecies are: b. s. fucanum dall, 1907 - the juanmore whelk b. s. strigillatum dall, 1891" ]

[ "have a fact about eunebristis zingarella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eunebristis zingarella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neunemobius melodius (thomas, e. s. & r. d. alexander, 1957 )\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository: 874 (0. 07% )\ndescription: nlbif is the dutch node of the global biodiversity information facility network." ]

{ "text": [ "eunebristis zachroa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in guyana .", "the wingspan is 13-14 mm .", "the forewings are yellow-ochreous , tinged with ferruginous towardsthe costa and with the extreme base purple .", "there is a deep blue streak along the costa from the base to the middle , and two other streaks beneath it from the base to a transverse deep blue spot at two-fifths , the upper interval deep red , the lower orange .", "there is a transverse dark indigo-blue blotch in the disc beyond the middle , connected with the costal streak , and two small confluent spots between this and the preceding blotch .", "there is also a series of confluent blackish blotches along the fold throughout , confluent with these markings above and with a dark grey streak along the dorsum from the base to the tornus .", "a blue-blackish curved transverse shade is found at two-thirds , preceding a discal blotch of ground-colour suffused with ferruginous above and marked with blue-blackish on the veins .", "beyond this is a ferruginous fascia , marked with blue-blackish streaks on the veins .", "the terminal yellowish space is somewhat brassy-metallic with three transversely placed blue-black dots .", "the hindwings are dark fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "eunebristis zachroa is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in guyana. the wingspan is 13-14 mm. the forewings are yellow-ochreous, tinged with ferruginous towardsthe costa and with the extreme base purple. there is a deep blue streak along the costa from the base to the middle, and two other streaks beneath it from the base to a transverse deep blue spot at two-fifths, the upper interval deep red, the lower orange. there is a transverse dark indigo-blue blotch in the disc beyond the middle, connected with the costal streak, and two small confluent spots between this and the preceding blotch. there is also a series of confluent blackish blotches along the fold throughout, confluent with these markings above and with a dark grey streak along the dorsum from the base to the tornus. a blue-blackish curved transverse shade is found at two-thirds, preceding a discal blotch of ground-colour suffused with ferruginous above and marked with blue-blackish on the veins. beyond this is a ferruginous fascia, marked with blue-blackish streaks on the veins. the terminal yellowish space is somewhat brassy-metallic with three transversely placed blue-black dots. the hindwings are dark fuscous." ]

[ "this is the place for omphalocirridae definition. you find here omphalocirridae meaning, synonyms of omphalocirridae and images for omphalocirridae copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word omphalocirridae. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word omphalocirridae and, of course, omphalocirridae synonyms and on the right images related to the word omphalocirridae .\nomphalocirrus ryckholt, 1860 - type genus of the family omphalocirridae - synonyms: hypomphalocirrus and arctomphalus .\nr. m. linsley. 1973. the omphalocirridae: a new family of palaeozoic gastropoda which exhibits sexual dimorphism .\n( 1978): the omphalocirridae; a new family of palaeozoic gastropoda which exhibits sexual dimorphism. — memoirs of the national museum of victoria ,\nlinsley, r. m. 1973. the omphalocirridae: a new family of palaeozoic gastropoda which exhibits sexual dimorphism. memoirs of the national museum of victoria 39 (1): 33–54 .\n' euomphalus goldfussi is recombined as omphalocirrus goldfussi' according to r. m. linsley 1973' euomphalus manitobensis is recombined as hypomphalocirrus manitobensis' according to r. m. linsley 1973' hypomphalocirrus rugosus belongs to hypomphalocirrus' according to r. m. linsley 1973' hypomphalocirrus belongs to omphalocirridae' according to r. m. linsley 1973' liomphalus belongs to omphalocirridae' according to r. m. linsley 1973' omphalocirrus belongs to omphalocirridae' according to r. m. linsley 1973' oriostoma northi is recombined as liomphalus northi' according to r. m. linsley 1973\n@ article { bhlpart50174, title = { the omphalocirridae: a new family of palaeozoic gastropoda which exhibits sexual dimorphism }, journal = { memoirs of the national museum of victoria }, volume = { 39 }, copyright = { permissions to digitize granted by rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne: national museum of victoria, 1946 - 1983 }, author = { linsley, r m }, year = { 1978 }, pages = { 33 - - 54 }, }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nbouchet, p. ; rocroi, j. - p. (ed .) (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia: international journal of malacology, 47 (1 - 2). conchbooks: hackenheim. isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. 397 pp .\npart of: malacologia: international journal of malacology. institute of malacology: ann arbor. issn 0076 - 2997, more\nthis is a vademecum for about 2, 400 suprageneric names in recent and fossil gastropods, from the subtribe to the superfamily. for each name full bibliographic reference is given, with date of publication, type genus, nomenclatural availability and validity under the rules of the iczn. further 730 names of higher taxa are listed separately. altogether 611 valid families, 202 of them exclusively fossil, are recognised in the proposed classification .\ntel. : + 32 - (0) 59 - 34 21 30 | fax: + 32 - (0) 59 - 34 21 31 | e - mail: info @ urltoken | btw be 0466. 279. 196 | privacy en cookiebeleid\nwenz w. (1938 - 1944). gastropoda. teil 1: allgemeiner teil und prosobranchia. xii + 1639 pp. in: schindewolf, o. h. (ed .) handbuch der paläozoologie, band 6. bornträger, berlin. lief. 1, 1 - 240 [ march 1938 ]; 3, 241 - 480 [ october 1938 ]; 4, 481 - 720 [ july 1939 ]; 6, 721 - 960 [ august 1940 ]; 7, 961 - 1200 [ october 1941 ]; 8, 1201 - 1506 [ october 1943 ]; 9, 1507 - 1639, i - xii [ november 1944 ]. [ details ]\nbouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also bouchet et al. 2005, golikov and starobogatov 1975, jeffery 2003 and linsley and kier 1984\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthese strange devonian snail - like molluscs do not seem to have any clear relations. the distinctive frills would presumably be for the inhalent siphon, and the animal was most likely sedentary, probably a filter feeder. knight, et al. , 1960 placed them in the macluritidae (gastropods), although they lived in the devonian, long after the last macluritids died out. linsley and kier 1984 considered them members of the euomphaloid paragastropods. flow - tank studies by morris (1991) indicate they would seem to be untorted, but muscle scars are ambigious [ wagner 2001 ]. i have tentatively left them in the gastropoda, but i acknowledge they may equally belong among the paragastropoda .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nreceive the latest news about our exhibitions, special events, programs and offers .\nsorry, there was a problem subscribing you to the list, please refresh this page and try again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nomphalocirrus kaukensis was named by gubanov et al. (1995). it is not extant .\nif no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. < i > malacologia < / i >. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 .\ncuvier, g. 1795. second mémoire sur l' organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des mollusques et de leur division en ordre, lu à la société d' histoire naturelle de paris, le 11 prairial an troisième [ 30 may 1795 ]. magazin encyclopédique, ou journal des sciences, des lettres et des arts, 1795 [ 1. année ] 2: 433 - 449 .\nponder w. f. & lindberg d. r. 1997. towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i >, 119: 83 - 265 .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al. , 1998: common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed. . american fisheries society special publication 26. 526 .\nvaught, k. c. / abbott, robert t. and kenneth j. boss, 1989: null. a classification of the living mollusca. xii + 195 .\nzapata, f. ; wilson, n. g. ; howison, m. ; andrade, s. c. s. ; jorger, k. m. ; schrodl, m. ; goetz, f. e. ; giribet, g. ; dunn, c. w. (2014). phylogenomic analyses of deep gastropod relationships reject orthogastropoda. < em > proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences. < / em > 281 (1794): 20141739 - 20141739. 10. 1098 / rspb. 2014. 1739\nden kernbereich der familie euomphalidae stellen die gattungen euomphalus, straparollus, serpulospira, phymatifer, schizostoma und nodeuomphalus aus dem zeitraum devon bis perm. sie werden durch einen protoconch gekennzeichnet, der mit einer eiförmigen anfangskalotte ausgestattet ist, an die sich eine erste offene windung anschließt. dadurch verbleibt eine zentrale öffnung im inneren der ersten planspiraligen windung sichtbar im apex der schale. dieser protoconch unterscheidet die neue unterklasse euomphalomorpha von den auch heute noch existenten unterklassen der gastropoda, den archaeogastropoda, neritimorpha, heterostropha und caenogastropoda. mit euomphalopsis war möglicherweise schon im späten kambrium ein vertreter der euomphalomorpha present. vertreter der gruppe sind vom mitteldevon bis zum späten perm gesichert nachzuweisen. schon seit dem ordovizium treten innerhalb anderer gastropoden - taxa konvergente arten auf, so daß nur bei einer erhaltung des protoconches, oder auch der schalenstruktur, euomphalomorpha gesichert erkannt werden können. die neuen taxa euomphalomorpha n. subclassis, nodeuomphalus n. g. , n. paffrathianus n. sp. , and „planerotinus“ scheeri n. sp. werden beschrieben .\n( 1842): on the fossils of the older deposits in the rhenish provinces. — transactions of the geological society of london, (2 )\n( 2): 303–410, london (r. & j. e. taylor); pls. 25–38, paris (bourgogne & martinet) .\n( 1975): embryonalgehäuse karibischer meso - und neogastropoden (mollusca). — abhandlungen, mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse, akademie der wissenschaften und der literatur, mainz ,\n( 1977): übergänge von der perlmutter - schicht zu prismatischen schichttypen bei mollusken. — biomineralisation ,\n( 1982): morphologie und bildung der frühontogenetischen gehäuse bei conchiferen mollusken. — facies ,\n( 1990): shell structure of the gastropoda excluding the archaeogastropoda. — in: j. g .\n: 117–134, 25 text - figs. ; new york (van nostrand reinolds) .\n( 1991): schlitzbandschnecken mit perlmutteriger schale aus den triassischen st. cassian - schichten der dolomiten. — annalen des naturhistorisches museums in wien, (a )\n( 1992): platyceratidae from the triassic st. cassian formation and the evolutionary history of the neritomorpha (gastropoda). — paläontologische zeitschrift ,\n( 1993): trochomorpha aus der triassischen st. cassian formation (gastropoda, dolomiten). — annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien ,\n( 1993): evolutionary history of sinistral archaeogastropods with and without slit (cirroidea, vetigastropoda). — freiberger forschungshefte, (paläontologie )\n( 1993): caenogastropoda during the mesozoic times. — scripta geologica, spec. issue ,\n( 1996): some heterostrophic gastropods from triassic st. cassian formation with a discussion on the classification of the allogastropoda. — paläontologische zeitschrift ,\n( 1997): higher classification and pattern of evolution of the gastropoda. a synthesis of biological and paleontological data. — courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg ,\n, k. (in press): the new neritimorph family cortinellidae (gastropoda, mollusca). — neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie; stuttgart .\nconnected with suggestions to the classification and evolution of the archaeogastropoda. — freiberger forschungshefte ,\n( 1987): jurassic heteropods and their modern counterparts (planktonic gastropoda, mollusca). — neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie, abhandlungen ,\n( 1966): the lower carboniferous gastropod fauna from the hotwells limestone of compton martin, somerset (parts i and ii). — palaeontographical society monographs [ for 1965 ] ,\n( 1984): the calcitic wall in the paleozoic families euomphalidae and platyceratidae (archaeogastropoda). — journal of paleontology ,\n( 1992): early middle devonian (eifelian) gastropods of central nevada. — palaeontographica, (a )\n( 1979): variation in a species of ‘worm’ from the ordovician of spitsbergen. — skrifter om norsk polarinstitutt ,\n( 1915): essais de paléoconchologie comparée 13. — 345 p. ; paris (presses universitaires de france) .\n( 1982): larval development and relationships of mimospira; a presumably hyperstrophic ordovician gastropod. — geologiska foereningens i stockholm foerhandlingar ,\n( 1994): evolution of ‘small shelly fossils’ assemblages of the early paleozoic. — acta palaeontologica polonica ,\n( 1890): description of upper silurian fossils from the lilydale limestone upper yarra district, victoria. — records of the australian museum ,\n( clisospiridae, gastropoda) from the late ordovician of bohemia. — věstnik ustředního ústavu geologického ,\n( 1992): mode of life of a new onychochilid mollusc from the lower devonian of bohemia. — journal of paleontology ,\n, j. (1995): shell ontogeny of some lower paleozoic gastropods and its significance for higher taxonomy. — in: a .\n( 1997): oldest representatives of the superfamily cirroidea (vetigastropoda) with notes on their early phylogeny. — journal of paleontology ,\ncommunity in the prague basin (bohemia). — mitteilungen aus dem geologisch - paläontologischen institut der universität hamburg ,\n( 1987): late mississippian gastropods of the chainman shale, west - central utah. — professional papers, u. s. geological survey ,\n, j. a. (1977): gastropods of the gilmore city limestone (lower mississippian) of northcentral iowa. — dissertation. — [ unpubl. ]\n, d. (in prep): mitteldevonische (givetium) gastropoda (mollusca) aus dem rheinischen schiefergebirge. — dissertation an der universität hamburg; hamburg .\n( 1990): systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods. — natural history museum of los angeles county, science series ,\n) im rheinischen gebirge. — abhandlungen der königlich preussischen geologischen landesanstalt, n. f. ,\n( 1983): middle triassic gastropoda from qingyan, ghizhou province, china: 3—euomphalacea and loxonematacea. — journal of paleontology ,\n( 1969): unterdevonische gastropoden aus den karnischen alpen. — palaeontographica, (a )\n( 1989): slimaki a malze dewonskie z gor swietokrzyskich. — biuletyn panstwowego instytutu geologicznego ,\n( 1889): über einige neue oder wenig bekannte versteinerungen des rheinischen devon. — zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen gesellschaft ,\n( 1915): mitteldevonische gastropoden von sötenich in der eifel. — verhandlungen des naturhistorischen vereins der preussischen rheinlande und westfalens ,\n( 1891): die gastropoden der schichten von st. cassian der südalpinen trias. teil i. — annalen des k. k. naturhistorischen hofmuseums ,\n( 1934): the gastropods of the st. louis, missouri, pennsylvanian outlier: vii. the euomphalidae and platyceratidae. — journal of paleontology ,\n( 1941): paleozoic gastropod genotypes. — special papers of the geological society of america ,\n: 1–510, 32 text - figs, 96 pls. ; washington / d. c .\n( 1945): some new genera of paleozoic gastropoda. — journal of paleontology ,\n( 1956): new families of gastropoda. — washington acad. sci. j. ,\n( 1960): mollusca — general features, scaphopoda, amphineura, monoplacophora, gastropoda — general features archaeogastropoda and some (mainly paleozoic) caenogastropoda and opisthobranchia. — in :\n[ ed. ], treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part i mollusca 1: i1–i351, text - figs. 1–216; lawrence / kan. (geol. soc. amer. , univ. kansas press) .\n( 1959): on some ordovician fossils from northern malaya and her adjacence. — journal of the faculty of science, university of tokyo, section 2, geology, mineralogy, geography, geophysics ,\n( 4): 387–407, pls. 24–27; tokyo (maruzen co .) .\n( 1889): über die entwicklung der gastropoden vom cambrium bis zur trias. — neues jahrbuch für mineralogie, geologie und paläontologie, suppl .\n, e. (1896): die leifossilien, ein handbuch für den unterricht und das bestimmen von versteinerungen. — 848 p. ; leipzig .\n( 1897): die gastropoden der trias um hallstatt. — abhandlungen der k. k. geologischen reichsanstalt ,\n( 1925): die gastropoden des baltischen untersilur. — in: j .\n( 1843): description des animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain carbonifère de la belgique. — iv + 716 p. , pls. a - h, 1–60; liège .\n( 1881): faune du calcaire carbonifère de la belgique. troisième partie: gastéropodes. — annales du musée royal d’histoire naturelle de belgique, série paléontologique ,\n( 1883): faune du calcaire carbonifère de la belgique 4. partie, gastéropodes (suite et fin). — annales du musée royal d’histoire naturelle de belgique, série paléontologique ,\n( 1968): gastropods of the middle devonian anderdon limestone. — bulletins of american paleontology ,\n( 1984): the paragastropoda: a proposal for a new class of paleozoic mollusca. — malacologia ,\n( 1973): devonian carrier shells (euomphalidae) from north america and germany. — professional papers, u. s. geological survey ,\n: relevance to understanding the evolution of a major paleozoic mesozoic radiation. — malacologia ,\n( 1867): contributions to the palaeontology of illinois and other western states. — proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 1866: 251–275, pls. 14–32; philadelphia .\n) and the nature of euomphalacean gastropods. — bulletin of the british museum of natural history (geology) ,\n( 1997): über die stammesgeschichte der ptenoglossa (gastropoda). — berliner geowissenschaftliche abhandlungen, (e )\n( 1913): das oberdevon des bergischen landes. — abhandlungen der königlich preußischen geologischen landesanstalt, n. f. ,\n( 1922): der mitteldevonische massenkalk des bergischen landes. — abhandlungen der preußisch geologischen landesanstalt, n. f. ,\n( 1841): figures and descriptions of the palaeozoic fossils of cornwall, devon, and west somerset. — xii + 231 p. , 60 pls. ; london (longman, brown, green & longmans) .\n, f. a. (1843): die versteinerungen des harzgebirges. — xx + 40 p. , 12 pls. ; hannover .\n( 1980): ordovician - devonian gastropoda from the klamath mountains, california. — palaeontographica, (a )\n( 1988): upper ordovician gastropods from the seward peninsula, alaska. — journal of paleontology ,\n( 1994): ordovician (whiterockian) gastropods of nevada: bellerophontoidea, macluritoidea, and euomphaloidea. — journal of paleontology ,\n, s. w. (1859): figures and descriptions of canadian organic remains, decade i. — geological survey of canada, 47 p. , pls. 1–10; montreal .\n( 1850–1856): die versteinerungen des rheinischen schichtensystems in nassau. — lfg. 1–9: xv + 564 p. , 1 encl. , 1 map. atlas: 41 pls. ; wiesbaden (kreidel & niedner) .\n( 1995): frühontogenetische schalen jurassischer und unterkretazischer gastropoden aus norddeutschland und polen. — palaeontographica, (a )\n( 1960): archaeogastropoda, mesogastropoda and stratigraphy of the ripley owl creek, and prairie bluff formation. — professional papers, u. s. geological survey ,\n, j. (1812): the mineral conchology of great britain; or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth. vol. i. — 234 p. , 102 pls. ; london .\n, l. w. (1941): the larger invertebrate fossils of the navarro group of texas. — the university of texas publication ,\n, m. h. (1974): chesterian (upper mississippian) gastropoda of the illinois basin. — fieldiana, geology ,\n( 1991): new and little known “skeneimorph” gastropods from the mediterranean sea and the atlantic ocean. — bolletino malacologico ,\n( 1992): cambrian mollusca from the minaret formation, ellsworth mountains, west antarctica. — memoirs, geological society of america ,\n( 1938–44): gastropoda, teil i. — in: o. h .\n, g. f. (1891): a monograph of the devonian fauna of the south of england. part iii. the fauna of the limestones of lummaton, wolborough, chircombe bridge, and chudleigh. — palaeontographical society, [ monographs. ]: 155–250, pls. 14–20; london\n, g. f. (1892): a monograph of the devonian fauna of the south of england. part iv. the fauna of the limestones of lummaton, wolborough, chircombe bridge, and chudleigh. — palaeontographical society, [ monographs. ]: 251–344, pls. 25–31; london .\n( 1956): euomphalacea, trochonematacea, pseudophoracea, anomphalacea, craspedostomatacea, and platyceratacea, [ part ] 1 permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states. — bulletin of the american museum of natural history ,\n( 1963): the middle ordovician of the oslo region, norway. 15, monoplacophora and gastropoda. — norsk geologisk tidsskrift ,\n( 1988): early carboniferous mollusca from gundy, upper hunter, new south wales. — records of the australian museum ,\n( 1994): early carboniferous mollusca from the tamworth belt, new south wales, australia. — records of the australian museum ,\n, r. (1978): fossili cassiani (trias mediosuperiore) atlanti dei gasteropodi della formazione di s. cassiano raccolti della formazione di s. cassiano raccolti nella regione dolomitica attorna a cortina d’ampezzo. — 58 p. ; cortina d’ampezzo .\n, k. a. (1881–1885): handbuch der palaeontologie 2. mollusca und arthropoda. — 900 p. , 719 text - figs. ; münchen, leipzig .\nfull reference: j. b. knight. 1945. some new genera of paleozoic gastropoda. journal of paleontology 19 (6): 573 - 587\nsee also golikov and starobogatov 1975, gubanov et al. 1995, jeffery 2003, knight et al. 1960, kosnik 2002, linsley and kier 1984 and morris and cleevely 1981\nw. d. birch, a. j. w. gleadow, b. w. nottle, j. a. ross and r. whately\nraemeotherium yatkolai gen, et sp. nov. , a primitive diprotodontid from the medial miocene of south australia\nt. h. rich, m. archer and r. h. tedford\nw. b. emison, j. w. porter, k. c. norris and g. j. apps\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nraemeotherium yatkolai, gen. et sp. nov. , a primitive diprotodontid from the medial miocene of south australia\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback." ]

{ "text": [ "omphalocirridae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs ( gastropods ? ) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position ( gastropoda ? ) ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) ." ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "omphalocirridae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs (gastropods ?) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (gastropoda ?) (according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi, 2005)." ]

[ "maliattha ritsemae is a moth of the noctuidae family. it was described by snellen van vollenhoven in 1880. it is found on sulawesi, ambon island, as well northern australia and new hebrides .\nmaliattha ferrugina turner, 1908; 67; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nno one has contributed data records for maliattha concinnimacula yet. learn how to contribute .\nmaliattha pratti viette, 1965; madagascar, anosibe route, km. 26, sandrangato forest\nmaliattha fuliginosa warren, 1913; 280, pl. 26, row b; tl: bombay\nmaliattha fuscimima warren, 1913; 282, pl. 26, row c; tl: ajmere\nmaliattha lacteata warren, 1913; 280, pl. 26, row d; tl: punjab\nmaliattha rectilinea viette, 1982; 280, f. 12; tl: madagascar, morojejy massif\nmaliattha furcata warren, 1913; 282, pl. 26, row c; tl: solomon islands\nmaliattha bicolor viette, 1982; 279, f. 14; tl: madagascar, sambirano, trsaratana massif\nmaliattha sexpartita warren, 1913; 281, pl. 26, row b; tl: queensland, townsville\nmaliattha curvilinea warren, 1913; 278, pl. 25, row i; tl: nilgiri; palni hills\nmaliattha guttifera warren, 1913; 283, pl. 25, row i - k; tl: khasia hills\nmaliattha inconcisoides holloway, 1979; 436, pl. 77: 10; tl: new caledonia, petit couli\nmaliattha brillians berio, 1960; 95, f. 15; tl: madagascar, perinet region, analamazoatra forest\nmaliattha angustitaenia warren, 1913; 282, pl. 26, row c; tl: west australia, derby district\nmaliattha melanesiensis robinson, 1975; 141, pl. f. 144; tl: fiji, viti levu, suva\nmaliattha subterminalis warren, 1913; 279, pl. 26, row d; tl: java, mt. arjuno\nmaliattha tsaratanana viette, 1965; 144, pl. 3, f. 5; tl: madagascar, tsaratanana, matsabory\nmaliattha commersoni viette, 1965; 145, pl. 3, f. 4; tl: madagascar, marojejy massif, anjanaharibe\nmaliattha dubiefi viette, 1982; 279, f. 9; tl: madagascar, sambirano, tsaratanana massif, andohanisambirano, matsabory\nmaliattha mabnora viette, 1982; 279, f. 17; tl: madagascar, sambirano, tsartanana massif, andohanisambirano, matsabory\nmaliattha sogai viette, 1965; 145, pl. 3, f. 18; tl: madagascar, tsaratanana massif, matsabory\nmaliattha perrieri viette, 1965; 144, pl. 3, f. 8; tl: madagascar, tsaratanana massif, andohanisambirano, matsabory\nmaliattha toulgoeti viette, 1965; 146, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madagascar, betsileo, route to the south, km. 302, ambatofitorahana\nmaliattha lemur viette, 1965; 146, pl. 3, f. 17; tl: madagascar, betsileo, route to the south, km. 302, abatofitorahana forest\nthis adult moth has white forewings, each with two broad brown bands. the hindwings are pale brown darkening toward the margins .\njapan, india (west bengal, ... .). see [ maps ]\namur, primorye, japan (hokkaido, honshu). see [ maps ]\nthalpochares bella staudinger, 1888; stettin ent. ztg 49 (7 - 9): 264; tl: se. siberia, wladiwostok\neustrotia chionozona hampson, 1910; 610, pl. 167, f. 9; tl: belgaum\neustrotia euryzona hampson, 1910; 590, pl. 166, f. 12; tl: [ karnataka ] belgaum\nhyela fervens hampson, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 474; tl: canara, karwar; madras, belgaum\nmaliatha khasanica zolotarenko & dubatolov, 1995; atalanta 26 (1 / 2): 299, f. 1a - b, 2a - c; tl: s. primorye, khasan, furugel is .\nlithacodia melaleuca hampson, 1910; 508, pl. 164, f. 3; tl: c. china, chusan is .\nerastria opposita saalmüller, 1891; 345, f. 255; tl: madagascar, south betsileo\neustrotia phaeozona hampson, 1910; 590, pl. 166, f. 11; tl: christmas island\nacontia picata butler, 1889; 62, pl. 129, f. 2; tl: dharmsala\nindia (himachal pradesh, tamil nadu, ...). see [ maps ]\ncelebes, amboina, n. australia, new hebrides, .... see [ maps ]\nerastria rosacea leech, 1889; : 527, pl. 53, f. 9; tl: japan, oiwake\nacontia ruptifascia hampson, 1891; 13, 75, pl. 145, f. 12; tl: nilgiri district\nborneo, india (himachal pradesh, west bengal). see [ maps ]\nlarva on polygonum spp. ; rockburne & lafontaine, 1976, [ poole ]\nacontia tegulata butler, 1889; 63, pl. 129, f. 1; tl: dharmsala\nacontia umbrina hampson, 1891; 13, 74, pl. 145, f. 15; tl: [ tamil nadu ] nilgiri district\nindia (west bengal, himachal pradesh, meghalaya, ...), ..., japan. see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome sixiéme. noctuélites. tome 2\nthe moths of india. supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india .\nseries iii. part iii\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "maliattha ritsemae is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it was described by snellen van vollenhoven in 1880 .", "it is found on sulawesi , ambon island , as well northern australia and new hebrides .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "adults have white forewings with two brown bands .", "the hindwings are pale brown with darker margins .", "the larvae feed on brachiaria mutica . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "maliattha ritsemae is a moth of the noctuidae family. it was described by snellen van vollenhoven in 1880. it is found on sulawesi, ambon island, as well northern australia and new hebrides. the wingspan is about 20 mm. adults have white forewings with two brown bands. the hindwings are pale brown with darker margins. the larvae feed on brachiaria mutica." ]

[ "this is the place for hypha definition. you find here hypha meaning, synonyms of hypha and images for hypha copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word hypha. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word hypha and, of course, hypha synonyms and on the right images related to the word hypha .\nhave a fact about tridrepana mediata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tridrepana mediata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about tridrepana emina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tridrepana emina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsynonym for vairimorpha hybomitrae (levchenko & i. v. issi) h. i. bykova & i. v. issi 1984\nsynonym for sterigmatomyces hyphaenes (har. & pat .) q. m. wang, f. y. bai, m. groenew. & boekhout 2015\nsynonym for hyphantosoma aletes (hertlein & a. m. strong, 1948 )\nsynonym for endoreticulatus schubergi (zwölfer) a. cali & m. el garhy 1991\nsynonym for chaetoplea hyphasmatis (ellis & everh .) m. e. barr 1990\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhyphae hy\nph [ ae ], n. pl. [ nl. , fr. gr .\nyfh 'a web. ] (bot .) the long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. they are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure .\ndoom palm doom\npalm '[ ar. daum, d [ = u ] m: cf. f. doume. ] (bot .) a species of palm tree (hyph [ ae ] ne thebaica), highly valued for the fibrous pulp of its fruit, which has the flavor of gingerbread, and is largely eaten in egypt and abyssinia. [ written also doum palm. ]\ntaha ta\nha, n. the african rufous - necked weaver bird (hyphantornis texor) .\nwebform web\nform `, n. (zo [\no ] l .) any one of various species of moths whose gregarious larv [ ae ] eat the leaves of trees, and construct a large web to which they retreat when not feeding. note: the most destructive webworms belong to the family bombycid [ ae ], as the fall webworm (hyphantria textor), which feeds on various fruit and forest trees, and the common tent caterpillar, which feeds on various fruit trees (see tent caterpillar, under tent .) the grapevine webworm is the larva of a geometrid moth (see vine inchworm, under vine) .\nithyphallic ith 'y * phal\nlic, a. [ l. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, gr. ?, membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of bacchus. ] lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene .\nof a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. in most fungi ...\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988. it is\nedit your maps. learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification. play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - (alpha version) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected. start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag: get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery, and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story: follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest: take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "tridrepana hypha is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "it is found in china ( yunnan ) .", "adults are similar to tridrepana finita , but larger and there are two brownish black spots near the lower angle of the cell on the forewings .", "the postmedial line is thin , wavy and nearly continuous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1, 1 ] }

[ "tridrepana hypha is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by chu and wang in 1988. it is found in china (yunnan). adults are similar to tridrepana finita, but larger and there are two brownish black spots near the lower angle of the cell on the forewings. the postmedial line is thin, wavy and nearly continuous." ]

[ "swimming in the upside down catfish synodontis nigriventris: it matters which way is up .\nrelationship between frequency of upside - down posture and space size around upside - down catfish, synodontis nigriventris .\nswimming in the upside down catfish synodontis nigriventris: it matters which way is up. - pubmed - ncbi\nsynodontis: ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile (cuvier 1816). nigriventris: black belly .\nsynodontis nigriventris is originally known from the lower congo, pool malebo (stanley pool) and from the central congo river basin. synodontis nigriventris has been introduced to the philippines. it is unknown whether the species has established itself .\nkingdom: animalia phylum: chordata class: actinopterygii order: siluriformes family: mochokidae genus: synodontis species: s. nigriventris\nrelationship between frequency of upside - down posture and space size around upside - down catfish, synodontis nigriventris. - pubmed - ncbi\nsynodontis nigriventris is widespread without major threats throughout central africa it has also been introduced to the philippines but less is known about the population there .\ntanganyika - plathythelpusa sp. - altolamprologus compressiceps\nsumbu shell\n- synodontis petricola\nsynodontis nigriventris is one of the few synodontis to have been bred by hobbyists. there are a couple of sketchy reports about accidental breeding where the fish spawned in a pipe and another report where the fish spawned in a gravel depression .\nblotched upside - down catfish. synodontis nigriventris habitat: congo river temperature: 23 - 26°c ph: 6 - 7, 5 length: 10 cm difficulty: 1\nthe upside - down catfish (synodontis nigriventris) is one of the most popular african catfish. it has evolved a peculiar habit of swimming upside down... .\nsound production to electric discharge: sonic muscle evolution in progress in synodontis spp. catfishes (mochokidae )\nspecificationsmpnf90 0022 0317manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameupside - down catfish - small scientific namesynodontis nigriventris originafrica ma ...\nsynodontis nigriventris is a benthopelagic species. it feeds mainly at night on insects, crustaceans and plant matter (mills and vevers 1989). it is oviparous (breder and rosen 1966). the parents tend their clutch more than they guard it .\none of the commonest synos seen for sale, s. nigriventris is occasionally confused with s. contractus. however, on close inspection the species are easy to tell apart as s. nigriventris lacks the large head and mouth and larger eye of s. contractus .\nthere is another variety named s. nigriventris\nzebra\n. it may be an undescribed species or it may be just a colour variety of the normal nigriventris, only time will tell on this issue. the normal nigriventris comes from all over the congo drainage and the\nzebra\nvariety from the region around the town of kutu, bandundu and lac leopold 11 in the dem. republic of the congo .\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. decora means decorated .\nall in all s. nigriventris makes a peaceful and interesting addition to most community tanks and is highly recommended as an introduction to oddballs for the beginner .\nsynodontis are omnivorous and are most unfussy in terms of feeding. frozen, live and dried foods are all accepted. it also relishes vegetable matter in the form of shelled peas, cucumber etc. , which it will rasp at with the teeth in its lower jaw. unlike most others in the genus, s. nigriventris will often feed from the surface in its typical inverted style .\nomnivore, in the wild synodontis nigriventris eats crustaceans, worms, insect larva and some vegetable matter. in captivity they are quite unfussy and will accept a diet of flake food, catfish pellets and live or frozen food such as blood worms. if you decorate their tank with lots of stones and bogwood they will get in to all the nooks and crannies looking for food which is out of reach of other fish .\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. nigri mean dark, ventris meaning belly. alluding to the reversed counter - shading .\nfast - start performance of s. nigriventris in the dorsal side up (dsu) and inverted posture (i) at water depths of 0. 025 m, 0. 04 m and 0. 09 m\ndrag coefficients for s. nigriventris when deeply submerged are less than those of rheotactic catfish (n = 30–45; p < 0. 05; table 4). s. nigriventris is neutrally buoyant [ specific gravity≈1. 01, cf. s. afrofisheri (chapman et al. , 1994) ] similar to many nektonic fishes (e. g. aleyev, 1977) (table 2). rheotactic catfishes are characterized by high drag, density, morphological frictional adaptations (e. g. frictional pads, odontodes) and armour (e. g. large opercular spines) (blake, 2006). s. nigriventris is smooth skinned with small opercular spines and few frictional adaptations .\nlooking back at the list of catfish of the month articles prior to this one (an expanding list - this is the 68th !), i was surprised to find synodontis decorus was yet to be featured. time yours truly thought, to right that wrong .\nwhen most fishes are observed swimming\nbelly - up ,\nit is an indication of loss of balance or near - morbidity. this is not the case in some other catfishes in the genus synodontis, which are occasionally seen swimming upside - down. this is an adaptation for surface feeding .\nfive dead specimens of synodontis nigriventris david (preserved in a 10% formalin solution; department of zoology, university of british columbia fish museum) were measured for total body length (tl), mass (m b), maximum body depth (d) and width (w) (to ±0. 05 cm; caliper, 30 cm, helios, mebtechnik, germany) and weighed (to ±0. 1 g; scout - pro, ohaus, pinebrook, nj, usa). frontally projected area (a p) was determined by digitizing tracings (hipad digitizer, houston instruments, houston, tx, usa) of 'head on' photographs (table 1) .\ncentrelines (tip of the snout and centre of mass indicated by arrowheads and filled red circles, respectively) for s. nigriventris during a steady swimming bout (a) and fast - start (b) in the inverted posture at intervals of 0. 032 s and 0. 004 s, respectively, indicated by successive numbers .\none of the most gentle members of the genus, s. nigriventris can be combined with most peaceful species successfully but should not be housed with aggressive fish. the most appropriate tankmates include african tetras, dwarf cichlids such as pelvicachromis or anomalochromis and small mormyrids. this species should be maintained in groups of at least 3 - 4 individuals as this will give them confidence and encourage them to be seen more often whilst also simulating their natural behaviour .\nelucidating the origins of complex biological structures has been one of the major challenges of evolutionary studies. the protractor muscle appears to be a plastic feature among synodontis spp. , both in terms of morphology and function. the insertion of the muscle on the müllerian ramus—anterior swim bladder is indicative of an evolutionary history associated with sound production. the muscle fibres with their small diameters, elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum and reduced myofibrils, bear similarity to fast sonic muscles of distantly related fishes [ 2, 39, 40 ] .\nproportion of fast - start mechanical energy lost versus submersion depth index (h / d) for s. nigriventris, dorsal side up (blue) and inverted posture (red), and rainbow trout (black) (webb et al. , 1991) after 20 ms (open circles), 40 ms (filled circles), 60 ms (filled triangles), 80 ms (open squares) and 100 ms (filled squares) .\ndrag versus water depth for s. nigriventris (inset) for dorsal side up (a) and inverted posture (b) for water velocities of 0. 38 m s –1 (open squares), 0. 47 m s –1 (open diamonds), 0. 55 m s –1 (open triangles) and 0. 63 m s –1 (crosses). values are means ± 2 s. e. m. for n values, see text. in all cases, r 2 > 0. 9, p < 0. 05 .\nthe presentation of sound stimuli and the determination of thresholds followed the detailed description given by parmentier et al. [ 21 ]. three species (s. angelica, s. grandiops and s. nigriventris) were tested at 16 different frequencies: 50, 150, 300–3600 (in 300 hz steps), 4000 and 4500 hz. sound levels at each frequency were presented at up to 158 db re 1 µpa and attenuated in 6 db steps until a threshold level was determined. recording of evoked potentials and determination of threshold followed the same procedure description given by colleye et al. [ 20 ] .\nhypothesis 1, that drag near the surface would be ×5 greater than that deeply submerged, is rejected (fig. 1). for s. nigriventris of 40 000 < r e > 91 000, δ≈2. 0 for h / d = 0. 5 and h / d ≈2. 7 for δ = 1 (fig. 2). the drag of streamlined technical bodies in surface proximity (hoerner, 1965; hertel, 1966; hertel, 1969) has been employed to assess the swimming energetics of marine mammals (au and weihs, 1980; blake, 1983; blake, 2000) and penguins (blake and smith, 1988). at reynolds numbers > 10 6, drag augmentation due to gravitational waves on a streamlined body close to the surface (h / d ≈0. 5) may be× 5 that when deeply submerged and vanishes for h / d > 3 (i. e. δ = 1) (hertel, 1966; hertel, 1969). whilst the general trend of depth dependence of δ on h / d of s. nigriventris is similar to that for streamlined technical bodies, the magnitude of drag augmentation is about a half (fig. 2) .\nbased on the baldwin effect (selection of general learning ability with selected offspring tending to have an increased capacity for learning new skills), dawkins suggests that inverted swimming in s. nigriventris evolved by natural selection favoring individuals that learned to exploit food from the water surface and underside of floating leaves [ p. 401 in dawkins (dawkins, 2005) ]. selection has favoured this propensity to learn to the point where the behaviour has become instinctive. nocturnality (low competition for resources and low predation pressure relative to the diurnal situation), reverse countershading and asr likely co - evolved with the inverted habit .\nthe effect of body posture on drag, steady swimming bouts and fast - start performance was compared by employing independent two - sample t - tests. the effects of body orientation angles on drag and the effects of water depth on fast - start performance (duration, distance, average velocity, maximum velocity, average acceleration, maximum acceleration) were determined by anova (spss 13. 0 for windows). the locations of any significant differences were obtained from the student–newman–keuls test. drag coefficients and densities for s. nigriventris and other catfishes were compared using one - sample t - tests (zar, 1999). the null hypothesis was rejected at p = 0. 05 in all cases .\ntailbeat frequency, amplitude and stride length versus water velocity during steady swimming bouts for s. nigriventris: dorsal side up near the surface (0. 025 m, h / d = 0. 6, green open circles; 0. 04 m, h / d = 1. 2, red open circles) and deeply submerged (0. 09 m, h / d = 3. 4, blue open circles); inverted near the surface (0. 025 m, h / d = 0. 6, green open squares; 0. 04 m, h / d = 1. 2, red open squares) and deeply submerged (0. 09 m, h / d = 3. 4, blue open squares). regressions for tailbeat frequency and stride length are represented by solid (dorsal side up) and dotted lines (inverted posture). since ancova shows no significant effects of water depth on amplitude (p > 0. 05), the data were pooled to generate an overall regression (black solid line). in all cases, r 2 > 0. 4, p < 0. 05 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\njustification: the species is widespread without major threats throughout central africa and is assessed as least concern .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nlive fish were terminated with ms 222 shortly before being weighed in air and water (to ±0. 001 g; mettler pk300 scale, columbus, oh, usa, with manufacturer' s suspension apparatus) and fish density (ρ f) was calculated from: ρ f = (w a – w o) –1 w a ρ w, where w a, w o and ρ w were weight in air, weight in water and water density, respectively. the centre of mass of each fish was determined by suspending the fish from the mouth and marking the vertical line of gravity, then repeating this procedure with suspension from the cloaca. the centre of mass was the point where the two lines crossed .\nmeasurements were made in a perspex™ re - circulating flow tank (1. 84 m×0. 52 m×0. 22 m). a 0. 5 h. p. electric motor (1 h. p. = 745. 7 w) rotated a propeller (0. 16 m diameter) to produce flow. water velocities were measured using a current meter (12. 400±0. 005 m s –1; a. ott kempton typ. , bayern, germany) placed 1. 25 m down from a flow - rectifying grid (0. 21 m×0. 20 m) made of straws (0. 5 cm diameter) located just in front of the propeller. wall interference effects were assumed to be small as the ratio of the width of the flow tank and fish was of the order of 10 .\ndrag (d) was measured with a force transducer (an aluminum spar of length 10 cm, width 0. 7 cm and thickness 0. 1 cm, respectively) attached to a strain gauge bridge, connected to a digital electronics board, calibrated with weights (1. 5 g; sto - a - weigh, pinebrook, nj, usa) and mounted on a vertical adjustable stand, allowing the spar to be placed accurately at different depths below the water surface .\nforce transducer accuracy and precision were determined by comparing the measured drag coefficient [ c d = 2d (ρ w a p v 2) –1 ] of a three - dimensional perspex™ plate (0. 6 cm×2. 5 cm×2. 5 cm) oriented normal to the flow with established technical values (1. 17) (hoerner, 1965) at reynolds numbers 10 3 –10 4 (r e = lvv –1, where v andν were water velocity and kinematic viscosity of water, respectively). the drag on the spar was subtracted from that of the plate and spar together to give the drag of the plate. the measured average normal drag coefficient based on ten repeated measurements was 1. 22±0. 04 (mean ± 2 s. e. m .) for r e ≈1. 8×10 3, which was close to that expected .\nfish were filmed using a high - speed camera (125 hz; troubleshooter, model ts500ms, fastec imaging, san diego, ca, usa; berkey coloran halide 650 w bulb) in a tank (2. 45 m×1. 22 m×0. 47 m; depth≈0. 3 m; 25±1°c) as if from above with a mirror angled at 45°. a removable rigid plastic grid (1. 65 cm\ncells) was fitted tightly to the interior walls of the tank. for each of five fish, 5 measurements were made for each posture at water depths\ncells) fitted tightly to the interior walls of the aquarium to the point of maximum body depth at 0. 30±0. 01\nwas maximum body depth) of 0. 6, 1. 2 and 3. 4, respectively (\n). tailbeat frequency (number of tailbeat cycles, tail movement from one side of the body to the other and back again, divided by duration), amplitude (distance between the lateral most positions of the tip of the tail during one complete tailbeat cycle), stride length (speed divided by tailbeat frequency), propulsive wave velocity (time between peaks in lateral displacement between the tip of the snout and tail divided by body length) and propulsive wavelength were determined .\nkinematic parameters of steady swimming for the upside down catfish in the dorsal side up and inverted posture at water depths of 0. 025 m, 0. 04 m and 0. 09 m\nwavelength was determined following published methods (dewar and graham, 1994; donley and dickson, 2000). the time between peaks in lateral displacement at the tip of the snout and tail was measured (lateral displacement over time for the wave of undulation to pass). this was repeated 10 times for each steady swimming bout to obtain a mean progression time. propulsive wave velocity was obtained by dividing the body length by the mean progression time, and was divided by tailbeat frequency to give propulsive wavelength .\nan aquarium (0. 35 m×0. 21 m×0. 24 m) covered with black paper was filmed from above (250 hz). fish were acclimatized for 1 week to experimental lighting conditions (halide 650 w bulb). feeding ceased the day before experimentation. fast - starts were induced by striking the side of the aquarium with a plastic bulb attached to a 1 m pole and filmed at three water depths\n= 5) per day (total of 30 measurements) to allow for recovery. video sequences of the escape responses (against the rigid plastic grid) were analyzed using imagej (\n), we digitized the centre of mass of the stretched straight fish as a reference point (located by measuring the length of the midline from the tip of the rostrum to 0. 37±0. 01\n) and the tip of the rostrum. duration, distance, average velocity and acceleration, maximum velocity and acceleration were measured for the centre of mass. the velocity and acceleration data were derived from the raw distance - time data by using a five - point smoothing regression (\nenergy loss from wave generation near the surface was estimated following webb et al. (webb et al. , 1991), by comparing the average work performed by a 'control fish' (w c; i. e. a fish swimming deeply submerged, in this case 0. 09 m): w c = 2 m (1 + α) s 2 c t –2, where α was the longitudinal added mass coefficient (representing the mass of water entrained by the accelerating fish), s c was distance traveled by the control fish and t was time. it was assumed that the fish perform the same amount of work regardless of water depth. this assumption is reasonable for a fast - start response where it can be presumed that performance is maximized (webb et al. , 1991). the longitudinal added mass coefficient is small (order of 0. 2) (webb, 1982) and was assumed to be unaffected near the surface. the proportion of energy lost (w d) relative to the control fish was w d = 1– (s 2 t s –2 c), where s t was distance traveled by fish in shallow water (i. e. water depths of 0. 025 m and 0. 04 m) .\ndrag was proportional to velocity squared in all cases (d = av 2 + bv + c, where a, b and c were depth - dependent constants; r 2 > 0. 95) and decreased with water depth for both body postures (fig. 1). inverted drag was about 15% less than that for dorsal side up in surface proximity (n = 120; p < 0. 05) with no postural effects when deeply submerged (n = 120; p > 0. 05). the drag augmentation factor (δ, defined as the ratio of drag in surface proximity to that deeply submerged) was a function of the submersion depth index (h / d; fig. 2) and maximal (δ≈2. 0) for both postures near the water surface (h / d ≈0. 5), vanishing (i. e. δ = 1. 0) when h / d ≈2. 7 (depth≈9 cm) .\ndrag increased with increasing body orientation angle (0°, 20°, 45° and 90°; n = 60; p < 0. 05) for both postures at water velocities of 0. 38–0. 63 m s –1 (fig. 3). inverted drag for body orientation angles of 20°, 45° and 90° was significantly lower than that dorsal side up (n = 360; p < 0. 05) .\ndrag augmentation factor (δ) versus submersion depth index (h / d, where h is the distance from the water surface to the center line of the fish and d is maximum body depth) in the dorsal side up (a) and inverted (b) posture .\ntotal near - surface drag (sum of wave, pressure and friction drags) measurements for body orientation angles of 0°, 20°, 45° and 90° for dorsal side up (a) and inverted (b) posture for water velocities of 0. 38 m s –1 (open squares), 0. 47 m s –1 (open diamonds), 0. 55 m s –1 (open triangles) and 0. 63 m s –1 (crosses). values are means ± 2 s. e. m. for n values, see text. in all cases, r 2 > 0. 9, p < 0. 05 .\nduring steady swimming bouts, fish swam in the carangiform mode (fig. 4a). tailbeat frequency, stride length and amplitude increased with velocity (fig. 5). fish swam at lower velocities at lower water depth (n = 75; p < 0. 05; table 2). the slopes of tailbeat frequency and stride length versus velocity increased and decreased significantly with decreasing water depth (n = 75; p < 0. 05) and slopes were higher and lower dorsal side up relative to inverted near the surface, respectively (n = 50; p < 0. 05). wavelength was velocity and depth independent (n = 75; p > 0. 05) .\nall fast - starts were rectilinear (fig. 4b) and away from the stimulus. average and maximum velocity and acceleration decreased in surface proximity (n = 15; p < 0. 05; table 3). performance levels in all categories were higher for the inverted posture (n = 10; p < 0. 05). the proportion of energy lost in wave generation increased with decreasing h / d for both postures (fig. 6). at submersion depth indices of 0. 6 and 1. 2, the losses inverted were about half of that for dorsal side up .\nagainst resistance is employed to assess the magnitude of wave drag generated by bodies at or close to the water surface. small wave drag peaks occur at\nm (mean body length of the 'drag tested' fish) over a velocity range of 0. 38–0. 63 m s\n) in still water or holding position against a current of the same speed. for the live fish (\n), which ends in fatigue. limits to prolonged swimming duration near the surface may be set by\n. to exceed these speeds, the fish must swim out of surface proximity. night video recordings in a large aquarium showed that rapid swimming to / from refuge is common (65% of time / activity frequency distribution) and occurs deeply submerged. upper values of velocity for inverted, rapid constant speed swimming in the water column are 0. 32 m s\n3. 4, velocity based on mean ± 2 s. e. m .), close to the velocity corresponding to\ndrag inverted is about 15% less than that dorsal side up in surface proximity (n = 120; p < 0. 05; fig. 1). the power (p) required to overcome total drag is: p = dv, and this implies that swimming inverted at the air–water interface is energy efficient relative to swimming dorsal side up and that there is no relative hydrodynamic disadvantage to swimming inverted at depth .\nspeed increases with water depth for both postures (n = 75; p < 0. 05; table 2), supporting hypothesis 3. increased drag at any given swimming speed at the surface must be compensated for by an increase in thrust production. this is reflected kinematically; at any given speed, tailbeat frequency and stride length are higher and lower, respectively, in surface proximity for both postures than that at depth (n = 75; p < 0. 05; fig. 5). in addition, tailbeat frequency is higher near the surface for dorsal side up relative to that inverted (n = 50; p < 0. 05). there is no significant difference for slopes between the two postures deeply submerged (n = 50; p > 0. 05) where drag is posture independent .\ndispersive wave systems in shallow water are slowed down, changing the relationship between wavelength and speed relative to deep water. waves have to become longer to maintain a given speed. there is a critical wave speed (\nis < 0. 5, the resistance in shallow water relative to that in deep water is about the same. however, resistance in shallow water rises sharply between\n, the resistance in deep water is greater than that in shallow water [ fig. 7 in wellicome (\n) ]. the initial rise in resistance occurs because the transverse waves become longer and steeper and require more energy to maintain at any given speed. the resistance due to diverging waves remains as they travel much more slowly than the transverse waves and are unaffected. beyond\n, the transverse waves cannot keep up and cease to exist, hence resistance falls. this analysis is based on steady motions. for unsteady motions, wave pattern changes are time dependent and we assume that such effects are small given the accelerations involved and a reasonable first approximation, justifying a quasi - steady approach .\n) (fig. 7). referencing velocity to the maximum distance traveled by the centre of mass over the same period (mean ±2 s. e. m. of\nwe thank p. y. l. kwok for technical assistance. r. w. b. is funded by a grant and k. h. s. c. by an undergraduate summer research award from the natural sciences and engineering research council of canada .\n). respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption. iii. influence of oxygen .\n( ed. w. s. hoar and d. j. randall), pp .\n( ed. p. domenici and r. w. blake), pp .\nchapman, l. j. , kaufman, l. and chapman, c. a .\n). why swim upside down? a comparative study of two mochokid catfishes .\n). studies of tropical tuna swimming performance in a large water tunnel. iii. kinematics .\neaton, r. c. , bombardieri, d. a. and meyer, d. l .\n( ed. j. daget, j. p. gosse and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde), pp .\nkasapi, m. a. , domenici, p. , blake, r. w. and harper, d. g .\n). a comparative survey of the type of sympathetic nerve - melanophore transmission in catfishes .\nkoblmüller, s. , sturmbauer, c. , verheyen, e. , meyer, a. and salzburger, w .\n( ed. j. atema, r. r. fay, a. n. popper and w. n. tayolga), pp .\n). anatomy, relationships and systematics of the bagridae (teleostei: siluroidei) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny .\n). control of the pigment migration in melanophores in the dorsal and ventral skin of the upside - down catfish .\nnagaishi, h. , nishi, h. , fujii, r. and oshima, n .\no' steen, s. , cullum, a. j. and bennett, a. f .\n). r8s: inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock .\n). the role of predation in age - and size - related habitat use by stream fishes .\n): a comparison of muscle activity and kinematics between s - start behaviours .\nstephenson, r. , lovvorn, j. r. , heisis, m. a. r. , jones, d. r. and blake, r. w .\n). the freshwater fish of neogene africa (miocene - pleistocene): systematics and biogeography .\n( ed. g. arratia, b. g. kappor, m. chardom and r. diogo), pp .\nthompson, a. b. , allison, e. h. and ngatunga, b. p .\n). distribution and breeding biology of offshore pelagic cyprinids and catfish in lake malawi / niassa .\nwebb, p. w. , sims, d. and schultz, w. w .\n( ed. j. g. p. williams and a. c. scott), pp .\n). the predictive start of hunting archer fish: a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with kinematics of an escape c - start .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit: t. - c. francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others, but now donal t. manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n“one of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them, because you have to write and articulate your ideas. ”\nin our latest early - career interview, we chat to simon sponberg, assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology, usa. he shares the story of his career, beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p. mcgowan and clint e. collins looks at the ecology, biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals, with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit: ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals, so how do delphinids know when they are at risk? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso’s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls, including human screams. this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields. we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science. find out more here and apply by the extended deadline, 20 july 2018 .\ndemocratic republic of congo, republic of congo, cameroon. it inhabits densely vegetated areas of riverbanks .\n30″ x 12″ x 12″ (75x30x30cm) – 70 litres. a single specimen could be kept in a smaller tank but this fish really should be kept in a group so a larger tank is required .\na dimly lit aquarium with a soft substrate and rocks, pieces of driftwood and twisted roots arranged to form hiding places suits this species. broad - leaved plants such as anubias or echinodorus and floating vegetation are also recommended as the fish like to roost under these .\nthe male is thinner and darker in colour than the female. cannot be sexed using the genital papillae technique as it is too small .\nhas been achieved in aquaria but details are very scarce. as this species breeds during the rainy season and migrates to flooded areas, changes in the temperature and chemistry of the water are likely to induce spawning behaviour. we therefore suggest that a large water change with cold water may be a good place to start with inducing the fish to breed .\nthere are conflicting experiences of breeding, which state the eggs were laid either in a depression in the substrate or in caves formed by lengths of piping exist. therefore, both these should also be provided to maximise chances of success .\napparently, up to 450 eggs may be laid and the fry are free swimming after 4 days. they initially swim in the upright position before moving to the typical inverted position after 7 - 8 weeks. if you do manage to get this fish to spawn, we suggest that brine shrimp nauplii or microworm would be good first foods .\nthis fish spends up to 90% of its time in the inverted position and there have been several scientific studies conducted regarding its postural control. it was discovered that neither the swimbladder or inner ear mechanics (used for balance) were different to those in other fish. changes in gravity also appear not to affect the fish. however, what was found, is that the relationship between the central nervous system and the inner ear organ is somewhat unique, and has a self - regulating capacity which essentially “resets” whenever the fish tips beyond 22°, allowing the fish to remain stable .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nof this same family, the mochokidae. these days it is the colourful loricariids such as the' zebra plec' and the' golden nuggets' that bring new blood to the catfish fraternity .\nand he pointed out that this upside - down catfish may have been new to the aquarium hobby but was not new to the ancient egyptians who frequently depicted them in their wall - paintings and engravings .\nnow the question:' why do they swim upside down'? . you will notice that the body colour is reversed with the emphasis on the belly being darker as with most other fish this area is lighter so when looking underneath they merge into the light that comes from above and the back is darker to presumably give them some protection from predatory birds. the reverse is somewhat true of\nas they feed on the surface upside down. i say somewhat true as the back is only a few shades lighter and sometimes the difference is not all that apparent .\ndorsal: 1 / 7, anal: 4 / 4 - 9 characteristic of this species is the smooth anterior face of the dorsal spine, the narrow separation of the eyes and the large size of the eyes .\ngrey to cream - coloured with dark brown to black blotches which may run together to form irregular broad transverse bars. belly uniformly black (\na peaceful occupant of your community tank. should not be housed with aggressive species such as large cichlids .\nto be bred in captivity although the few successful attempts have been sketchy and they have been mostly by accident. there have been reports that they lay their eggs in a depression in the gravel and also another report when they laid them in a pvc pipe and also flowerpots. the young seemingly revert to the upside down pose when about 10 weeks old .\na good regime for a breeding setup would be to provide pipework and a few clay flowerpots with a gravel substrate and the usual plants and wood to make them feel comfortable thus giving them choices for a hopeful spawning. the females are more noticeably plumper than the males and a bit more lighter in colour .\nin their native habitats they feed on insect larvae at the water surface and also scrape algae of the underside of leaves. a good diet of a good quality flake food, tablet food, frozen bloodworm and livefood such as daphnia should suffice .\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation, thanks .\ngreek, syn, symphysis = grown together + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 12. tropical; 22°c - 26°c (ref. 1672 )\nafrica: middle congo river basin, including pool malebo (= stanley pool) and drainages of the kasai and ubangi (ref. 78218, 82238). also reported from the kouilou - niari basin at makaka, republic of the congo (ref. 82238) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 6 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3202 )\nfeeds mainly at night on insects, crustaceans and plant matter (ref. 7020). oviparous (ref. 205). aquarium keeping: in groups of 5 or more individuals; minimum aquarium size 80 cm (ref. 51539) .\ngosse, j. - p. , 1986. mochokidae. p. 105 - 152. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels, mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 2. (ref. 3202 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00259 - 0. 01467), b = 3. 09 (2. 88 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 36 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\n100mm or 3. 9\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nover hanging structures or tunnels - either rock, wood or large broad leafed plants. these are all to provide shady places of rest while upside down. choice of substrate is unimportant .\nan ideal catfish for the smaller aquarium. peaceful with both its conspecifics and other residents. to get the best out of this fish it should be kept in small shoals as you would keep corydoras .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. to view this site, you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nthese fish are amazing and fun to watch, but sometimes you may buy one that & apos; s really aggressive. i bought one for my 55 gallon tank. he seemed to do fine during the first week, but he started harassing my cory catfish and nipping at the fins of my pleco. overall, it best to keep them alone, in case you get an aggressive one. i moved him into my friend & apos; s 20 gallon long, and he seems to be thriving .\nretail store only, not available for shipping. call to confirm availability and price .\ndepartment of zoology, university of british columbia, vancouver, british columbia, v6t 1z4, canada. blake @ urltoken\n: the upside - down catfish is scaleless and slightly laterally compressed. it has three pairs of barbels; one long pair on the upper jaw, and two small feathered ones on the lower. the adipose fin is long, while the caudal is forked. most of the fins are flesh colored with brown spots. the body coloration is fleshy brown to light brown. the body is covered in black to brown patches that occur randomly on the body. the belly is darker than the back, giving the fish an unusual appearance. this pattern makes the upside - down catfish hard to detect from predators lurking above; birds, larger fish, and mammals .\nwatershed; especially the zaire (congo), kasai, and oubangui rivers .\n: 28\n( 70 cm) or 20 gallons (75 l) use a well planted tank with many hiding places. the lighting should be dimmed by a cover of floating plants .\n: a hardy, peaceful community fish. keep in groups. may occasionally nibble undersides of smaller fishes if not fed sufficiently .\n: the eggs (up to 450) are deposited in a depression made in the bottom. parents look after the brood. the yolk sac disappears after 4 days. after 7 to 8 weeks, the fry change from spending all their time swimming like normal fish, to the standard swimming position of the upside - down catfish of about 50% upside - down, 50% right - side up. will forms schools while young .\n: this fish swims upside - down so it can see predators that approach. the upside - down catfish also swims in this manner for feeding on the underside of leaves and fish. lockable spines make it difficult to remove from a net. often this species will hide during the day .\n: 2. a hardy fish, whose diet should occasionally include live foods .\ncarbon dioxide (co2) emissions generated from urltoken operations (server, data transfer, travel) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect, an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia' s darien region. anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay' s mascot: the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nclown is a name often given to fish, clown anemone fish, loaches and plecos all bear than moniker either because of bold, often brash colouration or because of comical or quirky captive behaviour. this is true of s. decorus too. as juveniles they are amongst the most striking of a genus blessed with some real\nlookers\ntheir large black clown spots and horizontally striped flag tail are complemented by lovely black ribbons flowing from their top mast. the fish keep these as they grow and it is a real challenge to the aquarist to stop other fish trying to nibble them .\nother keepers have mentioned other theories to me in the past, another is to keep the fish in tank bare expect for substrate and floating plants. apparently the synos remain active all days long, do not become quarrelsome and appear at ease with this set - up .\nat the end of the day all these things are worth experimenting with a group of these fish in a suitability large aquarium .\ncopyright information for the images used in this article can be found on the species' full cat - elog page .\n270mm or 10. 6\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers. hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won' t get stuck (which by the way, hurts like crazy !). the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue (in healthy fish) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins. pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish. the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side, facing the tail fin. a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae (and may also show a little redness if really gravid). a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores, the oviduct and the anus .\neats crustaceans, algae and insect larvae in the wild. is not a fussy eater in the aquarium. will accept flakes and tablet foods. periodically supplement with frozen food (e. g. , krill, brine shrimp and bloodworm) and live food .\nrockwork, driftwood, sections of pipe with a diameter of 10 - 12 cm. grows to about 30 cm, so will need at least a 200 litre tank when it reaches adulthood. this fish does not like bright lights, but with sufficient cover, such as floating plants, it will make the occasional appearance with the lights on. with bright lights, it will sometimes dash out for food, but will otherwise keep itself hidden until the tank is dark .\ncompatible with all but tiny fish. can hold its own with large, aggressive fish, but best kept away from fin - nippers which might be tempted to pick at the filament on its dorsal fin .\nlarge enough to hold it' s own in any american cichlid tank, larger individuals will even adapt to african rift lake cichlid tanks. best kept with larger african characins and barbs .\nthis fish can be found in central africa in the congo basin and cameroon. it inhabits densely vegetated areas of riverbanks .\nconsidered a dwarf catfish, they reach an adult size of only three to four inches. like other members of the mochikidae family, they have large eyes, a large adipose fin, a forked tail, and three pairs of barbels. their light brown colored body is covered with dark brown blotches of various sizes .\nthese fish are adapted to spend most of their time upside - down. the underside of the body has a darker hue, which is the opposite of fish that swim with their belly downwards. this reverse coloration serves to camouflage them when they swim upside down at the surface of the water .\nalthough, they swim faster when upside down, don' t be surprised if they swim normally for periods of time .\nthis is particularly true when they want to graze the bottom of the tank for morsels of food. upon closer examination of the inner structures of this catfish, scientists found that its swim bladder was normal and there was nothing unusual about the balancing organ of the ear, as it resembles that of other catfish .\nlike other catfish, they have sharp fin spines that can cause injuries when moving them. take care when netting or moving these fish. use a very fine mesh net while moving or catching this fish .\nthey are good community fish. a peaceful species, upside - down catfish can be combined with other peaceful species successfully. despite its peaceful side, it is a carnivore and will eat very small fish. do not keep this fish with other fish that are large enough to attempt eating it. it will erect its spines and become lodged in the eater' s throat. do not house this catfish with aggressive fish .\nthe most appropriate tankmates include african tetras, dwarf cichlids, such as pelvicachromis or anomalochromis, and small elephantfish." ]

{ "text": [ "synodontis nigriventris , the blotched upside-down catfish , is a species of upside-down catfish native to the congo basin of cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "synodontis nigriventris, the blotched upside-down catfish, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the congo basin of cameroon, the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo." ]

[ "elytral chaetotaxal patterns in dongodytes. 6 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. 7 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n .\ndistribution of the genus dongodytes. a dongodytes (s. str .) giraffa uéno b dongodytes (s. str .) grandis uéno c dongodytes (s. str .) fowleri deuve d dongodytes (dongodytodes) yaophilus sp. n. e dongodytes (dongodytodes) deharvengi tian f dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n. g dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. h dongodytes (dongodytodes) inexpectatus sp. n. i dongodytes (dongodytodes) brevipenis sp. n. j dongodytes (s. str .) baxian tian k dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. l dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. star: species of dongodytes (s. str .); square: species of dongodytodes .\nabdominal ventrite vii of dongodytes in male. 25 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. , paratype 26 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. , paratype .\nhead of dongodytes species. 16 dongodytes (s. str .) baxian m, male, holotype 17 dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. male, holotype 18 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. male, holotype 19 dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n. male, holotype 20 dongodytes (dongodytodes) deharvengi, male, holotype 21 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. female, paratype 22 dongodytes (dongodytodes) inexpectatus sp. n. male, holotype 23 dongodytes (dongodytodes) brevipenis sp. n. male, holotype 24 dongodytes (dongodytodes) yaophilus sp. n. male, holotype .\nmale genitalia of dongodytes (dongodytodes) species (median lobe and parameres in lateral view, apical part of median lobe in dorsal view). 39–40 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. 41–42 dongodytes (dongodytodes) inexpectatus sp. n. 43–44 dongodytes (dongodytodes) brevipenis sp. n. 45–46 dongodytes (dongodytodes) yaophilus sp. n .\nbasal parts of prothorax and elytra of subgenus dongodytes (s. str .). 27 dongodytes (s. str .) baxian, male, holotype 28 dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. , male, holotype 29 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. , female, paratype 30 dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n. , male, holotype 31 dongodytes (dongodytodes) deharvengi tian, male, paratype 32 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. , female, paratype .\nhabitus of dongodytes species. 8 dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. female, paratype 9 dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n. male, holotype 10 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. female, paratype 11 dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. female, paratype, from jinzhu dong i. scale bar: 1. 0 mm .\nhabitus of dongodytes species. 12 dongodytes (dongodytodes) inexpectatus sp. n. male, holotype 13 dongodytes (dongodytodes) brevipenis sp. n. male, paratype, from longwan: nongqu dong 14 ibid, from chengjinag: diaomao dong 15 dongodytes (dongodytodes) yaophilus sp. n. female, paratype. scale bar: 1. 0 mm .\nmale genitalia of dongodytes (s. str .) species (median lobe and parameres in lateral view, apical part of median lobe in dorsal view). 33–34 dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. 35–36 dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. 37–38 dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n .\nthis is dongodytes (s. str .) yaophilous, one of the new species of cave dwelling beetles .\ndu' an karst of guangxi: a kingdom of the cavernicolous genus dongodytes deuve (coleoptera, carabidae, trechinae) .\ndu' an karst of guangxi: a kingdom of the cavernicolous genus dongodytes deuve (coleoptera, carabidae, trechinae). - pubmed - ncbi\nqiaoxu dong, type locality of dongodytes (dongodytodes) yaophilus sp. n. 70–71 entrance of the cave 72 a wandering beetle on ground .\nabstract: in the present paper, a new subgenus and two new species of the cave - dwelling genus dongodytes deuve, 1993 are described and illustrated: dongodytes (dongodytodes) deharvengi, subgen. and sp. nov. anddongodytes baxian, sp. nov. from du’an xian, north guangxi, china .\nand could be important character states for phylogenetic analysis of the genus. three types of the median lobe can be recognized. type i, species of the subgenus dongodytes\nthis is dongodytes (s. str .) yaophilous, one of the new species of cave dwelling beetles. a team of scientists specializing in cave biodiversity f… | pinterest\nnongguanshang dong, type locality of dongodytes (dongodytodes) inexpectatus sp. n. 66–67 entrance of the cave 68 a pool at the end of the passage 69 a sketch of the cave .\ntype locality caves of dongodytes (dongodytodes) brevipenis sp. n. 56 entrance of nongzhong dong i 57 entrance of nongqu dong i 58 entrance of diaomao dong 59–60 beetles running on walls in diaomao dong .\nlapo dong i, type locality of dongodytes (s. str .) elongatus sp. n. 47 entrance 48 wall of the cave, to show where the beetles were collected 49 bats on roof of the cave .\nlonghuan dong, type locality of dongodytes (s. str .) lani sp. n. 53 entrance of the cave 54 a sketch of the cave 55 picture to show where the type series were collected in the cave .\nshuiyuan dong in longfu, type locality of dongodytes (s. str .) troglodytes sp. n. 50 entrance (indicated by arrowhead) 51 passage of upper layer where the beetles were collected 52 a sketch of the cave .\ntian, mingyi, yin, haomin & huang, sunbin, 2014, du' an karst of guangxi: a kingdom of the cavernicolous genus dongodytes deuve (coleoptera, carabidae, trechinae), zookeys 454, pp. 69 - 107: 71 - 74\njinzhu dong i and ii, type localities of dongodytes (dongodytodes) jinzhuensis sp. n. 61 entrance of jinzhu dong i 62 entrance of jinzhu dong ii 63 wandering beetle on wall in jinzhu dong ii 64 a room in jinzhu dong ii, to show where the beetles were collected 65 a sketch of jinzhu dong i .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of entomology, college of natural resources and environment, south china agricultural university, 483 wushan road, guangzhou, 510642, china .\npmid: 25493067 pmcid: pmc4258740 doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 454. 7269\nsurveyed caves in du’an karst from which trechine beetles were discovered. a qiaoxu dong (qibainong) b lubian dong (xia’ao) c shuiyuan dong (longfu) d jinzhu dong i and jinzhu dong ii e nongguanshang dong ii f baxian dong (chengjiang) g diaomao dong (chengjiang) h nongzhong dong i (chengjiang) i nongqu dong (longwan) j longhuan dong (longwan) k lapo dong i (lalie) .\nkarstic landscapes in du’an county. 2 hills near gushan, on the road to lalie 3 a cave entrance near gushan, on the road to lalie 4–5 beautiful deposits in qinqi dong of longwan .\nshare the following combined characters: elytra remarkably elongate though much wider than prothorax and without shoulders; eyes completely effaced and depigmented; body especially head and prothorax strongly elongate; frontal furrows very short, mandibles long and slender, right mandible bidentate, palps and antennae very elongate and thin; propleura strongly tumid, visible from above; pronotum much longer than wide; elytra depressed medially on humeral parts, anterior and preapical dorsal pores present or not, humeral set of marginal umbilicate pores not aggregated, 1st pore widely located from 2nd and 3rd which are close to each other, 1st to 3rd more or less adjoining marginal gutter, 4th distinctly dorsal wards located and far from marginal gutter; 5th and 6th of middle set are close to each other; legs thin and very long, tarsi slender; protarsi not distinctly modified in male .\n( s. str .) which are all known from other counties rather than du’an: the median lobe is intermediately shaped between the two patterns described above, moderately elongate, rather stout, and with a large sagittal aileron; in particular, the median lobe distinctly curved at apex (deuve 1993: fig. 2; uéno 1998: figs 1 - 4) .\nis one of the most modified troglobiomorphic genera of trechines in the world. to determine the taxonomic position of\nseries in the widest and traditional sense are restricted to the pyrenean lineage (faille et al. 2010, 2013), we agree with deuve’s opinion .\nare recorded from several counties of hechi prefecture. however, only a single species is known in each of bama, fengshan, tian’e and dahua counties, respectively. on the other hand, majority of the species (eight) are distributed in du’an county. thus, it is clear that, from the present knowledge, all species of\nare distributed in a very limited area of the river hongshui he drainages in northwestern guangxi. the river acts as a natural barrier for dispersal of\nwhich is restricted to du’an karst in the eastern or northern bank of hongshui he .\ntian. both subgenera can be separated each other by shape of head, length of antennae, body pubescent or not, and chaetotaxal pattern on head, pronotum, elytra, and abdominal ventrite vii of male (tian 2011). see the following key for details .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nhello everyone! i pleased to invite you to the official site of central asian karstic - speleological commission (\nkaspeko\n) there, we regularly publish reports about our expeditions, articles and reports on speleotopics, lecture course for instructors, photos etc... .\na recent publication of spanish researchers describes the biology of krubera cave, including the deepest terrestrial animal ever found: jordana, rafael; baquero, enrique; reboleira, sofía and sendra, alberto... .\nexhibition dedicated to caves is taking place in the vienna natural history museum the exhibition at the natural history museum presents the surprising variety of caves and cave formations such as stalactites and various crystals... .\nthat catchment is (great britain .) 1. an area into which surface water may drain. 2. a depression that collects rainwater (e. g. , reservoir). ?\ngeochemical and mineralogical fingerprints to distinguish the exploited ferruginous mineralisations of grotta della monaca (calabria, italy), dimuccio, l. a. ; rodrigues, n. ; larocca, f. ; pratas, j. ; amado, a. m. ; batista de carvalho, l. a .\nmushroom speleothems: stromatolites that formed in the absence of phototrophs, bontognali, tomaso r. r. ; d’angeli ilenia m. ; tisato, nicola; vasconcelos, crisogono; bernasconi, stefano m. ; gonzales, esteban r. g. ; de waele, jo\na new megaselia species, m. shadeae, with a large, central, pigmented and bubble - like wing spot and a greatly enlarged radial wing vein fork, is described from zurquí de moravia, costa rica. as part of the zurquí all diptera biodiversity inventory (zadbi) project, it represents the first of an incredible number of new phorid species to be described from this one costa rican cloud forest site. a new, streamlined method of description for species of this enormous genus of phorid flies is presented .\nthe genus megaselia is extremely rich in species (> 2000) and has been characterized as an\nopen - ended taxon\ndue to its diversity and the complexity in describing new species. this single genus contains about half of the species of the phoridae family, a majority of which are hitherto undescribed. this study not only provides a species description but also proposes an innovative method for streamlining megaselia species descriptions to save hours of literature reviews and comparisons. the new species was named for the first author' s niece .\ncave beetles show specific adaptations, such as the lack of eyes and colour, traits common among cave living organisms. the new species belong to the genus\nwhose members are easily recognizable by their extraordinary slender and very elongated body. members of this genus are usually very rare in caves, with only five species reported from china .\nhemibrycon sanjuanensis, new species, is described from the upper san juan river drainage, pacific versant, colombia. it is distinguished from h. boquiae, h. brevispini, h. cairoense, h. colombianus, h. mikrostiktos, h. metae, h. palomae, h. rafaelense and h. tridens by the presence of a circular or oblong humeral spot that is located two scales posterior to the opercle (vs. 3–4 scales in h. palomae, h. rafaelense, h. brevispini and h. cairoense, and 0–1 scales, in h. metae and h. boquiae). it further differs from h. colombianus in having a round or oblong humeral spot (vs. rectangular). it differs from h. beni, h. dariensis, h. divisorensis, h. helleri, h. huambonicus, h. inambari, h. jabonero, h. jelskii, h. mikrostiktos, h. polyodon, h. quindos, h. raqueliae, h. santamartae, h. surinamensis, h. taeniurus, h. tridens, and h. yacopiae in having melanophores on the posterior margins of the scales along the sides of body (vs. lacking melanophores on margins of scales along entire length of the sides of body). the new species differs from all congeners mentioned above in having, among other features, six teeth in the outer premaxillary row arranged in a straight line (vs. five or fewer teeth not arranged in straight line except h. cairoense with two to six teeth in the outer premaxillary row) .\nhas its greatest diversity in andean streams and high mountain habitats with a few exception such as the new species. this new representative is named for the san juan river basin, a pacific drainage, where the type series was collected .\nochetostethomorpha secunda sp. nov. from namibia, the second species of the south african endemic genus is described, illustrated, and compared with o. nollothensis schumacher, 1913. the new species is the third of the subfamily sehirinae known from namibia. moreover, a dna barcode sequence was generated for this new species (827 bp of cytochrome oxidase i) and was deposited in genbank .\nit is always nice to find a new description that is associated with a dna barcode. unfortunately, both genbank numbers provided lead nowhere. they are simply not released yet. don' t get me wrong. that' s not a genbank' s fault. they need to be informed by the authors that the paper is available and therefore the sequences need to be released as well. i know that genbank staff is screening papers as well and will make data available if they find published work associated with their accession numbers, however, that is tedious work and frankly, it shouldn' t be them doing that. we need to make this a habit. once our manuscripts are accepted we should inform genbank about the release (and release bold data) or even better: we release once sequences are uploaded. i personally don' t see any reasons to hold back sequence data. in this case i have notified genbank of the publication. they are pretty quick in sequence release - but again, it is neither their nor my job to find out about releases. maybe journals could help with that, either by following up on this or changing their rules accordingly .\na new species of corynoneura winnertz (1846) from oriental china, c. ecphora sp. n. is described and illustrated as male. a distribution map of adult males in oriental china is given. a key to known males of oriental china is provided .\na new member of the family chironomidae. this taxon is extremely large and some people suggest that it might contain 10000 or more species. having seen a large number of unnamed bins over the last years of school malaise trap program i don' t doubt that at all. non - biting midges are notoriously difficult to identify but at the same time very important indicator species for water quality .\nthe species name is derived from the latin word ecphora, a projection in buildings, referring to sternapodeme (ingrowths from the exoskeleton of most arthropods that support the internal organs) .\nwe describe lophophysema eversa sp. nov. (porifera, hexactinellida, hyalonematidae) based on a single specimen collected from the south china sea at a depth of 3683 m. the new species can be distinguished from the three known congeners by its unusual body shape with basalia on the side of the body, the lack of macramphidiscs, the combination of the pinular pentactins having spiny tangential rays and the pinular ray of atrialia longer than dermalia and canalaria. this is the first record of the genus lophophysema from the south china sea. we also use a partial sequence of the 16s rrna gene to confirm the family assignment of the new specimen .\nthe species name for this sponge is derived from the latin word\neversus\n, meaning everted, referring to the notably everted surface of the central cavity. molecular data (16s) are available but no dna barcodes .\nmetabarcoding is a rapid method of biodiversity assessment that combines two technologies: dna based identification and high - throughput d ...\npollergen is a group of interdisciplinary researchers funded by nerc to understand grass pollen deposition. we aim to revolutionise the w ...\never seen anything in relation to the hashtag # badstockphotosofmyjob? if not you should check out twitter or search for it on google becaus ...\nin case you are looking for ways to learn about metabarcoding, there are actually three different courses offered this year. all of them ...\nhere we go again, another week has passed quickly. light on posting, mainly because i had some days off and no chance to do digging for b ...\neurekalert! provides embargoed and breaking science news you can' t afford to miss .\neurekalert! offers a one - stop science news distribution service you can trust .\neurekalert! is a service of the american association for the advancement of science .\ndisclaimer: aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert system." ]

{ "text": [ "dongodytes is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : dongodytes baxian tian , 2011 dongodytes deharvengi tian , 2011 dongodytes fowleri deuve , 1993 dongodytes giraffa deuve , 2005 dongodytes grandis ueno , 1998" ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "dongodytes is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: dongodytes baxian tian, 2011 dongodytes deharvengi tian, 2011 dongodytes fowleri deuve, 1993 dongodytes giraffa deuve, 2005 dongodytes grandis ueno, 1998" ]

[ "you can download standardized annotation of the microthrissa royauxi mitogenomic sequence via the links below .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkuningasjokisardiini\nto\nmicrothrissa royauxi boulenger, 1902\n.\npicture of microthrissa royauxi has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\nmicrothrissa royauxi boulenger 1902 in honor of capt. louis royaux, who led expedition that collected type and supplied indigenous names of the species collected\nmicrothrissa minuta poll 1974 very small, referring to size (to 3. 5 cm )\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkääpiöjokisardiini\nto\nmicrothrissa minuta poll, 1974\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkongonjokisardiini\nto\nmicrothrissa congica (regan, 1917 )\n.\nmicrothrissa royauxi is known from the lower congo, pool malebo (stanley pool) and the central congo river basin. it has also been found in the lualaba river at kindu, this species is known from upper congo river basin. it is not known from the kasai river system .\nmicrothrissa boulenger 1902 micro -, small, probably referring to small size of m. royauxi (type specimen was 6 cm, species reaches 8 cm); thrissa, greek word for a kind of anchovy, possibly derived from thrix, hair, referring to hair - like bones, used here as a standard suffix for clupeids\nmicrothrissa whiteheadi gourène & teugels 1988 in honor of peter j. p. whitehead (1930 - 1993), british museum (natural history), “whose numerous publications on clupeoid fishes have contributed substantially to our knowledge of this group”\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: wilson ab, teugels gg, meyer a (2008) marine incursion: the freshwater herring of lake tanganyika are the product of a marine invasion into west africa. plos one 3 (4): e1979. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2008 wilson et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this work was funded by research grants from the national research council and swiss national science foundation to abw and a grant from the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft to am. the funding agencies played no role in the analysis or interpretation of the data presented here .\nancient lakes are home to disproportionate levels of freshwater biodiversity. as standing bodies of water which have existed for at least 100, 000 years [ 1 ], these habitats have been remarkably stable when compared to more typically transitory freshwater environments. as a consequence, lakes such as lake baikal (25–30 my) and the african great lakes malawi (1–2 my) and tanganyika (9–12 my) all contain exceptionally high numbers of freshwater taxa, of which up to 99% are endemics [ 2 ] .\nhabitat stability is thought to promote niche partitioning and resource specialization, providing an important engine for speciation [ 3 ]. due to the relative stability of ancient lakes, these habitats have long been recognized as centers of spectacular adaptive radiation, exemplified by the highly specialized cichlid fishes of the african great lakes [ 4 ], [ 5 ]. this pattern of often rapid in situ adaptive radiation has also been documented in other groups of fishes [ 6 ] and invertebrates [ 7 ] – [ 9 ]. at the same time, there is a growing appreciation that in addition to their role as centers of diversification, ancient lakes have also played an important role as evolutionary reservoirs, maintaining diverse groups of organisms that have been extirpated outside their borders [ 10 ] – [ 13 ] .\nunfortunately, attempts to elucidate the evolutionary origins of tanganyikan endemics have been hampered by the absence of close relatives outside the lake. while tanganyika appears to have been colonized by at least four ancient lineages of gastropods [ 12 ] and eight seeding lineages of cichlid fishes [ 11 ], the colonization history of these groups cannot be easily traced due to the absence of close extant and / or fossil relatives in the african subcontinent .\na comprehensive treatment of fossil and recent clupeomorph fishes has questioned the monophyly of clupeid subfamilies, including the pellonulines [ 21 ]. the pellonuline herring of africa appear to fall into two major groups, the pellonulini, a tribe containing taxa from western and central africa, and the ehiravini, a tribe of herring from southern africa and india [ 21 ]. a more recent morphological investigation of african pellonuline herring supported this hypothesis and suggested that the herring of lake tanganyika are closely allied with those of west africa [ 19 ]. a clear understanding of the historical biogeography of pellonuline herring may be one of our best opportunities to reconstruct the evolutionary history of members of the unique fauna of lake tanganyika .\nmitochondrial sequences of 12s rdna, 16s rdna and cytochrome b (cyt b) were collected, collated and aligned for 49 species (90 specimens), resulting in a total sequence length of between 1, 360 and 2, 510 bp per specimen. despite repeated attempts to amplify cyt b from spratelloides robustus (h101), this individual failed to yield any pcr product for this gene. while a ml homogeneity test rejected congruency of sequences from the three target loci (p < 0. 003 for all topologies), sequence data were concatenated in accordance with a total evidence approach [ 24 ]. analyses of cyt b sequence data revealed saturation of third codon transitions for kimura - 2 - parameter distances greater than 0. 40, a pattern confirmed by a statistical test [ 25 ] which indicated substantial saturation at third codon positions (iss < iss. sym; p = 0. 388). third codon positions of cyt b were consequently eliminated from further analyses, resulting in a concatenated dataset of between 1, 049 and 1, 811 bp of sequence data per individual .\npaleotectonic reconstruction of the african subcontinent illustrating a major marine incursion in the african subcontinent which lasted from the late cretaceous (cenomanian - turonian) through the end of the eocene (early - middle eocene) .\nmaximum likelihood tree topology based on the combined dataset of 1, 811bp of 12s, 16s and cytochrome b .\nnumbers on branches represent bootstrap support for distance, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses and posterior probabilities from bayesian analysis. traditional clupeoid groups and major african freshwater lineages indicated. clupeid diagrams reprinted with the permission of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations [ 34 ], [ 75 ] .\nthe pellonuline herring of africa fall into two major lineages, consistent with grande' s [ 21 ] suggested taxonomic groupings (fig. 2). the first group (tribe ehiravini) includes sauvagella spp. and gilchristella aestuaria, riverine herring from southern africa and madagascar [ 26 ]. the second group (tribe pellonulini) contains limnothrissa miodon and stolothrissa tanganicae, the two species restricted to lake tanganyika, and a large group of west african herring. hyperlophus vittatus, an australian pellonuline, forms part of a third cluster of non - pellonuline herring (fig. 2). as highlighted above, a sh test rejected the monophyly of the pellonulinae (table 1; lrt: p < 0. 001). the herring of tanganyika are nested within a larger group of west african herring (fig. 2) and are most parsimoniously derived from this group (west africa→tanganyika: 1 step; tanganyika→west africa: 2 steps) .\na global molecular clock was rejected in favor of lineage - specific rates of molecular evolution (lrt: unconstrained model –ln l = 14940. 81; constrained model –ln l = 15209. 60; χ 2 88 = 537. 58; p < 0. 001). a bayesian - based approach, incorporating multiple fossil calibration points, was used to estimate divergence times for critical nodes in the phylogeny .\nfossil calibration points (c1–c7), key divergence times and inferred freshwater colonization events are indicated on the phylogeny along with 95% reliability intervals .\nthe endemic herring of lake tanganyika are the descendants of a group of herring that colonized the african continent during a major marine incursion that occurred in west africa from 100 - 35 mya. pellonuline herring subsequently diversified in west africa, spreading across the continent and reaching lake tanganyika during the early stages of its formation. while lake tanganyika was never in direct contact with the ocean, the herring of the lake are the first group whose ancestry can be traced back to a marine environment, indirectly supporting moore' s [ 16 ] thesis on the marine affinities of tanganyika' s biota. the herring of lake tanganyika have not diverged significantly from their west african relatives in morphology [ 19 ], indicating that the exceptional stability of the lake has not prompted dramatic morphological innovation in this group, a hypothesis which has been put forward to explain the diversity of other lake inhabitants [ 14 ] .\nwhile the frequency of marine incursions into the congo basin is thought to have slowed after the mesozoic due to changes in the geology of the region [ 29 ], beadle [ 30 ] indicates that the congo basin was dominated by a large inland sea during the pliocene (2–5 mya). if this is indeed the case, the presence of a large stable water body in central africa at this time may have facilitated the dispersal of freshwater organisms between western and eastern africa. the presence of this palaeolake may have also fostered increased rates of speciation during the pliocene, a pattern recently suggested for the cichlid fishes of palaeolake makgadikgadi in southern africa [ 31 ] .\nas essentially pelagic fishes, the possibility for allopatric divergence in the herring of lake tanganyika may be reduced when compared to the nearshore cichlids of the lake. several recent studies have highlighted the importance of lake level fluctuations in the diversification of its endemic cichlids [ 35 ], [ 36 ]. these authors suggest that allopatric speciation likely played an important role in the initial stages of diversification among littoral cichlids. the sole population genetic study of tanganyika' s herring revealed no significant population structure in populations of l. miodon from the lake [ 37 ], indicating little evidence of intralacustrine divergence in this species. the species - level diversity of pelagic cichlids of lake tanganyika is also lower than that of littoral groups [ 38 ], though modest radiations have occurred in several tribes of pelagic and deep - water cichlids [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] .\nwhile the taxonomic sampling here is the most comprehensive of any molecular study of clupeomorph fishes, several groups are nonetheless only poorly represented (< 20% of pristigasteridae, engraulidae, clupeinae and dorostomatinae; table 2). grande [ 21 ] suggested that the clupeinae, alosinae and dorostomatinae were likely all artificial groupings that would be further subdivided following further investigations. this hypothesis is supported for the clupeinae (4 distinct lineages and statistical rejection of subfamily monophyly), but monophyly of both the alosinae and dorostomatinae cannot be statistically rejected. as only a subset of species from each of these subfamilies were included here (table 2), future studies should aim to exhaustively sample species at the subfamily level to rigorously test grande' s morphological hypotheses .\nalthough almost 2000bp of sequence data were analyzed for the taxa included here, phylogenetic relationships at deeper branches in the phylogeny remain only poorly resolved. these results are consistent with two recent investigations of clupeiform fishes which, despite similar taxonomic sampling, yielded conflicting results concerning several of the intraorder relationships. li and orti [ 42 ] employed a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to investigate relationships among the clupeiformes. li and orti statistically rejected the monophyly of the clupeinae and found that denticeps clupeoides clustered together with the cyprinid outgroups included in their study, a pattern that they suggested might be due to the high gc content of this species relative to other clupeomorphs .\na second recent study used complete mitochondrial genome sequences to investigate the clupeiform question [ 43 ]. in contrast with the results of li and orti, lavoue et al. found that denticeps clupeoides clustered together with the other clupeomorphs. this study also statistically rejected the monophyly of the clupeidae as well as the subfamilies alosinae, clupeinae and dorostomatinae, in line with grande' s [ 21 ] hypothesis of polyphyly of these groups on the basis of morphological data. both lavoue et al and li and orti supported a sister - group relationship between the engrauloidea and clupeoidea [ 44 ], a pattern also found here, but the two analyses conflict in their placement of the pristigasteridae and chirocentridae, two groups whose placement is also only weakly supported in this study. while the results of the li and orti [ 42 ] and lavoue et al. [ 43 ] studies suggest that additional molecular data might help to better resolve relationships among the clupeiform fishes, more extensive taxonomic sampling will be essential before undertaking a major revision of this group .\nof particular interest in light of the marine incursion scenario put forth here is the grouping of ethmalosa fimbriata, an estuarine species widespread along the coasts of west africa, with the freshwater pellonuline herring found in the region [ 43 ]. this species has been the focus of a recent phylogeographic study [ 45 ], which suggests that the historical population structure of the species has been strongly influenced by pleistocene sea level fluctuations in the region, when local populations of the species were isolated in freshwater refuges. as this euryhaline species may be the closest living marine relative of the freshwater pellonulines of west africa, future comparisons between the morphology and physiology of ethmalosa and its pellonuline relatives may help to identify key innovations that allowed the ancestor of these groups to successfully colonize freshwater .\nspecimens were collected by the authors or provided by colleagues between 1999–2003 (tables 2 & 3). all specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and total genomic dna was extracted by proteinase k / sds digestion and purified by phenol - chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation [ 46 ]. several recent investigations have supported a close phylogenetic relationship between clupeiform fishes and the ostariophysi [ 47 ], [ 48 ]. published sequences for carassius auratus, crossostoma lacustre, cyprinus carpio, and danio rerio (cypriniformes) as well as gonorhynchus greyi and chanos chanos (gonorhynchiformes) were included as outgroups .\nthe polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amplify a total of 2, 608 bp from three fragments of mitochondrial dna. a 548 bp segment of the large subunit (16s) mitochondrial ribosomal gene was amplified using primers l2510 and h3058 [ 49 ], while primers l1090 [ 46 ] and h2001 [ 50 ] were used to amplify 911 bp of the small subunit (12s) mitochondrial ribosomal gene, trna - valine and 16s. 1, 149 bp of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene were amplified with l14725 [ 51 ] and h15926 [ 52 ]. reaction conditions are described in wilson et al. [ 52 ]. sequencing reactions were prepared as in wilson et al. [ 52 ] and visualized on an abi 3100 automated sequencer. dna sequences have been submitted to genbank (accession numbers: eu552549 - eu552793) .\nneighbor - joining distance and maximum parsimony analyses were performed with paupv4b10 [ 58 ], with indels coded as missing data. parsimony minimal analyses included a full heuristic search with random addition (50 replicates), the tbr branch swapping algorithm and the mulpars option. for parsimony analyses, a transversion / transition weighting of three was used. neighbor - joining analyses applied a gtr + i + g model of substitution [ 59 ], with transition rate matrix (1. 9150 9. 8250 3. 6271 0. 8214 17. 2997), gamma shape parameter (0. 5214), proportion of invariable sites (0. 4838) and nucleotide frequencies (a: 0. 2764; c: 0. 2780; g: 0. 2168; t: 0. 2288) estimated from the dataset using modeltest v3. 7 [ 60 ]. reliability of phylogenetic signal was tested using 500 bootstrap replicates for both parsimony and nj distance analyses. a single random addition of taxa was used for each replicate of the parsimony bootstrap .\nthe overall ml tree topology for each gene and the concatenated dataset was determined using garliv0. 951 [ 61 ] with model parameters as estimated by modeltest. the initial tree topology was constructed by random addition, the stopgen and stoptime parameters were both set to 10, 000, 000 and search termination settings were set at default values. four independent runs of each tree search produced final likelihood values that varied by less than 3. 5. the tree was the highest likelihood value was used for subsequent analyses. phylogenetic reliability of the overall ml tree was tested using 500 bootstrap replicates .\nphylogenetic relationships were also estimated according to a bayesian method of phylogenetic inference implemented by mrbayes v3. 1. 2 [ 62 ]. posterior probabilities of phylogenetic trees were approximated by a 1, 000, 000 - generation metropolis - coupled markov chain monte carlo simulation (mcmcmc; four chains, chain temperature = 0. 2), under a gtr + i + g model of sequence evolution, with simultaneous estimation of parameters, sampling every 1, 000th generation. a 50% majority - rule consensus tree was constructed following a 100, 000 - generation burn - in to allow chains to reach stationarity. three separate runs of mrbayes v3. 1. 2 under these parameter settings generated qualitatively similar results .\nto test morphological - based hypotheses on the taxonomic relationships among clupeiform fishes, the ml topology and branch lengths were recalculated as above, with major groupings constrained to be monophyletic. the deviation between these alternative topologies and the unconstrained ml topology was tested using a shimodaira - hasegawa (sh) test [ 63 ] with 10000 rell bootstrap replicates .\nto investigate whether rates of molecular evolution fit with a strict molecular clock model, the likelihood of the ml phylogeny was recalculated with the constraint of global molecular clock using the rambaut parameterization for clock optimization implemented in paup4b10 [ 58 ]. the likelihood of the clock - based tree was compared with that of the unconstrained topology using a likelihood ratio test (lrt) .\na suite of seven fossil calibration points for clupeoid and cyprinid fishes were included for calibration of the molecular clock used here: c1–earliest fossil of engaulis japonicus: 0–2 my (kokubu group, japan; yabumoto [ 68 ]), c2–earliest fossil of sardinops melanostictus: 0–2 my (kokobu group, japan; yabumoto [ 68 ]), c3–earliest fossil of dorosoma petenense: 2–3 my (gatuna formation, new mexico; miller [ 69 ]), c4–earliest engraulid fossil: engraulis tethensis: 6–12 my (mesaoria group, cyprus; grande and nelson [ 70 ]), c5–earliest etrumeus sp. fossil: etrumeus hafizi: 23–38 my (estabanhat, iran; arambourg [ 71 ], grande [ 21 ]), c6–earliest pristigasterid fossil: gastroclupea branisai: 66–94 my (el molino formation, bolivia; branisa [ 72 ], grande [ 21 ]) and c7–earliest cyprinid fossil: parabarbus sp. : 49–55 my [ sytchevskaya (1986) in 73 ] .\nwe thank m. allen (u. florida), m. aprahamiani (environment agency, united kingdom), r. bills (saiab), i. farias (u. federal do amazonas, m. ford (nwfsc, seattle), d. gaughan (department of fisheries, western australia), f. gelwick (texas a & m), h. larson (museum of the northern territory, darwin), r. li (texas a & m), h. khan (u. dhaka), u. krumme (center for marine tropical ecology, bremen), v. mamonekene (congo - brazzaville), k. mcnyset (kansas u .), i. mcquinn (dfo quebec), p. rodgers (sardi australia), k. shaw (kansas u .), j. sparks (amnh), m. stiassny (amnh), m. terry (marine and coastal management, south africa), s. terry (saiab), k. tugend (u. florida), l. weitcamp (nwfsc, seattle), e. wiley (kansas u .), c. van der lingen (marine and coastal management, south africa) and b. venkatesh (imcb, singapore) for assistance with collections. guy teugels passed away before the completion of this project–his contributions to african ichthyology will be sorely missed .\nconceived and designed the experiments: aw. performed the experiments: aw. analyzed the data: aw. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: am aw gt. wrote the paper: am aw .\ngorthner a (1994) what is an ancient lake? in: martens k, goddeeris b, coulter g, editors. archiv. hydrobiologie beih. ergebn. limnologie. speciation in ancient lakes. stuttgart: e. schweizerbart' sche verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 97–100 .\nmartens k, goddeeris b, coulter g (1994) speciation in ancient lakes. stuttgart, germany: e. schweizerbart' sche verlagsbuchhandlung .\nstreelman jt, danley pd (2003) the stages of vertebrate evolutionary radiation. trends ecol evol 18: 126–131 .\nstiassny mlj, meyer a (1999) cichlids of the rift lakes. sci am 280: 64–69 .\nsturmbauer c (1998) explosive speciation in cichlid fishes of the african great lakes: a dynamic model of adaptive radiation. j fish biol 53: 18–36 .\nkontula t, kirilchik sv, vainola r (2003) endemic diversification of the monophyletic cottoid fish species flock in lake baikal explored with mtdna sequencing. mol phylo evol 27: 143–155 .\nvon rintelen t, wilson ab, meyer a, glaubrecht m (2004) escalation and trophic specialization drive adaptive radiation of freshwater gastropods in ancient lakes on sulawesi, indonesia. proc r soc lond b biol sci 271: 2541–2549 .\nalbrecht c, trajanovski s, kuhn k, streit b, wilke t (2006) rapid evolution of an ancient lake species flock: freshwater limpets (gastropoda: ancylidae) in the balkan lake ohrid. org divers evol 6: 294–307 .\nmarijnissen sae, michel e, daniels sr, erpenbeck d, menken sbj, et al. (2006) molecular evidence for recent divergence of lake tanganyika endemic crabs (decapoda: platythelphusidae). mol phylo evol 40: 628–634 .\nnishida m (1991) lake tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of east african cichlid fishes: inferences from allozyme data. experientia (basel) 47: 974–979 .\nsalzburger w, meyer a, baric s, verheyen e, sturmbauer c (2002) phylogeny of the lake tanganyika cichlid species flock and its relationship to the central and east african haplochromine cichlid fish faunas. syst biol 51: 113–135 .\nwilson ab, glaubrecht m, meyer a (2004) ancient lakes as evolutionary reservoirs: evidence from the thalassoid gastropods of lake tanganyika. proc r soc lond b biol sci 271: 529–536 .\nsalzburger w, mack t, verheyen e, meyer a (2005) out of tanganyika: genesis, explosive speciation, key - innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes. bmc evol biol 5 :\ncoulter gw (1991) lake tanganyika and its life. london, england: natural history museum .\nmoore jes (1897) the fresh - water fauna of lake tanganyika. nature 56: 198–200 .\nmoore jes (1903) the tanganyika problem. london, england: hurst and blackett .\ntiercelin jj, mondeguer a (1991) the geology of the tanganyika trough. in: coulter gw, editor. lake tanganyika and its life. london, england: natural history museum. pp. 7–48 .\ncohen as, lezzar ke, tiercelin jj, soreghan m (1997) new palaeogeographic and lake - level reconstructions of lake tanganyika: implications for tectonic, climatic and biological evolution in a rift lake. basin res 9: 107–132 .\ngourene g, teugels g (1994) synopsis de la classification et phylogenie des pellonulinae de l' afrique occidentale et centrale (teleostei; clupeidae). j afr zool 108: 77–91 .\n: general features, visceral anatomy and osteology. amer mus novit 2835: 1–44 .\ngrande l (1985) recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. bull am mus nat hist 235–372 .\nphiri h, shirakihara k (1999) distribution and seasonal movement of pelagic fish in southern lake tanganyika. fish res 41: 63–71 .\nguiraud r, bosworth w, thierry j, delplanque a (2005) phanerozoic geological evolution of northern and central africa: an overview. j afr earth sci 43: 83–143 .\nbarker fk, lutzoni fm (2002) the utility of the incongruence length difference test. syst biol 51: 625–637 .\nxia xh, xie z, salemi m, chen l, wang y (2003) an index of substitution saturation and its application. mol phylo evol 26: 1–7 .\nbertin (clupeidae; pellonulinae; ehiravini) with a description of a new species from the freshwaters of madagascar and diagnosis of the ehiravini. copeia 67–76 .\nvan damme d, pickford m (2003) the late cenozoic thiaridae (mollusca, gastropoda, cerithioidea) of the albertine rift valley (uganda - congo) and their bearing on the origin and evolution of the tanganyikan thalassoid malacofauna. hydrobiologia 498: 1–83 .\nmichel e (2000) phylogeny of a gastropod species flock: exploring speciation in lake tanganyika in a molecular framework. in: rossiter a, kawanabe h, editors. ancient lakes: biodiversity, ecology and evolution. new york, new york: academic press. pp. 275–302 .\ngiresse p (2005) mesozoic - cenozoic history of the congo basin. j afr earth sci 43: 301–315 .\nbeadle lc (1974) the inland waters of africa. london: longman .\njoyce da, lunt dh, bills r, turner gf, katongo c, et al. (2005) an extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct pleistocene lake. nature 435: 90–95 .\nturner gf, seehausen o, knight me, allender cj, robinson rl (2001) how many species of cichlid fishes are there in african lakes? mol ecol 10: 793–806 .\nkocher td (2004) adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: the cichlid fish model. nat rev genet 5: 288–298 .\nwhitehead pjp (1985) fao species catalogue. vol. 7: clupeoid fishes of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf - herrings. part 1 - chirocentridae, clupeidae and pristigasteridae. fao fish synop 125: 1–303 .\nverheyen e, rüber l, snoeks j, meyer a (1996) mitochondrial phylogeography of rock - dwelling cichlid fishes reveals evolutionary influence of historical lake level fluctuations of lake tanganyika, africa. philos trans r soc lond b biol sci 351: 797–805 .\nsturmbauer c, baric s, salzburger w, rüber l, verheyen e (2001) lake level fluctuations synchronize genetic divergences of cichlid fishes in african lakes. mol biol evol 18: 144–154 .\nsnoeks j, rüber l, verheyen e (1994) the tanganyika problem: comments on the taxonomy and distribution patterns of its cichlid fauna. in: martens k, goddeeris b, coulter g, editors. archiv. hydrobiologie beih. ergebn. limnologie. speciation in ancient lakes. stuttgart: e. schweizerbart' sche verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 355–372. in: .\nbrandstatter a, salzburger w, sturmbauer c (2005) mitochondrial phylogeny of the cyprichromini, a lineage of open - water cichlid fishes endemic to lake tanganyika, east africa. mol phylo evol 34: 382–391 .\nduftner n, koblmuller s, sturmbauer c (2005) evolutionary relationships of the limnochromini, a tribe of benthic deepwater cichlid fish endemic to lake tanganyika, east africa. j mol evol 60: 277–289 .\nkoblmuller s, duftner n, katongo c, phiri h, sturmbauer c (2005) ancient divergence in bathypelagic lake tanganyika deepwater cichlids: mitochondrial phylogeny of the tribe bathybatini. j mol evol 60: 297–314 .\nli ch, orti g (2007) molecular phylogeny of clupeiformes (actinopterygii) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences. mol phylo evol 44: 386–398 .\nlavoue s, miya m, saitoh k, ishiguro nb, nishida m (2007) phylogenetic relationships among anchovies, sardines, herrings and their relatives (clupeiformes), inferred from whole mitogenome sequences. mol phylo evol 43: 1096–1105 .\ndi dario f (2002) evidence supporting a sister - group relationship between clupeoidea and engrauloidea (clupeomorpha). copeia 2002: 496–503 .\n( clupeidae, s. bowdich, 1825). mol phylo evol 36: 277–287 .\nkocher td, thomas wk, meyer a, edwards sv, pääbo s, et al. (1989) dynamics of mitochondrial dna evolution in animals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. proc natl acad sci u s a 86: 6196–6200 .\nbriggs jc (2005) the biogeography of otophysan fishes (ostariophysi: otophysi): a new appraisal. j biogeog 32: 287–294 .\nlavoue s, miya m, inoue jg, saitoh k, ishiguro nb, et al. (2005) molecular systematics of the gonorynchiform fishes (teleostei) based on whole mitogenome sequences: implications for higher - level relationships within the otocephala. mol phylo evol 37: 165–177 .\npalumbi sr, martin ap, romano sl, mcmillan wod, stice l, et al. (1991) the simple fool' s guide to pcr. honolulu, hawaii: university of hawaii .\nhrbek t, larson a (1999) the evolution of diapause in the killifish family rivulidae (atherinomorpha, cyprinodontiformes): a molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic perspective. evolution 53: 1200–1216 .\npääbo s, thomas wk, whitfield km, kumazawa y, wilson ac (1991) rearrangements of mitochondrial transfer rna genes in marsupials. j mol evol 33: 426–430 .\nwilson ab, vincent a, ahnesjö i, meyer a (2001) male pregnancy in seahorses and pipefishes (family syngnathidae): rapid diversification of paternal brood pouch morphology inferred from a molecular phylogeny. j hered 92: 159–166 .\nthompson jd, higgins dg, gibson tj (1994) clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position - specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. nucl acids res 22: 4673–4680 .\nwang hy, lee sc (2002) secondary structure of mitochondrial 12s rrna among fish and its phylogenetic applications. mol biol evol 19: 138–148 .\nxia x, xie z (2001) dambe: software package for data analysis in molecular biology and evolution. j hered 92: 371–373 .\nwaddell pj, kishino h, ota r (2000) rapid evaluation of the phylogenetic congruence of sequence data using likelihood ratio tests. mol biol evol 17: 1988–1992 .\nswofford d (2000) paup *. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). sunderland, massachusetts: sinauer associates .\nhasegawa m, kishino h, yano t (1985) dating of the human - ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna. j mol evol 22: 160–174 .\nposada d, crandall ka (1998) modeltest: testing the model of dna substitution. bioinformatics 14: 817–818 .\nzwickl dj (2006) genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion [ dissertation ]. university of texas at austin .\nhuelsenbeck jp, ronquist f (2001) mrbayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. bioinformatics 17: 754–755 .\nshimodaira h, hasegawa m (1999) multiple comparisons of log - likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. mol biol evol 16: 1114–1116 .\nthorne jl, kishino h (2002) divergence time and evolutionary rate estimation with multilocus data. syst biol 51: 689–702 .\nrutschmann f (2005) bayesian molecular dating using paml / multidivtime. a step - by - step manual .\nyang z (2000) phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (paml), version 3. 14 [ computer program ]. london, england: university college london .\nkishino h, hasegawa m (1989) evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from dna sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea. j mol evol 29: 170–179 .\nyabumoto y (1988) pleistocene clupeid and engraulidid fishes from the kokubu group in kagoshima prefecture, japan. bull kitakyushu mus nat hist 8: 55–74 .\n, from the gatuna formation of southeastern new mexico. j paleont 56: 423–425 .\ngrande l, nelson g (1985) interrelationships of fossil and recent anchovies (teleostei: engrauloidea) and description of a new species from the miocene of cyprus. amer mus novit 1–16 .\narambourg c (1943) note préliminaire sur quelques poissons fossiles nouveaux. bull soc geol france 8: 281–288 .\nbranisa l, hoffstetter r, signeux j (1964) additions a la fauna ichthyologique du crétacé supérieur de bolivie. bull mus nat hist nat 36: 279–297 .\ncavender tm (1991) the fossil record of the cyprinidae. in: winfield, ian j, nelson, joseph s, editors. cyprinid fishes: systematics, biology and exploitation. london: chapman & hall. pp. 34–54 .\nguiraud r (2001) northern africa. in: stampfli g, borel g, cavazza w, mosar j, ziegler pa, editors. the palaeotectonic atlas of the peritethyan domain. european geophysical society .\nwhitehead pjp (1988) fao species catalogue. vol. 7: clupeoid fishes of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf - herrings. part 2 - engraulidae. fao fish synop 125: 1–579 .\nsaitoh k, miya m, inoue jg, ishiguro nb, nishida m (2003) mitochondrial genomics of ostariophysan fishes: perspectives on phylogeny and biogeography. j mol evol 56: 464–472 .\nmitochondrial genome - conservation and variations among vertebrates. nucl acids res 20: 4853–4858 .\ntzeng cs, hui cf, shen sc, huang pc (1992) the complete nucleotide - sequence of the crossostoma lacustre mitochondrial genome - conservation and variations among vertebrates. nucl acids res 20: 4853–4858 .\n) mitochondrial genome and evolutionary patterns in vertebrate mitochondrial dna. genome res 11: 1958–1967 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\netrumeus bleeker 1853 from etrumei wasi (also spelled etrumei - iwashi), japanese vernacular for e. micropus\netrumeus acuminatus gilbert 1890 sharpened or pointed, referring to its “more acuminate” snout compared to e. micropus and e. sadina\netrumeus whiteheadi wongratana 1983 in honor of peter j. p. whitehead (1930 - 1993), british museum (natural history), whose 1963 revision of the genus formed a basis for wongratana’s study\njenkinsia parvula cervigón & velazquez 1978 very small, allusion not evident, perhaps referring to smaller number of gill rakers on first arch compared to j. lamprotaenia and j. stolifera\nspratelloides bleeker 1851 – oides, having the form of: spratella (= sprattus), presumably referring to sprat - like shape of s. argyrotaenia (also spelled argyrotaeniata, = s. gracilis )\nspratelloides lewisi wongratana 1983 in honor of a. d. lewis, department of agriculture, stock and fisheries (port moresby, papua new guinea), who collected type\ndayella malabarica (day 1873) – icus, belonging to: malabar (i. e. , southern india), where it ascends rivers during its spawning run\ngilchristella fowler 1935 – ella, diminutive connoting endearment, in honor of the late john dow fisher gilchrist (1866 - 1926), “author of many important papers on the fishes of south africa, ” and author of type species, g. aestuaria\nsauvagella robusta stiassny 2002 robust or full - bodied, referring to deeper body compared to s. madagascarensis, which is evident even in juvenile specimens\nspratellomorpha bertin 1946 morpha, form or shape, probably referring to similarity to spratelloides bleeker 1851, original genus of original type species, s. madagascarenis (now retained in sauvagella, making s. bianalis type by monotypy )\nsundasalanx roberts 1981 sunda, sundaland, continental landmass of southeast asia connected to asian mainland by isthmus of kra, referring to general area of distribution for s. praecox and s. microps; salanx, type genus of salangidae (osmeriformes), to which this family was thought to be related\nsundasalanx microps roberts 1981 micro -, small; ops, eye, referring to smaller eyes compared to s. praecox\nsundasalanx platyrhynchus siebert & crimmen 1997 platys, broad; rhynchos, snout, presumably referring to shorter (i. e. , wider, less pointed) snout compared to congeners\nsundasalanx praecox roberts 1981 premature, referring to sexual maturity of males and females at standard lengths of only 14. 9 mm\nclupeoides hypselosoma bleeker 1866 hypselo -, high; soma, body, presumably referring to moderately deep body (but not as deep as c. borneensis )\nlaeviscutella dekimpei poll, whitehead & hopson 1965 in honor of m. p. de kimpe, fisheries officer at cotonou (dahomey, now republic of benin), for his services in collecting this and other species for the musée de l’afrique centrale in tervuren\nminyclupeoides roberts 2008 minys, small, being substantially smaller (up to 22. 5 mm) than any of the four river herring species in mekong basin; clupeoides, generic name of larger mekong clupeids\nnannothrissa stewarti poll & roberts 1976 in honor of donald j. stewart, museum of zoology, university of michigan, who helped collect type\npotamothrissa obtusirostris (boulenger 1909) obtusus, blunt; rostris, snout, referring to blunt snout compared to pointed snout of p. acutirostris\npotamothrissa whiteheadi poll 1974 in honor of clupeoid specialist peter j. p. whitehead (1930 - 1993), british museum (natural history), who examined poll’s specimens and reported the presence of this species\nthrattidion roberts 1972 neuter diminutive of thrassa (thratta), a small, herringlike fish, referring to small size (21. 4 mm )\namblygaster bleeker 1849 amblys, obtuse; gaster, stomach, referring to obtuse, round and smooth belly (“ventre obtuso rotundata non serrato”) of a. clupeoides\nclupea harengus linnaeus 1758 low latin for herring, allied to the german heer, army, i. e. , a fish that swims in armies\nclupea pallasii pallasii valenciennes 1847 in honor of naturalist and explorer peter simon pallas (1741 - 1811), who had identified this herring as a form of c. harengus in his 1811 zoographia rosso - asiatica\nclupeonella kessler 1877 diminutive of clupea (latin for herring), referring to small size; in fact, kessler wondered if c. grimmi might represent juveniles of c. delicatula (= spratelloides delicatulus )\nclupeonella engrauliformis (borodin 1904) engraulis, ancient name for e. encrasicolus, common anchovy of europe; formis, shape, referring to “striking similarity” (translation) to anchovies\nescualosa whitley 1940 etymology not explained, perhaps escu -, edible, perhaps referring to fisheries importance of e. macrolepis (= thoracata); alosa, from alausa, latin word for shad, commonly used as a general suffix for shads and herrings\nescualosa elongata wongratana 1983 elongate, referring to more slender body compared to e. thoracata\nharengula valenciennes 1847 diminutive of harengus, low latin for herring, allied to the german heer, army, i. e. , a fish that swims in armies\nherklotsichthys whitley 1951 ichthys, fish; replacement name for herklotsella fowler 1934, preoccupied by herklotsella herre 1933 (= pterocryptis, siluridae), for fowler’s friend, botanist and ornithologist g. a. c. herklots (1902 - 1986), university of hong kong, “with many fond memories of the china sea and java”\nherklotsichthys blackburni (whitley 1948) in honor of maurice blackburn, c. s. i. r. division of fisheries, for his work on the bionomics of australian clupeoids, and who discovered this species but placed his specimens and notes at whitley’s disposal\nherklotsichthys collettei wongratana 1987 in honor of bruce b. collette, director, national marine fisheries service systematics laboratory, for his “hospitality, encouragement, and interest” in wongratana’s work on indo - pacific clupeoid fishes\nherklotsichthys gotoi wongratana 1983 in honor of h. e. goto, imperial college, university of london, director of wongratana’s studies in london\nherklotsichthys lossei wongratana 1983 in honor of g. f. losse, who collected most of the type material, and for his “most useful” studies of east african clupeoids\nopisthonema medirastre berry & barrett 1963 medius, middle or midst; rastrum, rake, referring to intermediate number of gill rakers compared to two other pacific coastal species, o. berlangai and o. libertate\nramnogaster whitehead 1965 rhamnos, a prickly plant, e. g. , buckthorn; gaster, belly, referring to strongly keeled abdominal scutes\nsardinella brachysoma bleeker 1852 brachys, short; soma, body, presumably referring to shorter (but deeper) body compared to s. lemuru\nsardinella fimbriata (valenciennes 1847) fringed, referring to scales with fringed (i. e. , striated, serrated or indented) margins\nsardinella jonesi lazarus 1983 in honor of s. jones, former director of the central marine fisheries institute (kochi, india), under whom lazarus started his research career, to honor his 70th birthday as type material was collected from place of his birth\nsardinops sagax neopilchardus (steindachner 1879) neo, new, i. e. , a new pilchard, referring to similarity of strongly striated operculum with clupea (= sardina) pilchardus\nsprattus antipodum (hector 1872) – um, adjectival suffix: referring to the antipodes, i. e. , the other side of the globe, referring to new zealand distribution, figuratively the other side of the world from the british isles\nstrangomera bentincki (norman 1936) in honor of v. cavendish bentinck, british embassy, santiago, chile, whose “kindness” led to the donation of a “very interesting” collection of chilean marine fishes, including type of this one, to the british museum (natural history )\nalosa braschnikowi braschnikowi (borodin 1904) in honor of zoologist wladimir braschnikow, who noted this species as a distinct variety of a. saposchnikowii in 1898\nalosa braschnikowi autumnalis (berg 1915) autumnal, being the only herring that occurs in the southern caspain sea in the fall (sept. - oct. )\nalosa braschnikowi kisselevitschi (bulgakov 1926) in honor of k. a. kisselevitsch (also spelled kisselevitz), authority on caspian - volgan clupeids, who worked with bulgakov to study the only known specimen of this shad and to locate more\nalosa fallax fallax (lacepède 1803) false or deceitful, probably referring to french vernacular la feinte (a fake), presumably an allusion to its frequent confusion with sympatric a. alosa (i. e, a fake or false shad )\nalosa fallax nilotica (geoffroy st. hillaire 1809) – ica, belonging to: nile river, type locality (an anadromous species, widely distributed in mediterranean and adriatic )\nalosa immaculata bennett 1835 im -, not; maculata, spotted, presumably referring to unspotted flanks (other european alosa known at the time are spotted, e. g. , a. alosa, a. fallax )\nalosa saposchnikowii (grimm 1887) in honor of a. a. sapozhnikov, who ran sapozhnikov brothers, oldest fishery company in astrakhan, who helped grimm with his caspian sea research\nsubgenus pomolobus rafinesque 1820 pomo, opercle; lobus, lobe, referring to lobed opercles rafinesque used to distinguish “goldshads” from “herrings” (i. e. , other alosines )\nalosa aestivalis (mitchill 1814) of the summer, presumably referring to later spawning run compared to a. pseudoharengus (mitchill called it the “summer herring” )\nalosa mediocris (mitchill 1814) mediocre, referring to taste or food value compared to a. sapidissima\nalosa pseudoharengus (wilson 1811) pseudo -, false; harengus, low latin for herring, described as “not so fat as european herring” (a. alosa or a. fallax )\nbrevoortia smithi hildebrand 1941 in honor of ichthyologist hugh m. smith (1865 - 1941), hildebrand’s former chief at the u. s. bureau of fisheries, for his “outstanding accomplishments in fishery research” and “useful” book, the fishes of north carolina (1907 )\nbrevoortia tyrannus (latrobe 1802) ruler, so named for its relationship to a copepod (cymothoa praegustator, a “pretaster”) that lives in the mouths of many specimens and thus represents “the minion of a tyrant … for he is not without those who suck him” (i. e. , like all tyrants, this fish has parasites or hangers - on (perhaps reflecting latrobe’s enthusiasm for american independence from england )\ngudusia fowler 1911 from gudusa, a “native name” in india, presumably of type species, g. chapra\ndorosoma smithi hubbs & miller 1941 in honor of hugh m. smith (1865 - 1941), “worthy colleague of such masters as jordan and gilbert and evermann, ” all members of america’s “greatest school of ichthyologists”\ngonialosa whiteheadi wongratana 1983 in honor of peter j. p. whitehead (1930 - 1993), british museum (natural history), who encouraged wongratana to make indo - pacific clupeoids the subject of his thesis\nkonosirus jordan & snyder 1900 latinization of konoshiro, japanese name of k. punctatus\nnematalosa erebi (günther 1868) in honor of h. m. s. erebus, from which type, originally identified as chatoesus (= n .) come, was collected\nnematalosa vlaminghi (munro 1956) patronym not identified but probably in honor of willem de vlamingh (1640 - c. 1698), dutch sea captain who explored western australia (general location of this species )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\njustification: the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\n5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 1. wetlands (inland) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks (includes waterfalls) suitability: suitable 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 2. wetlands (inland) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability: suitable 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 7. wetlands (inland) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools (under 8ha) suitability: suitable 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 8. wetlands (inland) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools (under 8ha) suitability: marginal\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 6. motivation unknown / unrecorded\npan - africa freshwater assessment references. currently, full citations for references used in the pan - africa biodiversity assessments are unavailable on the red list web site. these will be added to the site in 2011. we apologise for any inconvenience this causes .\niucn. 2010. iucn red list of threatened species (ver. 2010. 3). available at: urltoken. (accessed: 2 september 2010) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngrek, mikros = small + greek, thrissa, - es = shad (ref. 45335 )\nafrica: middle congo river basin, including the ubangi system but not the kasai, in democratic republic of the congo, central african republic and cameroon; report from the lualaba questionable and possibly based on a labelling error (ref. 47399) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 9 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3509 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 18; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 23 - 27; vertebrae: 37 - 41. scutes strongly keeled, 1 or 2 before base of first pectoral fin ray, 13 or 14 + 6 or 7; 13 - 16 prepelvic scutes, 3 - 7 postpelvic scutes. snout fairly pointed; lower jaw not projecting, included in upper when mouth closed, with small teeth at symphysis; maxilla blade slender (more than 3 times as long as deep), upper edge with a ridge flared outward; supra - maxilla small, shaft as long as or longer than blade, the latter spatulate .\nwhitehead, p. j. p. , 1985. fao species catalogue. vol. 7. clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder clupeoidei). an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf - herrings. fao fish. synop. 125 (7 / 1): 1 - 303. rome: fao. (ref. 188 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00955 (0. 00458 - 0. 01993), b = 3. 04 (2. 87 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nfao fisheries synopsis, no. 125, vol. 7, pt. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "microthrissa royauxi , the royal sprat , is a species of pelagic , freshwater fish from the herring family clupeidae which is found in the congo river basin in west africa .", "it was described in 1902 by the belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger .", "it is of limited importance as a food fish in subsistence fisheries and its conservation status is least concern . " ], "topic": [ 15, 5, 15 ] }

[ "microthrissa royauxi, the royal sprat, is a species of pelagic, freshwater fish from the herring family clupeidae which is found in the congo river basin in west africa. it was described in 1902 by the belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger. it is of limited importance as a food fish in subsistence fisheries and its conservation status is least concern." ]

[ "have a fact about tridrepana acuta? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tridrepana acuta? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nquercus acuta, the japanese evergreen oak, is an oak native to japan, south korea, taiwan, and china' s guizhou province and guangdong province. due to its foliage and habitat, it looks rather unlike most other oaks. quercus acuta is usually bushy and densely domed, reaching a height of 14 meters. the bark is smooth and dark grey. leaves are dark and glossy above and yellowish beneath. they narrow to a long, finely - rounded tip .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepaninae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmay be edible. see the plants for a future link below for details .\na mulch of the leaves repels slugs, grubs etc, though fresh leaves should not be used as these can inhibit plant growth. oak galls are excrescences that are sometimes produced in great numbers on the tree and are caused by the activity of the larvae of different insects. the insects live inside these galls, obtaining their nutrient therein. when the insect pupates and leaves, the gall can be used as a rich source of tannin, that can also be used as a dyestuff ;\nc. & s. japan, taiwan, s. korea (incl. cheju - do) ;\nattributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 plants for a future licensed under a creative commons license ♦ 2 hosts - a database of the world' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s. robinson, phillip r. ackery, ian j. kitching, george w. beccaloni and luis m. hernández ♦ 3 ben - dov, y. , miller, d. r. & gibson, g. a. p. scalenet 4 november 2009\nb. fungosa? or female b. reflexa? it did have a slightly sweet - spicy smell, which perhaps points towards b. reflexa." ]

{ "text": [ "tridrepana acuta is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by watson in 1957 .", "it is found in sri lanka and possibly southern india . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "tridrepana acuta is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by watson in 1957. it is found in sri lanka and possibly southern india." ]

[ "there are four subspecies of gorillas: the eastern lowland or grauer’s gorilla (gorilla beringei graueri); the mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei); the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla); and the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehl) .\ngenetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) .\nthe cross river gorilla is a subspecies of the western gorilla. it differs from from the other subspecies, the\nmcfarland, k. l. 2007. ecology of cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) on afi mountain, cross river state, nigeria. city university of new york .\nbergl, r. a. 2006. conservation biology of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). city university of new york .\nnest site ecology of the cross river gorilla at the kagwene gorilla sanctuary, cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence .\nnest site ecology of the cross river gorilla at the kagwene gorilla sanctuary, cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence .\none of africa’s emblematic great apes is the gorilla. four subspecies are acknowledged today: the eastern lowland gorilla, mountain gorilla, western lowland gorilla, and cross river gorilla (the most western and northern form). the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) is the most critically endangered subspecies. with a population less than half of its better known cousin, the mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei), it is perhaps surprising that the plight of the cross river gorilla is not more widely known .\ngenetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla d... - pubmed - ncbi\nwith a population less than 300 in the wild, the cross river gorilla is the most threatened sub - species of gorilla .\nfor the first time in decades, we believe there is real hope for the cross river gorilla .\nother conservation groups working on behalf of the cross river gorilla include the african conservation foundation (acf), the environmental and rural development foundation, and the cross river gorilla campaign, a collaborative effort to raise awareness and funds for the conservation of the cross river gorilla, africa' s most endangered great ape .\ngreat apes, gorillas seem to have evolved from lesser apes nearly twenty million years ago. they' re currently divided variously into species and subspecies, though four distinct subspecies seem to be somewhat agreed upon: mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei), cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli), western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and eastern lowland gorilla (gorilla beringei graueri) .\nthis cross river gorilla is in captivity at limbe wildlife center in cameroon. african conservation foundation / wikimedia commons\n, western lowland gorilla, occurs in cameroon south to the congo river and east to the oubangi river .\nis known to travel vast distances through the forests to find. the cross river\nwhich are led and protected by the alpha male. the alpha male cross river\ngenetic diversity: cross river gorillas - berggorilla & regenwald direkthilfe e. v .\nnyango is the name given to the only cross river gorilla in captivity. to date, only a handful of images exist of this incredibly elusive animal in the wild. the cross river gorilla has sought refuge from humans in the most rugged and inaccessible highlands that form the headwaters of the cross river .\nthe cross river gorilla is restricted to a small area of highland forest on the border of cameroon and nigeria .\nnyango is the only known cross river gorilla in captivity. she lives in the limbe wildlife center in cameroon .\njust 10 to 15 years ago, the cross river gorilla was thought to be either extinct or nearly extinct .\nnest site ecology of the cross river gorilla at the kagwene gorilla sanctuary, cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence. - pubmed - ncbi\ncross river gorilla, limbe wildlife centre, cameroon. photo taken by arend de haas, en: african conservation foundation\n( the other being the more numerous western lowland gorilla) found in the jungles on the african continent. the cross river\naccording to experts, the cross river gorilla is a unique subspecies and the most western and northern form of gorilla. cross river gorillas are more terrestrial in lifestyle and differ from other lowland gorillas in their physical appearance, their diet and culture .\nsurvey of the cross river gorilla at the tofala hill wildlife sanctuary in cameroon - berggorilla & regenwald direkthilfe e. v .\neffects of habitat fragmentation, population size and demographic history on genetic diversity: the cross river gorilla in a comparative context .\ncomparative diversity of the cross river gorilla contrary to what might have been expected, the cross river gorilla population does not exhibit uniformly lower genetic diversity than either a large, undisturbed gorilla population (western lowland gorillas at mondika) or small, unfragmented populations (mountain gorillas in the virungas and bwindi). our comparisons between the cross river and mountain gorilla populations revealed no evidence that, compared to these similarly sized populations, the cross river gorillas are genetically depauperate. in fact, the cross river population shows slightly greater diversity for some parameters. however, while the cross river population compares favourably to the mountain gorilla and other primate populations, it does show reduced diversity for some measures when compared to the larger mondika population .\nthe western gorilla (gorilla gorilla) has two recognized subspecies: the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli: sarmiento and oates 2000, groves 2001). genetic data suggest that the two subspecies of western gorilla diverged approximately 18, 000 years ago (thalmann et al. 2011) and that the cross river gorilla population can be clearly differentiated from western lowland gorillas (prado - martinez et al. 2013). the taxonomic status of the gorilla populations in ebo (cameroon) awaits clarification; however, measurements from a single ebo gorilla skull indicate this may be a relict population of a previously more widespread population living north of the sanaga river (groves 2005) .\ncross river gorillas have the most seasonally differentiated diet of any gorilla subspecies. this is because the area where they live changes more with the seasons than other gorilla habitats. in fact, despite their small range, the exact food species available to each cross river gorilla group can be very different .\npart of the five - year plan to save the cross river gorilla is to have local communities act as guardians for the primates .\nin this lesson, you' ll learn about the most endangered gorilla subspecies: the cross river gorilla. specifically, we' re going to take a look at this gorilla' s habitat and diet .\nother names: gorilla (finnish); gorille (french); gorilla (german); gorila (spanish); bergsgorilla, gorilla, or låglandsgorilla (swedish); g. gorilla: western gorilla; g. g. diehli: cross river gorilla; g. g. gorilla: western lowland gorilla; g. beringei: eastern gorilla; g. b. beringei: bwindi, mountain, or virunga; g. b. graueri: eastern lowland gorilla or grauer' s gorilla\nthe government of cameroon has created a new national park aimed at protecting the critically endangered cross river gorilla, the world' s rarest .\nin fact, the cross river gorilla has been classified as “critically endangered” by the international union for the conservation of nature, the iucn .\n, eastern lowland gorilla, is found in a small part of the nigerian / cameroon border in the upper drainage of the cross river .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the cross river gorilla article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nthe only known captive cross river gorilla was a female kept at limbe wildlife centre during 22 years till her death in 2016. her name was\neffects of habitat fragmentation, population size and demographic history on genetic diversity: the cross river gorilla in a comparative context. - pubmed - ncbi\ntakamanda national park, on the border with nigeria, is home to an estimated 115 cross river gorillas .\nbergl, r. a. and vigilant, l. 2007. genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). molecular ecology 16: 501–516 .\noates, j. , et. al. 2007. regional action plan for the conservation of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). iucn / ssc primate specialist group and conservation international, arlington, va, usa .\ndid you know there is a subspecies of gorilla with less than 300 members remaining in the wild? that means the entire population could fit on a 747 jet with room to spare! this gorilla is the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). it is a subspecies of the western gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and it is the most endangered of the gorilla subspecies. in fact, it is one of the top 25 most endangered primate species in the entire world .\nafter spending about 25 years in captivity, nyango has become an international figure for being the only confirmed case of a cross river gorilla in captivity worldwide .\nsarmiento, e. e. and oates, j. f. 2000. the cross river gorillas: a distinct subspecies, gorilla gorilla diehli matschie 1904. american museum novitates 3304: 1–55 .\nthe cross river gorilla was unknown to science until the early 20th century. only found in a few forest patches in nigeria and cameroon, this western gorilla subspecies is the world’s rarest great ape .\nbergl, r. a. and vigilant, l. 2007. genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). molecular ecology 16: 501 - 516 .\nfor further information about this species, see 9404 _ gorilla _ gorilla. pdf .\nmay 9, 2012—a group of elusive cross river gorillas - including a chest - beating silverback—were recently captured by a wildlife conservation society camera trap in cameroon. wcs' s cross river gorilla conservation is supported by many government and non - governmental organizations, including national geographic .\nleading the fight to save these beleaguered apes is a nigerian scientist who comes from cross river state and knows its forests — and its people — intimately. inaoyom imong, director of the wildlife conservation society’s cross river gorilla landscape project, is taking the practice of local community engagement to a new level as he and his colleagues work to pull the cross river gorillas back from the brink .\nsubspecies split for various reasons, in the case of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei), separated from the eastern lowland gorilla (gorilla beringei grauer) about 400, 000 years ago. meanwhile, according to the hypothesis of experts john f. oates and esteban e. sarmiento, the cross river gorilla (cross river gorilla) was “converted” into a new subspecies during the pleistocene, as a result of adaptation to the scarcity of food .\ncross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) have been difficult to study due to their shy nature. however, it is estimated that an adult male weighs about 180 kg (396 lbs .) .\nmany cross river gorilla groups live in unprotected forest and face the threat of habitat loss through logging and as local people clear land for agriculture and cattle grazing .\ncross river gorillas have an extremely limited geographic range. they are endemic to the cross river region on the border of nigeria and cameroon, in africa. endemic means this is the only place in the world they can be found .\ncross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). they live in sub - mountain forests at altitudes from 150 to 1, 600 meters above the sea level. they also inhabit swampy forests, sometimes reaching an altitude up to 2, 000 meters .\nthanks to intensive pressure from conservation groups, nigerian officials have agreed to reroute the construction of a superhighway to spare the habitat of the highly endangered cross river gorilla .\ncross river gorillas are very wary of humans, and this picture is one of very few ever taken of this species .\nin nigeria, the nigerian conservation foundation, a wwf affiliate, is working with communities in the cross river national park .\ndirck byler of the u. s. fish and wildlife service said the cross river gorilla is not as well - known as its relatives in other parts of africa .\netiendem, d. n. and tagg n. 2013. feeding ecology of cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) at mawambi hills: the influence of resource seasonality. international journal of primatology 34: 1261–1280 .\nthe cross river gorilla was rescued by an american missionary family from hunters more than two decades ago in mamfe in the south west region. they named her ‘nyango’, and now she is the only confirmed cross river gorilla in captivity in the world. the 27 - year - old lives at the limbe wildlife centre, also in the south west .\nsawyer, s. c. 2012. subpopulation range estimation for conservation planning: a case study of the critically endangered cross river gorilla. biodiversity and conservation 21: 1589–1606 .\nthe government of cameroon is to be commended for taking this step in saving the cross river gorilla for future generations ,\nsaid steven sanderson, president and ceo of wcs .\nthe cross river gorilla is usually found in montane rainforest between 1, 500 and 3, 500 meters and in bamboo forest from about 2, 500 to 3, 000 meters .\nin collaboration with the wildlife conservation society and the governments of nigeria and cameroon, we are particularly working to strengthen protection and law enforcement for the cross river gorilla. for example :\nthe number of nests per nest site varied from one to three nests, showing that the largest group size of gorillas at the thws is three. compared to other cross river gorilla populations this number is very small, although the average group size of cross river gorillas in general is between four and seven individuals .\ninternational awareness remains key to the cross river gorillas’ survival in our world. new england primate conservancy is dedicated to raising this awareness .\nwestern lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). they inhabit west of the congo river, mainly in lowlands with marshy, coastal and secondary tropical forests, at altitudes of up to 1, 600 meters. every year they have a rainy and a dry season .\nthe most pressing of those threats is the current isolation of many cross river gorilla subpopulations. for example, the researchers point to the gorillas living in afi mountain wildlife sanctuary in nigeria, which must cross farmland if they wish to connect with other groups .\nnow numbering only about 200 to 300 animals, cross river gorillas live in fragmented populations in highland forests on the nigeria - cameroon border .\nin cameroon, they have been observed using rudimentary tools. although the other subspecies are mainly peaceful, the cross river gorilla are aggressive against humans, launching branches, herbs and stones sometimes .\nexcept for subtle differences in skull size (their heads are smaller relative to body size) and tooth dimensions, cross river gorillas closely resemble their western lowland gorilla kin. like western lowland gorillas, cross river gorillas are slightly smaller than the eastern gorilla subspecies, with a more slender build, shorter and lighter - colored hair, longer arms, and a more prominent ridge line .\nuntil her death in october 2016, after succumbing to a protracted illness, nyango had been the only known cross river gorilla in captivity. she lived at the lumbe wildlife center in cameroon .\nsince the development of a regional action plan for the conservation of the cross river gorilla (oates et al. 2007), work has been rapid. today, many key cross river gorilla sites are under some form of formal or community - based protection, although the effectiveness varies. in 2008, support from the great ape conservation fund helped the cameroon government create two new protected areas – the kagwene gorilla sanctuary and takamanda national park – that will benefit roughly one - quarter of all known cross river gorillas. additionally, with support from wwb - gacf and the arcus foundation, the wildlife conservation society launched a trans - boundary management program that brings government staff from cameroon and nigeria together to characterize, prioritize, and protect the habitat corridors linking key cross river gorilla sites. the wwbgacf has identified the cross river gorilla’s range as a priority landscape, and it plans to intensify efforts to engage local stakeholders in gorilla protection. it will also increase training opportunities for wildlife conservation staff in government and local organizations .\nthe cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) occupies approximately 11 primarily highland sites dispersed across a larger forest landscape in cross river state, nigeria and southwest province, cameroon. this gorilla subspecies in particular may be under threat from genetic factors as its population is small, fragmented and may have undergone a considerable reduction in size (oates et al. 2003; bergl 2006), numbering only an estimated 250 - 300 individuals today. we examined patterns of genetic diversity in the cross river gorilla at both the intra - and inter - population level using data from autosomal microsatellite loci (see explanations of technical terms at the end of this article) derived from non - invasively collected fecal samples. we compared the genetically defined subpopulations of cross river gorillas (bergl & vigilant 2007) to each other, and we compared the cross river population as a whole to three other gorilla populations (bwindi, the virungas and mondika, central african republic). the genetic data from the four gorilla populations were also examined for evidence of demographic bottlenecks (when a population is reduced in size) .\nthis border region where the cross river gorilla occurs is a biodiversity hotspot of global significance in west africa, and requires combined efforts to conserve this ‘flagship’ species and other wildlife species that are under pressure in the hotspot. the cross river region is home to the cross river gorilla and other primate and endemic species like the preuss’s gibbon, forest elephants, forest buffalo, nigeria - cameroon chimpanzee, many species of duiker and 26 endemic birds among others. several parts of this region have also been designated by birdlife international as important bird areas .\nthere are some rare and iconic species that we should give everything to protect; one of these is the cross river gorilla. i would not want my grandchildren to be told fairy tales of the cross river gorilla, ” said ruth akagu, nigeria - based project officer of the birdlife / critical ecosystem partnership fund’s (cepf) regional implementation team (rit) in the west africa biodiversity hotspot .\nthe wildlife conservation society, the government of cameroon, and other partners have collaborated to create a new national park to help protect the world' s most endangered great ape: the cross river gorilla .\na major issue facing this species is that their habitat has been broken up. the cross river gorilla subpopulations are separated from each other by human settlements, and these settlements give the gorilla no room to expand. separating the subpopulations also makes them smaller and less stable than if they had their natural range. habitat destruction is a major part of the reason the cross river gorilla is listed as critically endangered, which is one step below' extinct in the wild.'\nbased on their genetic work, olaf thalmann and linda vigilant of the university of turku in finland determine that the western species split into the cross river and western lowland gorilla subspecies about 17, 800 years ago. however, they found that some interbreeding continued until 420 years ago. then, a century later, the number of cross river gorillas plummeted sixtyfold .\nbased on their genetic work, olaf thalmann and linda vigilant of the university of turku in finland determined that the western species split into the cross river and western lowland gorilla subspecies about 17, 800 years ago. however, they found that some interbreeding continued until 420 years ago. then, a century later, the number of cross river gorillas plummeted sixtyfold .\nthe cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) is a subspecies of western gorilla, and it is the most endangered subspecies of gorilla. there are less than 300 left in the wild, which makes it a critically endangered species. cross river gorillas are endemic to the cross river region, a small area on the border of nigeria and cameroon in africa. they live in tropical and subtropical forests. they can be found in lowland areas, but for the most part they stay in higher elevations to avoid contact with humans. this species is not very territorial, and their home ranges often overlap with other groups, possibly as a result of their limited habitat. they do have to travel throughout the habitat to find food. cross river gorillas are herbivores, and their diet is more seasonal than any other gorilla species. their diet consists heavily of fruit when it is available, and leaves, stems, and bark the rest of the year .\nfauna & flora international is an organization helping to educate local communities so that citizens feel a sense of pride for their native gorilla subspecies. today, most locals consider it “taboo” to hunt cross river gorillas. in fact, part of the cross river gorilla conservation plan is to have local communities act as guardians for these great apes. the transformation of former hunters into conservationists is testament to the success of these educational efforts .\nsawyer, s. c. and brashares, j. s. 2013. applying resource selection functions at multiple scales to prioritize habitat use by the endangered cross river gorilla. diversity and distributions 19: 943–954 .\ngeographic distribution and habitat cross river gorillas are the rarest of all great apes and were unknown to scientists until the early 20th century. they were forgotten, then “rediscovered” after scientists had believed the gorillas had become extinct. classified as one of two subspecies of western gorilla (the western lowland gorilla being the other), cross river gorillas inhabit the lowland montane forests and rainforests of cameroon and nigeria, an area of 3, 000 square miles (7, 770 sq km), on the african continent. scientists have identified 11 family groups (or “troops”) living in eight sites across this rugged, hilly terrain in overlapping home ranges. ​ cross river gorillas’ natural wariness of humans has forced scientists to resort to indirect methods, such as nest counts, to arrive at a total population count of only 200 to 300 of these gorillas remaining in the world. like all gorillas, cross river gorillas are critically endangered in the wild. but of all the gorilla subspecies, including western lowland gorilla and the two subspecies of eastern gorilla (the mountain gorilla and grauer’s gorilla [ formerly known as the eastern lowland gorilla ]), cross river gorillas face the greatest threat of extinction. their low and falling numbers makes their survival extremely precarious .\nthe research team looked at dna from living gorillas and from 100 - year - old museum specimens to figure out the gene flow between the cross river and western lowland gorilla. their genetic analysis indicates that the two subspecies appear to have split at a time when africa' s climate was oscillating between aridity and humidity, causing forests to expand and contract. one forest refuge may have existed at the cross river area during dry times, and isolation here may have prompted the emergence of the cross river subspecies, the researchers suggest .\nafter creating a petition that accumulated over 135, 000 signatures, however, the wildlife conservation society managed to convince state and federal nigerian officials that the superhighway would dramatically affect the gorilla populations of the cross river area .\nthe population risks inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity because there are so few cross river gorillas and they live in groups that interact infrequently if at all .\ninhabiting a remote corner of west africa that straddles the border of nigeria and cameroon, the cross river gorilla was once largely neglected by conservationists. many believed it was likely extinct (cousins, 1978) until its rediscovery in the early 1980s (oates 1999). in recent years, our understanding of the cross river gorilla has benefited from systematic surveys and field studies of its ecological and behavioral characteristics. the bad news is that we now believe fewer than 300 cross river gorillas remain, distributed in about 12 discrete mountain refuges across a landscape the size of connecticut. based on the small population, its fragmentation across a large landscape, and the threats posed by habitat destruction and hunting, the cross river gorilla is recognized by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) as\ncritically endangered .\na few years ago, it was thought that all gorillas belonged to a single species, and there were three subspecies, but now, the latest research concluded that there are two species: eastern gorilla (gorilla beringei) and western gorilla (gorilla gorilla), with two subspecies each. both species diverged about 2 million years ago and were separated by the congo river .\n“there’s two different species of gorilla actually. there’s the western gorilla and the eastern gorilla. and the one that people are most familiar with are the eastern gorillas, specifically the subspecies known as the mountain gorilla, which is found in rwanda and uganda and the democratic republic of the congo. the western gorilla is found in the western part of the congo basin in countries such as cameroon, gabon, northern republic of the congo. and then one of their subspecies is called the cross river gorilla. and this is the most endangered gorilla species today, ” he said .\narandjelovic, m. , bergl, r. a. , ikfuingei, r. , jameson, c. , parker, m. and vigilant, l. 2015. detection dog efficacy for collecting faecal samples from the critically endangered cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) for genetic censusing. royal society open science 2: 140423 .\nthe cross river gorilla holds the lamentable distinction of being the world’s rarest ape. inhabiting an arc of mountainous forest along the nigeria - cameroon border, this primate was thought by scientists to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the 1980s. today, fewer than 300 members of the cross river subspecies exist, most squeezed into high, rugged terrain as rising human populations hem them in .\nthis subspecies was recorded for the first time on video in 2009. the cross river gorilla is a shy animal, which avoids areas populated by humans. besides, they need to live in areas with abundant vegetation to survive .\nthe cross river gorilla population in equatorial africa has been pushed to the brink of extinction. in a yale environment 360 interview, a nigerian scientist working to save the gorillas describes how local villagers are vital to protecting these apes .\nin small and fragmented populations, genetic diversity may be reduced owing to increased levels of drift and inbreeding. this reduced diversity is often associated with decreased fitness and a higher threat of extinction. however, it is difficult to determine when a population has low diversity except in a comparative context. we assessed genetic variability in the critically endangered cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli), a small and fragmented population, using 11 autosomal microsatellite loci. we show that levels of diversity in the cross river population are not evenly distributed across the three genetically identified subpopulations, and that one centrally located subpopulation has higher levels of variability than the others. all measures of genetic variability in the cross river population were comparable to those of the similarly small mountain gorilla (g. beringei beringei) populations (bwindi and virunga). however, for some measures both the cross river and mountain gorilla populations show lower levels of diversity than a sample from a large, continuous western gorilla population (mondika, g. gorilla gorilla). finally, we tested for the genetic signature of a bottleneck in each of the four populations. only cross river showed strong evidence of a reduction in population size, suggesting that the reduction in size of this population was more recent or abrupt than in the two mountain gorilla populations. these results emphasize the need for maintaining connectivity in fragmented populations and highlight the importance of allowing small populations to expand .\ncross river gorillas are the least well known of all the gorilla subspecies. in partnership with the wildlife conservation society and the governments of nigeria and cameroon, wwf supports research about the ecology, distribution and population biology of these animals .\nthere are two species of gorillas — eastern and western, both of which live exclusively in africa. cross river gorillas are an extremely rare subspecies of the western gorilla. just 250 of the great apes are believed to live today .\nsince 2004, with support from wwbgacf, the wildlife conservation society has undertaken numerous field surveys to complete the picture of cross river gorilla distribution. based on spatial models developed by bergl that predict gorilla distribution and connectivity, the results from these surveys have been encouraging. gorilla sign has been found in numerous locations between previously known sites, confirming that connectivity remains .\nthis once - forgotten gorilla is now a priority with conservation groups. the wildlife conservation society (wcs), in partnership with the north carolina zoo, is using gps tracking technology to help conserve cross river gorillas. (gps is the abbreviation for “global positioning system” and is the same technology used in cars to help drivers know where they’re going .) in cross river gorilla habitat, researchers are using rugged, hand - held computers that allow them to enter important information such as location of gorilla nest sites, evidence of poaching and logging, and other crucial details. gps technology receives this information in a central database and automatically creates maps of the detailed areas to share with other conservationists. gps technology has already proven helpful in detecting illegal activities at several cross river gorilla sites .\nso how many cross river gorillas would there have to be in order for the species to be considered safe? byler said it’s difficult to set what’s called a goal population .\nwith a population numbering fewer than 300 individuals, cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) are the rarest and most endangered of the world' s four gorilla subspecies. although they remain threatened by habitat loss and illegal bushmeat hunting, new research shows the gorillas have a bit more potential habitat to roam, and in fact inhabit a slightly greater range than previously known .\nlike all other subspecies, the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) has a herbivorous diet that includes leaves, fruits, herbs, vines and tree bark. they like fruits very much, but these are only available in the seasons ranging from august to september and november to january. during the times of fruit shortage, the consumption of bark and vines increases .\n“cross river gorillas are not just critically endangered, but they are found only in cameroon and nigeria and cameroon has over 80% of the cross river gorilla range. being the only known case of cross river gorilla in captivity, any researcher who wants to conduct studies on the behavior of the sub - species and interaction with other gorillas must only come to cameroon and the centre in particular to meet her. since she was brought here, we have had hundreds of visitors from all over the world who came just to see her given that it is very difficult to encounter them in the forest, ” said glenn motumba, education officer at the zoo .\nefforts to protect these animals are focused on securing the forests that house them. wwf and partners have worked with the governments of cameroon and nigeria to create a protected area for the cross river gorilla that spans the border of these two nations .\nit is estimated that the cross river gorilla has a population of about 250 to 280 individuals. conservation international and the primate specialist division of the world conservation union (iucn) have classified this species as one of the 25 most endangered primates .\ngroves, c. p. 2005. a note on the affinities of the ebo forest gorilla. gorilla journal 31: 19–21 .\nbergl, r. a. , warren, y. , nicholas, a. , dunn, a. , imong, i. , sunderland - groves, j. l. and oates, j. f. 2012. remote sensing analysis reveals habitat, dispersal corridors and expanded distribution for the critically endangered cross river gorilla, gorilla gorilla diehli. oryx 46: 278–289 .\nwestern gorillas generally have a shorter and lighter pelage than eastern gorillas. there are two subspecies: western lowland gorillas and cross river gorillas. zoo gorillas are almost exclusively western gorillas .\nwwf and partners have worked with officials in nigeria and cameroon to establish a protected area for the cross river gorilla that spans the border between the two nations. within that protected area, wwf has established ranger posts, provided field and communication equipment for antipoaching staff, and established a system to monitor the gorilla population .\nthe cross river gorilla, gorilla gorilla diehli is the most endangered of the african apes and was listed as critically endangered in 2013 by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn). the species has been under pressure from poaching and loss of habitat due to human encroachment; that has fragmented forests, reduced connectivity between several sites and isolated the species, thus reducing gene flow .\nthe tofala hill wildlife sanctuary became a protected area in september 2014, prior to which the area had no status of protection. this population of cross river gorillas was discovered in 2004 during a survey by ornithologists. it is a very special population because it marks the most southeastern occurrence of the cross river gorilla range; it is located 40 km from the next known gorilla population in the mone forest block, and it was estimated that between 20 and 30 individuals were living in the sanctuary. among the 14 cross river gorilla subpopulations, the tofala population is the only one about which no scientific data have been available, and the anthropogenic pressure exerted upon the gorillas living in the examined area is very high because there are ten villages adjacent to the area .\nthe tofala hill wildlife sanctuary still houses a small population of gorillas. the feeding and nesting ecology was quite unique compared to the other known cross river gorilla populations, and shows that there are special adaptations for each gorilla population in cameroon and nigeria. understanding the behaviour and ecology of all cross river gorilla populations is essential to prevent their extinction. the creation of the thws might have come too late, given that the number of individuals is just two to four, and it seems very unlikely that the population will survive within the next 10 - 20 years. the sanctuary is very isolated and far away from other cross river gorilla populations, which makes any connection to other gorilla groups not very likely. nevertheless, there is still a forest corridor between the mone population and the tofala population, but the human pressure in the corridor area might be too great to allow any migration between the two populations .\n“at a recent meeting in calabar, with our director of cross river landscape inaoyom imong present, the cross river state government verbally agreed to reroute the superhighway away from the ekuri community forest, ” said a wcs representative. “combined with dropping the 12 - mile (20 - kilometer) buffer, this reroute shows significant progress. it means our voices are being heard. ”\nthe wildlife conservation society (wcs) helped establish the takamanda park, and believes it will help curb the hunting and forest destruction that have brought cross river numbers to such a minuscule level .\nde vere, r. a. , warren, y. , nicholas, a. , mackenzie, m. e. and higham, j. p. 2011. nest site ecology of the cross river gorilla at the kagwene gorilla sanctuary, cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence. american journal of primatology 73: 253–261 .\nthe cross river gorilla is the most endangered of all great ape taxa, and its rare and increasingly fragmented populations continue to be threatened by habitat loss and, to a lesser degree, hunting for the bushmeat trade. the 11 or so sites in which the cross river gorilla is still known are spread across approximately 12, 000 km² of extremely rugged and forested terrain spanning the nigeria - cameroon border region, with remaining populations estimated at 70 - 90 individuals in nigeria, and 150 individuals in cameroon (oates et al. 2003) .\nthis subspecies is the world’s strangest gorilla; rarely seen and with a small population. it lives in a region between nigeria and cameroon, just at the cross river basin. it is, therefore, the subspecies that inhabits the most north and west regions of all .\na now critically endangered group of gorillas had split off into its own subspecies about 17, 800 years ago, say researchers, who concluded that the evolution of the animal, the cross river gorilla, was shaped by ancient climate change and, more recently, humans .\nthe composition of the gorilla' s diet varies by subspecies and seasonality. western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): this subspecies consumes parts of at least 97 plant species. about 67% of their diet is fruit, 17% is leaves, seeds and stems and 3% is termites and caterpillars. eastern lowland gorilla (gorilla beringei graueri): this subspecies consumes parts of at least 104 plant species. mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei): this subspecies consumes parts of at least 142 plant species and only 3 types of fruit (there is hardly any fruit available due to the high altitude). about 86% of their diet is leaves, shoots, and stems, 7% is roots, 3% is flowers, 2% is fruit, and 2% ants, snails, and grubs. cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli): this subspecies is not as well studied as the other subspecies. however their diet has been studied through their fecal matter and is known to include fruit, leaves, stems, piths, and some invertebrates .\nin january 2014 i started to study the ecology of cross river gorillas at the tofala hill wildlife sanctuary (thws) in collaboration with the local ngo erudef (environmental and rural development foundation), which has been responsible for the research in the area since 2004. the aim was to find information about the nesting and feeding behaviour of cross river gorillas and to calculate their population size and density .\ngorilla gorilla diehli (matschie 1904) occurs across a landscape of approximately 12, 000 km² on the nigeria - cameroon border, extending a short distance on either side of the border in the forests on the upper drainage of the cross river. within this landscape, the area currently known to be habitually used by g. g. diehli is approximately 700 km², concentrated in a number of rugged highland areas (bergl et al. 2012, dunn et al. 2014). cross river gorillas occasionally reach elevations of 1, 900 m asl .\ngroups range from two to 20 members, and they make nests on the ground, as other gorilla species do. cross river gorillas travel around their home range to find food, but when they return to a certain spot, they will reuse the nests they previously built .\ngorillas should be able to move freely between the takamanda reserve and nigeria' s cross river national park just across the border, helping to repair the fragmentation of habitat which can isolate tiny wildlife populations .\ngorillas are considered an endangered species due to the reduction of their population over the last decades. there are only about 250 individuals of cross river gorillas left, and less than 800 of mountain gorillas .\nas recently as 2005, conservationists were unsure if the geographic division of the population had already weakened the genetic pool. no information on the viability of apparently isolated groups of gorillas was available. however, recent work by dr. richard bergl of the north carolina zoo revealed encouraging findings (bergl and vigilant, 2006) on gorilla genetics. based on dna analyses of material collected from gorilla feces, he found that the cross river population showed clear evidence of genetic sub - division into three main groups. evidence from the 71 gorillas he studied confirmed that individuals continue to move among certain sites. overall, the genetic diversity of the cross river gorilla population is comparable to two mountain gorilla populations in the virunga mountains and bwindi national park. even more encouraging is the fact that cross river gorillas have much more viable habitat available than their mountain kin to the east, so there is potential for population recovery .\nthe appearance of the cross river gorillas is not very different from the other subspecies. at first glance, their body is robust and powerful, with a slightly elongated head and a pronounced brow ridge. however, their skull is slightly shorter than the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and their mouth is not as big as that subspecies. they have teeth, hands, and feet apparently shorter than the western lowland gorilla, a broad nose with wide nasal passages, opposable thumbs, and fingers. their skeleton is sturdy, with straighter vertebrae than that of humans .\nco - author andrew dunn of the wcs said this research shows cross river gorillas can further expand their range into these potential new habitats ,\nprovided that steps are taken to minimize threats to the population .\nthe tofala population of gorillas showed some special adaptions in their feeding behaviour compared to other cross river populations. normally cross river gorillas show a diet comparable to the diet of western lowland gorillas. the gorillas of the thws mainly fed on terrestrial herbaceous plants (61. 5% of all feeding signs); fruits constituted 22. 5% of the diet; and leaves were consumed in 16% of all feeding cases .\nwith only about 300 individuals remaining in the wild, conservationists have expressed concern that the critically endangered cross river gorilla could be extinct if everyone does not come on board to protect the species, found only in the nigeria - cameroon border region, in the guinean forests of west africa hotspot .\nfemale gorilla koko has been taught american sign language at the gorilla foundation. she can understand ~ 2000 words and can make ~ 1, 000 asl signs .\ncoltan, a mineral used in cell phones, is found in gorilla habitat in the eastern democratic republic of the congo. miners in the area eat gorilla meat\niucn, 2008 .\ngorilla gorilla\n( on - line). 2008 iucn red list of threatened species. accessed october 07, 2008 at urltoken .\naccording to the iucn, the gorilla gorilla species (western lowland gorillas and cross river gorillas) is critically endangered, with a population reduction of more than 80 percent over three generations (a generation is about 22 years). it is unknown exactly how many of these gorillas are left. the wwf estimates that there are about 100, 000 lowland gorillas still in existence .\n“less than an estimated 300 survive in approximately nine sites spread across an area of about 12, 000km2, ” according to a revised regional action plan for the conservation of the cross river gorilla prepared by local and international forestry and wildlife conservation agencies, spearheaded by the wildlife conservation society, nigeria .\nthe world wildlife fund (wwf) is working with the governments of cameroon and nigeria to create a protected area for the cross river gorilla that spans the border of these two nations. wwf has established ranger posts within this area, fitting these posts with communication equipment for anti - poaching staff .\nbergl, r. a. , bradley, b. j. , nsubuga, a. and vigilant, l. 2008. effects of habitat fragmentation, population size and demographic history on genetic diversity: the cross river gorilla in a comparative context. american journal of primatology 70: 848–859 .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2005 october 4. primate factsheets: gorilla (gorilla) conservation. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 11 .\nwill have on the long term viability of cross river gorillas. but, given that this bottleneck occurred so recently, it is possible that if the population was allowed to expand the loss of diversity could be stopped .\neastern lowland gorilla numbers have rapidly declined to below 5, 000 today. critically endangered, there are fewer than 300 cross river gorillas. mountain gorillas, another endangered subspecies, number at around 700. a recent survey has shown that there are around 150, 000 - 200, 000 western lowland gorillas .\n​ conservation status and threats the cross river gorilla is classified as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), appearing on the iucn red list of threatened species. this highest threat level means that cross river gorilla joins all gorilla subspecies in facing an “extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ” once hunted to near extinction by locals, habitat loss is now the looming threat to the survival of cross river gorillas. lush forests have been razed and transformed for agriculture, cattle grazing, and the creation of logging roads. civil unrest has also impacted the small population of gorillas. and even though the hunting of gorillas is illegal in cameroon and nigeria, the gorillas are vulnerable to poaching. inbreeding and the transmission of human diseases, specifically the ebola virus, also threaten this great ape’s survival. today, the cross river gorilla is considered one of the 25 most endangered animals on the planet. the subspecies’ habitat is considered a biodiversity “hot spot, ” meaning that the region is home to a diverse number of species who live nowhere else in the world. forest buffalo, forest elephants, other primates, birds, butterflies, and certain amphibians live in this threatened and diminished habitat. ​" ]

{ "text": [ "the cross river gorilla ( gorilla gorilla diehli ) is a subspecies of the western gorilla ( gorilla gorilla ) .", "it was named a new species in 1904 by paul matschie , a mammalian taxonomist working at the humboldt university zoological museum in berlin , but its populations were not systematically surveyed until 1987 .", "it is the most western and northern form of gorilla , and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the cameroon-nigeria border region at the headwaters of the cross river ( nigeria ) .", "it is separated by about 300 km from the nearest population of western lowland gorillas ( gorilla gorilla gorilla ) , and by around 250 km ( 160 mi ) from the gorilla population in the ebo forest of cameroon .", "estimates from 2014 suggest that fewer than 250 mature cross river gorillas remain , making them the world 's rarest great ape .", "groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12,000 km ² ( 4,600 sq mi ) range , though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range .", "this distribution is supported by genetic research , which has found evidence that many cross river gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals .", "in 2009 , the cross river gorilla was finally captured on professional video on a forested mountain in cameroon . " ], "topic": [ 4, 17, 13, 4, 17, 29, 6, 16 ] }

[ "the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) is a subspecies of the western gorilla (gorilla gorilla). it was named a new species in 1904 by paul matschie, a mammalian taxonomist working at the humboldt university zoological museum in berlin, but its populations were not systematically surveyed until 1987. it is the most western and northern form of gorilla, and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the cameroon-nigeria border region at the headwaters of the cross river (nigeria). it is separated by about 300 km from the nearest population of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and by around 250 km (160 mi) from the gorilla population in the ebo forest of cameroon. estimates from 2014 suggest that fewer than 250 mature cross river gorillas remain, making them the world's rarest great ape. groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12,000 km ² (4,600 sq mi) range, though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range. this distribution is supported by genetic research, which has found evidence that many cross river gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals. in 2009, the cross river gorilla was finally captured on professional video on a forested mountain in cameroon." ]

[ "), might be able to substitute for antarctic silverfish in the high antarctic marine food web. one possible candidate is\nantifreeze glycopeptides of the high - antarctic silverfish pleuragramma antarcticum (notothenioidei). - pubmed - ncbi\nthe antarctic silverfish is a small fish found in the cold waters of the antarctic, and only found in endless ocean: blue world .\nwhat’s missing? a sardine - sized fish called pleuragramma antarcticum, more commonly referred to as the antarctic silverfish .\nla mesa m, eastman jt (2012) antarctic silverfish: life strategies of a key species in the high - antarctic ecosystem. fish fish 13: 241–266\nthe antarctic silverfish is a species of fish from the oceans of antarctica. it is the one of the main prey items of several aquatic antarctic animals, including emperor penguins .\nlarge groups of antarctic silverfish can be found throughout most of the weddell sea and swimming around in the center of the iceberg cavern .\nthe antarctic silverfish: a keystone species in a changin... and millions of other books are available for amazon kindle. learn more\nthis chapter reviews what is known about the feeding of adult silverfish, what prey items make up the diet of adult silverfish and how the diet varies by fish size, geographic location and season. by “adult silverfish” we mean silverfish that are of a size where they are likely to have reached sexual maturity (greater than about 120 mm standard length) .\nla mesa m, piñones a, catalano b et al (2015) predicting early life connectivity of antarctic silverfish, an important forage species along the antarctic peninsula. fish oceanogr 24: 150–161\n). region ii also showed a virtual absence of silverfish during parker et al. (\nla mesa m, riginella e, mazzoldi c et al (2014) reproductive resilience of ice - dependent antarctic silverfish in a rapidly changing system along the western antarctic peninsula. mar ecol 36: 235–245\nmintenbeck k. , torres j. j. (2017) impact of climate change on the antarctic silverfish and its consequences for the antarctic ecosystem. in: vacchi m. , pisano e. , ghigliotti l. (eds) the antarctic silverfish: a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology, vol 3. springer, cham\nonce upon a time, as the story goes, antarctic silverfish swam by the thousands in places like arthur harbor at the northern end of the peninsula .\n, from the western antarctic peninsula. in: vacchi m, pisano e, ghigliotti l (eds) the antarctic silverfish. a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology 3. doi :\nantarctic silverfish, pleuragramma antarctica boulenger 1902 are the most abundant pelagic fish over the high - antarctic shelf and one of the main ecosystem links in southern ocean shelf ecosystems, where they are a key prey item for fish marine mammals and birds. consequently, information on the feeding ecology of silverfish forms an important component of research to understand the structure of antarctic shelf ecosystems .\nif the three hypotheses for absence of silverfish larvae in region ii stated in ross et al. (\nis still not fully understood. if the functional role of lipids in antarctic silverfish is exclusively restricted to buoyancy (see, e. g. maes et al .\nghigliotti l, gerasimchuk vv, kock h - k et al (2017b) reproductive strategies of the antarctic silverfish: known knowns, known unknowns and unknown unknowns. in: vacchi m, pisano e, ghigliotti l (eds) the antarctic silverfish. a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology 3. doi :\nashford j, zane l, torres jj, et al. (2017) population structure and life history connectivity of antarctic silverfish (pleuragramma antarctica) in the southern ocean. in: vacchi m, pisano e, ghigliotti l (eds) the antarctic silverfish. a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology 3. doi :\n). on the wap shelf, silverfish experience temperatures ranging from −2 to 2 °c (lancraft et al .\n). clearly, silverfish have exhibited up and down trends in population numbers on the wap throughout the holocene .\n. in: vacchi m, pisano e, ghigliotti l (eds) the antarctic silverfish. a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology 3. doi :\nand notothenioids in general. potentially altered prey availability and composition are considered, as is the possibility of increased competition from oceanic pelagics in warming shelf waters. the chapter concludes with observed changes in the wap shelf populations of silverfish, the importance of silverfish to the coastal antarctic and recommendations for future research .\nmartinson dg (2012) antarctic circumpolar current’s role in the antarctic ice system: an overview. palaeogeogr palaeoclimatol palaeoecol 335 - 336: 71–74\n) also found diatoms and tintinnids in the guts of young silverfish larvae, suggesting that omnivory in early life is another dietary option .\nla mesa, m. , riginella, e. , mazzoldi, c. , & ashford, j. (2015). reproductive resilience of ice‐dependent antarctic silverfish in a rapidly changing system along the western antarctic peninsula. marine ecology, 36 (2), 235 - 245 .\nmintenbeck, k. and torres, j. j. (2017): impact of climate change on the antarctic silverfish and its consequences for the antarctic ecosystem / m. vacchi, e. pisano and l. ghigliotti (editors), in: the antarctic silverfish: a keystone species in a changing ecosystem, advances in polar ecology, springer international publishing, isbn: 978 - 3 - 319 - 55891 - 2. doi: 10. 1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 55893 - 6\n) larval survey, which found no silverfish larvae in outer shelf or slope samples. though alluded to repeatedly (e. g. kellermann\n). in: vacchi m. , pisano e. , ghigliotti l. (eds) the antarctic silverfish: a keystone species in a changing ecosystem. advances in polar ecology, vol 3. springer, cham\n( pisces, notothenioidei) off the antarctic peninsula. polar biol 6: 111–119\nkock kh (1992) antarctic fish and fisheries. cambridge university press, cambridge\n) that can attain very high densities. for example, in the southern weddell sea the biomass of silverfish was estimated to be 1 ton km\ncite this article as: brasso rl, lang j, jones cd, polito mj (2014) ontogenetic niche expansion influences mercury exposure in the antarctic silverfish pleuragramma antarcticum. mar ecol prog ser 504: 253 - 263. urltoken\n), as e. g. in antarctic myctophid fish (donnelly et al .\n) is beyond their reach. thus, because of their pelagic distribution, silverfish are an important prey source for flighted seabirds (ainley et al .\nexperts in the field provide here unique insights into the evolutionary adaptation, eco - physiology, trophic ecology, reproductive and population ecology of the antarctic silverfish and provide new clues about its vulnerability in facing the challenges of the ongoing environmental changes .\nboulenger 1902, from the southern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula. polar biol 9: 205–212\npiñones a, hofmann ee, daly kl (2013a) modeling the remote and local connectivity of antarctic krill populations along the western antarctic peninsula. mar ecol prog ser 481: 69–92\n) on the western antarctic peninsula continental shelf. deep - sea res i 82: 17–31\novercast day in the western antarctic peninsula with a chinstrap penguin. photo by cecilia o’leary .\n. torres led a diverse team of biologists, oceanographers, geneticists and others to the region earlier this year to find out exactly what’s happened to the silverfish .\n) was highly discontinuous in early fall of 2010. the question is: what does a gap in a formerly continuous distribution mean for silverfish on the wap ?\n). since about 1950, climate records suggest a dichotomy in coastal climate between the western antarctic / bellingshausen sea region and the remainder of the antarctic coastal system (vaughan et al .\nthe crew of the research vessel nathaniel b. palmer prepares to deploy a net off the stern of the ship. the net is used to capture silverfish, an important species in the antarctic food web that appears to be vanishing along parts of the peninsula .\nfor prey in the high antarctic. however, on the west antarctic peninsula (wap) shelf, the neritic and oceanic communities overlap, resulting in a mixed pelagic community (donnelly and torres\non the antarctic fast ice edge in late winter and early spring. polar biol 6: 187–188\nboulenger, 1902, from the southern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula. polar biol 9: 205–212\nøritsland t (1977) food consumption of seals in the antarctic pack ice. in: llano ga (ed) adaptations within antarctic ecosystems. smithsonian institution, washington, dc, pp 749–768\nexperimental studies on antarctic silverfish are extremely scarce due to its soft and fragile body structure, making the capture and cultivation of live specimens extremely difficult. some of the few successful experimental approaches include studies on the freezing resistance of eggs and larvae (cziko et al .\nkellermann a, kock kh (1988) patterns of spatial and temporal distribution and their variation in the early life stages of antarctic fish in the antarctic peninsula region. in: sahrhage d (ed) antarctic ocean and resources variability. springer, berlin / heidelberg / new york, pp 147–149\n’s pelagic lifestyle makes it a key diet component of coastal antarctic apex predators. the bottom fauna is inaccessible to many diving predators on the antarctic continental shelf because its typical 500 m depth (eastman\n) provide three lines of evidence that there is little connectivity between silverfish populations in the northernmost region at joinville island and the two southernmost regions at marguerite bay and charcot island .\n), what is happening to silverfish on the peninsula becomes a bit clearer. essentially, all three reasons for silverfish disappearance have converged in region ii, driven by the poleward movement of the acc. the increased landward influence of warm upper circumpolar deep water (ucdw) along the wap over the last two decades described by suprenand et al. (\nbritish antarctic survey (bas) is a component of the natural environment research council (nerc) .\n© copyright - the commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources 2018, all rights reserved .\neastman jt (1993) antarctic fish biology: evolution in a unique environment. academic, san diego\nkock kh, kellermann a (1991) reproduction in antarctic notothenioid fish. antarct sci 3: 125–150\nsomero gn, devries al (1967) temperature tolerance of some antarctic fishes. science 156: 257–258\nadélie penguins across parts of the northwestern antarctic peninsula don’t appear to be getting a balanced diet these days .\ndaniels ra (1982) feeding ecology of some fishes of the antarctic peninsula. fish bull 80: 575–588\nboulenger, 1902 from the antarctic indian ocean. ccamlr wg - fsa - 92 / 11, pp 47\nhureau jc (1994) the significance of fish in the marine antarctic ecosystems. polar biol 14: 307–313\nit’s been about 15 years since any significant numbers of silverfish were found in the adélie diet in the area around palmer station on arthur harbor, according to bill fraser, whose work in the region dates back to the 1970s and is part of the palmer long term ecological research program funded by the national science foundation (nsf). the nsf also funded the silverfish expedition .\nlarvae captured in antarctic peninsula waters based on length distributions of post - larvae captured in the plankton there. like the size at hatch, time of hatching is consistently in the november–december period in the three areas of the antarctic where data are available: the antarctic peninsula, and the ross and weddell seas (vacchi et al .\n) in the coastal antarctic. as for most species, it is assumed that mortality decreases with increasing size. multiple years of recruitment failure, or absence of spawning activity due to poor feeding conditions, coupled with a high natural mortality make silverfish particularly susceptible to local population extinctions (parker et al .\nthis small fish is an indispensable food source for seals, penguins and other animals in the antarctic .\nwilliams r (1985) trophic relationship between pelagic fish and euphausiids in antarctic waters. in: siegfried wr, condy pr, law rm (eds) antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. springer, berlin, pp 452–459\n( pisces: nototheniidae) to pelagic life in high - antarctic waters. mar ecol prog ser 151: 205–218\n( pisces, notothenioidei) in the seasonal pack ice zone of the antarctic peninsula. polar biol 7: 307–315\nthe wap shelf provides a natural experiment, or model system, for examining the effects of climate change on silverfish. the major changes observed in the wap system due to rapid regional warming include :\n). unlike most notothenioids, which are associated with the benthos as adults, silverfish are found in the midwaters over the continental shelf from the surface to 500 m, and deeper in coastal canyons .\nantarctic silverfish (pleuragramma antarcticum) were sampled during a trawl survey in the ross sea, antarctica. biological data, including fish length, weight, sex, gonad maturity, liver weight and diet analysis were collected from 311 specimens. standard length and weight were well correlated (r 2 = 0. 99) .\n. in: llano ga (ed) adaptations within antarctic ecosystems. smithsonian institution, washington, dc, pp 557–567\n). regional warming and loss of annual sea ice is far more pronounced in the wap than the coastal ross and weddell seas or the eastern antarctic, which have remained cooler, retaining their high antarctic character (vaughan et al .\ndaniels ra (1982) feeding ecology of some fishes of the antarctic peninsula. fish b noaa us 80: 575–588\n. in: llano ga (ed) adaptations within antarctic ecosystems. smithsonian institution, washington, dc, pp 557–568\nhofmann ee, klinck jm, lascara cm et al (1996) water mass distribution and circulation west of the antarctic peninsula and including bransfield strait. in: ross rm, hofmann ee, quetin lb (eds) foundations for ecological research west of the antarctic peninsula, antarctic research series, vol 70. american geophysical union, washington, dc, pp 61–80\ndaniels ra, lipps jh (1982) distribution and ecology of fishes of the antarctic peninsula. j biogeogr 9: 1–9\nan alternate hypothesis to the continuous replenishment of wap silverfish populations by larvae from distant sources is that reproduction has been occurring in local populations on the wap shelf, supplementing the larvae supplied by advection (parker et al .\nbased on the preliminary results of the net tows and diet samples, fraser said, “i think we can pretty substantially confirm that the silverfish have, in fact, disappeared from a very specific region of the antarctic peninsula, which happens to be the region that has experienced the most rapid winter sea ice loss over the last three decades. ”\nkellermann a, schadwinkel s (1991) winter aspects of the ichthyoplankton community in antarctic peninsula waters. polar biol 11: 117–127\npublication date 2017 copyright date 2017 note description based upon print version of record. reproduction electronic reproduction. ipswich, ma available via world wide web. available in another form original antarctic silverfish. cham, switzerland: this springer imprint is published by springer nature, [ 2017 ] (9783319558912) isbn 9783319558936 electronic book 3319558935 electronic book 9783319558912 hardback 3319558919 hardback\nkellermann ak (1996) midwater fish ecology. in: ross rm, hofmann ee, quetin lb (eds) foundations for ecological research west of the antarctic peninsula, antarctic research series, vol 70. american geophysical union, washington, dc, pp 231–256\nbut the story is more complicated — and possibly grimmer — than the scientists first suspected. while they found antarctic silverfish in the south, they saw fish dominated by only one age class, a cohort they estimate to be about 9 or 10 years old. the absence of a younger age class, a new generation, is worrisome, according to torres .\nainley dg, fraser wr, sullivan cw et al (1986) antarctic pack ice structures mesopelagic nektonic communities. science 232: 847–849\ndonnelly j, torres jj, hopkins tl et al (1990) proximate composition of antarctic mesopelagic fishes. mar biol 106: 13–23\nfrom marguerite bay and charcot island are part of one contiguous population. a separate population of silverfish was found at joinville island using the same techniques. results of those studies coupled with the fish distributions observed in parker et al. (\nschnack - schiel s (2001) aspects of the study of the life cycles of antarctic copepods. hydrobiologia 453 (454): 9–24\n). vast areas west of the antarctic peninsula are covered by low salinity water (33. 4–33. 6‰; moline et al .\nzwally hj, comiso jc, parkinson cl et al (2002) variability of antarctic sea ice 1979–1988. j geophys res 107: c5–3041\njones c, brooks c, detrich hw iii et al (2006) demersal finfish survey of the northern antarctic peninsula - amlr 2005 / 2006 field season report. noaa - tm - nmfs - swfsc - 397, southwest fisheries science center - antarctic ecosystem research division, la jolla\nmintenbeck k (2008) trophic interactions within high antarctic shelf communities – foodweb structure and the significance of fish. phd thesis, university of bremen\neverson i (1984) marine zooplankton. in: laws rm (ed) antarctic ecology, vol 2. academic, london, pp 463–490\nloeb v, kellermann a, koubbi p et al (1993) antarctic larval fish assemblages: a review. bull mar sci 53: 416–449\npriscu, j. c. (2016). unraveling ecosystem responses to climate change on the antarctic continent through long - term ecological research .\nreinhardt sb, van vleet es (1986) lipid composition of twenty - two species of antarctic midwater zooplankton and fish. mar biol 91: 149–159\n). in the larval - pump hypothesis, larvae originating in the weddell sea, notably in larsen bay, are transported from the weddell sea via the weddell gyre / antarctic peninsula coastal current (apcc) as it flows through the antarctic sound and as it bends around joinville island (fig .\nturner j, colwell sr, marshall gj et al (2005) antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. int j climatol 25: 279–294\nvaughan d, marshall gj, connolley wm et al (2003) recent rapid regional climate warming on the antarctic peninsula. clim chang 60: 243–274\nweatherley j, walsh j, zwally hj (1991) antarctic sea ice variability and seasonal air - temperature relationships. j geophys res 96: 15119–15130\nlike other parts of the polar food web — such as adélie penguins and shrimp - like krill — the silverfish rely on sea ice for parts of their lifecycle. for example, the sea ice offers cover when the eggs hatch in november, torres noted .\nsilverfish were captured at joinville island in region i, marguerite bay in region iii, and in the vicinity of charcot island in region iv. one fish was captured in croker passage, an area in region ii where they were formerly abundant (88 individuals 10\n“what we wanted to do was contrast the different regions in terms of how many silverfish they had and what the diet of the penguins there was like, ” torres explained. “we were curious if the penguin diets reflected what the community was like out there. ”\n) observed an age at maturity of 4–5 years for silverfish of 13–16 cm in the mawson sea. however, all studies reporting a size at sexual maturity consistently place it at 13–16 cm, which in at least three studies of length at age (hubold and tomo\ncziko pa, evans cw, cheng chc et al (2006) freezing resistance of antifreeze - deficient larval antarctic fish. j exp biol 209: 407–420\ndonnelly j, torres jj, hopkins tl et al (1994) chemical composition of antarctic zooplankton during austral fall and winter. polar biol 14: 171–183\n. in: siegfried wr, condy pr, laws rm (eds) antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. springer, berlin / heidelberg, pp 445–451\ndon’t reach their juvenile “silverfish” appearance until in their third year (ac 2 +) of life at lengths of 60–90 mm. as they grow larger, their diet shifts, their vertical distribution deepens and their eye diameter as a percentage of body size grows larger (hubold\nbottino nr (1974) the fatty acids of antarctic phytoplankton and euphausiids. fatty acid exchange among trophic levels of the ross sea. mar biol 27: 197–204\nfuiman l, davis r, williams t (2002) behaviour of midwater fishes under the antarctic ice: observations by a predator. mar biol 140: 815–822\nin the upper 500 m) on the western antarctic peninsula shelf in the austral fall of 2010. results from 32 trawls (data from parker et al .\nin the coastal system. currently, its lack of antifreeze proteins physiologically exclude it from the ice - shelf waters of the antarctic coast (cullins et al .\nducklow hw, baker k, martinson dg et al (2007) marine pelagic ecosystems: the west antarctic peninsula. phil trans r soc b 362: 67–94\nlowry lf, testa jw, calvert w (1988) notes on winter feeding of crabeater and leopard seals near the antarctic peninsula. polar biol 8: 475–478\nmartinson dg, stammerjohn se, iannuzzi ra et al (2008) western antarctic peninsula physical oceanography and spatio–temporal variability. deep - sea res ii 55: 1964–1987\nseebacher f, davison w, lowe cj et al (2005) falsification of the thermal specialization for elevated temperatures in antarctic fishes. biol lett 1: 151–154\nfour times between 1977 and 1983 (approximately 1, 000 t per year). due to the prominent role of this species in the antarctic ecosystem food web, any attempts to exploit this fish species in the future will be cautiously approached according to the ccamlr (convention for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources) rules .\nhagen w, kattner g, friedrich c (2000) the lipid compositions of high - antarctic notothenioid fish species with different life strategies. polar biol 23: 785–791\ntakahashi m, nemoto t (1984) the food of some antarctic fish in the western ross sea in summer 1979. polar biol 3 (4): 237–239\ndistribution, abundance, and general biology come from three areas of the coastal antarctic: the weddell and ross seas, and the wap shelf. the coastal weddell and ross seas may be characterized as high antarctic, with an isothermal water column on the shelf predominantly composed of −2 °c ice - shelf waters (gordon et al .\nlipsky jd (2006) amlr 2005 / 2006 field season report. noaa - tm - nmfs - swfsc - 397, southwest fisheries science center antarctic ecosystem research division\nmintenbeck k (2008) trophic interactions within high antarctic shelf communities – food web structure and the significance of fish. dissertation thesis, university of bremen, germany .\nmoffat c, beardsley rc, owens b et al (2008) a first description of the antarctic peninsula coastal current. deep - sea res ii 55: 277–293\nsavidge dk, amft ja (2009) circulation on the west antarctic peninsula derived from 6 years of shipboard adcp transects. deep - sea res i 56: 1633–1655\ns absence from region ii reflects an absence in recruitment of young fish accompanied by attrition in the older size classes due to predation or migration. in the late 1980s, larval silverfish showed an abrupt and persistent drop in numbers in the northern mid - peninsula region (region ii) (kellermann\ngenerally, when discussing ice in the antarctic, we are talking about 3 types of ice: sea ice, ice shelves, and the ice sheet (land ice). we know that the arctic has decreasing ice cover. the antarctic, on the other hand, sends a much more mixed message. the general trend is that antarctic sea ice is increasing and land / ice and ice shelves are decreasing (to learn more about this go here scripps glaciology group or here the gonzo scientist) .\npakhomov ea (1997) feeding and exploitation of the food supply by demersal fishes in the antarctic part of the indian ocean. j ichthyol 37 (5): 360–380\nmintenbeck k, barrera - oro er, brey t et al (2012) impact of climate change on fish in complex antarctic ecosystems. adv ecol res 46: 351–426\n) during warm periods of the wap’s environmental history. abandoned rookeries of marguerite bay (region iii) showed an identical trend in a study encompassing 6000 years of paleohistory (6000 years bp to modern), with diets shifting from primarily silverfish in cooler periods to squid in warmer (emslie and mcdaniel\nsomething similar may be expected in the long run for the southern ocean. if climate change proceeds and extends towards other regions of the coastal antarctic, it is very likely that\ndierssen hm, smith rc, vernet m (2002) glacial meltwater dynamics in coastal waters west of the antarctic peninsula. proc natl acad sci u s a 99: 1790–1795\nemslie sd, mcdaniel jd (2002) adélie penguin diet and climate change during the middle to late holocene in northern marguerite bay, antarctic peninsula. polar biol 25: 222–229\npiñones a, hofmann ee, dinniman ms (2011) lagrangian simulation of transport pathways and residence times along the western antarctic peninsula. deep - sea res ii 58: 1524–1539\nthe environmental alterations off the antarctic peninsula are causing significant spatiotemporal changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure. recurrent shifts are observed from large diatoms to small cryptophytes (moline et al .\ndonnelly j, torres jj (2008) pelagic fishes in the marguerite bay region of the west antarctic peninsula continental shelf. deep - sea res ii top stud oceanogr 55: 523–539\nmeredith mp, king jc (2005) rapid climate change in the ocean west of the antarctic peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. geophys res lett 32: l19604\nruck ke, steinberg dk, canuel ea (2014) regional differences in quality of krill and fish as prey along the western antarctic peninsula. mar ecol prog ser 509: 39–55\nsuprenand pm, jones dl, torres jj (2015) distribution of gymnosomatous pteropods in western antarctic peninsula shelf waters: influences of southern ocean water masses. polar rec 51: 58–71\nthe standard lengths of the sampled antarctic silverfish ranged from 4. 6 to 22. 9 cm. pronounced modes in the length - frequency distribution occurred at 7. 1–7. 5, 10. 6–11. 0 and 15. 1–15. 5 cm. mean lengths of 4. 9 and 7. 3 cm (at ages 1. 3 and 2. 3 years respectively) are consistent with those presented in the literature. the age - frequency distribution exhibited a mode from age 6 to 9 years .\nfanta e (1999) laboratory tests on feeding interactions and food preferences of some antarctic fish from admiralty bay, king george island, south shetland islands. polish polar res 20: 335–346\nlancraft tm, torres jj, hopkins tl (1989) micronekton and macrozooplankton in the open waters near antarctic ice edge zones (ameriez 1983 and 1986). polar biol 9: 225–233\nfalk - petersen s, hagen w, kattner g et al (2000) lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in arctic and antarctic krill. can j fish aquat sci 57: 178–191\n, is facing now and likely to face in the immediate future. the western antarctic peninsula (wap) shelf, currently the most rapidly warming region on the planet (vaughan et al .\nin vast areas around the antarctic continent an oceanic, offshore pelagic fish community and a neritic pelagic fish community are readily distinguished (e. g. in the weddell and ross seas; dewitt\nemslie sd, fraser w, smith rc et al (1998) abandoned penguin colonies and environmental change in the palmer station area, anvers island, antarctic peninsula. antarct sci 10: 257–268\nloeb v, siegel v, holm - hansen o et al (1997) effects of sea - ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the antarctic food web. nature 387: 897–900\nmoline ma, claustre h, frazer tk et al (2004) alteration of the food web along the antarctic peninsula in response to a regional warming trend. glob change biol 10: 1973–1980\nin fact, the only bright spot was around joinville island in the extreme north, where currents from the weddell sea bring in new silverfish from the still healthy populations on the eastern side of the peninsula. but thickening sea ice and blustery weather that dropped the wind chill to minus 50 degrees centigrade made for challenging working conditions there .\nainley dg, fraser wr, smith wo jr et al (1991) the structure of upper level pelagic food webs in the antarctic: effects of phytoplankton distribution. j mar syst 2: 111–122\nparker ml, fraser wr, ashford j et al (2015) assemblages of micronektonic fishes and invertebrates in a gradient of regional warming along the western antarctic peninsula. j marine syst 152: 18–41\non the other hand, silverfish still account for a substantial part of the the penguin diet for birds at charcot and avian island to the south. while still awaiting more definitive analysis, fraser said he estimated that pleuragramma made up about half of the meals for birds on avian and upwards of 80 percent for the most southerly adélies at charcot .\nthey found silverfish where they expected to find them — in the south, where sea ice and a colder climate persist. they didn’t find them where they expected not to find them — around palmer station farther to the north, where ambient winter temperatures are up about 6. 5 degrees celsius since the 1950s and sea ice is a fading memory .\nhas a circumantarctic distribution which includes the weddell sea, bellingshausen, ross sea, davis sea, oates, adelie, wilhelm, prydz bay, antarctic peninsula, south shetland and the south orkney islands .\ndewitt hh (1970) the character of the midwater fish fauna of the ross sea, antarctica. in: holdgate mw (ed) antarctic ecology, vol 1. academic, london, pp 305–314\ndinniman ms, klinck jm, hofmann ee (2012) sensitivity of circumpolar deep water transport and ice shelf basal melt along the west antarctic peninsula to changes in the winds. j clim 25: 4799–4816\n( 1998) describe it as the most dominant pelagic fish in the high antarctic. it represents about 98% of the total nototheniid ichthyoplankton of the weddell sea (keller 1983). the overwhelming dominance of\nsouthern ocean: antarctic peninsula, south shetland, elephant, south orkney islands, weddell, bellingshausen, ross and davis seas, oates, adélie, wilhelm and other coasts of east antarctica to prydz bay .\n; mintenbeck and knust unpublished data). this key species in the high antarctic food web is threatened by climate change on several levels, making a reduction in its population density probable in the long run .\ncastellini ma, davis rw, davis m et al (1984) antarctic marine life under the mcmurdo ice shelf at white island: a link between nutrient influx and seal population. polar biol 2: 229–231\n( nototheniidae) in the southern weddell sea. in: battaglia b, valencia j, walton dwh (eds) antarctic communities: species, structure and survival. cambridge university press, cambridge, pp 277–283\nlancraft tm, hopkins tl, torres jj et al (1991) oceanic micronektonic / macrozooplanktonic community structure and feeding in ice covered antarctic waters during the winter (ameriez 1988). polar biol 91: 157–167\nross rm, quetin lb, newberger t et al (2014) trends, cycles, interannual variability for three pelagic species west of the antarctic peninsula 1993 - 2008. mar ecol prog ser 515: 11–32\ntorres jj, aarset av, donnelly j et al (1994) metabolism of antarctic micronektonic crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season. mar ecol - prog ser 113 (3): 207–219\n) found vast areas west of the antarctic peninsula covered by low salinity water (33. 4–33. 6‰), and the melt water plume extended to depths as great as 50 m (dierssen et al .\n), and in favorable conditions are capable of reproducing yearly after maturity, though skip spawning is also possible. young larvae are primarily distributed in the upper 100 m. dispersal of silverfish is considered to be maximal in the first 2 years of life. center of distribution deepens as the fish age. fish exhibit vertical migrations as juveniles and adults (lancraft et al .\nauthor (s): authors: koubbi, philippe, grant, susie, ramm, david, vacchi, marino, ghigliotti, laura, pisano, eva editors: vacchi, marino, pisano, eva, ghigliotti, laura on this site: susie grant date: 1 january, 2017 journal / source: in: vacchi, marino, pisano, eva, ghigliotti, laura (eds .). the antarctic silverfish: a keystone species in a changing ecosystem, springer, 287 - 305. page (s): 287 - 305 digital object identifier (doi): urltoken\n( pisces: nototheniidae) from the southern weddell sea. in: battaglia b, valencia j, walton dwh (eds) antarctic communities: species, structures and survival. cambridge university press, cambridge, pp 277–283\nstammerjohn se, martinson dg, smith rc et al (2008a) sea ice in the western antarctic peninsula region: spatio - temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives. deep - sea res ii 55: 2041–2058\nhelmholtz research programs > paces ii (2014 - 2018) > topic 1: changes and regional feedbacks in arctic and antarctic > wp 1. 6: large scale variability and change in polar benthic biota and ecosystem functions\nthe scientists used two methods to search for the disappearing silverfish. they towed nets from the ship along the relatively shallow waters of the continental shelf near where penguin colonies forage for food. and fraser’s seabird researchers visited key penguin colonies on various islands. they examined the stomach contents of nearly 60 birds, as well as attached satellite tags on some penguins to monitor their foraging habits .\nloeb v, asato l, brooks c et al (2006) net sampling – amlr 2005 / 2006 field season report. noaa - tm - nmfs - swfsc - 397, southwest fisheries science center antarctic ecosystem research division\nwöhrmann apa (1998) aspects of eco - physiological adaptations in antarctic fish. in: di prisco g, pisano e, clarke a (eds) fishes of antarctica. a biological overview. springer, milano, pp 119–128\nhubold g (1990) seasonal patterns of ichthyoplankton distribution and abundance in the southern weddell sea. in: kerry kr, hempel g (eds) antarctic ecosystems. ecological change and conservation. springer, berlin / heidelberg, pp 149–158\nhelmholtz programs > helmholtz research programs > paces ii (2014 - 2018) > topic 1: changes and regional feedbacks in arctic and antarctic > wp 1. 6: large scale variability and change in polar benthic biota and ecosystem functions\nlarvae were captured on the slope or outer shelf from 1993–2008, ruling out any input from the bellingshausen via the antarctic circumpolar current (acc). similarly, in samples from the anvers island region (region ii of parker et al .\nstammerjohn se, martinson dg, smith rc et al (2008b) trends in antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to el nino - southern oscillation and southern annular mode variability. j geophys res – oceans 113: 1978–2012\n). its wide - ranging distribution and the vast size of the antarctic continent means that the species experiences climate diversity within its natural range. overall, the temperatures at which it is found range from −2 to 4 °c (gordon et al .\n), with the warmest in islands of the scotia arc and the coldest in all coastal regions of the antarctic continent outside of the wap shelf, where it encounters temperatures of −2 to 2 °c over the course of the year (gordon et al .\nwhether such a loss can be replaced within the food web by, e. g. , invading myctophid fish or demersal notothenioid fish remains to be seen. demersal notothenioids also contribute to the diet of antarctic warm - blooded animals (casaux et al .\ncounts of growth zones in 304 thin - sectioned otoliths were used to estimate ages and von bertalanffy growth parameters. the species is relatively slow - growing with a moderate longevity; the maximum estimated age was 14. 3 years. von bertalanffy parameters derived for both sexes combined are: l ∞ 22. 1 cm sl; k 0. 167 y –1; t 0 –0. 4 years. parameter estimates were also derived for the sexes separately. female antarctic silverfish appear to reach a larger size than males, but none of the estimated von bertalanffy parameters were statistically significantly different between sexes. all parameter estimates are preliminary as the ageing method is unvalidated and about two - thirds of the sampled fish could not be sexed .\nhas been extensively sampled on the wap shelf as part of large multi - investigator programs and smaller individual efforts, providing a historical record of its larval and adult distribution since 1976 that is unique in the antarctic system. taken together, the historical information confirmed a continuous distribution of\n). the absence of myctophid fish in other coastal antarctic regions where cold (−2 °c) and less saline ice shelf water prevails (e. g. ross and weddell seas), is explained by the absence of antifreeze glycoproteins (afgps) in the oceanic species (cullins et al .\nforms a major part of the diet of most large antarctic predators. this species is an important part of the cryopelagic feeding community (hureau 1994). it is very slow growing and takes considerable time to reach maturity. considering its importance, a significant decline in population numbers could have severe ecological ramifications .\nin the antarctic system, the regional climatic differences it presently faces, and the challenges they present. life history tactics are summarized and evaluated for vulnerabilities to the evolving physical and biotic environment of a changing climate. physiological responses to changing seasonal temperatures and salinity fields are considered within the context of what is known about\n) points to regional warming and its effects on seasonal sea ice dynamics as an important element in the species’ absence in region ii. phenology of reproduction in the local silverfish population may have been disrupted by early ice retreat, resulting in the absence of a sea ice refugium prior to hatching, with an accompanying change in predation pressure and altered prey spectrum for larvae, resulting in multiple years of poor local recruitment. it is highly likely that a local breeding population formerly existed in region ii, but that it is no longer present, either due to attrition or migration .\nslósarczyk w (1986) attempts at a quantitative estimate by trawl sampling of distribution of postlarval and juvenile notothenioids (pisces, perciformes) in relation to environmental conditions in the antarctic peninsula region during sibex 1983–84. in: hoshiai t, nemoto t, naito y (eds) proceedings of the seventh symposium on polar biology, pp 299–315\nmost effects of the increasing temperature associated with climate change will be indirect ones, as temperatures will not increase to the point where they are physiologically life - threatening in the short term. a recent survey of pleuragramma distribution on the wap shelf revealed a large break in its historical distribution in shelf waters, suggesting a collapse in the local population of silverfish there. the break occurred in the area that has been most heavily impacted by rapid regional warming: the northern mid - shelf including anvers and renaud island. it may be that the multi - faceted effects of climate change are already at work in its local disappearance .\nis regarded as the only truly pelagic fish species in antarctic waters. specimens have been collected over mud and sandy mud bottoms, however the morphometrics of this species indicates that it does not feed on the benthos. this species has a depth range of 0 - 728 m, with the larvae and postlarvae occurring at a depth range of 0 - 135 m; juveniles at 50 - 400 m and adults are found at depths below 400 m. all of this vertical distribution is throughout the antarctic continental shelf (o. gon pers. comm. 2009). this species predominantly feeds on krill and copepods, however amphipods, euphausiids, molluscs, polychaetes, chaetognaths and ostracods are also part of its diet .\nhas been assessed as least concern. this species has no major threats acting against it at present, and it has been reported to be the most dominant pelagic fish species in areas of its broad distribution. because this species plays an important role in the antarctic ecosystem food web, continued monitoring of the population numbers is needed. it is not commercially harvested .\n). though each system has experienced either the calving of massive icebergs (b - 15, c - 16 in the ross sea) or the break - up of ice shelves (larsen and filchner ice shelves in the weddell sea) within their respective embayments, each has retained a high antarctic water column and a minimal reduction in annual sea ice days (smith et al .\nfrom 2001 - 2002, two climate cycles have interacted to result in melting glaciers, thinning lake ice and sea ice: the southern annular mode (sam) and the el niño southern oscillation (enso). sam is a belt of westerly winds that move around antarctica that can vary on time - scales of weeks to years. this variation influences the strength and position of cold fronts. enso is variation in the winds and sea surface temperature over the tropical eastern pacific ocean, which in turn can influence precipitation and ocean circulation around antarctica (carleton 2003). two groups of scientists in the antarctic based at palmer station antarctica long term ecological research sites (lters) are looking at ways that these two climate cycles and extent of sea ice influence marine ecology and the antarctic food web .\n) lists the principal life history traits as: size at birth, growth pattern, size at maturity, age at maturity, number, size, and sex - ratio of offspring, age and size - specific reproductive investments, age and size - specific mortality schedules, and length of life. data collected in the ross and weddell seas as well as in the waters of the antarctic peninsula provide valuable information on a number of\n). the regimes, designated as peninsular regions, were delineated as follows. region i comprised the northern peninsula including joinville island, antarctic sound, and the bransfield strait. it is strongly influenced by cold - water flow from the weddell sea. region ii was the northern mid - peninsula, including anvers island and the biscoe islands community where regional warming has produced a marked decline in spring (november) sea ice (ducklow et al .\n). a long life coupled with reproductive maturity at about the halfway point allows the fish multiple opportunities (7–8 years at minimum) for successful reproduction, a valuable attribute in an environment that is highly variable even without the added uncertainties of climate change. a long life thus may be considered a strength rather than a vulnerability in a high antarctic climate pattern. if a warming environment results in direct competition for a limiting resource (lancraft et al .\n) and into the eastern bransfield strait, eventually proceeding south with the apcc. larvae originating in the other hypothetical spawning site, the continental bellingshausen south of the peninsula, would be transported northeast in the upper 100 m of the antarctic circumpolar current (acc), merging with the general northeasterly flow at the shelf break along the peninsula, and making their way further inshore via the cross - shelf gyral flows in the vicinity of alexander island, renaud island, and the southern bransfield strait (fig .\nregarded as the only truly pelagic fish in antarctic waters (ref. 6390). larvae and postlarvae occur between 0 to 135 m; juveniles 50 to 400 and adults below 400 m (ref. 5179). postlarvae feed mainly on eggs and larvae of copepods; juveniles mainly on copepods, but take also eggs and larvae of euphausiids, polychaetes and chaetognaths (ref. 5179). larger items are ingested with increase in size (ref. 5179). larval pelagic phase is long (ref. 28916) .\n( a) annual average air temperature recorded at faraday / vernadsky station (65°15′ s, 64°16′ w) from 1951 to 2004. the linear regression fit (solid) and ±1 standard deviation (dotted) about the fit are included. annual average air temperature recorded at rothera station (67°34′ s, 68°08′ w) from 1977 to 2004 is shown by the dotted curve. the standard error and significance were determined using the effective degrees of freedom (n eff = 24. 8) present in the regression residuals. also included are the ±1 standard deviation lines (dotted). (b) annual average sea ice extent for the palmer lter region and for the southern ocean (inset) from 1979 to 2004. the linear regression fit (solid) and ±1 sd (dotted) about the fit are included. spatial maps of linear trends (1979–2004) in (c) day of advance and (d) day of retreat in the greater ap region (from ducklow et al. , marine pelagic ecosystems: the west antarctic peninsula, philosphical transactions b, 2007, vol 362, issue n. 1477, fig. 2, page 69, by permission of the royal society )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe scientists traveled aboard the research vessel nathaniel b. palmer, steaming about 1, 200 kilometers along the western side of the peninsula, starting south at charcot island to the northern tip at joinville island, stopping at several key penguin colonies along the way .\nwithout it, he added, “the larvae are exposed to predation in the open water. ”\n“it tells me that the population isn’t getting any new recruits, ” he said. “what we’re looking at is a population that is not a healthy one. ”\n“the ocean was freezing too fast. we were really limited in terms of what we could do and where we could go, ” fraser said .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , smith, j. & livingston, f .\nis well documented in the ross sea and weddell sea, accounting for over 90% of the local fish community in number and biomass (dewitt 1970, hubold and ekau 1987). abundances of postlarvae reach as high as 27, 075 specimens per 100 m\nmay also switch to cannibalism in the absence of an adequate food supply. this species inhabits both open waters and areas of pack ice in mid - water .\n. at present this species is not commercially exploited. the former soviet union has reported catches of\nlarvae and juveniles are captured as by - catch in krill fisheries, but this is not considered a major threat (o. gon pers. comm. 2009)." ]

{ "text": [ "pleuragramma antarcticum , the antarctic silverfish , is a species of cod icefish native to the southern ocean .", "pleuragramma antarcticum is a keystone species in the ecosystem of the southern ocean .", "while widely distributed around the antarctic , the species appears to have largely disappeared from the western side of the northern antarctic peninsula , based on a 2010 research cruise funded by the national science foundation under the us antarctic program . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 17 ] }

[ "pleuragramma antarcticum, the antarctic silverfish, is a species of cod icefish native to the southern ocean. pleuragramma antarcticum is a keystone species in the ecosystem of the southern ocean. while widely distributed around the antarctic, the species appears to have largely disappeared from the western side of the northern antarctic peninsula, based on a 2010 research cruise funded by the national science foundation under the us antarctic program." ]

[ "danilia weberi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae .\nid: 292623 original name: danilia _ weberi. jpg size 604x750 - 90946 bytes image manager: jan delsing directory: 2235 created: 2016 - 05 - 19 18: 30: 25 - user jan delsing url: urltoken text function: [ [ i: 292623; image ] ], [ [ it: 292623 ] ] (thumbnail )\nvilvens c. & héros v. 2005. new species and new records of danilia (gastropoda: chilodontidae) from the western pacific. novapex 6 (3): 53 - 64, available online at urltoken [ details ]\nseries title also at head of t. - p issued in six parts, each part having separate title - page, but continuous paging each plate preceded by leaf with descriptive letterpress v. 4 - 6 bound together pt. 1. rhipidoglossa and docoglossa - - pt. 2. taenioglossa and ptenoglossa - - pt. 3. gymnologossa - - pt. 4. rachiglossa - - pt. 5 toxoglossa - - pt. 6. pulmonata and opisthobranchia tectibranchiata, tribe bullomorpha of the siboga expedition extracted picklist moll. copy 39088005921192 consists of pts 1 - 4 in 1 vol moll. copy 39088006365647 consists of pts 4 - 6 in 1 vol\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image is also available in higher resolution: 292623. jpg (653x810 - 185 kb) .\ndetermination author: schepman, m. m. [ determination history and verification ]\nindonesia, schepman, 1908. the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part i: rhipidoglossa and docoglossa. (original figure )\nfor every image in gallery, either accepted or unconfirmed, you can add, change or verify determination (identification), or write comments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nbrusina s. (1865). conchiglie dalmate inedite. verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanisch gesellschaft in wien 15: 3 - 42, available online at urltoken page (s): 25 [ details ]\n( of heliciella o. g. costa, 1861) costa, o. g. (1861). microdoride mediterranea; o, descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo, pel professore o. g. costa. tomo primo. con tredici tavole. i - xviii, 1 - 80. stamperia dell' iride, napoli. , available online at urltoken page (s): 63 [ details ]\nherbert d. g. (2012) a revision of the chilodontidae (gastropoda: vetigastropoda: seguenzioidea) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean. african invertebrates, 53 (2): 381–502. [ 6 november 2012 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of olivia cantraine, 1835) herbert d. g. (2012) a revision of the chilodontidae (gastropoda: vetigastropoda: seguenzioidea) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean. african invertebrates, 53 (2): 381–502. [ 6 november 2012 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of craspedotus philippi, 1847) herbert d. g. (2012) a revision of the chilodontidae (gastropoda: vetigastropoda: seguenzioidea) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean. african invertebrates, 53 (2): 381–502. [ 6 november 2012 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of heliciella o. g. costa, 1861) dall w. h. 1927. note on the genera of costa' s microdoride. the nautilus, 40: 134. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmattheus marinus schepman (17 august 1847 – 19 november 1919) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] was a dutch malacologist. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] he was one of the foremost collectors of mollusc shells in the netherlands, and was also high on the overall list of european collectors. [ 5 ]\ndutch collectors developed an interest in natural history specimens that were collected on worldwide expeditions since the 16th century. an interest in conchology led to numerous shell publications. in 1934 the nederlandse malacologische vereniging (netherlands malacological society) was founded. in commemoration of its 75th anniversary, a book honoring in detail the work of mattheus schepman was published. [ 5 ]\nschepman was both a collector and a methodical scientist, which combination\nmade his collection of great value to the entire malacological community .\nhe was given the opportunity to study a collection by max carl wilhelm weber, director of the zoölogisch museum amsterdam (zma). many of the specimens he studied and collected were gathered by the siboga expedition. the expedition went to the indo - malaysian archipelago and investigated 322 sites. [ 5 ]\nschepman' s most significant work is reported in\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition\n. hm siboga was the transport ship for the eponymous\nsiboga expedition\n. published over five years and consisting of 494 pages, it covers 212 genera and 1, 467 species. [ 6 ] eduard von martens was involved in mollusk identification from the first expedition, and he\nprobably recommended schepman for the work on the second .\nin any event, schepman published seven volumes which described 2, 500 specimens, and 1, 235 shelled mollusc species ,\nmany new to science .\n[ 5 ]\nan important aspect of his work was his scientific collection of shells, a collection which was almost unprecedented in scope and breadth. eventually sold in 1920 to the zoological museum amsterdam for ƒ 7, 205, the collection consisted of 9, 000 species and 1, 250 genera of shelled freshwater, marine, and land molluscs. [ 5 ]\nschepman wrote over 62 malacological works. [ 5 ] they include: (incomplete )\nhorst r. & schepman m. m. (1908). catalogue systématique des mollusques (gastropodes prosobranches et polyplacophores). tome xiii. leiden .\nschepman m. m. (1908) .\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part i, rhipidoglossa and docoglossa, with an appendix by r. bergh\n. uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanografisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in nederlandsch oost - indië 1899–1900 aan boord h. m. siboga, monographie, e. j. brill, leyden, 49a: 107 pp. , 9 plates .\nschepman m. m. (1908) .\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part ii, taenioglossa and ptenoglossa\n. 49b: 108–231, 7 plates .\nschepman m. m. (1908) .\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part iii, gymnoglossa\n. 49c: 233–246, 1 plate .\nschepman m. m. (1911). the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition .\npart iv. rachiglossa\n. 49d: 247–364, 7 plates .\nschepman m. m. (1913) .\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part v toxoglossa .\n49e: 365–452, 6 plates .\nschepman m. m. (1913) .\nthe prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part vi, pulmonata and opisthobranhia tectibranchiata, tribe bullomorpha .\n49f: 453–494, 2 plates .\nschepman described and named a large number of taxa of molluscs, mostly species, especially species of marine gastropods. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] for example, in november 2012, the world register of marine species (worms) listed 182 valid marine taxa (181 marine gastropods, 1 marine bivalve) that were described by schepman. [ 7 ]\nschepman originally described about 450 taxa, including many turrids. [ 5 ] examples of the numerous taxa he named and described are in the following list (synonyms are not included) :\nin the center of this image is a well - camouflaged live individual of primovula roseomaculata, described and named by schepman in 1909. head end towards the top of the image; the red mantle is covering the shell entirely .\ncoan, eugene v. ; kabat, alan r. ; petit, richard e. (8 march 2012) .\n( 9th ed .): 1024 pp. + 76 pp. (annex of collations). american malacological society. archived from\nvan der bijl, a. n. ; moolenbeek, r. g. ; gould, j. (2010). mattheus marinus schepman (1847–1919) and his contributions to malacology. leiden: netherlands malacological society / nederlandse malacologische vereniging. p. 200. isbn 978 - 90 - 815230 - 11 .\nworms taxon search scientific name contains schepman, limit to accepted taxa, accessed 1 november 2012 .\nschepman m. m. (1886) .\nmollusca\n. in: veth p. (ed .) midden - sumatra. reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra - expeditie, 4: 1 - 18, plates 1 - 3 .\nschepman m. m. (1896) .\nzoological results of the dutch scientific expedition to central borneo. the mollusca of the dutch scientific borneo - expedition, with description of the new species\n. notes from the leyden museum 17: 145 - 162, plate 2 - 4 .\nschepman m. m. (1918) .\non a collection of land -, freshwater - and marine mollusca from northern new guinea\n. zoologische mededelingen 4: 1–21. pdf .\nschepman m. m. (1888) .\nzoological researches in liberia. list of mollusca, with descriptions of new species\n. notes from the leyden museum 10: 245 - 252, plate 10 .\nschepman m. m. (1896) .\ndescriptions of new melanidae\n. notes from the leyden museum 18: 135 - 139, plate 2 .\nköhler f. & glaubrecht m. (2006) .\na systematic revision of the southeast asian freshwater gastropod brotia (cerithioidea: pachychilidae )\n. malacologia 48: 159 - 251, page 230\nschepman m. m. (1884) .\nneritina (clithon) subocellata v. martens, ms .\n. notes from the leyden museum, vii: 49 - 50, plate 4, fig. 3 .\nschepman m. m. (1897) .\ndescriptions of a new species of unio\n. notes from the leyden museum 18: 259 - 260 .\nschepman m. m. (1904) .\ndescriptions of three new species of oliva from the siboga - expedition\n. tijdschr. ned. dierk. ver. 8: 67–69 .\nvan der bijl, a. n. ; moolenbeek, r. g. ; goud, j. ; buijse, j. . ed. (c. 2010) .\nmattheus marinus schepman (1847–1919) and his contributions to malacology: a malacological biography and bibliography. notes on the history of the malacological collection of the zoologisch museum amsterdam\n( 11 ,). leiden: netherlands malacological society (nmv): 1–200. hollis # 012949244 ql31. m27 b55 2010\ntaylor j. w. (1908). monograph of the land & freshwater mollusca of the british isles. leeds, taylor brothers, vol. 3: viii + 522 pp. , 35 plates. page 67 .\nvan der bijl a. n. (1996) .\nthe correspondence between m. m. schepman and w. h. dall\n. the festivus 28 (2): 18–20 .\nvan der bijl, a. n. ; moolenbeek, r. g. ; gould, j. (2010). mattheus marinus schepman (1847–1919) and his contributions to malacology. leiden: netherlands malacological society. p. 200. isbn 978 - 90 - 815230 - 11 .\nk. götting: malakozoologie. grundriss der weichtierkunde. g. fischer, stuttgart 1974\nfrancisco w. welter - schultes (1998), vollrath wiese, ed. ,\ndie landschnecken der griechischen insel gávdos, der südlichsten insel europas\n( in german), schriften zur malakozoologie aus dem haus der natur • cismar (grömitz: haus der natur cismar )\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses." ]

{ "text": [ "danilia weberi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae .", "the species was named after dr. max weber , the dutch leader of the siboga expedition . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25 ] }

[ "danilia weberi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae. the species was named after dr. max weber, the dutch leader of the siboga expedition." ]

[ "both credit luke mcluke with 15 stakes winners (12. 2 %) from 123 foals. luke mcluke' s daughter myrtle dee is the sire of three bars, who became an important sire of racing quarter horses .\ndamon runyon? franklin p. adams? hugh e. keough? george d. prentice? luke mcluke? grantland rice? burns mantle? anonymous ?\naccording to jockey club records luke mcluke sired 42 winners (52. 5 %) and eight stakes winners (10. 0 %) from 80 named foals. richard ulbrich' s\nthe thoroughbred jackstraw, who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture, is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke, the broodmare sire of three bars .\nultimus is the sire of luke mcluke, the broodmare sire of three bars. jackstraw, another source of quarter horse speed, has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke. stimulus is another son of ultimus and is the sire of captain couragous, who is the sire of rey, the broodmare sire of sugar bars. high time, by ultimus, is the sire of fleeting time, the broodmare sire of joe reed ii, the sire of leo .\nthe thoroughbred jackstraw, who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture, is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke (shown), the broodmare sire of three bars .\na good - bodied bay colt with strong muscling extending into his forearms and gaskins, luke mcluke was rather heavy - topped and had less than ideal forelegs. he did not race as a juvenile or after his 3 - year - old season .\nthree bars (1940) (colt) percentage - myrtle dee by luke mcluke. 4x4 to sandfly, 5 (c) x5 (f) x5 (f) to domino. 28 starts 12 wins 3 seconds 1 third. $ 20, 840… | pinteres…\nluke mcluke had ability, but he also had poor underpinnings inherited from his sire ultimus. that limitation kept him from reaching championship status. nonetheless, he proved a good sire and managed to make significant contributions to both the thoroughbred and the quarter horse through his daughters .\nluke mcluke (usa) b. h, 1911 { 2 - h } dp = 16 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (16) di = inf cd = 2. 00 - 6 starts, 4 wins, 1 places, 1 shows career earnings: $ 22, 050\nwhile some references list luke mcluke as winner of both the kentucky handicap and the grainger memorial handicap, these are in fact the same race, which was known as the kentucky handicap prior to 1924 and the grainger memorial handicap afterwards. the race was run at douglas park prior to 1919 and at churchill downs afterwards .\nbold forbes really returned the classic luster to this famous family, which traces back to kentucky oaks winner nellie l. (by blenheim); her dam, the high - class stakes winner nellie flag (american flag), who started as the favorite in the 1935 kentucky derby but was fourth to triple crown winner omaha; and nellie flag' s dam, nellie morse (luke mcluke), who won the 1924 preakness .\nhighly successful north american sire, ultimus, is one such example. the unraced stallion was sired by a son of domino (commando) and produced by a daughter of domino (running stream). while he never raced, ultimus left behind a great legacy on the us turf – siring the likes of high time (champion sire), luke mcluke (belmont stakes, successful sire), and stimulus (successful sire) .\nowner: john w. schorr breeder: james r. keene state bred: ky winnings: 6 starts: 4 - 1 - 1, $ 22, 050 at 3: 1st belmont s. , carlton s. , kentucky h. sire of 11 sw' s including: - nellie morse (winner preakness stakes, champion 3yo filly), - anita peabody (champion 2yo filly (who died august 27, 1934 at leona farm) luke mcluke died in 1929 (article in blood - horse). (close )\nluke mcluke is inbred 4x3 to the great english runner isonomy, a two - time winner of the ascot gold cup, and 5x4 to 1873 derby stakes winner doncaster. he is a half brother to stakes winner pandean (by peter pan), while his dam midge is a half sister to mosquito (by commando), dam of stakes winner stinger (by voter) and second dam of 1925 metropolitan handicap and suburban handicap winner sting. midge is also a half sister to morocco (by morion), second dam of 1918 deutches derby (german derby) winner marmor, and to shad fly (by hippodrome), second dam of 1930 latonia oaks winner banner bright. luke mcluke' s second dam, sandfly (by isonomy), is a half sister to the minor english stakes winner adderly (by ayrshire), second dam of 1916 travers stakes winner spur and third dam of two - time jockey club gold cup winner dark secret. she is also a half sister to sanderling (by st. simon), second dam of 1915 travers stakes winner lady rotha and fourth dam of 1925 kentucky oaks winner deeming .\nsource: handbook of labor statistics u. s. department of labor bureau of labor statistics\n2018 - an estimate for 2018 is based on the change in the cpi from first quarter 2017 to first quarter 2018 .\n2018 price = 1850 price x (2018 cpi / 1850 cpi) 2018 price = $ 1 x (752. 9 / 25) 2018 price = $ 30. 12\n* an estimate for 2018 is based on the change in the cpi from first quarter 2017 to first quarter 2018 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a list of the ktob broodmares of the year, elected annually by the kentucky thoroughbred owners and breeders association. the main criteria is that the mare be boarded in the state of kentucky, which makes it a restricted ballot, but generally a fair one considering the quality of the mares boarding in kentucky. - - anne peters\ncolor: b (usa) 6 - 4 - 1 - 1, $ 22, 050. won the 1914 belmont stakes, the carlton stakes, kentucky handicap, and grainger memorial handicap among his 4 wins in 6 starts. three bars' dams sire. (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmore than $ 25, 000 was raised for the permanently d ...\njustify' s next race plans will have to wait, conne ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\ni returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all .\na humorous reaction to this proverbial wisdom has become popular. here are two versions :\n1) the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that is the way to bet. 2) it may be that the race is not always to the swift, but that is the best way to bet .\nthese words have been attributed to damon runyon, a newspaperman whose short stories inspired the broadway musical “guys and dolls” and to franklin p. adams, an influential columnist who composed “the conning tower”. would you please explore this topic ?\nquote investigator: the earliest close match for the expression found by qi appeared in the widely circulated magazine “collier’s” in february 1919. franklin p. adams wrote the saying, but he did not take credit for the remark; instead, he ascribed the quip to a prominent sportswriter named hugh e. keough. boldface has been added to excerpts: 2\nas hugh keough used to say: “the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong; but that is the way to bet. ”\ndamon runyon also employed the saying, but he credited keough. in addition, other well - known columnists such as drama critic burns mantle and sportswriter grantland rice ascribed a similar joke to keough .\nyet, the situation was complicated because the jest has been evolving for more than one hundred and eighty years, and multiple versions have achieved wide distribution during this long period. a precursor that presented betting odds appeared in 1833 in “blackwood’s edinburgh magazine”: 3\nnow we say that the race is—if not always—ninety - nine times in a hundred—to the swift, and the battle to the strong .\nin july 1861 “the new york ledger” printed a collection of sayings under the title “wit and wisdom”. the following instance used the phrase “ninety - nine times in a hundred”, and the quip structure was parallel to the modern version: 4\nto be sure the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong; but it is ninety - nine times in a hundred .\nthe newspaper article was prepared by george d. prentice, and it was described as a mixture of original and reprinted material. on the same day, a matching saying was printed in “the springfield daily republican” of springfield, massachusetts. 5 the article was titled “selected miscellany”, and no author was listed. perhaps prentice reformulated a statement he had previously read or heard .\nspecial thanks to top researcher barry popik for his invaluable efforts on this topic that were recorded on his web page here .\nwebsite: bible hub, bible translation: king james bible, section: ecclesiastes, chapter 9, verse 11, website description: “bible hub is a production of the online parallel bible project. ” (accessed urltoken on june 4, 20015) link ↩\n1919 february 8, collier’s: the national weekly, demobilizing, washington by franklin p. adams, start page 9, quote page 9, column 3, p. f. collier & son, inc. , new york. (google books full view) link ↩\n1833 october, blackwood’s edinburgh magazine, volume 34, morning monologues by an early riser, no. 1, start page 429, quote page 432, published by william blackwood, edinburgh, scotland. (google books full view) link ↩\n1861 july 20, new york ledger, wit and wisdom: original and selected, prepared expressly for the ledger by geo. d. prentice, quote page 3, column 5, new york, new york. (genealogybank) ↩\n1861 july 20, springfield daily republican, selected miscellany: sense and sentiment, quote page 6, column 5, springfield, massachusetts. (genealogybank) ↩\nexplore chicago tribune archive, both historical and recent editions. find archives for chicago tribune, the chicago weekly tribune, . find newspaper articles and clippings for help with genealogy, history and other research .\ntutorials & video to help you get started using the website. start now »\njavascript required: we' re sorry, but urltoken doesn' t work properly without javascript enabled. you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings. learn how to enable it .\ncookies required: we' re sorry, but urltoken doesn' t work properly without cookies enabled. you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings .\nan american pale ale brewed exclusively for tennessee brewery: the revival. tennessee… show more\nan american pale ale brewed exclusively for tennessee brewery: the revival. tennessee brewing co. founder john w. schorr had two passions: making beer and racing horses. a century ago, he was at the top of his field in both. to honor the revival of the tennessee brewery and the grand - daddy of memphis brewing, this ale is named for schorr’s belmont stakes - winning thoroughbred. brewed with simcoe and zythos hops. show less\nthan any other dna test no one else connects you to as many places in the world or more living relatives around it .\na family tree takes you back generations—the world’s largest collection of online records makes it possible .\nonly ancestry combines dna results and the largest collection of records for the best insight into your genealogy and origins .\n“we were able to make contact and meet biological relatives through our dna. ” - kelsynielson\n“ancestrydna made the impossible, possible in my life. ” - sandra r .\n“it’s been a lot of fun doing the investigation and waiting for the results. ” - john h .\n“i am amazed. thank you, ancestry, for opening the door to a wonderful future. ” - angelica e .\n“ancestry has helped us be the big, beautiful family we were always meant to be. ” - shannon m .\n“it' s amazing what our ancestry reveals about who we are. ” - officialmykell\nreal customers share what they discovered—and how it changed their lives. you could be next .\nyour privacy is important to us. we use industry standard security practices to store your dna sample, your dna test results, and other personal data you provide to us. in addition, we store your dna test results and dna sample without your name or other common identifying information. you own your dna data. at any time, you can choose to download raw dna data, have us delete your dna test results as described in the ancestrydna privacy statement, or have us destroy your physical dna saliva sample. we do not share with third parties your name or other common identifying information linked to your genetic data, except as legally required or with your explicit consent .\nancestrydna is a cutting edge dna testing service that utilizes some of the latest autosomal testing technology to revolutionize the way you discover your family history. this service combines advanced dna science with the world' s largest online family history resource to predict your genetic ethnicity and help you find new family connections. it maps ethnicity going back multiple generations and provides insight into such possibilities as: what region of europe are my ancestors from, or am i likely to have east asian heritage? ancestrydna can also help identify relationships with unknown relatives through a dynamic list of dna matches .\nyour ancestrydna results include information about your ethnicity across 350 regions and identifies potential relatives through dna matching to others who have taken the ancestrydna test. your results are a great starting point for more family history research, and it can also be a way to dig even deeper into the research you' ve already done .\nthe ancestrydna test may predict if you are at least partly native american, which includes some tribes that are indigenous to north america, including the u. s. , canada and mexico. the results do not currently provide a specific tribal affiliation. (please note that your ancestrydna ethnicity results cannot be used as a substitute for legal documentation. )\nancestrydna is a simple saliva test you can do in the comfort of your own home. once you order, you will receive the ancestrydna kit in the mail in a matter of days. your ancestrydna kit includes full instructions, a saliva collection tube, and a pre - paid return mailer (so you don' t have additional costs to return your dna .) after returning your sample by just dropping it in the mail, your dna is processed at the lab. you then receive an email notifying you that your results are ready to explore on the ancestrydna website .\nthere are many paths to finding your family story. whichever way you choose—tracing your family generations back with a family tree or uncovering your ethnicity with ancestrydna—we' ll be here to help you .\nin english, explain why you' re giving this rating. your review must discuss the beer' s attributes (look, smell, taste, feel) and your overall impression in order to indicate that you have legitimately tried the beer. nonconstructive reviews may be removed without notice and action may be taken on your account .\nfounded in 1996, beeradvocate (ba) is your go - to resource for beer .\nbeeradvocate is a proud supporter of independent craft brewers. we encourage you to # seektheseal and drink independent beer .\nroman tempest, sorrel blanket appaloosa filly by roman' s straw man - r, o / b daralyn wallace unraced broodmare, d / o plcd imperial edict, etc .\nplease note that the rainbow dreams stables racing program, as well as all horses & activities held within, are for entertainment purposes only and are not associated with live horse racing. this is a hobby; all rds - owned horses are model horse and / or paper identities and are not real. the simulated horse racing hobby promotes the research and understanding of equine bloodlines and the sport of horse racing .\nreborn ruffian 12, all the pictures of littleprincessemma have disappeared from your post. were they hot - linked. that could do it. can you repost them using tinypic or one of those thingummies ?\ngrrr. well, thankfully i still have the links to her pictures so i can post those. how entirely vexing, though. hissss... .\nhm. well i can still see them too. @ va _ in _ ca, were you on your phone? because i know i can' t see them on my phone .\noh oh... i have the same problem as va _ in _ ca, rr12... i was able to see those recent images of littleprinessemma... but just noticed today, they show up as broken links. (\nyes, i guess they are what you call broken links. there are two drawings of pages in a rectangle with the word\nimage\nwritten in the rectangle to the right of the drawn pages. all very small and separated by the words .\nimage courtesy of bloodhorse. com .\nhah. some courtesy! i am not on a phone. i have a desktop hp computer with windows 7. brand new less than a year ago. the pictures were there the day they were posted and were gone the next time i looked, maybe 2 days later .\nthat' s really, really weird because i can see them just fine o. o what a pain, but i' ll see what i can do .\ni keep checking back to that page, but they' re still not there .\non thoroughbred heritage website, great source by the way, there is great discussion about her and antecedents, one being lavendula. will get you link in a. m. up late .\nmy mistake, i thought queen sucree was related to source sucree and the great damline of lavendula and sweet lavender .\ndon' t know if that is the same foal with her in the two pictures, but the first one shows a foal with big ears which a roberto foal would have. the second one is identified as being by roberto, but the angle of the photo makes the ears hard to see .\nsorry... i' ve been away on a trip and will gather myself after jet lag to post another golden girl pertaining to past triple crown racing winners... shortly. : od\nthanks va _ in _ ca! i wanted to reply right after your post... but i already had nellie morse' s post already set up to post. : od\ni think nellie morse is an excellent golden girl to post during this triple crown season. girl power !\nthanks va _ in _ ca! i wanted to reply right after your post... but i already had nellie morse' s post already set up to post. : od i think nellie morse is an excellent golden girl to post during this triple crown season. girl power !\nlol! yes... marepower! is a much better description for nellie morse for sure! just like your forum username tells it all! : od i had her write - up prepared and was hoping i could post her during my trip... but the trials and\nerrors\nresulting in travel fatique got in the way. : op\ncool. i didn' t know grindstone won the derby. he is the sire of birdstone, the sire of mine that bird, summerbird, and of course, spider. chateaupavia' s grandsire was swaps. he was quite a horse in his day back when i was following the triple crown. he won the 1955 kentucky derby and was the 1956 horse of the year. i remember him .\nif you' re new and want to participate in our community discussions, please email forum @ urltoken for an invitation .\ndepth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him. his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette and stakes placed bita charger (shown) .\nbold venture, the sire of depth charge, won the 1936 kentucky derby and preakness stakes, but bowed a tendon prior to the belmont stakes, ending his race career .\n1952, 1953 and 1954 quarter horse champion gelding brigand, from the 1949 crop by depth charge, raced on both thoroughbred and quarter horse tracks .\nchica charge is one of three stakes runners from the 1959 crop by depth charge. the others are 1963 champion aged stallion the haymaker and goldseeker .\nstakes placed deep bob is a full sibling to stakes winner midland miss, who is from the 1958 depth charge crop .\ndepth charge’s first start was at 5 furlongs and he won by 10 - lengths. it must be noted that he was first at the quarter in six of his 11 starts .\ntwo of the three stakes winners from the last texas crop by depth charge in 1951 were the quarter horses dividend and super charge (shown) .\ndomino is considered one of the great sources of speed. ultimus, the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture, is a double grandson of domino .\nworld champion johnny dial, a 1948 quarter horse son of depth charge, helped establish his sire as a progenitor of speed. johnny dial set or equaled four track records at four different tracks .\nthe 1962 foal crop by depth charge included stakes winner kaweah shue fly (shown) and stakes placed bob charge .\n3 - time quarter horse world champion woven web tb was sent to quarter horse racing by the king ranch and ran under the name miss princess .\ndepth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him. his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette (shown) and stakes placed bita charger .\nthe 1960 crop by depth charge included stakes winner tiny charger (shown) and stakes placed deep bob .\ndepth charge is one of the greatest stallions to impact the racing american quarter horse. the story of depth charge is filled with twists and turns; however, that could have led to his being lost in history. but like many great stallions, he overcame the obstacles to enter the aqha hall of fame as a sire with a deep and lasting influence on the breed .\ndepth charge was foaled in 1941 at leona farms in carey, illinois. the farm was owned by john d. hertz, sr. and his wife fannie, the listed breeders of depth charge. john d. hertz, sr. was the founder of such automobile businesses as hertz rent a car and the yellow cab company. they were well known in horse racing by the time depth charge was born as the owners of 1928 kentucky derby winner reigh count .\ndepth charge is by bold venture and out of the hertz owned mare quickly, by haste. depth charge was sold as a weanling to the king ranch of kingsville, texas, which is the first twist in his story that set him on the road to being an influence on the quarter horse breed. the king ranch is noted for the development of the old sorrel line of quarter horses and the santa gertrudis breed of beef cattle. the king ranch also contributed to quarter horse racing as the owner and / or breeder of horses like the thoroughbreds woven web, aka “miss princess, ” chicaro, top deck and depth charge, who are all important contributors to the quarter horse breed .\nthe king ranch entered thoroughbred racing in the mid 1930’s, and by 1941 they were well on their way to prominence in the racing industry. they bought bold venture just after his win in the 1936 kentucky derby and stood him at their king ranch kentucky division .\ndepth charge was sent to the king ranch in texas to await his racing career as a contender for such races as the kentucky derby. he was conditioned by max hirsch, who had been the trainer of his sire bold venture and who also trained top king ranch runners such as 1946 triple crown winner assault and 1950 kentucky derby and belmont stakes winner middleground. both runners were also sired by bold venture .\nthe race record of depth charge indicates that he was not the kind of horse with the stamina to run the classic distance of the 1 1 / 4 - mile kentucky derby. he was only raced from 2 1 / 2 to 6 furlongs in his 16 starts. we will use his chart book record published in the november 1973 quarter racing world, now speedhorse, in the article “depth charge: unsung progenitor of speed” by ralph dye, as our source for his race record .\ndepth charge started four times at two, with a win, a second, and a third place, earning just $ 2, 350. his third came in the myles standish stakes at suffolk downs, making him a stakes placed runner. he also finished seventh in the juvenile stakes at belmont park. he broke his maiden in his last race of the year at jamaica race course in new york at 5 1 / 2 furlongs. it should be noted that he had the first call at the quarter, or the 3 / 16th pole, in all four of his starts at two .\ndepth charge didn’t race as a three year old. the only known physical reason for depth charge not starting that year came in the ralph dye story in that he had “a tendon that was to give him some trouble. ” depth charge resumed racing at four, running at garden state, belmont park and jamaica. he finished second at garden state in a 6 furlong race that year .\ndepth charge raced in 1946 at the age of five in mexico. it was at the height of world war ii and american racetracks went into a blackout that prevented racing in the u. s. the king ranch sent some of their runners to mexico to race, and depth charge started 11 times there. he won four of those starts, with one second and one third place finish, earning $ 2, 893. depth charge’s first start was at 5 furlongs and he won by 10 - lengths. it must be noted that he was first at the quarter in six of these 11 starts .\nthe failure of depth charge to run at distance went against bold venture’s ability and stamina to run at distance and to sire horses that could run at distance. bold venture won the kentucky derby and the preakness stakes, but his career came to an end when he bowed a tendon prior to the belmont stakes. he won six races with two second place finishes from 11 starts, earning $ 68, 300. he sired assault and middleground, both of which thrived at running at distance .\na look at the pedigree of depth charge will show some of the stamina and speed influence in his pedigree. his sire, bold venture, is by st germans. when we look at st germans, we see that he won the doncaster cup, a race that is over 2 miles long. st germans is by swynford, the winner of the st leger, a race that is run at more than 1 3 / 4 miles .\nthe dam of st german is the unraced hamoaze, by torpoint, winner of the ascot stakes, another race that is over 2 miles long. hamoaze is out of maid of the mist by ascot gold cup winner cyllene. maid of the mist is the dam of craig an eran, winner of the eclipse stakes that was run at more than 1 1 / 4 miles .\npossible, the dam of bold venture, won five of her 11 starts and was a stakes winner in the distaff purse, a race 4 1 / 2 furlongs in length. the distaff win shows her speed as a runner and her credentials as a sprinter and as a potential sprint producer .\nultimus, the sire of possible, was unraced double grandson of domino. ultimus was sired by commando by domino, and out of running stream by domino. domino is considered one of the great sources of speed and ultimus is a key in the passing of that speed on in the breed .\nwhen we look at the pedigree of domino, we ask where did his speed come from? this conversation will go back to the great stallions lexington and glencoe as potential sources of his speed. lexington was a noted racehorse that won six of seven starts. he entered stud and became one of the all - time leading sires. he led the sire list 16 times, with 14 of them coming in consecutive years. lexington was sired by boston .\nglencoe was born in england and, after a successful race career winning eight of ten starts, he was sold and imported to the united states. he sired one crop of colts in england before he left for america, including the legendary mare pocahontas. she is considered one of the great mares of all time and a major source of the large heart gene found in horses like secretariat. we also find her sons stockwell, king tom and rataplan in many pedigrees as a primary source of her influence .\ndomino has a breeding pattern of 3 x 4 x 4 to lexington, a 4 x 5 x 5 x 4 breeding pattern to boston, and a breeding pattern of 6 x 5 x 6 x 6 to glencoe. the mating of lexington and boston with the blood of glencoe is one of the great nicks. it is a nick that produced speed that eventually became part of the quarter horse .\nthe first lexington / glencoe cross in the pedigree of domino comes with his sire himyar, by alarm. the dam of alarm is maud by stockwell, who is out of pocahontas. the dam of himyar is hira, by lexington .\nmannie gray, the dam of domino, is by enquirer, who is out of lida by lexington. the dam of mannie gray is lizzie g. by war dance, who is by lexington and out of reel by glencoe. the dam of lizzie g. is lecompte mare, and she is an example of the boston / glencoe nick. the lecompte mare is by lecompte by boston, and she is out of reel by glencoe. this makes war dance and lecompte 3 / 4 - brothers. the last cross to glencoe comes in the dam of the lecompte mare. her dam is edith and she is out of judith by glencoe .\nthe dam of possible is lida flush by royal flush, winner of a number of stakes races including the steward’s cup at 6 furlongs and the royal hunt cup at just over 7 furlongs. royal flush shows his speed through these two races .\nthe pedigree of lida flush adds some more of the glencoe blood as well as more of the lexington / glencoe cross. we see that lida flush carries a breeding pattern of 5 x 4 to king tom, a son of pocahontas by glencoe .\nlida h, the dam of lida flush, brings us back to the lexington / glencoe cross. her dam, luella, is by wanderer by lexington. wanderer is out of coral by vandal by glencoe. the dam of luella is lute edger by jerome edger by star davis by glencoe. the dam of lute edger is lute by lexington. this gives us a cross of lexington on glencoe as well as a cross of glencoe on lexington as two different forms of this nick, just like we saw in domino’s pedigree .\nthe dam of depth charge is quickly, who ran from the age of two to seven with 81 starts that include 32 wins, 14 seconds and 13 third place finishes with earnings of $ 21, 530. quickly became the dam of five foals with four winners, including one stakes winner and one stakes placed runner. her stakes winner is 1943 triple crown winner count fleet by reigh count. depth charge is the only foal out of quickly that is not sired by reigh count .\nreigh fleet, a daughter of quickly and reigh count, was the winner of one race in seven starts. reigh fleet’s best runner was fleeting charge by depth charge. this inbred gelding won $ 115, 192 with wins in races like the playfair mile. this gives fleeting charge a 2 x 2 inbreeding pattern to quickly .\nquickly is by haste, winner of the 1925 grand union hotel stakes and the saratoga stakes both at 6 furlongs. he came back at three to win the 1 mile 1926 withers stakes. haste is by maintenant and out of miss malaprop by meddler .\nmiss malaprop is out of correction, a full sister to domino that won 38 of 122 starts with 35 seconds and 22 thirds. miss malaprop was a noted sprinter and a multiple stakes winner, including the 6 furlong toboggan handicap, which is now a grade iii stakes. this gives depth charge another infusion of the lexington and boston nick with glencoe. it also gives depth charge a collateral linebreeding pattern to the full siblings correction and domino .\nthe dam of quickly is winner stephanie, who is also the dam of such stakes winners as crout au pot, great haste (full brother to quickly) and silver spear. stephanie is also the dam of stepwisely, the dam of bolero who set several track records and two world records that included a win in the 1950 pacific handicap where he ran 6 furlongs in 1: 08 1 / 5. bolero is the sire of bolero rose, the dam of crimson saint who is the dam of terlingua, the dam of the leading thoroughbred sire storm cat. crimson saint is the dam of pancho villa, a sprinter winning such races as the king’s bishop at 7 furlongs. pancho villa is a full brother to terlingua .\nstephanie is by stefan the great, winner of the 6 furlong middle park stakes at two. he was injured in the 2000 guineas and retired with two wins in three starts. stefan the great is by the tetrarch, an undefeated race horse that won all seven of his starts at two including the champagne stakes, woodcote stakes, coventry stakes and national breeder’s produce stakes. the tetrarch shows his speed in these races, as they were run from 5 furlongs to 1 mile. his injury prevented his running in longer races and he was retired to stud .\nthe tetrarch is a source of speed in our modern horses. his influence comes from horses like mumtaz mahal, the dam of mumtaz begum (the dam of nasrullah) and sun princess (the dam of royal charger). royal charger and nasrullah are 3 / 4 - brothers and are found in the pedigree of seattle slew. mumtaz mahal is the dam of mah mahal the dam of mahmoud, who showed his speed as a winner of the 7 furlong champagne stakes and the 6 furlong richmond stakes. he also won the epsom derby at 1 mile, 4 furlongs and 6 yards. mahmoud was the sire of moolah bux, who is a sire of quarter horse runners .\nthe dam of stephanie is malachite, winner of the 1916 alabama stakes, the last year the race was run at a mile and 1 furlong. malachite is by rock sand and is out of miss hanover by hanover. rock sand was the 1903 british triple crown winner that included the epsom derby, two thousand guineas and the st leger. he was also noted for his speed as the winner of the sprint races the woodcote stakes, coventry stakes and the champagne stakes .\nwhen depth charge’s racing career ended, he returned to texas. the king ranch sent him to john dial, a racehorse owner, breeder and trainer who played a key role in the king ranch race program in texas. dial had sold chicaro to the king ranch, the thoroughbred that is credited with founding the king ranch entry into thoroughbred racing. dial was the first to stand the king ranch - bred top deck and was also the trainer of 3 - time aqha world champion woven web tb that the king ranch sent to quarter horse racing as miss princess .\ndepth charge started his breeding career in 1947, giving him his first crop of colts in 1948. the aqha shows 10 foals were reported in this crop, including two stakes winners and one stakes placed runner .\nseveral of these early depth charge runners were out of thoroughbred mares, so they were thoroughbreds that competed in both quarter horse and thoroughbred races. these runners included encantadora, winner of the 1950 central bar and grill futurity. she was undefeated from three starts in quarter horse races and had 28 starts in thoroughbred races that included 11 victories. encantadora was a stakes winner in the 1st division of the 1950 silver stakes and set three track records at centennial race track, including a world record for 5 furlongs in 57 seconds. this mare was king ranch bred and out of bruja, by livery. the dam of bruja was chicaro’s hallie by chicaro .\nla marga is the stakes placed runner in the 1948 first crop by depth charge. she ran third in the 1950 central bar and grill futurity, giving the king ranch a first and third in this early futurity. la marga is out of witch brew by remolino, and her dam is bruja by livery .\njohnny dial, a 1948 son of depth charge, is one of the runners not bred by the king ranch. his dam is the cajun bred running mare black annie by rodney. bred by the hepler brothers, johnny dial ran from 1950 to 1952, starting in 27 quarter horse races than included 13 wins, six second place finishes and two thirds. he was the 1952 world champion and the 1952 champion stallion. he earned a total of $ 22, 906 .\njohnny dial went a long way in helping establish depth charge as a sire of speed. he set or equaled four track records at four different tracks, including equaling a track record at la mesa for 220 yards in: 12. 2, setting a new track record at los alamitos going 330 yards in: 17. 1, setting a new track record at albuquerque going 400 yards in: 20. 8, and setting a new track record at bay meadows going 440 yards in: 22. 1 .\nthe 1949 crop for depth charge also did their share of promoting their sire. he sired 12 starters in quarter horse races that included nine rom, three stakes winners and two stakes placed runners. the stakes winners were chudej’s black gold, miss tacubaya and brigand .\nbrigand raced from 1951 to 1958. urltoken gives his thoroughbred race record as nine starts at two with five wins, two seconds and two thirds. he was second in the duncan f. kenner stakes and won $ 5, 391 on thoroughbred tracks. he started in 75 quarter horse races with 37 wins and 20 stakes wins, earning $ 45, 964. his stakes wins include the new mexico breeders’ derby and the new mexico state fair championship in 1952. he won his third peter mccue stakes in 1957 and was the aqha 1952, 1953 and 1954 champion gelding. he broke down in 1958 and is buried in the infield at ruidoso downs. brigand’s dam, border jane by boojum and out of chicaro jane by chicaro was also bred by king ranch .\nthe 1950 depth charge crop had seven starters with six rom and one stakes winner, midnight charge, winner of the 1952 pawhuska futurity and the eagle pass futurity. midnight charge is out of sugar babe garcia by band play .\nbaloma is another thoroughbred runner that came from the 1950 depth charge crop. she had six starts on the thoroughbred tracks with two wins, including the debutante stakes at the fairgrounds in new orleans where she set a new track record for 2 furlongs in: 21. 8. baloma ran 2 furlongs again in the same time for her second win in mexico. she raced at quarter horse tracks in 1953, earning her rom and winning one of three starts with two second place finishes .\nbaloma is by depth charge by bold venture, and out of woven web, or miss princess as she was known in quarter horse racing. woven web is by bold venture, making baloma inbred to bold venture with a 2 x 2 breeding pattern. the dam of woven web is bruja by livery and she is out of chicaro hallie by chicaro .\nhaunted, from the 1950 crop by depth charge, ran on thoroughbred tracks and never had a start in a quarter horse race. she won the 1950 cinderella stakes as one of her four wins from 12 starts. she was second in the hollywood lassie stakes. the dam of haunted was bruja by livery and out of chicaro’s hallie by chicaro .\nthe 1951 crop was the last crop sired by depth charge in texas, as he was sent to stand at the kentucky division of the king ranch. this move to kentucky was another twist in his life that could have ended his success as a quarter horse sire. however, he was not well accepted by kentucky breeders and he was later sold .\nthis last texas crop of 1951 gave depth charge 11 starters, eight rom, three stakes winners, and one stakes placed runner. his stakes winners were dividend, super charge and that’s my boy. dividend won four stakes, including the shue fly stakes. he was out of diamond chick by chicaro. super charge won two stakes races, including the southwestern futurity. he was out of o’quinn midget by king p - 234. that’s my boy won two stakes, including the central bar and grill futurity. he was out of ada fields by gotch .\nthe first depth charge crop produced in kentucky was foaled in 1952. he had only five quarter horse starters with just two rom, all out of thoroughbred mares. the rom earners included spanish charge, a 2 - time stakes winner in the ruidoso derby and state fair stallion stakes .\ndepth charge sired only two starters in quarter horse races from 1955 to 1957. they were dry powder and submersion. dry power had one start on quarter horse tracks and was unplaced. dry power made 57 thoroughbred starts, including 13 wins and she placed in the 1957 miss cleveland stakes. the dam of dry powder is brown satin by contradiction. submersion had 47 starts with only four wins and was unplaced from one start on quarter horse tracks. she is out of beau maid by beau pere .\ndepth charge found himself back in quarter horse territory when he was sold to audie murphy in 1957. gordon shultz, who later bought an interest in depth charge with murphy, stood the horse. his 1958 foals show 13 starters with 10 rom, one stakes winner and two stakes placed. his stakes winner was midland miss, winner of the brigand handicap. midland miss is out of bobbie leo by leo by champion joe reed ii, and out of frye’s breeze by flying bob by chicaro .\nhis stakes placed runners were three deep and miss queenie. three deep finished second in the 1960 all american futurity and 1961 ruidoso derby. she is out of myrna three by three bars. myrna three is out of miss myrna by chicaro bill by chicaro. miss queenie was stakes placed, with thirds in the pcqhra futurity and the pcqhra california bred futurity. this mare is out of world champion queenie, who is by flying bob by chicaro .\nthe 1959 crop by depth charge shows eight starters, with six rom and three stakes placed runners. the first stakes placed runner is chica charge, who was second in the southwestern futurity. he is out of chica bar by three bars. the dam of chica bar is chicaro annie c by chicaro bill by chicaro. the second stakes placed runner was goldseeker, out of anniversary, who finished second in the magic empire futurity and third in the do good stakes. the third stakes winner is 1963 champion aged stallion the haymaker, who finished third in the ruidoso derby. he was out of hy dale by hygro .\nthe 1960 crop for depth charge included nine starters with five rom, including stakes winner tiny charger and stakes placed deep bob. tiny charger won three stakes races, including the inaugural handicap at los alamitos. tiny charger is out of clabber tiny by clabber ii. deep bob was placed in four stakes races, including a second in the colorado wonderland handicap. deep bob is a full brother to midland miss as they are out of bobbie leo by leo by joe reed ii and their dam is frye’s breeze by flying bob by chicaro .\ndepth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him. his 1961 crop had 11 starters and nine rom, including stakes winner pokey chargette and stakes placed bita charger. pokey chargette is out of pokey vandy by vandy. bita charge is out of okmulgee gal by vandy, a son of going light out of jean ann blair, a daughter of joe blair. joe blair is the sire of joe reed p - 3, the sire of joe reed ii .\nthe 1962 foal crop of depth charge consisted of 11 starters with nine rom, including stakes winner kaweah shue fly, winner of the yakima meadows derby, and stakes placed bob charge, who finished third in the prescott downs futurity. kaweah shue fly is out of hug’s jet by real hug tb. bob charge is out of bay bobbie by bob jr by flying bob by chicaro. as an added note, the dam of bob jr is black annie, the dam of johnny dial." ]

{ "text": [ "luke mcluke ( 1911 – c. 1929 ) was a bay thoroughbred stallion born in the united states ; he won the 1914 belmont stakes , the carlton stakes , kentucky handicap , and grainger memorial handicap among his four wins from six starts .", "after his racing career was over , he became a breeding stallion , where he sired 11 stakes winners .", "two of his daughters were named as year-end champions in the united states . " ], "topic": [ 14, 7, 14 ] }

[ "luke mcluke (1911 – c. 1929) was a bay thoroughbred stallion born in the united states; he won the 1914 belmont stakes, the carlton stakes, kentucky handicap, and grainger memorial handicap among his four wins from six starts. after his racing career was over, he became a breeding stallion, where he sired 11 stakes winners. two of his daughters were named as year-end champions in the united states." ]

[ "species spodoptera dolichos - sweetpotato armyworm moth - hodges # 9671 - bugguide. net\nimmature development of spodoptera dolichos (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). - pubmed - ncbi\njason sharp marked the english common name\nsweetpotato armyworm\nfrom\nspodoptera dolichos fabricius 1794\nas trusted .\nrelation between fertility (mx) and survival rate (lx) of spodoptera dolichos reared on an artificial diet at 25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and a 14 hour photophase .\nspodoptera ornithogalli which lacks the dark longitudinal stripes on the dorsum of the thorax .\nthe present study complements a previous one on immature s. dolichos (montezano et al. 2015), by evaluating and describing the developmental biological parameters of s. dolichos. special emphasis is placed on the biotic potential and life and fertility tables of the species, obtained under controlled conditions. since there is no published information on to the biology of s. dolichos to compare our results with, we compared them with data on spodoptera albula (walker, 1857) and spodoptera eridania (stoll, 1782), specimens reared under the same conditions (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a) .\nmeans, standard deviation (sd) and range of longevity, pre -, post - and oviposition periods and fecundity of 25 couples of spodoptera dolichos, under controlled conditions (25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and 14 hour photophase) .\nmitchell er, tumlinson jh (1973) an attractant for males of spodoptera dolichos (lepidoptera: noctuidae). annals of the entomological society of america 66 (4): 917 - 918. doi: 10. 1093 / aesa / 66. 4. 917 [ links ]\ndaily mean number of eggs of spodoptera dolichos that unmated (n = 4), mated once (n = 10), twice (n = 8) or three times (n = 3). one couple per cage at 25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and a 14 hour photophase .\nmontezano dg, sosa - gómez dr, paula - moraes sv, roque - specht vf, fronza e, barros nm, specht a (2015). immature develop ment of spodoptera dolichos (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctui dae). neotropical entomology. doi: 10. 1007 / s13744 - 015 - 0333 - 2 [ links ]\nthe negative correlation observed between the number of copulas and the pre - oviposition period (fig. 2) indicates that the pre - oviposition period of s. dolichos increases when individuals mate less often or do not mate at all, which is also reflected in their prolonged longevity. this result was also reported for s. eridania (montezano et al. 2013b), spodoptera littoralis (boisduval, 1833) (kehat & gordon 1975, ellis & steele 1982), spodoptera litura (fabricius, 1775) (etman & hooper 1979) and spodoptera exigua (hübner, 1808) (rogers & marti jr 1997) .\nspodoptera armyworms in florida (lepidoptera: noctuidae) j. b. heppner. 1998. florida dept. of agriculture entomology circular 390: 1 - 5 .\nmean fecundity of spodoptera dolichos that unmated (n = 4), mated once (n = 10), twice (n = 8) or three times (n = 3). one couple per cage at 25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and a 14 hour photophase. means followed by the same letter are not statistically different from each other by tukey test, at 5% probability .\npogue gm (2002) a world revision of the genus spodoptera guenée (lepidoptera: noctuidae). memoirs of the american entomological society 43: 1 - 202. [ links ]\nthe pre - oviposition period of s. dolichos (table 1), especially of fertilized females (fig. 2), lasts at least one more day than in s. albula and s. eridania (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014b) under the same conditions. ultimately, the sexual maturity of s. dolichos occurs soon after emergence, as with other representatives of spodoptera (e. g. , etman & hooper 1979, habib et al. 1983, tisdale & sappington 2001, busato et al. 2006). our results indicate that the initial fertilization period of s. dolichos must be between the second and the third day after emergence. however, the onset of oviposition, at least in the first days after emergence, is conditioned by the occurrence of the first mating, as observed for s. exigua (roger & marti jr 1997), s. eridania (montezano et al. 2013b) and s. albula (montezano et al. 2014a) .\npre - oviposition (2) and oviposition (3) periods of spodoptera dolichos that unmated (n = 4), mated once (n = 10), twice (n = 8) or three times (n = 3). one couple per cage at 25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and a 14 hour photophase. means followed by the same letter are not statistically different from each other by tukey test, at 5% probability .\nthe longevity (table 1) and duration of the immature phase (montezano et al. 2015) of s. dolichos (male forewing length 18 - 21 mm) encompassed a total of 63. 1 days, which is much longer than in smaller species (pogue 2002) raised in the same conditions, such as s. albula (male forewing length 10 - 14. 5mm) and s. eridania (male forewing length 13 - 15. 5 mm) (montezano et al. 2013a, b, 2014a, b). however, longevity and the duration of the immature stages were similar to those reported for spodoptera cosmioides (walker, 1858) (male forewing length 16 - 20 mm), whose size is similar to that of s. dolichos when reared under similar environmental conditions and artificial diet (bavaresco et al. 2004). therefore, the results indicate that s. dolichos, one of the largest species of the genus (pogue 2002), also presents the longest periods of development .\nlongevity of spodoptera dolichos females (dark bars) and males (empty bars), that unmated (n = 4), mated once (n = 10), twice (n = 8) or three times (n = 3). one couple per cage at 25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and a 14 hour photophase. means followed by the same letter are not statistically different from each other by tukey test, at 5% probability .\nthe biotic potential and reproductive parameters of spodoptera dolichos (fabricius, 1794) were evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh and 14 hour photophase). the longevity, pre -, post - and oviposition periods, fecundity, and fertility of 25 couples were evaluated. the longevity of females (12. 9 days) was not significantly different than that of males (12. 4 days). the mean durations of the pre -, post - and oviposition periods were 3. 0, 0. 4 and 10. 4 days, respectively. the mean fecundity was 4, 086. 0 eggs per female and mean fertility was 3, 557. 8 larvae per female. on average, a female copulated 1. 4 times. the biotic potential of s. dolichos was estimated at 7. 138 x 10 18 individuals / female / year. the net reproductive rate (ro) was 1, 711. 98 times per generation and the mean generation time (t) was 56. 19 days. the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0. 133, with a finite rate of increase (l) of 1. 142 per day. these results are compared with other species from spodoptera and their relevance for management strategies of s. dolichos .\nspodoptera dolichos (fabricius, 1794) has been reported in most countries of the american continents (e. g. , silva et al. 1968, fergusson et al. 1991, pogue 2002, pastrana 2004). larvae have the potential to consume 94 different plants belonging to 33 botanical families (montezano et al. 2015), including crops, weeds, ornamental plants and seedlings in nurseries in different countries (e. g. , silva et al. 1968, pogue 2002, pastrana 2004) .\nthe fertility of s. dolichos was highly variable, with approximately 4, 000 eggs per female (table 1), when considering adults from pupae of average weight. the fertility of this species is much higher than that observed in s. albula and s. eridania reared under the same conditions (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a). it was also higher in s. frugiperda (male forewing length 10. 5 - 15 mm) reared under similar conditions of temperature and diet (busato et al. 2006), and s. littoralis (male forewing length 12 - 16 mm (sorour et al. 2011). in general, fecundity of s. dolichos was similar to that described for s. cosmioides. however, bavaresco et al. (2004) reported that when larvae of s. cosmioides were fed a more suitable artificial diet and adults fed 10% honey solution, fecundity was greater (4, 844. 4 eggs / female) than in s. dolichos. nevertheless, in same study, the fecundity of s. cosmioides (3, 753. 0 and 1, 654. 8 eggs / female) was lower than of s. dolichos when larvae were feed two other, less suitable artificial diets .\nthe maximum rate of population increase of s. dolichos (fig. 6) happens in the beginning of the adult stage, especially driven by the higher fertility and low mortality of the immature individuals shortly after emergence. these observations are similar to those reported in other studies conducted with representatives of spodoptera where the highest fertility values are observed during the first days after emergence (kehat & gordon 1975, sadek 2001, bavaresco et al. 2004, murúa & virla 2004, busato et al. 2006, montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a) .\ntable 1 presents the longevity of 25 s. dolichos couples, females and males, the mean length of their post -, pre - and oviposition, and their mean fecundity. using the data on egg viability (97. 5 %) of 4, 086. 0 eggs, the mean fertility was 3, 557. 8 larvae per female .\nthe number of matings observed in this study is within the range described for s. albula (montezano et al. 2014a) and s. eridania (montezano et al. 2013b) reared under the same conditions. the number of matings is similar to the data obtained for spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith, 1797) by murúa et al. (2008). these authors found very discordant values between different s. frugiperda populations in argentina (0. 78 to 2. 32 spermatophores per female). regarding the absence of mating in some s. dolichos couples, they reported that in some groups of s. frugiperda more than 20% of the females did not mate. the strong positive correlation between the number of copulations and fecundity obtained in this study, also observed with s. eridania (montezano et al. 2013b) and s. frugiperda (milano et al. 2008), suggests that a greater number of s. dolichos individuals per cage would also increase the number of copulas .\nour results, compared to other studies (e. g. bavaresco et al. 2004, busato et al. 2006, montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a), indicate that larger spodoptera species take longer to develop and have higher fecundity. therefore, the increase in fecundity compensates for the longer developmental period of larger species, for instance s. dolichos (present study) and s. cosmioides (bavaresco et al. 2004), i when compared with smaller species, for instance s. albula (montezano et al. 2013a), s. eridania (montezano et al. 2014b) and s. frugiperda (busato et al. 2006) .\nconsidering the data on immature stages (50. 2 days), the average longevity of s. dolichos adults corresponds to 20. 5% , or more than one - fifth of their entire life cycle. this is less than the longevity obtained for s. albula (28. 3 %) (montezano et al. 2013a, 2014a) and s. eridania (24. 5 %) (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014b) under the same conditions. moreover, the greater longevity of s. dolichos, like other species of the genus that have great dispersal and / or migration ability (ferguson et al. 1991), is related to its wide distribution within the american continents, extending between the parallels 30° north and south (e. g. , pogue 2002, pastrana 2004) .\nellis pe, steele g (1982) the effect of delayed mating on the fecundity of females of spodoptera littoralis (boisduval) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). bulletin of entomological research 72 (2): 295 - 302. doi: 10. 1017 / s0007485300010592 [ links ]\nkehat m, gordon d (1975) mating, longevity, fertility and fecundity of the cotton leaf - worm, spodoptera littoralis (boisd .) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). phytoparasitica 3 (2): 87 - 102. doi: 10. 1007 / bf03158291 [ links ]\nthe biotic potential and fertility life tables were developed using data from the immature stages of s. dolichos reared in accordance with the methodology of montezano et al. (2015). the data is graphically presented by plotting the probability of survival values at the midpoint of each time interval, (survival rate - lx), and the total number of eggs per female per week which became females (specific fertility - mx) .\nsadek mm, anderson p (2007) modulation of reproductive behavior of spodoptera littoralis by host and non - host plant leaves. basic and applied ecology 8 (5): 444 - 452. doi: 10. 1016 / j. baae. 2006. 08. 001 [ links ]\nmurúa mg, virla e (2004) population parameters of spodoptera frugiperda (smith) (lep. : noctuidae) fed on corn and two predominant grasses in tucuman (argentina). acta zoológica mexicana (n. s .) 20 (1): 199 - 210. [ links ]\nsadek mm (2001) polyandry in field - collected spodoptera littoralis moths and laboratory assessment of the effects of male mating history. entomologia experimentalis et applicata 98 (2): 165 - 172. doi: 10. 1046 / j. 1570 - 7458. 2001. 00771. x [ links ]\nsorour ma, khamiss o, el - wahab ase, el - sheikh mak, abul - ela s (2011) an economically modified semi - synthetic diet for mass rearing the egyptian cotton leaf worm spodoptera littoralis. academic journal of entomology 4 (3): 118 - 123. [ links ]\nhabib mem, paleari ml, amaral ec (1983) effect of three larval diets on the development of the armyworm, spodoptera latifascia walker, 1856 (lepidoptera: noctuidae). revista brasileira de zoologia 1 (3): 177 - 182. doi: 10. 1590 / s0101 - 81751982000300007 [ links ]\netman aam, hooper ghs (1979) developmental and reproductive biology of spodoptera litura (f .) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). journal of the australian entomological society 18 (4): 363 - 372. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1440 - 6055. 1979. tb00868. x [ links ]\nbavaresco a, garcia ms, grützmacher ad, ringenberg r, foresti j (2004) adequação de uma dieta artificial para a criação de spodoptera cosmioides (walk .) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) em laboratório. neotropical entomology 33 (2): 155 - 161. doi: 10. 1590 / s1519 - 566x2004000200005 [ links ]\nlalanne - cassou b, silvain j f, monti l, malosse c (1994) description of a new species of spodoptera from french guiana: s. descoinsi (lepidoptera: noctuidae: amphipyrinae), discovered with the help of sex attractants. annales de la société entomologique de france 30: 25 - 32. [ links ]\nmontezano dg, specht a, sosa - gómez dr, roque - specht vf, barros nm (2014b). immature stages of spodoptera eridania (lepidoptera: noctuidae): developmental parameters and host plants. journal of insect science 14 (1): 1 - 11. doi: 10. 1093 / jisesa / ieu100 [ links ]\nbusato gr, loeck ae, garcia ms, bernardi o, zart m, nunes am, zazycki lcf (2008) compatibilidade reprodutiva entre biótipos\nmilho\ne\narroz\nde spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). revista brasileira de agrociências 14 (2): 273 - 278. [ links ]\nmontezano dg, specht a, sosa - gómez dr, roque - specht vf, barros nm (2013b) biotic potential and reproductive parameters of spodoptera eridania (stoll) (lepidoptera, noctuidae) in the laboratory. revista brasileira de entomologia 57 (3): 340 - 345. doi: 10. 1590 / s0085 - 56262013005000026 [ links ]\nmilano p, berti filho e, parra jrp, cônsoli fl (2008) influência da temperatura na frequência de cópula de anticarsia gemmatalis (hübner) e spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). neotropical entomology 37 (5): 528 - 535. doi: 10. 1590 / s1519 - 566x2008000500005 [ links ]\nbusato gr, garcia ms, loeck ae, zart m, nunes am, bernardi o, andersson fs (2006) adequação de uma dieta artificial para biótipos\nmilho\ne\narroz\nde spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae). bragantia 65 (2): 317 - 323. doi: 10. 1590 / s0006 - 87052006000200014 [ links ]\nwe provide detailed temporal and morphological parameters of the immature stages of spodoptera dolichos (fabricius) larvae fed on artificial diet under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 °c, 70 ± 10% rh, and 14 h photophase). the viability of the egg, larval, pupal, and prepupal stages was 97. 5% , 97. 0% , 93. 1% , and 98. 9% , respectively. the average duration of the egg, larval, prepupal, and pupal stages was 5. 0, 23. 4, 3. 2, and 21. 5 days, respectively. females took longer at the larval stage than males, with 10. 5% of them having seven instars. the growth rate of female larvae that developed through six and seven instars was 1. 72 and 1. 54, respectively. female pupae were significantly larger, exhibiting slower development than males .\nusing the life table, the values of the different reproductive parameters of s. dolichos were calculated. the net reproductive rate (ro), given by the ratio between the number of females in two successive generations, the mean generation time (t), which is composed of the mean number of days from the birth of the parents to the birth of the offspring; the daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the daily finite rate of increase (l), followed the formulas given by silveira neto et al. (1976) .\nthe results of this study, in addition to the s. albula and s. eridania studies (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a), demonstrate that a reduction, or delay, in the number of copulas negatively influences the population parametersi. this result highlights the the relevance of studies that aim to identify and to use s. dolichos pheromones (e. g. mitchell & tumlinson 1973, lalanne - cassou et al. 1994, meagher 2001) to delay, prevent, or reduce it mating in nature (carde & minks 1995), as a strategy for the integrated management of this pest species .\nmontezano dg, specht a, sosa - gómez dr, roque - specht vf, bortolin tm, fronza e, pezzi p, luz pc, barros nm (2013a) immature stages of spodoptera albula (walker) (lepidoptera: noctuidae): developmental parameters and host plants. anais da academia brasileira de ciências 85 (1): 271 - 284. doi: 10. 1590 / s0001 - 37652013000100013 [ links ]\nmontezano dg, specht a, sosa - gómez dr, roque - specht vf, bortolin tm, fronza e, pezzi p, luz pc, barros nm (2014a). biotic potential, fertility and life table of spodoptera albula (walker) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), under controlled conditions. anais da academia brasileira de ciências 86 (2): 723 - 732. doi: 10. 1590 / 0001 - 3765201402812 [ links ]\nmurúa mg, vera mt, abraham s, juaréz ml, prieto s, head gp, willink e (2008) fitness and mating compatibility of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations from different host plant species and regions in argentina. annals of the entomological society of america 101 (3): 639 - 649. doi: 10. 1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2008) 101 [ 639: famcos ] 2. 0. co; 2 [ links ]\ndespite the high fecundity and fertility (table 1), the biotic potential (7. 138 x 10 18 individuals / female / year) of s. dolichos was lower than that observed for s. albula and s. eridania under the same conditions (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a), especially influenced by the long duration of the life cycle, represented by a mean generation time (t) of 56. 19 days. despite this, the high value of net reproductive rate (ro) was equal to 1, 711. 98 females per generation, the daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0. 133) and the daily finite rate of increase (l = 1. 142) were less than those observed for s. albula and s. eridania under same conditions (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a) .\nthe high egg viability (97. 5 %) is correlated with the fertilization of females that had one or two spermatophores. this percentage agrees with the 94. 5 and 97. 8% observed for fertilized females of s. albula and s. eridania under the same conditions (montezano et al. 2013b, 2014a), and generally agrees with studies on representatives of the genus spodoptera where it is demonstrated that multiple matings show an increase in reproductive capacity and fertility (kehat & gordon 1975, sadek 2001, sadek & anderson 2007, busato et al. 2008, milano et al. 2008) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlafontaine & schmidt (2010) listed 11 species of the genus in america north of mexico .\nis most easily distinguished by the dark brown longitudinal stripes on the dorsum of the thorax .\nsouthern united states (including alabama, florida, georgia, louisiana, mississippi, south carolina and texas), south through costa rica to south america, as far south as argentina .\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea (insecta, lepidoptera) of north america north of mexico. donald j. lafontaine, b. christian schmidt. 2010. zookeys 40: 1–239 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nst - kitts, montserrat, dominica, st - lucia, st - vincent, grenada .\nthe sex pheromone produced by the female moths has been described without biological evaluation (b. lalanne - cassou, c. descoins, c. malosse: unpublished data) on females from guadeloupe. it consists of :\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmontezano dg 1, sosa - gómez dr 2, paula - moraes sv 3, roque - specht vf 4, fronza e 1, barros nm 1, specht a 5 .\ninstituto de biotecnologia, univ de caxias do sul, caxias do sul, rs, brasil .\nembrapa cerrados, planaltina, df, brasil. alexandre. specht @ embrapa. br .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis information is based an ongoing project dedicated to the inventory and dissemination of information on lepidopteran larvae, their host plants, and their parasitoids in a costa rican tropical wet forest and an ecuadorian montane cloud forest .\nn = 67 rearings as of 2012, 11 eclosed, 3 were parasitized and 53 died .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nzoologia (curitiba) vol. 32 no. 6 curitiba nov. / dec. 2015\n1 department of entomology, university of nebraska. lincoln, ne 68583, usa .\n2 programa de pós - graduação em biotecnologia, universidade de caxias do sul. caixa postal 1352, 95070 - 560 caxias do sul, rs, brazil .\n3 laboratório de entomologia, embrapa soja. caixa postal 231, 86001 - 970 londrina, pr, brazil .\n4 laboratório de entomologia, embrapa cerrados. rodovia br - 020, km 18, caixa postal 08223, 73310 - 970 planaltina, df, brazil .\n5 faculdade unb planaltina, universidade de brasília. área universitária 1, vila nossa senhora de fátima, 73345 - 010 planaltina, df, brazil .\nthe insects and laboratory conditions were the same utilized for immature stages (montezano et al. 2015). only first generation specimens were used in the experiments .\nto rule out possible copulation incompatibilities, which have been reported between biotypes from host plants from different locations, (murúa & virla 2004, murúa et al. 2008, sadek & anderson 2007) the insects used in our experiment were from the first generation obtained from a cohort of four females and five males collected in the field (see montezano et al. 2015) .\nto avoid the effect of pupal weight on reproductive characteristics (tisdale & sappington 2001), pupae were weighed on the second day after metamorphosis, and only adult females from pupae weighing between 0. 69 to 0. 78g and adult males from pupae weighing between 0. 68 to 0. 74 g were used in the experiment. in addition, to avoid the effects of age on copulation (kehat & gordon 1975, ellis & steele 1982, rogers & marti jr 1994), couples were formed with adults that emerged on the same date .\nadults were kept in pairs (n = 25) within cylindrical plastic containers (10 cm in diameter and 15 cm high) to which 20 filter paper strips (12 cm long and 1 cm wide) were attached at the upper edges of the container, to stimulate oviposition. the containers were closed at the top with plastic film and at the bottom with petri dishes (10. 5 cm diameter) lined with filter paper. the diet of adults was composed of honey (10g), sorbic acid (1g), methylparaben (1 g), sucrose (60 g), and distilled water (1000 ml) (hoffmann - campo et al. 1985). all components were dissolved in distilled water and the resulting solution was kept under refrigeration (7°c) until it was used. pilsen beer was added to the solution daily at a proportion of 1: 4, beer / diet, and made available to the insects in a 5 cm petri dish lined with cotton wool. additionally, autoclaved water was provided in another 5 cm cotton - lined petri dish. containers were examined daily to record adult survival, and to remove and count the number of eggs. dead females were dissected to determine the number of spermatophores they had received from males during copulation .\nthe fecundity (number of eggs per female), fertility (number of hatched larvae per female), longevity and duration of the pre - oviposition, post - oviposition and oviposition periods were determined. to estimate fertility, we determined the viability of 53 egg masses (n = 6, 485 eggs) taken from four mated couples. each egg cluster was placed in a petri dish, which was lined with filter paper moistened with distilled water until larval eclosion. all evaluated egg masses were from females that had at least one spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix. the presence of spermatophores was determined after death to check if females had been fertilized during the experiment .\nall the biological parameters were analyzed using descriptive statistics. the fecundity and longevity of both sexes and the duration of pre - and post - oviposition periods were correlated (pearson product moment correlation) with the number of mattings of each couple. owing to the high correlation of the parameters with respect to the number of matings, only the overall average longevity values were compared using the t - test assuming unequal variances, at a significance level of 5% . between - couple comparisons of the pre - oviposition, oviposition, longevity and fecundity were performed using anova, with the number of spermatophores as factors, and the means were separated by tukey' s test at 5% probability .\nafter gathering the biological parameters, the biotic potential (bp) was calculated considering the resistance of the environment as being null, using the equation described in silveira neto et al. (1976), bp = (sr * d) n - er, where: (sr) sex ratio is number of females divided by number of females plus number of males; (d) viable individuals per female consisting of the number of eggs per female (or fecundity) multiplied by total survival; (n) number of generations per year or 365 days divided by the total lifespan; and (er) environmental resistance, in this case considered as null .\ncomparisons of male and female mean longevity using a student t - test, considering different variances, at 5% level of significance (ns - p = 0. 163) .\nthe average number of copulations per female was 1. 40 times. while four (16. 0 %) females did not copulate, ten copulated only once (40. 0 %), eight copulated twice (32. 0 %) and three copulated three times (12. 0 %). a strong positive correlation was observed between the number of copulations and fecundity (r = 0. 939, p < 0. 001), along with a negative correlation between the number of copulations and duration of the pre - oviposition period (r = - 0. 664, p = 0. 001), oviposition period (- 0. 490, p = 0. 013) and longevity (r = - 0. 554, p = 0. 004) .\nthe mean daily number of eggs from unfertilized females was smaller than from females that were fertilized once or more often, along with an increase in the length of the pre - oviposition period (fig. 1). the pre - and oviposition periods of females not fertilized were significantly longer (figs. 2 - 3). such differences were responsible for the increased longevity of the unfertilized females with respect to females that were fertilized. similarly, a reduction in the longevity of males responsible for fertilizing females was observed (fig. 4). the fecundity of females was positively affected by the number of matings: females that were not fertilized oviposited less than one third the number of eggs than those that were fertilized, with significant differences between unfertilized females and females that were fertilized once and twice (fig. 5) .\nthe biotic potential was calculated from the equation bp = (sr * d) n - er bp = (0. 51 x 3, 557. 8) 5. 78 - 0 and determined 7. 1 x 10 18 individuals per female per year. calculation considered that 137 female and 131 male immatures reached the pupal stage, at a ratio of 0. 51. on average, each female oviposited 4, 086. 0 eggs and the overall survival was 87. 1% , resulting in 3, 557. 8 viable individuals per female period. the average duration of the life cycle (63. 1 days) corresponds to 5. 78 generations per year (n), considering the environmental resistance as null .\nthe maximum rate of population growth occurred between days 54 and 56, during the 7 / 8th week of life, represented by the intersection of the specific survival and fecundity lines (fig. 6). this rate is shifted towards the beginning of the adult phase, especially driven by the higher fertility and low mortality of immature individuals, soon after emergence .\nthe net reproductive rate (ro) was 1, 711. 98 females per generation, the mean generation time (t) was 56. 19 days, the daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the daily finite rate of increase (l) were rm = 0. 133 and l = 1. 142 .\nnevertheless, as demonstrated for other species of the genus (kehat & gordon 1975, etman & hooper 1979, ellis & steele 1982, rogers & marti jr 1997, montezano et al. 2013b), analysis of the results comparing longevity as a function of the number of matings (fig. 4) indicates that the number of matings is an important factor to be included in longevity studies, especially considering the prolonged pre - oviposition and oviposition periods of unfertilized females t (figs. 2 - 3) .\nin the same way, the significant negative correlation between the number of copulas and oviposition period (fig. 3) is related to the interaction between egg production and metabolism (hou & sheng 1999). it is postulated that multiple fertilizations stimulate egg production and accelerate energy consumption, reducing the resources available for somatic maintenance. however, a reduced egg laying period associated with a greater number of copulations, as described by hou & sheng (1999), is likely related with the increase in the reproductive activity ofo the females that copulated more .\ntwo fundamental factors are attributed to the differences in fertility found among the various studies: a) adequacy of the diet, since the pupae of the most fertile specimens reported in the literature were heavier; similar evidence was observed in s. eridania (montezano et at. 2013a), s. cosmioides (bavaresco et al. 2004), s. frugiperda (busato et al. 2006); and b) fertilization of females (fig. 5), when considering only the data from females that mated, the fecundity increases to 4, 595. 8, similar to the maximum reported for s. cosmioides, 4, 844. 4 eggs / female, that received a more suitable diet (bavaresco et al. 2004) .\nto cnpq, for granting a master' s fellowship to the first author (process 557269 / 2010 - 5) and for financial assistance (process 482627 / 2010 - 7) .\ncardé rt, minks ak (1995) control of moth pests by mating disruption: successes and constraints. annual review of entomology 40: 559 - 585. doi: 40. 010195. 003015 [ links ]\nferguson dc, hilburn dj, wright b (1991) the lepidoptera of bermuda: their food plants, biogeography, and means of dispersal. memoirs of the entomological society of canada supplement 158: 3 - 105. doi: 10. 4039 / entm10273fv [ links ]\nhoffmann - campo cb, oliveira eb, moscardi f (1985) criação massal da lagarta da soja (anticarsia gemmatalis). londrina, embrapa - cnpso, documentos 10, 23p. [ links ]\nhou ml, sheng cf (1999) fecundity and longevity of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae): effects of multiple mating. journal of economic entomology 92 (3): 569 - 573. doi: 10. 1093 / jee / 92. 3. 569 [ links ]\nmeagher jr rl (2001) collection of soybean looper and other noctuids in phenylacetaldehyde - baited field traps. florida entomologist 84 (1): 154 - 155. [ links ]\npastrana ja (2004) los lepidópteros argentinos: sus plantas hospedadoras y otros substratos alimenticios. buenos aires, sociedad entomológica argentina, 334p. [ links ]\nrogers ce, marti jr og (1994) reproductive potential of once mated moths of the fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae). florida entomologist 77 (4): 402 - 410. doi: 10. 2307 / 3495694 [ links ]\nrogers ce, marti jr og (1997) once - mated beet armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae): effects of age at mating on fecun di ty, fertility, and longevity. environmental entomology 26 (3): 585 - 590. doi: 10. 1093 / ee / 26. 3. 585 [ links ]\nsilva aga, gonçalves cr, galvão dm, gonçalves ajl, gomes j, silva mn, simoni l (1968). quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do brasil: seus parasitos e predadores. parte ii, 1º tomo, insetos, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. rio de janeiro, ministério da agricultura, 622p. [ links ]\nsilveira - neto s, nakano o, barbin d, villa nova na (1976). manual de ecologia dos insetos. são paulo, editora agronômica ceres, 420p. [ links ]\ntisdale ra, sappington tw (2001) realized and potential fecundity, egg fertility, and longevity of laboratory - reared female beet armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under different adult diet regimes. annals of the entomological society of america 94 (3): 415 - 419. doi: 10. 1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2001) 094 [ 0415: rapfef ] 2. 0. co; 2 [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel. / fax: (55 41) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "spodoptera dolichos ( dolichos armyworm moth or sweetpotato armyworm moth ) is a moth of the noctuidae family found from the southern united states ( including alabama , florida , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , south carolina , and texas ) , south through costa rica to south america , as far south as argentina .", "in the united states , it may occur as far north as kentucky and maryland .", "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "the larvae are polyphagous and feed on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants" ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 9, 8 ] }

[ "spodoptera dolichos (dolichos armyworm moth or sweetpotato armyworm moth) is a moth of the noctuidae family found from the southern united states (including alabama, florida, georgia, louisiana, mississippi, south carolina, and texas), south through costa rica to south america, as far south as argentina. in the united states, it may occur as far north as kentucky and maryland. the wingspan is about 40 mm. the larvae are polyphagous and feed on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants" ]

[ "erigone aletris crosby & bishop, 1928a: 9, f. 1 - 4 (d m f). erigone labra crosby & bishop, 1928a: 32, f. 53 - 55 (d m). erigone metlakatla crosby & bishop, 1928a: 32, f. 56 - 58 (d m). erigone olympias crosby & bishop, 1928a: 33, f. 60 - 62 (d m). erigone aletris hackman, 1954: 19, f. 83 (f). erigone aletris snazell, 1980: 97, f. 1 - 7 (m f, s). erigone aletris roberts, 1987: 95, f. 44e, 48c (m f). erigone aletris crawford, 1988: 12 (s). erigone aletris heimer & nentwig, 1991: 154, f. 425 (m f). erigone aletris paquin & dupérré, 2003: 101, f. 958 - 963 (m f). erigone aletris muster & hänggi, 2009: 998, f. 1d, 3d (m) .\nthe spider' s ballooning - date: 21. 09. 2014 - ort: kammermark in germany - species: erigone atra - size: ca. 2mm institut für bionik und evolutionstechnik, tu berlin\nwhich apparently is a distinctive character on erigone prominens and can be seen on photos labelled erigone prominens from the western australian padil website and also on the new zealand website of stephen thorpe (university of auckland). however, in may 2017 the\nsnazell, r. (1980). erigone aletris crosby & bishop, a spider new to britain (araneae: linyphiidae). bulletin of the british arachnological society 5: 97 - 100. - - show included taxa\ncrosby, c. r. , and s. c. bishop. 1928. revision of the spider genera erigone, eperigone, and catabrithorax (erigoneae). bull. new york state mus. 278: 3 - 74 .\nan annotated checklist of spider species in sweden (with notes on distribution etc .) is in preparation .\ngenus erigone; there are numerous species. one possibility i would think is certainly erigone atra (or e. dentipalpis), but i doubt that an accurate determination of species is possible without having the pedipalp under a microscope. (nice image !) - kevin\ncrosby, c. r. & bishop, s. c. (1928a). revision of the spider genera erigone, eperigone and catabrithorax (erigoneae). new york state museum bulletin 278: 1 - 73. - - show included taxa\nthis is a\ndwarf spider ,\nfamily linyphiidae, subfamily erigoninae. awesome image given their small size .\nuk biodiversity action plan priority species. recorded from just two sites since 1992, showing an apparent decline of over 80% in area of occupancy from before that date (from 11 hectads to two). the spider has been found abundantly at some sites. despite the spider’s specialised habitat, there appears to have been a major decline. the spider has been found abundantly at some sites. despite the spider' s specialised habitat, there appears to have been a major decline .\nas external resources, the world spider catalog links here to species pages of other databases. they may contain further information for the given species. the databases, listed as external resources, however, are not managed by world spider catalog and the information given there is not necessarily in agreement with the world spider catalog. all responsibility for such data is with the external database .\nplatnick, n. i. 2000. the world spider catalogue. american museum of natural history, new york. url :\ncitation: world spider catalog (2018). world spider catalog. version 19. 0. natural history museum bern, online at http: / / wsc. nmbe. ch, accessed on { date of access }. doi: 10. 24436 / 2\ntiny spider, dark magenta to black colored abdomen and cephalothorax, male carapace elevated and palpal tibia and femora with many large spines and hooks .\ntiny, web - spinning spider. may be very abundant in agroecosystems of various crops, but in grapes appears to disappear prior to harvest .\nincludes it in her booklet of victorian spiders. this leads to just two possibilities: either the world spider catalog listing needs to be updated to show that e. prominens can be found across australia or the spider shown on this page is not e. prominens but a close relative of it .\nspider (s) with a very similar appearance: some small araneid and theridiid species. email ron atkinson for more information. last updated 11 may 2017 .\nmuster, c. & hänggi, a. (2009). the erigone psychrophila group in the alps (araneae: linyphiidae). contributions to natural history 12: 987 - 1005. - - show included taxa\ncooke, j. a. l. (1966b). the identification of females of the british species of erigone (araneae, linyphiidae). entomologist' s monthly magazine 101: 195 - 196. - - show included taxa\nknülle, w. (1954c). zur taxonomie und ökologie der norddeutschen arten der spinnen - gattung erigone aud. zoologische jahrbücher, abteilung für systematik, geographie und biologie der tiere 83: 63 - 110. - - show included taxa\npickard - cambridge, o. (1875c). on some new species of erigone from north america. proceedings of the zoological society of london 43 (3): 393 - 405, pl. xlvi. - - show included taxa\nthe spider is similar in size and coloration to e. atra. an equally common aeronaut, it occurs in a similarly wide range of habitats. adults can be found all through the year, with peak numbers in summer .\npickard - cambridge, o. (1874b). on some new species of erigone from north america. proceedings of the zoological society of london 42 (3): 428 - 442, pl. lv. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1096 - 3642. 1874. tb02499. x - - show included taxa\ntanasevitch, a. v. (1990). the spider family linyphiidae in the fauna of the caucasus (arachnida, aranei). in: b. r. striganova (ed .) fauna nazemnykh bespozvonochnykh kavkaza. moscow, akaedemia nauk, pp. 5 - 114. - - show included taxa\nthis small ubiquitous linyphiid spider is to be found at ground level on low vegetation and under the bark of fallen trees. when weather conditions are suitable it stands on outstretched legs with the tip of its abdomen pointing in the air. it lets out a line of silk which, if the air currents are favourable, lifts the spider to considerable heights and conveys it to a new location. such a procedure means that some perish on the journey or land in unsuitable places. this is when many people discover these money spiders on their person or in close proximity. adults can be found at all times of the year, with peak numbers in summer .\nuse of this catalog is limited to research, educational, non - commercial\nfair use\n. colleagues are welcome to download, print, or use material from the catalog, for their individual research purposes, so long as the world spider catalog and the natural history museum of bern are cited as the source of the information. users may not, however, copy material from the catalog into other databases or onto other websites, or otherwise disseminate the information, without permission from the copyright holder .\nthis is a preliminary version of a checklist of spider species reported from sweden up to present. the records in the published literature (also in press) have been considered and the list presently includes the names of 704 species. a few names mentioned in the literature have been omitted because the nominal species as such are in need of revision, or the identification of the published material from sweden is in need of verification. in 1955, tullgren described some linyphiid (erigonine) species as new. most of these names have been found to be junior synonyms, referring to species known from sweden by other records. two of these names (marked with a blue\n2018 - 07 - 11 new taxonomic reference entry - ref neriene furtiva (o. pickard - cambridge, 1871 )\n2018 - 07 - 05 li et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 04 isaia et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 03 cala - riquelme et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 caleb et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 hedin et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nlogged - on? click on dot to query records. please note our terms of use. double - click on map to go to region\nthe species is widespread throughout most of britain, possibly becoming more scattered in the north. it is widespread in western and central europe .\nthis is one of the commonest spiders, often dispersing aeronautically in large numbers in late summer and autumn .\ntext based on harvey, p. r. , nellist, d. r. & telfer, m. g. (eds) 2002. provisional atlas of british spiders (arachnida, araneae), volumes 1 & 2. huntingdon: biological records centre .\nthe species is widespread in most of britain, possibly becoming more scattered in the north. it is widespread in western and central europe .\nextremely local, with records from hampshire, derbyshire, cumberland, radnorshire, caernarvonshire, kirkcudbrightshire, perthshire, tiree and in 2008 from montgomeryshire. in europe it has been recorded from ireland, france and scandinavia .\nvery wet acid bogs. e. welchi usually occurs on very wet sphagnum, with small webs spun just above the water level, but also among wet moss and grass, and among carex tussocks. its altitude range is from near sea level to about 500 m. adults are probably found throughout most of the year .\nall of its known sites are in remote boggy areas. the threat of drainage or afforestation is probably less now than in the past .\ntext based on dawson, i. k. , harvey, p. r. , merrett, p. & russell - smith, a. r. (in prep .) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbody lengths when mature: male: 2 mm, female: 2. 2 mm\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nyou have the genus right. while it puts me in mind of e. capra, the front leg stands in the way of a good view of the palp, plus there' s no habitat info, so i can' t go beyond genus with any reliability .\nit was just on a split - rail fence adjacent to a creek. forest cover is cedar and alder .\ni' m afraid this habitat still leaves several possibilities open, including capra .\ni should add that rod himself writes some of the most interesting (and entertaining) notes in his field collecting journal, and his photographs of the various habitats are super. he' s a one - man\nmake washington your next stop\n- tourism trade show. here is the most recent entry: urltoken - kevin\nthanks lynette (and rod). sean, more great images like this are always welcome. with the right lighting, a little luck, and a good side view of the pedipalp, a species determination might even be possible in the future. (but rod' s comment is a good reminder to us all: we - - counting myself, as well - - easily neglect writing habitat notes here .) - k\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nlsid: [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 010381 ]\ncrawford, r. l. (1988). an annotated checklist of the spiders of washington. burke museum contributions in anthropology and natural history 5: 1 - 48. link - - show included taxa\nhackman, w. (1954). the spiders of newfoundland. acta zoologica fennica 79: 1 - 99. - - show included taxa\nheimer, s. & nentwig, w. (1991). spinnen mitteleuropas: ein bestimmungsbuch. paul parey, berlin, 543 pp. - - show included taxa\npaquin, p. & dupérré, n. (2003). guide d' identification des araignées de québec. fabreries, supplement 11: 1 - 251. - - show included taxa\nroberts, m. j. (1987). the spiders of great britain and ireland, volume 2: linyphiidae and check list. harley books, colchester, england, 204 pp. - - show included taxa\nnentwig, w. , blick, t. , gloor, d. , hänggi, a. , kropf, c. : spiders of europe. www. araneae. nmbe. ch. version 05. 2018. doi: 10. 24436 / 1\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nlsid: [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 010423 ]\nbraendegaard, j. (1958). araneida. in: the zoology of iceland. ejnar munksgaard, copenhagen 3 (54), 1 - 113. - - show included taxa\nbreene, r. g. , dean, d. a. , nyffeler, m. & edwards, g. b. (1993). biology, predation ecology, and significance of spiders in texas cotton ecosystems with a key to species. texas agriculture experiment station, college station, 115 pp. - - show included taxa\ncrosby, c. r. (1905a). a catalogue of the erigoneae of north america, with notes and descriptions of new species. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 57: 301 - 343. - - show included taxa\nemerton, j. h. (1882). new england spiders of the family theridiidae. transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 6: 1 - 86. - - show included taxa\nemerton, j. h. (1902). the common spiders of the united states. boston, 225 pp. doi: 10. 5962 / bhl. title. 5617 - - show included taxa\neskov, k. y. (1994). catalogue of the linyphiid spiders of northern asia (arachnida, araneae, linyphiidae). pensoft publishers, sofia, 144 pp. - - show included taxa\nholm, å. (1960b). on a collection of spiders from alaska. zoologiska bidrag från uppsala 33: 109 - 134. - - show included taxa\nkaston, b. j. (1948). spiders of connecticut. bulletin of the connecticut state geological and natural history survey 70: 1 - 874. - - show included taxa\nkulczyński, w. (1902a). erigonae europaeae. addenda ad descriptions. bulletin international de l' academie des sciences de cracovie 8: 539 - 560. - - show included taxa\nlocket, g. h. & millidge, a. f. (1953). british spiders. vol. ii. ray society, london, 449 pp. - - show included taxa\nlocket, g. h. (1964). type material of british spiders in the o. pickard - cambridge collection at oxford. annals and magazine of natural history (13) 7: 257 - 278. - - show included taxa\nlocket, g. h. , millidge, a. f. & merrett, p. (1974). british spiders, volume iii. ray society, london, 315 pp. - - show included taxa\npalmgren, p. (1976). die spinnenfauna finnlands und ostfennoskandiens. vii. linyphiidae 2. fauna fennica 29: 1 - 126. - - show included taxa\nsimon, e. (1884a). les arachnides de france. tome cinquième, deuxième et troisième partie. roret, paris, 180 - 885. - - show included taxa\nsimon, e. (1926). les arachnides de france. synopsis générale et catalogue des espèces françaises de l' ordre des araneae. tome vi. 2e partie. roret, paris, 309 - 532. - - show included taxa\nthaler, k. (1986a). über wenig bekannte zwergspinnen aus den alpen - vii (arachnida: aranei, linyphiidae: erigoninae). mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft 59: 487 - 498. - - show included taxa\nwiehle, h. (1960a). spinnentiere oder arachnoidea (araneae). xi. micryphantidae - zwergspinnen. die tierwelt deutschlands 47, i - xi, 1 - 620. - - show included taxa\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors, a description of the taxonomic group or subject, and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren' t updated regularly, since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, david a. wiedenfeld, f. hernán vargas, howard l. snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez, john mccosker, diego ruiz, angel chiriboga, stuart banks .\nyves finet, nathalia tirado - sanchez, angel chiriboga, diego ruiz, stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz, frauke ziemmeck, alba yánez ayabaca, fredy nugra, andré aptroot .\nanne guézou, susana chamorro, paola pozo, ana mireya guerrero, rachel atkinson, chris buddenhagen, patricia jaramillo díaz, mark gardener .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, javier zabala, brian milstead, howard l. snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work, please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive, no matter how small, counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects. we need your passion, loyalty and continual support .\nthe “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands”, in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos”, association international sans but lucratif (“aisbl”), has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19, 1160 brussels, and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409. 359. 103 .\n), refer to species which are known from sweden only by tullgren' s names though already known to be junior, not yet formally established synonyms. the presence of some more species in the country is known by personal communication but these will be included in a later version after they have been published in print. records of casual introductions have been omitted. it is unavoidable that there are uncertainties about the presence of some of the species, and a list like this will always have a provisional character .\nthough several publications have been devoted to spiders in sweden during the last centuries, no inclusive account of all spiders species found throughout sweden has appeared since the book by westring in 1861, in which 308 species by then known were treated (a number of which were considered new to science). this book was soon followed by the more or less extensive\nremarks\nby thorell (1870 - 73) to each of the species treated by westring. many of the specific names used by westring, and a part of the ones introduced by westring (a number of which already in 1851), have later been synonymized due to priority, or allocated into other genera .\nin the present checklist, the order of the families, the assignment of genera to the respective family, and the names of the species are listed according to platnick (2000) .\nphotos in the list (all © t. kronestedt) are clickable for larger size .\nplease refer to this version as: kronestedt, t. : checklist of spiders (araneae) in sweden. version 2001 - 02 - 15 .\ngärdenfors, u. (ed .) 2000. rödlistade arter i sverige 2000 - the 2000 red list of swedish species. artdatabanken, slu, uppsala. 397 pp .\nthorell, t. 1870 - 73. remarks on synonyms of european spiders. upsala. 645 pp .\ntullgren, a. 1955. zur kenntnis schwedischer erigoniden. - ark. zool. (2) 7: 295 - 389 .\nwestring, n. 1851. förteckning öfver de till närvarande tid kände, i sverige förekommande spindelarter, utgörande ett antal af 253, däraf 132 äro nya för den svenska faunan. - göteb. k. vet. vitth. - samh. handl. 2: 25 - 62 .\nsegestriidae • segestria bavarica c. l. koch, 1843 • segestria senoculata (linnaeus, 1758 )\nuloboridae • hyptiotes paradoxus (c. l. koch, 1834) • uloborus plumipes lucas, 1846\ntetragnathidae • meta menardi (latreille, 1804) • metellina mengei (blackwall, 1869) • metellina merianae (scopoli, 1763) • metellina segmentata (clerck, 1757) • pachygnatha clercki sundevall, 1823 • pachygnatha degeeri sundevall, 1830 • pachygnatha listeri sundevall, 1830 • tetragnatha dearmata thorell, 1873 • tetragnatha extensa (linnaeus, 1758) • tetragnatha montana simon, 1874 • tetragnatha nigrita lendl, 1886 • tetragnatha obtusa c. l. koch, 1837 • tetragnatha pinicola l. koch, 1870 • tetragnatha striata l. koch, 1862\naraneidae •• aculepeira ceropegia (walckenaer, 1802) • aculepeira lapponica (holm, 1945) • agalenatea redii (scopoli, 1763) • araneus alsine (walckenaer, 1802) •• araneus angulatus clerck, 1757 • araneus diadematus clerck, 1757 • araneus marmoreus clerck, 1757 • araneus nordmanni (thorell, 1870) • araneus quadratus clerck, 1757 •• araneus saevus (l. koch, 1872) • araneus sturmi (hahn, 1831) •• araneus triguttatus (fabricius, 1775) • araniella alpica (l. koch, 1869) • araniella cucurbitina (clerck, 1757) • araniella displicata (hentz, 1847) •• araniella inconspicua (simon, 1874) • araniella opisthographa (kulczynski, 1905) • araniella proxima (kulczynski, 1895) • argiope bruennichi (scopoli, 1772) • cercidia prominens (westring, 1851) • cyclosa conica (pallas, 1772) •• gibbaranea bituberculata (walckenaer, 1802) • gibbaranea gibbosa (walckenaer, 1802) • gibbaranea omoeda (thorell, 1870) • hypsosinga albovittata (westring, 1851) •• hypsosinga heri (hahn, 1831) • hypsosinga pygmaea (sundevall, 1831) • hypsosinga sanguinea (c. l. koch, 1844) • larinioides cornutus (clerck, 1757) • larinioides patagiatus (clerck, 1757) • larinioides sclopetarius (clerck, 1757) • mangora acalypha (walckenaer, 1802) • neoscona adianta (walckenaer, 1802) • nuctenea silvicultrix (c. l. koch, 1835) • nuctenea umbratica (clerck, 1757) • singa hamata (clerck, 1757) •• singa nitidula (c. l. koch, 1845) • zilla diodia (walckenaer, 1802) • zygiella atrica (c. l. koch, 1845) • zygiella stroemi (thorell, 1870) • zygiella x - notata (clerck, 1757 )\nlycosidae • acantholycosa lignaria (clerck, 1757) • acantholycosa norvegica (thorell, 1872) • alopecosa aculeata (clerck, 1757) • alopecosa barbipes (sundevall, 1833) • alopecosa cuneata (clerck, 1757) •• alopecosa cursor (hahn, 1831) • alopecosa fabrilis (clerck, 1757) • alopecosa inquilina (clerck, 1757) • alopecosa pinetorum (thorell, 1856) • alopecosa pulverulenta (clerck, 1757) •• alopecosa schmidti (hahn, 1834) • alopecosa taeniata (c. l. koch, 1835) • alopecosa trabalis (clerck, 1757) • arctosa alpigena (doleschall, 1852) • arctosa cinerea (fabricius, 1777) •• arctosa figurata (simon, 1876) • arctosa leopardus (sundevall, 1833) • arctosa lutetiana (simon, 1876) • arctosa perita (latreille, 1799) • aulonia albimana (walckenaer, 1805) • hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (ohlert, 1865) • pardosa agrestis (westring, 1861) • pardosa agricola (thorell, 1856) • pardosa alacris (c. l. koch, 1833) • pardosa amentata (clerck, 1757) • pardosa atrata (thorell, 1873) • pardosa bifasciata (c. l. koch, 1834) • pardosa eiseni (thorell, 1875) • pardosa fulvipes (collett, 1875) • pardosa hyperborea (thorell, 1872) • pardosa lapponica (thorell, 1872) • pardosa lasciva l. koch, 1879 • pardosa lugubris (walckenaer, 1802) • pardosa monticola (clerck, 1757) • pardosa nigriceps (thorell, 1856) • pardosa paludicola (clerck, 1757) • pardosa palustris (linnaeus, 1758) • pardosa plumipes (thorell, 1875) • pardosa prativaga (l. koch, 1870) • pardosa pullata (clerck, 1757) • pardosa riparia (c. l. koch, 1833) • pardosa saltans töpfer - hofmann, 2000 •• pardosa septentrionalis (westring, 1861) • pardosa sphagnicola (dahl, 1908) • pardosa trailli (o. p. - cambridge, 1873) • pirata hygrophilus thorell, 1872 • pirata insularis emerton, 1885 • pirata piraticus (clerck, 1757) • pirata piscatorius (clerck, 1757) • pirata tenuitarsis simon, 1876 • pirata uliginosus (thorell, 1856) • trochosa ruricola (de geer, 1778) • trochosa spinipalpis (f. o. p. - cambridge, 1895) • trochosa terricola thorell, 1856 • xerolycosa miniata (c. l. koch, 1834) • xerolycosa nemoralis (westring, 1861 )\nagelenidae • agelena labyrinthica (clerck, 1757) • tegenaria atrica c. l. koch, 1843 • tegenaria domestica (clerck, 1757) • tegenaria ferruginea (panzer, 1804) • textrix denticulata (olivier, 1789 )\nhahniidae • antistea elegans (blackwall, 1841) • cryphoeca silvicola (c. l. koch, 1834) • hahnia helveola simon, 1875 •• hahnia montana (blackwall, 1841) • hahnia nava (blackwall, 1841) • hahnia ononidum simon, 1875 • hahnia pusilla c. l. koch 1841\ndictynidae • archaeodictyna consecuta (o. p. - cambridge, 1872) • arctella lapponica holm, 1945 • argenna patula (simon, 1874) • argenna subnigra (o. p. - cambridge, 1861) •• brommella falcigera (balogh, 1935) •• cicurina cicur (fabricius, 1793) • dictyna alaskae chamberlin et ivie, 1947 • dictyna arundinacea (linnaeus, 1758) • dictyna latens (fabricius, 1775) •• dictyna major menge, 1869 • dictyna pusilla thorell, 1856 • dictyna' schmidti' sensu lehtinen, 1967 • dictyna uncinata thorell, 1856 • emblyna annulipes (blackwall, 1846) • hackmania prominula (tullgren, 1948) • lathys humilis (blackwall, 1855) • lathys nielseni (schenkel, 1932) • mastigusa arietina (thorell, 1871 )\nmiturgidae •• cheiracanthium campestre lohmander, 1944 •• cheiracanthium elegans thorell, 1875 • cheiracanthium erraticum (walckenaer, 1802) • cheiracanthium oncognatum thorell, 1871 •• cheiracanthium pennyi o. p - cambridge, 1873 •• cheiracanthium punctorium (villers, 1789) • cheiracanthium virescens (sundevall, 1833 )\nliocranidae •• agraecina striata (kulczynski, 1882) • agroeca brunnea (blackwall, 1833) • agroeca cuprea menge, 1873 •• agroeca dentigera kulczynski, 1913 • agroeca lusatica (l. koch, 1875) • agroeca proxima (o. p. - cambridge, 1871) • apostenus fuscus westring, 1851 • liocranum rupicola (walckenaer, 1830) • phrurolithus festivus (c. l. koch, 1835) • phrurolithus minimus c. l. koch, 1839 •• scotina celans (blackwall, 1841) • scotina gracilipes (blackwall, 1859) • scotina palliardi (l. koch, 1881 )\nclubionidae • clubiona brevipes blackwall, 1841 • clubiona caerulescens l. koch, 1867 • clubiona comta c. l. koch, 1839 • clubiona corticalis (walckenaer, 1802) • clubiona diversa o. p. - cambridge, 1862 • clubiona frisia wunderlich et schuett, 1995 • clubiona frutetorum l. koch, 1866 •• clubiona genevensis l. koch, 1866 • clubiona germanica thorell, 1870 • clubiona kulczynskii lessert, 1905 • clubiona lutescens westring, 1851 • clubiona neglecta o. p. - cambridge, 1862 • clubiona norvegica strand, 1900 • clubiona pallidula (clerck, 1757) • clubiona phragmitis c. l. koch, 1843 • clubiona reclusa o. p. - cambridge, 1863 • clubiona stagnatilis kulczynski • clubiona subsultans thorell, 1875 • clubiona subtilis l. koch, 1866 • clubiona terrestris westring, 1851 • clubiona trivialis c. l. koch, 1843\ngnaphosidae • callilepis nocturna (linnaeus, 1758) • drassodes cupreus (blackwall, 1834) • drassodes pubescens (thorell, 1856) • drassodes villosus (thorell, 1856) • drassyllus lutetianus (l. koch, 1866) • drassyllus praeficus (l. koch, 1866) • drassyllus pumilus (c. l. koch, 1839) • drassyllus pusillus (c. l. koch, 1833) • echemus angustifrons (westring, 1861) • gnaphosa bicolor (hahn, 1831) • gnaphosa lapponum (l. koch, 1866) • gnaphosa leporina (l. koch, 1866) • gnaphosa lucifuga (walckenaer, 1802) • gnaphosa microps holm, 1939 • gnaphosa montana (l. koch, 1866) • gnaphosa muscorum (l. koch, 1866) • gnaphosa nigerrima l. koch, 1877 • gnaphosa orites chamberlin, 1922 • gnaphosa sticta kulczynski, 1908 • haplodrassus cognatus (westring, 1861) • haplodrassus dalmatensis (l. koch, 1866) • haplodrassus moderatus (kulczynski, 1897) • haplodrassus signifer (c. l. koch, 1839) • haplodrassus silvestris (blackwall, 1833) • haplodrassus soerenseni (strand, 1900) • haplodrassus umbratilis (l. koch, 1866) • micaria aenea thorell, 1871 • micaria alpina l. koch, 1872 • micaria formicaria (sundevall, 1831) • micaria fulgens (walckenaer, 1802) •• micaria lenzi bösenberg, 1899 • micaria nivosa l. koch, 1866 • micaria pulicaria (sundevall, 1831) • micaria silesiaca l. koch, 1875 • micaria subopaca westring, 1861 • micaria tripunctata holm, 1978 • phaeocedus braccatus (l. koch, 1866) • poecilochroa variana (c. l. koch, 1839) • scotophaeus blackwalli (thorell, 1871) • scotophaeus quadripunctatus (linnaeus, 1758) • scotophaeus scutulatus (l. koch, 1866) • trachyzelotes pedestris (c. l. koch, 1837) • zelotes clivicola (l. koch, 1870) • zelotes electus (c. l. koch, 1839) • zelotes' exiguus' sensu holm 1968 • zelotes latreillei (simon, 1878) • zelotes longipes (l. koch, 1866) • zelotes petrensis (c. l. koch, 1839) • zelotes puritanus chamberlin, 1922 • zelotes subterraneus (c. l. koch, 1833 )\nphilodromidae • philodromus aureolus (clerck, 1757) • philodromus cespitum (walckenaer, 1802) • philodromus collinus c. l. koch, 1835 • philodromus dispar walckenaer, 1826 • philodromus emarginatus (schrank, 1803) •• philodromus fallax sundevall, 1833 • philodromus fuscomarginatus (de geer, 1778) • philodromus histrio (latreille, 1819) • philodromus margaritatus (clerck, 1757) •• philodromus poecilus (thorell, 1872) •• philodromus praedatus o. p. - cambridge, 1871 •• philodromus rufus walckenaer, 1826 • thanatus arcticus thorell, 1872 • thanatus arenarius l. koch, 1872 • thanatus atratus simon, 1875 • thanatus formicinus (clerck, 1757) • thanatus striatus c. l. koch, 1845 • tibellus maritimus (menge, 1875) • tibellus oblongus (walckenaer, 1802 )\nthomisidae • coriarachne depressa (c. l. koch, 1837) • diaea dorsata (fabricius, 1777) • misumena vatia (clerck, 1757) • ozyptila arctica kulczynski, 1908 • ozyptila atomaria (panzer, 1801) • ozyptila brevipes (hahn, 1826) •• ozyptila gertschi kurata, 1944 • ozyptila nigrita (thorell, 1875) • ozyptila praticola (c. l. koch, 1837) • ozyptila scabricula (westring, 1851) • ozyptila trux (blackwall, 1846) • ozyptila westringi (thorell, 1873) •• pistius truncatus (pallas, 1772) •• thomisus onustus walckenaer, 1806 • xysticus albidus grese, 1909 • xysticus audax (schrank, 1803) • xysticus bifasciatus c. l. koch, 1837 •• xysticus chippewa gertsch, 1953 • xysticus cristatus (clerck, 1757) • xysticus erraticus (blackwall, 1834) • xysticus kochi thorell, 1872 • xysticus lanio c. l. koch, 1824 • xysticus lineatus (westring, 1851) • xysticus luctator l. koch, 1870 • xysticus luctuosus (blackwall, 1836) • xysticus obscurus collett, 1877 • xysticus robustus (hahn, 1832) • xysticus sabulosus (hahn, 1832) • xysticus ulmi (hahn, 1832 )\nsalticidae • aelurillus v - insignitus (clerck, 1757) • ballus chalybeius (walckenaer, 1802) • dendryphantes hastatus (clerck, 1757) • dendryphantes rudis (sundevall, 1833) • euophrys frontalis (walckenaer, 1802) • evarcha arcuata (clerck, 1757) • evarcha falcata (clerck, 1757) • evarcha laetabunda (c. l. koch, 1848) • heliophanus aeneus (hahn, 1831) • heliophanus auratus c. l koch, 1835 • heliophanus camtschadalicus kulczynski, 1885 • heliophanus cupreus (walckenaer, 1802) • heliophanus dubius c. l. koch, 1835 • heliophanus flavipes (hahn, 1832) • marpissa muscosa (clerck, 1757) • marpissa radiata (grube, 1859) • myrmarachne formicaria (de geer, 1778) • neon levis (simon, 1871) • neon reticulatus (blackwall, 1853) • neon robustus lohmander, 1945 • neon valentulus falconer, 1912 • pellenes lapponicus (sundevall, 1833) • pellenes tripunctatus (walckenaer, 1802) • phlegra fasciata (hahn, 1826) • pseudeuophrys erratica (walckenaer, 1826) •• pseudicius encarpatus (walckenaer, 1802) • salticus cingulatus (panzer, 1797) • salticus scenicus (clerck, 1757) • salticus zebraneus (c. l. koch, 1837) • sibianor larae logunov, 2001 • sitticus caricis (westring, 1861) • sitticus distinguendus (simon, 1868) • sitticus floricola (c. l. koch, 1837) •• sitticus inexpectus logunov et kronestedt, 1997 • sitticus pubescens (fabricius, 1775) • sitticus ranieri peckham & peckham, 1909 • sitticus saltator (o. p. - cambridge, 1868) • sitticus terebratus (clerck, 1757) • sitticus zimmermanni (simon, 1877) •• synageles hilarulus (c. l. koch, 1848) • synageles venator (lucas, 1836) • talavera aequipes (o. p. - cambridge, 1871) • talavera petrensis (c. l. koch, 1837) • talavera thorelli (kulczynski, 1891) • talavera westringi auctt .\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the national grid or, for less well - recorded groups, within seven or fewer vice - counties. superseded by nationally scarce, and therefore no longer in use .\nspecies “of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” covered under section 41 (england) of the nerc act (2006) and therefore need to be taken into consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity .\nspecies “of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” covered under section 42 (wales) of the nerc act (2006) and therefore need to be taken into consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity .\nthe uk list of priority species and habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the uk biodiversity action plan (uk bap) .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "erigone is a genus of spiders of the sub-order araneomorphae and the family linyphiidae .", "they are carnivorous , preying on small insects such as psylla and flies .", "the species of the genus are native to north america , europe , asia , africa and oceania .", "some species with the genus name erigone are actually synonyms for a species in another genus - erigone orientalis , for example , is a synonym for hylyphantes graminicola . " ], "topic": [ 26, 12, 26, 26 ] }

[ "erigone is a genus of spiders of the sub-order araneomorphae and the family linyphiidae. they are carnivorous, preying on small insects such as psylla and flies. the species of the genus are native to north america, europe, asia, africa and oceania. some species with the genus name erigone are actually synonyms for a species in another genus - erigone orientalis, for example, is a synonym for hylyphantes graminicola." ]

[ "acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark\narticle: acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark\ndetails - acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark - biodiversity heritage library\nty - jour ti - acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark t2 - the entomologist' s record and journal of variation. vl - 115 ur - urltoken pb - s. n. cy - [ london: py - 2003 sp - 224 ep - 225 sn - 0013 - 8916 au - costen, p d m (pcosten @ guernsey net) er -\n@ article { bhlpart194861, title = { acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark }, journal = { the entomologist' s record and journal of variation. }, volume = { 115 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { [ london: s. n. }, author = { costen, p d m (pcosten @ guernsey net) }, year = { 2003 }, pages = { 224 - - 225 }, }\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > acrolepiopsis marcidella (curtis) (lep. : yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on guernsey and sark < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > costen, p d m (pcosten @ guernsey net) < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 115 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the entomologist & # 39; s record and journal of variation. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ london: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > s. n. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 115 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 224 < / start > < end > 225 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2003 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nuntil 1997 there had only been a handful of records of this species, mostly from the 19th century, with one in 1986. in 1997 it was discovered in dorset and has since been found in hampshire .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 22: 05: 15 page render time: 0. 3009s total w / procache: 0. 3502s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nthere is only one county record of this proposed rdb class 1 species - found in june 1997 at tortington common near arundel. (pratt, 2011 )\na maximum of five species may be selected. the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page. tick the box below to select this species .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nunderlying maps produced by mapmate® using digital map data © harpercollins - bartholomew 2010 data overlay © somerset moth group 1989 - 2011. technology based on work funded by the essex field club .\nan extremely rare moth that is restricted to the coastal counties of south east england, considered to be a future prbd red data book moth .\nthe moth is orangey brown with a white patch centrally positioned along the dorsum with varying degrees of black and white spots and a black dash between the costa and postmedian line position .\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos, physical characteristics, habitats, edible uses, medicinal uses, cultivation, propagation, range, height etc. are clearly listed. plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nthe annals and magazine of natural history, including zoology, botany, and geology. second series 5: 110 - 121. 2nd ser. v. 5 (1850) london (r. and je taylor )" ]

{ "text": [ "acrolepiopsis marcidella is a moth of the acrolepiidae family .", "it is found in great britain , france , spain , portugal , switzerland , italy , croatia and bulgaria .", "the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm .", "adults are on wing in june and july .", "the larvae feed on ruscus aculeatus .", "they mine the fruit of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "acrolepiopsis marcidella is a moth of the acrolepiidae family. it is found in great britain, france, spain, portugal, switzerland, italy, croatia and bulgaria. the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm. adults are on wing in june and july. the larvae feed on ruscus aculeatus. they mine the fruit of their host plant." ]

[ "figs. 265 - 267, nidara multiversa, $ genitalia. 265, eighth abdominal sternite; 266, aedeagus; 267, q \\\nhave a fact about nidara pumilla? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nidara pumilla? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntype species: nidara croceina mabille, 1897. annales de la société entomologique de france 66 (2–3): 222. by monotypy .\n26. nidal baba 27. nidal fat' hi rabah farahat 28. nidal fathi rabah farahat 29. nidal hasan 30. nidal hassan 31. nidal hilal 32. nidal malik hasan 33. nidaliidae 34. nidamangalam junction railway station 35. nidamarru 36. nidamental 37. nidamental gland 38. nidamental glands 39. nidamentum 40. nidan 41. nidana 42. nidaq 43. nidar 44. nidar as 45. nidar bergene 46. nidara multiversa 47. nidaria 48. nidarians 49. nidaro 50. nidaros\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmabille p. 1898. description de lépidoptères nouveaux. - annales de la société entomologique de france 66 (1897) (2–3): 182–231, pl. 9 .\nwatson a. 1965a. a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae (lepidoptera). - bulletin of the british museum of natural history (entomology) supplement 3: 1–178, pls. 1–18 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about nidaros use? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nidaros use? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about nidaan? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nidaan? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepanidae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n1. nida 2. nida blanca 3. nida civic movement 4. nida dar 5. nida fazli 6. nida jay 7. nida lighthouse 8. nida plateau 9. nida senff 10. nida yasir 11. nidaa tounes 12. nidaan 13. nidab 14. nidaba 15. nidadavole 16. nidadavolu 17. nidadavolu junction railway station 18. nidaga 19. nidagal 20. nidagel 21. nidagundi 22. nidal 23. nidal a. ayyad 24. nidal a ayyad 25. nidal algafari\n51. nidaros cathedral 52. nidaros cathedral boys' choir 53. nidaros cathedral boys choir 54. nidaros cathedral west front 55. nidaros domers 56. nidaros hockey 57. nidaros roller derby 58. nidarosdomen 59. nidaross 60. nidary 61. nidas 62. nidasoshi 63. nidate 64. nidated 65. nidates 66. nidating 67. nidation 68. nidations 69. nidatory 70. nidau 71. nidau castle 72. nidavellir 73. niday 74. niday place state forest 75. nidazole" ]

{ "text": [ "nidara multiversa is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by watson in 1965 .", "it is found in madagascar .", "the length of the forewings is 16.5-18.5 mm for males and 19 mm for females .", "the forewings are yellowish buff with numerous transverse striations and a single white spot close to the cell and a very faintly marked postmedial fascia .", "the hindwings are yellow , with traces of transverse striations along the anal margin . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "nidara multiversa is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by watson in 1965. it is found in madagascar. the length of the forewings is 16.5-18.5 mm for males and 19 mm for females. the forewings are yellowish buff with numerous transverse striations and a single white spot close to the cell and a very faintly marked postmedial fascia. the hindwings are yellow, with traces of transverse striations along the anal margin." ]

[ "21. forge 22. four o' clock 23. fungus 24. galaxy 25. genus mirabilis 26. hybrid 27. insect 28. knickerbocker 29. outcrop 30. proteus\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n1. welwitschia 2. maravilla 3. marvel - of - peru 4. dryden 5. umbrellawort 6. four - o' clock 7. anemone 8. animalcules 9. arid 10. aureole\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn' t find it, but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions. )\nnot helpful? you might try using the wildcards * and? to find the word you' re looking for. for example, use\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence." ]

{ "text": [ "kurama mirabilis is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by butler in 1879 .", "it is found in japan .", "the wingspan is 34-44 mm .", "the costal half of the forewings is pearly white and the internal half pale bronzy brown .", "there is a black spot at the base of the interno-median interspace and an oblique dark brown fasciole from the costal margin to the median vein at the basal fifth .", "the costa beyond this fasciole is dark brown and there is a slightly oblique longitudinal brown stripe from the apex to just beyond the cell , where it joins a slender , postmedian , irregular , transverse line .", "a similar line is found from the interior extremity of the subbasal fasciole and there is a maculated , white-edged , dark brown submarginal line , as well as a very indistinct transverse line between the latter and the discal line .", "there is also a dark brown marginal crenulated line and a black spot at the end of the cell .", "the hindwings are white , with a pale brownish outer border . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "kurama mirabilis is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by butler in 1879. it is found in japan. the wingspan is 34-44 mm. the costal half of the forewings is pearly white and the internal half pale bronzy brown. there is a black spot at the base of the interno-median interspace and an oblique dark brown fasciole from the costal margin to the median vein at the basal fifth. the costa beyond this fasciole is dark brown and there is a slightly oblique longitudinal brown stripe from the apex to just beyond the cell, where it joins a slender, postmedian, irregular, transverse line. a similar line is found from the interior extremity of the subbasal fasciole and there is a maculated, white-edged, dark brown submarginal line, as well as a very indistinct transverse line between the latter and the discal line. there is also a dark brown marginal crenulated line and a black spot at the end of the cell. the hindwings are white, with a pale brownish outer border." ]

[ "small crinoid on red coral, comanthina sp. , siphonogorgia godeffroyi, raja ampat, west papua, indonesia\nlittle one to haarstern on red coral, comanthina sp. , siphonogorgia godeffroyi, raja ampat, west papua, indonesia ,\ncoral reef with cherry blossom coral (siphonogorgia godeffroyi) and red fan coral (melithaea sp .), bali, indonesia\nscuba diver with soft coral, siphonogorgia godeffroyi, komodo archipelago islands, komodo national park, indonesia, pacific ocean date: 23. 07. 08 ref\nsiphonogorgia godeffroyi, kolliker, wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxi. , p. 236, pl. xxxviii. , fig. 4 .\nsoft coral (siphonogorgia godeffroi), at the liberty wreck, diver, coral, tulamben, bali, indonesia, indian ocean, bali sea .\nsiphonogorgia pallida, studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxii. , p. 8, pl. ii. , fig. 2 a, b .\nof the genus siphonogorgia no less than three out of the seven known species are in the collection, together with a new species possessing very large spicules, the external ones of which resemble those of spongodes .\nthe nephthyidæ, embracing spongodes and siphonogorgia, could not be reached but by one having steam power at command. the only day a steam launch was placed at my disposal, i spent the time dragging tangles across and along the steep and narrow slope west of the atoll, between forty and seventy fathoms. from this rocky mountain side were procured one species of spongodes, four species of siphonogorgia, and a number of gorgonias .\nthese latter will be dealt with in the next part .\nsiphonogorgia kollikeri, wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxi. , p. 236, pl. xxiv. , fig. 2; studer, chall. rep. , xxxii, p. 7, pl. i. , fig. 2; pl. v. , fig. 3; pl. vi. , figs. 4 - 5 .\nmolecular analysis by the ml method. relationship of chironephthya - siphonogorgia species using nidaria - nephthyigorgia - pieterfaurea as outgroup. a analysis based in mtmuts + coi, and b analysis based in the proposed extended barcode for octocorals (mtmuts + coi + igr1). the trees are drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. support values indicate bootstrap and posterior probability, respectively. values lower than 50% (bootstrap) or 0. 5 (pp) are not indicated. (gif 128 kb )\nin this paper, a new species of the soft coral genus chironephthya from the northwestern mediterranean sea is described and illustrated. chironephthya mediterranea sp. nov. is formally described based on morphological, chromatic, molecular, and ecological data. a molecular comparison based on mitochondrial genes (mtmuts + coi) and the proposed extended barcode (mtmuts + igr1 + coi) relates the mediterranean species with other chironephthya species. the new mediterranean species is compared with the available information and type materials from its atlantic congeners, chironephthya agassizii and chironephthya caribaea. this is the first time that a species of this genus is reported from the mediterranean sea. along with nidalia studeri, this is the second species of the family nidaliidae found in this biogeographic region. both nidaliid species were collected in the shelf break area. the present report adds to previous knowledge of chironephtya and its global distribution. although the molecular analyses carried out do not support the monophyly of the family nidaliidae, they clearly indicate a close relationship between the genera siphonogorgia and chironephthya, which are both in need of revision .\ncordeiro, r. ; van ofwegen, l. ; williams, g. (2018). world list of octocorallia .\nl. p. van ofwegen, s. d. cairns & j. van der land (eds). (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nalso known as octocorals, soft tree corals, tree corals, godeffroy' s soft coral .\nalso known as octocorals, soft tree corals, tree corals and godeffroy' s soft coral. found on rocky and coral reefs along ledges, reef slopes and overhangs. they feed on plankton. length - 17cm depth - 10 - 20m widespread indo - pacific most soft corals have no true skeleton and so their bodies are flexible. some soft corals have spikes very similar to rose thorns which may help to protect against predators. soft corals are food and shelter to many marine animals, some of which hide in the branches and take on the colouration of these corals. (edit )\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below. empty fields will keep the existing data .\nhadsan is the name of a popular philippino beach with facilities and a harbour. it is there that guphil i has its base. in the harbour special marine life with a few fishes not seen elsewhere on the island. outside a 60 m wide shallow with algae growth down to 3 m, then rocks with corals and a drop - off that starts at 8 m. quite vertical .\nalgae fields with corals in the shallows. a lot of dead coral plenty of interesting marine life because of dynamite fishing. drop - off with very interesting marine life .\nsuper: one of the best places in the visayas. lots of crabs, nudibranches, fishes, corals etc. . mandarine fishes are common. sea horses, pipe fishes, too much to name .\n6 m is the worst, average 12 m, on clear days 30 m .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 02e5114a - e04a - 4983 - a614 - 3fbe434d5ff8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 29f23afd - 4af5 - 40c5 - 9af7 - 269c61350151\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b3da4c25 - 20d4 - 4564 - 8f29 - 696cbca6e538\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b3ff361d - 7ed7 - 49f6 - a8d9 - 9a8c1ebbfab6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f1fdea18 - f174 - 47be - bca5 - b63bfd9ac654\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1034c313 - de1d - 45e8 - a1c7 - 7b67845c91a9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 437644\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n{ { t (' get _ image _ for', { price: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. priceperimage) }) } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. add _ to _ cart') } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. update _ cart') } }\n{ { t (' buy _ card. view _ cart') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. add _ notes') } } { {: : t (' errors. messages. enter _ required _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. project _ codes') } } { {: : t (' download _ workflow. select _ project _ code') } } { { projectcode } } { {: : t (' errors. messages. enter _ required _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. calculate _ price _ cta') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. save _ to _ cart _ cta') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. view _ cart') } }\n{ {: : t (' site _ specific. getty. request _ preview') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. usage _ rights _ restrictions') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ restrictions _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ agreement _ title') } }\n{ {: : t (' download _ workflow. eza _ agreement _ check _ info') } }\n{ {: : t (' buy _ card. download _ button') } }\nmix and match royalty - free images, videos, and editorial with packs that never expire. *\n{ { t (' save _ amount', { amount _ saved: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. fivepackpricing. amountyousave) }) } }\n{ { t (' save _ amount', { amount _ saved: formatprice (selectedsize. premiumpacksavings. tenpackpricing. amountyousave) }) } }\n{ { t (' compared _ with _ single _ price', { price: formatprice (selectedsize. price) }) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample (composite or comp) use only, for up to 30 days following download. however, unless a license is purchased, content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials. no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken. this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social, add text and more with istock editor. open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nwe' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\npink soft coral with polyps clustered on the end of the branches. acoel flatworms on the branches and polyps. indonesia .\nindian ocean, maldives. 5th apr, 2018. cherry blossom coral or godeffroy' s soft coral credit: andrey nekrasov / zuma wire / zumapress. com / alamy live news\nindian ocean, maldives. 5th apr, 2018. cherry blossom coral or godeffroy' s soft coral credit: andrey nekrasov / zuma wire / zumapress. com / alamy live news\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nalso known as godeffroy' s soft coral, this tree coral looks like the japanese' sakura' or cherry blossom tree. they feed on plankton and can grow to about 17cm in length .\nfound on rocky and coral reefs along ledges, reef slopes and overhangs. widespread in the indo - pacific region .\ni photographed this very attractive tree coral at a depth of about 20m during a day dive, at a dive site called mushroom rock, samal island, philippines .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nin: the atoll of funafuti, ellice group: its zoology, botany, ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum, sydney, n. s. w .\nthe atoll of funafuti, ellice group: its zoology, botany, ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum, sydney, n. s. w .\ncollected at the ellice group by mr. c. hedley, prove to be of more than ordinary interest, inasmuch as the collection now dealt with includes four new species, and many rare or but little known forms .\nthere are three species of the genus sarcophytum, one of which was originally described by dana as alcyonium latum, from fiji; herein it is referred to the genus sarcophytum, to which it undoubtedly belongs .\nthe genus lobophytum is represented by six or seven species; two are described as new, and four others have been re - described and illustrated, with a view to aid in their determination in the future .\nin dealing with the species described by the earlier authors, there is a considerable amount of doubt as to their specific identity, from the fact that the characters afforded by the spicules have generally been ignored, and only the external features given. in such cases i have thought it better to accept the species, when they agreed fairly well with the descriptions, rather than describe them as new .\nunder this category are included alcyonium tuberculosum, q. & g. , a. confertum, dana, and a. viride, q. & g. the latter appears to differ greatly from the other species under notice, and studer refers it to the genus lobularia in his account of the alcyonaria of s. m. s .\ngazelle .\n* judging by the spicules alone, the species herein enumerated and referred to the genus lobophytum are very heterogeneous, displaying great variation in the size and also in the tuberculation of the larger spicules; the tubercles are not in whorls but are irregularly scattered, this is so in l. tuberculosum, l. confertum, and l. densum, which in this respect are closely allied to l. marenzelleri, and also in the size of the siphonozooids, which are minute and almost rudimentary .\nthe nephthyidæ are represented by two species of spongodes, one— s. pallida —being regarded as new .\ni have again to acknowledge my obligation to my colleague, mr. edgar r. waite, for the admirable pen and ink drawings, from which the accompanying illustrations were photographically reproduced .\nthe alcyonidæ, such as lobophytum and sarcophytum, especially flourished on the numerous small reefs which stud the lagoon, where they grew from low water to as deep as the eye could follow. like the hard corals with which they were interspersed, they loved clear, smooth water, and a rocky bottom, and could not endure sand or mud. so plentiful were they in such spots, that i have often walked for twenty or thirty paces treading upon alcyonaria continuously. so much do these resemble in a general way some of the hard corals, among which they grow, that i have often stooped to feel whether the object of my attention were hard or soft. on shady days the polyps might be seen fully exserted, but in bright sunshine they were invariably retracted. all the specimens collected were taken at low water by wading on the lagoon reefs opposite the anchorage .\nsarcophytum glaucum, quoy & gaim. , voy. astrolabe, zoophytes, iv. , p. 270, pl. xxii. , figs. 11 - 12; marenzeller, zool. jahrb. , bd. i. , 1886, p. 352, pl. ix. , fig. 12; wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxi. , p. 248, pl. xlii. , fig. 3 .\nsarcophytum trocheliophorum, var. amboinense, marenz. , zool. jahrb. , bd. i. , 1886, p. 361, pl. ix. , fig. 6; wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxi. , p. 249, pl. xli. , fig. 11 .\none small specimen, the polyps are quite retracted, the sipho - nozooids are distinct and disposed in circles. the short thick spicules are characteristic of this form. (see fig. 6c on maren - zeller' s plate. )\nalcyonium latum, dana, zooph. u. s. explor. exped. , pl. lviii. , figs. 6, a, b, b; synop. rep. zooph. , 1859, p. 125 .\nthe single example obtained, differs slightly from the type as figured by dana; it is smaller, more depressed, and the lobes are fewer .\nthe sterile column is well developed, it is 55 mm. high at its highest point, and 30 mm. at its lowest; the surface is longitu - dinally sulcate and very harsh to the touch .\nthe capitular margin is a little swollen, but not at all revolute, the upper surface generally presents a minutely beaded appear - ance, due to the elevation of the walls surrounding the orifices of the polyps .\nthe autozooids, which are 1 mm. apart, are encircled by six or seven siphonozooids, the latter being also common to the encircling series of adjoining autozooids, as shown in dana' s fig. 6a .\nthe cænenchyma spicules are abundant, and consist of fus - form, and of subcylindrical spindles, studded with whorled, granular, or spiny tubercles. size—·3 by ·08, ·4 by ·1, ·3 by ·15, ·35 by ·15 mm. in addition to these, there are a few crosses and comparatively smooth spiny spindles .\nthe spicules of the cortex are tuberculated clubs, which form a very dense crust, they are variable at the blunt end, some are broad and others obliquely pointed. size—·12 by ·03, ·2 by ·04mm .\nthe specimen has the same general shape as that figured by dana, consisting of two subfoliate expansions; there is evidently an error in fig. 7, the right half having the sterile column coloured and dotted to represent polyps similar to those on the capitular surface .\nlobophytum pauciflorum, ehr. , var. validum, marenz. , zool. jahrb. , bd. i. , p. 367, pl. ix. , fig. 12, a, b, c .\none specimen 80 mm. long by 52 mm. wide, the sterile column is 25 mm. high, with a somewhat even surface, excepting at one point, where it exhibits a few transverse wrinkles .\nthe capitular margin is slightly thickened, and a little revolute in some parts .\nthe lobes of the capitulum are abruptly rounded at the summits, they are about ten in number and vary from 15 to 25 mm. in height, 15 to 40 mm. in width, and from 7 to 10 mm. in their least diameter .\nthe autozooids are 2 mm. apart, the walls surrounding the orifices are slightly raised, and a shade darker in colour than the rest of the surface .\nthe siphonozooids are numerous, small, and scarcely visible to the unassisted eye; there are from five to seven between two autozooids .\nthe spicules do not differ from those figured by marenzeller. the specimen in spirits is a dark stone colour .\nthere are three examples, exhibiting great variation in the lobation of the capitulum .\nin the larger specimen the sterile column is complete, rigid, and harsh to the touch, longitudinally plicate, and measures 50 mm. in diameter and 35 mm. in height .\nthe capitulum consists of about twelve subflabellate lobes from 20 to 40 mm. high, 25 to 45 mm. wide, and from 5 to 8 mm. thick .\nthe primary lobes are divided into three or four secondary lobes, 10 to 15 mm. high, and 5 to 10 mm. wide. many of the broader lobes have a longitudinal fold commencing at the base and continued to the subtruncate apex .\nin the two smaller examples, both the primary and secondary lobes are much narrower, the latter often digitate, compressed, or subcylindrical, with evenly rounded summits, the wider lobes exhibit a rather broad median longitudinal groove on at least one side; on the widest lobes the grooves are present on both sides. the primary lobes are from 8 to 30 mm. wide, 10 to 25 mm. high, and from 3 to 7 mm. thick; the secondaries from 5 to 20 mm. high, 5 to 10 mm. wide, and from 2 to 5 mm. in their narrow diameter .\nthe autozooids are very irregularly disposed; they are few in number, and on the central regions of the lobes separated from each other by wide intervals. on the margins and summits of the lobes they are closer, and about 1 to 2 mm. or evenless apart .\nthe siphonozooids are numerous, distinct, and plainly visible to the unassisted eye; between the widely separated autozooids there are as many as twelve, whilst on the margins, where the autozooids are crowded, they are fewer and disposed in circles .\nstraight rather acute ended spindles, the smaller of which are often unequal and subclavate. the tubercles are in whorls and somewhat minutely spinose. size—·15 by ·03, ·3 by ·09 mm .\nshort, stout, subcylindrical, with from four to six whorls of spiny tubercles. size—·15 by ·07, ·2 by 1 mm .\nin addition to the foregoing there are numerous spiny spindles and some crosses. the spicules of the cortex are rather narrow tuberculated clubs. size—·12 by ·02, ·15 by ·05 mm .\nlobophytum marenzelleri, wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. xxxi, p. 251, pl. xlii. , fig. 1 .\none specimen of an oval shape, 80 mm. long and 40 mm. wide. only a small portion of the sterile column remains, it is 30 mm. high. the lobation of the capitulum, autozooids, siphonozooids and spicules, agree with the published description .\nlobophytum tuberculosum, quoy & gaim. , voy. astrolabe, zooph. , iv. , p. 274, pl. xxiii. , figs. 4 - 5 .\nin a small example referred to this species the sterile stem is mostly torn away, the remaining portion is 15 mm. high and 25 mm. wide .\nthe capitulum is 80 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 20 mm. high .\nthere are seven primary lobes arising from the expanded base, each bearing from five to twenty secondary round, oblong, or subreniform lobes, their height seldom exceeding their lesser diameter .\nthe autozooids are crowded, with the margins of the orifices deeply sunk, they are from ·5 to 1 mm. apart .\nthe siphonozooids are exceedingly minute and the orifices difficult to see even with a strong lens. their number is from two to four between two antozooids .\nthe spicules of the cænenchyma are straight, or curved, irregularly tuberculated spindles, displaying great variation in outline; some are cylindrical to within a short distance of the ends, where they taper rapidly to rather blunt points, others are clavate with the narrow end acute, and a few taper gradually to acute points. size—·5 by ·12, 2. by ·4mm .\nthe cortical spicules are small clubs with tuberculate heads and spiny sharply pointed shafts. size—·15 by ·04, ·25 by ·07 mm. there are also a few smooth or slightly spiny spindles; crosses have not been observed. the colour in spirits is yellowish - gray .\nlobophytum confertum, dana, u. s. explor. exped. , zooph. , pl. lvii, fig. 7, a, b; synop. rep. zooph. , 1859, p. 125 .\none specimen in which the sterile column is absent is with some hesitation referred to this species. the colony is very hard to the touch, and densely charged with large spicules, which can be seen with the unaided eye projecting from the broken surfaces .\nthe capitulum consists of eight or nine main lobes, upon which are situated a large number of secondary lobes, varying greatly in shape; on the basal expansion they are subcylindrical or compressed and are from 4 to 15 mm. high, and 3 to 5 mm. thick. along the sides of the primaries the secondaries form low ridges which extend in a more or less broken manner from the bases to the summits, they are about as high as broad. the apical and subapical lobes are very variable, scarcely any two being alike; they may be round, trigonous, or much compressed, with a slight longitudinal groove, and the margins folded towards each other; they are from 5 to 15 mm. high, 3 to 10 mm. in their broad, and from 3 to 5 mm. in their narrow diameter .\nthe autozooids are evenly distributed, the marginal walls of the orifices deeply sunk; they are tolerably uniformly spaced, being 1 mm. apart .\nthe siphonozooids are so minute that a high magnifying lens fails to render them visible .\nthe cænenchyma exhibits when viewed in transverse section a large number of canals from ·5 to 2 mm. in diameter; the walls are thickly charged with very large tuberculate spindles .\nthey appear to be less opaque than those bearing tubercles, and the spines can be seen radiating from the axial region of the spicule .\nlarge, curved or rarely straight, very variable both in the amount of curvature, and the acuteness of the points; most of those evenly curved, whether boomerang, bow or f - shaped, have moderately sharp points, whilst those unequally curved usually have one end blunt. size—1·7 by ·25, 2·5 by ·4 mm .\nstraight, fusiform, equally tapering to sharp points. size—1·4 by ·22 mm .\nlarge, straight, or curved, fusiform with spines only. size—1·4 by ·22, 2. by 45 mm .\ncomparatively smooth fusiform spindles, with small tubercles or spines. size—·45 by ·08 mm .\nclubs with tuberculate heads and long spiny shafts. size—·2 by ·04, ·25 by ·05 mm .\nthe colour is coffee - brown, but this may be due to staining caused by contact with other objects in the cask in which the specimen was preserved. this is highly probable, as a second example which at first sight was thought to be distinct, proves to be the same, or perhaps a variety .\nthe colour of the second specimen is pale glaucus or sage green, the primary lobes are not so high, the secondary lobes are shorter, thicker, and mostly in contact, each lobe being adapted to the shape of contiguous lobes. a small portion of the barren stem is present and exhibits a few longitudinal plications, but it is comparatively smooth to the touch. other characters, such as the size of the autozooids, their distance apart, the rudimentary siphonozooids, and the spicules, are very similar, and offer no marked points of difference .\nthe colony is 70 mm. long, 45 mm. wide, and 60 mm. high. about half of the sterile column is wanting, the height of the remaining portion varies from 15 to 35 mm. in height. the cænenchyma is thickly charged with large spicules, giving the stem when viewed in transverse section a solid appearance, the longitudinal canals are not perceptible to the unassisted eye .\nthe capitulum consists of numerous digitate lobes, mostly - simple, but some of the larger centrally situated give off from three to five secondaries. the lobes are more or less compressed with obtusely rounded summits, they are from 5 to 35 mm. high, 4 to 12 mm. in their narrow, and 7 to 15 in their broad diameter .\nthe autozooids are few and distant at the bases of the lobes, elsewhere they are evenly distributed, and are from ·5 to 1. mm. apart .\nthe siphonozooids are minute, and the orifices difficult to distinguish even with a strong lens .\nthe cænenchyma spicules are very large, and exist in such numbers that the colony is almost of stony hardness. they usually consist of straight or but little curved tuberculated spindles, somewhat thick in the middle and tapering to sharp points, some few have one end blunt, and occasionally branched; the\ntubercles are irregularly disposed .\nlarge, fusiform, with simple spine - like tubercles, and usually with a transverse median constriction. size, —1. by ·2, 2·4 by ·5 .\nlarge, fusiform, subcylindrical or subclavate, closely tuber - culate, the tubercles are thickly studded with minute spiny warts. size - —·8 by ·2, 14 by ·35, 2· by ·5, 4· by ·9 mm .\nsmaller fusiform, strongly but distantly tuberculate. size—·35 by ·1, ·65 by ·15mm .\nsmall fusiform, comparatively smooth, with spines. size—·5 by ·09, ·6 by ·1 mm .\nthe colour in spirits is pale brown, with the grooves and pits darker .\nalcyonum viride, quoy & gaim. , voy. 1' astrolabe, iv. , p. 272, pl. xxiii. , figs. 22 - 23 .\nten specimens, very soft and flexible, displaying great varia - tion in the terminal lobes, some being cylindrical, others broad and compressed or forming a series of rounded undulations on the summits of the flabellate branches .\nthe sterile column in a perfect example is largely developed, it is 60 mm. high and 50 mm. in diameter .\nthe capitulum consists of five primary branches from 20 to 50 mm. wide, 20 to 40 mm. high, and from 5 to 8 mm. thick. the secondary lobes are from 8 to 30 mm. high, 7 to 25 mm. wide, and from 3 to 7 mm. thick, with broadly rounded apices .\nin another example the primary branches are from 50 to 75 mm. wide, 20 to 50 mm. high, and from 5 to 7 mm. thick, the upper margins having only slight indications of lobes, the central primary branch has nine low rounded elevations, the highest being 10 mm. high and about the same in width .\nthe autozooids are irregularly disposed from 1 to 5 mm. apart, and are much closer together on margins and apices of the lobes than on the intervening spaces .\nthe siphonozooids are numerous, large and visible to the unaided eye, varying greatly as to the number between the autozooids; usually there are two or three to 1 mm .\nthe cœnenchyma of the steriie stem and of the capitulum is charged with similar spicules, and i have been unable to detect any special dermal layer in the capitulum. there exists a cortical layer of spicules on the barren stem, consisting of small almost smooth clubs with very few tubercles, and some short irregularly shaped spindles with blunt ends .\ntuberculed spindles with the tubercles in well marked zones. size—·. 2 by ·. 05, ·. 35 by ·. 1mm .\nshort, subcylindrical, with from four to six whorls of tubercles. size—·. 19 by ·. 08, ·. 23 by 1 mm .\nsmooth spindles, with a few low rounded tubercles. size—·. 1 by ·. 02 mm .\nthere are two small specimens which differ in being of a delicate greenish - yellow, and the sterile stem is rougher to the touch, but the other characters appear to be the same, and the spicules are indistinguishable from those of the typical form .\nthe colony arises from an encrusting base 15 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, and from 1 to 2 mm. thick .\nthere are three stems about equal in height and in distance apart; they are 10mm. high, 3 to 5mm. in diameter at their bases, and from 6 to 9 mm. at their summits .\nthe polyps commence at the bases of the stems, where they are arranged singly, irregularly, and at a considerable distance apart .\non the upper portions of the stems the polyps are in clusters of from three to twelve, and arise from very short secondary branches; on the central stem there are about thirteen such clusters, the largest of which is 3 mm. high and 5 mm. wide .\nthe polyp heads together with the stalks are from 1 to 1. 5 mm. high, and from ·07 to 1 mm. in diameter .\nthe solitary polyps are given off from the stem at right angles, whilst the clusters on the branches are radiate, and the apertures of many of the lower ones are directed towards the base of the stem .\nthe stem spicules are arranged transversely, and consist of slightly curved spindles with obtuse ends, having their surfaces closely beset with low rounded tubercles, which are generally smooth, but in some of the larger forms they are minutely denticulate .\nthe spicules of the branches are shorter, stouter, and a little more curved than those of the stem .\nthe polyp heads have at their bases a number of transversely arranged spiny spindles with acute points. size—·. 4 by ·. 03 mm. , ·. 75 by ·. 09 mm. from these there arise larger and longitudinally disposed spicules in pairs, each pair converging at their apices and separated at their bases. usually one of each pair is longer and projects beyond the margin of the calyx .\nthese spicules are curved at the base, pointed at their free end, and covered with sharp spines. size—·. 6 by ·. 03, ·. 8 by ·. 05 mm .\nthe tentacular spicules are distantly spinose, and are arranged en chevron. size—·. 12 by ·. 02 mm .\nthe colour of the colony is uniform creamy - white. obtained by the tangles at a depth of from 40 to 70 fathoms outside the reef .\nspongodes curvicornis, wright & studer, chall. rep. , zool. , xxxi. , p. 220, pl. xxxvi. , d. , figs. 2, a, b .\nthe lower branches are connected and foliate or rosette - like as in the type specimen .\nthe spindle - shaped spicules on the stem and branches are large, numerous, and easily visible to the unassisted eye; those on the main stem are arranged more or less transversely, varying greatly in size, and are much more strongly spinose than the longitudinally disposed spicules of the branches .\nthe colour is yellowish - white, the branches and polyps are dark reddish - purple. the larger spicules often attain to a length of 6 mm .\nthere are two small broken specimens which i refer to this species, the larger of which is 25 mm. high and 5 mm. in diameter; the apex is wanting, the remaining portion consists of an erect stem giving off' eight very short branches with terminal polyps. the stem is pinkish at the base, the upper part white, and the polyps very dark red. the longitudinally arranged spicules are large, and consist of straight or curved tuberculated spindles. size—. 3. by ·. 3 mm .\none example preserved in formol, in a much broken condition, the actual base is wanting and the upper terminal twigs are reduced to fragments .\nthe colony notwithstanding its damaged condition is 130 mm. high and 70 mm. wide, the main stem is laterally compressed, its widest basal diameter is 8 mm. and its narrowest 5 mm .\nat a short distance from the base a large secondary branch arises, which is slightly less robust than the primary, the general appearance is like the figure on pl. ii. of the chall. rep. , but the main and secondary branches are more undulate .\nthe polyps on the lower parts of the colony are in many instances quite flush with the surface, very few projecting like those on the slender twigs .\nin the walls of the canals there are numerous small spiny - spindles, of a dark carmine colour, offering a striking contrast to the larger spicules which are yellowish - red by transmitted light. size—·. 15 by ·. 01, ·. 35 by ·. 03mm .\none specimen with a slightly enlarged base, and measuring 100 mm. in height, but no doubt much higher when perfect; all the terminal twigs are broken .\nthe colony closely resembles the figure given by studer, the large cone - shaped polyps being very characteristic .\nthere are about twenty fragments of what appears to have been one colony. judging by these fragments the growth was erect and in one plane, lateral branches being given off alternately at intervals of from 5 to 10 mm. , but rarely at right angles; the largest branch measures 25 mm. in height, and gives off two alternate branchlets about 10 mm. apart. the thicker branches are a little compressed and 2 mm. in diameter, the slender ter - minal twigs are 1 mm. or less. the branches are rigid but exceedingly brittle owing to the large spicules and the paucity of the cœnenchyma .\nthe polyps occur at intervals of 3 mm. apart, and are arranged subspirally around the twigs either singly or in pairs, they are placed obliquely to their support, and provided with a slightly projecting calyx; there is a distinct operculum composed of grouped spicules arranged like a ^, and a collar of transversely disposed spicules below the tentacles .\nthe longitudinally arranged cortical spicules consist of much curved or bent spindles, they are greatly elongated with slender acute points, and the surfaces closely studded with warty tubercles .\nthe walls of the nutrient canals are thickly charged with long, thin, spiny rods and spindles .\nlarge elongate curved spindles, densely covered with warty tubercles and tapering to sharp points. size—1 ·. 4 by 15mm. , 2. by 21, 3. by 32, 4. by ·. 35, 5·. 5 by ·. 4, 6. by ·. 45 mm .\nlong subcylindrical spiny rods and spindles, abundant in the canal walls. size—·. 6 by ·. 02, 1·. 3 by ·. 03, 1·. 8 by ·. 04 mm .\ncalicular spicules, spiny subfusiforrn, with the free ends acute. size—·. 7 by 12, 1. by ·. 15 mm .\nopercular spicules, distantly spinose. size—·. 3 by ·. 03 mm .\ncollar spicules, curved and minutely spinose. size—·. 25 x ·. 02 mm .\nfig. a, b, c, d. spicules from the cœnenchyma .\nfig. c, d, e, f. spicules from the cœnenchyma .\nbayer fm (1961) the shallow - water octocorallia of the west indian region. stud fauna curaçao caribb. i1 12 martinus nijhoff. the hague\nbayer fm, cairns sd (2004) the unpublished plates for a. e. verrill’s unfinished report on the alcyonaria of the “blake” expeditions. department of zoology, national museum of natural history, washington, d. c\nbayer fm, stefani j (1988) primnoidae (gorgonacea) de nouvelle - caledonie. bull mus hist nat paris 3: 449–476, 10 (a )\nbayer fm, grasshoff m, verseveldt j (1983) illustrated trilingual glossary of morphological and anatomical terms applied to octocorallia. e. j. brill - dr. w. backhuys, leiden\nbenayahu y, jeng m - s, perkol - finkel s, dai c - f (2004) soft corals (octocorallia: alcyonacea) from southern taiwan. ii. species diversity and distributional patterns. zool stud 43: 548–560\nbianchi cn, morri c (2000) marine biodiversity of the mediterranean sea: situation, problems and prospects for future research. mar pollut bull 40: 367–376\nboero f, bouillon j (1993) zoogeography and life cycle patterns of mediterranean hydromedusae (cnidaria). biol j linean soc 48: 239–266\nbrito a, ocaña o (2004) corales de las islas canarias. antozoos con esqueleto de los fondos liotrales y profundos. francisco lemus, la laguna\ncairns sd, bayer fm (2009) octocorallia (cnidaria) of the gulf of mexico. in: felder dl, camp dk (eds) gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota, vol 1, biodiversity. texas a & m university press, college station, tx, pp 312–331\n, with description of a new species. proc r phys soc edinb 21: 159–169\ndeichmann e (1936) the alcyonaria of the western part of the atlantic ocean. mem mus comp zool 53: 1–317\nfabricius k, alderslade p (2001) soft corals and sea fans. a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow water genera of the central - west pacific, the indian ocean and the red sea. australian institute of marine sciences, townsville, queensland, australia\nfelsenstein j (1985) confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. evol 39: 783–791\nfrance s, hoover l (2002) dna sequences of the mitochondrial coi gene have low levels of divergence among deep - sea octocorals (cnidaria: anthozoa). hydrobiologia 471: 149–155\ngalil bs (2000) a sea under siege – alien species in the mediterranean. biol invasions 2: 177–186\ngili j - m, bouillon j, pagès f, palanques a, puig p, heussner s (1998) origin and biogeography of the deep - water mediterranean hydromedusae including the description of two new species collected in submarine canyons of northwestern mediterranean. sci mar 62: 113–134\ngili j - m, pagès f, bouillon j, palanques a, puig p, heussner s, calafat a, canals m, monaco a (2000) a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of hydromedusan populations inhabiting mediterranean submarine canyons. deep - sea res i 47: 1513–1533\ngray, je (1869) notes on the fleshy alcyonoid corals (alcyonium, linn. , or zoophytaria carnosa). ann mag nat hist 3 (4): 117–131\nharrison rm (1908) some new alcyonaria from the indian and pacific oceans, preliminary notice. zool j linnean soc 30: 185–190\nharrison rm (1909) ii. on some new alcyonaria form the indian and pacific oceans, with a discussion of the genera\nhosia a, pagès f (2007) unexpected new species of deep - water hydroidomedusae from korsfjorden, norway. mar biol 151: 177–184\nhsü kj (1973) the desiccated deep - basin model for the messinian events. in: cw drooger (ed) messinian events in the mediterranean, north - holland, amsterdam, pp 60–67\nhuelsenbeck jp, ronquist f (2001) mrbayes: bayesian inference of phylogeny. bioinformatics 17: 754–755\niorga m, lozier ms (1999) signatures of the mediterranean outflow from a north atlantic climatology. 1. salinity and density fields. j geophys res 194: 25985–26029\njaume d, boxshall ga (1996) the persistence of an ancient marine fauna in mediterranean waters: new evidence from misophrioid copepods living in anchihaline caves. j nat hist 30: 1583–1595\nkükenthal w (1903) versuch einer revision der alcyonarien 2. die gamilie der nephthyiden zool jahrb 19: 99–178\nkükenthal w (1910) alcyonaria. 1. teil. in: michaelsen w, hartmeyer r (eds) die fauna sudwest - australiens. ergebnisse der hamburger sudwest - australischen forschungsreise 1905. vol 3. verlag von gustav fischer, jena, pp 1–108\nlogan a, bianchi cn, morri c, zibrowius h (2004) the present - day mediterranean brachiopod fauna: diversity, life habits, biogeography and paleobiogeography. sci mar 68 (suppl 1): 163–170\ngray, 1835 from mid - atlantic seamounts (octocorallia, alcyonacea, nidaliidae). helgol mar res 62: 389–392\ngray, 1835 (octocorallia, alcyonacea, nidaliidae). mar biol res 8: 594–604\nmaldonado a, nelson ch (1999) interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the iberian gulf of cadiz margin. mar geol 155: 217–242\nmcfadden cs, tullis id, hutchinson mb, winner k, sohm ja (2004) variation in coding (nadh dehydrogenase subunits 2, 3, and 6) and noncoding intergenic spacer regions of the mitochondrial genome in octocorallia (cnidaria: anthozoa). mar biotechnol 6: 516–526\nmcfadden cs, benayahu y, pante e, thoma jn, nevarez pa, france sc (2011) limitations of mitochondrial gene barcoding in the cnidarian sub - class octocorallia. mol ecol resour 11: 19–31\npérès jm (1985) history of the mediterranean biota and the colonization of the depths. western mediterranean. in: margalef r (ed) key environments. pergamon press, oxford, pp 198–232\npérez cd, neves bm, oliveira dh (2011) new records of octocorals (cnidaria: anthozoa) from the brazilian coast. aquat biol 13: 203–214\npor fd (2009) tethys returns to the mediterranean: success and limits of tropical re - colonization. biorisk 3: 5–19\nraitsos de, beaugrand g, georgopoulos d, zenetos a, pancucci - papadopoulou am, theocharis a, papathanassiou e (2010) global climate change amplifies the entry of tropical species into the eastern mediterranean sea. limnol oceanogr 55 (4): 1478–1484\nronquist f, huelsenbeck jp (2003) mrbayes 3: bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574\nsánchez j, mcfadden cs, france s, lasker h (2003) molecular phylogenetic analyses of shallow - water caribbean octocorals. mar biol 142: 975–987\nstuder t (1887) versuch eines systemes der alcyonaria. arch naturgesch 53 (1): 1–74\ntamura k (1992) estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition - transversion and g + c - content biases. mol biol evol 9: 678–687\ntamura k, peterson d, peterson n, stecher g, nei m, kumar s (2011) mega5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. mol biol evol 28: 2731–2739\nvan der spoel s (1996) a hypothesis on mesozoic vicariance in hydromedusae. j plankton res 18: 615–634\n( octocorallia: alcyoniidae and nidaliidae), with description of two new genera. zool verh leiden 245: 1–131\nverseveldt & bayer, 1988 (octocorallia: nidaliidae), with description of three new species. zool med leiden 74: 119–142\nwilliams gc, cairns sd (2007) octocoral research center. systematic list of octocoral genera .\nwright ep, studer t (1889) report on the alcyonaria collected by h. m. s: challenger, zool. 31. johnson reprint corporation, new york\n, scléractinaire exotique en méditerranée – nouvelles observations dans le sud - est de l’espagne. rapp comm int mer médit 28 (3): 297–301\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item. find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice" ]

{ "text": [ "siphonogorgia godeffroyi , the cherry blossom coral or godeffroy 's soft coral , is a species of soft coral in the family nidaliidae .", "it is native to the central indo-pacific region .", "its range includes indonesia , the philippines and papua new guinea .", "this species was first described in 1874 by the swiss biologist albert von kölliker . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13, 13, 5 ] }

[ "siphonogorgia godeffroyi, the cherry blossom coral or godeffroy's soft coral, is a species of soft coral in the family nidaliidae. it is native to the central indo-pacific region. its range includes indonesia, the philippines and papua new guinea. this species was first described in 1874 by the swiss biologist albert von kölliker." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species belongs to subgenus coelomys thomas, 1915. ellerman (1961) listed three subspecies, namely mus famulus famulus bonhote, 1898, mus famulus cooki (sic) (ryley, 1914) and mus famulus popaeus (thomas, 1919). mus famulus cooki (sic) (ryley, 1914) is now considered as a separate species mus cookii ryley, 1914, and mus famulus popaeus (thomas, 1919) - earlier reported as leggada nitidula popaea thomas, 1919, has been proposed to be a subspecies of mus cervicolor by corbet and hill (1992). thus, presently only mus famulus bonhote, 1898 is a valid name from the region .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & cox, n. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5, 000 km², all individuals are in fewer than five locations, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species is endemic to the western ghats of kerala and tamil nadu in india, restricted to four fragmented locations (eravikulam national park, avalanche, kalapatti and coonoor) at elevations ranging from 1, 540 to 2, 400 m asl (agrawal 2000; molur et al. 2005; pradhan 2002; pradhan and kurup 2001) .\nit is a nocturnal and terrestrial species. it occurs in tropical and sub tropical evergreen montane forest and shola grasslands. it has been found to occupy high altitude evergreen forests (molur et al. 2005) .\noutside of protected areas the habitat quality is affected due to general human interference (conversion of land to other uses) .\nit is listed in the schedule v (considered as vermin) of the indian wildlife (protection) act, 1972. it has been recorded from eravikulam national park in kerala and mukurthi national park in tamil nadu. general field surveys, research into the natural history and monitoring of populations are recommended for this species (molur et al. 2005). there is a need to develop captive breeding and husbandry techniques for species recovery actions (molur et al. 2005) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nnilgirinhiiri\nto\nmus famulus bonhote, 1898\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmousehunt database & guide info [ dbg ] © 2018. urltoken data based on mousehunt wiki and horntracker all images and content on this website belong to their respective creators .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / structure _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein. < p > < a href =' / help / coiled' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "the servant mouse ( mus famulus ) or bonhote 's mouse , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is found only in the western ghats of south india , where it is restricted to the locations of eravikulam national park , avalanche , kalapatti , and coonoor .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the servant mouse (mus famulus) or bonhote's mouse, is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found only in the western ghats of south india, where it is restricted to the locations of eravikulam national park, avalanche, kalapatti, and coonoor. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "cockrum, e. l. , and a. l. gardner. 1960. underwood' s mastiff bat in arizona. journal of mammalogy 41: 510 - 511 .\ncortés - calva, p. , s. t. álvarez - castañeda, j. m. hernández - gutiérrez, and m. de la paz cuevas. 2012. underwood' s bonneted bat (eumops underwoodi): first record in the baja california peninsula. western north american naturalist 72: 412 - 415 .\nadditional details about the florida bonneted bat' s taxonomy are provided in the proposed listing rule (77 fr 60750) .\nthe florida bonneted bat (eumops floridanus) was previously known as the florida mastiff bat (eumops glaucinus floridanus) .\nwroughton' s free - tailed bat - otomops wroughtoni wroughton' s free - tailed bat is found in cambodia and india. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ntibbitts, t. , a. pate, y. petryszyn, and b. barns. 2002. determining foraging and roosting areas for underwood' s mastiff bat (eumops underwoodi) using radiotelemetry, at organ pipe cactus national monument, arizona. final summary report, year 2 - december 2002 .\nthe effects of disease or predation are not well known. given the florida bonneted bat' s overall vulnerability, both disease and predation could pose threats to its survival .\ndaubenton' s free - tailed bat - myopterus daubentonii dauberton' s free - tailed bat is found in the central african republic, congo, côte d' ivoire, and senegal. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ndocket number: fws - r4 - es - 2012 - 0078 docket name: endangered status for florida bonneted bat docket rin 1018 - ay15 supporting / related materials: peer review of scientific information for florida bonneted bay... literature cited for florida bonneted bat proposed rule\n), but we do not have data on how these efforts may be impacting the florida bonneted bat .\nnational environmental policy act (42 u. s. c. 4321 et seq. )\nenp (coastal) —in 2012, only one florida bonneted bat call was recorded at darwin' s place in enp in 18 survey nights in areas searched from flamingo to everglades city (marks and marks 2012, pp. 8, 14, a50). darwin' s place is approximately 4. 8 km (3 mi) from watson' s place, where another researcher (laura finn, fly - by - night) had recorded 10 florida bonneted bat calls in 2007 (marks and marks 2012, p. 14; s. snow, pers. comm. 2012h) .\nadditional details about the florida bonneted bat can be found in the proposed listing rule (77 fr 60750) .\nbat conservation international holds an extensive collection of high quality bat photography from award - winning nature photographers .\nthe florida bonneted bat is active year - round and does not have periods of hibernation or torpor. the species is not\nrecords indicating historical range are limited. information on the florida bonneted bat' s historical distribution is provided in the proposed listing rule (77 fr 60750). we did not receive any new information during the public comment period .\nthis rule lists the florida bonneted bat as an endangered species under the endangered species act of 1973 (act), as amended. we intend to publish a separate rule proposing designation of critical habitat for the florida bonneted bat in the near future .\nwestern bonneted bat - eumops perotis the western bonneted bat is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, mexico, paraguay, and peru. it is found in arizona, california, nevada, and texas in the u. s. . source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nas a consequence of the revision of the fwc' s listing classification system, the former classification levels of florida' s endangered and threatened species were re - classified as a single level, named “state - designated threatened, ” and include any species that met the fwc criteria based on the iucn criteria for a vulnerable species. all species formerly listed as endangered and reclassified as state - designated threatened maintain the protections of the former endangered classification. hence, the florida bonneted bat' s status technically changed on november 8, 2010, but the species' original protective measures remained in place (f. a. c. chapter 68a - 27. 003, amended). as part of the fwc' s revision of its classification system, biological status review reports were prepared for numerous imperiled species in florida, including the florida bonneted bat. based upon a literature review and the biological review group' s findings, fwc staff recommended that the florida bonneted bat remain listed as a threatened species (fwc 2011a, p. 5). the biological status review recognized the taxon as the florida bonneted bat, and the state' s current threatened and endangered list uses both names, florida bonneted (mastiff) bat, eumops (= glaucinus) floridanus. the fwc' s draft species action plan for the species uses the name e. floridanus (fwc 2013, pp. 1 - 43) .\nkissimmee river public use area —florida bonneted bat calls were recorded at platt' s bluff along the kissimmee river in okeechobee county in may 2008 (marks and marks 2008b, p. 2; 2008c, pp. 11, 17) .\none group provided extensive comments and references. the group' s main points included the following: (a )\nrelatively little is known about the florida bonneted bat' s life history. lifespan is not known. based upon the work of wilkinson and south (2002, pp. 124 - 131), gore et al. (2010, p. 1) inferred a lifespan of 10 to 20 years for the florida bonneted bat, with an average generation time of 5 to 10 years .\n( 25) comment: the fdacs suggested that characterizing pesticide exposure should be given lower priority than obtaining more information regarding the basic life history of the florida bonneted bat. it also suggested that future considerations for researching the potential impacts of mosquito control practices on the florida bonneted bat should be discussed at a meeting of the florida coordinating council for mosquito control' s subcommittee for imperiled species .\nat this time, it is difficult to assess whether disease is currently or likely to become a threat to the florida bonneted bat. with anticipated climatic changes and increased environmental stress, it is possible that disease will have a greater impact on the florida bonneted bat in the future .\nother potential areas —florida bonneted bat calls have also been heard elsewhere in the rural north fort myers area, approximately 6 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) south of babcock - webb wma (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2013) .\n( 9) unauthorized building and operation of wind energy facilities within areas used by the florida bonneted bat that results in take of the species .\n16 u. s. c. 1361 - 1407; 1531 - 1544; 4201 - 4245, unless otherwise noted .\nunderwood' s mastiff bats have been seen roosting in hollow trees and under palm fronds, and have been captured in mist nets over pools of water in the desert, but little is known about their daytime roosting habits or about their winter range. this bat' s large mouth and strong jaws suggest that it may include hard insects such as beetles and grasshoppers in its diet, and its long, narrow wings and the bones and muscles of its shoulders suggest that it may be able to fly all night, without resting, as it hunts. it has been clocked at 43 km per hour and can probably fly faster than that .\ncortã©s - calva, patricia; ãlvarez - castaã±eda sergio ticul; hernã¡ndez - gutiã©rrez julio m. ; cuevas mayra de la paz\nthe florida bonneted bat uses non - natural environments (see use of parks, residential areas, and other urban areas, above) and artificial structures, particularly bat houses (marks and marks 2008a, p. 8; morse 2008, pp. 1 - 14; s. trokey, pers. comm. 2012a, 2012b). in fact, all of the active known roosting sites for the species are bat houses (2 at a private landowner' s house; 3 to 5 separate roosts at babcock - webb wma) .\nwe do not agree with the assertion that mosquito control activities are implicated as having an adverse impact on the florida bonneted bat. impacts from mosquito control activities are not the basis for the listing of the florida bonneted bat. the suggestions by the commenters that mosquito control operations would cease or be severely limited, and thus impact tourism and the economy, if the florida bonneted bat is listed are not accurate. such actions have not been recommended by the service .\nthe species occupies bat houses on private land in north fort myers, lee county; until relatively recently, this was the only known location of an active colony roost anywhere (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2006a, 2008b; marks and marks 2008a, pp. 7, 15). the florida bonneted bat has used this property for over 9 years (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2012a). the bat houses are located near a small pond, situated approximately 5 m (17 ft) above the ground with a south - by - southwest orientation (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2012b). the relatively high height of the houses may allow the large bats to fall from the roosts before flying (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2012b) .\nnorth fort myers —florida bonneted bats have continually used bat houses on one private property since december 2002 (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2006a, 2012a, 2013; marks and marks 2008a, p. 7). this was the first record of this species using a bat house as a roost and the only known location of an active colony roost located on private land (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2006a; marks and marks 2008a, pp. 7 - 15). the colony had included approximately 20 to 24 individuals in 2 houses (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2008a, 2008b), but only 10 remained by april 2010, after the prolonged cold temperatures in january and february 2010 (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2010a - c) (see also summary of factors affecting the species, factor e, below). in may 2011, 20 florida bonneted bats were found using this site (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2011). in february 2012, 18 individuals were found (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2012a), and in march 2013, 20 individuals were found (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2013) .\ndisease and predation have the potential to impact the florida bonneted bat' s continued survival, given its few occupied areas, apparent low abundance, restricted range, and overall vulnerability. at this time, we do not have evidence to suggest that disease or predation is currently having species - level impacts on the florida bonneted bat. however, given the uncertainties (e. g. , evolving disease) and factors involved (e. g. , more introduced predators), coupled with the general vulnerability of the species, we consider both disease and predation to be potential threats to the florida bonneted bat .\nwind turbine facilities are being planned for sites east and west of lake okeechobee, and these may have an impact on the florida bonneted bat (m. tucker ,\n( 6) unauthorized removal or destruction of cavity trees and other natural structures being utilized as roosts by the florida bonneted bat that results in take of the species .\n( 8) unauthorized maintenance or repair of bridges or overpasses that are being used as roost sites by the florida bonneted bat that results in take of the species .\nwe, the u. s. fish and wildlife service, determine endangered species status under the endangered species act of 1973, as amended, for the florida bonneted bat (eumops floridanus), a bat species from south florida. this final rule adds this species to the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and implements the federal protections provided by the act for this species .\nin summary, the effects of pesticides and contaminants on bat populations in general have not been studied thoroughly. in the case of the florida bonneted bat, data concerning the effects of pesticides and other contaminants are virtually nonexistent. despite this lack of data, the possibility exists for the florida bonneted bat to be exposed to a variety of compounds through multiple routes of exposure. additionally, areas with intensive pesticide activity may not support an adequate food base for the species. further study is required to more fully assess the risk that pesticides and contaminants pose to the florida bonneted bat .\n( 2) incidental take of the florida bonneted bat without authorization pursuant to section 7 or section 10 (a) (1) (b) of the act .\nanother commenter stated that insecticides used against flying insects quickly impair their nervous systems and render them unable to fly, thus avoiding a scenario where pesticide - laden flying insects would be consumed by the florida bonneted bat. the commenter stated that most of the spray cloud of mosquito adulticide following truck application remains below 10 m (33 ft), which is lower than the florida bonneted bat is expected to forage. it was also stated that mosquitoes are small - bodied insects that make up less than 1 percent of a bat' s diet and that higher application rates than what are\ntypical bat predators include birds of prey such as hawks, falcons and owls .\nonset of inundation, based upon tolerance to salinity and drought. such changes in vegetation will likely impact the florida bonneted bat, since the species uses forested areas and coastal habitats .\nlittle goblin bat - mormopterus minutus the little goblin bat is found in cuba. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ncurrently used would be needed to kill larger bodied insects. similarly, another commenter stated that for the florida bonneted bat to use mosquitos as a food source would be highly inefficient energetically .\nwe found that designation of critical habitat for the florida bonneted bat is prudent. for further discussion, see the proposed listing rule (77 fr 60749; october 4, 2012) .\nbased upon data modified from johnson (2005 as cited in arnett et al. 2008, p. 64), researchers found that the brazilian free - tailed bat comprised 85. 6 percent of bat mortalities noted at a wind energy facility in woodward, oklahoma, and 41. 3 percent of bat mortalities at a high wind, california, wind energy facility. since the florida bonneted bat is also a free - tailed bat, it may demonstrate some similar behaviors that place it at risk when encountering wind energy facilities .\ninformation on roosting habits from artificial structures is also limited. the florida bonneted bat colony using bat houses on private property in lee county consisted of 8 to 25 individuals, including one albino (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2006a, 2006b, 2008a, 2008b, 2012a, 2013). after prolonged cold temperatures killed and displaced several bats in early 2010, a total of 10 individuals remained by april 2010, with seven occupying one house and three occupying another (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). as of march 2013, there are 20 bats using two houses at this location (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2013). sex ratio is not known. some movement between the houses has been observed; the albino individual has been observed to be in one house one day and the other house the next (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2006a) .\nthe florida bonneted bat' s behavioral response to ecological light pollution has not been examined, and effects are not known. the species' fast - flight and long range flight capabilities may make it more able to exploit insects congregated at artificial light sources or more susceptible to risks associated with such responses (e. g. , increased predation or harm from humans). alternatively, artificial lighting may not be influencing the species' foraging or other behaviors. research on the effects of artificial lighting on the florida bonneted bat and its prey would be beneficial .\n( 24) comment: the fdacs indicated that in an agricultural setting op pesticides are expected to quickly kill insects at crop level, well below the expected foraging height of the florida bonneted bat .\nother potential areas —in november 2007, the species was observed along u. s. 41 at collier - seminole state park (s. braem, pers. comm. 2012). the fdep also suggested that the species may occur at delnor - wiggins pass state park (p. small, pers. comm. 2012) .\n( 27) comment: one commenter indicated that the florida bonneted bat may be found in the following counties: charlotte, lee, collier, monroe, miami - dade, okeechobee, polk, and glades .\nfederal agency actions within the species' habitat that may require conference or consultation or both as described in the preceding paragraph include, but are not limited to: management and any other landscape - altering activities on federal lands administered by the department of defense, fish and wildlife service, national park service, and u. s. forest service; habitat restoration by the u. s. department of agriculture, natural resources conservation service; issuance of section 404 clean water act (33 u. s. c. 1251 et seq .) permits by the u. s. army corps of engineers; permitting of construction and management of gas pipeline, power line rights - of - way, and wind energy facilities by the federal energy regulatory commission; construction and maintenance of roads, highways, or bridges by the federal highway administration; and pesticide registration by the u. s. environmental protection agency .\n( 31) comment: one commenter questioned our use of unpublished data from a 1982 survey of pest control operators showing a dramatic decrease in requests for nuisance bat removal beginning in the 1960s as being indicative of reduced bat abundance. the commenter stated that this only indicated that fewer people had bats in their buildings, which may be attributed to a change in building techniques to conserve energy and provide better bat exclusion. in this view, this survey cannot be used to justify listing the florida bonneted bat .\n). given the small population of the florida bonneted bat, it is possible that the loss to snake predation is under appreciated now or this may become more of a threat in the future (m. ludlow ,\neuropean free - tailed bat - tadarida teniotis the european free - tailed bat is found in the mediterranean basin. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nnowak, r. m. 1991. walker' s mammals of the world. fifth edition. vols. i and ii. johns hopkins univ. press, baltimore. 1629 pp .\nmembers of the genus eumops have large, rounded pinnae (ears), arising from a single point or joined medially on the forehead (best et al. 1997, p. 1). the common name of “bonneted bat” originates from characteristic large broad ears, which project forward over the eyes (fbc 2005, p. 1). ears are joined at the midline of the head. this feature, along with its large size, distinguishes the florida bonneted bat from the smaller brazilian (= mexican) free - tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) .\n( 3) comment: three reviewers and 11 commenters in support of the listing expressed concern over the species' restricted geographic range as a factor contributing to its imperilment. one reviewer stated that the florida bonneted bat has the most restrictive range of any bat in the united states and suggested that a single storm (such as hurricane sandy) could kill most of the individuals over a fairly broad area. another reviewer acknowledged the species' extremely restricted range, but disagreed with the statement that the florida bonneted bat has the most restricted range of any florida mammal .\nflorida panther nwr —in 2013, florida bonneted bats calls were recorded at 9 of 13 locations, primarily in areas of the largest open water and in the area of the fakahatchee strand that bisects the refuge (maehr 2013, pp. 7 - 9; s. maehr, pers. comm. 2013a - c) .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\neast - coast free - tailed bat - mormopterus norfolkensis the east - coast free - tailed bat is found in australia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\n( 2) comment: one reviewer stated that the florida bonneted bat' s life history is very poorly understood and emphasized that a critical factor to understand is reproductive approach. the reviewer stated that it is imperative to determine if the species is indeed polyestrous, as speculated. she also underscored the need to determine other metrics, such as genetic diversity and roosting ecology, in order to prioritize conservation measures in a recovery plan .\nmore specifically, the group asserted that the service analyze the impacts of sea - level rise of up to 2 meters on the florida bonneted bat' s habitat since this falls within the range of likely scenarios and since sea - level rise will be exacerbated by increasing storm surge. with regard to roost sites, the group estimated impacts to roost site locations from climate change, based upon the colony numbers and locations provided in the proposed rule and using noaa' s sea level rise and coastal flooding impacts viewer. based upon this tool, the group suggested that 9 of 11 roost locations would either be fully or partly inundated with sea - level rises ranging from 30 centimeters (11. 8 inches) to 1. 8 m (5. 9 ft). this analysis highlights the “extreme vulnerability” of bonneted bat roosting habitat to sea - level rise .\ndespite the fact that regulatory mechanisms provide several protections for the florida bonneted bat, federal, state, and local laws have not been sufficient to prevent past and ongoing impacts to the species and its habitat within its current and historical range .\ncounty has not recorded florida bonneted bat calls on site (c. newman, pers. comm. 2012), and this county is not part of the species' known historical or current range. both wind energy development companies have indicated that areas around lake okeechobee are the most suitable sites in florida for wind development, and if successfully developed, additional sites could be proposed, increasing the risk of impacts from wind energy to the florida bonneted bat (m. tucker ,\nconfused with rhogeessa aeneus, black - winged little yellow bat but this species only known from the yucatan .\nwe conducted an evaluation to find if the designation of critical habitat for the florida bonneted bat is determinable. based on that evaluation, we are currently unable to identify the physical and biological features essential for the conservation of the florida bonneted bat because information on those features for this species remains uncertain. the apparent poor viability of the species recorded in recent years indicates that current conditions are not sufficient to meet the basic biological requirements of the species in most areas of its current range .\nin addition to pesticide exposure, mercury represents another potential threat to the florida bonneted bat that has not been investigated. according to the national atmospheric deposition program, the mercury deposition rate in south florida is among the highest in the united states (\noverall, the florida bonneted bat is vulnerable to a wide array of factors, including apparent small population size, restricted range, few occurrences, low fecundity, and relative isolation. these threats are significant and expected to continue or possibly increase .\nanother commenter indicated that the population size for the florida bonneted bat is much larger than originally estimated based upon 12 new sightings since 2008. the same commenter used the new information to negate criteria used within the state' s biological status review, suggesting that data were ignored. this commenter suggested that the survey intensity for many parts of florida were insufficient, and that every time a survey has been performed additional sightings have been recorded in new locations .\n). based on our analysis of the best available information, we find that existing regulatory measures, due to a variety of constraints, do not provide adequate protection, and, in some instances, may be harmful (i. e. , taking of bats as “nuisance” wildlife). educational efforts and training should help to raise awareness and address some violations of existing regulations. when finalized, the fwc' s florida bonneted bat management plan may\nwhite - striped free - tailed bat - tadarida australis the white - striped free - tailed bat is found in australia. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nbabcock ranch preserve —florida bonneted bat calls recorded at telegraph swamp at babcock ranch preserve in 2007 are believed to represent separate colonies from those at babcock - webb wma (marks and marks 2008a, p. a9; 2012, p. 13) .\nwe do not have evidence to substantiate the commenters' characterizations of florida bonneted bat population increases in the north fort myers area or that the densest populations of florida bonneted bats occur in areas that have been treated with mosquito control pesticides for 30 years. in fact, the size of the colony in north fort myers has remained relatively constant since 2008, except for the mortality observed after a prolonged cold event in 2010 (s. trokey, pers. comm. 2008a - b; 2010a - c; 2011, 2012a, 2013). we have no information on population density for any areas .\nour response: the service continues to work with researchers, other agencies, and stakeholders on filling large information gaps regarding the species and its habitat needs and preferences. we intend to publish a proposed critical habitat designation for the florida bonneted bat in a separate rule within our statutory timeframe and have continued to fund research and study the habitat requirements of the bat .\nas part of the fwc' s revision to florida' s imperiled species rule, management plans will be developed for all species (f. a. c. chapter 68a - 27), including the florida bonneted bat. one component of these management plans is to include needed regulations and protections that are not provided in the current rule (m. tucker, in litt. 2012). a first draft for the florida bonneted bat management plan is in development (j. myers, pers. comm. 2012c; m. tucker, in litt. 2012). when completed, the management plan should allow for tailored protections for the species, which may improve the ability of fwc to address habitat issues in addition to take of individuals (m. tucker, in litt. 2012). objectives of the state plan will be to reverse threats causing the decline of the species (fwc, in litt. 2012) .\ncurrently these bats are considered a species of least concern and have federal special status. bat conservation international however does consider this bat to be threatened and endangered due to no longer being found in many of its previously occupied areas .\ngreater naked bat - cheiromeles torquatus the greater naked bat is found in brunei darussalam, indonesia, malaysia, philippines, and thailand. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nin general, bat populations are in decline due to their sensitivity to environmental stresses and other factors, such as slow reproductive rates (jones et al. 2009, pp. 93 - 115). the florida bonneted bat is likely affected by a wide array of natural and anthropogenic threats, operating singly or synergistically, and in varying immediacy, severity, and scope .\nin 2011 - 2012, the species was recorded in various natural habitats elsewhere in enp and vicinity (s. snow, pers. comm. 2011a, 2012c - f; s. snow, in litt. 2012; marks and marks 2012, pp. 8, 14). it was recorded in wetlands, tropical hardwoods, and pinelands at the junction of the main park road and road to long pine key (s. snow, pers. comm. 2011a, 2012f; in litt. 2012; marks and marks 2012, p. 8, 14, 17), and also along the l - 31n canal in a rural area, at the eastern boundary of enp (marks and marks 2012, pp. 8, 14, 17, a59; s. snow, pers. comm. 2012c - f; in litt. 2012). in march 2012, one suspect call sequence (presumed, but not confirmed) was also recorded on sr 9336 in an area of rural residential and agricultural habitat in miami - dade county (s. snow, pers. comm. 2012f). in january 2012, another suspect call was recorded from the suburban streets of the village of palmetto bay in miami - dade (s. snow, pers. comm. 2012f) .\nrelatively little is known of the ecology of the florida bonneted bat, and long - term habitat requirements are poorly understood (robson 1989, p. 2; robson et al. 1989, p. 81; belwood 1992, p. 219; timm and genoways 2004, p. 859). habitat for the florida bonneted bat mainly consists of foraging areas and roosting sites, including artificial structures. at present, no active, natural roost sites are known, and only limited information on historical sites is available .\nother potential areas —other undeveloped areas within the richmond pinelands likely also provide habitat (j. maguire, in litt. 2012). these may include federal land holdings (i. e. , owned by the u. s. coast guard, the u. s. army, and general services administration), large parcels owned by the university of miami, or other areas (j. maguire, in litt. 2012) .\nthe florida bonneted bat is a member of the molossidae (free - tailed bats) family within the order chiroptera. the species is the largest bat in florida (owre 1978, p. 43; belwood 1992, p. 216; florida bat conservancy [ fbc ] 2005, p. 1). males and females are not significantly different in size, and there is no pattern of size - related geographic variation in this species (timm and genoways 2004, p. 857) .\nour response: we agree that artificial lighting can have negative impacts on wildlife and may be affecting insect abundance and diversity in some locations. how artificial lighting affects the florida bonneted bat' s activities and prey base needs further investigation. we have added a section to our threats analysis (see summary of factors affecting the species, factor e, ecological light pollution, below). where lighting is necessary, we encourage the use of environmentally friendly lighting practices to minimize impacts to wildlife .\nanother reviewer noted that the florida bonneted bat is a molossid, which “consists of high flying bats capable of dispersing great distances”. she recommended a study that identifies home ranges and habitat affinities to determine the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species .\nthe florida bonneted bat' s fur is short and glossy, with hairs sharply bicolored with a white base (belwood 1992, p. 216; timm and genoways 2004, p. 857). like other molossids, color is highly variable, varying from black to brown to brownish - gray or cinnamon brown with ventral pelage (fur) paler than dorsal (owre 1978, p. 43; belwood 1992, p. 216; timm and genoways 2004, p. 857) .\nour response: we agree that the florida bonneted bat occurs in most of the aforementioned counties. available data indicate presence of the florida bonneted bat in portions of charlotte, lee, collier, monroe, miami - dade, okeechobee, and polk counties (see table 1 and occupied and potential occupied areas, above). range maps also include fractions of glades, hendry, and broward counties (marks and marks 2008a, p. 11; 2012, p. 11); however, current presence in these counties is uncertain .\n2008, p. 335; konkler and hammerschmidt 2012, p. 1659). assuming that a similar mechanism is occurring in south florida coupled with high mercury deposition rates, the consumption of such invertebrates may constitute a pathway for the florida bonneted bat to be exposed to mercury .\nthe florida bonneted bat is vulnerable to extinction due to its small population size, restricted range, few occupied areas, low fecundity, and relative isolation. the florida bonneted bat only occurs in south florida and only in limited numbers (timm and genoways 2004, pp. 861 - 862; marks and marks 2008a, pp. 11, 15; 2008b, p. 4; 2012, pp. 12 - 15). based on the small number of locations where calls were recorded, the low numbers of calls recorded at each location, and the fact\nthe public inspection page on urltoken offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day' s federal register issue. the public inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request of the issuing agency .\nattempts to locate natural roost sites (e. g. , large cavity trees) in february 2013 using scent - detection dogs were inconclusive. no active natural roosts for florida bonneted bats have been identified or confirmed to date. at this time, all known active roost sites are artificial structures (i. e. , bat houses) (see use of artificial structures (bat houses) below) .\nendemic to florida, the florida bonneted bat has one of the most restricted distributions of any species of bat in the new world (belwood 1992, pp. 218 - 219; timm and genoways 2004, pp. 852, 856 - 858, 861 - 862). although numerous acoustical surveys for the florida bonneted bat have been conducted in the past decade by various parties, the best scientific information indicates that the species exists only within a very restricted range, largely confined to south and southwest florida (timm and genoways 2004, pp. 852, 856 - 858, 861 - 862; marks and marks 2008a, p. 15; 2012, pp. 10 - 11) .\n( 9) comment: one reviewer indicated that the florida bonneted bat faces competition for tree cavities from native birds and mammals (belwood 1992, p. 220) and now dozens of introduced species, which also use cavities (e. g. , european starlings (sturnus vulgaris), various parrot species, black rats (rattus rattus), and africanized honey bees (apis mellifera scutellata) ). he also suggested that the florida bonneted bat populations may also be impacted by the decline of red - cockaded woodpeckers, which create cavities in living longleaf pine trees .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\n( 18) comment: one reviewer explicitly stated that listing the florida bonneted bat as an endangered species will provide several benefits that will aid in the protection and possible recovery of the species. he pointed to conservation actions taken at florida caverns state park in the 1990s for the endangered gray bat (myotis grisescens), which would not have been implemented had it not been for service funding made available through the act .\nwhy we need to publish a rule. under the act, a species or subspecies may warrant protection through listing if it is endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its range. listing a species as endangered or threatened can only be completed by issuing a rule. on october 4, 2012, we published a proposed rule to list the florida bonneted bat as an endangered species (77 fr 60750). after careful consideration of all public and peer reviewer comments we received, we are publishing this final rule to list the florida bonneted bat as an endangered species .\n—the florida bonneted bat was detected at dismal key in ten thousand islands nwr in 2000 (timm and genoways 2004, p. 861; b. nottingham, pers. comm. 2006; t. doyle, pers. comm. 2006; c. marks, pers. comm. 2006c; marks and marks 2008a, p. 6). calls were not recorded during the 2006 - 2007 survey in areas searched by boat from dismal key to port of the islands (marks and marks 2008a, pp. 11, 14, a9). however, florida bonneted bat calls\nin 2000, the species was recorded within mangroves at dismal key within the ten thousand islands (timm and genoways 2004, p. 861; marks and marks 2008a, pp. 6, a9, b53; 2012, p. 14). subsequent surveys in 2000, 2006, and 2007 did not document any additional calls at this location (marks and marks 2008a, pp. 6, 11, 14). in 2007, the species was recorded at a backcountry campsite (watson' s place) within enp, comprised of mixed hardwoods (s. snow, pers. comm. 2012h). in 2012, the species was found within mangroves and mixed hardwoods at another backcountry campsite (darwin' s place) along the wilderness waterway (ten thousand islands area), approximately 4. 8 km (3 mi) east - southeast of watson' s place within enp (marks and marks 2012, pp. 8, 17, a53, b35, b38; c. marks, pers. comm. 2012b; s. snow, pers. comm. 2012h). however, the species was not located in similar habitats during 18 survey nights in 2012 (marks and marks 2012, p. 14) .\nas one peer reviewer stated during the public comment period, identifying home ranges and habitat affinities of the florida bonneted bat is imperative to determining the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the species. in order for designation of critical habitat to be meaningful and effective, the extent of the species' range and the species' roosting affinities should be defined prior to designation. the service continues to work with researchers, other agencies, and stakeholders on filling large information gaps regarding the species and its habitat needs and preferences. we continue to fund research and study the habitat requirements of the bat and we intend to publish a proposed critical habitat designation for the florida bonneted bat in a separate rule in the near future .\nwe have identified a number of threats to the habitat of the florida bonneted bat which have occurred in the past, are impacting the species now, and will continue to impact the species in the future. habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, and associated pressures from increased human population are major threats; these threats are expected to continue, placing the species at greater risk. the species' use of conservation areas tempers some impacts, yet the threats of major losses of habitat remains. in natural or undeveloped areas, the florida bonneted bat may be impacted when forests are converted to other uses\nwind power is one of the fastest growing sectors of the energy industry (horn et al. 2008, p. 123; cryan and barclay 2009, p. 1330), and the development of wind energy facilities in florida may be of particular concern for the florida bonneted bat as demand increases .\nin 2008, the florida bonneted bat was recorded at two locations along the kissimmee river during a survey of public areas contracted by fwc (j. morse, pers. comm. 2008, 2010; marks and marks 2008b, pp. 2 - 5; 2008c, pp. 1 - 28). one location was at an oxbow along the kissimmee river in a pasture in kicco wma; the other was at platt' s bluff boat ramp at a public park on the kissimmee river (marks and marks 2008c, pp. 11, 17). no additional calls were detected in the lake kissimmee areas or along the kissimmee river during subsequent surveys designed to more completely define the northern part of the florida bonneted bat' s range in 2010 - 2012 (c. marks, pers. comm. 2012c; marks and marks 2012, pp. 3, 5, 8, 10). however, the florida bonneted bat was detected elsewhere in the northern part of its range during surveys at apafr in 2013 (b. scofield, pers. comm. 2013a, 2013e) (see current distribution). call sequences were recorded at two locations, including one in an area of scrubby flatwoods next to a natural open water lake / pond and near several cavity trees and snags and another near a wetland embedded in scrub habitat (b. scofield, pers. comm. 2013b, 2013d, 2013e) .\nbrazilian free - tailed bat - tadarida brasiliensis the brazilian free - tailed bat is found from southern brazil, bolivia, argentina, and chile north to oregon, southern nebraska and ohio. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nour response: with regard to climate change, we agree with the general comments provided. the additional literature on climate change provided by one group largely reinforces our assessment of the threat of climate change to the florida bonneted bat and its habitat. we appreciate the references provided and have revised our assessment accordingly .\noverall, occupied and potential habitat for the florida bonneted bat on forested or wooded lands, both private and public, continues to be at risk due to habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation from a variety of sources. additional searches for potential roosting sites in forested and other natural areas are especially needed .\nwe intend to draw upon the state' s management plan and all other relevant sources during recovery planning and implementation efforts. we will be soliciting input from the state and other stakeholders, who are integral in the conservation of the species, during recovery planning .\nquestions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a violation of section 9 of the act should be directed to the field supervisor of the service' s south florida ecological services field office (see for further information contact). requests for copies of the regulations concerning listed animals and general inquiries regarding prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the u. s. fish and wildlife service, endangered species permits, 1875 century boulevard, atlanta, ga 30345 (phone 404 - 679 - 7313; fax 404 - 679 - 7081) .\nacoustical surveys conducted at zoo miami and adjacent pinelands over 137 nights of sampling detected 154 florida bonneted bat calls out of over 20, 500 bat call sequences recorded (f. ridgley, pers. comm. 2013). although difficult to compare to other studies, it should be noted that this study also employed long recording intervals (i. e. , continuous recordings taken from sunset to sunrise) taken from an elevated microphone to improve detection .\nfederal actions for the florida bonneted bat prior to october 4, 2012, are outlined in our proposed rule (77 fr 60750), which was published on that date. publication of the proposed rule (77 fr 60750) opened a 60 - day comment period, which closed on december 3, 2012 .\napafr —florida bonneted bat calls were recorded at two of 13 locations on apafr in 2013 (b. scofield, pers. comm. 2013a - f). these findings are significant because they provide additional evidence of current presence in the northern part of the species' range, where survey information is generally lacking .\nresearchers are planning to conduct analyses of guano to determine dietary preferences and seasonal changes (ridgley 2012, pp. 1 - 4; c. marks, fbc, pers. comm. 2012a; s. snow, everglades national park (enp), pers. comm. 2012a; marks 2013, p. 2). this species may prey upon larger insects, which may be less abundant than smaller prey items (s. snow, pers. comm. 2012a). since the species can take flight from the ground like other eumops species, the florida bonneted bat may also prey upon ground insect species (ridgley 2012, pp. 1 - 2). based upon recent analyses, marks (2013, p. 2) recommended that natural habitats conducive to insect diversity be protected and that any pesticides be used with caution .\nsection 4 (i) of the act states, “the secretary shall submit to the state agency a written justification for his failure to adopt regulations consistent with the agency' s comments or petition. ” comments we received from the state of florida are addressed below .\ndue to limited information, we are not able to determine the extent to which predation may be impacting the florida bonneted bat at this time. however, given the species' apparent small population size and overall vulnerability, it is reasonable to assume that predation is a potential threat, which may increase in the future .\nwe have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats to the florida bonneted bat. the species occurs in limited numbers in a restricted range in south florida. habitat loss, degradation, and modification from human population growth and associated development and agriculture have impacted the florida bonneted bat and are expected to further curtail its limited range (see factor a). environmental effects from climate change, including sea level rise and coastal squeeze, are predicted to become severe in the future, resulting in additional habitat losses that are expected to place the species at greater risk (see factor a) .\nthat range “be properly defined” through additional surveys in rural areas containing habitat similar to those areas where sightings have been recorded and that surveys be conducted over as many as 10 nights per survey region. the same commenter also suggested that a survey using florida bonneted bat - optimized bat houses erected in strategic locations could also provide data related to the range east and west of the kissimmee river basin. another commenter did not think there was enough survey information available to establish range .\nin summary, the extent of competition for cavity trees in south florida is not well understood. it appears that cavity trees are limited and competition is greater now than historically. despite the lack of data, the possibility certainly exists for the florida bonneted bat to be impacted by competition for tree cavities from native or nonnative wildlife .\nresults from acoustical surveys conducted in late 2012 through mid - 2013 detected generally few florida bonneted bat calls in bcnp, except for one location. in 296 nights of sampling, 747 florida bonneted bat calls of 36, 441 total bat calls were recorded on 17 nights at 7 of 44 sites surveyed (r. arwood, pers. comm. 2013c). most of the positive calls (721) were recorded at one location (r. arwood, pers. comm. 2013c). although it is difficult to compare studies, these results appear to confirm previous findings suggesting rarity, particularly because this study employed longer recording intervals (i. e. , continuous recordings taken from sunset to sunrise) with multiple nights at each site survey site (r. arwood, pers. comm. 2012b) .\n© 2018 arizona - sonora desert museum 2021 n. kinney rd. , tucson az 85743 u. s. a. directions · hours & rates · 520. 883. 2702 · info @ urltoken jobs & volunteers · contact · faq · privacy · terms & conditions · accessibility\nbiologists observed seven bats similar in size to florida bonneted bats and heard chatter at the correct frequency a few years ago, but were unable to obtain definitive recordings (s. thompson, miami - dade park and recreation department, pers. comm. 2010) until a single call was recorded by fbc outside the same enclosure in september 2011 (marks and marks 2012, pp. 8, 14, 16, a26; ridgley 2012, p. 1) .\ndwarf dog - faced bat - molossops temminckii the dwarf dog - faced bat is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, guyana, paraguay, peru, uruguay, and venezuela. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe florida bonneted bat is anticipated to face major risks from coastal squeeze, which occurs when habitat is pressed between rising sea levels and coastal development that prevents landward movement (scavia et al. 2002; fitzgerald et al. 2008; defeo et al. 2009; ledee et al. 2010; menon et al. 2010; noss 2011). habitats in coastal areas (i. e. , charlotte, lee, collier, monroe, miami - dade counties) are likely the most vulnerable. although it is difficult to quantify impacts due to uncertainties involved, coastal squeeze will likely result in losses in roosting and foraging habitat for the florida bonneted bat in several areas." ]

{ "text": [ "underwood 's bonneted bat ( eumops underwoodi ) is a species of bat in the family molossidae found in belize , costa rica , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua and the southwestern united states . " ], "topic": [ 25 ] }

[ "underwood's bonneted bat (eumops underwoodi) is a species of bat in the family molossidae found in belize, costa rica, el salvador, guatemala, honduras, mexico, nicaragua and the southwestern united states." ]

[ "pacific double - saddle butterflyfish [ chaetodon ulietensis ] (sudarechouchouuo in j. )\nfigure 8. predator pacific double - saddle butterflyfish (chaetodon ulietensis) feeding on tentacles of e. quadricolor\nthe pacific double - saddle butterflyfish is a species similar to the chaetodon falcula with which is often mistaken, also due to the common names. for instance, in italian, is called by some “pesce farfalla dalle due selle = two - saddle butterflyfish”, a too similar name to the “pesce farfalla a doppia sella = double - saddled butterflyfish”, name reserved to another the chaetodon falcula .\nthe unusual and mimetic pacific double - saddle butterflyfish (chaetodon ulietensis - cuvier, 1831) belongs to the class of the actinopterygii, the ray - finned fishes, to the order of perciformes and to the family of chaetodontidae .\nbeautiful school of pyramid butterflyfish [ hemitaurichthys polylepis ] (kasumichouchouuo in j. )\n- tropical marine fish in the family chaetodontidae (butterflyfish, bannerfish, coralfish) .\ndescriptions and records of fulgoroidea from australia and the south pacific islands. no. i\nindo - pacific: cocos - keeling islands to the tuamoto islands, north to japan .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .\nmanter h. w. 1940. digenetic trematodes of fishes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific .\nit is a species at home in the pacific ocean and in the neighbouring zones of the indian ocean .\ntherefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted, if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium. bristleworms, tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .\nozaki, 1926 (digenea: lepocreadiidae) in the indo - west pacific region, including the description of one new species .\ndiachus auratus (f .) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), a recent immigrant to the south - west pacific region, on legumes\na doublesaddle butterflyfish, chaetodon ulietensis, in northern fiji. source: mark rosenstein / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\ndiscovery of a new genus and species of indo - west pacific pilumnidoid crab from a semisubmersible oil platform (crustacea: brachyura: pseudozioidea) .\nmany creatures change during their life. juvenile fish become adults and some change shape or their colour. some species change sex and others just get older. the following creature (s) are known relatives of the pacific doublesaddle butterflyfish. click the image (s) to explore further or hover over to get a better view !\nthe populations can double in less than 15 months, and seen that it is omnivorous, in spite of the climate changes and the vast aquaria market, the vulnerability index of the species is very low: only 13 on 100 .\nmanter 1931 (digenea: lepocreadiidae) in ephippid and chaetodontid fishes (perciformes) in the south - western pacific ocean and the indian ocean off western australia .\nfrancis, m. p. & randall, j. e. 1993. further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands, southwest pacific ocean .\nthey ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful, therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together. one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .\na distinctly patterned butterflyfish with a broad black bar through the eye, two deep dark saddles on the upper sides, the rear of the body yellow and a large spot on the caudal peduncle .\nthe butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours. they are closely related to angelfishs, but can always be distinguished, as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .\na smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals, like zoanthus. a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals. butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones, tubeworms and bristleworms .\nmiller t. l. , cribb t. h. 2007. phylogenetic relationships of some common indo - pacific snappers (perciformes: lutjanidae) based on mitochondrial dna sequences, with comments on the taxonomic position of the caesioninae .\nin both fishes the final part of the body, fins included, is yellow with analogous orange traits, but in the chaetodon falcula, starting from the first saddle; the back is yellow, whilst in the chaetodon ulietensis the yellow is present only at the border of the dorsal fin. this shows 12 spiny rays and 23 - 25 soft, the anal 3 - 4 spiny rays and 19 - 21 soft, whilst the ventral and the pectoral ones are unarmed and the caudal is more or less truncate .\nwidespread throughout the central and western pacific from cocos - keeling and christmas island in the eastern indian ocean to tuamotu islands and pitcairn, north from southern japan and south to lord howe island and rapa (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). vagrants have been found in the hawaiian islands (oahu). its overall geographic range is ~ 45. 7 million km\nnorth west cape (21°55' s) to dampier archipelago (20°28' s), wa, also rowley shoals (17°20' s) and scott reef (14°03' s), wa, ashmore reef, timor sea (12°15' s), ashmore reef, coral sea and northern great barrier reef, qld (12°00' s) to sydney, nsw (33°53' s); tropical, east - indo - west - central pacific .\nslightly smaller, it does not exceed the 15 cm, against the other’s 20 cm, and like the saddled butterflyfish, it has a livery with vertical stripes on pale background, a black spot on the caudal peduncle, the black band on the eye and, especially, two dark saddles on the back. but here the dorsal spots do not have the shape of a sickle and are much more shaded. the first, towards the head, appears decidedly faded, and the second, black upwards, turns to the grey towards the belly .\nrecorded in australia from north west cape (21°55' s) to dampier archipelago (20°28' s), wa, also rowley shoals (17°20' s) and scott reef (14°03' s), wa, ashmore reef, timor sea (12°15' s), ashmore reef, coral sea and northern great barrier reef, qld (12°00' s) to sydney, nsw (33°53' s) and lord howe island in the tasman sea; also at the australian territory of cocos (keeling) islands in the indian ocean; tropical, east - indo - west - central pacific - form the cocos (keeling) islands to the tuamoto islands, and north to japan. inhabits coral - rich areas of lagoon reefs and sometimes seaward reefs. juveniles also occur in harbors and estuaries. adults form schools in oceanic areas such as at the cocos (keeling) islands .\nchaetodon ulietensis cuvier, 1831, hist. nat. poiss. 7: 39. type locality: ulietea .\n. new york: john wiley & sons vol. 2 pp. 149 - 352 figs 214 - 510 .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth, wa: western australian museum vi 201 pp. , 70 pls .\nnew jersey: t. f. h. publications inc. 832 pp. figs .\ncuvier, g. l. in cuvier, g. l. & valenciennes, a. 1831 .\n. paris: levrault vol. 7 531 pp. pls 170 - 208 .\nhutchins, j. b. 2001. biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney, nsw, australia: new holland publishers xvii, 434 pp .\npyle, r. 2001. chaetodontidae, pomacanthidae. pp. 3224 - 3286 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nwhile there have been no declines documented, this species feeds on live coral cover, which may make it susceptible to habitat loss. however, it has a relatively wide distribution, apparently large population and no obvious major threats other than coral loss. listed as least concern .\namerican samoa; australia; christmas island; cocos (keeling) islands; cook islands; fiji; french polynesia; guam; indonesia; japan; kiribati (kiribati line is. , phoenix is .); malaysia; marshall islands; micronesia, federated states of; nauru; new caledonia; niue; northern mariana islands; palau; papua new guinea; philippines; pitcairn; samoa; solomon islands; taiwan, province of china; tokelau; tonga; tuvalu; united states minor outlying islands (howland - baker is. , wake is .); vanuatu; wallis and futuna\nit is generally common (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006), b\nut uncommon in the northern great barrier reef (mean of 0. 06 individuals per 200 m\npratchett and berumen 2008). there have been significant (50 %) population declines detected in shallow reef habitats at moorea (french polynesia) and no recovery since 1981. however, this species is common on the deep reef slope in moorea, especially at fish feeding sites (berumen and pratchett 2006) .\nthis species occupies habitats with good coral growth from lagoons to outer reefs slopes. mostly seen in pairs, but also occurs singly or in aggregations. large shoals sometimes occur at tahiti and fiji. generally feeds on hard and soft corals (cole\nfrequently exported through the aquarium trade (pyle 2001). approximately 5, 000 individuals were traded between 1988 - 2002 (global marine aquarium database 2009) .\nthere is no data on the effects of aquarium collections, but collections are unlikely to have substantially affected the global population. this species feeds on live coral, and may therefore decline in abundance following climate - induced coral depletion (pratchett\n2008). currently there have been no documented declines associated with coral loss, and there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for chaetodon ulientensis. this species is present within marine protected areas. monitoring of this species is needed in conjunction with coral monitoring, as well as determination of the degree of co - dependence between this species and corals .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, chaite = hair + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 2 - 30 m (ref. 9710). tropical; 32°n - 28°s\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4859 )\ndorsal spines (total): 12; dorsal soft rays (total): 23 - 25; anal spines: 3 - 4; anal soft rays: 19 - 21 .\noccur in coral - rich areas of lagoon reefs and less commonly in seaward reefs. juveniles in harbors and estuaries (ref. 48636). benthopelagic (ref. 58302). usually solitary, in pairs or in small groups. feed on plant and animal material. oviparous (ref. 205), monogamous (ref. 52884). form pairs during breeding (ref. 205). can be easily maintained in tanks .\ndistinct pairing (ref. 205). monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (ref. 52884) .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 25 - 29. 3, mean 28. 3 (based on 2807 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02188 (0. 01326 - 0. 03610), b = 2. 99 (2. 85 - 3. 13), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 7 ±0. 24 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nsource: bernard e. picton / cc - by - sa - 3. 0\nwhen the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .\nthis species will better acclimatize to the aquarium 's condition if introduced, when young .\nsome species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a\ncomplex\n, since they are so very similar .\nregardless of resemblance, it is important to be able to distinguish them, as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs. sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern, but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .\nit can be problematic, with many of these species, to get them eating in the beginning, but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells. another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .\nas these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding, it is important to buy healthy fish, to avoid having to deal with more problems. make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .\nthere are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium, as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods. it can be possible to breed some species, which will eat frozen foods. otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet, which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .\nscott w. michael. 2004. angelfishes and butterflyfishes (reef fishes series book 3) tfh publications / microcosm ltd. - (english) bob fenner. butterflyfishes; separating the good ones and those you don' t want - wet web media - (english) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - (english) tea yi kai. 2014. reef nuggets 2: aquatic lepidopterans for your reef (revised edition) - reef builders - (english )\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2014. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. urltoken, version (08 / 2014) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal, which you want to keep for several years. it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank. a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general. some species doesn' t handle transportation very well, but that doesn' t mean that the species isn' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case, a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1. 026 (sg) and a temperature close to 26°c. species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity, sub - tropical temperature, deep sand bed, sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe: no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe: only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution: this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck: most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates, but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe: this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\ndescription occurs in coral - rich areas of lagoon reefs and less commonly in seaward reefs. usually solitary, in pairs or in small ...\ndescription occurs in coral - rich areas of lagoon reefs and less commonly in seaward reefs. usually solitary, in pairs or in small groups. feeds on plant and animal material. can be easily maintained in tanks. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chaetodon aurora de vis, 1884) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon ulietensis confluens ahl, 1923) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon ulientensis cuvier, 1831) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto, a. w. l. , ching, k. s. h. & shea, s. k. h. (2013) hong kong reef fish photo guide. eco - education and resources centre. [ details ]\nover 10, 985, 281 royalty - free video clips with 96, 416 new stock clips added weekly .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhave adherent bases which conform to the shape of the substratum they attach to [ 1 ]. they have smooth flared body columns which are usually rich brown but may be greenish or reddish [ 1 ] [ 2 ]. the columns of small individuals range from 50mm - 100mm in length, while that of larger individuals can reach up to 500mm [ 1 ]. at the top of the column is a flattened oral disc with an oval mouth in the middle [ 1 ]. cylindrical tentacles fringe the oral disc and inner tentacles are 2 - 3 times longer than marginal ones (fig. 2) [ 2 ] .\nfigure 2. features of e. quadricolor (adapted from: nicola wood, permission pending [ 38 ] )\nthe tentacles may be bulbous at the end, with a terminal bud that usually ends in a sharp red point, or a subterminal bud which lacks a pigmented tip (fig. 3) [\n]. the bulbs may have a white ring (equator) around them (fig. 1), or be flecked with white [\nfigure 3. bubble - tip anemone tentacle forms. tentacle with terminal bud (left), tentacle with subterminal bud (middle), digitiform tentacle (right )\n( adapted from: nick hobgood, under a cc by - sa 3. 0 license [ 39 ] (left), chaloklum diving, under a cc by 3. 0 license [ 40 ] (middle), josuevg, under a cc by - sa 3. 0 license (right) [ 41 ] )\nthe greenish smooth column and bulbous tentacles with the white equator are evident in the figure .\nfigure 4. entacmaea quadricolor in singapore' s waters (source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 license [ 42 ] )\n]. they exist in two morphologies - small and colonial or large and solitary. small clustering forms occur in shallow water, typically anchored within cracks and crevices on reefs, and are sometimes attached to branches of corals [\n]. large solitary individuals are found in deeper waters on reef slopes, anchored in holes or crevices such that only the tentacles are visible. both forms can be found at depths in between [\n], among others. all known localities are shown in the map below .\nat sisters island, with an interesting colour morph of brownish tentacles with a green sheen .\nfigure 5. entacmaea quadricolor at sisters island [ source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - sa 2. 0 license [ 43 ] )\ninhabit the waters of the red sea, eastern africa, indian ocean, micronesia, melanesia, japan and australia (fig. 6) [\nfigure 6. global distribution of e. quadricolor (adapted from: global biodiversity information facility, under a cc - by 4. 0 license [ 44 ] )\n]. the majority of the zooxanthellae (61. 1 %) are located in the tentacles and column walls, and belong to the genus\nfigure 7. anemonefishes symbiotic with e. quadricolor (adapted from: tullock in [ 6 ], permission pending [ 45 ] )\nfigure 9. live e. quadricolor specimen under gfp and rfp fluorescent channels. (a) top view under gfp, (b) top view under rfp ,\n( c) top view under gfp and rfp overlay, (d) tentacle close - up under gfp and rfp overlay, (e) tentacle tip close - up under gfp and rfp overlay .\nis feeding on a fish and the tentacle contractions can be seen clearly. prey can be captured because\n]. other toxins associated with the mucus lining of tentacles are predominantly used for defence. these toxins are lethal to some fish, causing cell lysis and gill damage [\nincluded, had the most number of anemonefish symbionts (fig. 10) [\n( source: nedosyko et al. in [ 14 ], under a cc by 4. 0 license [ 50 ] )\nspawning events were found to occur during the warmer months of the year where sea temperatures were peaking. this can be attributed to the increased rates of embryo and larval development [\nfigure 12. broadcast spawning of male (a) and female (b) e. quadricolor (adapted from: cristiana damiano in [ 17 ], permission pending [ 52 ] )\nare listed on the red list. according to the singapore red data book, all anemonefishes, including the tomato clownfish (\n], threatening the local populations of both anemonefishes and their host sea anemones .\nfigure 13. tomato clownfish (amphiprion frenatus) among e. quadricolor in singapore' s shores (terumbu raya )\n( source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 license [ 55 ] )\nfigure 14. tomato clownfish (amphiprion frenatus) among e. quadricolor in singapore' s shores (pulau semakau )\n( source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 license [ 56 ] )\nare sold on websites online (fig. 16). in singapore, there is also a demand for\nr as local stores have been found to be selling the anemone (fig. 17). as these individuals sold online are most likely harvested from the wild, it poses a threat to both local and global populations of\nfigure 16. individuals of e. quadricolor sold online (adapted from: la reefs, permission pending [ 58 ] )\n( source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 license [ 60 ] )\nbleached e. quadricolor at terumbu raya, singapore (source: ria tan, under a cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 license [ 62 ] )\n] (fig. 20). an illustration labelled fig. 3 was also provided [\nfigure 20. original description of e. quadricolor (basionym: actinia quadricolor )\n( adapted from: biodiversity heritage library. digitized by field museum of natural history library | urltoken )\nnb: mislabelled as fig. 2 in description, correctly labelled as fig. 3 in caption [ 1 ] [ 27 ]\n, which the original description was based on, is shown in figure 22. it was recorded on jan 1, 1827 [\nnotes on holotype: whole animal. oral, pedal disc diameters 40mm, length 35mm; tentacles poorly preserved. wedges removed from margins, mid - column for microscope slides by d. g. fautin. labeled from rotes meer, attributed to rüppell 1827 [\n], together with nomenclatural reorganisations over the years. for example, the 13 species that were previously placed in\nspecies have yet to be included in phylogenetic studies done within the family actiniidae, possibly due to the small number of species present. however, the nucleotide sequence of\n]. in this study, the dna sequences were aligned using clustal v, followed by manual editing. both parsimony and distance methods (neighbour - joining) were used in the phylogenetic analysis [\n]. scleractinia was found to form a monophyletic group while actiniaria and corallimorpharia did not (fig. 23) [\n], suggesting that actiniaria and corallimorpharia are more closely related to one another than either one is to scleractinia .\nzooming into the order actiniaria, they are amongst the most diverse members of the subclass hexacorallia. relationships within actiniaria are also unresolved due to insufficient taxon sampling conducted in previous studies to derive consistent relationships [\n]. the dna sequences for each marker were separately aligned using mafft. multiple tree optimality criteria were used, namely maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian [\n] - one advantage of this gap treatment is that trees can be identified solely from the pattern of gaps in an alignment, so treating gaps as missing data may decrease the input of erroneous characters while still producing a reliable phylogenetic tree. however, missing data also has the potential to result in trees that are biologically meaningless, where gaps were treated as missing data when insertion events were more likely to have occured .\nalthough some nodes had low bootstrap support which allows for ambiguity, the resultant phylogenetic tree derived from the ml analysis of molecular data was found to be consistent with the aforementioned morphological features (fig. 24) [\nfigure 24. construction of morphological characters within hexacorallia, with red arrow showing position of e. quadricolor\n( adapted from: rodríguez et al. in [ 36 ], under a cc by 4. 0 license [ 65 ]). a higher resolution image can be found here .\n- partners in a symbiotic relationship that remain on the surface of its host of occupy a body cavity .\n- also known as a cnidoblast or nematocyte, is an explosive cell containing a secretory organelle or cnida / nematocyst .\n- produced by cnidocyte for capturing or paralysing prey or for defense. each nematocyst contains a coiled, hollow thread that can have barbs or spines and often contains poison .\n- a system or procedure of assigning names to groups of organisms as part of a taxonomic classification .\ndunn, d. f. 1981. the clownfish sea anemones: stichodactylidae (coelenterata: actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. transactions of the american philosophical society, 71 (1), 3 - 115 .\n2. fautin, d. g. , crowther, a. l. , & wallace, c. c. 2008. sea anemones (cnidaria: anthozoa: actiniaria) of moreton bay .\n3. scott, a. , & harrison, p. l. 2009. gametogenic and reproductive cycles of the sea anemone, entacmaea quadricolor. marine biology, 156 (8), 1659 - 1671 .\n5. porat, d. , & chadwick - furman, n. e. 2004. effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: expansion behavior, growth, and survival .\n6. tullock, j. h. 1998. clownfish and sea anemones. baron' s .\n7. fautin, d. g. , chau - chih, g. , & jiang - shiou, h. 1996. costs and benefits of the symbiosis between the anemoneshrimp periclimenes brevicarpalis and its host entacmaea quadricolor .\n8. godwin, j. , & fautin, d. g. 1992. defense of host actinians by anemonefishes .\n9. fautin, d. g. , tan, s. h. , & tan, r. 2009. sea anemones (cnidaria: actiniaria) of singapore: abundant and well - known shallow - water species .\n11. mebs, d. 2009. chemical biology of the mutualistic relationships of sea anemones with fish and crustaceans .\n12. samejima, y. , yanagisawa, m. , aoki - tomomatsu, y. , iwasaki, e. , ando, j. , & mebs, d. 2000. amino acid sequence studies on cytolytic toxins from sea anemone heteractis magnifica, entacmaea quadricolor and stichodactyla mertensii (anthozoa) .\n13. elliott, j. k. , & mariscal, r. n. 1997. acclimation or innate protection of anemonefishes from sea anemones? .\n14. nedosyko, a. m. , young, j. e. , edwards, j. w. , & da silva, k. b. 2014. searching for a toxic key to unlock the mystery of anemonefish and anemone symbiosis .\n16. mire, p. 1998. evidence for stretch‐regulation of fission in a sea anemone .\n17. scott, a. , & harrison, p. 2007. broadcast spawning of two species of sea anemone, entacmaea quadricolor and heteractis crispa, that host anemonefish .\n18. harrison, p. l. , & wallace, c. c. 1990. reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals .\n19. bassim, k. , sammarco, p. , & snell, t. 2002. effects of temperature on success of (self and non - self) fertilization and embryogenesis in diploria strigosa (cnidaria, scleractinia) .\n20. wilson, j. r. , & harrison, p. l. 1997. sexual reproduction in high latitude coral communities at the solitary islands, eastern australia. in\n21. tan, r. 2008. wild singapore factsheets. bubble - tip sea anemone. retrieved 24 oct, 2016, from\n24. shuman, c. s. , hodgson, g. , & ambrose, r. f. 2005. population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the philippines .\n25. hobbs, j. p. a. , frisch, a. j. , ford, b. m. , thums, m. , saenz - agudelo, p. , furby, k. a. , & berumen, m. l. 2013. taxonomic, spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching in anemones inhabited by anemonefishes .\n26. fautin, d. 2015. entacmaea quadricolor. in: fautin, daphne g. 2013. hexacorallians of the world. retrieved oct 24, 2016, from\nfautin, d. g. 2013. entacmaea quadricolor. hexacorallians of the world. retrieved oct 24, 2016, from\nglobal biodiversity information facility. 2016. senckenberg: collection cnidaria smf. retrieved oct 25, 2016, from\nfautin, d. g. 2013. hexacorallians of the world. retrieved oct 25, 2016, from\nfautin, d. g. 2016. catalog to families, genera, and species of orders actiniaria and corallimorpharia (cnidaria: anthozoa) .\n31. global biodiversity information facility. 2016. australian ocean biogeographic information system (obis australua): interim register of marine and nonmarine genera. doi: 10. 15468 / 6tkudz. retrieved oct 25, 2016, from\nchen, c. a. , odorico, d. m. , tenlohuis, m. , veron, j. e. n. , & miller, d. j. 1995. systematic relationships within the anthozoa (cnidaria: anthozoa) using the 5′ - end of the 28s rdna .\n33. daly, m. , fautin, d. g. , & cappola, v. a. 2003. systematics of the hexacorallia (cnidaria: anthozoa) .\n34. veron, j. e. n. , odorico, d. m. , chen, c. a. , & miller, d. j. 1996. reassessing evolutionary relationships of scleractinian corals .\n35. daly, m. , chaudhuri, a. , gusmão, l. , & rodriguez, e. 2008. phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (cnidaria: anthozoa: actiniaria) .\n36. rodríguez, e. , barbeitos, m. s. , brugler, m. r. , crowley, l. m. , grajales, a. , gusmão, l. ,... & daly, m. 2014. hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order actiniaria (cnidaria, anthozoa, hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals .\n. adapted from nicola wood. permission pending. modifications: combined two images and added annotations .\nfigure 3. bubble - tip anemone tentacle forms. tentacle with terminal bud (left), tentacle with subterminal bud (middle), digitiform tentacle (right )\n. adapted from nhobgood nick hobgood (own work) [ cc by - sa 3. 0 (\n) ], via wikimedia commons. modifications: combined image with [ 40 ] and [ 41 ] .\nfigure 3. bubble - tip anemone tentacle forms. tentacle with terminal bud (left), tentacle with subterminal bud (middle), digitiform tentacle (right )\n. adapted from chaloklum diving (\n) ], via wikimedia commons. modifications: combined image with [ 39 ] and [ 41 ] .\nfigure 3. bubble - tip anemone tentacle forms. tentacle with terminal bud (left), tentacle with subterminal bud (middle), digitiform tentacle (right )\n. adapted from josuevg (own work) [ cc by - sa 3. 0 (\n) ], via wikimedia commons. modifications: combined image with [ 39 ] and [ 40 ] .\nin singapore' s waters\nby ria tan [ cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 (\nat sisters island\nby ria tan [ cc by - nc - sa 2. 0 license (\n. adapted from global biodiversity information facility. [ cc - by 4. 0\nfigure 7. anemonefishes symbiotic with e. quadricolor\n. adapted from: tullock in [ 6 ]. permission pending. modifications: combined multiple images into one .\nescapes from being smothered by sedimentation\n. adapted from: nicola wood, obtained and accredited under fair use. url :\nspecimen under gfp and rfp fluorescent channels ...\n. adapted from: nicola wood. permission pending. modifications: cropped relevant section .\nfeeding on fish\n. source: squidmilk, obtained and accredited under fair use. url :\nfigure 11. longitudinal fission resulting in two genetically identical individuals\n. adapted from: nicola wood. permission pending. modifications: cropped relevant section .\n. adapted from: cristiana damiano in [ 17 ]. permission pending. modifications: cropped relevant section .\nspawning\n. source: srkreef, obtained and accredited under fair use. url :\nspawning\n. source: j madden, obtained and accredited under fair use. url :\nin singapore' s shores (terumbu raya )\nby ria tan. [ cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 (\nin singapore' s shores (pulau semakau )\nby ria tan. [ cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 (\nand symbiotic anemonefishes in an aquarist' s tank\n. adapted from: melev' s reef, obtained and accredited under fair use. modifications: screen capture of relevant section. url :\nsold online\n. adapted from: la reefs. permission pending. modifications: screen capture of relevant section .\nsold by a local supplier on facebook\n. adapted from: pinnacle aquatics pte ltd. permission pending. modifications: screen capture of relevant section. url :\nin singapore' s shores (sisters island )\nby ria tan. [ cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 (\nin singapore' s shores (sultan shoal )\nby joy wong, own photo. obtained through personal communication .\nat terumbu raya, singapore\n. source: ria tan. [ cc by - nc - nd 2. 0 (\nfigure 22: holotype of e. quadricolor in senckenberg museum\nby daphne fautin. permission pending .\nfigure 23. relationships of orders (scleractinia, actiniaria and corallimorpharia) within the anthozoan subclass hexacorallia\n. adapted from: springer - verlag in [ 34 ]. permission pending. modifications: highlighted relevant section in red .\n) ]. modifications: highlighted relevant section in red and added a red arrow .\ncontributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3. 0 license. portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes: the largest network of teachers in the world\ndebroyerella gen. nov. and ulladulla gen. nov. , two new lysianassoid genera (crustacea, amphipoda, lysianassoidea )\ndeep - sea amphipod community structure across abyssal to hadal depths in the peru - chile and kermadec trenches .\ndeep - sea serpulidae (annelida, polychaeta) from the kurile - kamchatka trench: 1. genus hyalopomatus .\ndeep - sea serpulidae (annelida, polychaeta) from the kurile - kamchatka trench: 2. genera bathyditrupa, bathyvermilia, and protis\ndescription of a new species of trimma (perciformes: gobiidae) from the red sea, with a discussion of the generic separation of trimma and priolepis, with discussion of sensory papillae terminology .\ndescription of nassarius berniceae (mollusca: gastropoda: nassariidae): a new species .\ndescriptions of heliolitidae from the upper silurian, yass, new south wales. based on notes by the late r. etheridge, junior\ndetection of mining impacts on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities: results of a disturbance experiment and the design of a multivariate bacip monitoring program at coronation hill, n. t .\ndetrital mineral morphology and geochemistry: methods to characterize and constrain the origin of the nsanaragati blue sapphires, south - western region of cameroon .\ndevelopment of 16 forensically informative microsatellite loci to detect the illegal trade of broad headed snakes (hoplocephalus bungaroides) .\ndigivol: sir isaac newton, charles darwin, digivol, bvp... pardon ?\ndigivol: let' s celebrate... ... 100, 000 images taken\ndistribution by habitat of six ctenotus species in sw n. s. w .\ndistribution of three parapatric cryptic species of rock - wallaby (petrogale) in north - east queensland: p. assimilis, p. mareeba and p. sharmani\ndiversity: a software package for sampling phylogenetic and environmental diversity. reference and user' s guide. v. 2. 1 .\ndo museum shops need to know about web 2. 0 and social media ?\ndoes technology makes a difference? aboriginal and colonial fishing in port jackson, new south wales .\ndr rebecca johnson and dr greta frankham viewing objects commonly found in the illegal wildlife trade .\ndrepanosticta elaphos sp. nov. and drepanosticta pterophora sp. nov. from papua new guinea\nahmad j. 1984. studies on five new digenetic trematodes from marine fishes from the arabian sea, off the bombay coast, india .\nbray r. a. 2005. family lepocreadiidae odhner, 1905. in: (eds. a. jones, r. a. bray and d. i. gibson )\n. volume 2. cabi publishing and the natural history museum, wallingford, 545–602 .\nmanter, 1945 (digenea: lepocreadiidae), parasites of marine tetraodontiform fishes .\nozaki, 1932 species (digenea: lepocreadiidae) from marine fishes from the southern great barrier reef, queensland, australia .\nstunkard, 1930 and comments on other species reported for the first time or poorly known in australian waters .\nbray r. a. , cribb t. h. 2002. lepocreadiinae lepocreadiids (digenea) from tetraodontiform fishes in the waters off tasmania, queensland and moorea, french polynesia .\ncuvier (teleostei: ephippidae) from the southern great barrier reef, queensland, australia .\nyamaguti, 1970 (digenea: lepocreadiidae) from fishes of the southern great barrier reef, with a tabulation of hostparasite data on the group .\nspp. (digenea, lepocreadiidae) in australian and new caledonian waters including two new species from tetraodontiformes and new records of related species .\nyamaguti, 1970 (digenea) with a key and descriptions of two new species from western australia .\n( perciformes: balistidae) and additional lepocreadiids parasitizing fishes from the waters off new caledonia .\nbray r. a. , waeschenbach a. , cribb t. h. , weedall g. d. , dyal p. , littlewood d. t. j. 2009b. the phylogeny of the lepocreadioidea (platyhelminthes: digenea) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes: implications for their systematics and evolution .\ncribb t. h. , bray r. a. 2010. gut wash, body soak, blender, and heatfixation: approaches to the effective collection, fixation and preservation of trematodes of fishes .\ncribb t. h. , bray r. a. , wright t. , pichelin s. 2002. the trematodes of groupers (serranidae: epinephelinae): knowledge, nature and evolution .\ndurio w. o. , manter h. w. 1968. some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of new caledonia. part ii. opecoelidae and lepocreadiidae .\ndyer w. g. , williams e. h. , jr. , williams l. b. 1988. digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of okinawa, japan .\nfischthal j. h. 1977. some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the barrier reef and reef lagoon of belize .\nfischthal j. h. 1982. additional records of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from israel’s mediterranean coast .\nfroese r. , pauly d. 2012. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. available on\ngu c. - t. , shen j. - w. 1979. ten new species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes .\nstossich, 1904 (digenea — lepocreadiidae) from marine fishes, bay of bengal, off puri coast, orissa, india .\nhafeezullah m. 1990. digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of india (superfamily hemiuroidea: families lecithasteridae and bunocotylidae) .\njustine j. - l. 2010. parasites of coral reef fish: how much do we know? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .\njustine j. - l. , beveridge i. , boxshall g. a. , bray r. a. , moravec f. , trilles j. - p. , whittington i. d. 2010a. parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish: an annotated list of parasites (isopoda, copepoda, monogenea, digenea, cestoda and nematoda) collected in groupers (serranidae, epinephelinae) in new caledonia .\njustine j. - l. , beveridge i. , boxshall g. a. , bray r. a. , moravec f. , whittington i. d. 2010b. an annotated list of fish parasites (copepoda, monogenea, digenea, cestoda and nematoda) collected from emperors and emperor bream (lethrinidae) in new caledonia further highlights parasite biodiversity estimates on coral reef fish .\nkorotaeva v. d. 1974. [ helminths of some commercial marine fish of the sub - order scomberoidei from the australian region ] .\nkuramochi t. 2011. digenean trematodes of fishes caught in sagami bay, off izu islands and off ogasawara islands .\nlakshmi v. v. , rao k. h. 1978. observations on the structure and histology of the gut in some digenetic trematodes .\nlorber j. , cribb t. , moravec f. , kikinger r. , konecny r. 2006. endoparasiten von fischen der malediven .\nmachida m. 2004. four new species of digenean trematodes from wrasses of southern japan and neighboring waters .\nmachida m. , ichihara a. , kamegai s. 1970. digenetic trematodes collected from the fishes in the sea north of the tsushima islands .\nmachida m. , kuramochi t. 1999. digenean trematodes from tetraodontiform fishes from japanese and adjacent waters .\nmachida m. , uchida a. 1990. trematodes from unicornfishes of japanese and adjacent waters .\nmadhavi r. 1972. digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of waltair coast, bay of bengal. i. family lepocreadiidae .\nmadhavi r. , narasimhulu s. v. , shameem u. 1986. digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of kalingapatnam coast, bay of bengal. families lepocreadiidae, deropristiidae and schistorchiidae .\nmadhavi r. , triveni lakshmi t. 2011. metazoan parasites of the indian mackerel ,\nmanter h. w. 1963. studies on digenetic trematodes of fishes of fiji. ii. families lepocreadiidae, opistholebetidae, and opecoelidae .\nmiller t. l. , bray r. a. , cribb t. h. 2011. taxonomic approaches to and interpretation of host specificity of trematodes of fishes: lessons from the great barrier reef .\nmontgomery w. r. 1957. studies on digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of la jolla, california .\nnahhas f. m. , cable r. m. 1964. digenetic and aspidogastrid trematodes from marine fishes of curaçao and jamaica .\nparukhin a. m. 1978. on studies in trematodofauna of the indian and atlantic ocean fishes .\nparukhin a. m. 1985. [ helminth fauna of commercial fishes from the saya - de - malya sand bank (indian ocean) ]. in: (ed. o. n. bauer )\nparukhin a. m. 1988. the helminths fauna of the commercial fishes from saya - de - malya bank (the indian ocean) .\nparukhin a. m. 1989. [ parasitic worms of bottom fishes of the southern seas. ] naukova dumka, kiev, 155 pp. (in russian) .\npritchard m. h. 1963. studies on digenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes, primarily families lepocreadiidae and zoogonidae .\nshen j. - w. 1986. digenetic trematodes of fishes from the east china sea i. species of the families opistholebetidae, lepocreadiidae and cryptogonimidae .\nshen j. - w. 1990. digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from hainan island. science publications, beijing, 228 pp. (in chinese, english summary) .\nsogandares - bernal f. , hutton r. f. 1959. studies on helminth parasites of the coast of florida. i. digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from tampa and boca ciega bays with descriptions of two new species. 1 .\ntoman g. 1989. digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from the seychelles, indian ocean. ii .\nwang p. - q. 1989. digenetic trematodes of marine fishes in pingtan county, fujian province, south china .\nyamaguti s. 1937. studies on the helminth fauna of japan. part 17. trematodes from a marine fish ,\n( houttuyn). satyû yamaguti, place of publication not given, 15 pp .\nyamaguti s. 1970. digenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes. keigaku, tokyo, 436 pp .\nyamaguti s. 1971. synopsis of digenetic trematodes of vertebrates. keigaku, tokyo, vol. i, 1074 pp. ; vol. ii, 1349 pp .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\ntaxon concept chaetodon _ ulietensis last modified 2013 - 10 - 09 10: 07: 52. 756\nde vis, c. w. 1884. new fishes in the queensland museum. no. 2 .\n. new jersey: t. f. h. publications inc. 832 pp. figs .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353\ndavie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nmcculloch, a. r. 1929. a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia. part ii .\nyou have requested an unaccepted / invalid name entry, the corresponding accepted / valid name is presented here as the result .\nbody oval, deep, strongly compressed. head length roughly equal to head height; preopercle smooth, without prominent spines. snout short. small protractile mouth with brush - like teeth in the jaws. dorsal fin with xii spines, no notch between spinous and soft dorsal fin; and 23 to 24 soft rays; anal fin with iii spines and 19 to 21 soft rays; pectoral fins transparent with 14 or 15 soft rays; pelvic fins with i stout spine and 5 branched rays; caudal fin rounded. overall white, bright yellow on posterior part of body and caudal fin; a series of blackish vertical lines on sides overlaid by two broad, blackish bars; a black bar through eye and a large black spot at base caudal fin .\noccur in coral - rich areas of lagoon reefs and less commonly in seaward reefs at depths of 3 to 20 m. juveniles in harbors and estuaries. usually solitary, in pairs or in small groups. feed on plant and animal material. oviparous .\ndistributed from western australia through the indo - malayan region eastward to the tuamotu archipelago, northward to southern japan, southward to lord howe island. it is found in northern and southeastern taiwanese waters .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\nthe name of the genus comes from the greek “chaite” = hair and “odous” = tooth, for the “bristle - shaped teeth” .\nthe name of the species “ulietensis” = of uliétéa in latin, refers to the island of uliétéa, today known also as raiatea island, belonging to the society islands, leeward islands, in french polynesia .\nwe find it at the maldives, the cocos islands, christmas island, malaysia, australia, indonesia, new guinea, micronesia, new caledonia, philippines, taiwan and china up to south of japan. eastwards, it reaches the fiji islands, tonga, samoa, tahiti, tuamotu and the hawaii; southwards, lord howe and easter islands .\nit lives in the madrepores formations up to 30 m of depth, usually in the calm lagoon side and not on the side facing the sea. the juveniles are frequent also in the brackish waters of the estuaries and the harbours .\nthe body is flat like all butterflyfishes, more or less oval with elongated snout." ]

{ "text": [ "the pacific double-saddle butterflyfish or false furcula butterflyfish ( chaetodon ulietensis ) , is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .", "it flourishes in coral-rich environments in the central indo-pacific region .", "their range extends from the cocos-keeling islands to the tuamotu islands , and north to japan .", "they are usually found from the surface to 20 m depths , and like shallow channels with high current . " ], "topic": [ 25, 13, 13, 18 ] }

[ "the pacific double-saddle butterflyfish or false furcula butterflyfish (chaetodon ulietensis), is a species of butterflyfish (family chaetodontidae). it flourishes in coral-rich environments in the central indo-pacific region. their range extends from the cocos-keeling islands to the tuamotu islands, and north to japan. they are usually found from the surface to 20 m depths, and like shallow channels with high current." ]

[ "nymphicula australis (c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer in c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 )\nnymphicula patnalis (c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer in c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 )\nagassiz, david, 2014, a preliminary study of the genus nymphicula snellen from australia, new guinea and the south pacific (lepidoptera: pyraloidea: crambidae: acentropinae), zootaxa 3774 (5), pp. 401 - 429: 417 - 428\nthe forewings of the adult moths have a striking pattern of orange and white markings. the hindwings have a black and white pattern, edged with a black arc containing white spots. the wingspan is about 1. 5 cms .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nis a homonym a new name is proposed. the material of this species is in bmh\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "nymphicula queenslandica is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by hampson in 1917 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm .", "the forewings have a pattern of orange and white markings , while there is a black and white pattern on the hindwings .", "the hindwings are edged with a black arc with white spots .", "the larvae are aquatic . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "nymphicula queenslandica is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by hampson in 1917. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm. the forewings have a pattern of orange and white markings, while there is a black and white pattern on the hindwings. the hindwings are edged with a black arc with white spots. the larvae are aquatic." ]

[ "platycephalus caeruleopunctatus mcculloch, 1922, aust. zool. 2 (3): 120. type locality: port jackson, new south wales .\na bluespotted flathead, platycephalus caeruleopunctatus, at seal rocks, new south wales, february 2007. source: sascha schultz / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nthis video is an additional file in the scientific pager - active acoustic tracking suggests that soft sediment fishes can show site attachment: a preliminary assessment of the movement patterns of the blue - spotted flathead (platycephalus caeruleopunctatus). published in the journal of animal biotelemetry in 2016. urltoken\nwalker, t. i. 1982. effects of length and locality on the mercury content of blacklip abalone, notohaliotis ruber (leach), blue mussel, mytilus edulis planulatus (lamarck), sand flathead, platycephalus bassensis cuvier & valenciennes, and long - nosed flathead, platycephalus caeruleopunctatus (mcculloch), from port phillip bay, victoria. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 33 (3): 553 - 560 .\nroughley, t. c. 1957. fish and fisheries of australia. sydney: angus & robertson 341 pp. (p. 135, as trudis caeruleopunctatus )\nimamura, h. 2006. rediagnosis of the marbled flathead, platycephalus marmoratus (actinopterygii: teleostei: platycephalidae), with comments on the composition of the type series. species diversity 11: 295 - 306 .\nfetterplace, l. c. , davis, a. r. , neilson, j. m. , taylor, m. d. & knott, n. a. (2016). active acoustic tracking suggests that soft sediment fishes can show site attachment: a preliminary assessment of the movement patterns of the blue - spotted flathead (platycephalus caeruleopunctatus). animal biotelemetry 4: 15. open access urltoken\nrowling k, hegarty a, ives m. 2010. bluespotted flathead (playtcephalus caeruleopunctatus). in status of fisheries resources in nsw 2008 / 09, nsw industry & investment, cronulla, p. 47–49 .\nrowling k, hegarty a, ives m. bluespotted flathead (playtcephalus caeruleopunctatus). in status of fisheries resources in nsw 2008 / 09, nsw industry & investment, cronulla; 2010, p. 47–9 .\n( of trudis caeruleopunctatus (mcculloch, 1922) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndaily presence–absence of five acoustically monitored blue - spotted flathead (p. caeruleopunctatus) in study area. active tracking was undertaken on 12 days between august 22 and 20 october 2011 on days 1–4, 15, 18, 24, 25, 27, 36, 59 and 60\ngray, c. a. , and barnes, l. m. (2008) reproduction and growth of dusky flathead (platycephalus fuscus) in nsw estuaries. nsw department of primary industries, cronulla fisheries research centre of excellence. no. 101, issn1449 - 9967, no. 101 .\n2003 - 2006 i have been involved in a variety of research projects conducted by industry and investment nsw. the projects i have had extensive involvement in as part of the wild fisheries program have include research on the reproductive biology of dusky flathead (platycephalus fuscus) in nsw estuaries and as part of the fisheries independent surveys team surveying multiple fish communities throughout estuaries within nsw .\na variably patterned flathead with pale blue to whitish or red spots on a brownish background, and a large dark blotch on the underside of the gill cover. the caudal - fin margin has three short, dark brownish stripes above a single dark blotch, the pectoral and pelvic fins have small brown spots forming indistinct bands, and the anal fin is whitish .\nendemic to estuarine, coastal and continental shelf waters of eastern australia from the calliope river (queensland) to lakes entrance (victoria); also off lord howe island. found on soft sediments, with juveniles preferring depths above 30 m and adults mostly in depths of 50 - 90 m .\ndorsal fin viii, 13 - 14; anal fin 13 - 14; pectoral fin 20; pelvic fin i, 5; lateral line scales (pored) 85 - 92 .\nbody elongate, slightly depressed. head large (length 31 - 33% sl), moderately depressed, with several pairs of prominent, spineless ridges, lower side bicarinate; eyes moderately large (16 - 23% hl), iris lappet a simple elongated lobe; mouth large, extending to about level with anterior margin of eye; teeth small, pointed on jaws, in a single patch on vomer and in a single row on each palatine, no enlarged canines; two strong preopercular spines at angle of preopercle, lower spine slightly longer than upper, a third very small posterior spine also present; first gill arch with 13 - 15 gill rakers on lower limb; interopercular flap present .\nscales small, finely ctenoid, covering body and most of head behind eyes; lateral line scales similar to those adjacent on side, anteriormost one or two scales usually with a small spine or ridge .\nfirst dorsal fin spinous with short base, first spine very short, detached, following spines much longer. second dorsal fin with moderately long base, anterior rays longest, slightly shorter than longest first dorsal - fin spine. anal fin similar in shape, opposite and slightly longer - based than second dorsal fin. caudal fin truncate. pectoral fins moderate sized. pelvic fins long, based below centre of pectoral fins. swim bladder absent .\nmaximum length at least 60 cm; maximum weight at least 1. 5 kg .\ncolour variable; brownish dorsally with pale blue to whitish or red spots; a large dark blotch on underside of operculum; pale to whitish ventrally. caudal - fin margin with 3 short, dark brownish stripes above a single dark blotch; pectoral and pelvic fins with small brown spots forming indistinct bands; anal fin whitish .\ncarnivore - feeds mostly on fishes and decapod crustaceans. also consumes other crustaceans, polychaete worms and cephalopod molluscs .\ntaken in significant numbers by prawn and fish trawls off new south wales; commonly caught by anglers fishing offshore (including drift fishing for snapper, pagrus auratus) .\nbarnes, l. m. , c. a. gray & j. e. williamson. 2011. divergence of the growth characteristics and longevity of coexisting platycephalidae (pisces). marine and freshwater research 62 (11) 1308 - 1317. urltoken\nbarnes, l. m. , leclerc, m. , gray, c. a. , & williamson, j. e. 2011. dietary niche differentiation of five sympatric species of platycephalidae. environmental biology of fishes 90: 429–441 .\ncoleman, n. 1980. australian sea fishes south of 30ºs. lane cove, nsw: doubleday australia pty ltd 309 pp .\ngrant, e. m. 2002. guide to fishes. redcliffe: em grant pty ltd 880 pp .\nhutchins, b. & swainston, r. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. swainston publishing, perth. 179 pp .\nkuiter, r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. bathurst: crawford house press 437 pp .\nprokop, f. 2002. australian fish guide. croydon south, victoria: australian fishing network 256 pp .\nwhitley, g. p. 1931. studies in ichthyology. no. 5. records of the australian museum 18 (4): 138 - 160 .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & ward, r. d. 2001. australian seafood handbook: an identification guide to domestic species. frdc / csiro marine research, 469 pp .\nthe temperate marine flatheads can be quite a challenge to identify. the bluespotted flathead usually has scattered blue spots on the back and a distinctive pattern of dark blotches on the tail .\nthe bluespotted flathead can be recognised by its sandy colour, scattered blue spots, and the series of elongated dark blotches on the tail. the blotches become progressively larger towards the bottom of the fin. the lower preopercular spine is distinctly longer than the upper .\nthe species is officially recorded from southern queensland to eastern victoria but may occur as far west as eastern south australia .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source: atlas of living australia .\nthe bluespotted flathead is found on sandy bottoms from shallow coastal bays and estuaries to well offshore .\nthe bluespotted flathead is a commercial trawl species which is marketed in australia under the name blue - spotted flathead .\nedgar, g. j. 1997. australian marine life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. reed books. pp. 544 .\ngomon, m. f. , bray, d. & r. h. kuiter (eds). 2008. the fishes of australia' s southern coast. reed new holland. pp. 928 .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. crawford house press. pp. 437 .\ntyler, j. c. 1970. abnormal fin and vertebral growth structures in plectognath fishes. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 122 (4): 249 - 271 .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & r. d. ward. 1999. australian seafood handbook, an identification guide to domestic species. csiro marine research. pp. 461 .\ngreek, platys = flat + greek, kephale = head (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; demersal; depth range 40 - 100 m (ref. 9563). temperate\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 45. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9563 )\nfound on the continental shelf (ref. 9563), inshore and in estuaries (ref. 7300) .\nmay, j. l. and j. g. h. maxwell, 1986. trawl fish from temperate waters of australia. csiro division of fisheries research, tasmania. 492 p. (ref. 9563 )\n): 17. 7 - 24. 3, mean 23. 7 (based on 7 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00513 (0. 00222 - 0. 01187), b = 3. 04 (2. 83 - 3. 25), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 18) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nwhitley, g. p. 1931 ,\nstudies in ichthyology no. 5\n, records of the australian museum, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 138 - 160 figs 1 - 2 pls 20 - 21\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e91fe0bd - 66da - 4e01 - a62f - 1b1cbd5fea6d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3845deea - b769 - 44dc - 9c75 - 57222df04ad2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 460612\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean (clofnam), vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan elusive fish – sighted both times when we were scuba diving outside mae haad reef, koh phangan .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nchaloklum diving, 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7, chaloklum village, koh phangan, suratthani 84280. thailand .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthree of five blue - spotted flathead that were tagged exhibited strong site attachment and were detected close to their release points for the entire 60 - day study period. the two other fish were not detected after 4 and 25 days and were likely to have moved out of the study area (search radius ≈ 3 km). for the three fish tracked over 60 days, the area used was compact (mean ± se = 0. 021 km 2 ± 0. 037) and two patterns of movement were apparent: (1) a small activity space used in its entirety each day (two fish) and (2) a larger activity space in which a separate area is utilised each day (one fish) .\nour study is the first to document the movement of blue - spotted flathead, and these preliminary results demonstrate two broad movement patterns shown by this species on soft sediments in jervis bay. over the course of 60 days, a majority of fish in this study showed strong site attachment; however, a number of fish also made larger - scale movements. finally, our study suggests that a tightly spaced, passive acoustic array would provide meaningful results for this species, although strategically placed receivers outside this array would be required to detect any longer range movements .\nin many cases, particularly on marine soft sediments, little information on the habitat use and movement of fishes is available to inform mpa design and location. consequently, mpas may not be of a suitable size or in the correct location to provide effective protection. understanding the habitats used, degree of site attachment and patterns of movement will substantially aid in the design and management of mpas, particularly where preferred fish habitat (such as spawning or aggregation grounds) can be identified [\n]. without such data, this is impossible to assess or to infer the effectiveness of a marine reserve on soft sediments .\n]. this assumption, however, is based on very little data, as relatively few studies look at the movement of demersal fish species on open coastal marine soft sediments. this knowledge gap appears incongruous with the fact that marine soft sediments are the most common habitat on earth [\n], and comprises most of the habitat within near - and off - shore areas. furthermore, although we have little data for the effect of mpas on soft sediment systems [\nthe study was undertaken in jbmp on the south coast of nsw, australia. jervis bay (fig .\nand dominated by sub - tidal soft sediments (predominately coarse sand). a mosaic of rocky intertidal, subtidal reefs and seagrass beds are scattered around the edge of the bay. in addition, there are five designated no - take sanctuary zones within jervis bay where fishing is not permitted; the remainder of the bay has zoning that allows for recreational fishing and limited forms of commercial fishing (e. g. not trawling). the current zoning within the bay was implemented in 2002 .\nstudy location in jervis bay, nsw, australia. area where tagged fish were captured and released in hare bay no - take sanctuary zone is shown within the black square. all areas in shades of blue are marine sand; other major habitat types are indicated in the legend. inset map: location of jervis bay in australia. subtidal reef features digitised preferentially from swath bathymetry, lads, and ads40 aerial imagery .\n: nsw department of primary industries, nsw office of environment and heritage, geoscience australia. mangrove, seagrass and saltmarsh boundaries as defined in [\n= 5) were line caught on sand at a depth of 10 m in the hare bay no - take sanctuary zone (fig .\nbefore a transmitter (vemco v9 model; 21 mm length, 9 mm diameter, 1. 6 g in the water, battery life 80 days, nominal ping interval 120 s) was inserted through a 1 - cm mid - ventral incision in the abdomen. surgery lasted < 2 min and the incision was closed with one or two dissolving stitches tied with a double surgeon’s knot. fish were then transferred to a holding tank and monitored for around 20 min, before releasing them at the site of capture .\npositional data were visualised to evaluate movement patterns and site attachment. to estimate the activity space for each fish, we used a fixed kernel method to produce 95% kernel utilisation distributions (kuds; default grid size / search radius of 50 × 50 m and extent of 1) which were visualised as 95% probability contours. we calculated kuds for the first 4 days of tracking and the entire tracking period to assess both post - release and short - term space use. kuds were produced using the ‘adehabitathr’ package in the statistical software r [\n) value by 0. 10 increments, until the smallest continuous (rather than a number of discrete) 95% kud probability contour that did not cut off any obvious paths between two subsequent detections was attained. we assumed uniform use of space within the 95% probability contour as the tracking strategy employed did not allow a true estimate of core area use within the activity space .\n] which was calculated by the distance between two points divided by the time elapsed between observations, averaged across all points for each fish. the nature of the data collection meant that this was only possible for the first 4 days of intense tracking. a residency index (ri), as a proportion of total tracking days detected, was calculated to give an estimate of site attachment. we make the assumption that where fish are not detected for two tracking days in succession they have left the study area. we also assume that fish remain in the study area between two tracking days where they are detected (e. g. if a fish is detected on day 18 of tracking and then again on the next tracking day, day 24, we assume the fish stayed in the study area between those days). we used displacement (d) given as distance in metres from the release point to the final position after 60 days and furthest distance (fd) from first release position (calculated for 4 and 60 days) to indicate straight line distance that fish moved from the release point over the study period. an additional file shows a detailed quantitative summary of movement pattern metrics including final\nall five of the tagged blue - spotted flathead (f1–f5) were active after tagging and detected on each of the first 4 days of post - tagging, and moved over a scale of 10–100s of metres within a day (figs .\n). the activity space (95% kud) over this time was generally compact with a mean of 0. 046 km\n± 0. 025 (±se). most fish (f2–f5) were continually reusing the same areas within their activity space, with each animal’s positions being intermingled through time over the 4 days (fig .\n). the exception was f1 which used a much larger area than the other fish and used a separate area on each of the 4 days (fig .\n). f1 also moved a much further distance from tagging location, 534 m compared with between 108 and 149 m for all other fish (209 ± 82 m; mean ± se). activity over the 4 days was similar for all fish with a\nover the first 4 days ranging from 22. 11 to 44. 96 m h\nfour - day activity space (95% kud) of five blue - spotted flathead (f1–f5). calculated with positions obtained using active acoustic tracking over initial 4 days of continuous tracking between 22 and 25 august 2011. d1–d4 indicate tracking day for f1 (daily positions of f2–f5 were intermingled within their respective activity spaces )\nfish total length (mm), furthest distance (fd) in metres from release point for the first 4 days and over 60 days. displacement (d) in metres is distance from release point at study end. activity space (km 2) based on 95% kernel utilisation distribution (kud). minimum activity index (mai m h −1) calculated by dividing the distance between two points by the time elapsed between observations. residency index (ri) is given as a proportion of tracking days detected\n). two fish (f2 and f3) appeared to move outside the no - take sanctuary zone after the first 4 days of intensive tracking, as searches well beyond the no - take sanctuary zone failed to detect these fish. fish f2 did move back into the sanctuary zone, and was subsequently detected on 2 days (days 24 and 25) to the south of the study area (fig .\n). despite extensive searches of the no - take sanctuary zone and surrounding areas covering a minimum of 3 - km radius around release point, we did not detect either fish again during the study. the three remaining fish (including f5 which had the largest activity space over the first 4 days) showed strong site attachment and were still being detected in hare bay sanctuary zone after 60 days when the study concluded. the activity space (95% kud) for the three fish remaining after 60 days (0. 121 km\n± 0. 037; mean ± se) was compact and much smaller than the ≈5. 50 km\nof soft sediments within hare bay sanctuary zone. f1 and f4 were detected on all of the 12 - day tracking which was undertaken, and f5 was detected on all but one tracking day (fig .\n). again, f1 covered the greatest amount of area, which was 2–4 times greater than f4 and f5. fish f1 also moved the furthest distance from the tagging location over the 60 days (541 m), although its displacement at the end of the study was only 108 m from the release point, compared with 305 and 240 m for f4 and f5, respectively (table\nsixty - day activity space (95% kud) of three blue - spotted flathead (f1, f4, f5). calculated with positions obtained using active acoustic tracking over 60 days between 22 august and 20 october 2011. d1–d60 indicate tracking day for f1 and f4. daily positions for f5 were intermingled within its activity space. the final 2 days of detections for f2 are also shown towards the southern edge of the figure\nthe three fish that were detected for the full 60 - day study length within the main study area each used a relatively small area but showed different movement patterns within their activity space (fig .\n). f5 repeatedly used the same area within its activity space. f4 used two areas relatively evenly within its activity space. f1 used the largest activity space and was detected in a separate area on each day it was tracked, but over the long - term revisited parts of its range visited earlier. hence, for these fish, there was consistency in terms of the usage of relatively small areas, though the pattern of use varied greatly among individual fish. the remaining two fish appeared to make much larger - scale movements. tagged fish were only detected on soft sediments for the whole study period, and we did not detect blue - spotted flathead moving onto adjacent seagrass or reef habitats despite these areas being searched .\n) found on soft sediments in jervis bay. over a daily timescale, all fish in our study used small relatively compact areas each day when actively tracked across daylight hours. over periods of up to 60 days, blue - spotted flathead in our study showed two broad movement patterns; three out of five tagged fish showed strong site attachment and were detected on each day of tracking within the hare bay no - take sanctuary zone. the remaining two fish appear to have moved much larger distances of more than 3 km away from tagging location. given the perception that soft sediment fishes are unlikely to show site attachment [\n], and observations that blue - spotted flathead can be strong active swimmers (fetterplace personal observation from baited underwater video; see data and materials section), it is particularly interesting that the majority of tagged fish in our study showed such strong site attachment. the ability of blue - spotted flathead to target many types of prey [\n] could explain why blue - spotted flathead generally utilise relatively small areas over a day. why some individuals continue to show this compact space use over periods of 60 days and others move away is not clear .\n]. dusky flathead were found to be largely sedentary, often remaining in one section of gippsland lakes for months. a small number of dusky flathead, however, were recorded moving up to 30 km over a few days. the use of active tracking in our study provided high - resolution movement and space - use patterns over a much smaller scale (10–100s of metres). unexpectedly, and contrary to suggestions that fish on soft sediments would likely move over larger distances than those on hard substrata [\n], blue - spotted flathead in our study also exhibited short - term site attachment comparable to many temperate reef fishes (e. g. [\ntwo fish were lost from the study after 4 and 25 days. this was despite extensive searches of at least 3 km from their last recorded positions. the underlying reason for this is unclear but could conceivably include capture, tag failure, predation, or movement out of the study site. our observations suggest that blue - spotted flathead are robust and survive surgery well; they recover readily from anaesthetic and, lacking a swim - bladder, are unaffected by barotrauma. previous tagging effects studies have indicated that ‘tagging - induced’ mortality tends to occur within the first 24 h after release [\n]. four out of five of our tagged fish were detected moving up to 25 days after surgery. this suggests that mortality from surgery in our study was unlikely. we would argue instead that the two fish that were not detected for the entire study simply moved out of the study area. capture is unlikely, at least in the study area, due to the study area being in a no - take sanctuary zone. as these two fish may in fact have travelled outside of tracking range, it follows that some part of the population moves much greater distances than the averages estimated here. why they moved remains unclear and as our study is preliminary with a small sample size it not possible to estimate exactly what portion of the blue - spotted flathead population makes these larger - scale movements or how large these movements may be .\nthe larger - scale movements shown by two fish do not appear to be driven by size, as both small and larger fish left the study area and conversely both small and larger fish also showed site attachment. as it is not possible to distinguish the sexes of blue - spotted flathead based on markings or size (they are not known to show sexual size dimorphism), it is more difficult to assess whether these movements may be related to the sex of the fish. many fish make seasonal migrations at specific times of year (e. g. [\n], there are no published evidence to support this and no evidence of migration movements to date. further investigation is required to determine whether or not the larger movements shown by some of our tagged fish are just roaming movements over scales greater than our study size or are linked to spawning movements .\nwe did not catch any blue - spotted flathead on, or detect tagged fish blue - spotted flathead moving onto seagrass or surrounding reef, suggesting that they are exclusively soft sediment fish. our movement data supports findings of recent baited remote underwater video (bruv) studies where no blue - spotted flathead were recorded on reef within jervis bay (rees, davis and knott, unpublished data and coleman et al. [\n]). however, other bruv studies have found very small numbers of blue - spotted flathead on reef habitat; for example in batemans marine park, kelaher et al. [\n] recorded blue - spotted flathead on five out of 384 drops over 5 years; this raises the possibility that blue - spotted flathead occasionally venture into edge areas of reef and seagrass habitats or reside there in very low numbers .\n]. this is often because this information is not available or because while potentially very useful, quantifying the movement patterns and observing the natural behaviour of marine fish in the field is difficult to achieve. without knowledge of the basic movement patterns of a species, it is difficult to predict effectiveness of spatial protection measures such as mpas [\nlf designed the study, conducted fieldwork, analysed data, drafted the manuscript and created the figures and graphics; ad designed the study, provided materials and field resources and assisted in drafting of the manuscript; nk designed the study, conducted fieldwork, provided materials and field resources and assisted in analyses and drafting of the manuscript; jn created the figures and graphics; mt provided materials and field resources, assisted in analyses and assisted in drafting of the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nwe wish to thank the staff at jervis bay marine park that assisted in tracking of flathead, in particular ian osterloh, adrian ferguson, mark fackerell, matt carr, matt rees and marie claire demers. we also thank duane byrnes for providing valuable gis assistance and margie andreason for proof reading a number of drafts. we acknowledge the efforts of two anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the initial manuscript substantially .\nthe relevant ethics approval for this study was granted by a department of primary industries nsw animal ethics committee of qualified scientific and lay members (aec number 100802 / 04). field work was carried out under nsw fisheries scientific collection permit p01 / 0059 (a) - 2. 0 .\nfunding and in - kind support for this work was provided by the nsw department of primary industries. additional student funding was provided by the university of wollongong .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\ntopping d, lowe c, caselle j. home range and habitat utilization of adult california sheephead -\n( labridae), in a temperate no - take marine reserve. mar biol. 2005; 147 (2): 301–11 .\ngerber lr, botsford lw, hastings a, possingham hp, gaines sd, palumbi sr, andelman s. population models for marine reserve design: a retrospective and prospective synthesis. ecol appl. 2003; 13 (sp1): 47–64 .\nkramer d, chapman m. implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. environ biol fishes. 1999; 55 (1–2): 65–79 .\ngaines sd, white c, carr mh, palumbi sr. designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. proc natl acad sci. 2010; 107 (43): 18286–93 .\npalumbi sr. marine reserves and ocean neighborhoods: the spatial scale of marine populations and their management. annu rev environ resour. 2004; 29 (1): 31–68 .\ngrüss a, kaplan dm, guénette s, roberts cm, botsford lw. consequences of adult and juvenile movement for marine protected areas. biol conserv. 2011; 144 (2): 692–702 .\ncaveen aj, sweeting cj, willis tj, polunin nvc. are the scientific foundations of temperate marine reserves too warm and hard? environ conserv. 2012; 39 (3): 199–203 .\nferguson am, harvey es, knott na. herbivore abundance, site fidelity and grazing rates on temperate reefs inside and outside marine reserves. j exp mar biol ecol. 2016; 478: 96–105 .\nlee ka, huveneers c, macdonald t, harcourt rg. size isn’t everything: movements, home range, and habitat preferences of eastern blue gropers (\n) demonstrate the efficacy of a small marine reserve. aquat conserv mar freshw ecosyst. 2015; 25 (2): 174–86 .\nharasti d, lee ka, gallen c, hughes jm, stewart j. movements, home range and site fidelity of snapper (\n) within a temperate marine protected area. plos one. 2015; 10 (11): e0142454 .\nwillis tj, parsons dm, babcock rc. evidence for long - term site fidelity of snapper (\n) within a marine reserve. nz j mar freshw res. 2001; 35 (3): 581–90 .\nwilson wh. competition and predation in marine soft - sediment communities. annu rev ecol syst. 1991; 21: 221–41 .\nsciberras m, jenkins sr, kaiser mj, hawkins sj, pullin as. evaluating the biological effectiveness of fully and partially protected marine areas. environ evid. 2013; 2 (1): 1–31 .\nr development core team r. a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing, vienna. isbn: 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0. 2010 .\ndwyer r, brooking c, brimblecombe w, campbell h, hunter j, watts m, franklin c. an open web - based system for the analysis and sharing of animal tracking data. anim biotelem. 2015; 3 (1): 1 .\nkie jg. a rule - based ad hoc method for selecting a bandwidth in kernel home - range analyses. anim biotelem. 2013; 1 (1): 1–12 .\ntaylor md, laffan sd, fielder ds, suthers im. key habitat and home range of mulloway\nin a south - east australian estuary: finding the estuarine niche to optimise stocking. mar ecol prog ser. 2006; 328: 237–47 .\nbarnes l, leclerc m, gray c, williamson j. dietary niche differentiation of five sympatric species of platycephalidae. environ biol fishes. 2011; 90 (4): 429–41 .\nplatell me, potter ic. distributions, size compositions and diets of two abundant benthic ambush - feeding teleosts in coastal waters of south - western australia. j mar biol assoc uk. 1998; 78 (02): 587–608 .\n( munro, 1949) of re - established habitat in a south - eastern australian estuary. j fish biol. 2007; 71 (5): 1331–46 .\nedgar gj, barrett ns, morton aj. patterns of fish movement on eastern tasmanian rocky reefs. environ biol fishes. 2004; 70 (3): 273–84 .\nferguson am, harvey es, taylor md, knott na. a herbivore knows its patch: luderick ,\n, exhibit strong site fidelity on shallow subtidal reefs in a temperate marine park. plos one. 2013; 8 (5): e65838 .\nthorstad eb, næsje tf, fiske p, finstad b. effects of hook and release on atlantic salmon in the river alta, northern norway. fish res. 2003; 60 (2–3): 293–307 .\nhirose t, minami t. spawning grounds and maturation status in adult flathead flounder (\n); off niigata prefecture, sea of japan. fish sci. 2007; 73 (1): 81–6 .\ncoleman ma, bates ae, stuart - smith rd, malcolm ha, harasti d, jordan a, knott na, edgar gj, kelaher bp. functional traits reveal early responses in marine reserves following protection from fishing. divers distrib. 2015; 21 (8): 876–87 .\nkelaher bp, coleman ma, broad a, rees mj, jordan a, davis ar. changes in fish assemblages following the establishment of a network of no - take marine reserves and partially - protected areas. plos one. 2014; 9 (1): e85825 .\nclaudet j, osenberg cw, benedetti - cecchi l, domenici p, garcía - charton j - a, pérez - ruzafa á, badalamenti f, bayle - sempere j, brito a, bulleri f, culioli j - m, dimech m, falcón jm, guala i, milazzo m, sánchez - meca j, somerfield pj, stobart b, vandeperre f, valle c. marine reserves: size and age do matter. london: wiley - blackwell; 2008. p. 481–9 .\nfetterplace lc, taylor md, knott na. data from: ‘jervis bay marine park: active tracking of blue - spotted flathead’ .\nwilliams rj, west g, morrison d, creese rg. estuarine resources of nsw. in: the nsw comprehensive coastal assessment toolkit. cd rom. isbn: 0 7347 5805 7. nsw department of planning; 2007 .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nlatest paper published in marine and... - evolution & ecology research centre, unsw | facebook\nmarine; brackish; demersal; depth range 40 - 100 m (ref. 9563). temperate, preferred ?\nthis project is focused on investigating the age and growth, dietary and reproductive characteristics of these flathead species to determine how differences in these characteristics may facilitate co - existence .\n2002 completed my honours research investigating the use of clear water non - estuarine mangroves by indo - pacific reef fishes .\n., leclerc, m. , gray, c. a. , and williamson, j. e. (2010) dietary niche differentiation of five sympathric species of platycephalidae. environmental biology of fishes doi 10. 1007 / s10641 - 010 - 9752 - 4 .\nrotherham, d. , gray, c. a. , broadhurst, m. k. , johnson, d. d. , barnes, l. m. , and jones, m. v. (2006) sampling estuarine fish using multi - mesh gill nets: effects of panel length and soak and setting times. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 331, 226 - 239 .\ngray, c. a. , jones, m. v. , rotherham, d. , broadhurst, m. k. , johnson, d. d. , and barnes, l. m. (2005) utility and efficiency of multi - mesh gill nets and trammel nets for sampling assemblages and populations of estuarine fish. marine and freshwater research 56, 1077 - 1088. 3 .\nenvironmental biology of fishes, vol. 90, issue 4, (2011), p. 429 - 441\nthe winner of the nature conservancy applied conservation award for 2014 is lachlan fetterplace (university of wollongong) for his project “the conservation of soft sediment fishes: the vast unknown” .\nlachlan’s award will be presented at the 2014 esa conference in alice springs, and he will give a special presentation on this work at the 2015 esa conference in adelaide .\nsand. that grainy stuff that covers vast swathes of the ocean floor. although perhaps to the casual observer this habitat isn’t as exciting as coral reefs or seagrass meadows, delve a little deeper and you will discover that there is a whole lot happening out in the vast sandy stretches of the ocean. sand or soft sediments cover most of australia’s state and national waters and are heavily exploited by commercial and recreational fishing .\nsurprisingly, there has been little research into fish ecology on these habitats, with most effort expended on assessing fish found on coral reefs, rocky reefs, estuaries and seagrass. for a habitat that is so heavily exploited, there is a serious and immediate need to determine the basic ecology of the fish species present, the effects of fishing and also to examine the success of conservation efforts in place. more than 70% of australia’s marine protected areas (mpas) cover soft sediments, yet to my knowledge, both nationally and internationally there have been no studies looking at the effectiveness of mpas in conserving soft sediment fish .\nrecently there have been zoning changes in new south wales mpas that are based on the idea that fish on soft sediments do not show site attachment or site fidelity and therefore the no - take areas on soft sediments provide little conservation value. however, as there have been no studies on no - take effects on soft sediment fishes and the majority of fish species found on soft sediments on the south east coast of australia have no movement information available, it is impossible to say whether these zones really are effective or not .\nlauren young “understanding the characteristics and role of refuges in the persistence of the plains mouse (pseudomys australis) in arid landscapes. ”\nare you a creator? sell your work, your way with vimeo on demand, our open self - distribution platform .\nclosely related to the southern blue spotted flathead. this flathead is either a fawny / sandy colour with white spots or if darker the spots can appear blue. can grow to about 70cm .\nfound from southern queensland, through new south wales to northern victoria. prefers sandy bottoms offshore and usually caught by trawler fisherman or line fisherman drifting for snapper .\n© my fishing place pty. ltd. | disclaimer | privacy | contact us" ]

{ "text": [ "the bluespotted flathead ( platycephalus caeruleopunctatus ) is a predatory fish and a member of the platycephalidae family .", "bluespotted flathead are a marine species and are predominately found in offshore waters and coastal bays on the east coast of australia where they are almost exclusively found on marine sand" ], "topic": [ 27, 18 ] }

[ "the bluespotted flathead (platycephalus caeruleopunctatus) is a predatory fish and a member of the platycephalidae family. bluespotted flathead are a marine species and are predominately found in offshore waters and coastal bays on the east coast of australia where they are almost exclusively found on marine sand" ]

[ "the commission has ruled that the usage of the generic name bythinella moquin - tandon, 1856 is conserved by designating bulimus viridis poiret, 1801 as the type species .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: bythinella viridis (j. l. m. poiret, 1801) - id: 5220000454\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\n( 2009) and morphological evidence (prie pers. comm. 2009) .\nendangered b1ab (iii, iv) + 2ab (iii, iv) ver 3. 1\njustification: this species is endemic to france, where it is known from a small region in the northern part of france close to the border of belgium. this species was originally assessed at vulnerable d2 (bouchet, 1996), based on limited range and presence at only two sites in the aisne basin. revised data shows that it is present in more than two sites, but that threats prevail at these new sites (j. - m. bichain & v. prie, 2009, pers. comm), such that the species is revised to endangered. eu27: endangered, b1a, b (iii), b2a, b (iii) europe: endangered, b1a, b (iii), b2a, b (iii) mediterranean: not applicable\nthis species is endemic to france, and is believed to be restricted to department aisne in the picardie region, where it is known only from 4 localities, but some more localities should be added through extensive survey. there are recent records suggested for basse - normandie (at rogerville), but the taxonomic status of the sub - populations in this region are still under review. (j. - m. bichain in prep. , 2009) .\nthe major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water source, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off - take) of water from the springs. there are a variety of purposes for water extraction in the region, such as use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies. a secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run - off percolating into the groundwater .\nthe species is currently protected by french law at all times against actions that would lead to the destruction or removal of eggs and destruction of animals. the regional nature conservation agencies have listed it on the action plan for protected species in picardie .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years (20 years for little - known invertebrates) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population. for migratory species, the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates, invertebrates and plants well studied (rhopalocera, grasshoppers, dragonflies ...) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa: fungus, many invertebrates... ] .\nthis point covers the absence, more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence. this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago (older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge, we cannot comment on the presence or absence in the current department. this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\niczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum, national university of singapore (company registration no. 200604346e). iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science (iubs). correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary (iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364) .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "bythinella viridis is a species of very small freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family amnicolidae .", "this species is found in belgium and france . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "bythinella viridis is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family amnicolidae. this species is found in belgium and france." ]

[ "species parapoynx maculalis - polymorphic pondweed moth - hodges # 4759 - bugguide. net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n: fw grayish brown, boldly marked with large white spots. darker individual are uniformly gray or brown .\nsee welch (1916) for an interesting account of the life history of this moth .\nclemens, b. 1860. contributions to the study of lepidopterology - no. 5. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12: 218 - 219\nwelch, p. s. 1916. contribution to the biology of certain aquatic lepidoptera. annals of the entomological society of america 9 (2): 160 - 181, pl. 7 - 9, f. 1 - 19\npeterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie. 2012. houghton mifflin .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ni turned the photo so that it can be viewed head upward. it will help find matches if you will do this in future. (no rsvp, thanks )\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "parapoynx maculalis , the polymorphic pondweed moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by clemens in 1860 .", "it is found in eastern north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , alberta , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , louisiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , new brunswick , new hampshire , new jersey , newfoundland , north carolina , north dakota , nova scotia , ontario , pennsylvania , quebec , south carolina , tennessee , texas and wisconsin .", "the habitat consists of ponds and streams .", "the wingspan is 18 – 22 mm .", "the forewings are white , dusted with fuscous along the base and with a fuscous spot at the base of the fold .", "the hindwings are pure white .", "the larvae feed on various aquatic plants .", "young larvae are light yellowish-brown with a dark yellowish-brown head . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8, 23 ] }

[ "parapoynx maculalis, the polymorphic pondweed moth, is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by clemens in 1860. it is found in eastern north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, alberta, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, louisiana, maine, maryland, massachusetts, michigan, minnesota, mississippi, new brunswick, new hampshire, new jersey, newfoundland, north carolina, north dakota, nova scotia, ontario, pennsylvania, quebec, south carolina, tennessee, texas and wisconsin. the habitat consists of ponds and streams. the wingspan is 18 – 22 mm. the forewings are white, dusted with fuscous along the base and with a fuscous spot at the base of the fold. the hindwings are pure white. the larvae feed on various aquatic plants. young larvae are light yellowish-brown with a dark yellowish-brown head." ]

[ "chestnut - marked pondweed moth - hodges # 4761 - parapoynx badiusalis - bugguide. net\nspecies parapoynx badiusalis - chestnut - marked pondweed moth - hodges # 4761 - bugguide. net\nrfw 8. 8 mm, hw with transverse lines straight, not parallel in course to orange marginal band .\nnd, ransom co. , 12 mi. e owego, sheyenne natl. grasslands. 26 - viii - 1999. hg / uv light, coll. g. fauske .\nlast updated: 03 / 27 / 02 gerald m. fauske research specialist ndsu 202 hultz hall fargo, nd 58105 e - mail: gerald. fauske @ urltoken\nprospective students may schedule a visit by calling 1 - 800 - 488 - ndsu .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nerskine, polk county, minnesota, usa august 7, 2015 size: wingspread ~ 1. 7 cm\nthis specimen may be an example of the chestnut - marked pondweed moth (4761) .\ncontributed by carl d. barrentine on 8 august, 2015 - 2: 23pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "parapoynx badiusalis , the chestnut-marked pondweed moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1859 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , indiana , iowa , maine , manitoba , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , nebraska , new hampshire , north dakota , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , quebec , saskatchewan , vermont and wisconsin .", "the habitat consists of vegetated ponds , marshes and lakeshores .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from may to september .", "the larvae feed on potamogeton species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "parapoynx badiusalis, the chestnut-marked pondweed moth, is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by walker in 1859. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from illinois, indiana, iowa, maine, manitoba, maryland, massachusetts, michigan, minnesota, nebraska, new hampshire, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, ontario, pennsylvania, quebec, saskatchewan, vermont and wisconsin. the habitat consists of vegetated ponds, marshes and lakeshores. the wingspan is about 20 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from may to september. the larvae feed on potamogeton species." ]

[ "timbellus - bednalli - [ australia ] (brazier, j. , 1877 )\ntimbellus - bednalli - [ australia ] (brazier, j. , 1877) - caledonianseashells\nmessage please keep me informed when a similar specimen (timbellus - bednalli - [ australia ] (brazier, j. , 1877) ) is available .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: timbellus bednalli (j. w. brazier, 1878) - id: 1901500020\n( of murex (timbellus) de gregorio, 1885) gregorio, a. de. (1884 - 1885). studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella. bullettino della società malacologica italiana. 10: 36 - 128 [ 1884 ], 129 - 288 [ 1885 ], pl. 1 - 5. , available online at urltoken page (s): 275 [ details ]\nthis trip was my dream... .. many thanks to josh akerman who help me to realise it... . fantastic country... and was really amazing to be in the bednalli area... i can tell you that they are really rare and super hard to find... . was also lucky to find a nice errones azurea... . hope those photos will give you an idea of this wonderful country thierry\nmerle d. , garrigues b. & pointier j. - p. (2011) fossil and recent muricidae of the world. part muricinae. hackenheim: conchbooks. 648 pp. page (s): 133 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthis shop requires javascript to run correctly. please activate javascript in your browser .\nsucba diving - 15m, on wreck inside darwin harbour, live taken, from old collection .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser. you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\ncypraea talpa lutani (talparia) - bridges, r. j. , 2015\ncopyright © 2017 thelsica. com, all rights reserved. all images on this website are fully protected by copyright laws, any unauthorized use of these images is strictly prohibited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\ngregorio, a. de. (1884 - 1885). studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella. bullettino della società malacologica italiana. 10: 36 - 128 [ 1884 ], 129 - 288 [ 1885 ], pl. 1 - 5. , available online at urltoken page (s): 275 [ details ]\nmerle d. , garrigues b. & pointier j. - p. (2011) fossil and recent muricidae of the world. part muricinae. hackenheim: conchbooks. 648 pp. page (s): 128 [ details ]\nvokes e. (1964). supraspecific groups in the subfamilies muricinae and tritonaliinae. malacologia 2: 1 - 4 page (s): 15 [ details ]\ncaught at low tide. spire wing chipped but overall main wings are superb! nice brown colour, rarely found .\nmalacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second - largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many (but by no means all) of which have shells .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 368effb4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 9195f55a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this." ]

{ "text": [ "timbellus bednalli , common name bednall 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the rock snails or murex snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "timbellus bednalli, common name bednall's murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails." ]

[ "coleophora adjectella hering, 1937. bestimm. bladmin. europ. 1: 344; 3: 168 .\nty - jour ti - coleophora adjectella herrich - schaffer, 1861 (lepidoptera: coleophoridae) - a species newly recognised as british t2 - the entomologist' s record and journal of variation. vl - 92 ur - urltoken pb - s. n. cy - [ london: py - 1980 sp - 129 ep - 138 sn - 0013 - 8916 au - emmet, a m er -\n@ article { bhlpart194444, title = { coleophora adjectella herrich - schaffer, 1861 (lepidoptera: coleophoridae) - a species newly recognised as british }, journal = { the entomologist' s record and journal of variation. }, volume = { 92 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { [ london: s. n. }, author = { emmet, a m }, year = { 1980 }, pages = { 129 - - 138 }, }\njuxta; c. badiipennella - a short patch of fine cornuti about midway between juxta and apex; c. milvipennis - no cornuti apical to juxta, a small patch of cornuti in vesica a short distance anterior to juxta. if these differences are valid, c. adjectella is the best fit .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > coleophora adjectella herrich - schaffer, 1861 (lepidoptera: coleophoridae) - a species newly recognised as british < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > emmet, a m < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 92 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the entomologist & # 39; s record and journal of variation. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ london: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > s. n. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 92 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 129 < / start > < end > 138 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1980 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: vulnerable (proposed as a future red data book species) in hedgerows and scrubland in parts of south - eastern england. in hampshire recorded for the first time at farlington marsh in 1988, and on the isle of wight on 18 september 1977, with few records anywhere since. wingspan 9 - 10 mm. adults are very similar externally to c. badiipennella and c. trigeminella and identification therefore relies on breeding through from mines, or by dissection of the genitalia. larva mines leaves of blackthorn, living and feeding within a movable case; case length 6 - 7 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe first case is cut out of an oval mine in the centre of the leaf. the second and third, final, case are excised out of a mine along the leaf margin, and therefore have a serrate dorsal keel. the final case is a spatulate leaf case, 6 - 7 mm long, with a bivalved, square - cut rear end. the mouth angle is c. 45°. see emmet et al. (1996a) (bladmineerders van europa) .\nlarva: the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples) .\npupa: the pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples) .\nadult: the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths (check for update). the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland: britain including bedfordshire, cambridgeshire, east suffolk, glamorgan, isle of wight, north hampshire, south devon and westmorland (nbn atlas) .\ndistribution elsewhere: widespread in continental europe including austria, czech republic, danish mainland, french mainland, germany, greek mainland, italian mainland, norwegian mainland, poland, sardinia, sicily, slovakia, spanish mainland and sweden (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nws: 9 - 10mm; jun - aug; blackthorn (prunus spinosa); ns in scrub in s & se. england\nsacculus without a posterior process; sacculus extending about as far as valva; sacculus ending laterally in a process that comes to a point; subapical process present, about as long as wide; ws9 - 10mm, antenna ringed to apex; apex of sacculus curves through 90 degrees to cross the valva .\nis larger (ws 10. 5 - 13. 0mm) and the apical 1 / 4 of its antenna is unringed. in\nthe apex of the sacculus curves obtuseley to run along the ventral edge of the valva .\n( these features are difficult to judge in §1 as it is very worn, but i can' t see any dark - tipped scales and the costal stripe is so indistinct that i originally looked to identify this specimen in group b) .\n§1 belfairs woods, essex; 18 / 07 / 2014; male; fw 4. 9mm all images © chris lewis\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l’ouvrage du groupe d’etude des invertébrés armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche. a retrouver sur le site pour le commander." ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora adjectella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found from scandinavia to spain , sardinia , sicily and greece and from great britain to poland and slovakia .", "the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm .", "the larvae feed on crataegus species , prunus domestica and prunus spinosa .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the first larval case is constructed from a cut out area of an oval mine in the centre of the leaf .", "the second and third cases are cut out of a mine along the leaf margin .", "the final case is 6 – 7 mm long , with a bivalved , square-cut rear end .", "the mouth angle is about 45 ° .", "the larvae can be found from august to may in most of the range , but hibernate twice in denmark . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 11, 11, 11, 4, 23, 20 ] }

[ "coleophora adjectella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found from scandinavia to spain, sardinia, sicily and greece and from great britain to poland and slovakia. the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm. the larvae feed on crataegus species, prunus domestica and prunus spinosa. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the first larval case is constructed from a cut out area of an oval mine in the centre of the leaf. the second and third cases are cut out of a mine along the leaf margin. the final case is 6 – 7 mm long, with a bivalved, square-cut rear end. the mouth angle is about 45 °. the larvae can be found from august to may in most of the range, but hibernate twice in denmark." ]

[ "southern lestids - no pruinescence on thorax: blue eyes only on l. virens virens\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhentokeijukorento\nto\nlestes virens charpentier 1825\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nsmall spreadwing\nto\nlestes virens charpentier 1825\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nkleine binsenjungfer\nto\nlestes virens charpentier 1825\n.\negg clutch patterning in lestes virens (odonata, lestidae) with evolutionary emphasis on endophytic oviposition in lestid dragonflies .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nsmall emerald damselfly\nto\nlestes virens charpentier 1825\n.\negg clutch patterning in lestes virens (odonata, lestidae) with evolutionary emphasis on endophytic oviposition in lestid dragonflies. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe range of lestes virens includes the southern two - thirds of europe, the maghreb, southwest asia and large part of central asia .\nlestes _ virens _ m _ & _ pair, _ 10 - 08 - 11, _ kh, _ kitsevka _ (pech .). jpg\ntwo subspecies are currently recognized, namely lestes virens virens (charpentier, 1825) in the west mediterranean area, and l. virens vestalis rambur, 1842 in the rest of europe. the distinction of these two spp. is sometimes not possible in parts of france. the precise identity of the anatolian member of l. virens is still unclear. this species is assessed without any subspecies distinction .\nnature picture library - two pairs of small spreadwings (lestes virens) egg depositing in the soft rush in fen, hondeven, east holland, august - theo ...\nsamraoui, b. ; weekers, p. h. h. ; dumont, h. j. two taxa within the north african lestes virens complex (zygoptera: lestidae). p. 131 - 142 .\nnovelo - gutierrez, r. ; gonzalez - soriano, e. the larva of lestes alfonsoi gonzalez & novelo (zygoptera: lestidae). p. 289 - 294 .\nlestes virens is found in a variety of standing waters, either seasonal or permanent e. g. lakes, ponds, marshes and acid peat bogs. the eggs are inserted in the vegetation from late spring to autumn but hatch usually after winter, when all water bodies are filled. then the larval period is short (2 - 3 months), so that the reproductive cycle completes before habitat desiccation. this allows the species to successfully colonize temporary pools .\nchalcolestes viridis reproduces in a large range of standing and slow - flowing water as long as they are bordered with trees or bushes with soft bark and wood. the latter is neededasthey lay their eggs in soft wood of living plants. unlike the lestes species, it does not occur in ephemeral conditions .\nl. virens förekommer i syd - och mellaneuropa, nordafrika och mellanöstern. arten har sin nordvästgräns i sverige, där den är funnen i skåne och blekinge samt på öland och gotland. år 2007 gjordes ett nordligt fynd vid en damm i ekoparken i stockholm. arten är ettårig och inte alls lokalbunden år från år. ibland kan den hittas i stora numerär ett år för att sedan vara helt försvunnen följande år. artens status i landet är därför osäker, men någon utdöenderisk tycks inte föreligga .\nden vuxna sländan är metallgrön på mellan - och bakkroppens ovansida. huvudets bakkant är gul, inte svart som hos de två vanligare lestes - arterna i landet. hanens färger är generellt något klarare än honans. den könsmogna hanen har en fet blåpudring på mellankroppen och delar av bakkroppen. vingnervsfälten är i huvudsak 5 - kantiga och quadrilateralfälten likstora. bakkroppens längd 27–30 mm, vinglängd 19–21 mm. larven har långt utdragen fångstmask, tvärbandade, jämnbreda gälblad och tre kraftiga hår på labialpalpernas spets i sista larvstadiet. tidigare larvstadier kan inte med säkerhet artbestämmas .\nc. viridis is found across southern and central europe. in the eastern mediterranean it is replaced by c. parvidens with areas of overlap in italy and the balkans. c. viridis is found on many mediterranean islands including corsica, sicily, mallorca, menorca and ibiza, in the maghreb in north africa, turkey and the middle east. however many of the old records for c. viridis in the east of its range could be for c. parvidens. it occurs in still or slow flowing water in ditches, ponds, lakes and canals, with overhanging willows, alders or birches, which are used for breeding. of all the european lestes it is the species, along with c. parvidens, that will lay eggs in where there is running water. the adults are often found in the bushes which grow over or alongside water .\nl. viridis is found across southern and central europe. in the eastern mediterranean it is replaced by l. parvidens with areas of overlap in italy and the balkans. l. viridis is found on many mediterranean islands including corsica, sicily, mallorca, menorca and ibiza, in the maghreb in north africa, turkey and the middle east. however many of the old records for l. viridis in the east of its range could be for l. parvidens. it occurs in still or slow flowing water in ditches, ponds, lakes and canals, with overhanging willows, alders or birches, which are used for breeding. of all the european lestes it is the species, along with l. parvidens, that will lay eggs in where theer is running water. the adults are often found in the bushes which grow over or alongside water .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe species is common within its wide range and there are no indications of a decline .\nafghanistan; albania; algeria; armenia; austria; azerbaijan; belarus; belgium; bosnia and herzegovina; bulgaria; croatia; czech republic; denmark; estonia; france (corsica, france (mainland) ); georgia; germany; greece (east aegean is. , greece (mainland) ); hungary; iran, islamic republic of; israel; italy (italy (mainland), sardegna, sicilia); kazakhstan; kyrgyzstan; latvia; lebanon; lithuania; luxembourg; macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of; montenegro; morocco; netherlands; poland; portugal (portugal (mainland) ); romania; russian federation (central asian russia, european russia); serbia; slovakia; slovenia; spain (spain (mainland) ); sweden; switzerland; syrian arab republic; tajikistan; turkey (turkey - in - europe); ukraine (krym, ukraine (main part) ); united kingdom (great britain); uzbekistan\nthis species is widespread with the densities in populations showing clear regional variation. populations are generally large. the species has expanded in part of europe since the 1990s .\nthe species is not threatened on global scale. regionally the species might decline due to agricultural land and water pollution. climate change is causing the decline of some west mediterranean populations (rainfall deficits in autumn and winter resulting in desiccation of pools in spring) but leads to more favourable habitat situations in northern europe at the same time .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\narten hittas oftast i små vatten, grunda sjöar - ofta halvt igenväxta - och i temporära vattensamlingar. livscykeln är alltid ettårig. de vuxna sländorna kläcks på sensommaren och lägger fram t. o. m september sina ägg i stammen av vattenväxter eller växter på land som påföljande vår kommer att översvämmas. äggen kan därmed övervintra såväl i vatten som på land. de kläcker efter islossningen och larvutvecklingen är färdig från slutet av juni .\nhotbilden för denna art är oklar eftersom den uppträder så oregelbundet. troligen behöver arten tillgång till en mångfald småvatten som den kan växla mellan år från år. det är troligt att populationerna “flyttar runt” i området. utdikning, kalhuggning kring och igenfyllning av potentiella fortplantningsvatten är de mest uppenbara hoten .\ndet viktigaste är att säkerställa en framtida natur där en mångfald småvatten fortfarande finns. då arten förekommer i anslutning till större orter är detta viktigt vid planeringen av nya bostadsområden och industrimark .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\nförekommer i syd - och mellaneuropa, nordafrika och mellanöstern. arten har sin nordvästgräns i sverige, där den är funnen i skåne och blekinge samt på öland och gotland. år 2007 gjordes ett nordligt fynd vid en damm i ekoparken i stockholm. arten är ettårig och inte alls lokalbunden år från år. ibland kan den hittas i stora numerär ett år för att sedan vara helt försvunnen följande år. artens status i landet är därför osäker, men någon utdöenderisk tycks inte föreligga .\nander, k. 1944. catalogus insectorum sueciae, iv, odonata. opuscula entomologica 9: 157–163 .\nander, k. 1953. catalogus insectorum sueciae; odonata additamenta. opuscula entomologica 18: 87–88 .\ndijkstra, k - d. & lewington, r. 2006. field guide to dragonflies of britain and europe. british wildlife publishing, dorset .\njödicke, r. 1997. die binsenjungfern und winterlibellen europas: lestidae. die neue brehm. bücherei bd 631, westarp wissenschaften, magdeburg .\nlängre texter, utöver kriteriedokumentation, har sammanställts av: göran sahlén 1999. rev. ulf bjelke 2007. © artdatabanken, slu 2007 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nincludes the southern two - thirds of europe, the maghreb, southwest asia and large part of central asia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of zoology, institute of biology, taras shevchenko national university of kyiv, kyiv, 01033, ukraine .\ninstitute of food biotechnology and genomics, nas of ukraine, kyiv, 04123, ukraine .\ntour du valat research centre, le sambuc, arles, 13200, france .\n5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 3. wetlands (inland) - shrub dominated wetlands suitability: suitable major importance: no 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 4. wetlands (inland) - bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peatlands suitability: suitable major importance: yes 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 5. wetlands (inland) - permanent freshwater lakes (over 8ha) suitability: suitable major importance: no 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 6. wetlands (inland) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes (over 8ha) suitability: suitable major importance: no 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 7. wetlands (inland) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools (under 8ha) suitability: suitable major importance: no 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 8. wetlands (inland) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools (under 8ha) suitability: suitable major importance: no 5. wetlands (inland) - > 5. 17. wetlands (inland) - seasonal / intermittent saline, brackish or alkaline marshes / pools suitability: suitable major importance: no 13. marine coastal / supratidal - > 13. 3. marine coastal / supratidal - coastal sand dunes suitability: suitable major importance: no 15. artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15. 2. artificial / aquatic - ponds (below 8ha) suitability: suitable major importance: no 15. artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15. 5. artificial / aquatic - excavations (open) suitability: suitable major importance: no 15. artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15. 9. artificial / aquatic - canals and drainage channels, ditches suitability: suitable major importance: no\n1. residential & commercial development - > 1. 3. tourism & recreation areas\n9. pollution - > 9. 3. agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9. 3. 4. type unknown / unrecorded\nborisov s. n. & haritonov a. y. 2007. the dragonflies (odonata) of middle asia. part 1. part 1. caloptera, zygoptera. . euroasian entomological journal 6 (4): 343–360 .\nboudot, j. p. , kalkman, v. j. , azpilicueta amorín, m. , bogdanović, t. , cordero rivera, a. , degabriele, g. , dommanget, j. l. , ferreira, s. , garrigós, b. , jović, m. , kotarac, m. , lopau, w. , marinov, m. , mihoković, n. , riservato, e. , samraoui, b. and schneider, w. 2009. atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa. libellula supplement 9: 256 pp .\nchaplina, i. a. , dumont, h. j. , haritonov, a. y. and popova, o. n. 2007. a review of the odonata of kazakhstan. odonatologica 36: 349 - 364 .\niucn. 2014. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2014. 1. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 12 june 2014) .\nkalkman, v. j. and van pelt, g. j. 2006. the distribution and flight period of the dragonflies of turkey. brachytron 10: 83 - 153 .\nin northern armenia was found in a mountain steppe zone on a marshy plain with ponds richly fringed with sedge, rushes and other aquatic vegetation. in south - eastern armenia was found in lowland valleys. recorded between 650 and 1400 m asl .\nbased on available scanty records, flying period extended from mid july to the end of august. near tbilisi, georgia, flight period lasts until early october akramowski, 1948) .\narmenia: despite has been stated by akramowski (1948) as a common species, the statement is not reflected in the available records. the species has a disjunct distribution with few isolated localities. possibly, more common than the records suggest .\nwestern and southern europe, north africa, eastwards across the central asia and northern parts of eastern asia .\ncitation of information from this resource: ananian, v. & m. tailly. 2016. provisional atlas of dragonflies and damselflies in armenia. accessed at urltoken on [ date accessed ]\nchalcolestes viridis is confined to europe and the northern maghreb. it is largely absent fromthe british isles and scadinavia and is rare in parts of eastern europe and has not been recorded in russia. in italy and the balkan peninsula it overlap in range with c. parvidens and in the latter region it is relatively scarce. a slight range expansion in great britain, denmark and northeastern poland has been observed during this century .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nchalcolestes viridis is common within its large range and there are no indications of a decline .\nchalcolestes viridis is widespread and fairly common over a wide range of habitats, often occurring in large populations .\n. it has a metallic green body and at rest it holds its wings away from its body. its common name is the\na closely related species c. parvidens used to be considered a sub - species of c. viridis. c. parvidens occurs in greece, bulgaria, croatia and in italy; near rome it flies with c. viridis in the same ponds. there are small morphological differences between the two species both as adults and larvae and analysis of proteins from the two species, by electrophoresis, also supports their separation into two species, but they are hard to tell apart in the field. c. parvidens flies earlier in the year than c. viridis .\nin britain it was a rare vagrant and is now a new colonist. it is widespread on jersey .\nmale - the abdomen is very long. the lower anal appendages are less than half the length of the upper which are a distinctive pale yellow with black tips .\nflight period is late from august to october although in the southernmost parts of its range it can occur as early as may and persist until november .\negg laying whilst in tandem. the female, bottom is inserting eggs into the twig .\naskew, r. r. (2004) the dragonflies of europe. (revised ed .) harley books. p61. isbn 0 - 946589 - 75 - 5\nd' aguilar, j. , dommanget, jl. , and prechac, r. (1986) a field guide to the dragonflies of britain, europe and north africa. collins. pp336. isbn 0 - 00 - 219436 - 8\nboudot jp. , et al. (2009) atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa. libellula supplement 9: 1 - 256 .\ndijkstra, k - d. b & lewington, r. (2006) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe. british wildlife publishing. isbn 0 - 9531399 - 4 - 8 .\ngibbons, r. b. , (1986). dragonflies and damselflies of britain and northern europe. country life books. isbn 0 - 600 - 35841 - 0. pp58–59 .\na closely related species l. parvidens (chalcolestes parvidens) used to be considered a sub - species of l. viridis. l. parvidens occurs in greece, bulgaria, croatia and in italy; near rome it flies with l. viridis in the same ponds. there are small morphological differences between the two species both as adults and larvae and analysis of proteins from the two species, by electrophoresis, also supports their separation into two species, but they are hard to tell apart in the field. l. parvidens flies earlier in the year than l. viridis .\negg laying whilst in tandem. the female, bottom is inserting egge into the twig .\naskew, r. r. (2004) the dragonflies of europe. (revised ed .) harley books. p61. isbn 0946589755\nd' aguilar, j. , dommanget, jl. , and prechac, r. (1986) a field guide to the dragonflies of britain, europe and north africa. collins. pp336. isbn 0002194368\ndijkstra, k - d. b & lewington, r. (2006) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe. british wildlife publishing. isbn 0953139948 .\ngibbons, r. b. , (1986). dragonflies and damselflies of britain and northern europe. country life books. isbn 0600358410. pp58–59 .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nfor the identification of this species, please refer to: dijkstra, k. - d. b. & r. lewington, 2006. field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe. british wildlife publishing. 1 - 320 .\nstanding and often temporary waters in open landscapes, but sometimes in open areas in forest. usually with emergent and often aquatic vegetation. from 0 to 1200 m above sea level, but mostly below 100 .\nmap citation: clausnitzer, v. , k. - d. b. dijkstra, r. koch, j. - p. boudot, w. r. t. darwall, j. kipping, b. samraoui, m. j. samways, j. p. simaika & f. suhling, 2012. focus on african freshwaters: hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern. frontiers in ecology and the environment 10: 129 - 134 .\ncharpentier, t. de (1825). horae entomologicae. (neuroptera, orthoptera, coleoptera). a. gosohorsky, wratislavia, 1 - 257 .\ncitation: dijkstra, k. - d. b (editor). african dragonflies and damselflies online. urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 11 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent (stellenbosch) and adu (cape town) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation. addo brings all available knowledge together of africa' s 770 known species of odonata. read more ...\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology, our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes. read more ...\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation. we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists, long - term monitoring, research and innovative statistical modelling. read more ...\nlestidae my favourite family. the feature of lestids is that they cannot cope with predators especially fish. this means they tend to frequent ponds where no fish are found and where dragonflies are the top predators. in other words ca good lestid pond is a good dragonfly pond. i cannot generalise on my favourite beasts and, therefore, each species will be dealt with separately here\nthe first point to note about lestids is their larvae. they are big and pretty but useless at hiding from predators .\nthey like to sit in the sun in shallow water - even if you put your net in front of them they hardly move. in summary they cannot cope with predators and especially not fish .\nquite different from the northern lestids on account of their daintier build and much reduced blue pruinescence which is only present at the end of the abdomen .\n( left) bi - coloured pterostigma. blue pruinescence only present (often hard to see) on the last abdominal segment\n). blue pruinescence on final two segments of abdomen and around the wing entries. smaller than\na large lestid with very little blue pruinescence and found throughout the peninsula in temporary ponds and endorreic lakes. like others of the genus this is a summer species found from june onwards as an adult ​survival strategy - temporary waters thus avoiding predators\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\n<... you are not logged in. log in or register to leave comments... >\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\npublished for the international odonatological foundation, societas internationalis odonatologica s. i. o .\ncordoba - aguilar, a. a description of male and female genitalia and a reconstruction of copulatory and fertilisation events in calopteryx haemorrhoidalis (vander linden) (odonata: calopterygidae). p. 205 - 214 .\nkalkman, v. j. ; wasscher, m. ; van pelt, g. j. an annotated checklist of the odonata of turkey. p. 215 - 236 .\nin addition to the checklist, spp. of which the taxonomic status has changed, or with significant changes in the known distribution, are annotated. at present a total of 96 spp. (6 of which are divisible into 2 or more sspp .) are now known to occur in turkey with certainty, and at least 15 spp. and an additional 5 sspp. are to be expected. ischnura fountaineae is new to the turkish fauna. the sole turkish record of ophiogomphus cecilia pertains to o. reductus which is here mentioned for the first time from turkish territory .\nwilson, k. d. p. ; reels, g. t. odonata of guangxi zhuang autonomous region, china, part i: zygoptera. p. 237 - 279 .\nlajeunesse, m. j. ; forbes, m. r. acomparison of structural size and condition in two female morphs of the damselfly nehalennia irene (hagen) (zygoptera: coenagrionidae). p. 281 - 287 .\ndetailed description and illustrations are provided. a comparison with other mexican larvae of the genus and a key to separate species are also included. larva of l. alfonsoi seems not to be related to any of the known larvae of the genus, although it shares more features in common with the larva of l. alacer .\nvick g. s. david allen lewis davies. p. 295 - 301 .\nishizawa, n. ; arai, y. the response to rotating objects by anotogaster sieboldii (selys) males (anisoptera: cordulegastridae). p. 19 - 28 .\npurse, b. v. ; thompson, d. j. reproductive morphology and behaviour in coenagrion mercuriale (charpentier) (zygoptera: coenagrionidae). p. 29 - 37 .\nvan tol, j. ; muller, r. a. forest damselflies of the philippines, their evolution and present status, with the description of drepanosticta moorei spec. nov. from luzon (zygoptera: platystictidae). p. 39 - 45 .\nd. moorei sp. n. (holotype male philippines, luzon, nueva viscaya, sta fe, atbo river, 550 - 800 m, 10 - vi - 1991, in rmnh) is described, and illustrated. it is closely related to d. belyshevi hamalainen from the philippines. some general remarks on the historical biogeography and the present status of the family are made. the current distribution of the family (se asia, middle and northern south america) presumably dates back to the upper cretaceous .\nvick, g. s. notes on the genus notogomphus selys, 1858 in cameroon with the descriptions of two new species (anisoptera: gomphidae). p. 47 - 60 .\ntwelve notogomphus specimens from cameroon were available for analysis. previously only n. spinosus karsch was known from the country; its holotype and allotype have been re - examined and comments are included. n. maryae sp. n (holotype male: sw province, mt kupe, nhiangse, 25 - vii - 1998 and n. moorei sp. n (holotype male: sw province, kodmin, 15 - xii - 1998 are described. the types are in the author’s collection. a key to separate the 3 spp. is provided .\nwildermuth, h. reproductive behaviour in somatochlora arctica (zetter - stedt) (anisoptera: corduliidae). p. 61 - 77 .\nbutler, s. g. the larva of isomma hieroglyphicum selys, 1892 (anisoptera: gomphidae). p. 79 - 84 .\na male final instar larva from the n of madagascar is described and illustrated. the taxonomic position of the sp. is discussed on the basis of a morphological comparison, using 3 specimens of the closely related genus phyllogomphus, and the description of the adult malgassogomphus robinsoni .\nclausnitzer, v. the synonymy of the east africannotogomphus cataractae consiglio, 1978 and n. immisericors campion, 1923 with n. lecythus campion, 1923 (anisoptera: gomphidae). p. 85 - 87 .\nbased on the examination of the holotypes of the 3 taxa and on fresh material from kenya, these appear conspecific. consequently, n. cataractae and n. immisericors are placed in synonymy of n. lecythus .\nmachado, a. b. m. neoneura moorei spec. nov. from the amazonian region of brazil (zygoptera: protoneuridae). p. 89 - 93 .\nthe new sp. is described and illustrated from 3 males and 3 females collected in the state of rondonia, brazil (holotype male, allotype female: ji - parana, ii - 1961, deposited in the author’s collection). by the arrangement of the decumbent process of the dorsal branch of the superior appendages it belongs to the n. maria - group whose spp. had never been found in brazil. it differs from the other spp. of this group by its color pattern, by the structure of the male superior appendages and shape of the female posterior prothoracic lobe .\nvon ellenrieder, n. ; muzon, j. description of the last larval instar of aeshna (marmaraeschna) pallipes fraser, 1947 (anisoptera: aeshnidae). p. 95 - 98 .\nthe last larval instar is described and illustrated, based on reared specimens from argentina (salta and la rioja provinces). it differs from the only othermarmaraeschna larva known, a. (m .) brevicercia, by the antennae surpassing anterior margin of labrum, lateral spine of abdominal segment ix as long as segment x, and male basal lamina of epiproct with rounded tip and half as long as epiproct. both pallipes and brevicercia larvae differ from other aeshna larvae by the u - shaped apical excision of epiproct and the marginal tubercles on sides of ligula medial cleft .\nhornung, j. p. ; rice, c. l. odonata and wetland quality in southern alberta, canada: a preliminary study. p. 119 - 129 .\nszallassy, n. ; bardosi, e. ; szabo, z. d. ; szep, t. ; devai, g. fluctuating asymmetry, survival and mating success in male libellula fulva muller (anisoptera: libellulidae). p. 143 - 151 .\nabro, a. the composition of sperm bundles in aeshna juncea (l .) (anisoptera: aeshnidae). p. 153 - 157 .\nbutler, s. g. the larva of phyllomacromia trifasciata (rambur, 1842) (anisoptera: macromiidae). p. 159 - 163 .\na female final instar larva from nw madagascar is described and illustrated. the generic affinities of phyllomacromia are briefly discussed .\nmalikova, e. i. ; ivanov, p. yu. the larva of shaogomphus schmidti (asahina, 1956) (anisoptera: gomphidae). p. 165 - 169 .\nthe final instar (exuviae) from primorye and the amur r. , russia is described, illustrated and compared with s. postocularis epophthalmus (sel .) .\nrehn, a. c. oligoclada teretidentis spec. nov. from eastern ecuador (anisoptera: libellulidae). p. 171 - 175 .\nthe new sp. is described and illustrated (holotype male, allotype female: ecuador, orellana prov. , forested shore of oxbow lagoon near rio tiputini, approximately 1 km. nw of biological research station, parque nacional yasuni, 11 - x - 2001; deposited in ummz, ann arbor, mi, usa). species is peculiar in having a large yellowish patch on the ventral mesepisternum and by discrete lateral bands of pruinosity on synthorax (these bands yellow in females) and, in the male, by the ventral, rounded tooth at 1 / 2 length of cercus .\nsamways, m. j. conservation of an endemic odonate fauna in the seychelles archipelago. p. 177 - 182 .\nclausnitzer, v. teinobasis alluaudi martin, 1896 from mainland africa: notes on ecology and biogeography (zygoptera: coenagrionidae). p. 321 - 334 .\nnew records of t. alluaudi have been made from coastal forests of kenya and tanzania and from pemba and zanzibar islands, tanzania. habitat and reproduction of this sp. are described. the systematic status of t. alluaudi, t. a. berlandi schmidt, 1951 and t. malawiensis pinhey, 1966 are discussed .\nfleck, g. contribution to the knowledge of the odonata of french guyana: notes on the larvae of the genera orthemis, diastatops and elga (anisoptera: libellulidae). p. 335 - 344 .\nthe ultimate instar larvae of orthemis aequilibris calv. and of o. biolleyi calv. are described and illustrated for the first time. the penultimate instar of the supposed larva of diastatops pullata (burm .) is described and illustrated. d. pullata is considered again as a valid species. elga leptostyla ris has peculiar setae on the occiput .\ngonzalez - soriano, e. ; cordoba - aguilar, a. sexual behaviour in paraphlebia quinta calvert: male dimorphism and a possible example of female control (zygoptera: megapodagrionidae). p. 345 - 353 .\nschultz, h. ; waringer, j. a. ; chovanec, a. assessment of the ecological status of danubian floodplains at tulln (lower austria) based on the odonata habitat index (ohi). p. 355 - 370 .\ndaigle, j. j. metaleptobasis minteri spec. nov. from ecuador (zygoptera: coenagrionidae). p. 371 - 374 .\nthe new sp. is described from eastern ecuador (holotype male and allotype female, in copula: ecuador, napo prov. , primavera, lake taracoa lakeshore and nearby areas, 26 - vii - 1978, deposited in the fsca, gainesville, fl, usa). males are distinguished from its congeners by the slender paraprocts, and both males and females can be distinguished by their very small laterally directed thoracic horns .\nlodge, r. j. ; freeland, j. r. the use of odonata museum specimens in questions of molecular evolution. p. 375 - 380 .\nsasamoto, a. description of devadatta glaucinotata spec. nov. from laos (zygoptera: amphipterygidae). p. 381 - 386 .\nthe new sp. (holotype male: phatang, vang vieng area, central laos, 20 - iv - 2002; deposited at nsmt, tokyo) is described, illustrated and compared with the allied spp .\nvon ellenrieder, n. agnophilogenia kennedy 1940, a junior synonym of philogenia selys 1862 (zygoptera: megapodagrionidae). p. 387 - 391 .\nagnophilogenia kennedy is shown to be a junior synonym of philogenia selys based on a comparison of diagnostic characters of the holotype female of its only known sp. , a. monotis, with those of philogenia spp. an analysis of the described spp. of philogenia suggests that p. tinalandia bick & bick represents a junior synonym of p. monotis (kennedy). the male holotype of p. tinalandia is illustrated and compared with the female holotype of a. monotis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nthis image can' t be licensed for consumer goods or personal use (e. g. personal prints) .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nby clicking ok, you' re confirming your use isn’t consumer goods or personal (e. g. personal prints) .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nalcock, j. (1994). postinsemination associations between males and females in insects: the mateguarding hypothesis .\nconrad, k. f. , and pritchard, g. (1992). an ecological classification of odonate mating systems: the relative influence of natural, inter - and intra - sexual selection on males .\ngower, j. l. , and kormondy, e. j. (1963). life history of the damselfly\nin postkopula und ohne begeleitung durch das manchen, sowie gedanken zur evolution der fortzpflantzungsverhaltens bei den odonaten .\nloibl, e. (1958). zür ethologie und biologie der deutschen lestiden (odonata) .\nmiller, p. l. , and miller, c. a. (1981). field observations on copulatory behaviour in zygoptera, with a examination of the structure and activity of the male genitalia .\nparker, g. a. (1970). sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects .\nparker, g. a. (1974). courtship persistence and female - guarding as male time investment strategies .\nrehfeldt, g. (1992). impact of predation by spiders on a territorial damselfly (odonata: calopterygidae) .\nsouroukis, k. , and cade, w. h. (1993). reproductive competition and selection on male traits at varying sex ratios in the field cricket ,\ntsubaki, y. , siva - jothy, m. t. , and ono, t. (1994). re - copulation and post - copulatory mate guarding increase immediate female reproductive output in the dragonfly\nutzeri, c. , falchetti, e. , and raffi, r. (1987). adult behaviour of\nwaage, j. k. (1986). evidence for widespread sperm displacement ability among zygoptera and the means for predicting its presence .\nyamamura, n. (1986). an evolutionary stable strategy (ess) model of postcopulatory guarding in insects .\nstoks, r. , de bruyn, l. & matthysen, e. j insect behav (1997) 10: 289. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "lestes virens is a species of damselfly in the family lestidae , the spreadwings .", "it is known commonly as the small spreadwing or small emerald spreadwing .", "it is native to much of europe and western and central asia . " ], "topic": [ 7, 29, 0 ] }

[ "lestes virens is a species of damselfly in the family lestidae, the spreadwings. it is known commonly as the small spreadwing or small emerald spreadwing. it is native to much of europe and western and central asia." ]

[ "solenostomus paradoxus\n( on - line). accessed oct 30, 2000 at urltoken .\nunderwater photographers and scuba divers are highly attracted to the unique appearance of solenostomus paradoxus (urltoken) .\nsolenostomus paradoxus is an ambush predator that feeds by sucking small aquatic organisms rapidly into the mouth (urltoken) .\nsolenostomus paradoxus is found in shallow tropical waters, mainly near coral reefs, rocky dropoffs or seaweed beds. s. paradoxus is usually observed in 3 - 25 meters of water (urltoken; urltoken) .\nan ornate ghostpipefish, solenostomus paradoxus, at dauin, central visayas, philippines. source: klaus stiefel / flickr. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nto cite this page: morton, a. 2000 .\nsolenostomus paradoxus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nto date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for solenostomus paradoxus. further research is needed in order to determine populations size and trends in abundance for this species .\nparadoxus is derived from the greek, meaning contrary to expectation (wetzel and wourms, 1993) .\nsado, t. & s kimura. 2006. descriptive morphology of yolk sac larval solenostomus paradoxus collected from libong island, trang, southern thailand. ichthyological research 53 (2): 189 - 191 .\nsolenostomus paradoxus is a widespread indo - pacific species that occurs from south africa to the red sea, to thailand, japan, fiji, and new south wales, australia (orr and fritzsche 1993) .\ndick, k. & pollom, r. 2016. solenostomus paradoxus. (errata version published in 2017) the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t65363417a115409075. urltoken downloaded on 27 june 2017 .\nsolenostomus is from the greek soleno, meaning tubelike, and stoma, meaning mouth. the species name paradoxus is from the greek paradoxos meaning' contrary to expectation', presumably a reference to the unusual appearance of this species .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). solenostomus paradoxus in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed wed, 11 jul 2018 20: 43: 29 + 1000 .\nsolenostomus paradoxus is listed as least concern. the species has an extensive range, is able to utilize multiple habitat types, and there is no targeted fishery. the species is present in the aquarium trade, however levels of offtake have not been investigated .\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for solenostomus paradoxus. the species is protected in australia under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act. it is not included in any international legislation or trade controls. it occurs in multiple protected areas throughout its range .\nwetzel, j. , j. wourms. 1995. adaptations for reproduction and development in the skin - brooding ghost pipefishes, solenostomus .\npallas described this species as fistularia paradoxa in 1770 from specimens collected at ambon, indonesia (kuiter 2000). attains 107 mm in standard length (orr & fritzsche 1993). solenostomus leptosomus tanaka 1908 is considered to be a synonym of s. paradoxus by many ichthyologists (kuiter 1993) .\nsolenostomus paradoxus may be be declining somewhat due to the degradation and loss of coral reefs and / or seagrasses (bruno and selig 2007, waycott et al. 2009), but it is able to utilize other habitat types. the species may be taken incidentally or targeted for use in the aquarium trade .\nsolenostomus paradoxus can be found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the indo - pacific region. it has been observed in and around the red sea, the maldives, indonesia, southern japan, the marshall islands, new guinea, off the east coast of africa and also off the east coast of australia (orr and fritzsche, 1993) .\nfishelson, l. (1966). solenostomus cyanopterus blecker (teleostei, solenostomidae) in elat (gulf of akaba). israel journal of zoology. 15: 95 - 103 .\nsolenostomus paradoxus is known to inhabit shallow waters with rocky and coral reefs (orr and fritzsche 1993), seagrasses, or areas with sandy or muddy bottoms (fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999). they are commonly found in beds of halophila, cystoseira, and sargassum (padmanabahn 1961, fishelson 1966) where they float head down, mimicking seagrass fronds (gerlach 2009). solenostomus paradoxus has been noted to closely associate with crinoids, gorgonian sea fans, and black coral trees, likely for refuge (purcell et al. 2014). the species’ colouration is highly dependent on its current habitat, as it alters its colour to blend in with its surroundings (orr and fritzsche 1993, gerlach 2009). this species feeds on small benthic and pelagic invertebrates, mainly crustaceans (fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999). the species is an ambush predator that relies on its camouflage in order to hunt (wetzel and wourms 1995). solenostomus paradoxu s has an average of 33 body plates, but can range from 31 to 35 (orr and fritzsche 1993). unlike other syngnathids, female s. paradoxus brood their eggs in a brood pouch formed from their fused pelvic fins (padmanabahn 1961, orr and fritzsche 1993) .\nwetzel, j. , j. wourms, j. friel. 1997. comparative morphology of cotylephores in platystacus and solenostomus: modifications of the integument for egg attachment in skin - brooding fishes .\nthe species is normally solitary. it has, however, been observed in pairs or small groups. solenostomus paradoxus is a weak swimmer, propelling itself by rapidly fanning its fins. while this technique allows for very precise control of body position, the range of individuals in this species is limited. unfortunately, very little is known regarding the behavior of this organism (urltoken; paxton and eschmeyer, 1998) .\nthere is no specific targeted fishery is known for s. paradoxus and the species is not utilized as a human food source. the species is collected by aquarium hobbyists (fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999), however there are no records of the extent of this activity or its affect on wild species of solenostomus. this trade is thought to happen at low levels, as ghost pipefish are generally very difficult to care for .\n( of solenostomatichthys paradoxus (pallas, 1770) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwetzel, j. & j. p. wourms (1995). adaptations for reproduction and development in the skin - brooding ghost pipefishes, solenostomus. environmental biology of fishes. 44: 363 - 384 .\nwetzel, j. & j. p. wourms. 1995. adaptations for reproduction and development in the skin - brooding ghost pipefishes, solenostomus. environmental biology of fishes 44 (2): 363 - 384 .\nsenou, h. (1994). a review of the ghost pipefishes, genus solenostomus (teleostei; solenostomidae) from japan. i. o. p. diving news. 5 (6): 2 - 6 .\na very' spikey' well - camouflaged ghost pipefish with many filaments on the body and jagged, deeply incised fins .\nthe species is highly variable in colour depending on the habitat. some individuals are semi - transparent with red, yellow and white spots, blotches and scribbly markings. others are reddish, with orange and white markings, or blackish with red and white markings .\nwidespread in tropical and warm - temperate regions of the indo - west pacific, from east africa, eastwards to fiji and tonga, north to southern japan, south to australia and new caledonia .\nornate ghostpipefish inhabit protected coastal, lagoon and outer reef areas with drop - offs or rock faces, in depths of 3 - 35 m. they often associate with crinoids (featherstars), gorgonians and black corals. although usually solitary, they may be seen in pairs, or even in small groups .\ndorsal fin v, 19 - 20; anal fin 19 - 20; pectoral fin 25 - 28; pelvic fin 7; caudal fin 15 - 16 .\nbody elongate, laterally compressed, encased in a series of bony plates; head elongate; long tubular mouth; plates between dorsal fin and interorbital: 5; rings posterior to dorsal fin: 27, with small recurving spines on lateral corners; caudal peduncle always long and slender; slender appendages over body and fins, particularly head and snout, can be very long .\ntwo widely separated dorsal fins, the first spinous and elongate with delicate fin spines, the second rounded and composed of unbranched rays; pelvic fins expanded and elongate, united to form a brood pouch in females; all fin membranes are deeply incised, and often tipped with small filaments .\nto 11 cm. mature females grow to a much larger size than mature males .\nhighly variable in colour, usually to match their surroundings. some individuals are semi - transparent with red, yellow and white spots, blotches and scribbled markings. others are reddish, with orange and white markings, or blackish with red and white markings .\nthese well - camouflaged ambush predators feed mostly on tiny crustaceans such as mysid shrimps which they suck in through their long snouts .\nthe sexes are separate, and males and females are sexually dimorphic. females grow to a larger size than males, and have larger pelvic fins which unite to form a ventral brood pouch (marsupium) .\nghostpipefishes are skin - brooders, and the embryos develop inside egg envelopes attached to special skin cells called cotylephores. the well - developed larvae hatch at approximately 3 mm, and have pigmented eyes, a fully formed mouth and advanced body spination. see the ghostpipefish family page for more information on reproduction .\nghostpipefishes are of no interest to fisheries, and are rarely collected for the aquarium industry because they are very difficult to raise in captivity .\naustralian government legislation: marine listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (epbc act) .\nother ghostpipefishes lack the deeply incised fins and do not appear very' spikey' .\nfistularia paradoxa pallas 1770, spicilegia zoologica 1 (8): 32, pl. 4 (6), ambon, indonesia .\nallen, g. r & r. swainston. 1988. the marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers. western australian museum .\nfritzsche r. a. & thiesfeld k. g. 1999. family solenostomidae. p. 2263 in carpenter k. e. & niem v. h. (eds) the living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes. rome: fao vol. 4 pp. 2069 - 2790 .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing .\nkuiter r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. crawford house press, bathurst. 437pp .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland ltd sydney 433pp .\nkuiter, r. h. 2000. seahorses, pipefishes and their relatives. a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes. tmc publishing pp. 240 .\nkuiter, r. h. 2009. seahorses and their relatives. aquatic photographics, seaford, australia. 333 pp .\nmichael, s. w. 1998. reef fishes volume 1. a guide to their identification, behaviour and captive care. microcosm ltd. shellbourne, vermont 624 p .\norr j. w. & pietsch t. w. 1994. pipefishes and their allies. in paxton j. r. & eschmeyer w. n. (eds .) encyclopedia of fishes. university of new south wales press, sydney .\npogonoski, j. j. pollard, d. a. & paxton, j. r. 2002. conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes. canberra environment australia 375 pp .\nrandall j. e. 2005. a review of mimicry in marine fishes. zoological studies 44 (3): 299 - 328\ntrnski t. & leis j. m. 2000. solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes) in leis j. m. & carson - ewart b. m. (eds .) the larvae of indo - pacific coastal fishes: an identification guide to marine fish larvae. brill, the netherlands .\ngreek, solen = tube + greek, stoma = mouth (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 4 - 35 m (ref. 90102). tropical\nindo - west pacific: red sea and east africa to fiji, north to southern japan, south to southeast australia and new caledonia. recently recorded from tonga (ref. 53797) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 12. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2334 )\ndorsal spines (total): 5; dorsal soft rays (total): 17 - 21; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 17 - 21; vertebrae: 32 - 33. post - pelagic are almost fully transparent and more slender compared to those established in the benthic phase. variable in color from black to red and yellow, usually in a mix of bands and spots (ref. 48635). total body number of plates 31 - 35. caudal fin truncate, rounded or lanceolate. caudal fins of females modified into brood pouch (ref. 9829) .\nadults usually settle along reef edges in current - prone areas (ref. 48635). uncommon species found solitary or paired, among branches of gorgonians, floating weeds, or crinoids (ref. 9710). they feed mostly on mysids but also target small benthic shrimps (ref. 48635). females carry the eggs in their pelvic fins that are modified to form a brood pouch (ref. 205) .\npelvic fins of females are modified as brood pouch for the reception of the eggs (ref. 205) .\nrandall, j. e. , g. r. allen and r. c. steene, 1990. fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea. university of hawaii press, honolulu, hawaii. 506 p. (ref. 2334 )\n): 20. 9 - 29, mean 27. 7 (based on 626 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 59 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\npossesses the elongate snout and laterally compressed body that are typical of all syngnathoid fishes. more specific to the solenostomids is a dermal skeleton composed of stellate plates, a head region that represents over one third of the total body length and the presence of pelvic fins, two separate dorsal fins, an anal fin and a large ventral fin .\nis further distinguished by the presence of abdominal spinules, additional plates at the dorsal - and anal - fin bases and the presence of nasal lamellae filling the nasal cavity of males. there is no body color representative of\n. typical color patterns include dark red with yellow and orange splotches and yellow with lighter spots .\naverage 130 mm; males on average are 37% smaller. the main difference between males and females is the presence of a ventral brood pouch in females. this difference is most noticeable in the margins of the pelvic fins which are apposed in females and free in males (wetzel and wourms, 1995; orr and fritzsche, 1993 ;\nis an external skin - brooding species. embryos are enclosed in an envelope and attached to special epidermal cells called cotylephores. in\n, these cells occur only on the inside surface of the pelvic fins of females (the brooders in this species .) the pelvic fins of females are expanded and connect to the body and to each other in order to form a brood pouch. females carry eggs in this pouch during the incubation period. this method allows the female to move her young to a site that is favorable for survival and also decreases the risk of predation during the developmental stage. clutch size in\nis variable. it has been estimated that a normal brood size may be as high as 350 (wetzel et al. , 1997; wetzel and wourms, 1995; orr and fritzsche, 1993) .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nghost pipefish\n( on - line). accessed oct 30, 2000 at urltoken .\npipefish\n( on - line). accessed oct 30, 2000 at urltoken .\norr, j. , r. fritzsche. 1993. revision of the ghost pipefishes, family solenostomidae (teleostei, syngnathoidei) .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nindonesia, ambon maluku islands. hd mantis shrimp, ghost pipefish, mandarin fish\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 23 july 2014. available at: urltoken .\naustralia (new south wales, queensland); british indian ocean territory (chagos archipelago); comoros; egypt (egypt (african part) ); fiji; india (andaman is .); indonesia (bali, jawa, kalimantan, lesser sunda is. , maluku, papua, sulawesi, sumatera); japan (kyushu); malaysia (peninsular malaysia, sabah, sarawak); marshall islands; mauritius (mauritius (main island), rodrigues); mayotte; micronesia, federated states of; new caledonia; palau; papua new guinea (bismarck archipelago, north solomons, papua new guinea (main island group) ); réunion; solomon islands (santa cruz is. , south solomons); south africa (kwazulu - natal); tanzania, united republic of; thailand; tonga; viet nam\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t65363417a115409075 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities (dsewpac) (2012) .\nlisted as least concern (global status: iucn red list of threatened species: 2017. 1 list )\nkuiter, r. h. (2009) seahorses and their relatives. aquatic photographics, 292 - 293\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset. this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices. see map caveat for more information .\nthis species lives a predominantly pelagic lifestyle until it settles on the substrate to breed (kuiter 2000). the pelagic individuals are almost transparent, and are more slender than their benthic counterparts (kuiter 2000). they usually settle along reef edges in current - prone areas (kuiter 2000). this species inhabits coastal reefs with rock faces or coral drop - offs (kuiter 1993). it is often associated with gorgonian and alcyonarian corals (senou 1994) and crinoids (basketstars) (kuiter 1996). it is usually found in a depth range of 3 - 30 m (michael 1998). specimens in aust. fish collections have been collected from live corals, crinoids (basketstars), green weed, kelp beds, lagoons, pools, rubble slopes and rocky and sandy habitats in depths of 1 - 54 m, as well as being washed up on beaches (australian fish collection records). they have also been found in floating seaweed (hutchins & swainston 1986). collection methods for the above specimens include hand - nets, plankton nets, seines, ichthyocides, prawn trawls and some were washed up on beaches, possibly after being trawled or after storms (australian fish collection records). no - take protected areas or fishing closures in representative habitats may help contribute to the protection of this species .\nlife expectancy is unknown, but it appears that these fishes are short - lived (kuiter 2000) .\nghost pipefishes are ambush predators (fishelson 1966; wetzel & wourms 1995), feeding on small invertebrates (leis & trnski 1989) that they suck into their tube - like mouth (fishelson 1966; michael 1998). in the sydney area, this species commonly feeds on mysid crustaceans (kuiter 1993), but it also eats small benthic shrimps (kuiter 2000) .\nmarine bioregional plans have been developed for four of australia' s marine regions - south - west, north - west, north and temperate east. marine bioregional plans will help improve the way decisions are made under the epbc act, particularly in relation to the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of our oceans and their resources by our marine - based industries. marine bioregional plans improve our understanding of australia' s oceans by presenting a consolidated picture of the biophysical characteristics and diversity of marine life. they describe the marine environment and conservation values of each marine region, set out broad biodiversity objectives, identify regional priorities and outline strategies and actions to address these priorities. click here for more information about marine bioregional plans .\nthe harlequin ghost pipefish has been identified as a conservation value in the north (dsewpac 2012x) marine region. the\nspecies group report card - bony fishes\nfor the north (dsewpac 2012x) marine region provides additional information .\naustralian fish collection records (undated). collation of records from australian fish collections .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston (1986). sea fishes of southern australia - complete field guide for divers and anglers. page (s) 180. swainston, perth, western australia .\nkuiter, r. h. (1993). coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. page (s) 437. crawford house, bathurst, nsw .\nkuiter, r. h. (1996). guide to sea fishes of australia. page (s) 434. new holland, frenchs forest, nsw .\nkuiter, r. h. (2000). seahorses, pipefishes and their relatives. a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes. page (s) 240. tmc publishing, uk .\nleis, j. m. & t. trnski (1989). the larvae of indo - pacific shorefishes. page (s) 371. nsw university press, kensington. nsw .\nmichael, s. w. (1998). reef fishes volume 1. a guide to their identification, behaviour and captive care. page (s) 624. microcosm ltd. shellbourne, vermont .\norr, j. w. & r. a. fritzsche (1993). revision of the ghost pipefishes, family solenostomidae (teleostei: syngnathoidei). copeia. 1: 168 - 182 .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000c). declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species. f2008b00465. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken .\nkuiter, r. h. (2009). seahorses and their relatives. page (s) 333. aquatic photographics, seaford, australia .\nanonymous (2009). australian faunal directory. australian biological resources study. available from: urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the epbc act). it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth. this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of fistularia paradoxa pallas, 1770) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8c30c8eb - 44de - 4ee9 - aea1 - 279dbff1a155\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: eab87bc4 - 8c83 - 433a - b62b - 6aa2fda2e6c0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 87f3b36b - 206d - 4316 - 9670 - 06809c9ef69f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 418134\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "the ornate ghost pipefish or harlequin ghost pipefish , solenostomus paradoxus , is a false pipefish of the family solenostomidae .", "the species name comes from the greek paradoxos , referring to this fish 's unusual external features .", "ornate ghost pipefish are found in the western pacific and the indian ocean along reef edges prone to strong currents .", "they reach a maximum length of 12 cm .", "they vary in color from red or yellow to black and are almost transparent .", "they feed mostly on mysids and benthic shrimp .", "females carry the eggs in their pelvic fins that are modified to form a brood pouch .", "although relatively common , ornate ghost pipefish are very well-camouflaged and difficult to find .", "the iucn conservation status of solenostomus paradoxus has not been evaluated . " ], "topic": [ 27, 25, 27, 0, 23, 8, 28, 27, 17 ] }

[ "the ornate ghost pipefish or harlequin ghost pipefish, solenostomus paradoxus, is a false pipefish of the family solenostomidae. the species name comes from the greek paradoxos, referring to this fish's unusual external features. ornate ghost pipefish are found in the western pacific and the indian ocean along reef edges prone to strong currents. they reach a maximum length of 12 cm. they vary in color from red or yellow to black and are almost transparent. they feed mostly on mysids and benthic shrimp. females carry the eggs in their pelvic fins that are modified to form a brood pouch. although relatively common, ornate ghost pipefish are very well-camouflaged and difficult to find. the iucn conservation status of solenostomus paradoxus has not been evaluated." ]

[ "species pagurus bonariensis schmitt, 1936 accepted as pagurus stimpsoni (a. milne - edwards & bouvier, 1893) (junior synonym )\nroberts mh jr. 1968. functional morphology of mouthparts of the hermit crabs pagurus longicarpus and pagurus pollicaris. chesapeake science 9: 9 - 20 .\nscientific synonyms and common names cancer fimbriatus olivi, 1792 platycarcinus pagurus h. milne edwards, 1834 platycarcinus pagurus couch, 1838 cancer luederwaldti rathbun, 1930\npagurus longicarpus has some economic importance as a bioassay organism (eisler and hennekey 1977) .\nspecies pagurus fabimanus dana, 1852 accepted as dardanus scutellatus (h. milne edwards, 1848 )\nspecies pagurus fasciatus bell, 1853 accepted as calcinus elegans (h. milne edwards, 1836 )\nin spite of contemporary morphological taxonomy appraisals, apparent high morphological similarity raises uncertainty about the species status of certain pagurus hermit crabs. this is exemplified between two european species, pagurus excavatus (herbst, 1791) and pagurus alatus (fabricius 1775), whose species status is still difficult to resolve using morphological criteria alone .\nspecies pagurus chilensis h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as calcinus chilensis (h. milne edwards, 1836 )\nspecies pagurus cruentatus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as clibanarius cruentatus (h. milne edwards, 1848 )\nspecies pagurus deformis h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as dardanus deformis (h. milne edwards, 1836 )\nspecies pagurus elongatus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as clibanarius elongatus (h. milne edwards, 1848 )\nspecies pagurus aculeatus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as strigopagurus strigimanus (white, 1847) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus affinis h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as dardanus lagopodes (forskål, 1775) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus annulipes h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as ciliopagurus strigatus (herbst, 1804) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus cristimanus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as calcinus latens (randall, 1840) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus decorus randall, 1840 accepted as calcinus elegans (h. milne edwards, 1836) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus asper h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as clibanarius longitarsus (de haan, 1849) (junior synonym )\ncompetition among hermit crabs for dietary resources may occur despite the generalist foraging habits of pagurus longicarpus and co - occurring species .\nspecies pagurus cristatus h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as lophopagurus (australeremus) cristatus (h. milne edwards, 1836 )\nspecies pagurus barbiger a. milne edwards, 1891 accepted as propagurus gaudichaudii (h. milne edwards, 1836) (junior synonym )\nspecies pagurus bifermis yap - chiongco in estampador, 1937 accepted as dardanus deformis (h. milne edwards, 1836) (misspelling )\nspecies pagurus biformis yap - chiongco in estampador, 1937 accepted as dardanus deformis (h. milne edwards, 1836) (misspelling )\nspecies pagurus cultrerus yap - chiongco in estampador, 1937 accepted as dardanus deformis (h. milne edwards, 1836) (misspelling )\nmacdonald, j. 1957. larvae of the british species of diogenes, pagurus, anapagurus and lithodes (crustacea, decapoda) .\nspecies pagurus dillvyni a. milne - edwards & bouvier, 1900 accepted as diogenes pugilator (roux, 1829) (misspelling of dillwynii )\n2012 .\narkive\n( on - line). common hermit crab (pagurus bernhardus). accessed january 21, 2012 at urltoken .\nwhat made you want to look up pagurus? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nwilliams (1984) reports that pagurus longicarpus is one of the most common shallow - water decapods along the us east coast and gulf of mexico .\nallee wc, and mb douglis. 1945. a dominance order in the hermit crab, pagurus longicarpus say. ecology 26: 411 - 412 .\nweis js. 1982. studies on limb regeneration in the anomurans pagurus longicarpus and emerita talpoida. journal of crustacean biology 2: 227 - 231 .\nwilber tp jr. 1989. associations between gastropod shell characteristics and egg production in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus. oecologia 81: 6 - 15 .\nspecies pagurus aniculus fabricius, 1787 accepted as aniculus aniculus (fabricius, 1787) (transferred to aniculus by dana (1852) as a. typicus )\npagurus longicarpus is a small hermit crab, with adult individuals attaining a length of around 2. 5 cm or less (rupert and fox 1988) .\nspecies pagurus californiensis (benedict, 1892) accepted as phimochirus californiensis (benedict, 1892) (transferred to pylopagurus by haig et al. (1970) )\npagurus longicarpus likely occurs throughout the irl system, although the southern end of the estuary roughly coincides with the southern end of the range of the atlantic population .\npagurus longicarpus is capable of regenerating lost limbs, weis (1982) noted rapid limb regeneration and molting after autotomy of 1 - 4 appendages in the laboratory .\nspecies pagurus crassimanus h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as dardanus crassimanus (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to dardanus by buitendijk (1937) )\nspecies pagurus elegans h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as calcinus elegans (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to calcinus by dana (1852) )\nspecies pagurus frontalis h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as paguristes frontalis (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to paguristes by alcock (1905) )\nspecies pagurus gaimardii h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as calcinus gaimardii (h. milne edwards, 1848) (transferred to calcinus by dana (1852) )\nspecies pagurus gamianus h. milne edwards, 1837 accepted as paguristes gamianus (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to paguristes by stimpson (1858) )\nspecies pagurus gemmatus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as dardanus gemmatus (h. milne edwards, 1848) (transferred to dardanus by holthuis (1953) )\nspecies pagurus gonagrus h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as paguristes gonagrus (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to paguristes by stimpson (1858) )\nfraenkel g. 1960. lethal high temperatures for three marine invertebrates: limulus polyphemus, littorina littorea, and pagurus longicarpus. oikos, 11: 171 - 182 .\nwilber tp jr. 1990. influence of size, species and damage on shell selection by the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus. marine biology 104: 31 - 39 .\nbabu, d. , k. anger. 1987. the structure and modification of integumental tissues in pagurus bernhardus (l .) (decapoda: anomura) .\nspecies pagurus corallinus h. milne edwards, 1848 accepted as clibanarius corallinus (h. milne edwards, 1848) (questionably transferred to clibanarius by dana (1852) )\n2012 .\nworld association of zoos and aquariums\n( on - line). common hermit crab (pagurus bernhardus). accessed july 31, 2013 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: wang, k. 2013 .\npagurus bernhardus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nspecies pagurus cancaliculatus (herbst, 1804) accepted as cancellus canaliculatus (herbst, 1804) (transferred to cancellus by a. milne - edwards & bouvier (1891) )\npagurus longicarpus is one of at least 16 hermit crab species reported from the indian river lagoon, at least 6 of which belong to the genus pagurus. the most abundant large irl hermits, the striped hermit (clibanarius vittatus) and the giant hermit (petrochirus diogenes) are easily discernable from various species of pagurus by their size. p. longicarpus can usually be distinguished from co - occurring congeners by the cylindrical shape of its enlarged cheliped (as compared to the flattened claw of p. pollicaris, for example) .\nweissberger ej. 1995. association of the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus say, 1817, with symbiotic hydroids: consequences of predation by lobsters. crustaceana 68: 739 - 750 .\nmcdermott jj. 1999. reproduction in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus (decapoda: anomura) from the coast of new jersey. journal of crustacean biology 19: 612 - 621 .\nrotjan r and j blum. 2004. shell choice in pagurus longicarpus hermit crabs: does predation threat influence shell selection behavior? behavioral ecology and sociobiology 56: 171 - 176 .\nstudies on the provenzanoi and other pagurid groups: iii. the larval and early juvenile stages of pagurus kennerlyi (stimpson) (decapoda: anomura: paguridae) reared in the laboratory\nspecies pagurus gaudichaudii h. milne edwards, 1836 accepted as propagurus gaudichaudii (h. milne edwards, 1836) (transferred to propagurus by mclaughlin & de saint laurent (1998) )\nroberts mh jr. 1970b. larval development of pagurus longiearpus say reared in the laboratory. ii. effect of reduced salinity on larval development. biological bulletin 140: 104 - 116 .\nroberts mh jr. 1974. larval development of pagurus longicarpus say reared in the laboratory. iv. aspects of the ecology of the megalopa. biological bulletin 141: 162 - 166 .\nroberts mh jr. 1974. larval development of pagurus longicarpus say reared in the laboratory. v. effect of diet on survival and molting. biological bulletin 146: 67 - 77 .\nbiggs dc and jj mcdermott. 1973. variation in temperature - salinity tolerance between two estuarine populations of pagurus longicarpus say (crustacea: anomura). biological bulletin 145: 91 - 102 .\nroberts mh jr. 1970a. larval development of pagurus longicarpus say reared in the laboratory. i. description of larval instars. biological bulletin 139, no. 1: 188 - 202 .\npechenik ja and s lewis. 200. avoidance of drilled gastropod shells by the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus at nahant, massachusetts. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 253: 17 - 32 .\ntϋrkay, m. 2013 .\npagurus bernhardus (linnaeus, 1758 )\n( on - line). worms: world register of marine species. accessed january 21, 2012 at urltoken .\nspecies pagurus bartletti a. milne edwards, 1880 accepted as anisopagurus bartletti (a. milne - edwards, 1880) (transferred to pylopagurus by a. milne - edwards & bouvier (1893) )\nspecies pagurus erosus a. milne edwards, 1880 accepted as agaricochirus erosus (a. milne - edwards, 1880) (transferred tp pylopagurus by a. milne - edwards & bouvier (1893) )\nspecies pagurus gibbosimanus a. milne edwards, 1880 accepted as agaricochirus gibbosimanus (a. milne - edwards, 1880) (transferred to pylopagurus by a. milne - edwards & bouvier (1893) )\ndespite the abundance and prominent ecological role of hermit crabs, pagurus, in north east atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea ecosystems, many important aspects of their taxonomy, biology, systematics and evolution remain poorly explored. the topologies presented here should be regarded as hypotheses that can be incorporated into the robust and integrated understanding of the systematic relationships within and between species of the genus pagurus inhabiting the northeast atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea .\ndamiani cc. 2003. reproductive costs of the symbiotic hydroid hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (buss and yund) to its host hermit crab pagurus longicarpus (say). journal of experimental marine biology and ecology288: 203 - 222 .\nwhitman kl, mcdermott jj, and ms oehrlein. 2001. laboratory studies on suspension feeding in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus (decapoda: anomura: paguridae). journal of crustacean biology 21: 582 - 592 .\nstudies on the provenzanoi and other pagurid groups: iii. the larval and early juvenile stages of pagurus kennerlyi (stimpson) (decapoda: anomura: paguridae) reared in the laboratory | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic\nspecies pagurus globosomanus dana, 1851 accepted as clibanarius corallinus (h. milne edwards, 1848) (transferred to clibanarius by dana (1852a) and placed in synonymy with c. corallinus (h. milne edwards, 1848) )\ntunberg bg, nelson wg, and g smith. 1994. population ecology of pagurus maclaughlinae garcia - gomez (decapoda: anomura: paguridae) in the indian river lagoon, florida. journal of crustacean biology 14: 686 - 699 .\npagurus longicarpus, the long - armed hermit crab, is a small western atlantic hermit crab. it belongs to the genus pagurus, all members of which have unequal chelipeds (claws) in which the right is substantially larger than the left. in the case of p. longicarpus, the oversized claw is long and slender and approximately cylindrical in shape. body color is highly variable, ranging from beige to off - white to greenish - grey to brown (voss 1983, rupert and fox 1988) .\ncitation: matzen da silva j, dos santos a, cunha mr, costa fo, creer s, carvalho gr (2011) multigene molecular systematics confirm species status of morphologically convergent pagurus hermit crabs. plos one 6 (12): e28233. urltoken\noverall, the phylogenetic algorithms (ml, bi) resulted in congruent topologies, delimiting the designated true pagurus species (figure 1). the resulting molecular phylogeny agrees in several respects with the current morphologically based classification of all species. all analyses support the basal placement of p. longicarpus and identify two main clades (figure 1). in contrast, the relationships among inner clades of pagurus were poorly resolved. clade i is represented by four the northeast atlantic ocean and mediteranean sea species and clade ii by six species of the north atlantic ocean (east and west coasts) and bering sea specimens .\nwilson, e. 2008. pagurus prideaux hermit crab. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 11 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\npatsy a. mclaughlin, robert h. gore, william r. buce; studies on the provenzanoi and other pagurid groups: iii. the larval and early juvenile stages of pagurus kennerlyi (stimpson) (decapoda: anomura: paguridae) reared in the laboratory, journal of crustacean biology, volume 9, issue 4, 1 october 1989, pages 626–644, urltoken\nas is typical of decapod crustaceans, reproduction in pagurus longicarpus is sexual, internal fertilization is employed, and the sexes are separate. individuals must partially emerge from the protection of their gastropod shells and press their ventral surfaces together to allow copulation (barnes 1987). females extrude eggs into their shells, gather them via the pleopods, and then brood them in a manner similar to other crabs .\npagurus longicarpus occurs in a variety of estuarine and coastal habitats from the intertidal to as deep as 45 m (gosner 1979). heck and spitzer (undated), describing the fauna of the northern gulf of mexico, listed seagrass meadows, mud and sand bottoms, and beach surf zones as likely inshore habitats in which to encounter this species. the species is also a common inhabitant of oyster reef habitats .\nto identify phylogenetic groups among the resulting eleven putative pagurus species, the 46 coi sequences comprising 513 bp was analyzed using maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian inference (bi) phylogenetic reconstruction methods. the crab macropodia longipes (milne - edwards & bouvier, 1899) (brachyura: inachidae) and the most phylogenetically closest related species, dardanus arrosor (herbst, 1796) (anomura: diogenidae) were used as outgroups .\n( of pagurus truncatulus rafi nesque, 1817) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus pictus h. milne edwards, 1836) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto address such ambiguities, we used combinations of maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian inference (bi) methods to delineate species boundaries of p. alatus and p. excavatus and formulate an intermediate pagurus phylogenetic hypothesis, based upon single and concatenated mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase i [ coi ]) and nuclear (16s and 28s ribosomal rna) gene partitions. the molecular data supported the species status of p. excavatus and p. alatus and also clearly resolved two divergent clades within hermit crabs from the northeast atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea .\nthe complete larval sequence, megalopa, and early juvenile stages of pagurus kennerlyi (stimpson), a member of the capillatus group, are described from laboratory - reared specimens. development consisted of four zoeal and one megalopal stage. no prezoeal stage was observed. of the broods obtained from three females, approximately one - third of zoeal stages iii and iv from one female exhibited developmental abnormalities, particularly in the second maxilliped. these abnormalities were presumed to be caused by genetic misfortune. comparisons are made among species of pagurid and diogenid crabs for which juvenile descriptions exist .\npagurus longicarpus occurs as far north as nova scotia, indicating the species tolerates a wide range of temperatures. examining the effects of extreme high temperatures, fraenkel (1960) reports that 40°c. is 100% lethal but that individuals exposed to 36°c. for one hour survived as long as they were given 24 hours to recover at room temperature. vernberg (1967) indicates that individuals acclimated to higher temperatures survived experimental temperature increases of the same magnitude (i. e. , acclimation temperature + 5, 10, or 15°c .) longer than individuals acclimated to lower temperatures .\nthe most popular barcode marker coi is generally used to study close to moderately deep interspecific taxon relationships of crustaceans [ 50 ] – [ 54 ]. to provide a comprehensive sister - species coverage and assessment of interspecific variation, pagurus coi sequences from genbank were merged with our data (table 4). in that propose we use using kimura 2 - parameters (k2p) genetic distances within and among species implemented in mega 4. 1, and compared to literature data. amino acid translations of the target genes were examined to ensure that no gaps or stop codons were present in the alignment .\npagurus longicarpus is a wide - ranging temperate species that can be found along the atlantic coast from nova scotia south through hutchinson island, fl, and again along the gulf coast from the shark river in southwest florida west to galvaston, tx (fotheringham 1976, camp et al. 1977). the geographically disjointed distribution and discernable morphological differences between the atlantic and gulf populations suggests p. longicarpus may have been subject to past vicariance events whereby geographic or ecological barriers subdivided the ancestral population. genetic analysis by young et al. (2001) supports this hypothesis; mitochondrial dna sequence data suggests the two populations diverged around 0. 6 million years ago .\na study by kuhlmann (1992) on the predation of pagurus longicarpus showed that predation rate was independent of shell species, shell size, and shell damage. experiments by heck and wilson (1987) employing tethered predatory decapods in seagrass beds similarly revealed a lack of correlation between hermit crab predation rate and the thickness or ornamentation of their gastropod shell homes. other studies, however, suggest p. longicarpus shell selection behavior may be mediated by predator presence. rotjan et al (2004), for example, demonstrate that the prsence of chemical cues from the predatory green crab carcinus meanus alters p. longicarpus shell choice behavior in favor of intact shells .\ntunberg et al. (1994) lists a number of predators of hermit crabs, including fish, gastropods, crabs, and octopods. many such species, although not all, can extract hermit crabs from their protective shells without inflicting any shell damage (bertness 1981). laboratory studies of blue crab (callinectes sapidus) predation on the seagrass - associated pagurus maclaughlinae reveal an alternate strategy, in which blue crabs secured the shell of a prey hermit with one cheliped and progressively crushed the outer lip of the shell (rolling it as it does so) until the hermit could no longer retract into the spire of the shell (tunberg et al. 1994) .\nthe three independent genes revealed concordant phylogenetic differences between p. alatus and p. excavatus. pagurus alatus is substantially divergent from p. excavatus, with a mean divergence of 14. 9% and 5. 1% for coi and 16s sequences respectively (table 5). the 16s alignment was more conserved than the coi partition yielding 84 / 462 variable characters, of which 75 / 462 were parsimony informative. the 16s sequences are at - rich (71. 86 %), indicating a moderate compositional bias. the pattern of nucleotide substitution was also biased in favour of transitions over transversions, yielding a ts∶tv = 1. 1 and for 28s a ts∶tv = 3. 2 .\nthe smallest mean intraspecific divergence values observed (table 3) are possibly underestimated, because samples were obtained from a single locality. global - scale phylogeography surveys of coi sequence diversity have estimated average intraspecific diversity values of less than 1% within crustaceans, whereas interspecific values typically are greater than 4% among congeneric species [ 37 ] – [ 39 ] and especially among decapods that can exhibit congeneric divergence values greater than 15% [ 40 ]. elsewhere, five species of the genus pagurus from sea of japan exhibited lower levels of genetic identity when compared with the genera metapenaeus and penaeus [ 25 ]. here, the high genetic diversity observed among the pagurid species is in line with the observed morphological variability in informal morphological groups among adults and larvae described by ingle (1985) and mclaughlin and gore (1988), respectively .\nuse of nuclear genes in addition to mitochondrial genes adds to the number of independent markers in a dataset, thus increasing the chances to understand the systematic relationships between and within p. alatus and p. excavatus (table 7). here we analysed partial sequences of nuclear 28s (385 bp), mitochondrial 16s (462 bp), and the barcode region of coi (540 bp). the three gene regions were partitioned separately according to the previously determined model parameters (table 8) in subsequent bi analyses. gaps in 16s and 28s sequences were treated as a fifth character - state. bi analysis was conducted for each gene data set and the concatenated partition (con) with the three gene regions partitioned separately according to the previously determined model parameters (table 8) as described before. to evaluate the range of intrageneric sequence identity found among pagurus species, we compared pairwise distances of coi and 16s (table 5) .\nlemaitre, r. ; mclaughlin, p. (2018). world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .\ntürkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbouvier, e. l. (1915). decapodes marcheurs (reptantia) et stomatopodes recueillis a l' ile maurice par m. paul carie. bull. scient. fr. belg. 3 (48): 178 - 318. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of eupagurus brandt, 1851) d' udekem d' acoz, c. (1999). inventory and distribution of the decapod crustaceans from the northeastern atlantic, the mediterranean and the adjacent continental waters north of 25°n. collection patrimoines naturels, 40. muséum national d' histoire naturelle. paris. isbn 2 - 86515 - 114 - 10. x, 383 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of eupagurus brandt, 1851) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bernhardus dana, 1851) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of clibanarius mediterraneus kossmann, 1878) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eupagurus anachoretes risso, 1827) boüvier, e. l. (1890). note sur l' eupagurus anachoretes. bull. soc. philom. parís. ser. 8, 2: 120 - 122. [ details ]\ntaxonomy superfamily: paguroidea, according to trott (2004). [ details ]\nbrunel, p. ; bosse, l. ; lamarche, g. (1998). catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st. lawrence. canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 126. 405 p. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npohle, g. w. (1990). a guide to decapod crustacea from the canadian atlantic: anomura and brachyura. canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science. 1771. 29 p. [ details ]\nfelder, d. l. , álvarez. f. , goy, j. w. & lemaitre, r. (2009). decapoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, with comments on the amphionidacea, . felder, d. l. , and camp, d. k. (eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntrott, t. j. (2004). cobscook bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. northeastern naturalist. 11, 261 - 324. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlike all hermits, p. longicarpus protects its soft, assymetrical abdomen by tucking it into and tightly curling it around the columella of the shell from a dead gastropod (barnes 1987) .\nwilber (1989) found a number of relationships between female p. longicarpus egg production and shell characteristics such as size and condition. of particular interest, the author noted that medium - large and large females inhabiting seagrass beds who occupied severely damaged or fouled shells were only half as likely to be reproductive as females occupying shells of better quality. reduced incidence of reproductive females in poor quality shells may be the result of poor nutrition due to the fact that relatively less protected individuals may spend more time buried than individuals occupying intact shells and, therefore, less time foraging. wilbur (1989) also notes that seagrass - resident female crabs occupying moon snail (polinices duplicatus) shells or shells larger than their predicted shell size exhibited enhanced clutch sizes compared to other individuals .\nbased on the presence of large numbers (75 %) of ovigerous female p. longicarpus during a three - month study near alligator harbor, franklin county, fl, suggests that females typically produce more than one clutch per reproductive season (wilber 1989) .\nroberts (1970b) indicates that brooding of eggs in p. longicarpus lasts only a few weeks. roberts (1970a) identified and described four distinct planktonic zoeal larval stages and one megalops stage for p. longicarpus. this is a smaller number of planktonic stages than occurs for many decapods. the author suggested that except under suboptimal conditions, there is no planktonic prezoeal stage .\nroberts (1971) described some behavioral aspects of the megalops. at first, the megalops is an active swimming stage, but swimming activity declines with time. if individuals encounter suitable shells, they enter the shells and swimming activity ceases. if no suitable shell is found, swimming activity nevertheless becomes very infrequent after two days. the author found no evidence indicating that the species is capable of delaying metamorphosis until a suitable shell is located .\nfotheringham and bagnall (1976) collected larval p. longicarpus from the water column in christmas bay, tx, from september through may, suggesting a long reproductive season for the species in the southern portion of its range .\nroberts (1971b) reports a salinity range of 18 - 35. 5 ppt as optimal for larval development through the megalopal stage. biggs and mcdermott (1973) suggest a slightly broader optimal range of 15 - 36 ppt for adult p. longicarpus collected from southern new jersey .\nlaboratory experiments by whitman et al. (2001) demonstrate that p. longicarpus is also capable of facultative suspension feeding, but the authors concede that further study is required to evaluate the importance of this strategy in the wild. in addition to brine shrimp nauplii, laboratory - maintained p. longicarpus were capable of feeding on a variety of more ecologically relevant planktonic prey including first zoeal stages of dyspanopeus sayi, carcinus meanus, and palaemonetes vulgaris, as well as newly hatched veligers of the gastropod crepidula plana .\nlaboratory studies reveal that p. longicarpus may resort to cannibalism if insufficient dietary resources are provided (allee and douglas 1945) .\nplanktonic larval p. longicarpus are likely to be opportunistic foragers. in the laboratory, they have been shown to be capable of consuming a variety of microalgal species, several types of microcrustaceans, and polychaete larvae (roberts 1974). these dietary items were not equally capable of sustaining larval crabs through all larval stages .\ninterspecific and intraspecific competition among hermit crabs for a potentially limiting supply of gastropod shells is also believed to be typically severe. vance (1972) noted that species - specific shell preference may allow the coexistence of similar species through resource partitioning. allee and douglas (1945) demonstrated that p. longicarpus lacking shells typically attack shell - bearing conspecifics without regard for the size of the competitor. they note, however, that attacks were only successful if the housed individual was smaller than the attacker .\nexperiments by wilber (1990) on p. longicarpus from wakulla beach, fl, indicated that behavioral shell selection exhibited a compromise between shell species and relative size and that animals avoided relatively large shells more than relatively small shells. this suggests that a larger - than - optimal shell has more negative attributes than an undersized shell .\nfield studies conducted by rittschoff et al. (1992) demonstrated that several hermit crabs, including p. longicarpus, exhibit behavioral responses to chemicals originating from crushed conspecifics. looking further at the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus, these authors report that behavioral responses are dependent on crab size, type of shell inhabited, and shell size and fit. chemical cues originating from dead conspecifics typically elicited aggression / shell investigation responses in crabs occupying relatively small shells and alarm responses by crabs in relatively large shells. this suggests that the need to acquire limited high - value shell resources is sufficiently strong to preempt behavioral defense against predation even in the face of potentially imminent predation threat .\ntricarico and gherardi (2007) conducted experiments to assess the factors that motivate p. longicarpus to switch shells. offering test animals a choice of shells of varying quality, the study suggests motivation to acquire new shells was entirely dictated by the value and quality of the shell the animals currently inhabited rather than by the shell it is offered. other studies (e. g. , pechenil and lewis 2000, see below), however, suggest that selection may at times be based on the quality of the shell being offered .\ngherardi et al. (2005) examined the role of odor in individual recognition by p. longicarpus and discovered that individual crabs are capable of discriminating between larger conspecifics inhabiting high - quality shells and smaller conspecifics inhabiting low - quality shells, provided the crabs are familiar with one another. the authors conclude that crabs appear capable of associating odor information from other individuals with memories of past interactions .\np. longicarpus reportedly will not feed if it is not safely occupying a shell, suggesting that perceived vulnerability to predation is sufficient to alter crab behavior. allee and douglis (1945) report that isolated shell - less p. longicarpus maintained in the lab die sooner than shelled animals, due in part to the fact that exposed animals cease eating .\nthe polychaetes lepidonotus sublevis and dipolydora (= polydora) commensalis may take up residence in the lumen of the shell and may feed on developing crab embryos (fotheringham 1976, mcdermott 1999). the turbellarian stylochus zebra can also be found in p. longicarpus shells (lytwyn 1979) .\nwilber and herrnkind (1994) report that the predatory crown conch (melongena corona) can be important as a source of new shells for co - occurring p. longicarpus populations. working at wakulla beach on the northern gulf coast of florida, these authors reported average rates of new shell (littorina irrorata) acquisition ranging from 4 to more than 23 new shells per day in p. longicarpus subpopulations surveyed within 40 meter squared salt marsh plots. the number of newly acquired shells by the crabs varied directly with m. corona, supporting the contention that predation events constituted a major source of shells .\ntricario and ghererdi (2006) indicate that simulated gastropod predation attracted p. longicarpus, and concluded that nondestructive gastropod predator density ultimately regulates the supply of high - quality shells for this hermit crab .\nstudies conducted by pechenil and lewis (2000), however, indicate that not all shells made available by co - occurring predators are equally valued by crabs. they showed that shells that have been drilled by natacid gastropods are avoided by p. longicarpus, even as shells with other forms of damage were deemed suitable by crabs. the authors suggested that strong behavioral avoidance of drilled shells may indicate such shells would expose resident crabs to increased predation, osmotic stress, and eviction by competing hermits .\nbarnes. 1987. invertebrate zoology. 5th edition. cbs college publishing, ny. 893 p .\nbertness md. 1981. predation, physical stress and the organization of a tropical hermit crab community. ecology 62: 411 - 425 .\nbrooks wr and rn mariscal. 1985. shell entry and shell selection of hydroid - colonized shells by three species of hermit crabs from the northern gulf of mexico. biological bulletin 168: 1 - 17 .\ncaine e. 1975. feeding and masticatory structure of selected anomurans (crustacea). journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 18: 277 - 301 .\ncamp dk, whiting nh, and re martin re. 1977. nearshore marine ecology at hutchinson island, florida: 1971 - 1974. v. arthropods. florida marine research publication 25: 1 - 63 .\neisler r and rj hennekey. 1977. acute toxicities of cd 2 +, cr + 6, hg 2 +, ni 2 + and zn 2 + to estuarine macrofauna. archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 6: 315 - 323 .\nfotheringham n. 1976. population consequences of shell utilization by hermit crabs. ecology 57: 570 - 578. fotheringham n and ra bagnall. 1976. seasonal variation in the occurrence of planktonic larvae of sympatric hermit crabs. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 3: 279 - 287 .\ngherardi f, tricarico e, and j atema. 2005. unraveling the nature of individual recognition by odor in hermit crabs. journal of chemical ecology 31: 2877 - 2896 .\ngosner kl. 1979. a field guide to the atlantic seashore. houghton mifflin company, new york. 352 p .\nheck kl, jr. and pm spitzer. undated. a field guide to aquatic habitats and common fauna of the northern gulf of mexico: point aux pins, alabama to port st. joe, florida. dauphin island sea lab. dauphin island, al. 40 p .\nheck kl, jr. and ka wilson. 1987. predation rates on decapod crustaceans in latitudinally separated seagrass communities: a study of spatial and temporal variation using tethering techniques. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 107: 87 - 100 .\nkuhlmann ml. 1992. behavioral avoidance of predation in an intertidal hermit crab. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology157: 143 - 158 .\nlytwyn mw. 1979. life history of stylochus zebra and the ecology of its relationship with hermit crabs. unpublished ph. d. dissertation, university of north carolina, chapel hill nc. 119 p .\nrittschoff d, tsai dw, massey pg, blanco l, kueber gl jr. , and rj hass jr. 1992. chemical mediation of behavior in hermit crabs: alarm and agression cues. journal of chemical ecology 18: 959 - 984 .\nrupert ee and rs fox. 1988. seashore animals of the southeast. a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast. university of south carolina press. 429 p .\ntricarico e and f. gherardi. 2007. shell acquisition by hermit crabs: which tactic is more efficient? behavioral ecology and sociobiology 60: 492 - 500 .\ntricarico e and f. gherardi. 2007. resource assessment in hermit crabs: the worth of their own shell. behavioral ecology 18: 615 - 620 .\nvance rr. 1972. the role of shell adequacy in behavioral interactions involving hermit crabs. ecology 53: 1075 - 1083 .\nvernberg fj. 1967. some future problems in the physiological ecology of estuarine animals. pp 554 - 557 in: lauff gh (ed). estuaries. american association for the advancement of science publication no. 83 .\nwilber tp jr. and w. f herrnkind. 1984. predaceous gastropods regulate new - shell supply to salt marsh hermit crabs. marine biology 79: 145 - 150 .\nwilliams ab. 1984. shrimps, lobsters, and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern us, maine to florida. smithsonian institution press, washington dc. 550 p .\nreport by: j. masterson, smithsonian marine station submit additional information, photos or comments to irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated: september 1, 2008\ncommon hermit crabs are found in the near - shore north atlantic waters of northwestern europe, from the white sea to the british isles, including the north, baltic, and barents seas. they are found as far south as portugal, including in the mediterranean sea, as well as along the coasts of the azorean islands .\n(\narkive\n, 2012; anger, 1989; reese, 1969; reiss, et al. , 2005; sokolov, 2006; tϋrkay, 2013 )\nthese crabs live along coasts in most types of seabeds, including rocky and shell bottoms, in sea grass beds, and sandy or silty sediments, but excluding muddy bottoms. larvae live mainly in pools and may be found under objects such as rocks and seaweed. common hermit crabs are most often found at depths up to 80 m, although they may be found as deep as 200 m. smaller individuals live in shallower waters than larger individuals .\ncommon hermit crabs are relatively large (maximum body length 8 cm), with bodies that are divided into two segments: cephalothorax and abdomen. the cephalothorax is encased by a carapace consisting of three thick cuticle layers: epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle (maximum carapace length is 4. 5 cm). the abdomen is soft and coiled to the right and body color is typically reddish or brown. these crabs inhabit the abandoned shells of animals, such as edible periwinkles (\nsp .), using them as protection for their soft bodies. their last two pairs of walking legs are greatly reduced, and are used to hold the shell in place. compared to most hermit crabs, common hermit crabs prefer a lighter shell. the size of the shell is important because it affects the fitness of the hermit crab - a shell that is too large does not offer the best protection and a shell that is too small restricts its growth. individuals may attack each other in attempts to claim ownership of a shell. these crabs have 5 pairs of walking legs; the first pair are enlarged claws (known as chelae); those of males are larger than those of females. chelae are used for gathering food and for protection. of the two claws, one is larger and is covered by an operculum; this claw is used in fighting and defense. chelae and walking leg surfaces are rough. common hermit crabs have compound eyes and four short antennae .\n(\narkive\n, 2012 ;\nworld association of zoos and aquariums\n, 2012; babu and anger, 1987; briffa, et al. , 2008a; briffa, et al. , 2008b; doake, et al. , 2010; elwood and briffa, 2001; reiss, et al. , 2005; tϋrkay, 2013 )\neggs of this species are black in color. females carry eggs until they hatch (2 months, on average). common hermit crabs pass through four zoeal stages and a glaucothoe / megalopa stage before reaching adulthood. zoeal stages take 39 - 47 days to complete, with the megalopa stage requiring an additional 13 days on average; total development time averages 60 days. zoeal larvae are thin, long, and yellowish - red in color. more chromatophores are added in each stage of zoeal development: megalops have areas of red and pale - yellow coloration and adults are reddish - brown. megalops do not eat and must seek out a suitable shell in which to complete metamorphosis. shell type and size effectively determine survival odds, as well as body size, time to sexual maturity, and longevity. sexual differentiation occurs during the zoeal stages; female development is complete upon reaching adulthood, while males continue to develop morphological characteristics after adulthood. sexual maturity is typically reached within a year .\nunlike some species of crabs, copulation does not necessarily follow a female' s molting. before copulation, a male carries or pulls a female around by her shell opening for hours, even days in some cases, using his minor cheliped. just prior to copulation, he holds her by one of her right walking legs, pulling her toward him and tapping her appendages with his major cheliped. this is followed by a period where both male and female tap each other with their chelipeds (the female also palpates the male' s mouthparts) for 15 - 20 minutes. when a female is ready to mate, she gives either a tactile or chemical signal, causing a male to turn her around to face him. both individuals leave their shells and copulate for 4 - 6 minutes. they remain together, outside of their shells, for up to 10 minutes after copulation .\nhermit crabs, common hermit crabs are able to mate outside of the period after a female molts; there have been records of breeding occurring during all phases of a female molt cycle. there are many environmental factors that affect whether or not breeding occurs, such as photoperiod, water temperature (itself and in relation to air temperature), salinity, and availability of resources. common hermit crabs may mate continuously throughout the year, although populations living in shallower water tend to have reproductive peaks in january and feburary. after one encounter, a female produces 200 - 300 eggs, up to 30% of which may by lost or destroyed .\nbreeding season populations living in deeper waters breed year round, while those living in shallower waters tend to breed in january and february .\nafter fertilization, a female carries eggs until they hatch (43 days, on average). during this time, they exhibit greater care in shell choice, switching shells more often than when they are not brooding .\ncommon hermit crabs are known to live for up to four years in the wild. shell selection, as well as molting, affects longevity. molting, in particular, has short - term benefits and long - term costs; short term benefits include limb regeneration, while long - term costs include potential negative shifts in dominance hierarchy, reproductive success, feeding, communication, and locomotion .\ncommon hermit crabs are nocturnal. they aggregate into loose communities, living around each other but not necessarily interacting. in these populations, breeding occurs at almost any time during the year and there is usually intense competition over resources, often resulting in physical damage to individuals. each community has a dominant male; this individual wins the most fights and may assert its dominance by taking resources from others .\nbefore any physical encounter, common hermit crabs engage in visual displays. during aggressive encounters, they either raise their bodies high off the ground, displaying their chelipeds and walking legs, or lower their bodies in submission. if neither individual submits, the crabs may try to dislodge each other from their shells, an interaction known as shell fighting. one hermit crab will crawl onto its opponent' s shell, hitting its opponents entire body, including its shell, and using its chelipeds to rap its opponent' s shell (over 500 raps have been observed in a single encounter). around half of such encounters result in the aggressor exchanging shells with its opponent. larger crabs, and those with larger chelipeds, are usually more successful than small - and medium - sized crabs in these encounters .\nanother behavior that has been extensively studied is shell selection. common hermit crabs are more likely to exchange and fight over shells when a new shell confers an advantage, such as more space. they are also able to remember shells that they have rejected before. if a crab is naked or in a shell that does not offer enough protection or space, then it will make the decision to move into a shell very quickly, regardless of advantages it may confer. if a new shell is of a much higher quality than the currently inhabited shell, the decision to move will also be made very quickly .\nstudies have shown that individuals may move within a range of 16 - 312 meters per month .\nmales and females communicate with each other through tactile and chemical signaling, and visual cues are used during aggressive encounters .\ncommon hermit crabs are scavengers. their diet includes a wide variety of food sources, including microscopic bivalves, scraps of dead animals, and plants; they are known to be cannibalistic when resources are low. this diet is good for survival in environments that are unpredictable and can seasonally change .\npredators of common hermit crabs include fishes, starfish, octopi, other crabs, and some birds. seagulls are known to pick up common hermit crabs in their beaks and drop them on rocks to break their shells. these hermit crabs may also exhibit cannibalism .\ncommon hermit crabs are valuable members of their ecosystems as scavengers and detritovores. as detritovores, these hermit crabs help decompose dead materials and contribute to nutrient cycles. common hermit crabs may host a variety of epibionts on their shells, including protozoans, hydrozoans, entroprocts, barnacles, and polychaete worms. these hermit crabs prefer shells with epibonts over clean shells; some epibionts, such as anenomes, can protect the hermit crab from predators. they may also host parasites (most often isopods or barnacles), which bore into their shells, residing most often in the abdomen or brachial cavities, sometimes even causing castration in males. infestation levels are as low as 1. 5% . eggs of this species have antibiotic properties .\n(\nworld association of zoos and aquariums\n, 2012; bell, 2009; fernandez - leborans and gabilondo, 2006; haug, et al. , 2002; lancaster, 1988 )\ncommon hermit crabs play an important role in their environments as decomposers. they are also kept by some people in aquaria and may be used as fishing bait, once removed from their shells .\nthis species has not yet been assessed for conservation by the iucn or any other agency. there are no current conservation efforts specific to this species .\nkathleen wang (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, jeremy wright (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria." ]

{ "text": [ "pagurus is a genus of hermit crabs in the family paguridae .", "like other hermit crabs , their abdomen is not calcified and they use snail shells as portable homes .", "these marine decapod crustaceans are omnivorous , but mostly prey on small animals and scavenge carrion .", "trigonocheirus and pagurixus used to be considered subgenera of pagurus , but the former is nowadays included in orthopagurus , while the latter has been separated as a distinct genus . " ], "topic": [ 26, 2, 8, 26 ] }

[ "pagurus is a genus of hermit crabs in the family paguridae. like other hermit crabs, their abdomen is not calcified and they use snail shells as portable homes. these marine decapod crustaceans are omnivorous, but mostly prey on small animals and scavenge carrion. trigonocheirus and pagurixus used to be considered subgenera of pagurus, but the former is nowadays included in orthopagurus, while the latter has been separated as a distinct genus." ]

[ "rasbora rubrodorsalis mitochondrial gene for 12s rrna, partial sequence, specimen _ voucher: uaic: 14166. 38\nkud ting wetland in nong khai province, thailand is a natural habitat of r. rubrodorsalis .\ndonsakul t, rangsirugi a, magtoon w (2009) karyotypes of five cyprinid fishes (cyprinidae, danioninae - danionini): rasbora agilis, r. dorsiocellata, r. rubrodorsalis, boraras maculata and b. urophthalmoides from thailand. the processing of 47th of kasetsart university, subject: fisheries science. 320 - 327 .\nr. rubrodorsalis occurs sympatrically with the very similar - looking r. borapetensis over some of its natural range but is much the rarer of the two in the aquarium hobby. they are easily distinguishable from one another because r. rubrodorsalis has a bright red blotch in the dorsal fin whilst in r. borapetensis the dorsal is colourless and only the base of the caudal fin is coloured red .\nthe identity of the type species, often given as r. rasbora in the past, is no longer in question; when bleeker first referred to the name rasbora in 1859 only four nominal members were included of which r. cephalotaenia (known as leuciscus cephalotaenia at the time) should be considered the type. howes (1980) suggested the separation of a number of species into the new genus parluciosoma with type species p. (rasbora) argyrotaenia but the monophyly of that grouping was not recovered by liao et al. .\nthe fourth clade includes rasbora semilineata, r. borapetensis, r. rubrodorsalis and an undescribed fish similar to r. beauforti. clade five consists of r. daniconius, r. hubbsi, r. paucisqualis, r. wilpita, r. kobonensis, r. ornata and r. cf. daniconius. clade six, meanwhile, is subdivided into two groupings. the first contains r. einthovenii, r. elegans and r. cephalotaenia and the second r. lateristriata, r. argyrotaenia, r. volzii, r. paviana, r. rasbora (plus an undescribed, similar fish), r. caudimaculata and r. trilineata. as this final clade contains the type species (see below) its members retain the generic name rasbora as do clade five species because they don’t differ sufficiently to warrant a the erection of a new genus / genera .\nliao, t. y. , kullander, s. o. and f. fang. 2010 - zoologica scripta 39: 155 - 176 phylogenetic analysis of the genus rasbora (teleostei: cyprinidae) .\nkottelat, m. 1999 - raffles bull. zool. 47 (2): 591 - 600. nomenclature of the genera barbodes, cyclocheilichthys, rasbora and chonerhinos (teleostei: cyprinidae and tetraodontidae), with comments on the definition of the first reviser .\nrainboth’s ‘fishes of the cambodian mekong’ characterised members of rasbora by possession of an unbranched, non - spiny first dorsal fin ray and seven soft dorsal rays, origin of the dorsal fin in the middle of the body, five branched anal fin rays, a small mouth not extending below the eye and a lack of barbels. it’s long been recognised as a polyphyletic lineage as noted by kottelat (1999) amongst others, and in 2010 the results of a phylogenetic analysis by t. y. liao et al. suggested a number of changes in order to improve the taxonomy. the authors found species of rasborin genera to actually represent a monophyletic grouping existing in six clades and erected four new genera (all containing former members of rasbora) in order to preserve monophyly of the existing groups i. e. boraras, horadandia, rasbora, rasboroides and trigonostigma .\nnot classified: r. beauforti, r. chrysotaenia, r. gerlachi (validity in question), r. lacrimula (said to compare most closely with r. dies and r. semilineata which are members of the r. trifasciata and r. semilineata groups, respectively) r. kalbarensis, r. reticulata, r. vulcanus (possibly not rasbora s\nr. semilineata species group: r. semilineata, r. borapetensis, r. rubrodorsalis. r. trifasciata species group: r. trifasciata, r. amplistriga, r. api, r. bankanensis, r. dies, r. ennealepis, r. hubbsi, r. johannae, r. kluetensis, r. meinkeni, r. nodulosa, r. paucisqualis, r. rutteni, r. sarawakensis, r. taytayensis, r. tobana, r. truncata, r. tuberculata. r. daniconius\nunfortunately many species weren’t included in the analysis, meaning inevitable questions are raised regarding the correct placement of the 40 or so other rasbora s, in particular. as the genus had previously been split into various ‘ species groups’ (groups of closely - related species) dating back to brittan (1972, who referred to them as ‘ species complexes’) liao et al. proposed the following arrangement whilst noting it may be subject to change with further phylogenetic studies :\nshortly afterwards a paper investigating systematics of the subfamily danioninae was published by tang et al. (2010) their results differed wildly from those of liao et al. and the four new genera plus boraras and trigonostigma were synonymised with rasbora based on an incomplete knowledge of relationships within the group, an approach they describe as ‘more conservative’. though perhaps neither conclusion is satisfactory we decided to adopt the system of liao et al. pending future studies, if only because we prefer to retain boraras and trigonostigma .\naccording to the authors the first two clades are monotypic; r. brittani should now be referred to as kottelatia brittani and r. dorsiocellata as brevibora dorsiocellata. the third clade comprises boraras brigittae, horadandia atukorali, rasboroides vaterifloris, trigonostigma heteromorpha and three species previously included in rasbora but also moved into new genera; trigonopoma gracile, t. pauciperforatum and rasbosoma spilocerca. the results for b. brigittae and t. heteromorpha were found to be inconclusive in some respects and further work regarding their phylogenetic position was recommended .\nthis species is very peaceful indeed making it an ideal resident of the well - furnished community tank. as it places no special demands in terms of water chemistry it can be combined with many of the most popular fish in the hobby although proper research is essential and its small adult size must be a consideration. a community based around one of its native countries or river basins would make an interesting project with possibilities from thailand alone including various badis, betta, danio, trigonostigma, puntius, pangio, lepidocephalichthys, boraras and other rasbora species amongst others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this locally common fish is widely distributed, is not greatly utilised, and is assessed as least concern. habitat trends require monitoring .\ndominant presence at khone falls during dry season, exhibit small peak in beginning of rainy season. (baran et al. 2005) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is found most abundantly in the lower mekong river basin, northeastern thailand. one interesting collection locality is an area of wetland called kud ting in the northern province of nong khai where it lives sympatrically with r. spilocerca and boraras micros. in 2008 the thai government proposed that kud ting be designated a protected ramsar site due to the diversity of species found there. supposedly it also occurs in central parts of the country including the chao phraya drainage with its associated floodplain and even bangkok although specific locality details are scarce .\nsome sources state that its range extends into laos and cambodia as well as the mae klong basin in western thailand although to date we have been unable to locate any definitive records .\nthis species has mainly been collected from shallow margins of gently flowing or still waters including swamps, marshes, reservoirs and floodplains. apparently it shows a preference for clear waters containing dense growths of fine - leaved aquatic plants and is known to move into temporarily inundated areas during the wet season .\na tank measuring 18″ x 12″ x 12″ / 60cm x 30cm x 30cm / 42. 5 litres is big enough to house a small group of these .\nchoice of decor is not especially critical although the fish tend to show better colouration when maintained in a well - planted set - up with a dark substrate. the addition of some floating plants and driftwood roots or branches to diffuse the light entering the tank also seems to be appreciated and adds a more natural feel. filtration does not need to be particularly strong as it mostly hails from sluggish waters and may struggle if there is a fast current in the tank .\nlike similar species such as r. borapetensis it is probably a micropredator feeding on small insects, worms, crustaceans and other zooplankton in nature. in the aquarium it will accept dried foods of a suitable size but should not be fed these exclusively. daily meals of small live and frozen fare such as daphnia, artemia and suchlike will result in the best colouration and encourage the fish to come into breeding condition .\nit’s a schooling species by nature and really should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens. maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less nervous but will result in a more effective, natural - looking display. males will also display their best colours as they compete with one other for female attention .\nmales are noticeably smaller and slimmer than females and tend to be more intensely coloured, especially when in spawning condition .\nlike many small cyprinids this species is an egg - scattering, continuous spawner that exhibits no parental care. that is to say when the fish are in good condition they will spawn often and in a densely - planted, mature aquarium it is possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without human intervention .\nhowever if you want to increase the yield of fry a slightly more controlled approach is required. the adult group can still be conditioned together but one or more small, say 12″ x 8″ x 8″ / 30cm x 20cm x 20cm / 71 litre containers should also be set up. these are best kept dimly lit and the base covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that eggs can fall through it but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them. the widely available plastic ‘grass’ - type plants can also be used and work very well. the water itself should be of slightly acidic to neutral ph with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above. as a guideline forum member mick wright has had great success with this species and spawned it with ph 6. 0, gh 3 - 4 at 78°f .\nwhen the adult fish are well - conditioned and the females appear full of eggs the fish that are to be spawned should be selected. mick recommends choosing a reverse trio of two males and a single female and says that spawning occurs in the early morning. the species is quite fecund and as many as 250 eggs may be produced by a single female .\nincubation in rasboras is temperature - dependant to an extent but should take around 24 hours with the young free - swimming 3 days later. initial food should be paramecium or similar introducing artemia nauplii and / or microworm once the fry are large enough to accept them .\nthis species is sometimes sold under the erroneous name (s) r. beauforti or r. sp. cf. beauforti, probably because it was pictured as such in rainboth’s 1996 handbook ‘fishes of the cambodian mekong’ before being officially described in 1997. r. beauforti was in fact described from the kumai river, central kalimantan (kalimantan tengah), borneo by hardenberg (1937) and represents something of an enigma as neither brittan (1954) nor roberts (1989) were able to locate the type specimens during their studies of the genus. nobody has been able to confirm what the ‘ species ‘ actually looks like and roberts surmised that it may turn out to be a nomen dubium .\nnb – this list has been amended from that published in liao et al. to reflect subsequent new species descriptions and taxonomical changes .\nmayden, richard l. ; tang, kevin l. ; conway, kevin w. ; freyhof, jörg; chamberlain, sarah; haskins, miranda; schneider, leah; sudkamp, mitchell; wood robert m. ; agnew, mary; bufalino, angelo; sulaiman, zohrah; miya, masaki; saitoh, kenji; he, shunping. 2007 - j. exp. zool. (mol. dev. evol .) 308b: 1–13. phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes: a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .\nrainboth, w. j. 1996 - fao, rome, 265 p. fishes of the cambodian mekong. fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes .\nroberts, t. r. 1989 - mem. calif. acad. sci. 14: 210 p. the freshwater fishes of western borneo (kalimantan barat, indonesia) .\ntang, k. l. , m. k. agnew, w. j. chen. , m. v. hirt, t. sado, l. m. schneider, j. freyhof, z. sulaiman, e. swartz, c. vidthayanon, m. miya, k. saitoh, a. m. simons, r. m. wood and r. l. mayden. 2010 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 (1): 189 - 214 systematics of the subfamily danioninae (teleostei: cypriniformes: cyprinidae) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 3. 3 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 43281 )\nbright red patch at dorsal base and at caudal base; narrow black mid - lateral stripe on body and with a second pale stripe (iridescent yellow to red) above it; lateral line incomplete, 4 - 10 perforating scales (ref. 43281) .\ninhabits slow flowing waters, ditches and shallow ponds (ref. 43281) .\nkottelat, m. , 2001. fishes of laos. wht publications ltd. , colombo 5, sri lanka. 198 p. (ref. 43281 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00724 (0. 00324 - 0. 01618), b = 3. 07 (2. 88 - 3. 26), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website. if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use. 1. the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only. it is subject to change without notice. 2. neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose. you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law. 3. the fish photos in this website are all under the cc (creative commons) license. you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books, websites, etc .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more..." ]

{ "text": [ "rasbora rubrodorsalis is a species of cyprinid fish native to southeast asia where it occurs in the basins of the mekong , chao phraya and mae klong rivers .", "it prefers areas of slow-flowing streams and ponds and ditches .", "this species can reach a length of 3.3 centimetres ( 1.3 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 6, 13, 0 ] }

[ "rasbora rubrodorsalis is a species of cyprinid fish native to southeast asia where it occurs in the basins of the mekong, chao phraya and mae klong rivers. it prefers areas of slow-flowing streams and ponds and ditches. this species can reach a length of 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) sl." ]

[ "californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 31573 genus: coptodisca species: quercicolella sex: location: castella county: shasta collector: d. l. wagner coll _ date: sep 17 82 specimen... más\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 31571 genus: coptodisca species: splendoriferella sex: location: castella county: shasta collector: d. l. wagner coll _ date: sep 17 82 speci... más\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 31570 genus: coptodisca species: juglandiella sex: location: redding county: shasta collector: p. opler coll _ date: jul 23 69 specimen _ loc: ... más\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 31572 genus: coptodisca species: arbutiella? sex: location: redding, shasta college county: shasta collector: d. l. wagner coll _ date: mar 2... más\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ncompiled from kelly richers' california moth specimen database. kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources, museum collections, and (i believe) novel collections. these lists are probably not comprehensive (if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms), but given kelly' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state, it' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level, and approaching that degree at the county level, and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat. all errors are my own, and if you find any, please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i' ve created. i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life, bugguide, and ubio, so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources. i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken, i' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg, and i' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch. for the remainder, here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity: sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other, unrelatd genera, e. g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus. i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\nfuente: richers, k. (2015). california moth specimen database. essig museum of entomology, berkeley, ca. accessed 26 05 2015. (enlace )\nlistas de comprobación para una especie o grupo especifico que habitan aquí, ej .\naves de shasta\n.\nel archivo debería tener el siguiente formato: nombre de la especie o grupo, descripción, estatus de ocurrencia, medio de establecimiento. el csv no debería contener ninguna cabecera de datos. valores permitidos para los estatus de ocurrencia: present, common, uncommon, irregular, doubtful, absent valores permitidos para los medios de establecimiento: native, endemic, introduced" ]

{ "text": [ "coptodisca quercicolella is a moth of the heliozelidae family .", "it was described by braun in 1927 .", "it is found in north america , including california and colorado .", "the larvae feed on quercus gambelii .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 11 ] }

[ "coptodisca quercicolella is a moth of the heliozelidae family. it was described by braun in 1927. it is found in north america, including california and colorado. the larvae feed on quercus gambelii. they mine the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "species pyrausta lethalis - lethal pyrausta moth - hodges # 5027 - bugguide. net\nbotis lethalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (2): 33; tl: [ havilah ], california\npyrausta tithonialis; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 177\npyrausta cajelalis holland, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (3): 590; tl: buru\npyrausta perlelegans hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 256; tl: colombia; peru\npyrausta lithosialis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 263; tl: natal, northdene\npyrausta tetraplagalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: mashonaland, salisbury\npyrausta (pyraustinae); hampson, 1899, proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 252; [ globiz ]\npyrausta phaeophoenica hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: brazil, castro paraña\npyrausta subsequalis subsequalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 18, 22\npyrausta perrubralis perrubralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 49 - 51\npyrausta scurralis scurralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 59 - 63\npyrausta unifascialis unifascialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 73 - 80\npyrausta trizonalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 267; tl: mexico, cordoba, orizaba\npyrausta pyrocausta hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 264; tl: brazil, são paulo; paraña\npyrausta nubigena rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 189; tl: algeria, guelt - es - stel\npyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 227; tl: manusela, central ceram, 650m\npyrausta arenicola hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 28; tl: algeria\npyrausta coccinea warren, 1892; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 9 (50): 176; tl: california\npyrausta borealis packard, [ 1867 ]; proc. boston soc. nat. hist. 11: 53; tl: square island, labrador\n= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis (packard, 1873); [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 133; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta aurea butler, 1875; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 16 (96): 414; tl: natal\npyrausta obtusanalis druce, 1899; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 100, f. 12\npyrausta ploimalis dyar, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2050): 284; tl: trinidad r .\npyrausta flavibrunnea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 32; tl: cuernavaca, mexico\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach, 1908; ent. news 19 (6): 263; tl: miller' s canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 5; tl: wildcat creek, white mts. , arizona\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe, 1951; can. ent. 83: 166, pl. 1, f. 5; tl: ; duncan, british columbia\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 55 - 56; [ nacl ], # 5064a\npyrausta unifascialis subolivalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 133, pl. 9, f. 66 - 72; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 81 - 82; [ nacl ], # 5068b\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 83 - 84; [ nacl ], # 5068c\npyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 64 - 65; tl: aweme, manitoba\npyrausta californicalis californicalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 113, pl. 6, f. 16, 19 - 223, pl. t, f. 3\npyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 52 - 54; tl: mt. shasta, california\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 6 - 7; tl: rancho la sierra, near arlington, riverside co. , california\npyrausta shirleyae munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 102, pl. u, f. 1 - 2, 5 - 7; tl: pensacola, florida\npyrausta retidiscalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 126, pl. t, f. 7; tl: the basin, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta andrei munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 127, pl. t, f. 8; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 35 - 36; tl: kusshi canyon, yakima co. , washington\npachyzancla aurea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515 (? preocc. pyrausta aurea butler, 1875); tl: presidio, mexico\npyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 6, f. 17 - 18; tl: mineral spr. , tulare co. , california\npyrausta subgenerosa munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 118, pl. k, f. 2; tl: chipmunk flat, near sonora pass, tuolumme co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 30 - 32; tl: mt. shasta, siskiyou co. , california\npyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 243, pl. 1, f. 27; tl: palmerlee, arizona\npyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 23, f. 7; tl: cartwright, manitoba\npyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 6; tl: new brighton, pennsylvania\npyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 11; tl: tuolumme meadows, california\npyrausta socialis socialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 140, pl. 9, f. 33 - 34, 37, pl. k, f. 6, pl. t, f. 10\npyrausta arizonensis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 131, pl. 9, f. 57 - 58 (preocc. munroe, 1957); tl: prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\npyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 26; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta roseivestalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 94, pl. 8, f. 41, pl. j, f. 3, l. s, f. 5; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 24, f. 10; tl: palm sprs. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 163, pl. 23, f. 8; tl: palm sprt. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta subsequalis borealis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 19 - 21, 23 - 25, pl. 9, f. 13 - 14, 17; [ nacl ], # 5060a\npyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 105, pl. 6, f. 28 - 29, pl. j, f. 5, pl. s, f. 7; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 8, f. 9 - 13, pl. j, f. 8, pl. t, f. 4; tl: georgetown, texas\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 4 - 6, 10 - 12, 15 - 16, 18, pl. k, f. 3; [ nacl ], # 5060b\npyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 1 - 3, 7 - 9, pl. t, f. 5; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 27 - 29, pl. k, f. 5, pl. t, f. 9; tl: scandia, alberta\npyrausta klotsi munroe, 1976; :: mna13. 2: 108, pl. 6, f. 32 - 33, pl. j, f. 7, pl. t, f. 1; tl: ramsey canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta antisocialis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 38 - 39, pl. k, f. 7, pl. t, f. 11; tl: mcgaffey, zuñi mts. , mckinley co. , new mexico, 7500'\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe, e. , 1976. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 13. 2b, p. 97; pl. 7. 13 - 22. order\nnew york - to (arizona, texas), tropical america. see [ maps ]\nfrom (washington - montana) - to (california - texas). see [ maps ]\nwashington - california, w. arizona, n. mexico. see [ maps ]\nparaedis napaealis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 145; tl: california\nloxostege linealis fernald, 1894; insect life 6: 255; tl: argus mts. , california\ncalifornia (mojave desert, los angeles) - s. nevada, s. arizona - texas (big bend). see [ maps ]\ntexas, colorado, arizona - mexico (chiapas). see [ maps ]\nbotis volupialis grote, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3 (app .): 799; tl: hills w of denver, colorado\nwashington (yakima co .), california - texas, nevada (clark co .), mexico. see [ maps ]\nmetasia morenalis dyar, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 10 (1 - 2): 58; tl: grapevine, california\nbotis atropurpuralis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 104; tl: texas, belfrage\nfrom (quebec - british columbia) - utah, colorado, nevada, california. see [ maps ]\nwashington, california, utah, colorado, wyoming, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotis augustalis grote, 1881; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (2): 273 (preocc. felder & rogenhofer, 1874); tl: colorado\nfrom (british columbia - ontario) - to (north carolina, south carolina, texas, arizona). see [ maps ]\nbotys (rhodaria) vinulenta grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 17 (? repl. rhodaria signatalis walker, [ 1866 ]); tl: north america\nw. pennsylvania - s. ontario, illinois, missouri. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria rosa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 19\nnova scotia - michigan - to (florida - texas). see [ maps ]\nendotricha julialis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 17: 389 (part )\nbotys augustalis felder & rogenhofer, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 134, f. 26\npachyzancla xanthomela hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515; tl: purulha, guatemala\nflorida - na. georgia, iowa, kansas, oklahoma, texas. see [ maps ]\nbotys onythesalis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 18: 734\ncalifornia, nevada, arizona, new mexico, texas. see [ maps ]\nsouth carolina - florida, west indies, ca, sa. see [ maps ]\nrhodaria insignitalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 173; tl: [ rio maroni ], cayenne\nbotis flavofascialis grote, 1882; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (3): 577; tl: new mexico\nflorida - south carolina, louisiana, e. texas. see [ maps ]\nna. georgia - florida, west indies, tropical, queensland. see [ maps ]\nlarva on hyptis capitata, dicerandra frutescens smedley, mccormick & eisner, 1990, j. lep. soc. 44 (3): 156\nbotys californicalis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 260; tl: california\nlarva on mentha sp. , (california) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 114\ntexas, florida, louisiana, arkansas, missouri, illinois, oklahoma, mexico. see [ maps ]\nbotis dapalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (1): 17; tl: california\n712x659 (~ 89kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 8. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n827x557 (~ 97kb) russia, moscow area, 26. 7. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n980x598 (~ 109kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 1. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n673x646 (~ 110kb) russia, moscow area, 10. 8. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n500x343 (~ 22kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, 27. 7. 1973, markku savela leg .\nherbula? submarginalis walker, [ 1866 ]; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 34: 1286 (preocc. walker, 1866 )\nfrom (ontario - alberta) - florida, missouri. see [ maps ]\nbotys generosa grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 20, pl. 2, f. 10; tl: pennsylvania\nnewfoundland, s. canada - to (florida, new mexico, california). see [ maps ]\nlarva on satureia hortensis, monarda [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 120\nw. northwest territory, yukon, alaska? , rocky mountains. see [ maps ]\n500x318 (~ 18kb) finland: om: perho jänkä, 7020: 376, 10. 6. 1971, markku savela leg .\n500x339 (~ 21kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 20. 7. 1970, markku savela leg .\nherbula subsequalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 177; tl: north ameria\n900x678 (~ 83kb) usa: pike national forest, sugar creek on cr - 67 (about 39°18' n 105°10' w), douglas co. , co, 29. 7. 2012, photo © markku savela\ns. nova scotia, s. ontario - to (illinois - n. florida, mississippi, e. texas )\n( deltoides & pyralides) pl. 8, f. 3 (repl .\nbotis tatalis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 106; tl: [ texas, belfrage ]\nbotys perrubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 264; tl: california\nbotis scurralis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 155; tl: arizona\ns. british columbia - california, nevada, colorado, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotys semirubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 263; tl: california\nbotys unifascialis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 261; tl: california\ns. new york - to (illinois - florida, texas), mexico - venezuela, west indies. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria idessa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 20\nnew jersey - florida, missouri, texas, oklahoma, s. california. see [ maps ]\nfrom (nova scotia - ontario, missouri) - to (n. florida - texas). see [ maps ]\ns. canada - to (florida - colorado). see [ maps ]\nbotis niveicilialis grote, 1875; bull. buffalo soc. nat. sci. 2: 232; tl: new york\nbotys fodinalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 369, (12): 461, pl. 8, f. 9; tl: california\nlarva on monardella villosa, (reared) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 138\nbotis socialis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 107; tl: canada\n= hapalia bicoloralis; whalley, 1963, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 446\nbotys tinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 371, (12) pl. 9, f. 5; tl: venezuela\nbotys extinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 372, (12) pl. 9, f. 18; tl: himalaya ?\nbotys catasemalis röber, 1891; tijdschr. ent. 34: 334; tl: key i .\nbotys aulicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 75; tl: jamaica\nbotys villicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys matronulalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys collustralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys hilaralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys meropialis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys janiralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 78; tl: jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nin uhler, p. r. report upon the insects collected by p. r. uhler during the explorations of 1875, including monographs of the families\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2\nhistoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. ouvrage faisant suite a l' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére, composée par leclerc de buffon, et redigée par c. s. sonnini, member de plusieurs sociétés savantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr. f. stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\n( a): 1 - 78, pl. 1 - 4, a - h, (b): 79 - 150, pl. 5 - 9, j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwhalley, 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae) bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 395 - 454, pl. 1 - 37\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nfirst described from california. records here and at the mpg indicate it' s present throughout the southwest .\ngrote, a. r. 1881. north american moths. canadian entomologist 13 (2): 33\nmunroe, e. 1976. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 13. 2b, p. 97; pl. 7. 13 - 22\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 28 may, 2013 - 6: 20pm\nthe moths of america north of mexico - fascicle 13. 2a - pyralidae: pyraustinae\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 30 may, 2011 - 2: 42pm\nthe moths of america north of mexico. fascicle 13. 2b. pyraloidea, pyralidae (part), pyraustinae, pyraustini (conclusion) ...\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 1 january, 2011 - 2: 56pm\nkearfott, w. d. 1909. descriptions of new species of north american crambid moths. proceedings of the united states national museum 35: 367 - 393 .\na generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america: (lepidoptera: pyralidae, nymphulinae) .\nsolis m. a. , 2009. transfer of all western hemisphere cybalomiinae to other subfamilies (crambidae pyraloidea: lepidoptera): elusia schaus, dichochroma forbes, schacontia dyar, cybalomia extorris warren, and c. lojanalis (dognin). proceedings of the entomological society of washington. 111: 493–504 download at researchgate here\nstudies on the crambidae (lepidoptera). part 41. on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species .\ncontributed by jillian h. cowles on 13 january, 2008 - 8: 19pm last updated 14 january, 2008 - 7: 41pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nmunroe (1972a) fascicle 13. 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of scopariinae figured in munroe 1973, fascicle 13. 1c ]\nmunroe (1972a) fascicle 13. 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of nymphulinae figured in munroe 1973, fascicle 13. 1c ]\nmunroe (1972b) fascicle 13. 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of odontiinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13. 1c ]\nmunroe (1972b) fascicle 13. 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of glaphyriinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13. 1c ]\n[ mona 5042 ] - - [ source uaic ] potential miss - ided, munroe (1976) seems to indicate texas as western limit .\n( b & mcd .) [ mona 5133 ] - - [ source c. ferris ]\nfrom the pollination garden at the arizona sonora desert museum (tucson) from 28 oct 2006. notice the hair - pencils at the end of the abdomen .\nbruce walsh. jbwalsh @ urltoken. comments, correction and additions most welcome. to get to my home page." ]

{ "text": [ "pyrausta lethalis , the lethal pyrausta moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by grote in 1881 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california ( the mojave desert , los angeles ) to southern nevada , southern arizona and texas ( the big bend region ) .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "the forewings are purplish-brown with a dark brown exterior line .", "the subterminal area is pale brown , shaded with whitish .", "the hindwings are pale fuscous with a black terminal line .", "adults have been recorded on wing from march to october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "pyrausta lethalis, the lethal pyrausta moth, is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by grote in 1881. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california (the mojave desert, los angeles) to southern nevada, southern arizona and texas (the big bend region). the wingspan is about 16 mm. the forewings are purplish-brown with a dark brown exterior line. the subterminal area is pale brown, shaded with whitish. the hindwings are pale fuscous with a black terminal line. adults have been recorded on wing from march to october." ]

[ "being the apex predator’s total attack rate (distributed between the resource and the mesopredator by the apex predator’s prey preference ω). parameters δ and\nark survival evolved rap by jt music feat. dan bull -\napex predator\nark survival evolved rap by jt music feat. dan bull -\napex predator\n- youtube\nmix - ark survival evolved rap by jt music feat. dan bull -\napex predator\nfig. s3. stable (solid line) and unstable (dashed line) equilibrium densities for the apex predator (p) and mesopredator (n) across a range of the apex predator’s prey preferences .\nculling will increase apex predator recovery success when competition is strong. in most cases, culling rates must be sufficiently high such that only the apex predator and the resource persist (red). in contrast, culling will negatively affect the apex predator’s density across most of the range of apex predator prey preference values (ω), when three - species coexistence is desired (blue). culling of mesopredators only benefits the apex predator when competition is strong but sufficiently weak so as not to cause competitive exclusion (inset). (a) a gradient of predator’s prey preference. (b) discrete measures of apex predator equilibrium density for discrete models: exploitative competition, igp, and food chain. na, not applicable .\n). note that in the apex predator resource - only state, the parameter ω reflects the apex predator’s efficacy at capturing resources rather than its prey preference per se. baseline parameters were chosen to be ω = 0. 5 ,\nsee the reply\nreply to roopnarine: what is an apex predator ?\nin volume 111 on page e797 .\nsuch priority effects occur in the igp module when competition between the apex predators and the mesopredators is strongest, illustrated here with two simulations that differ only in the initial abundance of the apex predator. (\nspecies at the top of the food chain, with no predators of its own. also called an alpha predator or top predator .\n). for example, apex predator recovery may require not just partial culling but rather the complete removal of the mesopredator if competition between the mesopredator and apex predator is strong and the apex predator exhibits little preference for consuming the mesopredator (ω < 0. 295). that is, without complete mesopredator removal, the mesopredator’s superior ability to exploit basal resources can permit it to preclude the apex predator’s reestablishment outright. at the other extreme, even a weak increase in the mesopredator’s death rate by the implementation of a culling program will decrease a recovered apex predator’s population size when exploitative competition is weak and the module is more like a food chain. indeed, for nearly all parameter values that allow the coexistence of all three species, a doubling of the mesopredator’s death rate (that is, culling) reduces the apex predator population’s size by almost half. only within a narrow window of the apex predator’s prey preference, wherein exploitative competition is strong but not strong enough to affect competitive exclusion (0. 295 > ω < 0. 31), is the culling of the mesopredator expected to lead to an increase in the population size of a recovering apex predator (\nmodule shape alters how an apex predator’s abundance will respond to the restoration of basal resources, as indicated by the contrast of low (solid lines) and high (dashed lines) resource carrying capacities (red lines, apex predator resource - only state; blue lines, three - species coexistence state) .\n), prey limitation is one of many hypothesized mechanisms constraining apex predator recovery. because food webs are often characterized by few strong and many weak interactions (\nhere, we explore four key aspects of apex predator recovery. in the first section, “apex predators live slow, range widely, and die fast, ” we focus on how apex predator life history characteristics offer insight into predator recoveries. in the second section, “ecosystem context and apex predator recovery, ” we focus on the importance of food and habitat limitation, behavior, and species interactions as drivers of predator recovery. in the third section, “when is as important as what: historical contingency and predator recovery, ” we discuss the integration of predators into assembly theory and emphasize the role of timing as a key driver in predator recovery. last, in the fourth section, “prescriptions for success? research gaps and ecosystem restoration, ” we emphasize how recovery pathways are not necessarily identical as pathways to decline (that is, hysteresis), discuss theoretical and empirical research gaps, and emphasize the need to consider social as well as ecological systems when seeking targets for apex predator recovery .\neach week, we examine the lives and behaviors of different predators. here are some fun facts about this past thursday' s apex predator spotlight: the wolf !\neach week, we examine the lives and behaviors of different predators. here are some fun facts about this past thursday' s apex predator spotlight: the coyote !\n). therefore, following the initial loss of an apex predator, it is important to know what appropriate initial starting densities of predators, as well as their competitors and prey, can be critical to the long - term success of a predator recovery program. for example, the existence of alternative states has been shown to be exacerbated if one or both of the apex predator and mesopredator consume one another’s juveniles (\neach week, we examine the lives and behaviors of different predators. here are some fun facts about this past thursday' s apex predator spotlight: the great blue heron !\na three - species lotka - volterra model of an intraguild predation (igp) module aids in illustrating a number of the concepts regarding the likelihood of success for apex predator recovery programs. this model highlights how the module and strengths of species interactions in which an apex predator is embedded can be important for anticipating the effects of (i) restoring resources (\nfig. s2. response of the equilibrium densities of the apex predator (p) and mesopredator (n) to increases in the resource’s carrying capacity (k) for stable equilibria in which all three species coexist (rnp), only the resource and mesopredator coexist (rn), and only the resource and the apex predator coexist (rp) .\n), will have the largest impact the more the community in which the apex predator is embedded reflects a module of exploitative competition. moreover, partial mesopredator culling increases recovered predator densities for only a narrow region of parameter space between exploitative competition and linear food chain extremes (\nsecond, we emphasized the importance of ecological context in driving variation in apex predator recovery dynamics. like primary producers, apex predators are embedded within a complex network of interacting species, where resources, competitors, and pathogens can affect population dynamics. the configuration of these community modules (\nnative americans used to kill massive numbers of buffalo by tricking the whole herd into running off of a cliff. that' s\napex predator\nlevels of lethality in my book .\ndr chris carbone studies predator - prey relationships for the zoological society of london, uk .\nmodule shape alters how apex predator density will respond to the culling of mesopredators, as indicated by the contrast of low (solid lines) and high (dashed lines) mesopredator mortality rates .\nwhen ω has intermediate values, increases in resource productivity benefit the apex predator’s abundance to the detriment of the mesopredator because the mesopredator’s competetive advantage becomes superseded by the predation pressure that it experiences from the apex predator. (a and b) a continuous gradient of predator’s prey preference (ω) (a) and discrete measures of apex predator equilibrium density for characteristic models, including exploitative competition, igp, and a food chain (b). for additional model details, see fig. s1 (baseline parameters here are as follows: ω = 0. 5, r = 1, e = 0. 1, a = 1, and α = 3) .\nhigh apex predator biomass on remote pacific islands charlotte stevenson, laure s. katz, fiorenza micheli, barbara block, kimberly w. heiman, chris perle, kevin weng, robert dunbar, jan witting\nare the respective intrinsic per capita death rates of the mesopredator and apex predator and are assumed to be equal. increases to δ may be interpreted as the culling of mesopredators by the removal of a constant fraction of individuals. the simplifying assumptions here offer clarity but could be readily modified in a given case study. just as for the well - studied igp models without an apex predator prey preference term (\nhow habitat can constrain predator recovery: “one hill can’t shelter two tigers. ”—c. elton, 1927\nin the natural world, predator populations decline when prey are reduced. technology helps humans trump this link\nfig. s1. table of equilibrium solutions for three - species lotka - volterra model of igp for the basal resource (r), the mesopredator (n), and the apex predator (p) .\nlike any species subjected to a recovery effort, predators experience constraints driven by a diverse configuration of prey, competitors, and natural enemies (including diseases and parasites). understanding apex predator dynamics in this light is made difficult by the fact that apex predators are embedded in a complex network of species interactions, with many apex predators being generalist consumers. whereas theory suggests that the dynamics of generalists may be described by simple single - species models when prey resources are readily abundant (\nabove, we demonstrated three major lessons in promoting successful apex predator recoveries. first, we argued that, relative to species lower on the food chain, some apex predators are likely to respond slowly to recovery efforts. apex predators exhibit slow life history characteristics, are particularly prone to human pressures, and can require large amounts of available resources and habitat before they can succeed (67). in the face of these numerous challenges, it is necessary (but not always sufficient: see third lesson below) to identify and counteract the initial driver (s) of the predator decline .\nby definition, an apex predator is any adult animal that has no natural predator within its ecosystem. that includes a long list of razor - clawed carnivores and creepy crawlies. but which critter is really the deadliest of them all? here are the 10 that make my short list for the baddest of the bad boys from around the world .\ncheetahs survive with larger predators by seeking areas with low predator densities (spatial segregation from predators and competitors) .\nhumans' status as a unique super - predator is laid bare in a new study published in science magazine .\nsee what it’s like to come face to face with some of north america’s deadliest animals on sportsman channel’s apex predator, thursday’s at 8: 00 ep. and be sure to join this week’s live tweet with @ remiwarren during the show .\nmany of the most iconic and charismatic species in the natural world are apex predators, yet they are also often embedded in controversy. apex predators (for example, whales, cougars, bears, wolves, sharks, and eagles) are consumers that kill their prey during or shortly following an attack, consume many prey over a lifetime, and are not eaten after reaching adult size (1). apex predators also evoke strong emotional responses in people, varying from wonder and amazement to fear and spite (2). because of the fundamental roles that apex predators can play in ecosystem functioning, disease regulation, and biodiversity maintenance, ecologists and conservation organizations have repeatedly sounded the alarm about local, regional, and global declines in apex predator (3) and large herbivore populations (4). consequently, efforts to recover predator populations that have experienced declines are increasingly widespread .\nmodel description. following mccann et al. (119), we illustrate the effects of module type by introducing an apex predator prey preference parameter ω to the basic igp model. this parameter controls the degree to which the system reflects two further well - studied community modules: the linear food chain (ω = 1, where no competition occurs among predators) (120, 121) and the exploitative competition module (ω = 0, where only competition occurs among predators) (122), in addition to the igp module (0 < ω < 1, wherein both competition and predation occur) (47, 56, 84, 118, 121). note that the prey preference parameter may differ substantially between terrestrial and marine apex predators, given that terrestrial apex predators are often highly specialized. for simplicity, we assume that the apex predator’s preference for a given type of resource is fixed rather than responding adaptively to changes in prey density. the population growth rates of the shared basal resource (r), the mesopredator predator (n), and the apex predator (p) are represented by the following three equations .\nthese modules are generic descriptions of common configurations of predator - prey interactions in the natural world (left), each of which corresponds to a predator recovery example (center) that has followed a restoration trajectory corresponding to the module (right) .\nthese findings suggest that apex predators’ suppressive effects on herbivores and mesopredators can have interactive effects on other species and should be considered in tandem in order to appreciate the extent of apex predators’ indirect effects. we caution, however, that controlled experiments are required to test these hypotheses .\nappreciating the context dependency of apex predator dynamics is particularly key where environmental conditions or resource extraction counteracts recovery efforts. there are an increasing number of examples of ecosystems in which critical thresholds (that is, tipping points) to less - preferred states have been crossed (\nthe third major lesson relates to a role for ecosystem history in evaluating effectiveness of alternative recovery strategies. the trajectory of an apex predator population recovery may depend closely on the way that predator was harvested, the density of predators, competitors, and resources when a recovery program begins, and the likelihood with which a degraded community / ecosystem becomes entrained by an alternative stable state (see below) .\ntrophic cascade theory, the mesopredator release hypothesis and previous field studies suggest that apex predators can function as ecosystem architects by propagating cascades of direct and indirect effects on species at lower trophic levels. indirect effects can arise if apex predators moderate the top - down effects of herbivores and mesopredators [\nwe are the apex predator. we' ve gone up to every other predator on this planet that we know of and decided\nhey, i want to kill that\nand we have done so. i mean, you could say face to face with a shark in its environment and we are fucked, while thruthful, put a shark in our environment and we just have to walk away and it dies .\ni guess it depends on how you define an apex predator. most people responding here seem to be defining it as an organism that doesn' t have any major predators. this seems to to describe humans, who are only rarely predated on and mostly succumb to disease or accidental death .\nrestoration goals often extend beyond a single apex predator species into the broader ecosystem and social - ecological system within which predators are embedded. from an ecosystem perspective, some predators may be considered keystone species that can maintain biodiversity, control disease, modify their ecosystem’s biogeochemistry, and provide resistance to invasion (\ngraham k. , beckerman a. p. , thirgood s. , human–predator–prey conflicts: ecological correlates, prey losses and patterns of management .\nwhile predators’ direct effects are readily observed, they can also propagate a myriad of indirect effects because species that interact with their herbivorous prey and mesopredators are likely to be affected by the removal or introduction of an apex predator [ 1, 8 ]. trophic cascade theory predicts that the suppression of apex predators’ effects will result in the irruption of herbivores and subsequent depletion of plant biomass [ 9 ]. a related concept, the mesopredator release hypothesis, predicts that the removal of apex predators leads to the irruption of mesopredators with concomitant declines in the abundances of their prey owing to elevated rates of predation by mesopredators [ 10 ]. despite the existence of theory and field studies showing that apex predators can influence ecosystem structure through a multitude of interaction pathways, most studies have considered apex predators’ effects on herbivores and mesopredators and associated ecological cascades in isolation [ 1 ]. few studies have considered how irruptions of herbivores and mesopredators could have interactive effects on other species [ 11 ]. consequently, our appreciation of the magnitude, complexity and extent of apex predators’ effects on ecosystems may not be fully realized .\n). this example serves to highlight the promise and complexity of using predator recoveries to achieve ecosystem - level and social - ecological goals. more than anything, it demonstrates that predator recoveries demand an evaluation of trade - offs, especially in light of the potential for human - wildlife conflict (\nour capacity to take these important lessons and use them to meet recovery goals for depleted apex predator populations requires understanding basic predator - prey assembly ecology. historically, consumer - resource interactions have been understudied in the context of restoration ecology (26), and in some cases, researchers who study trophic ecology choose to address basic biology questions and ignore more conservation - oriented research (75). therefore, increased communication between conservation practitioners and research biologists is necessary .\nsome efforts to recover apex predators have shown promising signs of sustained success. for example, gray wolves in the greater yellowstone ecosystem [ but see the study by berger\nthe wolf reintroduction was predicted to improve conditions for vegetation on the northern range, assuming that a simple food chain captured the most important dynamics in the ecosystem. at least for willows along small streams, the effects of wolf reintroduction have been limited because restoring the apex predator has not restored important feedbacks between willows and beavers required for tall willow communities. these plant communities demonstrate asymmetric effects of predator removal and reintroduction, which translates to nonlinear state transitions, and perhaps alternate stable states (marshall et al. , 2013). restoration of the predator has not yet equated to restoration of this part of the ecosystem .\nglobally, apex predators play a vital role in the functioning of ecosystems, and their importance has been underestimated because their effects often only become evident after they have been removed from ecosystems [ 1, 2 ]. apex predators typically have conspicuous effects on the populations and phenotypes of prey and smaller predators (mesopredators) that arise from direct killing and the fear they instil [ 3 – 5 ]. the disruption to species - interaction networks caused by the irruptions of herbivores and mesopredators that frequently accompanies the loss of apex predators can trigger regime shifts that result in the reorganization of species assemblages [ 2, 6 ] and has been identified as a key driver of biodiversity loss [ 1 ]. consequently, restoration of apex predator populations and the ecosystem services they provide has been highlighted as a critical imperative for the conservation of biodiversity [ 7 ] .\nin the parts of the ocean where sharks have been fished out of existence, we can see the dangerous result of removing the top predator from an ecosystem .\na keystone species is often, but not always, a predator. just a few predators can control the distribution and population of large numbers of prey species .\nin apex predator, host remi warren will bring us along on his quest to become a better hunter through learning directly from nature. along the way he meets with experts and professionals to learn about animals and their adaptations, designs tests and trials to emulate primal hunting tactics, and challenges himself to grueling and intense hunts - animal style .\nstudies of remote, pristine ecosystems demonstrate the positive impacts of the presence of sharks, including greater biodiversity, larger numbers of fish and healthier sea grass beds in areas with healthy populations of sharks as compared to similar systems in which the sharks have been overfished. (source: high apex predator biomass on remote pacific islands. stanford university )\neffects of losing top predators - predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. lenfest ocean program - a summary of new scientific analysis – heithaus, wirsing, worm 2008\nso when a predator targets that reproductive age class and especially the larger more fecund animals in those populations, we are dialling back the reproductive capacity of populations .\nlacking an apex predator, elk populations in yellowstone exploded. elk herds competed for food resources, and plants such as grasses, sedges, and reeds did not have time or space to grow. overgrazing influenced the populations of other species, such as fish, beaver, and songbirds. these animals rely on plants and their products—roots, flowers, wood, seeds—for survival .\nthe model indicates that, although the supplementation of a community’s resource base will increase an apex predator’s recovered population size regardless of the strength of the interactions in any module configuration, the magnitude of this effect will be least pronounced the more the community resembles a linear food chain. thus, efforts to increase the production rate of basal resources, a strategy practiced in plant restoration (\nlong - term declines in two apex predators, bull sharks (carcharhinus leucas) and alligator gar (atractosteus spatula) in lake pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary in se la. o’connell et al. 2007\ndisruption to species - interaction networks caused by irruptions of herbivores and mesopredators following extirpation of apex predators is a global driver of ecosystem reorganization and biodiversity loss. most studies of apex predators' ecological roles focus on effects arising from their interactions with herbivores or mesopredators in isolation, but rarely consider how the effects of herbivores and mesopredators interact. here, we provide evidence that multiple cascade pathways induced by lethal control of an apex predator, the dingo, drive unintended shifts in forest ecosystem structure. we compared mammal assemblages and understorey structure at seven sites in southern australia. each site comprised an area where dingoes were poisoned and an area without control. the effects of dingo control on mammals scaled with body size. activity of herbivorous macropods, arboreal mammals and a mesopredator, the red fox, were greater, but understorey vegetation sparser and abundances of small mammals lower, where dingoes were controlled. structural equation modelling suggested that both predation by foxes and depletion of understorey vegetation by macropods were related to small mammal decline at poisoned sites. our study suggests that apex predators’ suppressive effects on herbivores and mesopredators occur simultaneously and should be considered in tandem in order to appreciate the extent of apex predators’ indirect effects .\ncarnivore: an animal that feeds on another animal’s body tissue. synonymous with “predator” in this review. community module: a minimum realistic model describing groups of three or four interacting species .\nthis started a top - down trophic cascade in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. a trophic cascade describes changes in an ecosystem due to the addition or removal a predator. a top - down trophic cascade describes changes that result from the removal of an ecosystem’s top predator. (a bottom - up trophic cascade describes changes that result from the removal of a producer or primary consumer. )\ninspired by an iconic painting by george catlin, remi warren stalks buffalo in sonora, mexico disguised as a coyote. taking advantage of the buffalo’s inherent indifference toward coyotes, he attempts to sneak as close to the herd as possible on hands and knees without spooking them. if he manages to close in on a buffalo, he’ll take it down with a bow and arrow – apex predator - style .\nefforts to recover apex predators are implemented for a variety of reasons that span from the viability of particular populations, to ecosystem functioning, to the resilience of social - ecological systems. in the simplest situation, apex predator recovery is an end in itself. borrowing from language in the u. s. endangered species act (esa), a successful recovery consists of a sequence of four events in which the predator population (i) ceases to decline, (ii) stabilizes, (iii) increases, and finally, (iv) occurs at a level that is self - persistent [ u. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws), 2011 ]. moreover, considering the key role that apex predators can play in biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem function, full recovery may require not only persistence but also recovery to some level consistent with historical baseline abundances (5). thus, recovery is a broad term that can be achieved via a variety of mechanisms, including reintroduction and restocking (see glossary of terms in box 1) .\nefforts to recover predators seem to be unusual in that they frequently adapt a noninterventionist strategy by simply stopping or reducing hunting and assuming that the system will reequilibrate. exceptions often involve direct reintroductions, such as red kite and osprey in the uk, or peregrine in the united states; here, breeding programs and reintroductions, in a sense, circumvent the low maximal recruitment possibilities for many apex predators. but often, recovery simply involves dampening in imposed mortality regimes. for example, recovery of many marine mammals (30) has largely been attributed to reduced hunting, with little attention given to reestablishing the structure and function of systems within which marine mammals live. there are several lessons learned in plant - based ecological restoration that go beyond leave - it - to - nature, and may help to speed apex predator recovery and augment recovered predator population sizes .\nmore broadly, the growth and stability of reintroduced predator populations can vary depending on the timing of predator recruitment to a community. for example, predator recovery will likely have maximum success if prey are readily available early in their reintroduction. however, it has only recently become clear that colonization history also drives dynamics and stability of multiple trophic levels (66). for example, in a microcosm study, olito and fukami (66) showed that predators reached higher population abundance if they were introduced early during community assembly rather than late, as would at first seem more intuitive. in the context of conservation and management actions, these theoretical and empirical findings together underscore the importance of controlling putative competitor populations before predator recovery implementation, introducing high densities of predators relative to their competitors, and doing so earlier rather than later .\n), this model exhibits six possible steady - state equilibria (see fig. s1). our focus is on two of these: the case in which all three species coexist and the case in which only the apex predator and the resource coexist (with the mesopredator being unable to persist). for illustrative purposes, we restrict our focus to parameter values for which these equilibria exhibit stable dynamics (that is, re (λ\napex predators do not have natural predators of their own. mountain lions, polar bears, orcas and large sharks are all considered apex as they dont have to worry about another animal eating them. humans in general are trophic level 3 animals that primarily eat level 2 animals which is why a massive amount of human meat consumption in all areas of the world come from herbivores such as deer, swine, cattle, non - pradatory birds and low level fish .\nkeystone species are often predators, but not always apex predators. instead, they are usually secondary consumers. sea stars, while voracious predators of mussels and barnacles, for example, are a prey species for sea anemones and fishes .\nyesterday on apex predator, we aired our season finale save your breath: river otter at 8pm on the sportsman channel. in order to transform himself into an otter - like hunter, host remi warren was tasked with mastering the art of breath - hold spearfishing, and owner of abyss freediving and long - time llc / pfi freediver instructo r bill van deman acts as our coach and expert. he shares a bit of his story with us below :\n). apex predators that have not yet successfully recovered despite concerted conservation efforts are widespread across ecosystems (land, freshwater, or marine), taxonomic groups (for example, mammals and birds), and exploitation status. in addition, there are several cases in which a focal predator has recovered successfully in one location (for example, sea otters in central california) but not in another (for example, sea otters in western alaska). although\nthe future of apex predator restoration will therefore require compromise among multiple stakeholders who have different ideas for what successful restoration will mean (43). although this may generate some conflicts among stakeholders, there are also glimmers of hope for creative solutions that allow the persistence of higher predator densities while avoiding human - wildlife conflict. for example, can et al. (82) developed a toolbox for minimizing conflict between humans and bears, and bruskotter and wilson (83) recently called on psychological theory to generate tolerance for predator recoveries (for example, through increased signage to avoid dangers and increased education about the benefits of large carnivores). the dynamic nature of food webs and the dynamic social preferences for the definition of ecosystem health highlight the need to identify common and conflicting goals of restoration, define ecosystem and social goals, and develop policies that adapt to constantly changing social - ecological systems .\n) may make it difficult to forecast on the time scale of predator recovery; therefore, it may be more beneficial to consider a suite of potential modules and evaluate recovery strategies by integrating over different modules (for example, adding an invasive species and culling a mesopredator). from a practical perspective, defining community modules involves a variety of tactics, including gut content studies and scat samples, to discern predator diet preference, diet flexibility, and foraging behavior. although certainly challenging, new tools that combine laboratory studies and field observations point to the possibility of quantifying the various aspects of predator foraging behavior in the wild [ for example, wootton and emmerson (\n, we focus on the former approach and explore a three - species food web model to consider how different module configurations—ranging from an exploitative competition model, to an igp module, to a linear food chain—can alter the anticipated recovery of apex predators .\nif you' ve ever read any other web serials, you might' ve noticed that authors get better with time (that is, their art or writing improves). this is also the case with apex predator. the first two parts (ranging just under 30 chapters, or 161 pages) are absolutely subpar. while i have edited them as of 7 - 10 - 18, they require a rewrite, which is currently in the works but not complete .\nmay be we should ask the question as\nare 21st century humans considered apex predators ?\n. i think 75% of all humankind would greatly suffer or even die in wild (54% of world reside in urban areas for example) .\n). rather than trying to capture the full suite of ecological interactions within a predator’s ecosystem, these modules provide a practical way to narrow the universe of potential influences on a predator’s recovery while going beyond the restricted perspective of resource or habitat limitation alone. for example, modules can focus solely on strongly interacting species within a food web or alternatively can offer a way to simplify a food web by modeling multiple species of similar life history traits as a single node. in\nagree with / u / tookis17 that from a biological standpoint humans are apex predators. it basically means top of the food chain so if you want to argue against it then you have to describe another species as higher in this chain than humans. hypothetically .\nbald and white - tailed eagles were either directly removed or negatively affected by pesticides until the latter half of the 20th century. since then, populations have recovered worldwide, to the point that these apex predators are having some worrying effects further down the food chain .\ndirectly hostile human activities can exacerbate the negative effects of slow life history strategies on predator recovery time. continued (over -) exploitation is perhaps the most substantive of these activities [ reviewed by duffy (18) ], but other direct and indirect human influences can also play a role. strong exploitation and poaching often continue during recovery efforts because the predators are themselves valuable (17, 19). for example, tigers are at risk of extinction due to intentional human impacts because of their lucrative commercial value in some asian medicines (20). in other cases, apex predators are considered to be a threat to valuable species. for example, unexploited shark and wolf populations have been considered threats to wildlife, fisheries, and livestock, often being killed by poachers [ for example, holdo et al. (21) ] and, in some cases, even by the agencies mandated to protect them (22). given low potential recruitment rates, such imposed extra mortality can greatly hamper apex predator recovery .\n). as noted above, different initial species abundances can promote dynamics, leading to different states of the system even when environmental conditions themselves remain unchanged. the hysteresis associated with the presence of these alternative stable states involving predator - prey interactions (\nour study has implications for the management of forest ecosystems, because it provides evidence that ecological cascades induced by the lethal control of an apex predator can produce unintended shifts in the composition of species assemblages and vegetation structure. in the forests of southeastern australia, where this study was undertaken, the control of dingo populations is associated with the reorganization of mammal assemblages whereby relatively large - bodied species, such as macropods and red foxes, and arboreal mammals benefit from dingo control while small - bodied terrestrial mammal species decline in abundance .\non a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the score of a primary producer (a plant) and 5 being a pure apex predator (a animal that only eats meat and has few or no predators of its own, like a tiger, crocodile or boa constrictor), they found that based on diet, humans score a 2. 21—roughly equal to an anchovy or pig. their findings confirm common sense: we' re omnivores, eating a mix of plants and animals, rather than top - level predators that only consume meat .\nhowever, i' ve always thought of\napex predator\nas a trophic term for an organism that feeds on higher trophic levels and therefore has very low density and contributes little biomass to the ecosystem. this obviously doesn' t describe humans since we get most of our energy directly from plant sources (with almost all of the rest coming from primary consumers) and we make up a relatively high proportion of the biomass in our ranges. trophically and ecologically, humans are still much more similar to the scavenger guild, which is what we were historically .\ndeclines in large shark populations on the east coast of the us led to the collapse of north carolina' s century - old bay scallop fishery. (source: cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean - ransom a. myers - dalhousie university - 2007) .\npredicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. a summary of new scientific analysis: heithaus, m. r, frid, a. , wirsing, a. j and worm, b. 2008. trends in ecology and evolution 23 (4): 202–210 .\nfurthermore, it is inevitable that we will develop insights into how to reconstruct intact communities by gaining a deeper understanding of the role of predators in community assembly and succession theory (62, 66, 76, 77). in the past, assembly models have either ignored predators or explored the effects of predation as an exogenous force on prey communities. just like prey, predators experience variable population and community dynamics due to stochastic colonization, and this variability in colonization is essentially mimicked, intentionally or not, in a restoration program. ecologists are only at the early stages of understanding the role of predator - prey interactions in driving assembly theory. predator reintroduction programs offer ideal opportunities to learn more about basic predator - prey assembly ecology by conducting mensurative studies that would otherwise be too difficult to conduct at large spatial scales .\nin restoration aimed primarily at primary producers, ecologists have advocated for an appreciation of species traits, and the ecological processes that affect ecosystem structure and function in the development of restoration strategies (26). a number of ecological processes (for example, dispersal, resource limitation, competition, predation, and mutualism) and traits (for example, life histories, drought tolerance, and herbivore resistance) have been acknowledged and manipulated to facilitate recovery success [ reviewed by young et al. (26) ]. for example, plant restoration often involves seed additions and the use of cages over seeds and seedlings to combat recruitment limitation and seed predation. predator recoveries similarly rely on a suite of ecological processes influenced by a variety of species interactions, but this has not been formally considered in many restoration attempts. apex predator restoration differs from restoration of lower trophic levels because predators as individuals tend to have greater food resource needs, larger habitat requirements, and different behavioral responses to environmental change than their prey. in addition, and also in contrast to plant restoration ecology, the community context for a predator tends to be usefully conceptualized around trophic interactions first and foremost .\nthe human species really is unlike any other predator on the planet, especially when it comes to our choice of prey. across the animal world, predators focus their efforts on juveniles. humans, by contrast, are far more likely to be killing big strapping adults, particularly among carnivores on land and fish in the ocean .\nas illustrated through these examples, community modules can be used to calibrate qualitative expectations for the recovery of a focal predator population. just as in plant - based ecological restoration, predator recovery efforts that focus on restoring key ecological processes—including species interactions—are likely to be those that meet with the greatest success. of course, identification of the community module that best characterizes a predator and its ecosystem may be difficult at the outset of a recovery effort. additionally, the results of short - term recovery efforts likely represent transient dynamics and may differ from equilibrium expectations (55). furthermore, the structure of community modules and the strength of the interactions embedded within them can change with environmental context and the loss or introduction of new species (56) and can depend crucially on the details of population structure (for example, size - dependent predation) (53). thus, conservation and management structures are likely to meet with greater success if they are shaped by the idea that the conceptualization of a community module will require modification over time (57) .\nhumans are the ultimate apex predator—faster and faster, our activities are causing species around us to disappear. for a thousand reasons, we need to learn to become responsible citizens of the earth. but unfortunately, it’s proven extremely hard to muster the resources and the collective will to change how we live. changing that reality is essential. nevertheless—though it pains me to say it—as a stop - gap measure, we ought to consider using genome - sequencing technology to create an archive of the genomes of all living things. such an archive would aid conservation efforts, and may allow us to bring back species that have gone extinct. the effort would probably cost about as much as the original human genome project—it’s doable, and we should do it .\n) provides support for the hypothesis that the negative responses of vegetation structural density, small mammals and bandicoots to dingo control were indirect effects of predator suppression and that these effects occur simultaneously. specifically, our sem provided support for the following hypotheses. (i) predation by dingoes reduced macropod grazing activity, which in turn simplifies the structure of understorey vegetation [\none way to advance knowledge of the role of large predators is to use ‘natural experiments’ whereby the abundance of apex predators vary in time or space in otherwise similar landscapes [ 4, 6, 16 ]. if properly conducted, such studies can provide valuable insights into ecological processes at spatial and temporal scales that cannot be achieved through experimentation. in the forested landscapes of southeastern australia, the existence of long - term eradication programmes that aim to reduce the impacts of australia' s largest terrestrial predator, the dingo (canis dingo, also known as wild dog; 12–22 kg), on livestock provides the opportunity to conduct a ‘large - scale’ natural experiment to examine the role that apex predators have in structuring ecosystems. in eastern new south wales, dingo populations are controlled in many but not all conservation reserves by distributing baits impregnated with the toxin sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080) [ 17 ]. this variation in the intensity of dingo control thus permits comparisons to be made of ecosystem attributes in nearby ecosystems where dingoes are common and rare, respectively. in this context, the term ‘dingo’ refers to both dingoes and dingo–domestic dog (canis familiaris) hybrids [ 11 ] .\ni could have just as easily chosen the deadly taipan from australia here, as they are the most feared land predator down under. and the eastern diamondback, with its neurotoxic venom, has sent numerous victims to a painful exit here in north america. but i have had first - hand experience with the mamba (dendroaspis polylepis), so he tops my list .\nthe entire concept of keystone species was founded on research surrounding the influence of a marine predator on its environment. american zoology professor robert t. paine' s research showed that removing a single species, the pisaster ochraceus sea star, from a tidal plain on tatoosh island in the u. s. state of washington, had a huge effect on the ecosystem. pisaster ochraceus, commonly known as purple sea stars, are a major predator of mussels and barnacles on tatoosh island. with the sea stars gone, mussels took over the area and crowded out other species, including benthic algae that supported communities of sea snails, limpets, and bivalves. lacking a keystone species, the tidal plain’s biodiversity was cut in half within a year .\nyes. the fact that we are\nweak\nwithout tools does not negate the fact that we have the ability to think about and make those tools. it' s the intelligence that makes humans apex predators. the tools that make us physically threatening are a result of what made us threatening even before we had refined our understanding of nature to the point that we could make stuff like thermonuclear weapons .\nanother example of a predator acting as a keystone species is the presence of gray wolves in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye) is an enormous and diverse temperate ecosystem stretching across the boundaries of the u. s. states of montana, wyoming, and idaho. the gye includes active geothermal basins, mountains, forests, meadow s, and freshwater habitats .\nwhile it’s good novel fun to strip homo sapiens of its illegitimate title of apex predator, the purpose of the study wasn’t just to provide scientists with another opportunity to correct laypeople in conversation. calculating the human trophic level (htl) allows us to better understand our species’ impact on ecosystems and the planet’s resources. all the plants in the world can only produce so much energy (aka food), and some of this energy is lost at each stage as it travels through the food web. in terms of efficiency, more plants are required to provide a population with an all cow diet than with an all plant diet. an all bengal tiger diet would, of course, be even more energetically costly (plus they’re endangered, you monster, can’t you just accept your 2. 21 and move on? )\ninsights into how to enable successful apex predator recovery may be grounded in the lessons learned from ecological restoration practices focused on lower trophic levels, especially plants [ reviewed by young et al. (26) ]. the approaches used in ecological restoration fall broadly into three categories, including (i) the noninterventionist, leave - it - to - nature strategy [ that is, succession (27) ]; (ii) the structure - begets - function or “if you build it they will come” (also known as field - of - dreams) strategy (28); and (iii) the ecosystem function or process - based strategy (29). modern - day restoration tends to blend elements of strategies (ii) and (iii), often seeking reestablishment of both ecosystem structure and function to achieve restoration of particular species or communities .\npredators as prey: why healthy oceans need sharks griffin, e. , miller, k. l. , freitas, b. and hirshfield, m. july 2008 fish conservation: a guide to understanding & restoring global aquatic biodiversity & fishery resources - helfman, 2007 cascading top - down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances journal of animal ecology. vol. 78. p. 699. baum & worm. 2009 .\nthe new study got its start back in the 1970s, when thomas reimchen of the university of victoria was studying predator - prey interactions in a remote canadian lake. there, 22 species of trout, loons and other predators fed on stickleback fish. despite the number of predators, the stickleback population remained steady. this was because the predators overwhelming consumed fry, juveniles and sub - adults, eating only 5 percent of the reproductively valuable adults each year .\nwolves hunt by chasing their prey as a pack. remi enlists his brother jason and apex crew members dan doty and dom savio to hunt elk in montana as a wolf pack. together, they will attempt to run down and cut off a spooked herd of elk with the hopes of putting remi into bow range. in order to do this, he’ll have to train to increase his lung capacity, slow his heart rate, and be able to run uphill in high elevations with both speed and endurance." ]

{ "text": [ "an apex predator , also known as an alpha predator or apical predator , is a predator residing at the top of a food chain upon which no other creatures prey .", "apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics , meaning that apex-predator species occupy the highest trophic level or levels and play a crucial role in maintaining the health of their ecosystems .", "one study of marine food webs defined apex predators as greater than trophic level four .", "the apex predator concept is commonly applied in wildlife management , conservation and ecotourism .", "food chains are often far shorter on land , with their apices usually limited to the third trophic level – for example , giant constrictor snakes , crocodilians , hyenas , wolves or big cats preying mostly upon large herbivores .", "apex predators do not need to be hypercarnivores . " ], "topic": [ 10, 25, 12, 10, 4, 10 ] }

[ "an apex predator, also known as an alpha predator or apical predator, is a predator residing at the top of a food chain upon which no other creatures prey. apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics, meaning that apex-predator species occupy the highest trophic level or levels and play a crucial role in maintaining the health of their ecosystems. one study of marine food webs defined apex predators as greater than trophic level four. the apex predator concept is commonly applied in wildlife management, conservation and ecotourism. food chains are often far shorter on land, with their apices usually limited to the third trophic level – for example, giant constrictor snakes, crocodilians, hyenas, wolves or big cats preying mostly upon large herbivores. apex predators do not need to be hypercarnivores." ]

[ "it is an upland species, generally not found in lowland habitats, where it appears to be replaced by malapterurus beninensis. this species is benthopelagic .\nmalapterurus: from the greek malakos, meaning soft, pteron, meaning fin and oura, meaning tail; presumably in reference to the adipose fin, which appears all the more prominent in the absence of the rayed dorsal fin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\njustification: the species is widespread within the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\na lower guinea endemic reported only from the ivindo river (ogowe river drainage), and the nyanga river and kouilou - niari system. it has not been verified from the upper (southern) ogowe river. a single specimen has been recorded in pool malebo (stanley pool), but this record is considered questionable. (norris 2002) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, mala = a lot of + greek, pteron = fin + greek, oura = tail (ref. 45335 )\nthe specific epithet is geographic referring to the ogowe (ogôoué) river where the types originated (ref. 44050 )\nafrica: ogôoué basin, nyanga river and kouilou - niari system (cameroon to republic of congo) (ref. 44050, 81645) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 21. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 44050); 20. 0 cm sl (female )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 8 - 10; vertebrae: 38 - 40. diagnosis: tooth patches narrow; vertically based pectoral fin positioned near body mid - depth; 6 - 7 branched caudal - fin rays; 8 (rarely 7 or 9) pectoral - fin rays; 3 ventral unbranched caudal - fin rays (ref. 44050). dorsum, flank and head unspotted; caudal saddle and bar pattern intensely expressed with wide, dark and well defined saddle that extends onto the anal fin, with no interruption between saddle and anal - fin pigment fields (ref. 44050, 81645) (in all other species with a caudal saddle there is a clear break in pigment between the saddle and the anal fin pigmentation) (ref. 44050). venter unpigmented; 38 - 40 vertebrae (ref. 44050, 81645). 4 - 14 gill - rakers (ref. 44050) .\nan upland species, generally not found in lowland habitats, where it appears to be replaced by m. beninensis (ref. 81645) .\nnorris, s. m. , 2002. a revision of the african electric catfishes, family malapteruridae (teleostei, siluriformes), with erection of a new genus and descriptions of fourteen new species, and an annotated bibliography. ann. mus. r. afr. centr. , sci. zool. , 289: 1 - 155. (ref. 44050 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n179mm or 7\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nbulletin de la société philomathique de paris (7th série) v. 3, pp99 [ 10 ] .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use." ]

{ "text": [ "malapterurus oguensis is a species of electric catfish native to cameroon , the republic of the congo and gabon .", "this species grows to a length of 21.5 centimetres ( 8.5 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0 ] }

[ "malapterurus oguensis is a species of electric catfish native to cameroon, the republic of the congo and gabon. this species grows to a length of 21.5 centimetres (8.5 in) sl." ]

[ "the armenian whiskered bat (myotis hajastanicus), also known as the hajastan myotis or the armenian myotis, is a species of bat from the family vespertilionidae .\nresearch, conservation and habitat protection of armenian whiskered bat (myotis hajastanicus). mapping, counting and area sustainable protection\nthe armenian whiskered bat, myotis hajastanicus, is assumed to represent an independent species with an exceptionally small distribution range that is restricted to the basin of lake sevan in the southern caucasus. the species has not... more\nthe western rhodopes mountains contain great bat diversity but the number of studies from the region is still low. this article demonstrates the importance of lednitsata and forgovskata dupka caves for the forest - dwelling bat species... . more\nbat diversity in lednitsata and forgovskata dupka caves: two potentially important swarming sites in the western rhodopes mts. , bulgaria\nafter the completion of the project the breeding area and close range of habitat of the armenian whiskered bat will be under constant protection. this will enable to continue researches and identify the population growth dynamics during annual researches on stable basis. it will be worked towards involvement of local authorities to directly contribute to the species protection by several protection means. the area and species will serve as a perfect spot for biology / zoology students and researchers for the species protection. latter will actively be implemented to attract growing professionals and researchers to the protected area for monitoring / research and education .\nthe western rhodopes mountains contain great bat diversity but the number of studies from the region is still low. this article demonstrates the importance of lednitsata and forgovskata dupka caves for the forest - dwelling bat species. moreover, myotis alcathoe was established within the bulgarian part of the mountain for the first time. lednitsata cave was found to be important swarming site, especially for m. emarginatus and plecotus auritus. the bat species reported from the forgovskata dupka cave highlight its importance as a day roost and also showed its potential for swarming site .\nlurë mountain is located in the region of diber, east albania. the aims of the expedition were exploration, mapping and biospeleogical study of the sopanik cave, loshnesh cave and russit cave. in soponik cave three bat species were... more\nthe iucn doesn' t usually certify a species as officially extinct until a thorough search has been conducted, so probably some of the 23 bat species listed by them as\ncritically endangered\nhave gone extinct since someone last went to check on them .\nafter reading iucn' s descriptions, i think the\nmost endangered\none is probably lamotte' s roundleaf bat. six individuals were known in 2004, living in caves on nimba mountain, threatened both by hunters looking for bats to eat and miners looking for iron ore .\npopulation size unknown, the species is known only from five sites, probably of records from nursery colonies (no male individuals have yet been recorded). there are no proved records since 1980s. there have been 2 surveys, although effort was only three days in one case, a second survey in 2003 specifically for this bat did not find the species (k. tsytsulina pers. comm. 2008) - it might be extinct. only thirty specimens are in museum collections .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nformerly included in myotis mystacinus; it was differentiated on the base of morphologic comparison (benda and tsytsulina 2000, tsytsulina 2000) .\nhutson, a. m. , racey, p. a. (chiroptera red list authority) & temple, h. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: the species is only known from a very restricted area. there are no records since 1980s despite two surveys. the species might be extinct. assessed as critically endangered (cr); further surveys are urgently required to determine whether the species persists .\nrare species, endemic of the basin of the sevan lake, armenia (ca. 4000 sq. km, above 1800 m a. s. l .) .\nonly females have been found. unknown, habitats may be similar to m. aurascens, including forest, scrub and roosts in underground sites .\npoorly known species with very restricted range and which requires legal protection and a conservation management plan. research on status, ecology, threats and conservation measures is needed. public awareness campaigns may also be valuable .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthe species lacks of research and publications, and the major information available is the approximate habitat to be at the central northern part of armenia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe overall importance of the project is additionally supported by regional environmental status being listed as one of the 34 biodiversity hotpots by conservation international. however, as species and its habitat have gone out of the attention of wwf caucasus ecoregion conservation plan (2010, rev. 2012), additional conservation projects / means are required to correctly monitor / research and review the species status .\nodor - control, lightweight, dust - free, non - clumping, plus built - in health monitoring .\nthe feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future .\nthis new site reveals so much more. enter a name and state to begin .\nif the species name in the table is formatted as a link, then there is a case study available to view for that project. otherwise the project manager has not yet published their project .\n© mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013, all rights reserved. website by intex digital\nthis report details the expedition carried out by members and friends of bulgarian caving society collaboration with the members of kosovo institute for nature conservation (kinp). the aim of the expedition was the exploration of... more\nthis report details the expedition carried out by members and friends of bulgarian caving society collaboration with the members of kosovo institute for nature conservation (kinp). the aim of the expedition was the exploration of caves in the vicinity of zatriq vill located at akovan mt. six speleologists from bulgaria and two from kosovo took part in the expedition carried between 9 and 13th april 2017. during the expedition 5 caves with total length of 199. 72 m and depth of 99. 72 m were studied and mapped. shpella (cave) banuar (gërgavica) next to zatric village was the longest cave explored by the team. its length was measured to be 92. 97 m. rich cave - dwelling fauna was collected from all of the caves .\nthe myotis mystacinus species group is represented by two morphotypes within the palearctic region: a larger form described as m. davidii in the east and a smaller form, m. mystacinus, in the west. we used a novel approach and conducted... more\nnineteen million, four hundred and twenty - nine thousand, eight hundred and eighty - six researchers use this site every month. ads help cover our server costs .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nforest interior insectivorous bats on elevational gradients: response to forest structure, species richness pattern and conservation of the vulnerable h. curtus" ]

{ "text": [ "the armenian whiskered bat ( myotis hajastanicus ) , also known as the hajastan myotis or the armenian myotis , is a species of bat from the family vespertilionidae .", "the armenian whiskered bat was formerly included as a part of the whiskered bat , but was considered distinct in 2000 as a result of morphologic comparison . " ], "topic": [ 29, 25 ] }

[ "the armenian whiskered bat (myotis hajastanicus), also known as the hajastan myotis or the armenian myotis, is a species of bat from the family vespertilionidae. the armenian whiskered bat was formerly included as a part of the whiskered bat, but was considered distinct in 2000 as a result of morphologic comparison." ]

[ "digital download bird image' gray - barred wren' vintage printable for collages, wall art, cards, invites, digital scrapbooking ...\n1800s vintage illustration - grey barred wren bird - dictionary art print - book page art no. p201\nthe gray - barred wren is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50, 000 - 499, 999 individuals (a. panjabi in litt. 2008). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nit is an endemic species of mexico. it distributed in neovolcanic axis, from jalisco to western puebla, disjunctly from western veracruz to northern oaxaca .\nit is a resident species, common to uncommon (uncommon in veracruz to 1500 m asl) in their range (78, 000 km2) .\ninhabits between 2100 and 3000 m asl, in humid to semiarid conifer and pine - oak forest and edge .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests habitat\nand\npinus pseudostrobus lindl .\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests habitat\nand\npinus devoniana lindl .\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests habitat\nand\npinus strobus var. chiapensis martínez\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests habitat\nand\npinus lawsonii roezl ex gordon\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests habitat\nand\npinus ayacahuite ehrenb. ex schltdl .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbeginning of a dialog window, including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account. both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts. escape will close this window .\nby clicking register, you agree to etsy' s terms of use and privacy policy. etsy may send you communications; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nyou' ve already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven' t confirmed your address. register to confirm your address .\nset where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page. hit esc to close, enter to select the first result .\n? well you' re in luck, because here they come. there are\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists' union' s\nlist of the 2, 037 bird species (with scientific and english names) known from the a. o. u. check - list area\n( aou check - list, 7th edition, updated with supplements 42 - 46), maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 02. 04, website (version 04 - feb - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "the gray-barred wren ( campylorhynchus megalopterus ) is a species of bird in the family troglodytidae .", "it is endemic to mexico .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 24 ] }

[ "the gray-barred wren (campylorhynchus megalopterus) is a species of bird in the family troglodytidae. it is endemic to mexico. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests." ]

[ "fimbriotorpedo fuscomaculata, fimbriotorpedo smithii, narcacion fuscomaculatus, narcacion polleni, narcobatus smithi, torpedo cf. fuscomaculata, torpedo polleni, torpedo smithii, torpedo (torpedo) fuscomaculata, torpedo (torpedo) polleni\nblackspotted torpedo ray (torpedo fuscomaculata) stock photo, picture and royalty free image. image 4170444 .\ninformation on the blackspotted torpedo is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - blackspotted torpedo (torpedo fuscomaculata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - blackspotted torpedo (torpedo fuscomaculata )\ntitle =\narkive species - blackspotted torpedo (torpedo fuscomaculata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo\ntitle =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo, dorsal view\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo, dorsal view\ntitle =\narkive photo - blackspotted torpedo, dorsal view\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - leopard torpedo (torpedo panthera )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - leopard torpedo (torpedo panthera )\ntitle =\narkive species - leopard torpedo (torpedo panthera )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - gulf torpedo (torpedo sinuspersici )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - gulf torpedo (torpedo sinuspersici )\ntitle =\narkive species - gulf torpedo (torpedo sinuspersici )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nabdel - aziz, s. h. 1994. observations on the biology of the common torpedo (torpedo torpedo, linnaeus, 1758) and marbled electric ray (torpedo marmorata, risso, 1810) from egyptian mediterranean waters. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 45 (4): 693 - 704 .\nthis species is sometimes called spotted electric ray, which has resulted in confusion between this species and the blackspotted electric ray (t. foscomaculata) .\nthis species is sometimes called spotted electric ray, which has resulted in confusion between this species and the blackspotted electric ray (t. foscomaculata) .\nthe spotted torpedo ray is found throughout shallow continental shelf waters of the mediterranean sea (whitehead et al. 1984) .\nduring a dive in the huvadhoo atoll, maldives i saw something in the distance i turned on the camera and filmed this blackspotted torpedo (torpedo fuscomaculata) looking for a resting spot. he let me get up close enough for this nice video. but you have to aproach with caution since his defence is a heavy punch in form of an electric shock with 230v and 30a. find out more abut this electric ray and many other fish on urltoken\nthe greatest threat to the leopard torpedo is thought to be by - catch. areas of the leopard torpedo’s distribution are heavily fished, in particular with shrimp trawls, and species that dwell on the ocean bottom are particularly vulnerable to being captured in fishing trawls. it is presumed that when accidentally captured, the leopard torpedo is thrown back into the water, but whether many survive this ordeal is unknown. a lack of data means that it is not known whether leopard torpedo numbers have already decreased due to by - catch, but with shrimp trawl fisheries unlikely to lessen or stop in the future, a decline in leopard torpedo populations seems likely (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - gulf torpedo lying on reef\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - gulf torpedo lying on reef\ntitle =\narkive photo - gulf torpedo lying on reef\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrarely utilised. historically, in adriatic sea, torpedo marmorata was sold smoked although its meat was of the lowest commercial value (ninni 1912) .\nlast month i went to kenya for diving. during one dive, i took a picture of what i believe is a blackspotted torpedo ray. it was only when i looked at the pictures on my notebook at home that i realized there was a nudibranch on top of the torpedo ray. i have tried to find out what nudibranch it is, but as i am no expert in this field, i did not find it neither in one of my books, nor in the internet. but searching the www, i happened to find your site, and maybe you can help me. unfortunately, i do not have a larger picture, because i used a wide angle lens .\nthe gulf torpedo is a slow - swimming fish that (6), unlike many skates and rays, does not propel itself with wave - like undulations of the pectoral fins, but swims by shark - like movements of the tail fin (5). resting frequently upon the muddy or sandy floor of its ocean habitat, it feeds on fish and invertebrates that are found there. the gulf torpedo uses its electric shock organs to stun its chosen victim, and then uses its flexible pectoral fins to guide the prey into its mouth. the jaws and mouth of the gulf torpedo can be opened incredibly wide to allow them to swallow very large prey (6). the torpedo’s electric organs are also an effective means of defence against potential predators, such as sharks and octopuses (6) .\nde carvalho, m. r. , stehmann, m. f. w. and manilo, l. g. (2002) torpedo adenensis, a new species of electric ray from the gulf of aden, with comments on nominal species of torpedo from the western indian ocean, arabian sea, and adjacent area (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: torpedinidae). american museum novitates, 3369: 1 - 34 .\nthe species is not thought to be exploited or traded commercially. historically, the spotted torpedo ray was sold smoked in adriatic sea, although its meat was of the lowest commercial value (ninni 1912) .\n( of torpedo smithii günther, 1870) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlocality: near mombasa, kenya, indian ocean. depth: about 12 metres. length: about 20 mm. 18 november 2005. coral reef, on top of a torpedo ray. photographer: frank hoefken\n( of torpedo polleni (bleeker, 1865) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe leopard torpedo is an ovoviviparous fish (6), meaning that the young develop inside a weakly - formed egg shell within the adult female, receiving nourishment from their yolk sac. the young hatch inside the female and are then ‘born’ live (7). sexual maturity is believed to be reached before the leopard torpedo reaches a length of 28. 1 centimetres (3), but nothing else is known about the biology of this fish .\nthere are apparently many undescribed species of torpedo ray in the western indian ocean. taxonomic resolution of this group may prove that distributions of this group, including t. fuscomaculata, are in fact very restricted (compagno and human 2003) .\nbefore any conservation measures can be implemented, further data are clearly needed. clarifying the leopard torpedo’s distribution, and determining the extent to which it is threatened by shrimp trawling, would help establish how threatened this species is (1) .\nmellinger, j. 1971. croissance et reproduction de la torpille (torpedo marmorata). i. introduction écologie, croissance générale et dimorphisme sexuel, cycle, fécondité. bull. biol. fr. belgique 105: 165 - 218 .\nthe leopard torpedo occurs in the indian ocean, where it is thought to be distributed from the red sea, through the gulf of aden, to the arabian sea and the gulf of oman, to the bay of bengal (1) (3) .\nwithin its marine habitat, the leopard torpedo is known to occur in very shallow water and down to a depth of 110 metres, over muddy or sandy bottoms (2). their flattened body is an adaptation to life on the sea bed (5) .\nthe gulf torpedo may be threatened by their susceptibility to capture in trawl fisheries, where they are then discarded as by - catch. in addition, habitat degradation as a result of damaging human activities could be impacting this species in parts of its range (1) .\ncapapé, c. 1979. the marble ray, torpedo marmorata risso 1810 (pisces, rajiformes) of the tunisian coasts: new data on ecology and biology of reproduction of the species with a comparison between mediterranean and atlantic populations. ann. sci. nat. zool. , biol. anim. 1 (2): 79 - 97 .\nno species - specific measures are in place. precautionary conservation measures should include the live release of individuals caught, improved monitoring of fisheries bycatch, identification of important nursery areas, and the establishment of protected areas for such demersal species. research is also required on population size, trends, and capture in fisheries throughout the spotted torpedo ray' s range .\n) (bini 1967). the medits trawl survey covers the north mediterranean coast almost continuously from western morocco and spain in the west mediterranean to the aegean sea in the eastern mediterranean. a total of 6, 336 tows were performed during 1994 - 1999 in depths ranging from 10 - 800 m. torpedo marmorata occurred in 317 of 6, 336 hauls (baino\nthe spotted torpedo ray is not commercially fished, but it is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, coastal trammel nets, and bottom longlines; it is usually discarded at sea due to its low commercial value (minervini et al. 1985). as a result of this discarding and the grouping of landings data with other rays, little information is available on the catch of this species .\nit is possible that the gulf torpedo may in fact be a group of many species, each with a much more restricted distribution (1), and therefore a greater vulnerability to the threats of by - catch and habitat degradation. it is important to research this issue further, along with efforts to monitor its capture in fisheries to determine the extent to which it may be threatened (1) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncurrently recorded from south africa, east of cape algulhas, and ranging eastwards and northwards into at least southern mozambique. it is also reported from many western indian ocean islands, however, these records are likely to be of undescribed similar species (compagno et al. 1989, compagno and human 2003) .\ninhabits estuaries and the intertidal zone down to 439 m, also found in sandy areas near deep rocky reefs. grows to 64 cm total length (tl). young are born in summer (compagno et al. 1989). there are anecdotal reports of this species penetrating inland up rivers and estuary systems that have recently increased in salinity in the eastern cape, south africa. for example, this species has been positively identified in the kariega estuary, about 2 km from the coast, with water salinity around 35 ppt (b. human, pers. comm. 2004). the causes of the increased salinity are unknown .\ncaught as bycatch by inshore trawlers and inshore anglers. also found in estuarine and intertidal zone, so local populations might decrease due to coastal developments. fishing pressure needs to be monitored. it is also likely that the range of this species may decrease significantly when the taxonomy of this genus is better known .\nmonitoring, abundance estimates and collection of basic biological data is urgently needed, as is taxonomic resolution of the group in the western indian .\npheeha, s. (ssg subequatorial africa regional workshop, september 2003). 2004 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine; brackish; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 439 m (ref. 11228). tropical; - 40°s\nwestern indian ocean: from south africa to zanzibar and possibly as far north as the kenyan coast. (ref. 83892). possibly occurring off smaller islands in the indian ocean but identity of specimens uncertain and need verification (ref. 5578) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 64. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2712 )\nlarge ray with a small caudal fin and small papillae around the spiracles (ref. 5578). dull grey above with variable markings, often in the form of dark lines or large spots; white below (ref. 5578) .\ninhabits estuaries and intertidal zone down to 439 m (ref. 5578). found in sandy areas near deep rocky reefs (ref. 2712). feeds on fishes and cuttlefish (ref. 5578). ovoviviparous (ref. 50449). large prey probably stunned by its powerful electric discharge (ref. 5578). young born in the summer (ref. 5578) .\nexhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (ref. 50449) .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1986. torpedinidae. p. 112 - 113. in m. m. smith and p. c. heemstra (eds .) smiths' sea fishes. springer - verlag, berlin. (ref. 2712 )\n): 12 - 25. 8, mean 19. 1 (based on 171 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5005 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01585 (0. 00739 - 0. 03398), b = 2. 94 (2. 75 - 3. 13), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 75 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (63 of 100) .\nclassified as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list 2007 (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\na large electric ray with a small caudal fin, small papillae around the spiracles, and a dull grey upper surface with variable markings, often formed as dark lines or large spots; two colour variants are illustrated. underside white .\neast coast, cape agulhas to southern mozambique; also reported from mauritius, seychelles, madagascar, and zanzibar but identity of specimens there uncertain .\nmoderately common. young born in summer. eats hake, sandrat, anchovy, sea bream, beaked sandfish, maasbanker, gurnards, and cuttlefish; large prey is probably stunned by the powerful electric discharge of this ray .\ntext by leonard j. v. compagno, david a. ebert and malcolm j. smale\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\nthe mountain plover is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species (cms) (3) .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text. try dragging an image to the search box .\nnotarbartolo di sciara, g. , serena, f. , ungaro, n. , ferretti, f. , pheeha, s. & human, b .\neastern atlantic and mediterranean sea: from the northern uk, south to cape of good hope, south africa, and throughout the mediterranean sea (whitehead et al. 1984) .\nalbania; algeria; angola (angola, cabinda); benin; cameroon; congo; congo, the democratic republic of the; côte d' ivoire; croatia; cyprus; egypt (egypt (african part) ); equatorial guinea (equatorial guinea (mainland) ); france (corsica, france (mainland) ); gabon; gambia; ghana; greece (east aegean is. , greece (mainland), kriti); guinea; guinea - bissau; israel; italy (italy (mainland), sardegna, sicilia); lebanon; liberia; libya; mauritania; montenegro; morocco; namibia (namibia (main part) ); nigeria; portugal (portugal (mainland) ); senegal; serbia (serbia); sierra leone; south africa (western cape); spain (baleares, canary is. , spain (mainland) ); syrian arab republic; togo; tunisia; turkey (turkey - in - asia); united kingdom (great britain, northern ireland); western sahara\nfound throughout the mediterranean. this species has been reported to be more common than the other two\n. 2001) indicating that it is relatively abundant in the northern mediterranean, compared to other elasmobranch species recorded. bertrand\n. (2000) and aldebert (1997) both found no evidence for a decline in this species in the northern mediterranean (southern coast of france). recent analyses performed using trawl survey data in the northern tyrrhenian sea showed that the population is increasing in the coastal zone, probably due to the low commercial value of this species (ferretti\n. 2005). preliminary analyses seem to indicate that this species is increasing in abundance off all the italian coasts (ferretti unpublished data) .\ntaken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, coastal trammel nets and bottom longlines. it is not commercially fished and is often discarded at sea due to its low commercial value (minervini et al. 1985). little information is available on catches of this species as a result of discarding at sea and aggregation of landings data. fishing pressure from demersal trawl fisheries is relatively intensive on the continental shelf off western africa .\nprecautionary conservation measures should include the live release of individuals caught, improved monitoring of fisheries data, identification of important nursery areas and the establishment of protected areas for such demersal species. research is also required on abundance, threats, population trends and capture in fisheries throughout the species range .\nnotarbartolo di sciara, g. , serena, f. , ungaro, n. , ferretti, f. , pheeha, s. & human, b. 2009 .\nclassified as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list (1) .\nby - catch in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. pectoral fins in fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking .\nbonfil, r. and abdallah, m. (2004) field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the red sea and gulf of aden. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. food and agriculture organization of the united nations, rome .\nallaby, m. (1992) dictionary of zoology. oxford university press, oxford .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\npeters, 1855: in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\nwestern indian ocean: with certainty from southern mozambique to cape agulhas, south africa. possibly occurring off smaller islands in the indian ocean but identity of specimens uncertain and need verification .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nthe demoiselles (genus chrysiptera) are among the most beautiful of all the damselfishes. it also contains some of the smallest and most overlooked pomacentrids. this pictorial profile examines most of the species in this genus .\nthere are many fishes on the reef that can bring a smile to the face of a human observer. but few have as comical a countenance as the blennies .\nmany reef fishes spend a considerable amount of time and energy trying to avoid being eaten. in this series of articles, we will look at the antipredation strategies and tactics employed by fishes to avoid their piscine neighbors .\nmake a “virtual dive” on one of lembeh’s most popular dive sites — nudie falls .\nschool with the best coralrealm university online, an extension of coralrealm. com. our mission is to provide our members with high - quality information and resources to make learning fun and engaging…\ndid you know there are shrimps in the “cleaning business”? this interesting feature article details the cleaning behavior of many types of shrimps. included is a photo gallery with information on biology and behavior .\ncommand the coralrealm submersible on a mission to investigate deepsea sharks. loads of information on biology and numerous photos. some of the weirdest sharks in the sea! no experience necessary !\nalthough often overlooked because of their small size, the dottybacks are some of the most colorful and interesting fishes on indo - pacific coral reefs. learn more about them here !\nenhancing your knowledge of reef fishes is the best way to get more enjoyment out of every dive. the more you learn, the more you’ll see on every dive. guaranteed .\ncoralrealm is making it easier for you to learn the names and fascinating facts about reef fishes that inhabit the coral reef. every day, you’ll be able to check out the photo of a new, featured reef fish .\ntest your knowledge by trying to identify the species by common name. we’ll provide you with the correct name and much more! our detailed profiles include information on habitats, feeding, reproduction, behaviors, diver interaction, distinguishing characteristics and best places to see .\nreef fishes use a variety of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from predators. some fishes use unique color patterns as camouflage. other fishes transform their body shape or produce toxic substances to become less appetizing meals. the puffers use a combination of these defense mechanisms to protect themselves .\nthe goby family is the largest on coral reefs. learn about the sleeper gobies, a group that exhibits fascinating feeding and reproductive behavior. includes links to 12 species profiles .\nlearn about a clan of banded morays, known as the reticularis group and their unusual life - style .\ncalloplesiops altivelis is a beautiful but reclusive fish that is rarely seen by scuba divers. as a result, very little is known about its behavior. in this report we will share some observations on the comet’s egg - tending behavior and give ideas on how to capture it on film .\nthe lionfishes are some of the most beautiful fishes found on the coral reef. they are a favorite of divers and aquarists alike. check out this gallery of 12 different species / variants with info and photos .\ncoralrealm corespondents give a first - hand report of new discoveries and fascinating finds in the lembeh strait .\nprofessor charles griffiths zoology department university of cape town private bag x3 rondebosch 7701 south africa tel: + 27 (21) 650 - 3610 charles. griffiths @ urltoken\noccurs from the coast of india, to the arabian gulf and red sea, south to madagascar and south africa (1) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nby - catch in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. intertidal pertaining to the intertidal zone, the region between the high tide mark and low tide mark. invertebrates animals with no backbone. pectoral fins in fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking .\nlieske, e. and myers, r. (2001) coral reef fishes: indo - pacific and caribbean. harpercollins publishers, london .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , ebert, d. a. and smale, m. j. (1989) guide to the sharks and rays of southern africa. new holland ltd, london .\nbonfil, r. and abdallah, m. (2004) field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the red sea and gulf of aden. food and agriculture organization of the united nations, rome .\ncompagno, l. g. v. and last, p. r. (1999) torpedinidae: torpedos. in: carpenter, k. e. and niem, v. h. (eds) the living marine resources of thewestern central pacific. vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). food and agriculture organization of the united nations, rome .\ndescription inhabits sandy areas neer deep rocky reefs. variable with black spots present or absent (ref. 9710) .\ndescription inhabits sandy areas neer deep rocky reefs. variable with black spots present or absent (ref. 9710). [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nben rais lasram, f. ; mouillot, d. (2008). increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna. biological invasions. 11 (3): 697 - 711. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of narcacion fuscomaculatus (peters, 1855) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of narcacion polleni bleeker, 1865) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnotarbartolo di sciara, g. , serena, f. , ungaro, n. , ferretti, f. , pheeha, s. , human, b. , mccully, s. & buscher, e .\nalbania; algeria; bosnia and herzegovina; croatia; cyprus; egypt (egypt (african part), sinai); france (corsica, france (mainland) ); greece (east aegean is. , greece (mainland) ); israel; italy; lebanon; libya; montenegro; morocco; palestinian territory, occupied; slovenia; spain; syrian arab republic; tunisia; turkey (turkey - in - asia, turkey - in - europe )\nthis benthic species occurs over sea grasses, rocky reefs, and soft or stony substrates at depths of 10−100 m (serena 2005). it avoids temperatures above 20°c .\nin egyptian and tunisian mediterranean waters, the largest recorded male was 39. 5 cm total length (tl), while the largest female was 61. 2 cm tl (capapé 1979, abdel - aziz 1994). in the western english channel, the largest male recorded was 43 cm tl. males mature at 21−29 cm tl and females at 31−39 cm tl. mellinger (1971) reported that females mature at ~ 12 years and live to 20 years of age, while males mature at five years and live to 12−13 years. the generation length is therefore ~ 16 years. this aplacental live - bearing species has a gestation period of 10−12 months (abdel - aziz 1994). it probably breeds every two years, and fecundity appears to increase with the size of the female (capapé 1979, abdel - aziz 1994). females produce three to 18 pups, measuring 10−14 cm tl at birth. the breeding season is reportedly november to december (mellinger 1971) .\n9. marine neritic - > 9. 2. marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 9. marine neritic - > 9. 3. marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 9. marine neritic - > 9. 4. marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 9. marine neritic - > 9. 5. marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 9. marine neritic - > 9. 6. marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes 9. marine neritic - > 9. 9. marine neritic - seagrass (submerged) suitability: suitable season: resident major importance: yes\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 3. unintentional effects: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ]\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 4. unintentional effects: (large scale) [ harvest ]\n1. research - > 1. 2. population size, distribution & trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 1. population trends 3. monitoring - > 3. 2. harvest level trends\naldebert, y. 1997. demersal resources of the gulf of lions (nw mediterranean). impact of exploitation on fish diversity. vie et millieu 47: 275–284 .\nbaino, r. , serena, f. , ragonese, s. , rey, j. and rinelli, p. 2001. catch composition and abundance of elasmobranchs based on the medits program. rapp. comm. int. mer mèdit 36: 234 .\nbertrand, j. , de sola, g. , papakostantinou, c. , relini, g. and souplet, a. 2000. contribution on the distribution of elasmobranchs in the mediterranean (from the medit surveys). biologia marina mediterranea 7: 385 - 399 .\nbini g. 1967. atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane: leptocardi, ciclostomi, selaci. mondo sommerso, milan .\nferretti, f. , myers, r. a. , sartor, p. and serena, f. 2005. long term dynamic of the chondrichthyan fish community in the upper tyrrhenian sea. annual science conference theme session n: 25 .\nferretti, f. , osio, g. c. , jenkins, c. j. , rosenberg, a. a. and lotze, h. k. 2013. long - term change in a meso - predator community in response to prolonged and heterogeneous human impact. scientific reports 3: 1057 .\niucn. 2016. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2016 - 1. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 30 june 2016) .\nminervini, a. , giannotta, m. , bianchini, m. l. 1985. observation on the fishery of rajformes in central tyrrhenian sea. oebalia xi (5): 583 - 591 .\nninni, e. 1912. catalogo dei pesci del mare adriatico. bertotti, venezia .\nserena, f. 2005. field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the mediterranean and black sea. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes, fao, rome .\nwhitehead, p. j. p. , bauchot, m. l. , hureau, j. c. , nielsen, j. and tortonese, e. (eds). 1984. fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean vol 1. unesco, paris\nnotarbartolo di sciara, g. , serena, f. , ungaro, n. , ferretti, f. , pheeha, s. , human, b. , mccully, s. & buscher, e. 2016 .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nschool of biomedical sciences, the university of queensland, st. lucia, queensland, australia ,\nanalyzed the data: ipj mbb. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: ipj mbb. wrote the paper: ipj mbb. responsible for the development of the project: ipj mbb .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nthe increased level of information on elasmobranch (chondrichthyes: elasmobranchii) diets has seen a shift away from broad generalisations characterising all elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays) as apex predators to more quantitative multi - species dietary assessments [ 1 ] – [ 3 ]. cortés presented [ 1 ] standardised diets of 149 shark species in order to determine the trophic level (t l) for each species and how these related to other top - order predators. a similar analysis was undertaken by ebert & bizzarro [ 2 ] for 60 species of skate (rajiformes: rajoidei). in so doing, both studies provided a more holistic account of how elasmobranchs influence regional ecosystems. in comparison, there is a lack of synthesis of the considerable dietary information available [ 3 ] – [ 8 ] for stingrays (suborder: myliobatoidei) and electric rays (suborder: torpedinoidei), and little information on their trophic relationships .\nthe myliobatoidei is second largest suborder within the rajiformes and comprises a morphologically diverse group of seven families, three subfamilies and over 200 recognised species [ 9 ] – [ 11 ]. maximum body size (disc width, w d) varies considerably within and between families, from about 15 cm w d in the urolophidae (stingarees) and urotrygonidae (round rays) to about 700 cm w d in the myliobatidae (subfamily mobulinae – manta rays) [ 12 ]. while there are notable exceptions, such as the giant stingaree plesiobatis daviesi (wallace, 1967), species from the myliobatoidei tend to inhabit relatively shallow, warm temperate to tropical waters and are particularly common within the indo - west pacific region [ 13 ]. in contrast, skates are more prominent in deeper, colder waters, particularly at higher latitudes [ 9 ] .\nthe torpedinoidei is the third largest suborder within the rajiformes [ 9 ], and comprises four families and about 70 recognised species [ 10 ], [ 11 ]. the majority of species inhabit continental shelf waters to depths of 100 m in both tropical and temperate environments [ 13 ], [ 14 ]. characterised by the presence of two well - developed electric organs, electric rays display some of the more unique prey capture techniques, stunning or killing prey with an electrical discharge [ 14 ], [ 15 ] .\ndietary studies involving the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei are often restricted to individual species with interspecific comparisons focusing principally on results obtained from shared analytical techniques i. e. comparisons of index of relative importance (i ri) values. as a consequence, there is limited understanding of how the diets of ray species relate to each other and to the diets of other marine predators. the following study provides standardised dietary compositions and t l estimates for a wide range of species from the suborders myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei. designed to augment previous studies [ 1 ] – [ 3 ], the results obtained provide a significant contribution to the overall understanding of what trophic levels elasmobranchs occupy and how these relate to other marine predators. the study also provides a comprehensive overview of the available dietary data for each of the suborders and represents the first detailed t l analysis involving multiple electric ray species .\nprey categories used to calculate standardised diet compositions and trophic levels – compiled from cortés [ 1 ] and ebert & bizzarro [ 2 ] .\nwhen more than one dietary study was available for a species or when dietary data were only reported for size classes, an index of standardised diet composition (p j) was calculated for each prey category. this index is weighted to account for differences in sample size and is calculated using the equation :\nwhere p ij is the proportion of prey category j in study i, n i is the number of stomachs with food used to calculate p ij in study i, n is the number of studies, j is the number of prey categories (11) and σ p j = 1 [ 1 ]. where possible, p ij was based on compound indices such as the i ri [ 16 ], [ 17 ], index of absolute importance [ 18 ], or index of preponderance [ 19 ]. when a compound index was not available, but more than one index was presented, a geometric index of importance was calculated by averaging the values e. g. (% n +% w) / 2 [ 20 ]. single indices including percent frequency of occurrence (% f o, % o), percent number contribution (% n c), percent volumetric contribution (% v c) or percent weight contribution (% w c) were only used when multiple indices were not available [ 2 ] .\nwhere t lp is the trophic level of the prey category, j and p j are the contributions each prey category made to the diet of each species [ 1 ], [ 2 ] .\nfrequency of prey occurrence (i. e. presence / absence), standardised diets and individual t l estimates were calculated for all 75 stingray and electric ray species. an average t l and standardised diet was also calculated for each of the respective families and suborders. calculation of a precision estimate to determine sample size sufficiency for the inclusion of a species in family and suborder level calculations was generally compromised by insufficient information in the source literature [ 2 ], [ 21 ]. further, restricting the scope of the analyses to studies where sample size had been demonstrated to be sufficient through precision estimates (i. e. through cumulative prey curves) [ 21 ] would have resulted in a significant amount of data being omitted from the analysis. given this, the approach taken by cortés [ 1 ] and ebert & bizzarro [ 2 ] was adopted with a minimum sample limit of 20 stomachs set for the inclusion of a species in family and order level calculations. the 20 stomach limit has been used successfully in previous elasmobranch trophic level analyses [ 1 ], [ 2 ] and is designed to enhance the robustness of conclusions drawn and minimise the influence of species with smaller sample sizes [ 1 ]. of the 75 species, 66 had 20 or more stomachs sampled and were subsequently included in the family and suborder average diet and trophic level calculations .\nwhen applicable, a one - way analysis of variance (anova) was used to test whether t l varied significantly between suborders and families / subfamilies. the tukey test [ 22 ] was applied post - hoc for all pairwise comparisons of normalised data. where data were non - normal and could not be normalized, a kruskal - wallis one - way anova on ranks was used to compare t l variability with dunn’s test [ 23 ] applied post - hoc for all pairwise comparisons. in addition, a cluster analysis was undertaken using the primer v5. 0 package [ 24 ] and incorporated all species with samples greater than 20 stomachs. in this instance, the euclidean distance (d e) was assigned as the measure of dissimilarity with dissimilarity measures greater than 50% of the maximum overall d e considered to be indicative of a major division. these values were used to distinguish between trophic guilds [ 2 ]. all descriptive statistics were compiled using sigmastat (v. 2. 03 s. p. s. s. inc .) with significance accepted at p < 0. 05. all means are presented with the standard error and only include species with stomach samples greater than 20 [ 1 ], [ 2 ] .\nestimates were calculated for 67 myliobatoidei species and eight torpedinoidei species. the myliobatoidei subsample included eight families and 17 genera, compared with four families and four genera for the torpedinoidei. at the family / subfamily level, the dasyatidae (stingrays) were represented by the greatest number of species with 26 (\n). two families, the narkidae and the hypnidae were each represented by a single species. quantitative dietary data were not available for the myliobatoidei families plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray) and hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray) .\naverage prey contributions in the standardised diets for the suborders myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei and taxonomic families based on species with samples greater than 20 stomachs .\nsp = the number of species with samples greater than 20 stomachs; n, number of dietary data sets; n, total number of stomachs. refer to\nthe standardised diets of most species (56. 0 %) were characterised by use of a single dietary data set, with a further 26. 7% based on two data sets (\n( linnaeus, 1758) was the only other species whose standardised diet was based on analysis of over 1000 stomachs. six species (8. 0 %) had 500–1000 stomach samples; 35 species (46. 7 %) between 100 and 500 stomachs, 32 species (42. 7 %) had fewer than 100 stomachs and the standardised diet of nine species were based on less than 20 stomachs. a full species list including standardised prey contributions and individual\nall eleven prey categories were recorded in the diet of at least one species. on a presence - absence basis decapod crustaceans (deca) had the highest frequency of occurrence, being recorded in the diet of 88. 0% of surveyed species. teleost fishes (fish: 81. 3 %) had the second highest frequently of occurrence followed by polychaetes (poly: 74. 7 %) and ‘other crustaceans’ (crus: 74. 6 %). at the subordinal level, deca (88. 1 %), fish (80. 6 %), crus (74. 6 %) and poly (73. 1 %) were the most frequently observed prey categories in the diet of myliobatoidei species. within the torpedinoidei the three most prominent prey categories were deca, fish and poly with each recorded in the diets of 87. 5% of the species examined .\n). at the family level, the average standardised diet of the dasyatidae was based on the highest number of quantitative dietary data sets (n = 44); approximately three times that recorded for the subfamily myliobatinae (n = 16) and the urolophidae (n = 12). decapod crustaceans (deca) was the main prey category in the averaged standardised diet of the myliobatoidei (31. 7±3. 9 %) followed by fish and moll (\n). in comparison, approximately 70% of the standardised diet of the suborder torpedinoidei consisted of fish (37. 4±16. 1 %) and poly (32. 0±14. 2 %). the dominance of the prey categories diversified at the family and subfamily level with deca the most important prey category for the dasyatidae and urotrygonidae, moll for the subfamilies myliobatinae and rhinopterinae, fish for gymnuridae and torpedinidae and poly for urolophidae, and narcinidae. cephalopod molluscs (ceph), euphausiids and mysids (euph) and other invertebrates (inv) were each identified as the most important prey category in the hypnidae, mobulinae and narkidae respectively (\nprey category contributions to the standardised diets of each of the respective families and sub - families .\nbox plot represents the median standardised diet percentage (central line) and 25 th and 75 th percentiles; bars represent 10 th and 90 th percentiles; closed circles 5 th and 95 th percentiles .\n= 66) revealed nine major trophic guilds and a maximum overall dissimilarity distance of 117. 2 (\n). the diets of species within these guilds were dominated by the following prey categories crus, deca, fish, moll, poly, ceph, euph, inv, and amphipods and isopods (amph). the deca trophic guild (\ncluster analysis of standardised diet compositions for myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei with > 20 stomachs (n = 66) .\n). the majority of species in the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei (84% , 63 spp .) were identified as secondary consumers with a\ntrophic levels of stingrays, electric rays, skates and sharks (updated from ebert & bizzarro) [ 2 ] .\nsp number of species; lcl, 95% lower confidence limit; ucl, 95% upper confidence limit .\nwhen compared, no significant relationship was observed between t l estimates and the dominate descriptors of body size. a weak, negative correlation was detected between t l and maximum disc width for the myliobatoidei species (spearman rank correlation coefficient, r s = −0. 1167, p > 0. 05, n = 64). similarly a weak but positive correlation was detected between t l and torpedinoidei total length (spearman rank correlation coefficient, r s = 0. 1071, p > 0. 05, n = 8). removal of filter - feeding species from the myliobatoidei sample resulted in a marginal increase in the spearman rank correlation coefficient (r s = 0. 1509, p > 0. 05, n = 61). the thorny round stingray urotrygon chilensis (günther, 1872), dwarf round stingray u. nana miyake & mceachran, 1998 and munda round ray u. munda gill, 1863 were not included in the myliobatoidei analysis due to the unavailability of an accurate measurement of maximum disc width .\nquantitative dietary data were available for about 30% of species within the myliobatoidei and 12% of species within the torpedinoidei. a similar situation was observed in the rajoidei (skates) where about 24% of the described species had quantitative dietary data [ 2 ]. despite the relatively low proportion of species for which suitable dietary data were available, the majority of families in the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei were represented by at least one species; the exceptions being the monotypic plesiobatidae (represented by p. daviesi) and hexatrygonidae (represented by the sixgill stingray hexatrygon bickelli heemstra & smith 1980) .\nin comparison to the previous studies of shark and skate diets [ 1 ], [ 2 ], rays of the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei averaged 1. 69±0. 12 dietary studies per species compared to 2. 98±0. 24 for sharks [ 1 ] and 2. 07±0. 23 for skates [ 2 ]. the difference in study effort is also markedly different, with the majority of ray species’ diets characterised through a single study and a maximum of five dietary studies for a single species (d. pastinaca). this is in contrast to nine studies for both the thornback skate raja clavata linnaeus, 1758 and thorny skate amblyraja radiata (donovan, 1808) and 17 for the spiny dogfish squalus acanthias linnaeus, 1758 [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. similarly, the maximum number of stomachs sampled for a single species was 1, 265 for d. pastinaca (current study); compared with 19, 259 for s. acanthias [ 1 ] and 19, 738 for the little skate leucoraja erincea (mitchill, 1825) [ 2 ]. it is noted though that all three studies contained a relatively high proportion of species with samples of fewer than 100 stomachs; 42. 7% , present study; 51. 0% sharks [ 1 ]; 38. 3% , skates [ 2 ]." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-spotted torpedo , torpedo fuscomaculata , is a poorly known , uncommon species of electric ray in the family torpedinidae , known for being capable of generating an electric shock .", "it is endemic to southern africa and possibly several small indian ocean islands , although the latter reports may represent undescribed new species .", "its appearance is similar to the gulf torpedo ( torpedo sinuspersici ) , but it is duller in coloration . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 23 ] }

[ "the black-spotted torpedo, torpedo fuscomaculata, is a poorly known, uncommon species of electric ray in the family torpedinidae, known for being capable of generating an electric shock. it is endemic to southern africa and possibly several small indian ocean islands, although the latter reports may represent undescribed new species. its appearance is similar to the gulf torpedo (torpedo sinuspersici), but it is duller in coloration." ]

[ "ty - jour ti - rondeletiola - minor (naef, 1912) (cephalopoda, sepioidea) new record for the central east atlantic t2 - the veliger. vl - 24 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society. cy - berkeley, ca: py - 1982 sp - 300 ep - 301 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - guerra, a er -\n@ article { bhlpart93799, title = { rondeletiola - minor (naef, 1912) (cephalopoda, sepioidea) new record for the central east atlantic }, journal = { the veliger. }, volume = { 24 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley, ca: california malacozoological society. 1958 - }, author = { guerra, a }, year = { 1982 }, pages = { 300 - - 301 }, }\n( of sepietta minor naef, 1912) naef, a. (1912). teuthologische notizen, 3: die arten der gattungen sepiola und sepietta. zoologischer anzeiger. 39 (7): 262 - 271. page (s): 267 [ details ]\n( of sepietta minor naef, 1912) reid, a. & jereb, p. (2005). family sepiolidae. pp. 153 - 203, in p. jereb & c. f. e. roper eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 1. chambered nautiluses and sepioids (nautilidae, sepiidae, sepiolidae, sepiadariidae, idiosepiidae and spirulidae). fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (1): 262 pp. 9 pls. page (s): 174 [ details ]\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > rondeletiola - minor (naef, 1912) (cephalopoda, sepioidea) new record for the central east atlantic < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > guerra, a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 24 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley, ca: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 24 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 300 < / start > < end > 301 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1982 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nyes, it' s a cephalopod! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history, department of invertebrate zoology! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action. this is a multimedia appendix to published papers, that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles. included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos, arranged as a taxonomic list, only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes. try this, it' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand, 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley, mike vecchione, clyde roper, mike sweeney, and tyler christensen. if you have questions or comments, contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient because there is very little information about this species from anywhere except the mediterranean, yet it is known to be caught locally throughout its range (which extends from spain to namibia). more data are required as to the intensity of this local harvest .\nthis species has a very wide geographic distribution ranging from the northeast atlantic coast of spain and portugal southwards along the coast of africa to southern namibia. its range also includes the mediterranean sea (reid and jereb 2005) .\nalbania; algeria; angola (angola, cabinda); benin; bosnia and herzegovina; cameroon; congo; congo, the democratic republic of the; côte d' ivoire; croatia; cyprus; egypt (egypt (african part), sinai); equatorial guinea (bioko, equatorial guinea (mainland) ); france (corsica, france (mainland) ); gabon; gambia; ghana; greece (east aegean is. , greece (mainland), kriti); guinea; guinea - bissau; israel; italy (italy (mainland), sardegna, sicilia); lebanon; liberia; libya; mauritania; montenegro; morocco; namibia (namibia (main part) ); nigeria; palestinian territory, occupied; portugal (portugal (mainland) ); senegal; sierra leone; slovenia; spain (baleares, canary is. , spain (mainland), spanish north african territories); syrian arab republic; togo; tunisia; turkey (turkey - in - asia, turkey - in - europe); western sahara\nthe population size of this species is unknown, however, this species, which has often been reported as rare in some areas has recently proved to be fairly common in several areas of the western mediterranean and aegean sea (reid and jereb 2005) .\nthis small species occurs in the upper bathyal region over muddy substrates (reid and jereb 2005). it is able to tolerate brackish waters in some parts of its range (e. g. the sea of marmara in the mediterranean sea). in the mediterranean sea mature individuals are present throughout the year suggesting spawning occurs over an extended period at the population level (reid and jereb 2005). this species may move to surface waters at night during the spawning period (reid and jereb 2005). members of the subfamily sepiolinae are bottom living species that typically bury in soft sediments during the day, and emerge at night to feed (norman 2003) .\nthis species is caught locally for food throughout its distributional range (reid and jereb 2005) .\nit is caught locally for food throughout its distributional range (reid and jereb 2005) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place, but currently there is no evidence that specific conservation measures are required .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnaef, a. (1912). teuthologische notizen, 3: die arten der gattungen sepiola und sepietta. zoologischer anzeiger. 39 (7): 262 - 271. page (s): 267 [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nreid, a. & jereb, p. (2005). family sepiolidae. pp. 153 - 203, in p. jereb & c. f. e. roper eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 1. chambered nautiluses and sepioids (nautilidae, sepiidae, sepiolidae, sepiadariidae, idiosepiidae and spirulidae). fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (1): 262 pp. 9 pls. page (s): 174 [ details ]\nmedin. (2011). uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn. version 1. 0. [ details ]\n, but reproductive adults commonly rise to midwater and may be caught near the surface .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper / n. a. voss, m. vecchione, r. b. toll and m. j. sweeney, eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods. smithsonian contributions to zoology, 586 (i - ii )\ntaxon validity: [ fide naef (1916: 3) ]. repository: szn? holotype [ fide unresolved ]. type locality: naples\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - lentil bobtail squid, fr - sépiole bobie, sp - globito pequeño .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ siobhanleachman: # conservation status of # newzealand chimaeras # sharks and rays. includes great white sharks listed as nationally endan…\nbiodivlibrary the caption on this # sciart reads ,\nsome of the most remarkable # parasites found upon fish and crustaceans .\nsome o… urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "rondeletiola minor , also known as the lentil bobtail , is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea .", "its natural range covers the northwest of spain , portugal , and the eastern , central and western mediterranean sea ( including the ligurian sea , northern and southern tyrrhenian sea , strait of sicily , gulf of taranto , adriatic sea , north aegean sea , sea of marmara , and levantine sea ) to the southeastern atlantic beguela current off namibia .", "r. minor grows to a mantle length ( ml ) of 23 mm .", "the type specimen was collected in the tyrrhenian sea and is deposited at the stazione zoologica di napoli in naples . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13, 9, 5 ] }

[ "rondeletiola minor, also known as the lentil bobtail, is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea. its natural range covers the northwest of spain, portugal, and the eastern, central and western mediterranean sea (including the ligurian sea, northern and southern tyrrhenian sea, strait of sicily, gulf of taranto, adriatic sea, north aegean sea, sea of marmara, and levantine sea) to the southeastern atlantic beguela current off namibia. r. minor grows to a mantle length (ml) of 23 mm. the type specimen was collected in the tyrrhenian sea and is deposited at the stazione zoologica di napoli in naples." ]

[ "velodona togata\nis a species of octopus, and the sole member of the genus\nvelodona\n.\nvelodona togata\nis a species of octopus, and the sole member of the genus\nvelodona\n.\nno one has contributed data records for velodona yet. learn how to contribute .\nvelodona togata is the only species in the octopus genus velodona; the genus and species names come from the large membranes that connect it... | pinterest\nvelodona togata capensis\n, the subspecies first described by guy coburn robson in 1924, differs from\nvelodona togata togata\nin three areas that robson considered significant .\nvelodona togata capensis\n, the subspecies first described by guy coburn robson in 1924, differs from\nvelodona togata togata\nin three areas that robson considered significant .\nhow can i put and write and define velodona in a sentence and how is the word velodona used in a sentence and examples? 用velodona造句, 用velodona造句, 用velodona造句, velodona meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nthe first specimen of\nvelodona togata\n(\nvelodona togata togata\n) was captured off the east coast of africa at a depth of 749 meters below sea level .\nvelodona togata\nis the only species in the octopus genus\n' velodona\n'; the genus and species names come from the large membranes that connect its arms .\nvelodona togata\nis the only species in the octopus genus\n' velodona\n'; the genus and species names come from the large membranes that connect its arms .\nit has two subspecies ,\nvelodona togata togata\n& mdash; the subspecies originally identified by chun in 1915 & mdash; and\nvelodona togata capensis\n, which was first described by guy coburn robson in 1924 .\naccording to the integrated taxonomic information system (itis) database ,\nvelodona togata togata\nis possibly located in the waters north of zanzibar, tanzania, while\nvelodona togata capensis\nis located off of the\nnatal coast, south africa\n.\nvelodona consulting limited is an active (dormant) company incorporated on 8 january 2015 with the registered office located in london, greater london. velodona consulting limited has been running for 3 years 6 months. there are currently 1 active director and 0 active secretaries according to the latest confirmation statement submitted on 12th september 2017 .\nthe conservation status of\nvelodona togata\nhas not been assessed by the iucn red list of threatened species as of iucn red list version 2013. 2 .\n3a. webs greatly enlarged at distal ends to forms wing - like vanes (single species restricted to western indian ocean) …... ……………………………………………… velodona chun, 1915\nsearch for' velodona togata' returned 2 matching records. click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details. [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nwhere the mantle of chun' s specimen (\nvelodona togata togata\n) was significantly wider than it is long, the mantles of robson' s specimens had a much smaller difference between width and length, with one specimen having a mantle with identical width and length .\ncitation :\nangel octopuses, velodona togata ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed wednesday, july 11, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nthe four specimens described by guy robson as being members of a separate subspecies (\nvelodona togata capensis\n) were caught off the\nnatal coast\n( modern kwazulu - natal coast, south africa) at depths of between 220 fathoms (402. 3 meters) and 250 fathoms (457. 2 meters) .\nresearch velodona togata » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\ntrawl surveys off western australia and seamounts south of new caledonia at depths between 375 and 545 m have yielded two species of a previously unknown genus of benthic octopus (family: octopodidae). histoctopus n. gen. is described here and contains two new species, histoctopus discus and histoctopus zipkasae n. spp. the most distinctive morphological feature of this new genus is extreme web margin development along the length of the arms, widening towards the distal tips. of all benthic octopuses, such web margin development only occurs in this new genus and three other distinct genera, graneledone, pteroctopus and velodona (from comparable depths, typically > 200 m). due to significant morphological differences between these two genera and histoctopus, we propose that the shared web margin development reflects convergence that is peculiar to a deeper - water habitat. the function of these web extensions remains unknown; they may aid in ensnaring or enveloping prey and / or provide lift while jet swimming off the seafloor .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper / n. a. voss, m. vecchione, r. b. toll and m. j. sweeney, eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods. smithsonian contributions to zoology, 586 (i - ii )\ntaxon validity: [ fide robson (1932: 284) ]. repository: zmb holotype. type locality: north of zanzibar [? ] .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species. version 2018 - 1. < urltoken >. downloaded on 11 july 2018 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnorman m. d. , finn j. k. & hochberg f. g. (2014). family octopodidae. pp. 36 - 215, in p. jereb, c. f. e. roper, m. d. norman & j. k. finn eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 3. octopods and vampire squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (3): 353 pp. 11 pls. [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ntaxon validity: [ fide nesis (1987a: 298) ]. type species: veledona togata chun, 1915 by monotypy\ntaxon validity: [ fide robson (1932a: 284) ]. repository: zmb holotype. type locality: north of zanzibar [? ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\nblue sites academic earth arctic photo arkive biodiversity heritage library census of marine life cites species database clay coleman coml plos collections david hall' s galleries deep - sea photography deep sea expeditions doubilet gallery encyclopedia of life espen rekdal nova evolution fishbase fl museum of natural history harbor branch iucn iucn red list khan academy marine planktonic copepods marine species gallery (david harasti) marine species identification portal marinexplore mbari mit opencourseware monterey bay aquarium mote marine lab noaa' s aquarius noaa marine sanctuaries noaa national ocean service noaa ocean noaa ocean explorer noaa photo library ocean conservancy oceana oceanus pangaea project seahorse urltoken reefbase rolf hicker photography siris scripps institution of oceanography scripps (explorations now) scubabob galleries the scyphozoan seafood watch program seapics seaweb sharks slaughtered society for conservation biology the ocean - conservation international the ocean sunfish thelivingsea woods hole oceanographic institution world biodiversity database (wbd) world list of amphipoda... ascidiacea... asteroidea... brachiopoda... cetacea... copepoda... cumacea... echinoidea... foraminifera... hemichordata... hydrozoa... isopoda... lophogastrida, stygiomysida and mysida... mangroves... littoral myriapoda... free - living marine nematodes... ophiuroidea... ostracoda... phoronida <... placozoa... polychaeta... porifera... proseriata and kalyptorhynchia - rhabditophora... pycnogonida... remipedia youdive tv\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nnorman m. d. & hochberg f. g. (2005) the current state of octopus taxonomy. phuket marine biological center research bulletin 66: 127–154. [ details ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the family octopodidae belong to and what are the different octopodidae genus? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the family octopodidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .\nwhich are the most common photographed octopodidae genus? below, you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\non the cephalopoda obtained in south african waters by dr. j. d. f. gilchrist in 1920 - 21\ntaxon validity: [ fide robson (1932: 285) ]. repository: bmnh syntypes (3) 1924. 9. 9. 14 - 16 [ fide j. a. freeman (pers. comm .) ]. type locality: natal coast, south africa\nthe 31. 01. 17 accounts indicate that the company is either dormant or no longer trades .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngeonetwork opensource allows to easily share geographically referenced thematic information between different organizations. for more information please contact\nndvi standard deviation is the root mean square deviation of the ndvi time series values (annual) from their arithmetic mean. it is recommended that the maps should be considered in the field investi\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nmark d. norman, renata boucher - rodoni, f. g. hochberg; a new genus and two new species of mesobenthic octopuses from australia and new caledonia, journal of molluscan studies, volume 75, issue 4, 1 november 2009, pages 323–336, urltoken\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nmark d. norman, f. g. hochberg, christine huffard, and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003 )\nthis family is made up of the familiar bottom - living octopuses and contains the majority of the genera and species which make up the order incirrata. the taxonomy of the family is poor with more than 30 genera coined, of which the following 24 are generally accepted as valid. there are over 200 species worldwide with the majority lacking detailed descriptions .\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\neditorial note: this page was written prior to the recent paper by strugnell, et al. (2013) which restructured the classification to the form seen above. previously the above taxa, with the exception of the amphitretidae were included within the family octopodidae .\nmembers of this family are the best known of the octopods. there is considerable diversity within this family. they range in size from pygmy species mature at under one gram (e. g. , octopus wolfi) to the giant pacific octopus (octopus dofleini) of the north pacific reaching weights in excess of 150 kilograms with an arm span of over 5 m. all are muscular with one or two rows of suckers. body proportions vary between species, from animals with arms approximately twice the mantle length (as in the blue - ringed octopuses, genus hapalochlaena) to those with arms up to 10 times the mantle length (as in ameloctopus) (see title photos above). the skin also varies between species from smooth (as in benthoctopus - left photograph below) to highly sculptured (as in octopus cyanea - right photograph) below .\nbenthoctopus levis (left) from heard island, indian ocean (photograph copyright © 1996, t. stranks); octopus cyanea (right) from the great barrier reef (photograph copyright © 1996, mark norman) .\none of the third arms modified in males (= hectocotylus), as an open sperm groove (running along ventral edge of the arm) to subterminal tip (calamus) and a modified terminal tip (ligula), typically spoon - like .\nthere has been little research into the phylogeny of this family as the morphology of the majority of genera and species are yet to be described in detail. molecular analyses presently are rudimentary. earlier works have recognised up to four subfamilies on the basis of relatively few characters, particularly the number of sucker rows and the presence or absence of an ink sac and a diverticulum branch off the crop (see voss, 1988). these subfamilies are octopodinae (double sucker row, ink sac and crop diverticulum present), eledoninae (single sucker row, ink sac and crop diverticulum present), bathypolypodinae (double sucker row, ink sac absent), graneledoninae (single sucker row, ink sac and crop diverticulum absent). the latter two subfamilies are restricted to deeper waters and voss (1988) discusses possible adaptations of these groups to lightless depths. the validity of these groupings have not been firmly established and there is a high likelihood of convergence in these few characters. the most detailed treatments of this family are provided in naef (1923), sasaki (1929), robson (1929) and nesis (1982) .\nmembers of this family mate by the male transferring sperm packages (spermatophores) to the female using the modified third arm (hectocotylus). spermatophores are shunted along an open groove on the hectocotylised arm to a spoon - shaped tip (ligula). the male places the spermatophores within the oviducts of the female. females can store sperm for up to 10 months (mangold, in boyle, 1983), and in many species immature females can mate and store viable sperm until mature. the elongate spermatophores evert within the oviduct to form a sperm bulb (spermatangia). in certain species, the everting spermatophore is covered in sharp teeth which aid the penetration of the sperm bulb along the oviduct through the oviducal glands and into the body of the ovary. in most species, sperm is stored within or adjacent to the oviducal glands. fertilization typically occurs as the eggs pass through the oviducal glands .\nspermatophore groove of abdopus aculeatus, arrow points to spermatophore guide that may direct the spermatophores as they are expelled from the funnel. note coiled tip of this mating arm, perhaps to protect the ligula. © 2005. ligula of octopus humilis from tonga. © 1997. diagram of the female reproductive tract (abdopus aculeatus) during copulation. arrow 1 points to the spermatophore groove of the inserted hectocotylus. arrow 2 points an oviducal gland, photo © 2005\nhatchling paralarva of octopus cyanea, off hawaii. © 1996, richard young .\ncrawl - away hatchling of the large - egged octopus cf. mercatoris. © 2006\negg size varies between different species and falls into two broad categories, according to boletzky (1977) :\nlarge - egg\nspecies produce eggs greater than 10% of the mantle length (as few as 50, up to 30 mm long), and\nsmall - egg\nspecies produce many small eggs less than 10% of mantle length (up to 600, 000, as small as 1. 5 mm each). hatchlings of most large - egg species are well - developed and adopt a benthic habit on hatching, although this generalization does not hold for some pygmy species such as o. bocki. these young typically possess arms with many suckers and adult - like skin sculpture and colour patterns .\nthe hatchlings of the\nsmall - egg\nspecies live in the plankton in their early stages and are characterized by short arms with few suckers and simple colour patterns consisting of a few large\nfounder\nchromatophores (packard, 1985). the morphology of these planktonic stages changes rapidly on settlement, quickly transforming to resemble the adult .\nthe females of all species within this family brood, remaining with the eggs until hatching, cleaning the eggs by jetting water through them as they develop. females typically cease feeding prior to spawning and establish themselves within the safety of a lair. eggs are typically laid in strings or festoons, where the egg stalks are interwoven or glued together. most species attach the eggs to the substrate, shells or man - made objects. females of several species in the genera hapalochlaena and amphioctopus carry the egg strings on their arms, enveloping them within the webs. the duration of development of the embryos is longer at low temperatures than at high ones, and is longer in large eggs than in small ones. octopus vulgaris eggs (2. 0 mm) develop in 30 days at 20 c and in 65 days at 15 c. the large eggs of bathypolypus arcticus (i. e. , 15 mm) need one year to develop (o' dor and macalaster, in boyle, 1983) .\nspawning is terminal in the majority of octopodid species, i. e. , females die shortly after the last embryos have hatched. in other species, e. g. , octopus chierchiae, spawning is intermittent, where females resume feeding after the embryos hatch, and grow until the next spawning takes place (rodaniche, 1984) although the ovaries do not regress and regrow between spawning episodes. at the end of their life span, octopuses tend to lose mass, coordination, and the ability to express complex body patterns (see brooding female abdopus abaculus below) .\nmembers of this family prey on a wide range of animals, although primarily crustaceans (view abdopus foraging). certain species appear to be generalists (one individual of octopus dierythraeus was caught carrying crabs, a bivalve shell, a fish, a polychaete worm and a freshly decapitated octopus; norman, 1993a), while others concentrate on a single group. octopus alpheus has a diet apparently restricted to crabs (norman, 1993). certain species use the radula to drill bivalve or gastropod shells (e. g. , nixon and maconnachie, 1988). octopus ornatus preys heavily on octopuses of other species (norman, 1993b). cannibalism has also been reported for many species .\nas in all cephalopods, octopuses are fast growing. at hatching, octopus vulgaris juveniles weigh 2 mg, growing to weights of 2 to 3 kg in 12 to 18 months (mangold, in boyle, 1983). paralarvae of this species feed on planktonic crustaceans, whereas the newly settled young feed mostly on benthic prey. the conversion rate of young octopus vulgaris is 50% when fed crustaceans. the life - span of members of the octopodidae varies between about 6 months in small tropical species to four years in cold water species such as bathypolypus arcticus (o' dor and macalaster, in boyle, 1983) .\nhapalochlaena maculosa, jetting, from victoria, southern australia © 1996 m. norman\noctopodids primarily move by crawling over the substrate (view abdopus aculeatus crawling in situ). they are also capable of swimming via two methods :\nin addition to using these modes, two octopuses (amphioctopus marginatus and abdopus aculeatus) are known to walk bipedally (view abdopus aculeatus walking) .\nmany shallow - water species exhibit a remarkable match to the color and texture of the background (in spite of the fact that they are color blind !). this camouflage is produced by chromatophore combinations, passive reflection from specialized cells (iridophores, leucophores) and sculpture formed by raised (even branched) muscular patches and papillae (see image below). variation in skin anatomies leads to a wide range of species - specific body patterns and skin textures. for example, body patterns in octopus bocki appear limited to fairly uniform purple with iridescent patches on the mantle and around the eyes, while octopus cyanea can display numerous patterns using differently colored chromatophores .\ncamouflaged undescribed member of octopus horridus group, great barrier reef, © 1996 m. norman\nfor many species, activity is restricted to specific periods. many species are only active at night (e. g. , octopus ornatus), while others are predominantly day active (e. g. , octopus cyanea), see houck (1982). certain species are further restricted in their activity periods to the duration of low tides, only emerging to forage in rock pools on exposed intertidal reefs .\noctopuses of this family seek shelter in a number of ways. many species utilize or construct holes as temporary or semi - permanent lairs, often recognised by prey remains or small piles of pebbles surrounding the entrance. these lairs may occur in corals, rock and rubble or can be excavated in sand or mud sediments. many night - active species such as o. ornatus simply excavate a hole anywhere amongst rubble in the substrate at the end of a night' s foraging, covering themselves with rubble or sand during the day. other species which occur on open sand substrates (such as o. kaurna) simply bury in open sand. certain species such as o. berrima (photograph below) possess a ridge - like keel around the lateral mantle which may aid in guiding the animal below the sand. this species frequently buries below the sand, occasionally raising a single eye like a periscope to scan. in some species (such as o. bimaculoides) larger individuals outcompete smaller individuals for preferred shelters. true territoriality however has not been shown in octopuses .\ndefenses in this group range from camouflage (as seen in the photograph below), to ink dummy decoys, to ink smoke screens (see image below of ink from o. cyanea), to arm - dropping (as in ameloctopus) and production of strong toxins advertised by distinctive colour patterns (as in hapalochlaena). alarm displays in certain species have been supplemented by a pair of false - eye spots, one on the lateral arm crown below each eye. these ocellate octopuses flare the webs and display these spots to produce the appearance of the head of a large predator (e. g. , photograph below of octopus mototi, norman, 1993b). some sand - dwelling octopuses (such as thaumoctopus mimicus) can escape threatening sitations by burying into the sand and emerging more than one meter away .\noctopus berrima, from victoria, southern australia, © 1996 s. foale. ink smokescreen of octopus cyanea, from palmyra atoll. © 2006. ocellated octopus octopus mototi, from the great barrier reef © 1996 m. norman .\nmembers of this family are found in marine habitats ranging from intertidal reefs to the deep sea (to at least 5000 m). they live in all oceans of the world from the equator to polar latitudes, and occupy a wide range of habitats from coral and rocky reefs, seagrass and algal beds, to sand and mud soft substrates. the group is represented by possible habitat generalists (such as the large enteroctopus dofleini which ranges from the intertidal to depths in excess of 450 m) and specialists (such as vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis which is found only in hydrothermal vents). some octopodids appear to space themselves far apart from each other, while others clump in available habitat. we do not currently know if these distributions reflect ecological preferences or the outcomes of inter / intra - specific competition. although some species occupy a den and forage in the vicinity for weeks or longer, species studied thus far do not appear to be territorial and defend their home range from conspecifics .\ncallistoctopus ornatus foraging in less than 10 cm of water, less than one meter from the beach. rurutu, austral islands © 2006 christine huffard; octopus cyanea on an intertidal reef, rurutu, austral islands. © 2006 christine huffard; undescribed octopus foraging on sand plains in north sulawesi, indonesia; 15 m deep © 2006 christine huffard; graneledone boreopacifica davidson seamount; 1973 m deep. © 2002 noaa / mbari .\nthe following key treats clearly defined or named genera within the family octopodidae. the generic placement of many taxa within this family remain unresolved and are thus not covered by this key. these taxa are treated below under the general category “unplaced octopus ”. genera designated with an asterisk (*) are in urgent need of revision .\nmale diagnostic characters: as for many other cephalopod groups, octopus taxonomy relies heavily on the reproductive characters of mature males, particularly structures of the modified reproductive arm (hectocotylised arm). female material is harder to identify .\narm lengths: use of relative arm lengths requires intact arms. a sudden change in sucker diameter at any point along an arm is an indicator of partial arm regeneration. such arms should not be considered in assessing relative arm lengths .\n3b. web margins absent or as narrow bands to arms tips, not expanded in distal portion……... … 4\n4a. mature males with suckers highly modified on tips of normal arms, as ridges, stellate suckers, frills of papillae or spongiform tissue; some member taxa with hectocotylised arm tip that lacks a distinct ligula and / or calamus…………………………………. ……………………... . 5\n4b. mature males with distinct ligula and calamus; normal arm tips of mature males without obvious sucker modifications ……………………………………………………………... …. 6\n5a. hectocotylised arm tip of mature male fleshy and convoluted in the form of a walnut, no obvious calamus; distal suckers of normal arms of mature males modified into a fringe of long thin papillae (single species restricted to southern africa) ……………………………………… …………………………………………... aphrodoctopus roper and mangold, 1992\n5b. hectocotylised arm tip as normal ligula and calamus or may lack calamus; distal suckers of normal arms of mature males modified as regular ridges or as spongiform tissue… ……. . …………………………………………………………………………. . eledone leach, 1817 *\n7a. funnel organ as w, uu or vv - shaped pads; skin smooth or sculptured …………………. . 8\n7b. funnel organ as four distinct short longitudinal pads (iiii); all dorsal and lateral surfaces covered in large branched papillae (single species restricted to central western atlantic ocean) ……………………………. . …………………………… tetracheledone voss, 1955\n8a. small to moderate species, never attaining large sizes; head width close to or greater than mantle width; gills with 6 - 11 lamellae per demibranch……………………………………. 9\n8b. large (up to 14kg) species with loose soft gelatinous skin; head distinctly narrower than mantle; gills with 10 - 11 lamellae per demibranch (single species restricted to antarctic waters) ……………………………………………. . …………… megaleledone taki, 1961\n9b. ligula grove with distinct transverse ridges; lower beak with sharp modified tip, rostrum straight or slightly upturned in lateral profile; posterior salivary glands approximately twice length of buccal mass; stylets absent …………………... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . ……………………………. adelieledone allcock, hochberg, rodhouse and thorpe, 2003\n10b. skin lacks hardened papillae, sculpture soft or skin completely smooth…………………. 11\n12a. radula reduced to three to five rows of teeth; skin covered in low regular rounded papillae ………………………………………………………………. . thaumeledone robson, 1930 *\n12b. radula complete with 7 rows of teeth, lateral teeth flattened into broad plates; skin smooth (single species known only from tasman sea) ………………………………………………. . ……………………………. . microeledone norman, hochberg and boucher - rodoni, 2004\n15a. arm autotomy present, evident as multiple arms severed or regenerating from set level near to arm base (restricted to long - armed species, arms typically > 4 times mantle length) …. ……. 16\n15b. arm damage and regeneration not at set plane on arm (long and short - armed species) …. … 17\n16a. third or fourth arm pair longest; large crescent - shaped markings on mantle absent; fields of enlarged suckers present on arms 2 and 3 of mature males (indo west pacific only) …... …... .. …………………... …... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . abdopus norman and finn, 2001\n17a. dorsal arms distinctly longer than remaining arms, arm formula 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 ………………... 16\n17b. arms approximately equal in length or lateral arms longest ………………………………... 17\n16b. water pouches and pores absent; ligula well - developed in mature males………………. . …… ………………………………………………………………………. callistoctopus taki, 1964\n17a. ligula with transverse ligula groove containing small teeth - like lugs; raised skin ridge present on lateral mantle [ single deepwater species (200 - 400 m) in western pacific ] …………………. ………………………………………… galeoctopus norman, boucher and hochberg, 2004\n17b. ligula groove longitudinal, without teeth - like lugs; lateral mantle ridge present or absent... 18\n19a. mantle opening narrow, one third or less of body circumference, fitting close to funnel; paired narrow papillae over each eye; skin ridge absent from lateral mantle; body markings absent …………………………………………………………………. … pteroctopus fischer, 1882 *\n19b. mantle opening moderate to wide, approximately one half of body circumference; single large papilla over each eye; lateral mantle skin ridge present; two pairs of dark spots visible on mantle of live and well - preserved material………………………. scaeurgus troschel, 1857\n20a. giant species (to > 4m total length); skin on mantle in loose longitudinal folds; ligula very long to accommodate giant spermatophores (up to 1 m long) ………………………………………. . ……. . ………………………………………... . enteroctopus rochebrune and mabille, 1889\n21a. arms typically 2 - 3 times mantle length; skin sculpture of dorsal mantle head and webs continues on to oral surface of shallow dorsal web; colour patterns often incorporate dark leading edges along dorso - lateral face of arms 1 - 3; four short longitudinal ridges of skin in diamond arrangement on dorsal mantle; stylets absent ………... amphioctopus fisher, 1882\n21b. arms typically 3 - 5 times mantle length; sculpture on oral surface of dorsal web not a continuation of mantle and aboral web sculpture; colour patterns of dark leading arm edges absent; four large primary papillae in diamond arrangement on dorsal mantle, stylets present…………………………………………………. . octopus sensu strictu cuvier, 1797 *\n22a. arms extremely long, more than 6 times mantle length; arms with banded brown and white colour pattern ……………………………………………………. ameloctopus norman, 1992\n22b. arms short to moderate in length, less than 6 times mantle length; arms not banded ……... 23\n23a. skin white, lacking any pigmentation; iris of eye absent; eyes small (single species from hydrothermal vents) ……………………………. vulcanoctopus gonzalez and guerra, 1998\n23b. skin with at least some pigmentation (ie oral webs, ventral and / or dorsal surfaces); iris present; eyes moderate to large ……. . ……………………………………………………… 24\n24a. calamus of mature males very large, over half ligula length (single species, southern australia)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . …… grimpella robson, 1928 *\n25b. ligula moderate to large, elongate, typically with closed ligula groove; raised laminae absent …………………………………………………………………. benthoctopus grimpe, 1921 *\nboletzky, s. von. 1977. post - hatching behaviour and mode of life in cephalopods. pp. 557 - 567. in: m. nixon and j. b. messenger (eds). the biology of cephalopods. symposia of the biological society of london, volume 38 .\nboyle, p. r. (ed .). 1983. cephalopod life cycles. vol. ii. species accounts. academic press, n. y .\nhanlon, r. and j. b. messenger. 1996. cephalopod behaviour. cambridge university press, cambridge. 232 pp .\nhouck, b. a. 1982. temporal spacing in the activity patterns of three hawaiian shallow water octopods. nautilus, 96 (4): 152 - 156 .\nnaef, a. 1923. die cephalopoden. fauna e flora del golfo di napoli, 35: (i - 1) v - xiv, 1 - 863. english translation (1972), israel program for scientific translations, jerusalem. 292 pp .\nnesis, k. 1982. cephalopods of the world (in russian). english translation (1987) by b. s. levitov. t. f. h. publication, neptune city, new jersey, 351 pp .\nnixon, m. and e. maconnachie. 1988. drilling by octopus vulgaris (mollusca, cephalopoda) in the mediterranean. jour. zool. lond. , 216: 587 - 716 .\nnorman, m. d. 1992. ameloctopus litoralis gen. & sp. nov. (cephalopoda: octopodidae), a new shallow - water octopus from tropical australian waters. invertebrate taxonomy, 6: 567 - 582\nnorman, m. d. 1993a. four new species of the octopus macropus group (cephalopoda: octopodidae) from the great barrier reef australia. memoirs of the museum of victoria (1992), 53 (2): 267 - 308 .\nnorman, m. d. 1993b. ocellate octopuses (cephalopoda: octopodidae) of the great barrier reef, australia: description of two new species and redescription of octopus polyzenia gray, 1849. memoirs of museum of victoria (1992), 53 (2): 309 - 344 .\nnorman, m. d. 1993c. octopus ornatus gould, 1852 (cephalopoda: octopodidae) in australian waters: morphology, distribution and life history. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 106 (4): 645 - 660 .\npackard, a. 1985. sizes and distribution of chromatophores during post - embryonic development in cephalopoda. vie milieu, 35: 285 - 298 .\nrobson, g. c. 1929. a monograph of the recent cephalopoda. part i. octopodinae. british museum (natural history), london. 250pp .\nrobson, g. c. 1931. a monograph of the recent cephalopoda. part ii. the octopoda (excluding the octopodinae). british museum (natural history), london. 359 pp .\nrodaniche, a. f. 1984. iteroparity in the lesser pacific striped octopus, octopus chierchiae (jatta, 1889). bulletin of marine science, 35 (1): 99 - 104 .\nsasaki, m. 1929. a monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the japanese and adjacent waters. journal of the faculty of agriculture, hokkaido imperial university, vol. 20 suppl. 357 pp .\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper 1998. classification, type localities and type repositories of recent cephalopoda. smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 513: 561 - 599 .\nvoss, g. l. 1988. evolution and phylogenetic relationships of deep - sea octopods (cirrata and incirrata). pp. 253 - 276. in: clarke, m. r. and e. r. trueman (eds). the mollusca, vol. 12. palaeontology and neontology of cephalopods. academic press, london .\nchristine huffard has contributed to the life history, behaviour and distribution sections of this page .\npage copyright © 2016, f. g. hochberg, , and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003 )\nnorman, mark d. , f. g. hochberg, christine huffard, and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003). 2016. octopodoidea\n. octopods, octopuses, devilfishes. version 16 november 2016 (under construction) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nfor criteria and procedures used for the compilation of the aquatic species distribution maps, click here .\ndisclaimer: the designations employed and the presentation of material in the map (s) are for illustration only and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of fao concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries .\nmanuel haimovici, roberta aguiar dos santos, mara c. r. s. bainy, luciano gomes fischer, luis gustavo cardoso\na. c. crespi - abril, g. l. villanueva gomila, l. a. venerus, p. j. barón\nrigoberto rosas - luis, pilar sánchez, julio m. portela, josé luis del rio\nshannon m. bayse, pingguo he, michael v. pol, david m. chosid\npablo jiménez - prada, anastasia scherbakova, rodrigo riera, beatriz c. felipe, ... eduardo almansa\nfrançoise d. lima, tatiana s. leite, manuel haimovici, marcelo f. nóbrega, jorge e. lins oliveira\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nunderstanding how environmental forcing has generated and maintained large - scale patterns of biodiversity is a key goal of evolutionary research and critical to predicting the impacts of global climate change. we suggest that the initiation of the global thermohaline circulation provided a mechanism for the radiation of southern ocean fauna into the deep sea. we test this hypothesis using a relaxed phylogenetic approach to coestimate phylogeny and divergence times for a lineage of octopuses with antarctic and deep - sea representatives. we show that the deep - sea lineage had their evolutionary origins in antarctica, and estimate that this lineage diverged around 33 million years ago (ma) and subsequently radiated at 15 ma. both of these dates are critical in development of the thermohaline circulation and we suggest that this has acted as an evolutionary driver enabling the southern ocean to become a centre of origin for deep - sea fauna. this is the first unequivocal molecular evidence that deep - sea fauna from other ocean basins originated from southern ocean taxa and this is the first evidence to be dated. © the willi hennig society 2008 .\n... the reason (s) for the marked differences in regional spatial genetic structure between species is not clear. although our target octopus species are closely related (strugnell, rogers, prodöhl, collins, & allcock, 2008), we know relatively little of their basic biology. nonetheless, the large size (> 10 mm diameter) of their mature eggs (allcock, 2005; allcock, hochberg, rodhouse, & thorpe, 2003; allcock & piertney, 2002; barratt, johnson, collins, & allcock, 2008) suggests that they are all direct developers (boletzky, 1974)... .\n... these interspecific differences in genetic diversity are reflected in the mitochondrial diversity, whereby just eight coi haplotypes (differing by at most by five substitutions) are known for p. charcoti, (allcock et al. , 2011), compared with some 35 coi haplotypes reported for p. turqueti (strugnell et al. , 2012). in addition, p. charcoti and another closely related species, p. aequipapillae allcock, 2005 are estimated to have diverged relatively recently (~ 1 mya) (strugnell et al. , 2008), whereas p. turqueti is thought to be an older species, (the two main lineages within p. turqueti were estimated to have diverged ~ 4 mya [ 95% highest posterior density 1. 9–7. 1 mya ]) (strugnell et al. , 2012). one reason for a relatively narrow geographic and depth distribution and low levels of genetic diversity is that p. charcoti is a comparatively new species, supporting the idea that populations of this species are in genetic nonequilibrium (as discussed above)... .\n... antarctic biota are a reservoir for evolutionary novelty, including adaptations to a unique environment following natural selection over millions of years in response to past climate changes and tectonic events (clarke and crame, 1989; poulin et al. , 2002; convey et al. , 2008convey et al. ,, 2009 strugnell et al. , 2008; fraser et al. , 2012; wilson et al. , 2013). the break - up of gondwana led to the geographic isolation of the continent, the formation of the southern ocean and in particular the antarctic circumpolar current, and accelerated the development of continental - scale antarctic ice sheets (e. g... .\n... among the remaining species in graneledone, only g. pacifica, g. verrucosa and perhaps the namibian specimen reported byvillanueva & sánchez (1993) lack warts on the third arm pair and the distal dorsal arms. allcock (2005) shows that skin' papillae' extend to the arm tips in some species of pareledone robson, 1932, as they do in thaumeledone robson, 1930 (allcock et al. 2004). these taxa form a clade with graneledone in a molecular phylogenetic study (strugnell et al. 2008); among octopods, prominent and apparently invariant skin texture is restricted to this octopod clade. we hypothesize that the character state' skin texture to arm tips' is ancestral in this clade; the derived state shared by g. pacifica and g. verrucosa is' skin texture restricted to proximal arms'. strugnell et al. (2008: figure 3) present a biogeographic scenario in which the atlantic and pacific were colonized separately by southern hemisphere ancestors of g. verrucosa and g. pacifica, respectively... .\n... ecular phylogenetic study (strugnell et al. 2008); among octopods, prominent and apparently invariant skin texture is restricted to this octopod clade. we hypothesize that the character state' skin texture to arm tips' is ancestral in this clade; the derived state shared by g. pacifica and g. verrucosa is' skin texture restricted to proximal arms'. strugnell et al. (2008: figure 3) present a biogeographic scenario in which the atlantic and pacific were colonized separately by southern hemisphere ancestors of g. verrucosa and g. pacifica, respectively. if, however, the lack of warts on the distal arms and the third arm pair are synapomorphies, their shared common ancestor probably colonized the far norther..." ]

{ "text": [ "velodona togata is a species of octopus in the monotypic genus velodona .", "first described by carl chun in 1915 , with a second subspecies discovered by guy coburn robson in 1924 , it was named for the distinctive membranes on its arms .", "described as being similar to members of the genera pareledone , eledone , and enteroctopus , v. togata has a large body with large eyes and extensive membranes that link the octopus ' arms together .", "the species has a single line of suckers on each arm , and its head , mantle , and part of its arms are covered in warts .", "although the reproductive habits of v. togata have not been extensively studied , the species is believed to be one of the most fecund among octopuses in its region and depth level , despite the species possessing large eggs and extremely large spermatophores .", "the species is found in the indian ocean , off the coast of south africa , mozambique , and tanzania .", "the species has been captured from depths between 400 and 750 meters below sea level , and a 2009 study found the species most heavily concentrated between 400 and 600 meters below sea level .", "v. togata 's conservation status has not been assessed . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 23, 4, 6, 3, 18, 17 ] }

[ "velodona togata is a species of octopus in the monotypic genus velodona. first described by carl chun in 1915, with a second subspecies discovered by guy coburn robson in 1924, it was named for the distinctive membranes on its arms. described as being similar to members of the genera pareledone, eledone, and enteroctopus, v. togata has a large body with large eyes and extensive membranes that link the octopus' arms together. the species has a single line of suckers on each arm, and its head, mantle, and part of its arms are covered in warts. although the reproductive habits of v. togata have not been extensively studied, the species is believed to be one of the most fecund among octopuses in its region and depth level, despite the species possessing large eggs and extremely large spermatophores. the species is found in the indian ocean, off the coast of south africa, mozambique, and tanzania. the species has been captured from depths between 400 and 750 meters below sea level, and a 2009 study found the species most heavily concentrated between 400 and 600 meters below sea level. v. togata's conservation status has not been assessed." ]

[ "( 29 jul 1166 - acre 10 sep 1197). the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines names\nhenricus et theobaldus\nas sons of\ncomes henricus trecensis\n& his wife\n. the necrology of saint - loup, troyes records the death\n17 mar 1180\n( presumably o. s .) of\nhenricus comes trecenses\nhenricus comes (walsingham, 1884) was number 3778 in the 1983 hodges checklist. 3795 (1983 list) phtheochroa canariana (barnes & busck, 1920) is a synonym of 3815 phtheochroa fulviplicana .\n*\nbonus - henricus, l. noticed at onehunga in 1878, but perhaps only an escape from cultivation. (europe. )\n. he succeeded his father in 1201 as thibaut iv comte de champagne et de brie. the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines records that\ncomes campaniensis theobaldus\njoined his [ maternal ] uncle in navarre in 1225\nthe primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. he succeeded his brother in 1270 as henri iii comte de champagne et de brie, enrique i king of navarre. the necrology of saint - etienne, troyes records the death\n23 jul\nof\nhenricus rex navarre\n, daughter of baudouin viii count of flanders [ baudouin v comte de hainaut ] & his wife marguerite ctss of flanders ([ 1175 ] - constantinople 24 or 26 aug 1219). the chronicon hanoniense records the marriage in 1181 of\nyolandem balduini comitis hanoniensis filiam\nand\nhenricus primus comitis campanensis filius\n., the same necrology recording the death of\ntheobaldus illustris rex navarre et comes campanie\nwhich must refer to king teobaldo i, thibaut iv comte de champagne. if this entry relates to guillaume illegitimate son of king teobaldo i, who was bishop of pamplona, it would presumably have referred to his bishopric not just the junior post of thesaurarius .\nwonderful rapidity with which plants alien to the new zealand flora have established themselves in this country, the rate at which they have spread through the length and breadth of the land, and the marked effect that they have produced and doubtless will continue to produce on the indigenous vegetation, are facts so patent that they cannot escape the notice of the most incurious person. and it is a remarkable circumstance that most of these plants are of european origin. a stranger landing at any one of the chief ports in the colony might almost fancy himself to be in a corner of the northern hemisphere, if the appearance of the vegetation were his only guide. the sturdy and irrepressible plants that occupy the waste places and roadsides of a european town meet him on his arrival here; the weeds of the pastures and meadows are mostly the same; the cultivated fields and gardens are invaded by the same unwelcome and troublesome intruders here as there. and when he comes to carry his observations further into the country, and makes acquaintance with its true flora, still he finds, however far he may extend his travels, that there is no corner ,\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthe british museum uses cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve the site. by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. (last updated: 12 january 2017) find out more\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbritish museum collection data is also available in the w3c open data standard, rdf, allowing it to join and relate to a growing body of linked data published by organisations around the world .\nthe museum makes its collection database available to be used by scholars around the world. donations will help support curatorial, documentation and digitisation projects .\nthe british museum collection database is a work in progress. new records, updates and images are added every week .\nwork on this database is supported by a range of sponsors, donors and volunteers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nhenry ii, count of nassau - siegen. bust length with curled hair, armour, order of the golden fleece, and with sash over left shoulder. oval within an octagonal and rectangular border, with latin inscription below. cut down .\nsign up to e - mail updates for the latest news, exclusive events and 15% off in our online shop .\nthe income from your ticket contributes directly to the royal collection trust, a registered charity. the aims of the royal collection trust are the care and conservation of the royal collection, and the promotion of access and enjoyment through exhibitions, publications, loans and educational activities .\nharvard art museums / fogg museum | bush - reisinger museum | arthur m. sackler museum\nbelinda lull randall, gift to harvard university, 1892. sister of john witt randall\nharvard art museums / fogg museum, gift of belinda l. randall from the collection of john witt randall\nthe harvard art museums encourage the use of images found on this website for personal, noncommercial use, including educational and scholarly purposes. to request a higher resolution file of this image, please submit an\nthis record was created from historic documentation and may not have been reviewed by a curator; it may be inaccurate or incomplete. our records are frequently revised and enhanced. for more information please contact the division of european and american art at\nby creating your harvard art museums account you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe can reset it for you; enter your email address below to get started .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe menu system requires java script to be enabled. if it does not appear please use the index file for navigation .\nhenri de blois, son of thibaut iv comte de blois & his wife mathilde von sponheim [ carinthia ] (1126 - troyes 17 mar 1181, bur troyes, saint - etienne) .\n. he succeeded his father in 1152 as henri i\nle libéral\ncomte de champagne et de brie. during his rule, champagne became a centre of commerce. he was one of the most respected counsellors of the king of france .\n( 1164) marie de france, daughter of louis vii king of france & his first wife eléonore d’aquitaine (1145 - 3 or 11 mar 1198, bur cathedral of meaux, seine - et - marne). t\n. she was regent of champagne during the absence of her husband on crusade 1179 - 1181, during the minority of her son henri ii 1181 - 1187, during the latter' s absence on crusade 1190 - 1197, and during the minority of her grandson thibaut iii 1197 - 1198. she was the author of “ le lai du chèvrefeuille ”, and made her court a literary centre. philippe d' alsace count of flanders sought to marry her in 1184 .\n. he succeeded his father in 1181 as henri ii comte de champagne et de brie .\nhe ruled under the regency of his mother during his minority 1181 - 1186. he left on the third crusade and was in command of the siege operations at acre in 1190\n, but this was presumably only a betrothal as such a marriage is unrecorded elsewhere. according to gade\n, henri ii comte de champagne was still betrothed to a daughter of baudouin v comte de hainaut when his betrothal to ermesinde de namur was arranged. presumably this was yolande .\n, daughter of henri\nl' aveugle\ncomte de luxembourg et de namur & his second wife agnes van gelre (jul 1186 - 17 feb 1247). this betrothal was arranged by henri comte de namur et de luxembourg in order to guarantee a suitably strong protector for his infant daughter in light of his dispute with baudouin v comte de hainaut regarding the eventual succession to his counties, but the arrangement was discontinued after the 1190 imperial decision in favour of comte baudouin\n, daughter of amaury i king of jerusalem & his second wife maria komnene (1172 - [ may 1206 ]). the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines names\nwith her fourth husband. comte henri ii & his wife had three children :\nhe succeeded his brother in 1197 as thibaut iii comte de champagne et de brie .\n( 13 may 1179 - 24 / 25 may 1201, bur troyes saint - etienne) .\n, daughter of don sancho vi\nel sabio\nking of navarre & his wife infanta doña sancha de castilla (- 12 / 14 mar 1229). the\nd. berenguela reina d’ingalterra, d. blanca, d. constança que murio en arouca\nshe was regent of champagne 1201 - 1222 during the minority of her son .\n, son of thibaut iii comte de champagne & his wife infanta doña blanca de navarra (pamplona 3 may 1201 - pamplona 8 jul 1253, bur pamplona). villehardouin records that the wife of comte thibaut\nhad borne him a little daughter and was about to bear a son\nwhen her husband died\n. he answered the call of pope gregory ix for a crusade in 1239, and led a french contingent which landed at acre 1 sep 1239. william of tyre (continuator) names\n. he marched south to attack the egyptian outposts of ascalon and gaza, where they were defeated. he returned to europe in sep 1240\n( 1219) margaret of scotland, daughter of william i\nthe lion\nking of scotland & his wife ermengarde de beaumont (1193 - 1259, bur church of the black friars, london) .\n, daughter of guichard [ iv ] “le grand” seigneur de beaujeu & his wife sibylle de hainaut [ flanders ] (- 11 jul 1231, bur clairvaux). the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines records the second marriage of\n, daughter of archambaud [ viii ]\nle grand\nseigneur de bourbon [ dampierre ] & his first wife guigone de forez (- provins, brie 12 apr 1256, bur clairval). the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines records the marriage of\n. she was regent of champagne and navarre 1253 - 1256 during the minority of her son. “ marguerite…royne de navarre, de champaigne et de brye conteste palatine ” settled a dispute between “ les nobles barons jehan conte de bourgoigne et signour de salins…et thiebaut conte de barz ” by charter dated 3 nov 1254\n( before 19 jan 1225 - château de hédé, ille - et - vilaine 11 aug 1283, bur hennebont, morbihan, abbaye cistercienne de notre dame de la joie). the chronicle of alberic de trois - fontaines records that\nagnes comitissa campanie\nleft an only daughter but does not name her\nfrom her father' s accession to the throne of navarre in 1234. the marriage contract between “\n. she founded the abbaye de la joie near hennebont [ 1270 ], where she was later buried. the necrology of the abbaye des clairets records the death\niv id sep\nof\nblancha comitissa britannie\n, son of pierre i\nmauclerc\nduke of brittany, earl of richmond & his first wife alix de thouars dss of brittany (1217 - château de l' isle, férel, morbihan 8 oct 1286, bur prières, église abbatiale de notre dame). on his marriage, his father - in - law declared jean his heir in navarre, even if he subsequently had a male heir. after his majority, he swore allegiance to louis ix king of france at paris 16 nov 1237 as\n. he renounced his rights to navarre in favour of his brother - in - law teobaldo ii king of navarre, by agreement in 1254 .\neleonore de champagne ([ 1233 ] - young). the primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified .\n( 2 or 18 mar 1242 - hyères near marseille 27 apr 1271, bur provins, église des cordeliers). she died on returning from the crusade in tunis .\n, daughter of - - -. the primary source which confirms her name and her relationship with king teobaldo has not been identified. king teobaldo ii had one illegitimate child by mistress (1) :\nthe primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified .\n, illegitimate son of don jaime i “el conquistador” king of aragon & his mistress doña berenguela fernández ([ 1245 / 49 ] - [ 1297 ]) .\nthe primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. she renounced her rights over the county of champagne shortly after her marriage, renewing the declaration 20 mar 1273\n, son of mathieu ii duke of lorraine & his wife catherine van limburg (early 1240 - 31 dec 1302, bur beaupré abbey) .\n. thibaut v comte de champagne donated property to saint - quiriace de provens, to found anniversaries for “... ses frères pierre et guillaume ”, by charter dated 17 jun 1270\n. dame de l' isle - sous - montréal. she renounced any claim to the succession of her brother 2 sep 1273. after her husband died, she retired to the château de l' isle - sur - serein. she quarrelled with her stepson robert duke of burgundy, and asked for protection from philippe ii\nauguste\nking of france .\n, son of eudes iii duke of burgundy & his second wife alix dame de vergy (9 mar 1213 - château de villainés - en - duesmois, côtes d' or 27 or 30 oct 1272, bur abbaye de cîteaux) .\n, daughter of robert i comte d’artois [ capet ] & his wife mathilde [ mahaut ] de brabant (1248 - paris 2 may 1302). regent of navarre, during the minority of her daughter juana queen of navarre, whose marriage with the future philippe iv king of france she agreed at orléans may 1275. she married secondly (27 jul / 29 oct 1276 )\n, who was also regent of champagne and navarre 1275 - 1283. the chronicle of thomas wykes records the marriage in 1275 of “\n, daughter of - - -. the primary source which confirms her name and her relationship with king teobaldo has not been identified. king enrique i & his wife had two children :\nthe primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. she succeeded her father in 1274 as jeanne ctss de champagne et de brie, juana queen of navarre, ctss de bigorre .\nafter her marriage, she continued to govern champagne personally, her husband governing navarre .\n( - 1323). the primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified .\nseñor de albarracín, son of don pedro fernández de azagra & his wife - - - .\n. as the same passage records the arrival of thibaut in navarre to join his uncle in 1225, it is assumed that\nquo tempore rex\nis intended to mean\nduring the time his uncle was king\nrather than\nwhile he [ thibaut ] was king\n. the marriage dates of the illegitimate daughters of thibaut indicate that they must have been born before his accession, which also suggests that this interpretation of the phrase in the chronicle is correct. the chronicle also adds in the same passage that\nepiscopus pampelone\nwas\nfrater uterinus eiusdem bastardi\n, giving a clue to the identity of the mother of guillermo. thibaut v comte de champagne donated property to saint - quiriace de provens, to found anniversaries for “... ses frères pierre et guillaume ”, by charter dated 17 jun 1270\n( - [ 1242 ]). the primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified .\nseñor de albarracín, son of don pedro fernández de azagra & his wife - - - .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1181, mgh ss xxiii, p. 856 .\nobituaires de sens tome i. 1, eglise cathédrale de sens, obituaire du xiii siècle, p. 2 .\nobituaires de sens tome ii, eglise cathédrale de chartres, livre d' anniversaires mid - xiii siècle, p. 116 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1152, mgh ss xxiii, p. 841 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1198, mgh ss xxiii, p. 876 .\nrhc, historiens occidentaux ii, historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (\nl' estoire de eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d' outremer\n), continuator (“william of tyre continuator”), xxvi. xiv, p. 195 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1196, mgh ss xxiii, p. 874 .\nplancher (1741), tome ii, preuves, ix, p. iii .\nwilliam of tyre continuator, xxvi. xiv, pp. 195 - 6 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1201, mgh ss xxiii, p. 878 .\npedro barcelos, tit. v, reyes de navarra, 9 p. 22 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1229, mgh ss xxiii, p. 923 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1225, mgh ss xxiii, p. 915 .\nevans' the matrilineal descent of queen victoria', reprinted in edwards (2003), p. 65 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1220, mgh ss xxiii, p. 910 .\nricheri gesta senoniensis ecclesiæ iv, 23, mgh ss xxv, p. 312 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1222, mgh ss xxiii, p. 912 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1231, mgh ss xxiii, p. 929 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1231, mgh ss xxiii, p. 930 .\nchronica albrici monachi trium fontium 1239, mgh ss xxiii, p. 947 .\nobituaires de sens tome i. 2, chapelle saint - blaise, à provins, p. 998 .\nevans' the matrilineal descent of queen victoria', reprinted in edwards (2003), p. 66 .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nremote and apparently inaccessible though it may be, into which some of these species of northern origin have not found their way, and thrust out a portion of the original possessors of the soil .\nfirst as to their origin. naturalized plants as a rule have wide ranges, and are often found in an indigenous condition (so far as we can judge) over half a continent or more. whether this is due to naturalization at a remote\nwith respect to the habit and duration of the species, only 31 are trees or shrubs, the remaining 356 being herbaceous. of this latter number 176 are annual, 28 biennial, 152 perennial. the large proportion of annual species is noteworthy, as in the indigenous flora nearly all the herbaceous plants are of perennial growth .\nif it is endeavoured to divide the species into groups according to the nature of their habitats, it will be found that nearly two - thirds fall, in about equal numbers, into three classes: first, weeds of cultivated lands and gardens; second, inhabitants of meadows or fields; third, plants of roadsides or waste places. of the remaining third a considerable proportion are escapes from gardens, or other plants whose position it is difficult to define at present, and which occupy very various stations: littoral, paludal, sylvestral, etc .\nfinally, we find that the species belong to 233 genera, arranged in 60 orders. the orders best represented are, — gramineœ, with 60 species, compositœ 51, leguminosœ 35, cruciferœ 20, caryophylleœ 15, rosaceœ 14. of the genera no less than 182 are without indigenous representatives in this country, and 16 of the orders are in the same position. the large number of genera into which the species are distributed shows that our naturalized flora is of a very diversified character; and the fact that most of the genera have no indigenous species, proves that naturalized plants, to succeed in any country, need not have any close affinity with the pre - existing inhabitants .\nif the above facts are duly considered there will not be so much cause for wonder in the introduction and rapid spread of so many foreign plants. for instance, it might be expected that the weeds of our corn - fields and pastures—which now form such an important and conspicuous element in the naturalized flora—would be almost wholly composed of introductions from abroad. the native flora possessed few plants suitable for the places they have taken, and these few could hardly compete with a chance of\nsuccess against species that have from time immemorial occupied the cultivations of man, and whose best adapted varieties have been rigorously selected. the introduced weeds flourish and multiply because they have an environment suited to them and to which they have been modified; the native ones fail because the conditions have become altogether different to those they had been accustomed to .\nbut although we may safely credit the changed conditions of plant - life with being a powerful reason for the spread of naturalized plants in new zealand, it is impossible to consider it as the sole explanation. for we find that not a few species have penetrated into localities where cultivation and cattle are alike unknown, and where man himself is a rare visitant; where, in fact, the conditions are still unchanged. this is the most interesting part of the subject, for it proves conclusively, as remarked by mr. darwin, that the indigenous plants of any district are not necessarily those best suited for it. in most cases it is impossible to assign any obvious reason for the fact that these intruders should be able to thrust on one side the native vegetation; but it is significant that all, or nearly all, are common and widely distributed in their native countries; in short, are predominant species; and that they have followed almost everywhere the footsteps of man, being as extensively naturalized in many other countries as in new zealand. we may, therefore, suppose that by long - continued\ncompetition with other species, in different localities and in different climates, they have gained a vigour of constitution and a faculty of adapting themselves to a great variety of conditions which enable them to readily overcome plants that have not been so advantageously modified .\nthis supposition will also throw some light on the curious fact that the vast majority of our plants are of northern origin. it is now generally admitted by geologists that the present continents are of immense antiquity, and that there has been no great alteration in the relative proportions of land and water during vast geological epochs. mr. darwin therefore argues that as the northern hemisphere has probably always possessed the most extensive continuous land area, so the wonderfully aggressive and colonizing power of its plants at the present time is due to development where the competition of species has been the most severe and long continued, owing to the presence of facilities for natural migration. the plants of the comparatively isolated countries of the southern hemisphere have not been subjected to the same degree of competition, and consequently could not be so advantageously modified .\nstruggle for existence with the introduced forms, and the restriction of those less favourably adapted to habitats which afford them special advantages. ” further on in the same article mr. kirk combats the view that the majority of our native plants will become extinct, stating that the particular species for which this danger is to be feared might almost be counted upon one' s fingers .\nspeaking generally, i am inclined to believe that the struggle between the naturalized and the native floras will result in a limitation of the range of the native species rather than in their actual extermination. we must be prepared to see many plants once common become comparatively rare, and possibly a limited number—i should not estimate it at more than a score or two—may altogether disappear, to be only known to us in the future by the dried specimens preserved in our museums .\nrannunclus acris, l. meadows in several localities, but not common. (europe. )\nrepens, l. damp pastures and waste places. whangarei; vicinity of auckland; waikato district, etc. (europe. )\n*\nbulbosus, l. plentiful in meadows, by roadsides, etc. , throughout the provincial district. (europe. )\n*\nhirsutus, curtis. (r. philonotis, ehr .) plentiful near auckland, and in many of the country districts southwards to the waikato. this species has increased very largely during the last five or six years. (europe. )\nparviflorus, l. of common occurrence in pastures, and waste places. auckland isthmus; thames; coromandel; waikato; etc. it must not be confounded with the r. parviflorus var. australis of the handbook, which is indigenous in the auckland district, and which to me appears to have good claims to rank as a distinct species. (europe. )\n*\nmuricatus, l. local. bay of islands; waste places near auckland; onehunga. (europe. )\npusillus, poir. recorded by mr. buchanan from the island of kawau. i suspect some mistake, as the true r. pusillus is a north american plant, and not at all likely to occur in new zealand. (n. america. )\n* aquilegia vulgaris, l. occasionally seen as a garden escape, but is by no means common. (europe. )\n* nigella damascena, l. a garden escape in light soils near auckland. (s. europe .) one or two species of the allied genus delphinium are also frequently seen, but they do not permanently establish themselves .\npapaver rhœas, l. cultivated fields, not common. mongonui; auckland isthmus; near alexandra. (europe. )\n*\nsomniferum, l. a garden escape. devonport; ponsonby; etc. (europe. )\nfumaria officinalis, l. has become a troublesome weed in light soils in some parts of the auckland isthmus. (europe. )\n* eschscholtzia californica, cham. an escape from gardens in light dry soils. devonport; mt. eden; covering the greater part of a field at panmure in 1879. (california. )\nnasturtium officinale, br. now abundant in streams and swamps throughout the district, and attaining a size unknown in europe. (europe. )\nbarbarea prœcox, br. this is frequently seen in all the settled districts, but is nowhere very plentiful. (europe. )\nalyssum maritimum, l. beach at kororareka, bay of islands; gisborne, plentiful in january, 1880. (s. europe. )\ncochlearia armoracia, l. maintains itself in deserted gardens, but can hardly be considered truly naturalized. (europe. )\nsisymbrium officinale, l. waste places, roadsides, etc. , pretty generally distributed. (europe. )\npannonicum, jacq. i take this from mr. kirk' s list. (trans. ii. , p. 135 .) i have never seen it. (europe. )\n* camelina sativa, l. local. remuera and one or two other places in the vicinity of auckland. (europe. )\nbrassica oleracea, l. plentiful in littoral situations, particularly in the northern portions of the district. (europe. )\ncampestris, l. this, with its sub - species b. rapa and b. napus, is plentiful everywhere in cultivated ground. (europe. )\nnigra, boiss. (sinapis, l .) waste places near auckland, scarce. (europe. )\nsinapistrum, boiss. (sinapis arvensis, l .) a weed in cultivated fields, tolerably frequent. (europe. )\n*\nalba, boiss. (sinapis, l .) remuera; cornfields near otahuhu. (europe. )\ncapsella bursa - pastoris, dc. frequent through the settled portions of the district. (europe. )\nsenebiera coronopus, poir. waste places, not common. bay of islands; thames; onehunga. (europe. )\ndidyma, pers. throughout the district, most abundant, especially in waste places near the sea. (temperate south america? )\nlepidium ruderale, l. open situations near the sea, and in waste places throughout the waikato district. (europe. )\nsativum, l. a garden escape. hardly naturalized, though common in a cultivated condition. (europe. )\n* rapistrum rugosum, berg. in the summer of 1876 this plant appeared in great abundance on the barrack hill, auckland, now known as the albert park. the grading and laying out of the park during the past year has nearly destroyed it, but a few specimens still linger in the adjoining streets and unoccupied allotments. (europe. )\nraphanus sativus, l. this has thoroughly established itself in littoral situations, on sand - hills, etc. mongonui; bay of islands; near auckland; thames; raglan, etc. (europe. )\n* reseda luteola, l. a garden weed in a few localities near auckland. (europe. )\n* viola tricolor, l. , var. arvensis. near auckland, scarce. (europe. )\npolygala myrtifolia, l. a garden escape, but well established at northcote and several other places in the vicinity of auckland. (cape of good hope. )\n* dianthus armeria, l. fields near alexandra and other places in the waikato. (europe. )\nsaponaria vaccaria, l. a garden escape near auckland. (europe. )\nsilene inflata, sm. near otahuhu; hamilton; matamata. (europe. )\nanglica, l. a common weed throughout the district. the variety quinquevulnera is the most abundant. (europe. )\n*\nnoctiflora, l. fields at matamata, february, 1880. (europe. )\nlychnis flos - cuculi, l. pastures at whangarei, scarce. (europe. )\ngithago, linn. a weed in cornfields, often seen. (europe. )\ncerastium glomeratum, thuill. a common weed throughout the district. (europe. )\nstellaria media, l. universally distributed throughout the district, especially in rich light soils. (europe. )\n*\ngraminea, l. panmure; and the larva fields around mt. wellington. (europe. )\narenaria serpyllifolia, l. devonport; penrose; panmure; and other places in the vicinity of auckland. (europe. )\nsagina apetala, l. north head, waitemata, where it has regularly appeared every spring, for several years, on rocks just above high - water mark. penrose; onehunga; newmarket; etc. (europe. )\nspergula arvensis, l. a common weed in cultivated fields. (europe. )\npolycarpon tetraphyllum, l. a common roadside weed, also copiously naturalized on sand - hills in the north. (europe. )\nportulaca oleracea, l. a troublesome weed in gardens in light soil. (s. europe and tropics. )\n* calandrinia caulescens, h. b. k. i am indebted to mr. luke for specimens of this from the vicinity of otahuhu, where in 1881 it appeared in abundance in a freshly - sown grass field. (peru. )\n*\nsp. a small white - flowered species of this genus, which i have been unable to identify, has become plentiful in stony places by the south road near penrose, and thence to onehunga. (s. america? )\nhypericum androsœmum, l. a garden escape. papakura; near alexandra. (europe. )\nperforatum, l. near auckland; helensville; common in many localities in the waikato and upper thames districts, especially at matamata. (europe. )\nhumifusum, l. whangarei; remuera; st. john' s college; waitakerei; and other localities near auckland. usually prefers stiff clay soils. (europe. )\nmalva sylvestris, l. waste places near auckland; and at the thames; rare. (europe. )\nrotundifolia, l. vicinity of auckland; otahuhu; ngaruawahia; hamilton; etc. (europe. )\n*\nverticillata, l. in immense abundance in and near auckland, often covering unoccupied allotments, waste places, etc. , with a dense growth 3–4 feet high. also plentiful at the thames, coromandel, and in most of the country townships. (europe. )\n*\nparviflora, l. waste places near auckland, but not common. (europe. )\nmodiola multifida, mœnch. plentiful in pastures and by roadsides in all cultivated districts. it must have been an early introduction, for it was nearly as abundant and as widely distributed in 1863 as now. (eastern states of north america. )\nlavatera arborea, l. an occasional garden escape. panmure; onehungea; manukau heads; hamilton. (s. europe. )\nlinum usitatissimum, l. an escape from cultivation in a few localities. (europe. )\nmarginale, a. cunn. abundant throughout the district, especially in meadows and by roadsides. considered to be indigenous by mr. kirk. (australia. )\n*\ngallicum, l. near lake pupuke; vicinity of auckland; onehunga. not common; first seen in 1876. (s. europe. )\n* geranium robertianum, l. a few plants of this were seen at devonport three years ago, but it has apparently died out. (europe. )\nerodium cicutarium, l. a common plant by roadsides and in waste places. (europe. )\nmoschatum, l. an abundant weed, especially in light soils. (europe. )\nmaritimum, l. in littoral situations. mongonui; bay of islands; waiwera. (europe. )\n* oxalis variabilis, lindl. frequently establishes itself in the vicinity of gardens. (cape. )\n*\ncernua, thunb. this species has become a troublesome weed in gardens near auckland, particularly in the large nursery establishments of messrs. j. mason and d. hay. its numerous tubers make it difficult to eradicate. (cape. )\n*\ncompressa, thunb. occasionally seen with the preceding, but not common. (cape. )\n* tropœolum majus, l. a common garden escape, especially near auckland. (peru. )\nvitis vinifera, l. often lingers for many years in deserted gardens, old maori cultivations, etc. (tropics. )\n* melianthus major, l. a garden escape. near mt. eden; tararu (thames); etc. (cape. )\npodalyria sericea, br. a common garden plant. it is included in mr. kirk' s list, but i have never seen it except in actual cultivation. (cape. )\nulex europœus, l. plentiful througbout the whole district, and in many localities exceedingly troublesome. (europe. )\ncytisus scoparius, link. near papakura; alexandra; matamata; etc. (europe. )\nmedicago sativa, l. cultivated fields, not common. (europe. )\nlupulina, l. waste places and fields, tolerably frequent throughout the district. (europe. )\ndenticulata, willd. waste places and pastures, common throughout the district. this species and the following often monopolize many of the fields near auckland, especially where the soil is light and rich. (europe. )\nmelilotus officinalis, l. fields and waste places, not so common as the following. (europe. )\narvensis, wall. plentiful, especially in waste grounds near the sea. (europe. )\n* trifolium arvense, l. a few plants noticed in a field near otahuhu in december, 1876. not since observed. (europe. )\n*\nincarnatum, l. occasionally seen in pastures, especially in the waikato. (europe. )\npratense, l. pastures and roadsides, common. (europe. )\nmedium, l. pastures, etc. , not so common as the preceding. (europe. )\n*\nscabrum, l. beach at devonport; abundant in december, 1880. (europe. )\nglomeratum, l. fields and roadsides throughout the district. (europe. )\n*\nhybridum, l. clover fields in the waikato, and in other localities. (europe. )\nrepens, l. fields and roadsides, universally distributed throughout the district. (europe. )\n*\nresupinatum, l. mongonui harbour and shores of doubtless bay, abundant. i am also indebted to mr. esam for specimens obtained near helensville. (europe. )\nprocumbens, l. not uncommon in meadows in all the cultivated districts. (europe. )\nminus, sm. abundant throughout the district. this mixes more freely with the indigenous vegetation than any other species of trifolium, spreading along the sides of gullies, etc. (europe. )\nlotus corniculatus, l. pastures and roadsides, rather local at present, but increasing. (europe. )\nmajor, scop. remuera; near the hunua railway station. (europe. )\n*\nangustissimus, l. remuera; first seen in 1881. (europe. )\npsoralea pinnata, l. included in mr. kirk' s list. i have only seen it in cultivation in gardens. (cape. )\nindigofera viscosa, lam. an occasional garden escape near auckland. (tropics. )\nrobinia pseud - acacia, l. copiously naturalized in many places in the waikato country, forming large groves. near taupiri it has established itself in places for several miles on the western side of the river. (united states. )\nvicia sativa, l. not uncommon in cultivated districts throughout the district. (europe. )\ntetrasperma, mœnch. a common and troublesome weed throughout the district, from the north cape to poverty bay. (europe. )\nhirsuta, koch. bay of islands; vicinity of auckland, and southwards to the waikato, but by no means common. (europe. )\n* lens esculenta, gr. & godr. this has become abundantly naturalized in the auckland domain, having doubtless escaped from some garden in the vicinity. (s. europe. )\nlathyrus odoratus, l. occasionally establishes itself near gardens, but is not likely to become permanently naturalized. (s. europe. )\n*\nlatifolius, l. an occasional garden escape. (s. europe. )\ndolichos lignosus, l. spreads in neglected gardens, etc. , but can hardly be looked at in the light of a naturalized plant. (tropical asia. )\nacacia dealbata, link. this increases by means of suckers in neglected plantations, etc. , and in some localities is fairly established. (australia. )\nalbizzia lophantha, willd. this was formerly largely planted about the mission stations and maori settlements, and as it springs up readily from seed, has in many cases formed large groves. (australia. )\namygdalus persica, l. deserted maori plantations, etc. , and often appearing spontaneously in a variety of situations. (central asia. )\nprunus cerasus, l. maintains itself in deserted maori plantations and orchards, in a few cases forming small groves. (s. europe. )\nspirœa salicifolia, willd. included in mr. kirk' s list. i have only seen it where actually planted. (europe. )\nrubus idœus, l. an escape from cultivation, but well established in a few localities. lake pupuke; hunua; near drury, etc. (europe. )\nfruticosus, l. waste places, hedges, roadsides, etc. now common in most districts, and rapidly increasing. several of the subspecies are introduced, r. discolor, w. and n. , being perhaps the most frequent. (europe. )\nfragaria vesca, l. both species are frequently seen as escapes from cultivation. (europe. )\n* potentilla reptans, l. near hamilton, waikato; a few plants only observed in 1879. (europe. )\nalchemilla arvensis, l. in cultivated fields and dry pastures. vicinity of auckland; coromandel; ngaruawahia, raglan. (europe. )\n* poterium sanguisorba, l. dry pastures near auckland, and in the waikato. not common, and perhaps intentionally sown in the localities in which i have noticed it. (europe) .\nrosa rubiginosa, l. abundantly naturalized throughout the district, especially in the light pumiceous soils of the upper waikato and taupo districts. (europe. )\ncanina, l. hedges and waste places in the vicinity of auckland, etc. (europe. )\nrosa multiflora, l. often planted for hedges, and in favourable situations spreads considerably. (china. )\n* tillœa (bulliarda) trichotoma, e. and l. (?). sides of the south road, near penrose, and spreading rapidly on the lava fields around mount smart. i am doubtful as to the identification, the descriptions in the “flora capensis” and in de candolle' s “prodromus, ” the only ones to which i have access, being very short and meagre. (cape. )\nlythrum hyssopifolium, l. an abundant plant throughout the district, in moist places, ditches, etc. (europe. )\ngraefferi, ten. local. remuera; abundant near ngaruawahia; thames. (europe. )\n* œnothera biennis, l. not common. near auckland; waste places about hamilton; abandoned maori cultivations at matamata. (n. america. )\nstricta, l. common in light soils throughout most parts of the district. very partial to sandy flats near the sea. (n. america. )\n*\ntetraptera, cav. a garden escape in one or two localities near auckland. first seen in 1878. (west. n. america. )\ncitrullus vulgaris, schrad. often of spontaneous origin about maori cultivations, but never permanently establishes itself. (tropics. )\nlagenaria vulgaris, l. this is the “hue” of the maoris, doubtless introduced by them, and still cultivated in many of their settlements. as a naturalized plant it is in precisely the same position as the preceding species. (tropics. )\n* mesembryanthemum edule, l. naturalized on the sandy beach at kohimarama, auckland harbour; doubtless originally an outcast from some garden in the vicinity. (cape. )\n* bupleurum rotundifolium, l. vicinity of auckland, where it has appeared as a weed in a few large market - gardens. (europe. )\n* conium maculatum, l. a few plants of this were observed in some waste ground at the thames in 1880; but in a late visit to the locality i did not observe it. (europe. )\napium graveolens, l. deserted gardens and waste places. brackish - water swamps between the thames and piako rivers, a situation where it will probably spread. (europe. )\neeptophyllum, a. dc. mongonui township; russell (bay of islands); kawau island (t. kirk); streets of auckland; near otahuhu, etc. considered by mr. kirk to be indigenous, an opinion with which i cannot agree. (australia. )\n* ammi majus, l. rare at present, but likely to spread. remuera; auckland domain. (europe. )\nlarum petroselinum, benth. (petroselinum sativum, hoffm .) an escape from cultivation, but plentiful in several localities, as on the lavafields round mount eden, etc. (europe. )\npimpinella saxifraga, l. i take this from mr. kirk' s list. i have not myself seen it in a naturalized condition. (europe. )\nscandix pecten - veneris, l. waste places about auckland, not at all common. (europe. )\nfœniculum vulgare, gærtn. roadsides and waste places, deserted gardens, etc. of common occurrence. (europe. )\npeucedanum sativum, benth. (pastinaca, l .) a garden escape in a few localities. (europe. )\ndaucus carota, l. not uncommon in pastures and meadows throughout the district. (europe. )\ncaucalis nodosa, scop. waste places, local, whangarei; vicinity of auckland; thames. (europe. )\n* hedera helix, l. spreads occasionally in plantations and gardens, but can hardly be considered as naturalized. (europe. )\nsambucus nigra, l. often planted for hedges, etc. , and sometimes spreads. (europe. )\ngalium aparine, l. waste places, hedges, roadsides, etc. , plentiful in most localities, and increasing. (europe. )\n* galium parisiense, l. fields at remuera, rare. (europe. )\nsherardia arvensis, l. generally distributed through the cultivated districts. (europe. )\n* centranthus ruber, dc. occasionally seen as a garden escape. mongonui; thames; ponsonby. (europe. )\nvalerianella olitoria, mœnch. waste places and roadsides. orakei native settlement; mount albert; near hamilton. (europe. )\n* dipsacus sylvestris, l. tauranga; not uncommon in january, 1880. i am also indebted to mr. will for specimens gathered at pakari. (europe. )\nscabiosa atropurpurea, l. a common garden escape in light soils. (tropical asia. )\n*\n( knautia) arvensis, l. a few years ago this appeared in abundance in a cultivated field at remuera, but has since nearly died out. (europe. )\nbellis perennis, l. plentiful in pastures throughout the district, and increasing yearly. (europe. )\nerigeron canadensis, l. a common plant through the entire district. probably one of the earliest introductions into new zealand. (n. america. )\nlinifolius, willd. (conyza ambigua, dc .) in several localities. northern wairoa; whangarei; matamata, etc. (tropics. )\nxanthium spinosum, l. waste places and roadsides in the vicinity of auckland; and in the waikato. it nowhere shows signs of becoming so abundant and troublesome as in certain parts of australia. (chili. )\nsiegesbeckia orientalis, l. warm dry soils, not common. bay of islands; whangarei; northern wairoa; vicinity of auckland; raglan. this must have been an early introduction, for it was more plentiful in 1864 than at present. (tropics. )\neclipta alba, huask. included in the list of naturalized plants given in the “handbook” (under the name of e. erecta). i have not seen it. (tropics. )\nbidens pilosa, l. on cliffs and light dry soils, not uncommon. perhaps a true native. (tropics. )\nachillea millefolium, l. in pastures and by roadsides in most cultivated districts, but nowhere very abundant. (europe. )\nanthemis arvensis, l. waste places, roadsides, and fields; a common weed in most localities. (europe. )\n*\ncotula, l. waste places near auckland. (europe. )\nnobilis, l. included in mr. kirk' s list. i have not seen it except in a cultivated condition. (europe. )\nchrysanthemum leucanthemum, l. plentiful throughout the district, and becoming a troublesome weed on stiff soils. (europe. )\nsegetum, l. local. cultivated fields at remuera, and near otahuhu. (europe. )\n( pyrethrum) inodorum, l. fields on the auckland isthmus and elsewhere, not common. (europe. )\nmatricaria chamomilla, l. fields and roadsides, sparsely scattered over the cultivated portions of the district. (europe. )\ndiscoidea, dc. in immense abundance in waste places about auckland, and along most lines of road into the interior. (north america. )\n* tanacetum vulgare, l. a few plants observed in a lane near howick. (europe. )\n* soliva anthemifolia, r. br. alluvial flats by the northern wairoa river, near dargaville and mangawhare. (australia. )\n*\npterosperma, less. ? rangiriri and near ngaruawahia; first seen in january, 1879. i am not quite certain about the identification. (s. america. )\nartemisia absinthium, l. an occasional garden escape. northern wairoa; vicinity of auckland; maori settlements at matamata. (europe. )\nsenecio vulgaris, l. a common weed in rich soils throughout the district. (europe. )\n*\nsylvaticus, l. near pukekohe; raglan. (europe. )\nmikanoides, otto. (harv. et sond. , flora capensis, 3, p. 402). senecio scandens, dc. , non cacalia scandens, thunb. a common garden escape, now well established in waste places, etc. , near auckland and elsewhere. (cape. )\n† calendula officinalis, l. a garden escape near auckland, etc. (europe. )\nosteospermum moniliferum, l. recorded by mr. kirk. i have not seen it in a naturalized state. (cape. )" ]

{ "text": [ "henricus comes is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "it is found in mexico ( veracruz ) and the united states ( arizona and texas ) .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing in april and august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "henricus comes is a species of moth of the family tortricidae. it is found in mexico (veracruz) and the united states (arizona and texas). the wingspan is about 16 mm. adults have been recorded on wing in april and august." ]

[ "the material is very similar to fisher price puffalump toys. condition - lovely .\nfisher price puffalump girl mouse, blue gray with white dress. very good condition .\npuffalump bunnies always have extra - long ears that are semi - pointed on the ends .\nfisher price puffalump from 1992. green t rex plush. he squeaks too. pre - owned, but excellent condition and clean .\nbefore looking at the pages, you may need to first know what puffalump animal you have, as it is very difficult to tell the difference between some of them. the biggest confusion seems to be whether the puffalump is a bear, a bunny, a lamb, a mouse, or a dog? the major tell - tale sign is always the puffalump' s ears. below we have provided a picture of each one and a description of what to look for :\n1980s fisher price peach bear puffalump. here we have a. and a few other small marks here and there - i have tried to photograph them all .\nfisher price puffalump dog in excellent, pre - owned condition. blue body with pink nose and mouth, brown eyes, and white yarn hair. great collectible or toy .\ngreat vintage fisher price puffalump rabbit from the 80’s. in great condition with dress, one small mark as the picture show, but barely noticeable! from a smoke free home, uk bidders only please than ...\nthis item is a vintage fisher price puffalump. it is a blue mouse and it is wearing a white lace dress. it has the logo on the foot. the sown on tag is very worn so nothing can be read. it measures 17 ...\nyou may click here for a list of all known puffalumps in order by set model number. puffalumps remained in production from 1986 until 1997, which carried the last remains of the puffalump line in the # 1212 dolly. it was thought that the puffalump line was gone forever but fisher - price gave the line another jump - start in 1999 with the introduction of three new puffalumps. the new puffalumps, # 74827 - 74829 care for me puffalumps, includes a purple cat, blue puppy, and pink cow that were sold with electrnoic baby bottles that make realistic noises. where will the line go from here? only time will tell... .\nsome parts of this page won' t work property. please reload or try later .\nwant to share imdb' s rating on your own site? use the html below .\nfisher - price introduced puffalumps in 1986. by definition, puffalumps are soft, stuffed, feather - light dolls or animals made of parachute - type material. the very first pufflumps were 6 animals (cat, bunny, dog, bear cub, lamb, and cow) sold in the # 8000 puffalumps assortment .\n* be aware that fisher - price made several other dolls and stuffed animals that resemble puffalumps, but are not puffalumps. such animals include the dino - roarrs, cavemen, chattering chimps, and more. if you cannot find what you are looking for in the puffalumps table below, click here for a list of other fisher - price dolls and stuffed animals .\nwe have made a list of all the puffalumps and their accessories that were made in 1986 - 1999. there may be more puffalumps that we do not have listed here, but we have found as many as we could. for your convenience we have divided the puffalumps and their accessories into bite - size pages to make your search a bit easier .\ngood used condition. there is snag on his left ear see pic closeup for details. the writing on his tag has faded. see pics for closeups of this .\nthe light orange dog has a little rip in the romper outfit he is wearing. again - this lot is used, but still have lots of play love left in them .\nauction for items shown. in good used condition. some wear from play. tag is faded. please refer to pictures for better description .\nclean toys, both have their outfits... both soft and fluffy. . appx. 18\n.. u. s. shipping only\nvery gently used. no marks, snags, or tears. all original clothing intact .\nit is in used condition, with a stained area on the back of the bonnet and the back side of her right sleeve. with rattle in tummy !\nin good condition for age. has age spots and the ribbon is a little unraveled (as shown in photos). sold as is; no returns. no international shipping .\nsays\nchristmas 1993\non his hat. has wear / tear and a few light spots / stains. would make a great addition to any vtg toy collection! if you don' t, i will take a case out against you. item must be in ...\nblue one in great shape, white one has one arm with little or no stuffing, the blue one was always on a shelf, the white one hugged .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nthis page was last updated: jul - 11 04: 44. number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. see each listing for international shipping options and costs .\nlovely fisher price chattering monkey that comes in very good played with condition. see pictures. shake up and down to hear chattering noises. email any questions. good luck bidding .\nodd playwear as to be expected with a toy of this age however on the whole very good. the mouse needs a stitch to the back seam and the whiter parts are a little less white but i havent laundered it ...\nsuper soft squishy soft toy. blue and lemon bear with super soft filling and silky material outer. has a no rubs to his eyes, his eyes are plastic, aqua, blue, pink and white, his nose is pink plastic. gra ...\nfor sale is this awesome dinosaur from 1993, by sonata marketing. he' s made from the same material as the puffalumps toys, is in very good, vintage condition and comes in beautiful bright fluorescent ...\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nthis page was last updated: jul - 11 04: 47. number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ndirty butter plush animal shoppe uses cookies. for more detailed information about these cookies please see our privacy policy. please accept to continue or block all non - essential cookies .\n“but jesus called them unto him, and said, suffer little children to come unto me, and fobid them not: for of such is the kingdom of god. ” luke 18: 16 kjv\njavascript is required by this website. please enable this in your browser settings .\ntake heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for i say unto you, that in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my father which is in heaven .\nmatthew 18: 10 kjv\n[ enough christmas already. bring on easter. here’s our volkswagen type 3 easter bunny making the rounds at the 2011 gator - o - rama 24 hours of lemons race at msr houston. ]\nwhat is this, a car for toys? actually, yes. this is a car for toys. here’s fluffy bunny in the new mini clubman. review coming monday .\n— a small replica of jason torchinsky’s beetle — all around the world. now that it’s in austin, it found\n[ in addition to being an efficient way to allow air to flow into the cabin and cool the driver, this little vent on the chevrolet corvette c7. r driver’s door also doubles as a stylish bunny holder when the race car is parked. ]\nbecause today is dia del conejito, i' m going to whip out my collection of photos of racing drivers with easter bunnies. thankfully, my\ndid, unless you' re b - spec fiesta racer marc sherrin above. sit back, relax and enjoy the holidays .\nwell, this is one way to keep track of the race when you can only see it from one turn for long periods of time. here are a couple other little things i found on the photo trail around the track .\n. if you ever need a good reason for why your race car is parked, crunched and / or no longer in the race, you can always blame someone who won' t mind at all: fluffy bunny .\nin america. the pirelli gt3 cup trophy (read: all wonderful porsche cup cars) is running this weekend, too. patrick and i will be covering the event all weekend long, and here' s why you should pay attention (even from home) .\n. rally chicken, to be exact. and by\nthings ,\ni mean the entire global rallycross paddock at the x games. rally chicken' s a dirty, dirty bird .\nsome time ago, i noticed that i had many, many photos of cars. fast cars. rare cars. shiny cars. racecars. odd cars. i needed something to set my amateur - hour photography apart from the rest. i needed ...\nkinja is in read - only mode. we are working to restore service .\nintroducing moda operandi man: get 10% off your first purchase. sign up now\ni thought you might be interested in this item i love from moda operandi .\ncreate a moda operandi account to check your orders, save your information and keep your favorite products .\nsign in with your amazon account details to use your saved delivery and payment information .\ncheck out using your email and you can create an account at the end of the process .\nsign in to speed up the checkout process, check your order status and save your favorite products .\nyou will receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nyour reset password token has expired or is invalid, request a new one .\nenter your email and you will receive a message with a link to reset your password .\nsign in to link your facebook account to the moda operandi account. want to create a new account ?\nyour email is already linked to another account. you can try to link accounts\nplease confirm the email address you are registering with moda operandi. already registered? sign in" ]

{ "text": [ "the puffalumps were stuffed animals created by fisher-price in 1986 .", "they were lightweight stuffed animals made of parachute material and filled with poly-fil stuffing .", "over the years , fisher-price released several different lines within the puffalump brand , including the puffalump pets , baby puffalumps , wild puffalumps , barnyard puffalumps , puffalump kids , jungle juniors , and care for me puffalumps .", "special puffalumps were occasionally released to commemorate holidays such as easter , christmas , and valentine 's day .", "several of the original puffalumps were re-released in 2006 .", "these puffalumps were the larger original size as opposed to the smaller 8 \" -10 \" size that was prevalent throughout the late 1980s and 1990s .", "puffalumps were discontinued again in 2007 .", "fisher-price released other merchandise such as books , tote bags , halloween costumes , umbrellas , and bedding to complement the puffalump toys .", "a short animated film , the wild puffalumps , was also made to accompany the wild puffalumps line . " ], "topic": [ 4, 4, 16, 16, 16, 0, 0, 4, 4 ] }

[ "the puffalumps were stuffed animals created by fisher-price in 1986. they were lightweight stuffed animals made of parachute material and filled with poly-fil stuffing. over the years, fisher-price released several different lines within the puffalump brand, including the puffalump pets, baby puffalumps, wild puffalumps, barnyard puffalumps, puffalump kids, jungle juniors, and care for me puffalumps. special puffalumps were occasionally released to commemorate holidays such as easter, christmas, and valentine's day. several of the original puffalumps were re-released in 2006. these puffalumps were the larger original size as opposed to the smaller 8 \" -10 \" size that was prevalent throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. puffalumps were discontinued again in 2007. fisher-price released other merchandise such as books, tote bags, halloween costumes, umbrellas, and bedding to complement the puffalump toys. a short animated film, the wild puffalumps, was also made to accompany the wild puffalumps line." ]

[ "* bolbomyia loew, 1850b: 39. type species: bolbomyia nana loew, 1862, by subsequent monotypy in loew (1862a: 188) .\nlitoleptis alaskensis, a new genus and species from alaska, and bolbomyia melanderi, a new species from the appalachians, are described. cekendia wuorentausi is redescribed, and the genus synonymyzed with bolbomyia. further records of the nearctic species of bolbomyia are given. a generic group composed of hilarimorpha, litoleptis, bolbomyia, archicera and austroleptis is proposed .\nwing of female of bolbomyia macgillisi from james and turner (1981, fig. 9) [ 1 ] .\n... this genus was originally included in rhagionidae by chillcott (1963). nevertheless litoleptis resembles hilarimorpha schiner (hilarimorphidae) in wing venation and in lacking tibial spurs, it is differentiated by the short - styled antenna and the presence of a pulvilliform empodium (chillcott 1963). grimaldi & cumming (1999) noted that litoleptis is in close proximity to bolbomyia and austroleptis based on the lack of wing vein m 3 (i. e. the lack of dm cell)... .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish, pseudoliparis swirei, published in zootaxa (4358: 161 - 177) by gerringer, m. e et al. was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story. well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider, lycosa aragogi, is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j. k. rowling. the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets”, which is actually based on a wolf spider. the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndissertation (full text); i' ll add any major papers published since based on this study .\navailable on amazon. images posted on bugguide which appear in this book: please let me know if i missed any; i will add .\ncontributed by edward l. ruden on 4 july, 2017 - 5: 41pm\nby pascarella, j. b. , k. d. waddington & p. r. neal .\nan introduction to the immature stages of british flies by smith k. g. v. res handbooks for the identification of british insects 10 (14); 280 pp. , 1989 urltoken\norder diptera linnaeus, 1758. in: zhang z. - q. (ed .) animal biodiversity: an outline of higher - level classification ...\ncontributed by jeffrey a. heupel, whn. on 6 december, 2013 - 8: 35am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... litoleptis is a small genus, which comprises at least four species. it was erected as a monotypic genus, which proposed for l. alaskensis chillcott, 1963. hennig (1972 added a new species l. chilensis hennig and transferred hilarimorpha orientalis frey to litoleptis... .\n... nov. ; part of r4 + 5 basal of r–m longer than basal stem of rs in cretahilarimorpha while it is distinctly shorter in the modern hilarimorpha; part of m between r–m and bm–cu very long and angular; cua2 and a1 not touching; and cell cup very long, ending distal to apex of cell bm. the rhagionid genus litoleptis chilcott, 1963 has a wing venation similar to those of cretahilarimorpha and hilarimorpha, especially in the absence of the discal cell (chilcott, 1963). the main difference in venation is the r5 and r4 + 5 subequal in length in litoleptis while r5 is distinctly shorter in cretahilarimorpha and hilarimorpha (kerr, 2010), even if cretahilarimorpha shares with litoleptis an apically open cell cup... .\n... today, rhagionids in its traditional sense are considered a polyphyletic family and spaniidae is considered as a family (stuckenberg 2001). the genus litoleptis was described by chillcott (1963) from alaska (l. alaskensis chillcott)... .\na new species of roederiodes coquillett (diptera: empididae) from utah, with additional notes on the ...\na new species, roederiodes petersoni, described from utah, is a member of the juncta group, distinguished by its smooth face and incomplete postocular bristle row. brief notes on distribution and synonymy of other species of the genus are given .\nthe genus aceodromus is redefined on the basis of the type species, a. convolvuli muma, and a new species, a. asternalis, both of which are described and illustrated. the subfamily aceodrominae muma is removed from the phytoseiidae and synonymized under the subfamily blattisociinae (blattisociidae), and reasons for this action are discussed .\nnew species and stages of nearctic fannia r. d. (diptera: muscidae) associated with nests of hymenopt ...\ndescriptions and figures are presented of both adult and immature stages of a new species, fannia moseri, from nests of atta texana in louisiana; and the female and larvae of f. binotata chillcott, and mature larvae of f. americana malloch, from nests of bombus spp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njames m. t. , turner w. j. (1981) rhagionidae. in: mcalpine j. f. (ed .), manual of nearctic diptera. agriculture canada, ottawa, pp. 483 - 488 .\ncontributors own the copyright of their contributions to this website. everything else is copyright 2008 - 2013 adam tofilski\narchirhagio rohdendorf, 1938: 35. type species: archirhagio obscurus rohdendorf, 1938, by original designation .\nobscurus rohdendorf, 1938: 37. pa: kazakhstan (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\n* arthroteles bezzi, 1926: 321. type species: arthroteles bombyliiformis bezzi, 1926, by original designation .\nunidentified spp. - pa: russia (siberia) (upper jurassic / lower cretaceous) [ c ] (eskov, 1992: 325) .\n* atherimorpha white, 1914: 41. type species: atherimorpha vernalis white, 1914, by monotypy .\nfestuca jell & duncan, 1986: 181. au: australia (lower cretaceous) [ c ] .\nloewi meunier, 1902a: 96. pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ] .\n* chrysopilus macquart, 1826b: 403 (82). type species: musca diadema linnaeus, 1767 [ misidentification, = rhagio aureus meigen, 1804 ], by subsequent designation of westwood (1840: 134). paleochrysopila meunier, 1892a: lxxxiii (1892b: lxxxiii). type species: chrysopilus nagatomii evenhuis, 1993, by present designation. [ paleochrysopila originally proposed without included species. the type designated is from the first inclusion of a named species within the genus in accordance with the code. ]\nanglicus cockerell, 1921c: 471. pa: uk (england) (eocene / oligocene) [ c ]. nagatomii evenhuis, 1994: in this work (new species). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ] (meunier, 1892a: lxxxiii). [ species - group name validated by bibliographic reference to characters given in meunier (1892a: lxxxiii) for the genus paleochrysopila. ] praestigmaticus evenhuis, 1994: in this work (new replacement name for stigmaticus statz). pa: germany (oligocene) [ c ]. stigmaticus statz, 1940: 129. pa: germany (oligocene) [ c ]. [ preoccupied by cockerell, 1921. ] stigmaticus cockerell, 1921c: 471. pa: uk (england) (eocene / oligocene) [ c ] .\n* dialysis walker, 1850: 4. type species: dialysis dissimilis walker, 1850 [ = stygia elongata say, 1823 ], by monotypy .\nrevelata cockerell, 1908d: 174. ne: usa (oligocene) [ c ] .\nija kovalev, 1981: 93 (94). type species: ija problematica kovalev, 1981, by original designation .\nproblematica kovalev, 1981: 95 (95). pa: russia (siberia) (middle jurassic) [ c ] .\njurabrachyceron kovalev, 1981: 92 (93). type species: jurabrachyceron abbreviatum kovalev, 1981, by original designation .\nabbreviatum kovalev, 1981: 93 (94). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nkubekovia kovalev in kalugina & kovalev, 1985: 185. type species: kubekovia accessoria kovalev, 1985, by original designation .\naccessoria kovalev in kalugina & kovalev, 1985: 185. pa: russia (siberia) (middle jurassic) [ c ] .\nmesorhagiophryne hong & wang, 1990: 152. type species: mesorhagiophryne robusta hong & wang, 1990, by original designation. mesorhagiorhyne. incorrect original spelling of mesorhagiophryne (hong & wang, 1990: 188; regional geological surveying team, 1990: table 3). mesorhagiorhryne. incorrect original spelling of mesorhagiophryne (hong & wang, 1990: 251) .\nincerta hong & wang, 1990: 153. pa: china (upper jurassic) [ c ]. intcerta. incorrect original spelling of incerta (regional geological surveying team, 1990: table 3). robusta hong & wang, 1990: 152. pa: china (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nmesostratiomyia hong & wang, 1990: 155. type species: mesostratiomyia laiyangensis hong & wang, 1990, by original designation. mesostrtiomyia. incorrect original spelling of mesostratiomyia (hong & wang, 1990: 189) .\nlaiyangensis hong & wang, 1990: 155. pa: china (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nmongolomyia kovalev, 1986: 142. type species: mongolomyia latitarsis kovalev, 1986, by original designation .\nlatitarsis kovalev, 1986: 143. pa: mongolia (lower cretaceous) [ c ] .\npalaeobolbomyia kovalev, 1982: 94 (93). type species: palaeobolbomyia sibirica kovalev, 1982, by original designation .\nsibirica kovalev, 1982: 95 (94). pa: russia (siberia) (middle jurassic) [ c ] .\npalaeobrachyceron kovalev, 1981: 87 (86). type species: palaeobrachyceron handlirschi kovalev, 1981, by original designation .\nhandlirschi kovalev, 1981: 89 (88). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ]. hennigi kovalev, 1981: 89 (89). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ]. nagatomii kovalev, 1981: 91 (91). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ]. rohdendorfi kovalev, 1981: 91 (89). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ]. steyskali kovalev, 1981: 92 (93). pa: russia (siberia) (middle / upper jurassic) [ c ] .\npalaeostratiomyia rohdendorf, 1938: 32. type species: palaeostratiomyia pygmaea rohdendorf, 1938, by original designation. palaeostratiomyiia. incorrect original spelling of palaeostratiomyia (rohdendorf, 1938: 32) .\npygmaea rohdendorf, 1938: 33. pa: kazakhstan (upper jurassic) [ c ]. pigmaea. incorrect original spelling of pygmaea (rohdendorf, 1938: 58) .\n* ptiolina zetterstedt, 1842: 226. type species: leptis obscura fallén, 1814, by subsequent designation of frauenfeld (1867: 497) .\n? unidentified sp. - pa: uk (england) (lower cretaceous) [ c ] (jarzembowski, 1984: 80) .\n* rhagio fabricius, 1775: 761. type species: musca scolopacea linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of latreille (1810: 443). * leptis fabricius, 1805: 69 (unjustified new replacement name for rhagio fabricius). type species: musca scolopacea linnaeus, 1758, automatic. palaeohilarimorpha meunier, 1902d: 400. type species: palaeohilarimorpha bifurcata meunier, 1902, by monotypy .\nacutangulus meunier, 1899e: 177 (leptis). nomen nudum. bifurcatus meunier, 1902d: 400 (palaeohilarimorpha). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. calcaratus statz, 1940: 128. pa: germany (oligocene) [ c ]. distans hennig, 1967a: 39. nomen nudum. expassus meunier, 1910d: 69 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. exporrectus meunier, 1910d: 70 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. expositus meunier, 1910d: 71 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. exsanguis meunier, 1910d: 70 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. fascinatoris meunier, 1910d: 71 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. ferus meunier, 1910d: 72 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. flexus meunier, 1899e: 177 (leptis). nomen nudum. fossitius melander, 1949: 29. ne: usa (oligocene) [ c ]. ignavus meunier, 1910d: 72 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. primaevus théobald, 1937b: 167. pa: france (oligocene) [ c ]. recurvus meunier, 1899e: 177 (leptis). nomen nudum. samlandicus meunier, 1916a: 277 (leptis). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. validus meunier, 1899e: 177 (leptis). nomen nudum. wheeleri melander, 1949: 29. ne: usa (oligocene) [ c ] .\nrhagiophryne rohdendorf, 1951: 79, 85 [ 1959b: 270, 274 ]. type species: rhagiophryne bianalis rohdendorf, 1951, by monotypy .\nbianalis rohdendorf, 1951: 79, 85 [ 1959b: 270, 274 ]. pa: kazakhstan (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nscelorhagio zhang, 1993b: 664. type species: scelorhagio mecomastigus zhang, 1993, by original designation .\nmecomastigus zhang, 1993b: 665. pa: china (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nstratiomyopsis hong & wang, 1990: 154. type species: stratiomyopsis robusta hong & wang, 1990, by original designation .\nrobusta hong & wang, 1990: 154. pa: china (upper jurassic) [ c ]. busta. incorrect original spelling of robusta (hong & wang, 1990: 189) .\n* symphoromyia frauenfeld, 1867: 496. type species: atherix melaena meigen, 1820, by original designation .\nangustifrons meunier, 1899e: 177 (atherix). nomen nudum. evecta meunier, 1910d: 73 (atherix). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. examinata meunier, 1910d: 74 (atherix). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. exigua meunier, 1910d: 74 (atherix). pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. latifrons hennig, 1967a: 37. nomen nudum. marginata théobald, 1937a: 241. pa: france (oligocene) [ c ]. pelecocera meunier, 1899e: 177 (atherix). nomen nudum. pusilla hennig, 1967a: 37. nomen nudum. subtrita cockerell, 1911: 78. ne: usa (oligocene) [ c ]. succini paramonov, 1938: 57. pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ]. tertiarica paramonov, 1938: 59. pa: baltic region (eocene / oligocene) [ a ] .\nzarzia zaitzev, 1982: 105. nomen nudum. zarzia spahr, 1985: 11, 132. nomen nudum. zarzia zaitzev, 1986: 818 (1987: 152). type species: zarzia zherichini zaitzev, 1986, by original designation .\nzherichini zaitzev, 1986: 818 (1987: 152). pa: russia (siberia) (upper cretaceous) [ a ] .\ncretaceus kovalev, 1986: 143 (\nptiolinites\n). pa: mongolia (lower cretaceous) [ c ] .\ndipterites heer, 1849: 254. type species: dipterites obsoleta heer, 1849, by monotypy .\nobsoleta heer, 1849: 254. pa: croatia (miocene) [ c ] .\nprotorhagio rohdendorf, 1938: 37, 60. type species: protorhagio capitatus rohdendorf, 1938, by original designation .\ncapitatus rohdendorf, 1938: 38. pa: kazakhstan (upper jurassic) [ c ] .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nmyskowiak, justine azar, dany and nel, andré 2016. the first fossil hilarimorphid fly (diptera: brachycera). gondwana research, vol. 35, issue. , p. 192 .\nnagatomi, akira 1982. the genera of rhagionidae (diptera). journal of natural history, vol. 16, issue. 1, p. 31 .\nhoy, james b. and anderson, john r. 1978. behavior and reproductive physiology of blood - sucking snipe flies (diptera: rhagionidae: symphoromyia) attacking deer in northern california. hilgardia, vol. 46, issue. 4, p. 113 .\nshewell, g. e. 1967. james gordon thomas chillcott. the canadian entomologist, vol. 99, issue. 07, p. 780 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 11th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours." ]

{ "text": [ "bolbomyia is a genus of snipe fly , and the sole genus in the family bolbomyiidae ; until 2010 , it was placed in the family rhagionidae .", "they are a small 2 to 3.5 mm , brown or black in color , with lightly infuscate ( darkened ) wings .", "they are restricted to the north temperate region of north america and russian far east ( kamchatka ) . " ], "topic": [ 26, 1, 13 ] }

[ "bolbomyia is a genus of snipe fly, and the sole genus in the family bolbomyiidae; until 2010, it was placed in the family rhagionidae. they are a small 2 to 3.5 mm, brown or black in color, with lightly infuscate (darkened) wings. they are restricted to the north temperate region of north america and russian far east (kamchatka)." ]

[ "telphusa iosticta meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 92\ntelphusa necromantis meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 194\ntelphusa xyloptera meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 350\ntelphusa chloroderces meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487; tl: manchuria\ntelphusa semiusta meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 500; tl: china, shanghai\nnuntia omelko, 1995; biol. issled. gornot. stants. 2: 242; ts: telphusa necromantis meyrick\ntelphusa amphichroma meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\ntelphusa calathaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\ntelphusa conviciata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487; tl: assam, cherrapunji\ntelphusa improvida meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 275; tl: bombay, karwar\ntelphusa melanozona meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 65; tl: bengal, pusa\nlarva on (for telphusa agrifolia) quercus agrifolia braun, 1921, ent. news 32 (1): 9\ntelphusa auxoptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276; tl: colombia, san antonie\ntelphusa microsperma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 69\ntelphusa phaulosema meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 70\ntelphusa delatrix meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 17; tl: peru, iquitos\ntelphusa nephelaspis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276; tl: kumaon, muktesar, 7000ft\ntelphusa objecta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 70; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ntelphusa orgilopis meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 16; tl: brazil, para\ntelphusa retecta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 70; tl: natal, karkloof\ntelphusa smaragdopis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 275; tl: costa rica, san josé\n= telphusa longifasciella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 258\ntelphusa iriditis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 282; tl: sw. protectorate, narugas\ntelphusa melanoleuca walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 56; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ntelphusa obligata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 15; tl: la chorrera, panama\ntelphusa nigrimaculata braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 118; tl: escondido bay, california\ntelphusa medulella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 15; tl: porto bello and trinidad r. , panama\ntelphusa ochrifoliata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 56, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ntelphusa ripula walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 57, pl. 2, f. 16; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\ntelphusa alexandriacella; [ nacl ], # 1855 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee & brown, 2008, zootaxa 1818: 54; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 9 (incertas sedis )\ntelphusa fasciella; [ nacl ], # 1856 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee & brown, 2008, zootaxa 1818: 54; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 9 (incerate sedis )\nadrasteia alexandriacella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (8): 149; tl: alexandria, kentucky\natomatma (meyrick, 1932) (phthorimaea); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 196\nlarva on prunus persica meyrick, 1929, exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487\ncanary is. , morocco, sweu, s. france, s. italy, greece. see [ maps ]\nlita cistiflorella constant, 1890; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1889: cxxv\ndistictella forbes, 1931; j. agric. porto rico 15 (4): 372\nadrasteia fasciella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (8): 149; tl: kentucky\nlarva on odina wodier meyrick, 1926, exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276\ngelechia incognitella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: kasakewitsch\nnuntia incognitella; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nlarva on (mines) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick, 1913, exot. microlep. 1 (3): 65\nmelitocyela meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 65\npenetratrix meyrick, 1931; j. linn. soc. lond. (zool .) 37: 279\ngelechia perspicua walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 72; tl: west indies, haiti\npistaciae sattler, 1982; ent. gaz. 33 (1): 17\ngelechia prasinoleuca meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 161; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ngelechia quinquedentata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 19; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nlarva on (for gelechia nigrorosea) rhus dioica walsingham, 1904, ent. mon. mag. 40: 267\nsyncratopa meyrickin, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 66\ntetragrapta meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 121\nbryotropha translucida walsingham, [ 1892 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1891: 520; tl: west indies, st. vincent; dominica\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nvoyage de ch. alluaud et r. jeannel en afrique orientale (1911 - 1812). résultats scientifique. insectes lépidoptères. 2. microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nwalsingham, 1911 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "telphusa callitechna is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "it is found in guyana and french guiana .", "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "the forewings are lilac-fuscous with a dark fuscous basal patch becoming blackish posteriorly , its margin edged with white and running from about one-fourth of the costa to the middle of the dorsum , rather angular , prominent near the costa and below the middle , sinuate between these .", "this is followed by a posteriorly undefined fascia of whitish-ochreous suffusion and there is a blackish partially whitish-circled dot towards the costa at three-fifths and a blotch of dark fuscous suffusion resting on the costa beyond this , its posterior edge oblique and suffused with blackish , followed on the costa by a whitish-ochreous spot .", "there are tufts towards the dorsum beyond the middle and towards the tornus .", "the hindwings are grey-whitish , posteriorly suffused with grey , the veins and termen suffused with dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "telphusa callitechna is a moth of the family gelechiidae. it is found in guyana and french guiana. the wingspan is about 13 mm. the forewings are lilac-fuscous with a dark fuscous basal patch becoming blackish posteriorly, its margin edged with white and running from about one-fourth of the costa to the middle of the dorsum, rather angular, prominent near the costa and below the middle, sinuate between these. this is followed by a posteriorly undefined fascia of whitish-ochreous suffusion and there is a blackish partially whitish-circled dot towards the costa at three-fifths and a blotch of dark fuscous suffusion resting on the costa beyond this, its posterior edge oblique and suffused with blackish, followed on the costa by a whitish-ochreous spot. there are tufts towards the dorsum beyond the middle and towards the tornus. the hindwings are grey-whitish, posteriorly suffused with grey, the veins and termen suffused with dark grey." ]

[ "ng 1991. cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia. raffles bulletin of zoology, 39 (1) 1991: 59 - 73\ndeharveng, l. , guinot, d. & ng, p. k. l. (2002) focus: false spider cave crab (cancrocaeca xenomorpha). asean biodiversity, manila, 2 (2), 36 .\ndeharveng, l. , guinot, d. & ng, p. k. l. (2002) focus: false spider cave crab (cancrocaeca xenomorpha). asean biodiversity, manila, 2 (2), 36 .\ndeharveng, l. , guinot, d. & ng, p. k. l. (2002) focus: false spider cave crab (cancrocaeca xenomorpha). asean biodiversity, manila, 2 (2), 36 .\nng, p. k. l. , 1991. cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia. raffles bull. zool. 39: 59–63 .\nng, p. k. l. (1991) cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia. raffles bulletin of zoology, 39, 59 - 73 .\nng, p. k. l. (1991) cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia. raffles bulletin of zoology, 39 (1), 59–63 .\nng, p. k. l. (1991) cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia. raffles bulletin of zoology, 39 (1), 59 - 73 .\nnaruse, t. , ng, p. k. l. & guinot, d. (2008b) two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from indonesia, with notes on cancrocaeca ng, 1991. zootaxa, 1739, 21–40 .\nnaruse, tohru, ng, peter k. l. & guinot, danièle, 2008, two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from indonesia, with notes on cancrocaeca ng, 1991, zootaxa 1739, pp. 21 - 40: 22 - 24\nnaruse, t. , ng, p. k. l. & guinot, d. (2008) two new genera and new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from indonesia, with notes on the genus cancrocaeca ng, 1991. zootaxa, 1739, 21 - 40 .\nnaruse, tohru, ng, peter k. l. , guinot, danièle (2008): two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from indonesia, with notes on cancrocaeca ng, 1991. zootaxa 1739: 21 - 40, doi: 10. 5281 / zenodo. 181452\nfigure 1. cancrocaeca xenomorpha ng, 1991: a, carapace, dorsal view; b, carapace, frontal view; c, male abdomenpleotelson; d, right g 1, dorsal view; e, distal part of right g 1, ventral view. male, zrc 2007. 0118, 3. 7 × 5. 0 mm. scale bars, 1 mm .\nfigure 2. cancrocaeca xenomorpha ng, 1991: a, thoracic sternum of female; b – d, female abdomen - pleotelson, outer surface (b and d) and inner surface (c); e – h, second to fifth right pleopods, anterior view. ovigerous female, zrc 2007. 0118, 4. 1 × 5. 2 mm. numbers and “ v ” refer to thoracic sternites and vulvae, respectively. scale bars, 1 mm .\nnaruse, t. (singapore), ng, p. k. l. (singapore) & guinot, d. (france) two new genera and two new species of troglobitic false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from indonesia, with notes on cancrocaeca ng, 1991 zo otaxa 1739: 21 - 40 (2 apr. 2008) abstract & excerpt (pdf; 20kb) free | full article (pdf; 770kb) subscription required\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndatabase contains: 10. 643 species (763 with photo), 1. 682 genera, 124 families\nabele, l. g. (1972) introductions of two freshwater decapod crustaceans (hymenosomatidae and atyidae) into central and north america. crustaceana, 23 (3), 209 - 218 .\nali, m. h. , salman, s. d. & al - adhub, a. y. (1995) population dynamics of the hymenosomatid crab elamenopsis kempi in a brackish subtidal region of basrah, iraq. scientia marina, 59 (1), 1 - 13 .\nbarnard, k. h. (1946) descriptions of new species of south african decapod crustacea, with notes on synonymy and new records. annals and magazine of natural history series 11, 13, 361 - 392 .\nbarnard, k. h. (1950) descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea (crabs and shrimps). annals of the south african museum, 38, 1 - 837 .\nchilton, c. (1882) additions to the new zealand crustacea. transactions and proceeding of the new zealand institute, 14, 171 - 174, pl. 8. [ not seen ]\nchuang, c. t. n. & ng, p. k. l. (1991) preliminary descriptions of one new genus and three new species of hymenosomatid crabs from southeast asia (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura). raffles bulletin of zoology, 39 (2), 363 - 368 .\nchuang, c. t. n. & ng, p. k. l. (1994) the ecology and biology of southeast asian false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae). hydrobiologia, 285, 85 - 92 .\ndavie, p. j. f. & richer de forges, b. (1996) two new species of false spider crabs (crustacea: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from new caledonia. memoirs of the queensland museum, 39 (2), 257 - 262 .\nguinot, d. & bouchard, j. - m. (1998) evolution of the abdominal holding systems of brachyuran crabs (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). zoosystema, 20 (4), 613 - 694 .\nguinot, d. & richer de forges, b. (1997) affinites entre les hymenosomatidae macleay, 1838 et les inachoididae dana, 1851 (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). zoosystema, 19 (2 / 3), 453 - 502 .\nguinot, d. (1988) les crabes cavernicoles du monde. memoires de biospeologie, 15, 3 - 40 .\nguinot, d. (1990) austinograea alayseae sp. nov. , crabe hydrothermal decouvert dans le bassin de lau (biolau 1989) (crustacea decapoda brachyura). bulletin du museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, (4) 11, 1989 (1990), sect. a (4), 879 - 903 .\nhessler, r. r. & martin, j. w. (1989) austinograea williamsi, new genus, new species, a hydrothermal vent crab (decapoda: bythograeidae) from the mariana back - arc basin, western pacific. journal of crustacean biology, 9 (4), 645 - 661 .\nkemp, s. (1917) notes on crustacea decapoda in the indian museum. x. hymenosomatidae. records of the indian museum, 13, 243 - 279 .\nlucas, j. s. & davie, p. j. f. (1982) hymenosomatid crabs of queensland estuaries and tidal mud flats, including descriptions of four new species of elamenopsis a. milne - edwards and a new species of amarinus. memoirs of the queensland museum, 20 (3), 401 - 419 .\nlucas, j. s. (1970) breeding experiments to distinguish two sibling species of halicarcinus (crustacea, brachyura). journal of zoology, london, 160 (2), 267 - 278 .\nlucas, j. s. (1971) the larval stages of some australian species of halicarcinus (crustacea, brachyura, hymenosomatidae). i. morphology. bulletin of marine science, 21 (2), 471 - 490 .\nlucas, j. s. (1980) spider crabs of the family hymenosomatidae (crustacea; brachyura) with particular reference to australian species: systematics and biology. records of the australian museum, 33 (4), 148 - 247 .\nmacleay, w. s. (1838). on the brachyurous decapod crustacea brought from the cape by dr. smith. in: smith, a. (ed .), illustrations of the annulosa of south africa. illustrations of the zoology of south africa (invertebrate), london, pp. 53 - 71 .\nmilne - edwards, a. (1873) recherches sur la faune carcinologique de la nouvelle - caledonie. nouvelles archives du museum d' histoire naturelle, 9, 155 - 322, pls. 4 - 18 .\nnakasone, y. & takeda, m. (1994) a new hymenosomatid crab, elamenopsis okinawaensis, n. sp. (crustacea: hymenosomatidae), from okinawa, the ryukyu islands, japan. pacific science, 48 (2), 158 - 160 .\nnaruse, t. & ng, p. k. l. (2007a) on a new species of elamenopsis from singapore, with notes on crustaenia palawanensis (serene, 1971) (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura). raffles bulletin of zoology, 55 (1), 121 - 125 .\nnaruse, t. & ng, p. k. l. (2007b) on the taxonomy of the genus hymenicoides kemp, 1917 (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae), with resurrection of limnopilos chuang & ng, 1991 and descriptions of two new species. zootaxa, 1621, 17 - 31 .\nnaruse, t. , shokita, s. & kawahara, t. (2005) neorhynchoplax yaeyamaensis, a new false spider crab (decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae) from the yaeyama group, the ryukyu islands, japan. zootaxa, 877, 1 - 7 .\nng, p. k. l. & chuang, c. t. n. (1996) the hymenosomatidae (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) of southeast asia, with notes on other species. raffles bulletin of zoology, supplement 3, 1 - 82 .\nng, p. k. l. (1988) elamenopsis mangalis sp. nov. , a new species of mangrove - dwelling hymenosomatid crab from singapore (decapoda, brachyura). crustaceana, 55, 274 - 278 .\nng, p. k. l. (1995) on a collection of freshwater decapod crustaceans from the kinabatangan river, sabah, malaysia, with descriptions of two new genera and two new species. sabah museum journal, 1 (2), 73 - 92 .\nng, p. k. l. , guinot, d. & davie, p. (2008) an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. systema brachyurorum, part i. raffles bulletin of zoology, supplement 17, 1 - 286 .\nrodriguez, g. (1985) a new cavernicolous crab (crustacea, decapoda, pseudothelphusidae) from colombia. bioloski vestnik, 2, 73 - 80 .\nserene, r. (1971) observations preliminaires sur des brachyoures nouveaux ou mal connus du sud - est asiatique (crustacea decapoda). bulletin du museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, (2) 42 (5), 903 - 918 .\ntargioni - tozzetti, a. (1877) crostacei brachiuri e anomuri. in: zoologia del viaggio intorno al gobo della r. pirocorvetta magenta durante gli anni 1865 - 68. publicazioni del r. istituto di studi superiore sratici e di serfezionamento in firenze 1, i - xxix, 1 - 257, pls. 1 - 12 .\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 2 - 168 - 1373 - 457 - 1723\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 4 - 229 - 1353 - 262 - 1790\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 6 - 186 - 1403 - 965 - 1525\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 7 - 154 - 1420 - 212 - 1912\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 8 - 179 - 1354 - 202 - 1883\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 9 - 156 - 1436 - 194 - 1553\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 12 - 156 - 1408 - 881 - 1640\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 13 - 167 - 1372 - 191 - 1865\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 14 - 160 - 1401 - 194 - 1531\n— ng, 1991: 59, figs. 1–7; ng & chuang, 1996: 17, fig. 5; guinot & richer de forges, 1997: 456, fig. 9; deharveng et al. , 2002: 36 .\n1990. 11971, lubang batu neraka, kappang, maros, sulawesi, indonesia, coll. p. leclerc, 4 aug. 1990 .\nparatypes. one ovigerous female, 5. 6 × 6. 2 mm, zrc\n1990. 11972, data same as holotype; 1 male, 3. 6 × 4. 0 mm, zrc\n1990. 0484, gua tanette, kappang, maros, sulawesi, indonesia, coll. p. leclerc, 18 jul. 1989 .\nothers. two males, 3. 9 × 5. 3, 4. 0 × 5. 3 mm, 1 ovigerous female, 4. 2 × 5. 5 mm, mzb\ncru 1652, gua samanggi, samanggi, sulawesi selatan, indonesia, coll. l. deharveng, i. andayani & a. bedos, 31 jul. 2001; 1 male, 3. 7 × 5. 0 mm, 1 ovigerous female, 4. 1 × 5. 2 mm, zrc\n, from sulawesi. he regarded this species as the most highly adapted troglobitic brachyuran, with complete loss of eyes and coloration. the examination of additional larger specimens (mzb\n, as well as the type specimens, reveals that all of these specimens actually have remnants of eyes (fig. 1\na, b). these vestigial structures are very short, rounded, fused to the carapace and immobile, and there is no trace of a clear peduncle, cornea or pigmentation. in larger individuals, these vestigial eyes are relatively bigger when compared to small individuals, with the tips visible in dorsal view. even so ,\nstill possesses one of the most reduced ocular structures known for any brachyuran crab. only the deep sea hydrothermal vent crabs of the genus\n) have eyes reduced to almost the same extent (see guinot 1990: 892–896, figs. 1, 4) .\nis strongly convex externally, forming a prominent dome - shape (fig. 2\nb, c); the second to fifth segments bear biramous and long setose pleopods, which develop from distal outer angles of the inner surface of second to fifth abdominal segments (fig. 2\nc, e–h). the exopods of the third to fifth pleopods lie along lateral margins of the abdomen and cover the margin of the inner surface of the dome - shaped abdomen. there are only a few (ca. 40) relatively large eggs (0. 59–0. 64 mm diameter) (zrc\n2007. 0118, 4. 1 × 5. 2 mm). however, these eggs do not appear to be attached to the pleopods or any other structures, and will freely roll out when the abdomen is opened. the median parts of thoracic sternum are fused and form a relatively flat, undivided structure (fig. 2\na) composed of a relatively thick cuticle, and no eggs are placed inside the cephalothorax cavity. the vulva of\nis also unusual in being raised, with a large, conical basal mount, and it is placed on along an imaginary line joining bases of p 3 on the medial fused plate of the thoracic sternum (fig. 2\ndoes possess a very short rostrum (see ng 1991: 61, fig. 2 a, b; chuang & ng 1991: fig. 1 a) .\n, in having freely articulating male abdominal segments (ng 1991: 61, figs. 2 e, f, 4 a–c; guinot & richer de forges 1997: fig. 4 e) and a stout g 1 with a complex distal structure (lucas 1980: fig. 10 a, d; ng 1991: figs. 3 b, 6, 7). the g 1 of\n, however, is not strongly bent medially, is not twisted basally, and does not have a lamellar expansion and long setae on the distal outer margin (present study; lucas 1980: fig. 10), features prominent in species of\n( fig. 1 d, e; see ng 1995: fig. 14 a, b; ng & chuang 1996: fig. 21 h; naruse & ng 2007 b: figs. 2, 5c, d, 8 c) .\nby its bell - shaped male abdomen - pleotelson (lucas, 1980: fig. 7 a) (barrel - shaped in\nc; ng 1995: fig. 13 g; ng & chuang 1996: fig. 21 e; naruse & ng 2007 b: figs. 5 a, 8 a), and the absence of the basal mount of the female vulva (present in\n, fig. 3 a; naruse & ng 2007 b: 18, 22, 26, 27). these characters indicate that\n, usually located at the base of the pleotelson, and sometimes appearing as intercalary platelets (which may be movable), correspond to the location of the deep sockets for the abdominal locking mechanism (see guinot & richer de forges 1997: 466, figs. 2 a, 4, 5, 6 ae; guinot & bouchard 1998: 658, 683, fig. 27). the form of this structure is a good generic criterion. ng & chuang (1996) considered\nemphasising differences in the locking mechanism of the male abdomen and g 1 (naruse & ng 2007 b: figs. 1, 2a, b, 5 a, c, 8 a, c) .\nspecies in having a slender shaft of the g 1 and less produced lateral lobes of the male pleotelson .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nnaruse, tohru, ng, peter k. l. & guinot, danièle 2008\n2018 copyright. all rights reserved. the sponsored listings displayed above are served automatically by a third party. neither the service provider nor the domain owner maintain any relationship with the advertisers. in case of trademark issues please contact the domain owner directly (contact information can be found in whois). privacy policy\nhusana, daniel edison m. , tan, swee hee, kase, tomoki (2011): a new genus and species of anchialine hymenosomatidae (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura) from samar, philippines. zootaxa 3109: 49 - 59, doi: 10. 5281 / zenodo. 279281\nclements, r. , ng, p. k. l. , lu, x. x. , ambu, s. , schilthuizen, m. & bradshaw, c. j. a. (2008) using biogeographical patterns of endemic land snails to improve conservation planning for limestone karsts. biological conservation, 141, 2751 - 2764 .\nclements, r. , sodhi, n. s. , schiilthuizen, m. & ng, p. k. l. (2006) limestone karsts of southeast asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity. bioscience, 56, 733 - 742 .\ncoineau, n. (2000) adaptation to interstitial groundwater life. in: wilkens, h. , culver, d. c. and humphreys, w. f. (eds .), ecosystems of the world 30. subterranean ecosystems. elsevier, amsterdam, pp. 189 - 210 .\nculver, d. c. & fong, d. w. (1986) why all cave animals look alike. stygologia, 2, 208 - 216 .\nfosshagen, a. & iliffe, t. m. (1989) boholina, a new genus (copepoda: calanoida) with two new species from an anchialine cave in the philippines. sarsia, 74, 201 - 208 .\nguinot, d. (2011) odiomarinae nov. subfam. , a new subfamily for two primitive genera of hymenosomatidae macleay, 1838, with preliminary remarks on the family (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). zootaxa, 2732, 20 - 32 .\nhobbs, h. h. jr. & hobbs iii, h. h. (1976) on the troglobitic shrimps of the yucatan peninsula (decapoda: atyidae and palaemonidae). smithsonian contributions to zoology, 240, 1 - 23 .\nholthuis, l. b. (1973) caridean shrimps found in land - locked saltwater pools at four indo - west pacific localities (sinai peninsula, funafuti atoll, maui and hawaii islands), with the description of one new genus and four new species. zoologische verhandelingen, 128, 1 - 48 .\nhuppop, k. (2000) how do cave animals cope with the food scarcity in caves? in: wilkens, h. , culver, d. c. & humphreys, w. f. (eds .), ecosystems of the world 30. subterranean ecosystems. elsevier, amsterdam, pp. 159 - 188 .\nhusana, d. e. m. , naruse, t. & kase, t. (2009) two new cavernicolous species of the genus sundathelphusa from western samar, philippines (decapoda: brachyura: parathelphusidae). journal of crustacean biology, 29, 419 - 427 .\nhusana, d. e. m. , naruse, t. & kase, t. (2010) a new species of the genus karstarma (decapoda: brachyura: sesarmidae) from anchialine caves in the philippines. raffles bulletin of zoology, 58, 65 - 69 .\nkano, y. & kase, t. (2004) genetic exchange between anchialine cave populations by means of larval dispersal: the case of a new gastropod species neritilia cavernicola. zoologica scripta, 33, 423 - 437 .\nlucas, j. s. (1980) spider crabs of the family hymenosomatidae (crustacea; brachyura) with particular reference to australian species: systematics and biology. records of the australian museum, 33, 148 - 247 .\nng, p. k. l. & guinot, d. (2001) on the land crabs of the genus discoplax a. milne edwards, 1867 (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: gecarcinidae), with description of a new cavernicolous species from the philippines. raffles bulletin of zoology, 49, 311 - 338 .\nng, p. k. l. & sket, b. (1996) the freshwater crab fauna (crustacea: brachyura) of the philippines. iv. on a collection of parathelphusidae from bohol. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 109 (4), 695 - 706 .\nng, p. k. l. (1988) elamenopsis mangalis sp. nov. , a new species of mangrove - dwelling hymenosomatid crab from singapore (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). crustaceana, 55 (3), 274 - 278 .\nng, p. k. l. (2002) new species of cavernicolous crabs of the genus sesarmoides from the western pacific, with a key to the genus (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: sesarmidae). raffles bulletin of zoology, 50 (2), 419 - 435 .\nng, p. k. l. , guinot, d. & davie, p. j. f. (2008) systema brachyurorum: part i. an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. raffles bulletin of zoology, supplement 17, 1 - 286 .\nng, p. k. l. , guinot, d. & iliffe, t. m. (1996) revision of the anchialine varunine crabs of the genus orcovita ng & tomascik, 1994 (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: grapsidae), with descriptions of four new species. raffles bulletin of zoology, 44 (1), 109 - 134 .\nparzefall, j. (1986) behavioural preadaptations of marine species for the colonisation of caves. stygologia, 2, 144 - 155 .\npohlman, j. w. , cifuentes, l. a. & iliffe, t. m. (2000) food web dynamics and biogeochemistry of anchialine caves: stable isotope approach. in: wilkens, h. , culver, d. c. & humphreys, w. e. (eds .), ecosystems of the world 30. subterranean ecosystems, elsevier, amsterdam, pp. 345 - 357 .\nsakai, t. (1938) studies on the crabs of japan. iii. brachygnatha, oxyrhyncha. yokendo, tokyo. 193 - 364 pp. , pls. 20 - 41 .\nsawicki, t. r. , holsinger, j. r. & iliffe, t. m. (2005) new species of amphipod crustaceans in the genera tegano and melita (hadzioidea: melitidae) from subterranean groundwaters in guam, palau, and the philippines. journal of crustacean biology, 25, 49 - 74 .\nsket, b. (1996) the ecology of anchialine cave. trends in ecology & evolution, 11, 221 - 225 .\nstock, j. h. , iliffe, t. m. & williams, d. (1986) the concept\nanchialine\nreconsidered. stygologia, 2, 90 - 92 .\ntakeda, m. & ng, p. k. l. (2001) the freshwater crab fauna (crustacea, brachyura) of the philippines. vi. a new cavernicolous crab from mindanao. zoological science, 18 (8), 1123 - 1127 .\ntakeda, s. & murai, m. (2003) morphological and behavioural adaptations to the rocky substrate by the fiddler crab uca panamensis (stimpson, 1859): preference for feeding substratum and feeding mechanism. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 287, 179 - 191 .\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 0 - 150 - 1430 - 1496 - 1977\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 1 - 151 - 1436 - 553 - 1950\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 4 - 151 - 1436 - 625 - 1946\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 5 - 159 - 1426 - 189 - 1788\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 6 - 169 - 1418 - 211 - 1056\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 6 - 264 - 1323 - 1199 - 1558\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 7 - 151 - 1436 - 337 - 1300\nurn: lsid: plazi. org: fig: 8 - 151 - 1436 - 879 - 1843\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\netymology. the genus name, sulaplax, is derived from the sulawesi, and plax, “ plate, ” the suffix of the closely related genus neorhynchoplax, alluding to their resemblance. gender feminine .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nabele, l. g. , 1972. introductions of two freshwater decapod crustaceans (hymenosomatidae and atyidae) into central and north america. crustaceana 23: 209–218 .\nallanson, b. r. , b. j. hill, r. e. boltt & v. schultz, 1966. an estuarine fauna in a freshwater lake in south africa. nature 209: 532–533 .\nbarnard, k. h. , 1950. descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea and pycnogonidae. ann. s. afr. mus. 38: 1–837 .\nboltt, r. e. , 1969. the benthos of some southern african lakes. part ii. the epifauna and infauna of the benthos of lake sibayi. trans. r. soc. s. afr. 38: 249–269 .\nbroekhuysen, g. j. , 1955. the breeding and growth of hymenosoma orbiculare desm. (crustacea, brachyura). ann. s. afr. mus. 41: 313–343 .\nchopra, b. & k. n. das, 1930. further notes of crustacea decapoda in the indian museum. i. on two new species of hymenosomatid crabs, with notes on some other species. rec. ind. mus. 32: 413–429 .\nchuang, c. t. n. & p. k. l. ng, 1991. preliminary descriptions of one new genus and three new species of hymenosom atid crabs from southeast asia (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura). raffles bull. zool. 39: 363–368 .\nhiatt, r. w. , 1948. the biology of the lined shore crab, pachygrapsus crassipes randall. pacif. sci. 2: 135–213 .\nholthuis, l. b. , 1968. on hymenosomatidae (crustacea decapoda brachyura) from fresh water, with the description of a new species. beaufortia 15: 109–121 .\nholthuis, l. b. , 1982. freshwater crustacea decapod of new guinea. in j. l. gressitt (ed .), biogeography and ecology of new guinea. monogr. biol. 42: 603–619 .\nkemp, s. , 1917. notes on crustacea decapod in the indian musuem. x. hymenosomatidae. rec. ind. mus. 13: 243–279 .\nkrishnan, t. & t. kannupandi, 1988. larval development of elamena (trigonoplax) cimex kemp, 1915 in the laboratory: the most unusual larvae known in the brachyura (crustacea: decapoda). bull. mar. sci. 43: 215–228 .\nlanchester, w. f. , 1900. on a collection of crustacea made at singapore and malacca. part i. crustacea brachyura. proc. zool. soc. lond. 1900: 719–770 .\nlim, s. s. l. , l. w. h. tan & p. k. l. ng, 1986. the complete larval development of pilumnopeus eucratoides stimpson, 1858 (decapoda, brachyura, pilumnidae) in the laboratory. crustaceana 50: 265–277 .\nlucas, j. s. , 1971. the larval stages of some australian species of halicarcinus (crusatacea, brachyura, hymenosomatidae). i. morphology. bull. mar. sci. 21: 471–490 .\nlucas, j. s. , 1980. spider crabs of the family hymenosomatidae (crustacea; brachyura) with particular reference to australian species: systematics and biology. rec. aust. mus. 33: 148–247 .\nlucas, j. s. & p. j. f. davie, 1982. hymenosomatid crabs of queensland estuaries and tidal mud flats, including descriptions of four new species of elamenopsis a. milne - edwards and a new species of amarinus lucas. mem. qd. mus. 20: 401–419 .\nlucas, j. s. & e. p. hodgins, 1970a. growth and reproduction of halicarcinus australis (haswell) (crustacea, brachyura) in the swan estuary, western australia. i. crab instars. aust. j. mar. freshwat. res. 21: 149–162 .\nlucas, j. s. & e. p. hodgins, 1970b. growth and reproduction of halicarcinus australis (haswell) (crustacea, brachyura) in the swan estuary. ii. larval stages. aust. j. mar. freshwat. res. 21: 163–173 .\nmelrose, m. j. , 1968. the new zealand hymenosomatidae. tuatara 16: 196–209 .\nmelrose, m. j. , 1975. the marine fauna of new zealand: family hymenosomatidae (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). mem. n. z. oceanogr. inst. 34: 1–123 .\nnaiyanetr, p. , 1980. crustacean fauna of thailand (decapoda and stomatopoda). department of biology, fac. sci. , chulalongkorn univ. bangkok, 73 pp. (mimeographed) .\nng, p. k. l. , 1988a. elamenopsis mangalis sp. nov. , a new species of mangrove - dwelling hymenosomatid crab from singapore (crustacea, decapoda, brachyura). crustaceana 55: 274–278 .\nng, p. k. l. , 1988b. the freshwater crabs of peninsular malaysia and singapore. department of zoology, national university of singapore, shinglee press, singapore, 156 pp .\nrathbun, m. j. , 1909. new crabs from the gulf of siam. proc. biol. soc. wash. 22: 107–114 .\nrathbun, m. j. , 1910. brachyura v. in the danish expedition to siam 1899–1900. k. danske vidensk. selsk. skr. (7) 5: 301–367 .\nrice, a. j. , 1980. crab zoeal morphology and its bearing on the classification of the brachyura. trans. zool. soc. lond. 35: 271–424 .\nsakai, t. , 1938. studies on the crabs of japan. iii. brachyg - natha, oxyrhyncha. yokendo co. , tokyo: 193–364 .\nsakai, t. , 1965. the crabs of sagami bay collected by his majesty the emperor of japan. maruzen, tokyo, 206 pp .\nsakai, t. , 1976. crabs of japan and the adjacent seas. in three volumes; english text, 773 pp. , japanese text, 461 pp. . plates, 215 pp. , kodansha ltd. , tokyo .\ntan, l. w. h. , s. s. l. lim & p. k. l. ng, 1986. the complete larval development of the dromiid crab, cryptodromia pileifera alcock, 1899 (decapoda: dromiidae) in the laboratory. j. crust. biol. 6: 111–118 .\ntesch, t. t. , 1918. the decapoda brachyura of the siboga expedition. i. hymenosomatidae, retroplumidae, ocypo - didae, grapsidae and gecarcinidae. siboga exped. 39c: 1–148 .\nwalker, k. , 1969. the ecology and distribution of halicarcinus lacustris (brachyura: hymenosomatidae) in australian inland waters. aust. j. mar. freshwat. res. 20: 163–173 .\nyang, c. m. , 1979. a list of brachyura in the zoological reference collection of the department of zoology. unpublished checklist, department of zoology, university of singapore, 60 pp. (mimeographed) .\nchuang c. t. n. , ng p. k. l. (1994) the ecology and biology of southeast asian false spider crabs (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura: hymenosomatidae). in: sasekumar a. , marshall n. , macintosh d. j. (eds) ecology and conservation of southeast asian marine and freshwater environments including wetlands. developments in hydrobiology, vol 98. springer, dordrecht\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nperry lee wood jr, 1 l. lee grismer, 2 anchalee aowphol, 3 césar a. aguilar, 1 micheal cota, 4, 5 marta s. grismer, 2 matthew l. murdoch, 2 and jack w. sites jr 1\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\n). brigham young university’s institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc) has approved the animal use protocol for this study (protocol # 160401). the electronic version of this article in portable document format (pdf) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature (iczn), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix\n. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 987831fc - f4ba - 4409 - a43c - 9929f913e9f9. the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositorie: pubmed central .\ngenomic dna was isolated from liver or muscle tissues stored in 95% ethanol using the animal tissue protocol in the qiagen dneasy™ tissue kit (valencia, ca, usa). the mitochondrial gene nadh dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nd2) and the flanking trnas (∼1, 335 bp) was amplified using a double - stranded polymerase chain reaction (pcr) under the following conditions: 1. 0 µl (∼10–33 µg) genomic dna, 1. 0 µl (10 µm) forward primer l4437b (5′ - aagcagttgggcccatacc - 3′), 1. 0 µl (10 µm) reverse primer h5934 (5′ - agrgtgccaatgtctttgtgrtt - 3′), 1. 0 µl deoxynucleotide pairs (1. 5 µm), 2. 0 µl 5x buffer (1. 5 µm), 1. 0 mgcl 10x buffer (1. 5 µm), 0. 18 µl promega taq polymerase (5 u / µl), and 7. 5 µl h2o, primers are from\n. all pcr reactions were executed in an eppendorf mastercycler gradient theromocycler under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95 °c for 2 min, followed by a second denaturation at 95 °c for 35 s, annealing at 52 °c for 35 s, followed by a cycle extension at 72 °c for 35s, for 33 cycles. all pcr products were visualized on a 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. successful targeted pcr products were vacuum purified using manu 30 pcr millipore plates and purified products were resuspended in dna grade water. purified pcr products were sequenced using the pcr primers from above and sequencing primers cyrtintf1 (5′ - tagccytctcytcyatygccc - 3′) and cyrtintr1 (5′ - attgtkagdgtrgcyaggstkgg - 3′) from (\n) on the abi big - dye terminator v3. 1 cycle sequencing kit in an abi geneamp pcr 9700 thermal cycler. cycle sequencing reactions were purified with sephadex g - 50 fine (ge healthcare) and sequenced on an abi 3730xl dna analyzer at the byu dna sequencing center (dnasc). all new sequences produced from this study are deposited in genbank under the following accession numbers\n). all sequences were edited and aligned in geneious v6. 1. 8 (\n) was used to check for stop codons and to ensure the correct amino acid read frame .\nfor estimating the phylogenetic relationships we used both partitioned maximum likelihood (ml) and partitioned bayesian inference (bi) methods. the nd2 gene was partitioned by codon position and the trnas were treated as a single partition for both the ml and bi analyses. all models of molecular evolution were estimated in modeltest v3. 7 (\n), using the bayesian information criterion (bic). the best fit models of evolution are in presented in\n. the partitioned ml analyses was performed using raxml hpc v7. 5. 4 (\n) with 200 searches for the best tree. the bayesian analysis was carried out in mrbayes v3. 2 (\n) using the default priors. two simultaneous runs were performed with eight chains per run, seven hot and one cold following default priors. the analysis was run for 2 x 10\ngenerations and sampled every 1000 generations from the markov chain monte carlo (mcmc). the analysis was halted after the average standard deviation split frequency was below 0. 01 and we assumed convergence. we conservatively discarded the first 25% of the trees as burnin and constructed a consensus tree using the sumt command in mrbayes. nodes having bootstrap support values (bs) greater than 70 and posterior probabilities (pp) above 0. 95 were considered well supported (\n). we calculated uncorrected percent sequence divergences for nd2 in mega v6. 06 (\nis strongly recovered for the ml analysis (100 bs) but not the bi (0. 87 pp) as the sister species to\nis strongly supported (100 bs and 0. 99 pp) as the sister lineage to\n. phylogenetic analyses of the three new populations sampled from prachuap khiri khan, phangnga, and tha chana represent well - supported independent lineages (100 bs, 1. 0 pp; 100 bs, 1. 0 pp; 100 bs, 1. 0 pp, respectively). the samples from wat khao daeng are well - supported (100 bs, 1. 0 pp) as the sister lineage to the\n) and demonstrate a 19. 5–23% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence from all of the other species in this group (\n). the phangnga population is well - supported for ml (99 bs) but lacks support from the bi (0. 56 pp) as the sister lineage to a clade composed of\nand demonstrate a 8. 8–25. 2% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence from all of the other species in the\n). the population from tha chana forms a well - support lineage (100 bs and 1. 0 pp) and is strongly (100 bs and 1. 0 pp) placed as the sister lineage to a clade composed of\nand bares a 13. 4–28% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence form all of the other species in the\n) coupled with high genetic distances and a unique set of morphological and color pattern characteristics that separate them from all members of their respective groups, we describe these three populations below as new species .\nright, maximum likelihood tree from raxml (−ln l 60818. 390304) for all species of cnemaspis and outgroups with bootstrap support values (bs) and bayesian posterior probabilities (pp), respectively. country abbreviations for the tip labels are as follows: cm, cambodia; th, thailand; wm, west malaysia; vt, vietnam. all new species are highlighted with grey boxes and the genus cnemaspis is highlighted using a box with dashed lines in the main tree .\npairwise uncorrected p - distances based on 1, 335 bp of nd2 and associated trnas calculated in mega v6. 06 (\nwithin species distances are presented in bold text and between species distances are presented below the diagonal .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8e3b21a4 - 93bf - 4d08 - b8d1 - 0a3eef6be44f\nholotype. byu 62535 adult male, collected near wat khao daeng, kui buri, prachuap khiri khan, thiland (12. 134620°n, 99. 961078°e; 12 m a. s. l .), 31 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\nparatopotypes. byu 62536 adult male and zmku r 00728 adult female paratypes bear the same collection and data as the holotype .\nall measurements taken are in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and methods .\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating c. lineogularis from species of cnemaspis in the chanthaburiensis group .\ndescription of the holotype. adult male; svl 38 mm; head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size (hl / svl 0. 25), somewhat narrow (hw / svl 0. 16), flattened (hd / hl 0. 38), head distinct from neck; snout moderate (es / hl 0. 52), snout slightly concave in lateral view; postnasal region concave medially; scales on rostrum smooth becoming keeled posteriorly, raised, larger than conical scales on occiput; weak to absent supra ocular ridges; frontalrostralis sulcus deep; canthus rostralis nearly absent, smoothly rounded; eye large (ed / hl 0. 26); extra - brillar, fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening more round than oval; rostral slightly concave, dorsal 80% divided by longitudinal mediangroove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supra nasals and one small azygous scale and laterally by first supralabials; 9, 9 (r, l) slightly raised supralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; 8, 8 (r, l) infralabials decreasing in size posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented dorsoposteriorly; bordered by small postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, concave, bordered posteriorly by three postmentals; gular and throat scales raised, smooth, small and round .\n( a) adult male holotype byu 62535, (b) adult male paratype byu 62536, (c) adult female paratype zmku r 00728 .\n( a) male holotype byu 62535 and (b) female paratype zmku r 00728 of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\nparatypes approximate the holotype (byu 62535) in general aspects of coloration except that the female paratype (zmku r 00728) lacks the black markings in the gular region and the yellowish - orange gular coloration is less prominent, additionally the dorsal coloration is much lighter. selected body measurements and variation in squamation are presented in\netymology. the specific epithet lineogularis is derived from the latin adjective linues for the word “line” and the nominative form of the latin word gulare meaning “throat” and is in reference to the multiple dark gular lines present in the males of this species .\n( a) habitat and (b) microhabitat of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\nthe type series and several other individuals were active during the day in shaded areas and would rapidly retreat to nearby cracks and crevices at the slightest provocation. we hypothesize this may be due to high predation as we found\nin an ambush posture in the same microhabitat. no individuals were seen deep within the caves and from our observations, it appears this species primarily inhabits the more exterior surfaces of the karst tower (\n). the karst formations in this area are extensive and we assume this species has a much wider distribution than that reported here. we hypothesize that diurnality in this species is to avoid competition with and predation from the much larger\nwith which it is hypothesized to be syntopic with. this is a commonly observed pattern among syntopic pairs of\nby having a smaller maximum svl (38 mm vs. 42. 2 mm, 54. 0 mm, 40. 9 mm, 58. 4 mm, 47. 2 mm, 48. 2 mm, and 51. 0 mm, respectively), by having less paravertebral tubercles (13 vs. 21–25, 20–26, 22, 23–31, 20–24, 16–21, and 16–22 respectively), and by having enlarged femoral scales .\nby having more infralabial scales (8 vs. 6–7). it is further differentiated from\nsp. nov. differs by having linearly arranged tubercles versus randomly arranged tubercles .\nby having one postcloacal tubercle in males versus 2, 3 and 2–4 respectively .\ndiagnostic color pattern characters separating various species of cnemaspis from one another following grismer et al. , 2014d .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6053c709 - a409 - 4f65 - b15c - 8c647d7edf1c\nholotype. byu 62538 adult male, collected at phung chang cave, mueang phangnga district, phangnga province, thailand (8. 442344°n, 98. 514869°e; 12 m a. s. l .), 26 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\n( a) male holotype byu 62538 and (b) female paratype byu 62537 .\nparatopotype. byu 62537 adult female paratype bears all the same collection and locality information as the holotype .\nall measurements are taken in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and methods .\n( a) adult male holotype byu 62538 and (b) female paratype byu 62537 of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov .\nthe female paratype (byu 62537) approximates the holotype in general aspects of coloration except the overall dorsal coloration is lighter and the ventral coloration is a uniform light yellow and is not as prominent in the gular and abdominal regions. select body measurements and variation in squamation are presented in\netymology. the specific epithet phangngaensis is a noun in apposition to the type locality where this species is found .\ndistribution. only known from the karst formation in which it is found, the phung chang cave, phangnga, mueang phangnga, thailand. we hypothesize that this species will be found on nearby contiguous karst formations .\n) surrounded by highly disturbed, urbanized habitat. the male holotype was collected at night on the karst approximately 15 m above the ground on the exterior surface of the tower and the female was collected at night sleeping on a leaf approximately 1. 2 m above the limestone forest floor adjacent to the nearby karst formation. individuals were also observed active during the day, but avoided being caprtured be retreating into the rock crevices. we hypothesize that these are diurnal karst dwellers that use the vegetation at night for refuge. we hypothesize that diurnality in this species is to avoid competition with and predation from the much larger\n( a) general karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat where c. phangngaensis occurs .\nby having; more infralabial scales (10 vs. 6–8, 7, 8, and 7, 8, respectively); continuous precloacal pores; paravertebral tubercles linearly arranged; lacking tubercles on the lower flank; ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly; caudal tubercles restricted to a single paraveterbral row on each side; a single median row of keeled subcaudals .\nby having a larger maximum svl (42 mm vs. 40. 1 mm and 41. 3 mm, respectively) .\nby having more supralabial scales (10 vs. 8, 9 and 8, 9, respectively) .\nsp. nov. differs by lacking caudal tubercles in the lateral furrow and by having a lateral caudal tubercle row present .\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating species of cnemaspis from one another in the siamensis group .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3581c94e - 6170 - 4f42 - 9159 - e2b564b576f1\nholotype. byu 62544 adult male, collected at tham khao sonk hill, tha chana district, surat thani province, thailand (9. 549878°n, 99. 175544°e; 107 m a. s. l .), 30 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\nparatopotypes. all paratypes (byu 62542–62543, zmku r 00729–00731) bear the same collection and locality data as the holotype .\nall measurements are taken in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and the methods .\n( a) male holotype byu 62544 and (b) byu 62542 female paratype .\ndorsal coloration of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\nthe paratypes approximate the holotype (byu 62544) in general aspects of morphology except that the female paratypes lack precloacal pores and yellow - orange gular regions. paratypes zmku r 00731, byu 62542, and byu 62541 have more paravertebral tubercles (19, 17, 16 respectively vs. 15), dark irregular gular spots not as prominent in females (\nventral coloration and sexual dichromatism of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\netymology. the specific epithet thachanaensis is a noun in apposition to the type locality where this species is found .\n( a) karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov .\nnatural history. cnemaspis thachanaensis inhabits a karst tower embedded within a highly disturbed lowland limestone forest. one male individual was observed during the day situated upside down on a karst overhang displaying its yellow - orange throat by doing push - ups. all other specimens were found active during the day on the karst and we hypothesize that these are diurnal karst dwellers. no specimens were observed at night. grismer et al. (2010) noted that one specimen (cumz - r 2009, 624 - 3) was collected on a vine near the adjacent limestone. karst dwelling species of cnemaspis have been know to sleep on vegetation at night (grismer et al. , 2010; grismer et al. , 2014d, p wood, pers. obs. , 2016). this species may use the vegetation at night for refuge to avoid cyrtodactylus thirakaputhi which is nocturnal and maybe a potential predator .\nby having a smaller svl (39 mm, vs. 39. 7 mm and 44. 7 mm) and by having a larger maximum svl from\nby; having more supralabial scales (10–11 vs. 8–9, 8–9, 8–9, respectively); having more infralabials (9–11 vs. 6–8, 7–9, and 7–8, respectively); having paravertebral tubercles linearly arranged; having ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly; having caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row on each side; having a single median row of keeled subcaudal scales; lacking a single enlarged subcaudal scale row; lacking postcloaclal tubercles in males; the presence of an enlarged submetatarsal scale on the 1st toe .\ngroup by having a smaller maximum svl (39 mm vs. 43. 5 mm and 49. 6 mm, respectively); having more supralabials 10, 11 vs. 8; having caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row; having keeled ventral scales; single median row of keeled subcaudals; lacking enlarged median subcaudal scale row; by lacking postcloacal tubercles in males .\nsp. nov. differs by having more infralabials 9–11 vs. 7, 8 in\nsp. nov. differs by having ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly and the presence of a lateral caudal tubercle row." ]

{ "text": [ "cancrocaeca xenomorpha is a species of troglobitic ( cave-dwelling ) freshwater crab from sulawesi , the only species in the monotypic genus cancrocaeca .", "it has been described as the world 's \" most highly cave-adapted species of crab \" . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13 ] }

[ "cancrocaeca xenomorpha is a species of troglobitic (cave-dwelling) freshwater crab from sulawesi, the only species in the monotypic genus cancrocaeca. it has been described as the world's \" most highly cave-adapted species of crab \"." ]

[ "buy fusinus verbinneni book: lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow, 6136429411, 9786136429410 - urltoken india\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: fusinus verbinneni m. a. snyder, 2006 - id: 1972655729\nspecies fusinus panamensis dall, 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum (a. adams & reeve, 1848 )\nsubgenus fusinus (sinistralia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque, 1815\nspecies fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe, 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus (e. a. smith, 1879 )\nspecies fusinus alternatus settepassi, 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo, 2007 (unavailable following iczn art. 11. 4 )\nspecies fusinus colombiensis m. a. snyder & n. c. snyder, 1999\nspecies fusinus altus p. marshall, 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta (p. marshall, 1919) †\nspecies fusinus corrugatus p. marshall, 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata (p. marshall, 1918) †\nspecies fusinus orcutti dall, 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris (c. b. adams, 1852) (synonym )\nspecies fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen, 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880 )\n» species fusinus (chryseofusus) hyphalus m. smith, 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus (m. smith, 1940 )\nspecies fusinus hyphalus m. smith, 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus (m. smith, 1940) (original combination )\nspecies fusinus niponicus (e. a. smith, 1879) accepted as granulifusus niponicus (e. a. smith, 1879 )\nspecies fusinus monksae dall, 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus (trask, 1855) accepted as harfordia robusta (trask, 1855) (unnecessary nom. nov. for fusus robustus trask, 1855, by dall believed to be preoccupied by f. robustus beyrich, 1856. )\nbuzzurro g. & russo p. (2007). fusinus del mediterraneo. published by the authors, 280 p. [ details ]\nspecies fusinus felipensis h. n. lowe, 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis (h. n. lowe, 1935) (original combination )\nspecies fusinus fredbakeri h. n. lowe, 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri (h. n. lowe, 1935) (original combination )\nspecies fusinus graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880 )\nspecies fusinus maorium p. marshall & murdoch, 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria (p. marshall & r. murdoch, 1919) †\nspecies fusinus rubrolineatus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\n» species fusinus (chryseofusus) graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis (g. b. sowerby ii, 1880 )\niczn 1993. opinion 1765. fusus helbling, 1779 (mollusca, gastropoda): suppressed, and fusinus rafinesque, 1815 and colubraria schumacher, 1817: conserved. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 51 (2): 159 - 161. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of propefusus iredale, 1924) callomon p. & snyder m. a. (2008). on the genus fusinus in japan iv: f. longissimus (gmelin, 1791) and two new species. venus, 67 (1 - 2): 1 - 13 [ details ]\n( of fusus bruguière, 1789) iczn 1993. opinion 1765. fusus helbling, 1779 (mollusca, gastropoda): suppressed, and fusinus rafinesque, 1815 and colubraria schumacher, 1817: conserved. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 51 (2): 159 - 161. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 806 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website is secured by 256 bit ssl encryption issued by verisign inc, making your shopping at sapnaonline as secure as possible .\npage with the product details and delivery location for us to quote you the best possible shipping price. you can also drop in a mail at\nurltoken is now a part of sapnaonline. com, explore 12 + million books\nyou can login with your existing bookadda email and password with all your orders, wishlist intact .\nour website is secured by 256 bit ssl encryption issued by verisign inc, making your shopping at sapnaonline as secure as possible .\nwe accept credit card, debit card, net banking, dd, money order & cheque .\nfusus bruguière, 1789 (invalid: junior homonym of fusus helbling, 1779. see nomenclatural note below. )\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus bruguière, 1789 ], which however is invalid. placed by the ...\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus bruguière, 1789 ], which however is invalid. placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765, 1994, bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 51 (2): 159. [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds, 1843) hinds r. b. (1843). descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher, r. n. , c. b. annals and magazine of natural history. 11: 255 - 257. , available online at urltoken page (s): 256 [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato, 1884) monterosato t. a. (di) (1884). nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. palermo, virzi, 152 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 117 [ details ]\n( of exilifusus gabb, 1876 †) gabb, w. m. (1876) notes on american cretaceous fossils, with descriptions of some new species. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 28, 276–324. [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h. adams & a. adams, 1853) adams h. & adams a. (1853 - 1858). the genera of recent mollusca; arranged according to their organization. london, van voorst. vol. 1: xl + 484 pp. ; vol. 2: 661 pp. ; vol. 3: 138 pls. [ published in parts: vol. 1: i - xl (1858), 1 - 256 (1853), 257 - 484 (1854). vol. 2: 1 - 92 (1854), 93 - 284 (1855), 285 - 412 (1856), 413 - 540 (1857), 541 - 661 (1858). vol. 3: pl. 1 - 32 (1853), 33 - 96 (1855), 97 - 112 (1856), 113 - 128 (1857), 129 - 138 (1858) ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 79 [ details ]\nsnyder m. a. (2003). catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae. academy of natural sciences. of philadelphia, special publication. 21iii + 1–431. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds, 1843) couto d. , bouchet p. , kantor yu. i. , simone l. r. l. & giribet g. (2016). a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae (neogastropoda: buccinoidea). molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 99: 309 - 322. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato, 1884) crosse h. (1885). nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee, pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ]. journal de conchyliologie 33: 139 - 142, available online at urltoken page (s): 141 [ details ]\n( of fusus bruguière, 1789) snyder m. a. (2003). catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae. academy of natural sciences. of philadelphia, special publication. 21iii + 1–431. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gracilipurpura jousseaume, 1880) jousseaume, f. p. (1880). division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés. le naturaliste. 2 (42): 335 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h. adams & a. adams, 1853) cossmann, m. (1901). essais de paléoconchologie comparée. quatrième livraison. paris, the author and société d' éditions scientifiques. 293 pp. , 10 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 8 [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "fusinus verbinneni is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "fusinus verbinneni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "synodontis robertsi is a benthopelagic species. it is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding (breder and rosen 1966) .\nsynodontis robertsi is only known from the holotype at the type locality elombe on the lukenie river, central congo river basin .\nphoto credits: kevin webb: s. robertsi allan james @: s. contractus\n: decorated synodontis (s. decorus), white - barred synodontis (s. ornatipinnis )\n: brichard' s synodontis (s. brichardi), decorated synodontis (s. decorus )\n: cuckoo catfish (synodontis multipunctatus), synodontis dhonti, poll' s upside - down catfish (synodontis polli). most commonly confused with s. polli .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis, illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis; cu 91403. ©\nsize in aquarium: synodontis robertsi is thought to be one of the smaller synodontis species which inhabit the congo basin, seldom reaching even 4 inches in overall length in the wild. imported specimens, when available, usually range between 2 and 3 inches .\nsynodontis: syn = together; odontis = teeth. (fused tooth plates). robertsi: named in honour of mr. tyson r. roberts of the museum of comparative zoology, harvard .\naquarium behavior: s. robertsi is a gentle, troublefree occupant in the aquarium. like other synodontis species, they do well with nearly all cichlids and do an excellent job of thoroughly scavenging leftovers .\nsynodontis robertsi poll 1974 in honor of ichthyologist tyson r. roberts (b. 1940), who helped collect type during a national geographic society expedition to zaire (now democratic republic of the congo) in 1973\nsadly there are, as yet, no reports of robertsi reproducing within the confines of aquaria. field reports suggest that distinct pairs form, during the congo rainy season, and that, in open water, dark coloured eggs are scattered over the available substrate. as a final point we must mention that synodontis robertsi are not always readily available so their price in aquatic retail outlets can be very high – in some cases topping that asked for synodontis angelicus .\naquarium diet: s. robertsi is not particular, dining on whatever the aquarist feeds his other fish. however, food which settles on the bottom is especially appreciated .\n: 10. brichard' s synodontis has not been successfully bred in captivity .\n: 8. this is one of few synodontis that regularly spawns in captivity .\nsynodontis\nmay also squeak when they are taken out of the water .\njustification: synodontis robertsi is only known from the holotype at the type locality elombe on the lukenie river, central congo river basin. the species may be more widespread than is currently known. more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nsynodontis membranaceus (geoffroy st. hilaire 1809) referring to membranes on maxillary and mandibular barbels\n: this fish has the longest barbels of all of the synodontis species. a diurnal fish .\nis usually sold under its scientific name as opposed to the common names of robert’s synodontis and large blotch synodontis. in the wild this fish hails from central congo, lukeria and the egobe river system .\nsynodontis annectens boulenger 1911 linking or joining, believed to be intermediate in form between s. sorex and s. clarias\n: the colors of this synodontis become more intense with age. brichard' s synodontis likes to attach itself to flat surfaces and move into the current, demonstrating its helpful adaptation to its natural environment. perform frequent partial water changes .\nsynodontis bastiani daget 1948 in honor of m. (probably monsieur) bastian (no other information available), who collected type\nsynodontis dekimpei paugy 1987 in honor of p. de kimpe, musée royal de l’afrique centrale (tervuren), who collected type\nsynodontis macrops greenwood 1963 macro -, large; ops, eye, referring to larger eye compared to the similar s. schall\nfroese, rainer, and daniel pauly, eds. (2014). species of synodontis in fishbase. june 2014 version .\nmusschoot, t. , and p. lalèyè. 2008. designation of a neotype for synodontis schall (bloch and schneider, 1801) and description of two new species of synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae). journal of natural history 42 (17 - 18): 1303–1331 .\nsynodontis longispinis pellegrin 1930 longus, long; spinis, spine, described as a variety of s. batesii with a longer dorsal - fin spine\nfossil mochokids, of the genus synodontis, have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene (at least 20 mya) (stewart, 2001). interestingly, fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman, an area where mochokids do not exist today (otero & gayet, 2001). fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\nsynodontis gobroni daget 1954 in honor of m. (probably monsieur) gobron, a volunteer at laboratoire de diafarabé (mail), who collected type\nsynodontis irsacae matthes 1959 of i. r. s. a. c. (institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale), matthes’ employer\nsynodontis thysi poll 1971 in honor of poll’s musée de l’afrique centrale colleague, dirk thys van den audenaerde (b. 1934), who collected type\nthere are no reliable reports of robert’s catfish breeding in the aquarium but it is known that the synodontis species are egg depositors in their natural habitat .\nsynodontis obesus boulenger 1898 fat, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to less - elongate body shape compared to s. serratus, with which it had been misidentified\nsynodontis soloni boulenger 1899 in memory of alexandre solon, a young traveler who died in congo after helping capt. capra (no other information available) collect fish\n: synodontis dhonti, poll' s upside - down catfish (synodontis polli), cuckoo catfish (synodontis petricola). s. multipunctatus and s. petricola are verysimilar. they can be distinguished by s. multipunctatus' large eye diameter and larger spots on the body. s. petricola has a more consistent spot size. s. pollidiffers from s. petricola in having a darker body pattern. s. dhonti attains a larger size and loses its body spots with age .\n6a. eyes with free orbital margin; 17 principal caudal - fin rays (only 13 in synodontis contracta); tail forked; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays (usually 8 or 9); lateral mandibular barbels with single, gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched (fig. 27a–b) … synodontis\nsynodontis haugi pellegrin 1906 in honor of protestant missionary ernest haug (d. 1915), a correspondent of múseum national d’histoire naturelle (paris), who collected type\n: most synodontis species can be kept with medium to large sized fish. most species can be combined with african rift cichlids, or west african cichlids andafrican tetras .\nthe robert’s catfish are not seen very often in the aquatic trade and often can only be sourced by specialist suppliers. they are worth hunting down for as they are a beautifully marked and peaceful species making them ideal for peaceful community set ups. they belong to the family of mochokidae and bear the latin name of synodontis robertsi. they can be recognised from other synodontis species by their very large eyes and bold camouflage markings. their main body colouration is off white which is broken by patches of dark brown blotches which also appear on their anal and dorsal fins. like all of the synodontis species they are not classed as a hardy species and do require high water quality to keep them long term. they are ideal for the smaller aquariums as adult specimens will only reach an average length of 3 inches which is a lot smaller than many of their close relatives .\nsynodontis polyodon vaillant 1895 poly, many; odon, tooth, referring to greater number of mandibular teeth (~ 75) compared to s. schall (~ 25 )\nday, j. j. , and m. wilkinson. 2006. on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika. biology letters 2: 548–552 .\nsynodontis robbianus smith 1875 – anus, belonging to: rev. alexander robb, who provided specimens from the “old calavar district of tropical africa, ” including type of this one\nbishai h. m. and y. b. abu gideiri. 1968. studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum. iii. reproduction. hydrobiologia 31: 193–202 .\nsanyanga, r. a. 1998. food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis (pisces: mochokidae) in lake kariba, and the ecological implications. hydrobiologia 361: 89–99 .\nsynodontis nummifer boulenger 1899 nummus, coin; fero, to bear, referring to 1 - 2 rounded (i. e. , coin - like) black spots on the sides\nspecies are important food fishes in many parts of africa and are commonly known as “squeakers” because they readily produce sounds by stridulating their pectoral spines when handled or disturbed. furthermore many synodontis\nlalèyè, philippe; chikou, antoine; gnohossou, pierre; vandewalle, pierre, philippart, jean claude; teugels, guy (2006) .\nstudies on the biology of two species of catfish synodontis schall and synodontis nigrita (ostariophysi: mochokidae) from the ouémé river, bénin\n( pdf). belgian journal of zoology 136 (2): 193–201 .\nbishai h. m. and y. b. abu gideiri. 1965a. studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum. i. age and growth. hydrobiologia 26: 85–97 .\nbishai h. m. and y. b. abu gideiri. 1965b. studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum. ii. food and feeding habits. hydrobiologia 26: 98–113 .\nsynodontis courteti pellegrin 1906 in honor of m. (probably monsieur) courtet, member of french 1902 - 1903 mission to study the region between ubangi river and lake chad, during which type was collected\nmost medium or large community fish. although commonly available as such, not a good species for the small community tank. anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long, go for synodontis nigriventris instead .\nmicrosynodontis boulenger 1903 micro -, small, referring to small size of m. batesii (10 cm tl), i. e. , a small synodontis (all other species are small, too )\nsqueaker catfishes (pisces, mochokidae, synodontis) are widely distributed throughout africa and inhabit a biogeographic range similar to that of the exceptionally diverse cichlid fishes, including the three east african great lakes and their surrounding rivers. since squeaker catfishes also prefer the same types of habitats as many of the cichlid species, we hypothesized that the east african synodontis species provide an excellent model group for comparative evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses .\nsynodontis serpentis whitehead 1962 snake, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to marbled pattern on caudal peduncle of juveniles (e. schraml, pers. comm .), which resembles the marbled pattern seen on many constrictors\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. named after tyson roberts of the museum of comparative zoology, harvard .\nwright, j. j. and l. m. page. 2006. taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae). the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46: 99–154 .\nsynodontis polli gosse 1982 in honor of belgian ichthyologist max poll (1908 - 1991), for his revision of the genus [ replacement name for s. eurystomus matthes 1959, preoccupied by s. eurystomus pfeffer 1889 ]\nis the most species rich and widespread genus of mochokid catfishes. as currently recognized the genus contains approximately 120 valid species distributed throughout most of the freshwaters of sub - saharan africa and the nile river system. larger synodontis\nwright, j. j. and l. m. page. 2008. a new species of synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola. copeia 2008 (2): 294–300 .\nh. m. bishai & y. b. abu gideiri (1965) .\nstudies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum\n. hydrobiologia 26 (1–2): 85–97. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00142257 .\njeremy j. wright & lawrence m. page (2006) .\ntaxonomic revision of lake tanganyikan synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae )\n( pdf). bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 (4): 99–154 .\nkoblmüller, s. , c. sturmbauer, e. verheyen, a. meyer, and w. salzburger. 2006. mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes (siluriformes: synodontis). bmc evolutionary biology 6: 49 .\nsynodontis acanthomias boulenger 1899 acanthus, thorn; omias, perhaps from the greek omos, shoulder or humerus, referring to humeral process armed with spines (name may also refer to s. omias, to which this species had incorrectly been identified )\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. this specific epithet literally means beautiful (eu - = beautiful, good) wing (pteron = wing) .\nsince poll’s revision, the first author and others have made many more collections of gabonese fishes. review of this material for an upcoming edited book on the freshwater fishes of west central africa (lower guinea) has revealed the presence of at least eight synodontis\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. this specific epithet refers to its black (nigro = black) spots (maculatus, - a = spots) .\nfriel, j. p. , and j. p. sullivan. 2008. synodontis woleuensis (siluriformes: mochokidae), a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea, africa. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157: 3–12 .\nfriel, j. p. and t. r. vigliotta. 2006. synodontis acanthoperca, a new species from the ogôoué river system, gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (siluriformes: mochokidae). zootaxa 1125: 45–56 .\nsynodontis ornatissimus gosse 1982 very ornate or decorated, referring to its “striking” coloration (translation), with many black spots on body and dorsal fin and black bands on tail [ replacement name for s. ornatus boulenger 1920, preoccupied by s. ornatus pappenheim 1914 ]\n: the elongated body has a flat body profile. three pairs of barbels are located on the mouth. brichard' s synodontis has a unique, stream - lined body, uncharacteristic of other synodontis species. the body color depends on the age of the fish. juvenile fish have a brownish - black base body color with severalblurred, but straight white stripes. mature fish have a dark black body color with distinct, white, curving markings. this pattern continues through the fish' sforked tail. the belly is light gray .\nde weirdt, d. , e. vreven, and y. fermon. 2008. synodontis ngouniensis, a new species (siluriformes: mochikidae) from ngounié and nyanga basins, gabon and republic of congo. ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 (2): 121–128 .\nsynodontis vanderwaali skelton & white 1990 in honor of zoologist ben van der waal, university of venda (south africa), who collected type, for his donations of fishes from northern namibian rivers to the j. l. b. smith institute of ichthyology and the albany museum\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized. some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis, but none of them are described as new. phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta (2008) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage, that synodontis must include s. membranaceous and s. batensoda (formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic. the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\njohn p. friel, thomas r. vigliotta (2006): synodontis acanthoperca, a new species from the ogooue river system, gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (siluriformes: mochokidae). zootaxa 1125, 45 - 56: 45 - 46, urltoken\nfriel, john p. ; vigliotta, thomas r. (2006) .\nsynodontis acanthoperca, a new species from the ogôoué river system, gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (siluriformes: mochokidae )\n( pdf). zootaxa 1125: 45–56 .\njeremy j. wright & lawrence m. page (2008) .\na new species of synodontis (siluriformes: mochokidae) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola\n. copeia 2008 (2): 294–300. doi: 10. 1643 / ci - 07 - 040 .\njulia j. day & mark wilkinson (2006) .\non the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika\n( pdf). biology letters 2 (4): 548–552. doi: 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2006. 0532. pmc 1833983. pmid 17148285 .\nj. j. day, r. bills & j. p. friel (2009) .\nlacustrine radiations in african synodontis catfish\n. journal of evolutionary biology 22 (4): 805–817. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1420 - 9101. 2009. 01691. x .\ndating of the major cladogenetic events in synodontis with r8s. we ran three independent analyses in r8s [ 32 ] with different calibration points using the maximum estimated age for the lacustrine habitat in lakes malawi (1 my [ 49 ]) and tanganyika (6 my [ 46–48 ]), as well as the minimum age of the east african clade of synodontis as suggested by the oldest known synodontis fossil in that region (> 20 my [ 45 ]). in the first analysis, all three calibrations were applied (1 / 6 / 20 calibration); in the second cycle, we used the lake malawi and the fossil calibration (1 / 20 calibration); in the third round, we only used the fossil based calibration (20 calibration). the numbers indicate the average value (in my) obtained from a bootstrap approach with 30 replicates, the minimum and maximum values are depicted in round brackets (in italics). square brackets indicate the time constraints used for the different r8s analyses and the range of the actual numbers used in the bootstrap replicates (in round brackets). the estimates for the age of the entire genus synodontis should be interpreted with caution, as the values lie outside our range of calibration points\nthe mochocidae or naked catfish family includes some ten genera, including the well - known genus synodontis, and 110 to 170 species. mochocids are foundthroughout the lakes and rivers of africa. this family is sometimes known as the upside - down catfish family because of some fishes' tendency to swim or hoverbelly up .\n: the high - fin synodontis has a deep, stocky body. it has three pairs of barbels on its mouth. the body is gray to brown in color and covered in small darkspots. the fins also have spots. the dorsal stands is elongated and grows longer with age, as does the tail .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down. this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface (bishai & abu gideiri, 1965b), but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis. chapman et al. (1994) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water. while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories, the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nsynodontis ricardoae seegers 1996 in honor of cicely kate ricardo (later ricardo - bertram, 1912 - 1999), who, together with ms. r. j. owen, collected in the lake rukwa drainage (where this species occurs) and co - authored several important papers on the fishes of east and central africa\n: the high - fin synodontis has a deep, stocky body. it has three pairs of barbels on its mouth. the body is gray to brown in color and covered in small dark spots. the fins also have spots. the dorsal stands is elongated and grows longer with age, as does the tail .\npinton a, fara e, otero o (january 2006) .\nspine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time: a case study of synodontis (siluriformes )\n. die naturwissenschaften 93 (1): 22–6. doi: 10. 1007 / s00114 - 005 - 0051 - 4. pmid 16261332 .\nstephan koblmüller, christian sturmbauer, erik verheyen, axel meyer & walter salzburger (2006) .\nmitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes (siluriformes: synodontis )\n. bmc evolutionary biology 6: 49. doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 6 - 49. pmc 1543664. pmid 16784525 .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis, very little is known about reproduction in mochokids. the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis (including s. membranacea and s. batensoda, previously placed in other genera). still, details are limited; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october, which coincides with the flooding season, and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts (bishai & abu gideiri, 1968). the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika, synodontis multipunctatus, which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis (sato, 1986; wisenden, 1999). adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid. the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth. most amazingly, this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity (loiselle, 1998) .\nour analyses reveal the existence of six major lineages of synodontis in east africa that diversified about 20 mya from a central and / or west african ancestor. the six lineages show a clear geographic patterning. two lineages are endemic to lake tanganyika (plus one non - endemic representative), and these are the only two synodontis lineages that diversified further into a small array of species. one of these species is the cuckoo catfish (s. multipunctatus), a unique brood parasite of mouthbrooding haplochromine cichlids, which seems to have evolved in parallel with the radiation of its cichlid host lineage, the tropheini. we also detect an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in s. multipunctatus, which might be the consequence of co - evolutionary dynamics .\nobserved spawning habits: most authorities recommend that spawning attempts should begin with a shoaling group of six or more specimens to make certain that both sexes are present. they are thought to be egg - scatterers. bear in mind that the riverine synodontis species have only rarely been bred in captivity. some references suggest that simulated periods of droughts and flooding might stimulate spawning activity .\n: an elongated catfish with a large, forked tail. three pairs of barbels extend from the mouth, including one long pair that are pointed downward. the basebody color is white to light gray with swirling patterns of black markings. this pattern continues on all flanks. the head is dotted with small, black spots. thewhite - barred synodontis has a large adipose fin .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca: a. cu 89005, male holotype, 44. 1 mm sl; b. cu 89006, female paratype, 40. 4 mm sl. the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background. scale bar equals 1 mm. ©\ncomposite consensus tree of the phylogenetic analyses. the strictconsensus of the neighbor - joining tree, the most parsimonious trees, the optimal maximum likelihood topology (see fig. 4) and the bayesian inference tree is shown. numbers above the branches are neighbor - joining and maximum parsimony bootstrap values, numbers below the branches represent maximum likelihood bootstraps and bayesian posterior probabilities. the grey box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes. ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis. the name squeaker refers to the fact that, when agitated, many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle (jubb, 1967); stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process (humeral process) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior. the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. caudal fin is always forked. there is one pair of maxillary barbels, sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched. the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached. the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short. s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw. these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle. a small fish, as synodontis go. colour pattern like that of a giraffe, a brown background with white or yellow worm lines. transparent fin membranes with brown spots. strongly forked caudal fin. large eyes. similar to the much larger (20cm) s. caudalis .\nmaximum likelihood tree. maximum likelihood topology based on the k81uf + i + γ model of molecular evolution [ 70 ] with nucleotide frequencies a, 0. 3581, c, 0. 2676, g, 0. 1368, t, 0. 2375, proportion of invariable sites (i), 0. 2461, gamma shape parameter (α), 0. 7306, and r - matrix a↔g, a↔t, c↔g and g↔t, 1. 0000; a↔g, 7. 7875 and c↔t, 1. 2463. the blue box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse. mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors, sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and, quite often, extravagant fins. as some of the largest and most active mochokids, species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may, in some cases, serve as visual cues to conspecifics. it might also be true that the bright, contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators. like many catfishes, some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful. however, field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process (humeral process) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior. the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. caudal fin is always forked. there is one pair of maxillary barbels, sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched. the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached. the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short. s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw. these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle. juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult. the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism. for example, many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins (roberts, 1989; seegers, 1996; friel & vigliotta, 2006); some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process, wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank. in the closely related genus atopochilus, sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident. some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones, opercular series and pectoral girdle (friel & vigliotta, 2006). in the case of synodontis acanthoperca, a spine found at the rear of the opercle is, itself, sexually dimorphic. the spines of males are much larger than those of females. this is also true for mochokiella paynei (personal observation), which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, syn, symphysis = grown together + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nafrica: known only from the type locality, river lukenie (middle congo river basin) in democratic republic of the congo (ref. 78218) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3202 )\noviparous (ref. 205). distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205) .\ngosse, j. - p. , 1986. mochokidae. p. 105 - 152. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels, mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 2. (ref. 3202 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00259 - 0. 01467), b = 3. 09 (2. 88 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum (natural history). .\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa, but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent. a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river. mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika, victoria and nyasa. the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries, but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa, southern africa, eastern africa and in the nile. like a handful of other catfishes, some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water; other members of the family are primarily benthic. likewise, some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary. as a rule they are most active during the night, but they can be found hiding amongst plants, logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti, illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids; cu 93752. ©\nvigliotta (2008) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including: absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent; absence of a coronoid process; absence of an interhyal; presence of a pectoral locking foramen (absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species); seven pelvic - fin rays; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements (absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys); a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores (3 or fewer); and distinctive, ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels (absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip) .\n1a. lips and barbels modified into oral disc (fig. 27c); postcleithral process short (fig. 22c); 5 infraorbitals (figs. 2c, 4b); pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base... 2\n1b. lips and barbels not modified into oral disc; postcleithral process quite long (fig. 22b); 4 infraorbitals figs. 2b, 4a); pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base... 5\n2a. mandibular teeth bunched (in bouquet) at midline (fig. 3d in friel and vigliotta, 2008) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows (fig. 3e–f in friel and vigliotta, 2008); eyes without free orbital margin; mandibular sensory - canal absent; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays (typically 5); 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays (typically 5 or 6) … chiloglanis\n2b. mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows (fig. 3a–c in friel and vigliotta, 2008); eyes with free orbital margin; mandibular sensory canal present, with 2 pores on each side; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays... 3\n3a. small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin (fig. 4a in friel and vigliotta, 2008); width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66% width of paired premaxillae (fig. 3a in friel and vigliotta, 2008); caudal fin emarginate; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs (fig. 5) … atopodontus\n3b. small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent (fig. 4b in friel and vigliotta, 2008); width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66% width of paired premaxillae (fig. 3b–c in friel and vigliotta, 2008); caudal fin forked; gas bladder only modestly reduced (fig. 3c)... 4\n4a. mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid (fig. 10c); large posterior pectoral - spine serrae; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus\n4b. mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear (fig. 10a); small posterior pectoral - spine serrae; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys\n5a. s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present (fig. 10a, c–f); premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back; lips plicate (with folds at corners of mouth)... 6\n5b. s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent (fig. 10b); premaxillary teeth showing little, if any, differentiation from front to back; lips papillose, but not plicate (without folds)... 7\n6b. eyes without free orbital margin; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays; tail truncate or rounded; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays (typically 6); lateral mandibular barbels with single, gracile branches at each point along length (fig. 27a) … microsynodontis\n7a. dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections; cleithrum bearing spine in males; rounded, blunt postcleithral process; anus and urogenital opening distant; free orbital margin present; gill openings open to isthmus; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate; medial mandibular barbels with multiple, thick branches at each point along length (fig. 27b); 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays; 17 caudal - fin rays; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron\n7b. dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections; cleithrum without spine in males; pointed postcleithral process; anus and urogenital opening very close; free orbital margin absent; gill openings restricted to sides of the head; tips of mandibular teeth pointed; medial mandibular barbels with single, gracile branches at each point along length (fig. 27a); 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays; fewer than 36 vertebrae... 8\nchapman, l. j. , l. kaufman, and c. a. chapman. 1994. why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes. copeia 1994: 130–135 .\nferraris, c. j. , jr. 2007. checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (osteichthyes: siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types. zootaxa 1418: 1–628 .\nfriel, j. p. and t. r. vigliotta. 2008. atopodontus adriaensi, a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the ogôoué and nyanga river systems of gabon (siluriformes mochokidae). proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157: 13–23 .\njubb, r. a. 1967. freshwater fishes of southern africa. cape town, amsterdam, balkema, 248 pp .\nng, h. h. and r. m. bailey. 2006. chiloglanis productus, a new species of suckermouth catfish (siluriformes: mochokidae) from zambia. occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738: 1–13 .\notero, o. and m. gayet. 2001. palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate: palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications. palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165: 141–169 .\nroberts, t. r. 1989. systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes (chiloglanis, mochokidae) from cameroun. proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4, 46: 151–178 .\nsato, t. 1986. a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika. nature 323: 58–59 .\nseegers, l. 1996. the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage. musée royal de l’afrique centrale, annales, sciences zoologiques 278: 1–407 .\nseegers, l. 2008. the catfishes of africa. a handbook for identification and maintenance. aqualog verlag, rodgau, germany. 604 pp .\nstewart, k. m. 2001. the freshwater fish of neogene africa (miocene - pleistocene): systematics and biogeography. fish and fisheries (oxford) 2: 177–230\nvigliotta, t. r. 2008. a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae (osteichthyes, ostariophysi, siluriformes), with a key to genera. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157: 73–136 .\nwinemiller, k. o. , and l. c. kelso - winemiller. 1996. comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain. journal of fish biology 49: 1043–1061 .\nwisenden, b. d. 1999. alloparental care in fishes. reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9: 45–70 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3. 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p. friel at and thomas r. vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes. version 02 march 2009 (under construction) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nmalapterurus minjiriya sagua 1987 hausa word for this species, which fishers along the niger river can easily distinguish from m. electricus\nparadoxoglanis cryptus norris 2002 hidden or secret, referring to close superficial resemblance to p. parvu s\natopochilus macrocephalus boulenger 1906 macro -, long; cephalus, referring to longer head compared to a. savorgnani\natopochilus mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j. th. mandeville, fisheries agent, government of leopoldville (now kinshasa, democratic republic of the congo), who collected some of the paratypes\nchiloglanis brevibarbis boulenger 1902 brevis, short; barbis, barbel, referring to shorter barbels compared to c. deckenii and c. niloticus\nchiloglanis camarabounyi schmidt & bart 2017 named for camara - bounyi, guinean village adjacent to type locality; residents generously allowed access to the river, assisted with collecting, and the children provided the common name “fanye makonyi, ” i. e. , “the fish that bites people, ” likely referring to its sharp pectoral - and dorsal - fin spines and associated venom\nchiloglanis devosi schmidt, bart & nyingi 2015 in honor of the late luc devos (1957 - 2003), director of the ichthyology section at the national museums of kenya, who was instrumental in establishing its collection and building it into a regional and internationally invaluable collection, and who was partly responsible for discovering and recognizing this species and c. kerioensis as distinct\nchiloglanis disneyi trewavas 1974 in honor of medical entomologist ronald henry lambert disney (b. 1938), who collected type\nchiloglanis emarginatus jubb & le roux 1969 referring to emarginate (having a notched tip or edge) caudal fin, compared to deeply forked caudal fin of c. bifurcus\nchiloglanis normani pellegrin 1933 in honor of ichthyologist j. r. (john roxborough) norman (1898 - 1944), british museum (natural history), who described the similar c. polyodon in 1932\nchiloglanis paratus crass 1960 latin for prepared or equipped, apparently a key word in the family motto of t. g. fraser (natal parks, game and fish preservation board), “whose enthusiastic efforts have brought in much useful material”\nchiloglanis pojeri poll 1944 in honor of dr. g. pojer (a belgian scientist, no other information available), who collected type\nchiloglanis somereni whitehead 1958 in honor of dr. v. d. von someren, m. b. e. , senior research officer, ministry of forest development, game and fisheries, nairobi, kenya, where whitehead was affiliated at the time\neuchilichthys boulengeri nichols & la monte 1934 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of ichthyologist - herpetologist george a. boulenger (1858 - 1937), who proposed the genus in 1900\neuchilichthys royauxi boulenger 1902 in honor of capt. louis royaux, who led expedition that collected type and supplied indigenous names of the species collected\nmicrosynodontis lamberti poll & gosse 1963 in honor of poll’s frequent collaborator j. g. lambert, “well - versed in many genera of african fishes” (translation )\nmochokiella howes 1980 – iella, a diminutive, referring to dwarf size of m. paynei, i. e. , a small mochokid\nmochokiella paynei howes 1980 in honor of a. i. payne, university of sierra leone, who collected type\nmochokus joannis 1835 latinization of mouchchouéké, arabic name for m. niloticus, roughly translating as “don’t get stung or jabbed by it, ” referring to its dangerously sharp spines, which local fishermen try to avoid\nmochokus brevis boulenger 1906 short, referring to shorter caudal part of body compared to m. niloticus\nirvineia trewavas 1943 – ia, belonging to: dr. f. r. irvine, former biology master at achimota college, gold coast (now ghana), who presented local fishes to the british museum (natural history), including type of i. voltae\nirvineia orientalis trewavas 1964 eastern, referring to its east african distribution compared to the west african i. voltae\npareutropius buffei (gras 1961) in honor of m. (monsieur) buffe, director, eaux et forêts (waters and forests) service, dahomey (now benin), “who witnessed the discovery” of this species (translation )\npareutropius debauwi (boulenger 1900) in honor of lieut. g. de bauw (probably a belgian army officer), who collected type\npareutropius mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j. th. mandeville, fisheries agent, government of leopoldville (now kinshasa, democratic republic of the congo), who collected type\nschilbe oken 1817 latinization of “les schilbé” used by cuvier in 1816, based on a local name for s. mystus along the nile river\nschilbe intermedius rüppell 1832 intermediate in certain characters between s. uranoscopus and siluranodon auritus (then placed in schilbe )\nschilbe laticeps (boulenger 1899) latus, broad; ceps, head, referring to its large and broad head, wider than head of s. congensis\nsiluranodon bleeker 1858 silurus, referring to previous placement of s. auritus in that genus; ano -, without and odon, tooth, referring to what bleeker mistakenly believed was a lack of teeth (teeth are very reduced; those on upper jaw tend to be lost due to damage, while those on lower jaw are overgrown by surrounding bone )\nsiluranodon auritus (geoffroy st. hilaire 1809) eared, from the local arabian name wadi denne (“provided with ears”), referring to large, rounded pectoral fins just behind head, which resemble two big ears\nauchenoglanis biscutatus (geoffroy st. hilaire 1809) bi -, two; scutatus, shielded, referring to nuchal shield divided into two parts\nauchenoglanis occidentalis (valenciennes 1840) western, referring to its distribution (described from senegal) compared to the similar a. biscutatus of egypt\nnotoglanidium günther 1903 notos, back, presumably referring to “rather long” dorsal fin of n. walkeri; glanidium, diminutive of glanis, sheatfish (silurus glanis), now used as a general term for catfish\nnotoglanidium akiri (risch 1987) in honor of mrs. p. j. akiri (rivers state university of science and technology, port harcourt, nigeria), ichthyologist, who collected type\nnotoglanidium thomasi boulenger 1916 in honor of anthropologist northcote w. thomas, who collected type\nparauchenoglanis longiceps (boulenger 1913) longus, long; ceps, head, referring to longer, narrower head compared to p. balayi\nparauchenoglanis monkei (keilhack 1910) in honor of dr. h. monke (no other information available), who collected type\nparauchenoglanis ngamensis (boulenger 1911) – ensis, suffix denoting place: lake ngami district (i. e. , area), botswana, type locality\namarginops hildae (bell - cross 1973) in honor of hilda jubb, albany museum, grahamstown, south africa (wife of ichthyologist rex a. jubb), “whose excellent fish illustrations of southern african freshwater fishes [ including type of this species ] have been admired by all”\nbathybagrus bailey & stewart 1984 bathys, deep, referring to “profundal habitat” of b. tetranema; bagrus, a bagrid catfish (originally placed in bagridae )\nchrysichthys bleeker 1858 chrysos, gold, referring to golden - yellow head and / or specific name of c. auratus (= golden); ichthys, fish\nchrysichthys auratus (geoffroy st. hilaire 1809) golden, referring to golden - yellow head (at least on the specimens that geoffroy st. hilaire examined )" ]

{ "text": [ "synodontis robertsi , known as robert 's synodontis , or the large blotch synodontis , is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the lukenie river .", "it was first described by max poll in 1974 .", "the original specimens were obtained in elombe , on the lukenie river in what is now the democratic republic of the congo .", "the species name robertsi is in honor of ichthyologist tyson r. roberts , who helped collect the type specimens . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 5, 5 ] }

[ "synodontis robertsi, known as robert's synodontis, or the large blotch synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the lukenie river. it was first described by max poll in 1974. the original specimens were obtained in elombe, on the lukenie river in what is now the democratic republic of the congo. the species name robertsi is in honor of ichthyologist tyson r. roberts, who helped collect the type specimens." ]

[ "food and agriculture organization of the united nations. fao geonetwork. fao aquatic species distribution map of sepiella ocellata (geolayer). (latest update: 04 jun 2015) accessed (11 jul 2018). uri: urltoken\nfao aquatic species distribution map of sepiella ocellata. the main sources of information for the species distribution are the habitat description and geographic range contained in the published fao catalogues of species (more details at urltoken). terms used in the de ...\nthis species attains a mantle length of up to 50 mm (reid et al. 2005). all species of sepiella have a special gland at the tip of the mantle (norman 2003). its function is unknown but may have a defensive role (norman 2003) .\nyes, it' s a cephalopod! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history, department of invertebrate zoology! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action. this is a multimedia appendix to published papers, that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles. included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos, arranged as a taxonomic list, only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes. try this, it' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand, 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley, mike vecchione, clyde roper, mike sweeney, and tyler christensen. if you have questions or comments, contact mike vecchione .\npfeffer g. 1884. die cephalopoden des hamburger naturhistorischen museums. abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften, hamburg, 8 (1): 1 - 30. , available online at urltoken page (s): 13 [ details ]\nreid, a. , jereb, p. & roper, c. f. e. (2005). family sepiidae. pp. 57 - 152, in p. jereb & c. f. e. roper eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 1. chambered nautiluses and sepioids (nautilidae, sepiidae, sepiolidae, sepiadariidae, idiosepiidae and spirulidae). fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (1): 262 pp. 9 pls. page (s): 152 [ details ]\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomic validity of this species is uncertain (reid et al. 2005). further collections are required from the type locality .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as it is known only from the type locality. further research is required before an accurate assessment can be made .\nthis species occurs off java in indonesia (reid et al. 2005). its depth distribution is unknown (reid et al. 2005). it is only known from the type locality .\nocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is potentially a threat to all cuttlefish. studies have shown that under high pco\nbasic research is required on this species to elucidate its distribution, population size and life history characteristics .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe urltoken website brings together statistics, maps, pictures, and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location. this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources, you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you. to assist in data retrieval, the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .\nheads up! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .\nthe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product are not warranted to be error free and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of fao concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. fao makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, the accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information in this information product .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. (2012). fao geonetwork. rome, italy: fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. 2012. fao geonetwork. rome, italy: fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations. (2012). fao geonetwork. rome, italy, fao .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe most distinctive feature of the genus is the presence of a large subcutaneous gland that opens by a pore at the posterior end of the mantle between the fins .\nfunnel component of locking apparatus with pit - like depression at midpoint of groove .\nfigure. posteroventral mantle of s. inermis. the posterior pore in the skin (arrow) is seen ventral to the dark oval patch. photograph by mark norman .\nadam, w. and w. j. rees. 1966. a review of the cephalopod family sepiidae. sci. rep. john murray exped. 11: 1 - 165 .\nkhromov, d. n. , c. c. lu, a. guerra, zh. dong and s. v. boletzky. 1998. a synopsis of sepiidae outside australian waters. smithson. contr. zool. , 586: 77 - 156 .\nlu, c. c. a synopsis of sepiidae in australian waters. 1998. smithson. contr. zool. , 586: 159 - 190 .\nroeleveld, m. a. 1972. a review of the sepiidae (cephalopoda) of southern africa. annals of the south african museum, 59 (10): 193 - 313 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\nmangold (1922 - 2003), katharina m. and richard e. young. 2008 .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "sepiella ocellata is a species of cuttlefish known only from the type locality off java .", "the depth range of this species is unknown .", "only a single male specimen has been recorded .", "the status of s. ocellata is questionable .", "s. ocellata grows to 50 mm in mantle length .", "the type specimen was collected off java and is deposited at the zoologisches museum in hamburg . " ], "topic": [ 29, 18, 8, 17, 9, 5 ] }

[ "sepiella ocellata is a species of cuttlefish known only from the type locality off java. the depth range of this species is unknown. only a single male specimen has been recorded. the status of s. ocellata is questionable. s. ocellata grows to 50 mm in mantle length. the type specimen was collected off java and is deposited at the zoologisches museum in hamburg." ]

[ "dichomeris mercatrix hodges, 1986, n. sp. , mona fascicle 7. 1\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: mclean bogs reserve, tompkins co. , new york\nvad betyder dichomeris? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv\ndichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818. dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris agorastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris apicispina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris apludella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris bomiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris bucinaria; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris consertella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuprea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuspis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris diffurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fareasta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fuscanella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris gansuensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris hodgesi; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lativalvata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lespedezae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lutilinea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris manticopodina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris menglana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris millotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 212\ndichomeris minutia; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mitteri; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris nivalis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 213\ndichomeris polygona; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polypunctata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sexafurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris shenae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris spicans; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 94\ndichomeris strictella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synergastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tersa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris varifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris violacula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yuebana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris cuspis park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 19; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris derasella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 15; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 17; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris praevacua; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 11; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris acritopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris adelocentra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albiscripta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris allantopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris amphichlora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris ampliata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris anisospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antiloxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antisticta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris asodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris barymochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachyptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris caerulescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris cellaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris centracma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris ceponoma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris charonaea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chartaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chinganella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chlanidota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris citharista; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris clarescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cocta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris contentella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris corniculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris deceptella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris diacrita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris dicausta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris doxarcha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eridantis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eucomopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris excoriata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferrata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris frenigera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fungifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris geochrota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris horoglypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris ignorata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illicita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illucescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris imbricata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris immerita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris indiserta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris intensa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris isoclera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leptosaris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leucothicta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris levigata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lissota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris litoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lupata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris macroxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malachias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malacodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris melanortha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris melitura; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mesoglena; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metatoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metuens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microdoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 166; tl: java, buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris olivescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris ostracodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris pelitis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris petalodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris planata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polyaema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris praealbescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris procrossa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris pseudometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris ptychosema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris semnias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris siranta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris summata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synclepta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris testudinata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris tetraschema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris toxolyca; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris traumatias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris uranopis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris viridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris indigna; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: java, butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, teffé\n= dichomeris bisignella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park, 1996; tinea 14 (4): 230; tl: pintung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 49; tl: taichung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 16; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hasimoto, japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hokkaido, japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 235; tl: bombay, dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: coorg, pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 201; tl: seneng, java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 46; tl: taihoku, formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 36; tl: kaohsiung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 433; tl: punjab, kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 20; tl: taitung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic, recte syndyas ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 42; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 354; tl: rhodesia, mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 510; tl: bombay, poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette, 1988; bull. soc. ent. fr. 93 (3 - 4): 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana\nresupina omelko, 1999; keys ins. russian far east 5 (2): 107; ts: dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 152; tl: ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72; tl: hunan, china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: peru, chosica, 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 584; tl: upper burma, myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 151; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 35; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 114; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 286; tl: sierra leone, mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 73\ndichomeris simaoensis; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick, , 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brail, téffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: three sisters\ndichomeris zonata; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 234; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 235; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 85; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 231; tl: china, jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton, pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 251; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: china, xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, mallali\ndichomeris decusella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 253; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 279; tl: nyassaland, mt. mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: malay states, kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 248; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 239; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 257; tl: yunnan, china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 281; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 252; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 246; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 230; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 23; tl: zululand, nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 250; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: gansu, china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 255; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 82; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 236; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 223; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 228; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 168; tl: queensland, rosewood\ndichomeris aculata; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 147 (note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 155 (note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 225; tl: mengla, yunnan, 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 622; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: peru, iquitos; brazil, teffé\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 57; tl: taiwan, hualien co. , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 583; tl: upper burma, lashio, 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras, india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 220; tl: kangxian, gansu, 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 221; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (7): 89; tl: kitty, british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 222; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris tostella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 695; tl: brazil, santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: costa rica, vulkan irazu, 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 284; tl: natal, howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123; tl: yakovlevka, primorkii krai, russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: panama, la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 48; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , sunmoon lake, 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck, 1909; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (2): 89; tl: east river, connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 170; tl: new south wales, syndey\ndichomeris elegans park, 2001; insecta koreana 18 (4): 308; tl: taiwan, pingtung co. , kenting park, 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 97; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 227; tl: mengda, xunhua, qinghai, 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, para, obidos, parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 108; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 100; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\n= dichomeris setosella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke, 1947; proc. ent. soc. wash. 49 (7): 187; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris erixantha; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris loxospila; [ nhm card ]; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: porto bello, panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 59; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , meifeng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 118; tl: chuncheon, kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: hambantota, ceylon; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: kandy and maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para; peru, r. napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 17; tl: trinidad river, panama\ndichomeris melanophylla; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 114 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 114; tl: 27km sw slavjanka, primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 60; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 49\ndichomeris linealis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lividula; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lushanae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris lutea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris ochreata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 102; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris taiwana; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 135; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris trilobella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 141; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: hastings, florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 5; tl: devers, texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 43; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , leinhauchi forest station, 15km sw puli, 750m\ndichomeris aprica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris enoptrias; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris issikii; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 32; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , mei - feng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciritis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 116; tl: yong - in, kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris offula hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 117, pl. 3, f. 21; tl: ithaca, new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 118, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: mcclellanville, south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges, 1985; proc. ent. soc. wash. 87 (2): 456; tl: santa rosa national park, guanacaste, costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 40, pl. 4, f. 2; tl: bandera co. , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 7; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 22; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 91, pl. 2, f. 27; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 93, pl. 2, f. 30; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 105, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: presidio of monterey, california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella; walsingham, 1911, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 103; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: tabogilla i. and porto bello, panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 26; tl: panama, tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 13\ndichomeris carycina; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 60 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 64, pl. 4, f. 9; tl: henson creek, oxon hill, maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 83, pl. 2, f. 9 - 10; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 18 - 20; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: largo, pinellas co. , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 39; tl: salmon, anderson co. , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 4; tl: canadian, hemphill co. , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: guatemala, zapote, 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96, pl. 3, f. 14; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 101, pl. 3, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 58, pl. 1, f. 22; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 8; tl: archbold biological station, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 71, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 85, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: lake placid, florida, archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris autometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 13; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris okadai; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para, parintins, manaos; peru, iquitos; british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 90, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: pl. 1, f. 8; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 48, pl. 1, f. 15; tl: peña blanca canyon, santa cruz co. arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 56; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 36\ndichomeris copa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 92, pl. 2, f. 28; tl: snyder heights 1100', ithaca, new york\ndichomeris achne hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: parker is. , highlands co. , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: big black mnts, letcher co. , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 20; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21; zhao, park, bae & li, 2017, zootaxa 4273 (2): (216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: maskeliya and puttalam, ceylon; cuddapah, 4000ft, n. coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 12; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43, pl. 1, f. 10 - 11; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 106, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: shingle creek road, keremeos, british columbia, canada\ndichomeris bulawskii; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 151 (note )\ndichomeris diva hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 57, pl. 1, f. 21; tl: 1 mi s patagonia, santa cruz co. , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 68, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: wedge plantation, mccellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 21; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 99, pl. 2, f. 36; tl: wedge plantation, mcclellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 112 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 121, pl. 3, f. 24; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: panama, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias; [ nhm card ]; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 102, pl. 3, f. 2; tl: ft. niobrara national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 100, pl. 2, f. 37; tl: hackberry lake, valentine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 103, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: tenkiller lake, 3 mi w blackgum, sequoyah co. , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 154, f. 4, 17 - 18; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m\ndichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 149, f. 2, 12 - 13; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris mercatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by hodges in 1986 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nova scotia , new york and indiana . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "dichomeris mercatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by hodges in 1986. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from nova scotia, new york and indiana." ]