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[ "vad betyder scoparia? här finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av scoparia själv\nbutler' s characters for this genus do not suffice to separate it from scoparia .\nscoparia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811. enligt catalogue of life ingår scoparia i familjen crambidae, men enligt dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället fam [. . ]\n( scoparia ustimacula, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxv. , 17; scoparia conifera, butl. , cist. ent. , ii. , 493. )\n( scoparia feredayi, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 80; scoparia moanalis, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxvii. , 34. )\n( scoparia exilis, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 81. )\n( scoparia ejuncida, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 81. )\n( scoparia pongalis, feld. , reis. nov. , pl. cxxxvii. , 33. )\nscoparia linealis, walk. suppl. , 1503. the specimen which i suppose to be walker' s type i did not determine, and it is perhaps not recognizable; with it was placed a small specimen of scoparia submarginalis, walk .\n( hypochalcia indistinctalis, walk. , 48; scoparia rakaiensis, knaggs, ent. mo. mag. , iv. , 80. )\nscoparia objurgalis, gn. , 425, pl. x. , 10, and scoparia australialis, gn. , 426, appear to me unidentifiable at present; the latter is, if correctly described, probably new to me, the former might possibly be s. exhibitalis, walk .\ndistinguished from scoparia only by the long hairs of the discal area; the genus is undoubtedly natural, and its separation materially assists the study of the group. the species resemble those of the second group of scoparia, and almost all of large size and decidedly crambideous facies. the larvæ are yet unknown, but probably of similar habits .\na peculiar species, in markings approaching more the typical forms of scoparia; differs also from the other species, in which the male is known, by the structure of the antennæ .\nas i have elsewhere pointed out, the oldest form of the family is probably nyctarcha, which is a singular synthetic type. xeroscopa is an early off - shoot from scoparia, and tetraprosopus a development of xeroscopa .\nnephopteryæ favilliferella, walk. suppl. , 1719. the type is unset, and therefore not generically recognizable; it is certainly either a scoparia or a xeroscopa, but it seems hardly possible to assert anything more .\nalthough of universal distribution, this genus is little developed except in temperate latitudes, hardly occurring in the tropics except at a considerable elevation. over thirty european species are known, and scattered forms are found in most other regions. australia possesses at present sixteen, which number will be considerably increased, especially from the tasmanian mountains. in comparison with these the development of the genus in new zealand is extraordinary, forty - two species being here given, and it is unquestionable that the actual number is much larger, as each mountain seems to possess peculiar species. scoparia is in fact the largest genus of lepidoptera in new zealand .\nowing to the small range of colour, and great similarity of markings, which are moreover in most of the species more or less confused and ill - defined, being composed of black, white, and grey scales variously blended, the group is a difficult one either to study or to describe. in order to make this monograph more comprehensive, i have therefore included all the australian species of scoparia, tetraprosopus, and xeroscopa (which are, however, much less numerous than those from new zealand), indicating them by an asterisk (*) as not occurring in new zealand. no species of the family is common to both regions. the australian species of nyctarcha and eclipsiodes, which i have already described elsewhere, and which are moreover very distinct from anything occurring in new zealand, i have not thought it necessary to include .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury, 7 th august, 1884. ]\nfamily occupies an unusually prominent position in new zealand, and the principal genera attain here their maximum of development. the development is however mainly specific, and there is no large number of peculiar genera, as in some other groups. the family is undoubtedly of very ancient type, and the food of the larvæ, which probably consists wholly of mosses, will allow of a possible origin earlier in time than the appearance of flowering plants. it is probably due to this persistence of habit that the type has undergone so little generic modification; specific change being sufficient to allow of all the adaptation required. the distribution of the family seems chiefly limited by the suitability of the climate for the growth of their food - plants; hence they are found principally in cool temperate latitudes, or at considerable elevations .\nas the descriptions of walker, knaggs, and butler are hardly in any instance sufficiently precise for determination, i may add that the species of walker and butler have been identified from the types, and those of knaggs from types preserved by mr. r. w. fereday .\nlabial palpi, with hairs of second joint produced in front beneath. maxillary palpi large, triangularly scaled, porrected, not resting on labial palpi. forewings with 7 and 10 separate from 9, 8 and 9 stalked. hindwings with 4 and 5 from a point or stalked (except in nyctarcha); lower median without basal pectination (except in eclipsiodes and nyctarcha). genital uncus of male generally well developed .\ndistinguished from all the other families of the pyralidina by the character of the maxillary palpi, which are large, porrected, triangularly dilated, and obliquely truncate, standing out apart from the labial palpi; differing also from the crambidæ (which some species closely approach in type) in the absence of the basal pectination on the lower median vein of the hindwings (with the exceptions noted above), from the botydidæ in the development of the genital uncus of the male, and from the pyralididæ by the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9 .\nthe following tabulation includes all the five australian genera, of which only three are represented in new zealand .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting. see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering. ]\nforehead vertical. ocelli present. tongue well developed. antennæ short, less than 2 / 3 of forewings, in male stout, filiform, evenly ciliated (¼–1 / 3), above pubescent (n. atra) or rough - scaled. labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, second joint with dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint exposed, thick, somewhat expanded towards apex, and obliquely truncate. maxillary palpi nearly as long as labial, terminally expanded, truncate. posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner; legs short. abdomen short, stout. forewings with vein 11 moderately oblique. hindwings somewhat broader than forewings; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base; lower median and 1 b each with a strong pectination towards base, surface otherwise without hairs .\nconsists at present of two australian and one new zealand species, one of the australian species (n. ophideres, walk .) extending also into india and madagascar. the genus presents a singular combination of characters, and probably approximates to the ancestral form of the scopariadæ, crambidæ, and botydidæ. the new zealand species is characterized by the dark fuscous hindwings, which in the two australian species are partly orange .\n( orosana atra, butl. , pro. zool. soc. lond. , 1877. )\nthe markings of the under surface in this instance doubtless indicate the original type .\ncastle hill and lake wakatipu (1, 200 to 3, 000 feet), in december and january, on dry grassy slopes; difficult to see; six specimens .\nforehead vertical. ocelli present. tongue well developed. antennæ moderate, 2 / 3 of forewings, in male filiform, evenly ciliated (¼–1 ½). labial palpi moderate or long, straight, porrected, second joint beneath with long dense projecting scales, terminal joint moderate, exposed or resting in scales of second. maxillary palpi rather long, triangularly dilated. posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner. abdomen moderate. forewings with vein 11 rather oblique. hindwings from somewhat broader to nearly twice as broad as forewings; 3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 stalked or from a point; lower median naked; discal area above it without hairs; internal area loosely haired .\nnotwithstanding the extent of the genus, i can find no structural characters for subdividing it into groups. the palpi vary in length, and the antennæ present some differences, being generally rough above, but sometimes pubescent, or serrate at joints, with the ciliations of variable length, but these points are simply specific. veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings are either from a point or stalked, but both forms often occur in the same species. roughly, the first 27 species belong to the same group as the european forms, being always of comparatively small size, with the typical markings well developed, whilst the remainder constitute a more specially new zealand group, usually of larger size, and more crambideous appearance, with the normal markings often obsolete, the palpi longer and hindwings broader; but there is no definite distinction .\nin the following descriptions the length of the labial palpi is stated in terms of the breadth of the eye, and the length of the antennal ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk; the breadth of the hindwings in terms of the breadth of the forewings. typically, the markings consist of three transverse lines and three discal spots—viz. , (1) the first line, at about 2 / 5, usually oblique and somewhat curved, more or less indented in middle; (2) the orbicular spot, usually round, shortly beyond first line above middle; (3) the claviform spot, usually linear, similarly placed below middle; (4) the reniform spot, usually 8 - shaped, in disk beyond and above middle; (5) the second line, at about 4 / 5, tolerably parallel to hindmargin, usually somewhat curved, generally sinuate inwards below costa and above inner margin; (6) the subterminal line, placed between second line and hindmargin, curved inwards in middle, often interrupted .\nmale. —14–17 mm. head white. palpi 1 2 / 3, dark fuscous, basal and terminal joints white. antennæ white, annulated with dark fuscous, ciliations ½. thorax white, irrorated with dark fuscous. abdomen whitish - grey. legs dark fuscous, banded with white. forewings elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, irregularly irrogated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a short dark fuscous streak from base of costa parallel to inner margin; first line white, oblique, rather indented, posteriorly margined with dark fuscous, which forms a triangular spot on costa; orbicular elongate, touching first line, dark fuscous; claviform strong, elongate, touching first line, dark fuscous; reniform represented by a quadrifurcate dark fuscous mark, upper fork sometimes filled with fuscous; a small dark fuscous spot on costa somewhat beyond middle; second line white, tolerably distinctly margined with\ndark fuscous; subterminal line white, somewhat broader and more ill - defined, leaving a dark fuscous triangular blotch on hindmargin: cilia white, with a basal row of dark fuscous spots, and posterior row of grey spots. hindwings 1 1 / 3, pale whitish - grey, greyer on hindmargin and towards apex; cilia whitish, with a grey line .\nnot closely resembling any other, and recognizable by the character of the spots, which are conspicuous though not sharply defined .\nsydney, new south wales, from may to august, so that it is a winter species; five specimens .\na very distinct and elegant species, known by the whitish - ochreous colour and small round detached orbicular and claviform; the hindwings are narrower than usual .\nsydney, new south wales, in april, on sandstone rock - faces, to which its colouring is adapted; two specimens .\nfemale. —15–17 mm. head white, back of crown, a spot beneath each antenna, and a dot in middle of face black. palpi 1 2 / 3, black, basal and terminal joints white. antennæ dark grey. thorax white, anterior margin irregularly black. abdomen ochreous - white, apex more ochreous. legs\nimmediately known by the strongly contrasted and sharply defined markings, and the fusion of orbicular and claviform into a single blotch .\nsydney, new south wales, in october, on tree - trunks; three specimens .\nnearly allied to s. exhibitalis, but smaller, with the markings less sharply contrasted, and without the defined white and black markings of head and thorax .\nmount gambier, south australia, in november; one specimen on a tree - trunk .\nresembles s. aphrodes in the defined markings of the head, but larger, with the markings of the wings less clearly contrasted, and immediately separated by the dark suffusion of the inner margin between first and second lines .\nsydney, new south wales, from august to october; five specimens, mostly at light .\nmale, female. —20–21 mm. head and thorax whitish, densely mixed with dark fuscous. palpi 2 ¾, white, second and terminal joints with blackish basal bands. antennæ grey, obscurely annulated with paler; ciliations ½. abdomen grey, segmental margins ochreous - white. legs\nwhite, tarsi and tibiæ banded with blackish. forewings rather elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, densely irrorated with black, sometimes partially suffused with light fuscous; several small black spots towards base; first line well - defined, somewhat curved, sharply indented, posteriorly strongly black - margined; orbicular moderate, circular, black, whitish - centred, almost touching first line; claviform quadrate, black, detached; reniform indistinct, irregularly 8 - shaped, lower half elongate, whitish, partially black - margined, posteriorly strongly, touching a small blackish spot on costa beyond middle; second line well - defined, anteriorly black - margined; terminal space wholly dark, except rather broad distinct subterminal line, entire or shortly interrupted, not touching second line: cilia white, sharply barred with dark grey, bars partially obsolete on terminal half. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey, becoming fuscous - grey posteriorly, postmedian line faintly darker; cilia white, with a well - defined grey line .\nthis and the following species are characterized by the intensity of the irroration and markings, and especially by the subquadrate detached claviform .\nsydney, new south wales, in september; mount wellington (1, 000 feet), tasmania, from december to february; four specimens .\nnearly allied to s. syntaracta, but distinguished by the much narrower wings, smaller size, greater concentration of the black colouring, and darker margin of hindwings .\nmount wellington (3, 200 feet), tasmania, in december; one specimen .\nmale, female. —18–21 mm. head, palpi, and thorax whitish, densely mixed with dark fuscous; palpi 3. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen grey, segmental margins whitish. legs dark fuscous irrorated with white, apex of joints white. forewings rather elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; fuscous - grey, irregularly sprinkled with white, veins obscurely lined with blackish; several small cloudy blackish spots towards base; first line narrow, whitish, ill - defined, posteriorly obscurely blackish - margined, moderately curved, somewhat indented; orbicular moderate, circular, outlined with black, detached; claviform smaller, round, almost wholly blackish, touching first line; reniform obscure, tolerably 8 - shaped, obscurely blackish - margined ;\nsecond line white, tolerably well - defined, obscurely dark - margined; subterminal very ill - defined, cloudy, whitish, interrupted above middle, not touching second line: cilia ochreous - whitish, obscurely barred with grey, and with two grey lines. hindwings 1 ¼, light grey, darker posteriorly; cilia whitish, with a well - defined grey line .\ncompared with the neighbouring species a rather large and dull - coloured insect, with the lines more abruptly bent and angular than usual .\na comparatively short - winged species, allied to s. eremitis, but much smaller and more distinctly marked, the dark markings much blacker .\nmount wellington, tasmania, from 3, 000 to 3, 800 feet, in december; rather common, sitting on the rocks and readily disturbed .\nmale. —15 mm. head, palpi, and thorax grey, mixed with reddish - ochreous and black; palpi 2 ¼. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen grey. legs white, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark grey. forewings triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique; fuscous - grey, with a few black and bluish - white scales; a small reddish - ochreous spot near base; first line not paler, curved ,\nobscurely blackish - margined posteriorly; orbicular and claviform irregular, reddish - ochreous, partially black - margined, touching first line; reniform subquadrate, reddish - ochreous, anteriorly and posteriorly blackish - margined; second line not paler, anteriorly blackish - margined; terminal area rather densely irrorated with black, except subterminal line, touching second line in middle: cilia whitish - grey, with a broad interrupted dark grey line. hindwings 1 ¼, grey, becoming darker on hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with a grey line .\na peculiar and distinct species, with hindmargin of forewings more oblique than usual .\nmount wellington, tasmania, (probably about 2, 000 feet), in february; one specimen .\nnearly allied to s. philerga, but readily distinguished by the longer and narrower forewings, and whitish hindwings, as well as the pubescence and longer ciliations of antennæ .\nlake wakatipu, at 5, 000 feet, in december; one specimen .\nmale, female. —17–21 mm. head and thorax whitish, mixed with fuscous, and irrorated with black. palpi 2 ⅓, dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. abdomen light fuscous - grey, segmental margins ochreous - whitish. legs ochreous - whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings moderately\nelongate, triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, faintly sinuate; white, mixed with grey, and coarsely irrorated with black; a thick interrupted obscure blackish streak from base of costa; first line white, obscure, somewhat curved, sharply indented, posteriorly blackish - margined; orbicular round, whitish, blackish - margined; claviform roundish, moderate or large, blackish, often suffused, tolerably detached; reniform 8 - shaped, white, blackish - margined, connected with a small blackish triangular spot on costa; second line white, tolerably distinct, anteriorly dark - margined; terminal space wholly dark, except moderate tolerably defined subterminal line, entire or interrupted, touching second line in middle; a hindmarginal row of white dots: cilia whitish, obscurely barred with grey, with an interrupted blackish and posterior grey line. hindwings 1 ¼, pale whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, in female rather greyer, postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey; cilia whitish, with a grey line spotted with darker .\na dull, obscure - looking species, but with the reniform very clearly defined .\nauckland, hamilton, christchurch, nelson, otira river, dunedin, and lake wakatipu; common in forest, in december, january, march, and april. near lake wakatipu i took one specimen at an elevation of 4, 000 feet .\nmale, female. —13–14 mm. head, palpi, and thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with black; palpi 2. antennæ greyish - ochreous; ciliations ½. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs ochreous - white, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, oblique; ochreous - whitish; basal half, bounded by a line parallel to hindmargin, suffused with blackish, except on an oval ochreous spot near middle of base; a moderately broad fascia - like reddish - ochreous suffusion rather beyond and parallel to posterior edge of blackish patch; an irregular reddish - ochreous suffusion towards middle of hindmargin; a rather small triangular blackish spot on costa before apex, and some blackish scales on anal angle: cilia ochreous - whitish, mixed with reddish ochreous beneath and blackish above apex. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish; postmedian line and apical suffusion faintly grey; cilia whitish .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet), in january; three specimens .\nmale, female. —17–19 mm. head, palpi, and thorax ochreous - fuscous, mixed with whitish - ochreous and dark fuscous; palpi 2 ½, basal joint white .\nthis and the two following species are easily recognized by the yellow - ochreous blotch above lower portion of subterminal line; s. minusculalis differs from the other two by its larger size, well - defined white postmedian band, and uniform dark suffusion of the whole anterior half of wing .\nlarva rather stout, cylindrical, wrinkled, somewhat attenuated towards extremities; light whitish - brown; spots large, round, brassy - fuscous, - each containing a black dot; head ochreous - brown; second segment dark fuscous. feeds in moss on tree - trunks; pupa in same position; taken in january, almost full - grown .\nakaroa, bealey river (2, 100 feet), and dunedin; tolerably common in forest in january and february .\nmale, female. —15 ½–17 mm. head and thorax clear pale whitish - ochreous, with a few fuscous scales, shoulders with a small dark fuscous spot. palpi 2 ½–3, ochreous - whitish, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous, base white. antennæ whitish, annulated with dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings somewhat elongate, triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rather oblique, distinctly sinuate; whitish - ochreous, mixed with pale yellowish, and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous; basal area mixed with black, with a suffused black streak from\ncharacterized by the concentration of the dark suffusion into a costal blotch; differing from s. minusculalis by the distinct white first line, from s. chimeria by the white costal spot before second line .\nchristchurch, bealey river (2, 100 feet), and otira gorge (1, 600 feet), amongst forest in january; eight specimens .\nochreous - yellow; a terminal row of white semioval spots: cilia whitish, obscurely barred with grey, with a dark grey interrupted line. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey, postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey; cilia grey - whitish, with a dark grey line .\ntaranaki, palmerston, masterton, christchurch, akaroa, dunedin, and lake wakatipu, not met with above 1, 000 feet; common in forest from december to march .\nmale. —17 mm. head and thorax rather dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish. palpi 2, dark grey, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous; ciliations ¼. abdomen whitish - grey. legs white, tibiæ and tarsi banded with black. forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin nearly straight, oblique; white, densely irrorated with dark fuscous; basal area suffusedly spotted with black; first line hardly whitish, very obscure, posteriorly black - margined, curved, hardly indented; orbicular and claviform small, roundish, obscure, black, detached; a rather broad clear white transverse space before, second line, of even width except on inner margin, where it is contracted; reniform included in this, 8 - shaped, white, black - margined; second line slender, obscure, white, anteriorly dark - margined, somewhat curved, hardly sinuate; subterminal line narrow, white, distinct, interrupted above middle, not touching second line; a hindmarginal row of white dots: cilia grey, with a dark grey line. hindwings 1 ¼, whitish - grey, lunule and postmedian line obscurely indicated, hindmargin darker grey; cilia whitish, with a dark grey line .\nallied to the three preceding, but without the ochreous blotch, and specially characterized by the remarkably short antennal ciliations .\nmale. —17 ½ mm. head and thorax whitish - ochreous, shoulders dark fuscous mixed with black. palpi 2 ¼, ochreous - whitish, second and terminal joints with dark fuscous basal bands, basal joint white. antennæ whitish - ochreous, ringed with dark fuscous; joints short, subdentate, ciliations 1. abdomen whitish - ochreous, irrorated with fuscous. legs ochreous - whitish, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rather obliquely rounded; whitish - ochreous, scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a sharply defined oblique black spot from base of costa, inner edge straight, outer irregular; first line indicated only by obscure dark posterior margin, slightly curved, somewhat indented, followed on\na distinct species, characterized by the sharply defined black costal markings, double reniform, and relatively long antennal ciliations .\na very obscure species, best indicated by the fine dentation of the second and subterminal lines .\narthur' s pass (2, 500 feet) and mount hutt, in january; three specimens .\neasily recognized by the ochreous - yellow spots, and white dots in reniform .\nchristchurch in march, and lake wakatipu (1, 000 feet) in december, amongst bush; two specimens .\nfemale. —17 mm. head and thorax ochreous - fuscous. palpi 2 ¾, dark fuscous mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous. abdomen grey, terminal segment very elongate, ovipositor long. legs grey irrorated with whitish. forewings elongate - oblong, slightly dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique, slightly rounded; fuscous, with scattered pale ochreous - yellowish scales; a cloudy blackish spot on inner margin near base, above which is a line of whitish scales; a longitudinal median black streak from base to ⅓ a strong semicircular black streak from costa at ⅓, passing through middle of disc and returning to costa at ⅔, obscurely margined beneath with whitish, the included space also irrorated with whitish; subterminal line indicated by a few whitish scales: cilia whitish - fuscous with two cloudy darker lines, tips whitish. hindwings 1 ½, fuscous - grey, becoming - dark fuscous towards hindmargin; cilia as in forewings .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet) in january; one specimen .\nfemale. —13–17 mm. head, palpi, and thorax fuscous or fuscous - grey, slightly mixed with grey - whitish; palpi 2 ½, basal joint white. antennæ dark fuscous. abdomen light grey. legs whitish, irrorated with fuscous. forewings elongate, tolerably oblong, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, rather oblique; light fuscous, thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous; first line obscurely whitish, posteriorly rather broadly and suffusedly dark - margined, strongly curved; orbicular and claviform obsolete; reniform subquadrate, cloudy, dark fuscous; second line whitish, anteriorly dark - margined, rectilinear, obtusely angulated above middle; subterminal line obsolete: cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish. hindwings 1 ½, light grey or fuscous - grey, rather darker posteriorly; cilia fuscous - whitish, with a fuscous basal line .\nallied to s. hemicycla, which it resembles in form, but quite differently marked .\ncastle hill (3, 000 feet), on grassy slopes in january; two specimens .\nreadily recognized by the intensity of marking, yellowish streaks on veins, reniform half white and half yellow, angulated first line, and pubescent antennæ of male .\narthur' s pass (3, 000 feet, and one specimen at 1, 500), in january; common .\nthis and the following species have the hindwings proportionately narrower than in any other of the genus, and are characterized by the yellowish tint of their pale markings; s. anaplecta especially also by the pale dorsal spots, and the ochreous - whitish dark - margined hindwings .\nmount wellington, tasmania, at 3, 200 feet, in december; two specimens .\nmale, female. —9–12 mm. head pale yellow, with a dark fuscous streak across crown. palpi 2 ½, dark fuscous, apex and basal joint whitish - yellow. antennæ whitish - yellow, annulated with dark fuscous; ciliations ⅔. thorax whitish - yellow, a central spot and one on each shoulder blackish. abdomen dark fuscous - grey. legs whitish - yellow, banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; rather dark fuscous, irrorated with blackish; a pale yellow streak from middle of base to ¼ of inner margin; a pale yellow dot on costa near base; first line sharply defined, pale yellow, regularly curved, not indented; orbicular and claviform absent; a cloudy pale yellow spot above middle of inner margin; reniform narrow, pale yellow, sometimes touching second\nline beneath; second line strong, pale yellow, almost straight, somewhat sinuate inwards below middle; subterminal line narrow, indistinct, pale yellow, hardly interrupted, not touching second line: cilia with basal third dark grey, remainder whitish - yellowish, with a grey posterior line. hindwings hardly over 1, fuscous - grey, becoming dark fuscous towards hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with two cloudy grey lines .\nthe smallest species of the genus known to me, not to be confused with any other .\nsydney, new south wales; fernshaw, victoria; hobart, evandale, and deloraine, tasmania; wirrabara forest and mount gambier, south australia; from august to december, and in march, common in damp sheltered places, especially under wet and overhanging rock - faces .\npalmerston, makatoku, christchurch, akaroa, and dunedin, amongst forest, in february and march; eight specimens .\nalso a very distinct and handsome species, characterized by the two conspicuous black fasciæ from costa to disc, and unusually long antennal ciliations, the longest in the genus. butler' s description is hardly recognizable, but is intended for this species, as i have seen his type in the british museum .\ncastle hill (mr. j. d. enys) and dunedin (mr. a. purdie), probably amongst bush; i have not met with the species myself; three specimens .\nmale, female. —15–19 mm. head, antennæ, and thorax whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, shoulders narrowly black; antennal ciliations, ½. palpi 3, dark fuscous, apex and basal joint whitish. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs grey - whitish, tibiæ and tarsi somewhat suffused with darker grey. forewings somewhat elongate, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique, faintly sinuate; pale whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged, with a few scattered grey and black scales; first line only indicated by a short cloudy blackish oblique streak from inner\nmargin; costa black from base to beyond middle, at first very narrowly, but shortly dilating to form a triangular sharply - defined patch, of which apex is in middle of disc; claviform dot - like, black, or sometimes obsolete; reniform 8 - shaped, obscurely outlined with blackish; second line not paler, but distinctly dark - margined, somewhat bent but hardly sinuate; a row of black dots immediately before hindmargin; cilia grey - whitish, with a grey basal line. hindwings 1 ¼, in male whitish, in female very pale whitish - grey; postmedian line and hindmargin very faintly greyer; cilia whitish, with a faint grey line .\nvery distinct by the peculiar black costal marking. felder' s figure is very coarse, but indicates this correctly .\nthe blackish suffusion appears to form a very large blotch on costa beyond first line, nearly reaching to inner margin; this distinguishes the species from all others .\narthur' s pass (1, 700 to 2, 600 feet) and lake wakatipu (4, 200 feet), frequenting rocks in sheltered situations or amongst bush, in december and january; rather common .\nallied to s. melanægis, but much narrower - winged (though the male may probably not differ so much in this respect); immediately separated by the very different form of the black costal blotch, which does not pass downwards beyond middle of wing, and therefore appears very much more compressed longitudinally .\ncastle hill (3, 000 feet), in january; one specimen .\nmale. —19 mm. head white, somewhat mixed with fuscous. palpi 3, dark fuscous mixed with whitish, basal joint white. antennæ white, annulated with grey; ciliations ½. thorax white, mixed with black on back and suffusedly spotted with black on shoulders. abdomen grey - whitish. legs whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, slightly sinuate; white, irregularly mixed with light grey, with a few fine scattered black scales; a suffused blackish spot on costa at base; first line strong, white, blackish - margined, somewhat curved, hardly indented, bent more obliquely outwards on inner margin, followed by a cloudy blackish triangular spot on costa; costa dark fuscous from first line to ⅗, a rather darker grey suffusion extending from this to reniform and claviform; orbicular small, round, obscure, black - margined; claviform elongate, cloudy, black, touching first line; reniform 8 - shaped, black - margined, upper half grey, lower clear white; second line strong, whitish, anteriorly dark -\nmargined, forming a small blackish spot on costa; terminal space grey, veins suffused with black; subterminal line cloudy, whitish, somewhat interrupted, not touching second line: cilia whitish, with two dark grey lines. hindwings 1 ¼, very pale whitish - grey, lunule, postmedian line, and hindmargin hardly darker; cilia whitish, with two grey lines .\nof somewhat doubtful affinity; recognizable by the rather broad distinct lines, dark suffusion towards costa, and clear white lower half of reniform .\nbealey river, amongst forest (2, 100 feet), in january; one specimen .\na sharply marked species, conspicuously distinct by the straight first line, and absence of all the discal spots .\nlake wakatipu, in january (mr. r. w. fereday); two specimens .\nmale, female. —23–26 mm. head pale ochreous, face black. palpi 2 ¼, black, mixed with white, basal joint white. antennæ black, beneath ochreous - whitish. thorax white, anterior half, a square central spot, and posterior extremity suffused with black. abdomen whitish - ochreous, slightly irrorated with grey, segmental margins more ochreous towards base. legs white, thinly sprinkled with black, tibiæ and tarsi banded with black. forewings elongate, triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin sinuate, slightly oblique; white, irregularly irrorated with black scales which are ochreous at their base; a triangular blackish spot on costa\na fine species, differing from all others by the peculiar prismatic spots preceding and following reniform .\nhamilton, palmerston, napier, wellington, christchurch, and otira gorge, from. december to march, usually near forest; common where it occurs, but i have never taken it except at lamps, and always females only; i have seen one male, taken by mr. r. w. fereday, and perhaps sixty females .\n( hypochalcia submarginalis, walk. , 48; nephopteryx maoriella, ib. , suppl. , 1720. )\nmale, female. —21–25 mm. head and thorax whitish, mixed with pale ochreous, densely irrorated with grey or dark fuscous. palpi 3, dark fuscous mixed with whitish, basal joint white. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. abdomen ochreous - whitish suffused with grey, more ochreous towards base. legs whitish irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings elongate, triangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin very faintly sinuate, rather oblique; ochreous or ochreous - brown, more or less densely irrorated with black, and sprinkled irregularly with whitish; a short obscure blackish line from base of costa; a cloudy whitish line near before and partially confluent with first line, sometimes obsolete; first line white, cloudy, posteriorly black - margined, somewhat\ncurved, irregular, bent outwards on inner margin; orbicular roundish, not pale, finely black - margined, separated from reniform by a round black - margined spot, somewhat paler and more whitish than ground colour; claviform roundish, cloudy, black, detached; reniform 8 - shaped, not pale, black - margined; often a clear whitish or ochreous streak from claviform along submedian fold to second line; sometimes a rather broad dark fuscous streak above submedian fold from first to second lines; second line rather narrow, white, dark - margined, generally suffused with ochreous towards submedian fold, rather abruptly bent above middle; subterminal line broad, very cloudy and indistinct, whitish, interrupted, generally touching second line; a waved whitish hindmarginal line: cilia pale greyish, with a dark fuscous interrupted line, basal and terminal thirds obscurely barred with whitish. hindwings 1 ½, whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey; lunule and postmedian line very indistinctly darker; a tolerably well - defined dark fuscous hindmarginal band; cilia whitish, with a dark grey line .\na variable species, but generally distinguishable from its nearest allies by the irregular dark suffusion of the forewings, and the ochreous tinge and dark marginal band of the hindwings .\ncambridge, palmerston, wellington, christchurch, castle hill, mount hutt, and lake wakatipu, probably universally distributed at low levels, from november to march, on rock - faces, fences, etc. ; generally abundant .\nmale, female. —23–27 mm. head and thorax dark slaty - grey, somewhat mixed with grey - whitish. palpi 2 ⅓, dark fuscous, slightly mixed with whitish, basal joint white. antennæ dark grey, ciliations ⅔. abdomen whitish - grey. legs white, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings very elongate, triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin almost straight, slightly oblique; rather dark slaty - grey, with an indigo - bluish tinge (strong in very fresh specimens), with fine scattered grey - whitish scales, the coalescence of which forms obscure first and second lines; first line hardly curved, moderately indented; second line tolerably distinct on costa and inner margin; orbicular faintly perceptible as a slightly darker suffusion; reniform 8 - shaped, slightly darker, lower or sometimes both halves centred with whitish; subterminal line obscurely indicated, interrupted, not touching second line: cilia slaty - grey, tips paler. hindwings 1 ⅗, whitish - grey; postmedian line faintly indicated; a narrow hindmarginal band suffusedly darker grey; cilia white, with a grey line .\nvery obsoletely marked; distinguished from all by the peculiar dark bluish - grey colouring, adapted for concealment on the bare slaty rocks of the mountain - range, which it exactly resembles. the same tint recurs with the same habits in several species of other groups .\notira gorge, castle hill, lake guyon, and lake wakatipu, in january and february, from 1, 500 to 3, 000 feet; always on bare shingle, usually in the bed of a mountain stream, but sometimes also in a road - way, flying a short distance close to the ground and quickly settling again; common where it occurs .\nfemale. —25 mm. head, palpi, and thorax grey, densely irrorated with white; palpi 3, basal joint white. antennæ grey. abdomen pale grey, suffused with pale ochreous towards base. legs white irrorated with fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings very elongate, somewhat triangular, costa straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, slightly oblique; ochreous - grey, densely irrorated with whitish; lines obsolete; orbicular and claviform both round, whitish, black - margined; reniform 8 - shaped, unusually oblique, whitish, obscurely black - margined: cilia ochreous - grey mixed with whitish, with an obscure darker line. hind - wings 1 ⅗, pale fuscous - grey, hindmargin suffusedly darker; cilia whitish, with a fuscous line .\ncharacterized by the obsolescence of the usual lines, whilst the spots are all distinctly indicated, round, dark - margined .\nallied to s. submarginalis, but much lighter and greyer, with the dark suffusion confined to the anal angle, and always separable by the quite different form of the rather sharply angulated first line .\nwellington, christchurch, and lake wakatipu (1, 000 feet), from december to february, on rocks and fences; rather common .\ncharacterized by the comparatively small size, narrow pale forewings, dark veins, and wholly whitish hindwings .\nwanganui, napier, christchurch, and mount hutt, from january to march; six specimens .\nmale, female. —16–19 mm. head, palpi, and thorax greyish - ochreous or grey, mixed with whitish; palpi 3, basal joint white. antennæ grey, in male stout, dentate, ciliations ⅔. abdomen whitish - ochreous, suffused with pale grey. legs white, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings very elongate, narrow but variable, somewhat triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; whitish - ochreous or ochreous - grey, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous or black, and densely irrorated with whitish; markings variable in distinctness, sometimes almost wholly obsolete; first line white, very oblique, almost - straight, indented above middle, posteriorly dark - margined; orbicular somewhat annular, almost wholly obsolete; claviform dot - like, blackish, usually distinct; reniform 8 - shaped, oblique, obscurely dark - margined, indistinct; second line white, dark - margined; terminal space\ngenerally darker, especially towards anal angle; subterminal line very obscure, whitish, touching second line, not interrupted: cilia whitish, with a grey line. hindwings 1 ¾, whitish - grey, postmedian line obscurely darker, hindmargin suffused with darker grey; cilia as in forewings .\neasily known by the narrow forewings, very oblique first line, and usually distinct blackish dot - like claviform .\nhamilton, napier, masterton, and christchurch, in sandy grassy places or at lamps, from january to march, tolerably common .\nmale, female. —21–27 mm. quite similar to s. leptalea, but antennæ of male slender, filiform, ciliations 1; orbicular tolerably distinct, partially outlined with blackish .\nthis species so closely resembles s. leptalea, except in the considerably larger size, that it would probably pass for a local variety, but the structural difference in the antennæ of the male must be taken to warrant specific separation. the forewings are perhaps even somewhat narrower proportionately, and the claviform usually more conspicuous .\narthur' s pass, on grassy slopes at 4, 500 feet, in january; three specimens (2 male, 1 female). a more ochreous - tinged female from near dunedin is probably also referable to this species .\nconspicuously distinct, and of doubtful affinity, but perhaps allied to s. feredayi; the straight perpendicular dark reddish - brown fascia beyond first line is a peculiar feature .\narthur' s pass (2, 600 feet), and dunedin, amongst bush in january; four specimens .\nmale, female. —18–21 mm. head, palpi, and thorax reddish - ochreous - brown: palpi 2 ¾, basal joint white. antennæ grey; ciliations ⅔. abdomen whitish - ochreous. legs white, banded with ochreous - brown. forewings triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; reddish - ochreous, densely irrorated with dark reddish - brown; first line very obscurely whitish, posteriorly suffusedly dark - margined, not oblique, angulated above middle; orbicular and claviform small, roundish, very obscurely darker, touching first line; reniform very obscure, somewhat 8 - shaped, suffusedly darker; second line white, distinct, anteriorly suffusedly dark - margined, upper sinuation slight, lower angular; terminal space wholly irrorated with white, except sometimes towards costa and narrowly along hindmargin: cilia grey - whitish, base white, with a reddish - fuscous anterior and grey posterior line. hindwings 1 ⅓, very pale whitish - grey, ochreoustinged, postmedian line and hindmarginal band very suffusedly darker grey; cilia white, with a faint grey line .\nalso a very distinct species, immediately known by the reddish - ochreous colour, with whitish lines and posterior irroration. as butler has quoted the name as a synonym of s. submarginalis, it may be worth while stating that there is not the least resemblance between the two species .\neketahuna, wellington, bealey river (2, 100 feet), castle hill (2, 500 feet), lake guyon, and lake wakatipu, amongst bush from january to march, not common; eight specimens .\nmale. —17 ½—19 mm. head, antennæ, and thorax ochreous - fuscous, shoulders suffusedly dark fuscous; antennæ deeply dentate, ciliations ⅔. palpi 3, ochreous - fuscous irrorated with blackish, internally and on basal joint white. abdomen whitish - ochreous. legs whitish - ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; ochreous - fuscous; base irrorated with dark fuscous; first line very slender, obscure, whitish, posteriorly finely blackish - margined, not oblique, somewhat curved, sinuate inwards above inner margin; space between first and second lines fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous, with a few pale scales; orbicular and claviform both round, ochreous - brown, obscurely blackish - margined, touching first line; reniform 8 - shaped, white ,\nsuffusedly blackish - margined; second line very slender, obscure, whitish, anteriorly finely blackish - margined, rather abruptly curved above middle; subterminal obsolete; a slender interrupted white hindmarginal line: cilia ochreous - whitish, with two dark grey lines. hindwings 1 ⅓, whitish - grey; lunule, postmedian line and a hindmarginal line darker grey, distinct; cilia whitish, with a dark grey interrupted line .\napparently allied to s. feredayi, but very distinct by the ochreous - fuscous ground colour, fine black margins of lines, and well - defined white reniform .\nlake wakatipu, at 1, 200 feet, in december; two specimens .\nallied to s. cleodoralis, but much larger, and differing in the longer palpi, much longer ciliations of antennæ, defined orbicular, sharp angulation of second line, and other characters .\nmount wellington, tasmania, amongst rocky scrub at 3, 000 feet in december; apparently very local, being confined to a small patch of ground in which it was common, and readily disturbed from the herbage .\nmale, female. —18–21 mm. head and thorax light ochreous - brownish, slightly mixed with whitish. palpi 3 ¼, dark fuscous, slightly mixed with whitish, apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white. antennæ grey, ciliations ½. abdomen ochreous - whitish. legs whitish, anterior and middle pair suffused with dark fuscous. forewings elongate - triangular ,\ncosta slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded; light ochreous - brownish, with a few irregularly - scattered white scales, veins more or less suffused with dark fuscous; first line slender, whitish, posteriorly obscurely dark - margined, somewhat curved, not oblique; orbicular and claviform obsolete; reniform 8 - shaped, indistinct, somewhat whitish, obscurely dark - margined; second line slender, whitish, obscurely dark - margined, sinuations very slight; subterminal very indistinct, cloudy, whitish; a row of cloudy dark fuscous dots before hindmargin: cilia ochreous - whitish, with two dark grey lines. hindwings 1 ½, very pale whitish - grey; postmedian line and hindmargin hardly darker; cilia whitish, with a grey line .\nan indistinct - looking species, yet hardly to be confused with any other .\nblackheath (3, 500 feet), new south wales; mount macedon and fernshaw, victoria; deloraine and mount wellington (to 3, 100 feet), tasmania; amongst forest, from november to february, tolerably common .\ncharacterized by the relatively small size, elongate forewings, strong white dentate first line, and the peculiarly serrate and strongly ciliated antennæ .\notira gorge, 1, 600 to 2, 600 feet, in january; two specimens .\nmale. —23–24 mm. head white. palpi 2 ½, dark fuscous, apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white. antennæ grey; ciliations ½. thorax fuscous - grey irrorated with whitish, with a white anterior spot .\nallied to s. axena, but readily recognized by the narrower forewings and distinct lines .\nlake wakatipu (3, 000 feet), and castle hill (3, 000 feet), in december and january; two specimens .\nmale. —24–26 mm. head and thorax greyish - fuscous, slightly mixed with whitish. palpi 3, dark fuscous, apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white. antennæ dark grey; ciliations ½. abdomen whitish - grey, somewhat suffused with ochreous. legs pale grey, tarsi darker, posterior pair whitish. forewings elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin slightly rounded, oblique; dull fuscous - grey, irrorated with whitish towards costa and hindmargin; lines hardly perceptible, slightly whitish, faintly dark - margined internally, first line curved, rather irregular, second line preceded by a row of short linear obscure dark fuscous marks on veins; orbicular and claviform represented by small obscure dark fuscous suffusions, detached; reniform by an obscure dark fuscous x - shaped mark, lower fork sometimes filled with whitish: cilia whitish, with two grey lines. hindwings 1 ⅓, grey - whitish; cilia white .\nclosely allied to s. paltomacha, but separable by the larger size; broader forewings, and absence of the distinct blackish lines on veins .\narthur' s pass, on grassy slopes at 4, 500 feet, in january; three specimens .\nmale, female. —13–16 mm. head white. palpi 3, fuscous, apex and basal joint white. antennæ dark grey, ciliations ⅔. thorax fuscous, with a blackish central and white anterior spot. abdomen grey - whitish. legs whitish, tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. forewings elongate - triangular, costa very slightly arched, apex round - pointed, hindmargin\nnearly allied to s. exilis, but easily distinguished by the smaller size, well - defined white dorsal suffusion, strong black streak from base, black triangular blotch beyond middle, straighter second line, and black triangular spot on middle of hindmargin .\ncastle hill, amongst grass in a swampy place at 2, 500 feet, flying freely towards dusk, in january; common .\ngrey lines. hindwings 1 ⅔, very pale whitish - grey, slightly ochreous - tinged; postmedian line and hindmargin suffusedly darker; cilia white, with a faint grey line .\nespecially recognizable by the conspicuous dark claviform, and termination of dark margin of second line before inner margin, but the inner margin is not white as in s. steropæa .\nchristchurch and lake wakatipu (1, 200 feet), on dry grassy hill slopes, in october, december, and april; six specimens." ]

{ "text": [ "scoparia chalicodes is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1885 .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is 15.5 – 16.5 mm .", "the forewings are light ochreous-grey , irrorated with white .", "the veins are irregularly and partially lined with blackish .", "the first line is pale greyish-ochreous , obscurely dark-margined .", "the second line is very obscure and the subterminal line is cloudy and whitish .", "the hindwings are grey-whitish .", "adults have been recorded on wing from january to march . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "scoparia chalicodes is a moth of the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1885. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is 15.5 – 16.5 mm. the forewings are light ochreous-grey, irrorated with white. the veins are irregularly and partially lined with blackish. the first line is pale greyish-ochreous, obscurely dark-margined. the second line is very obscure and the subterminal line is cloudy and whitish. the hindwings are grey-whitish. adults have been recorded on wing from january to march." ]

[ "maturity: l m? , range 14 -? cm max length: 22. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9912 )\nfound in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (ref. 9912). biology little known (ref. 9912) .\nde carvalho, m. r. , l. j. v. compagno and p. r. last, 1999. narcinidae. numbfishes. p. 1433 - 1442. in k. e. carpenter and v. h. niem (eds .) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. vol. 3. batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). fao, rome. (ref. 9912 )\n): 23. 7 - 28. 6, mean 27. 4 (based on 1072 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01047 (0. 00386 - 0. 02839), b = 2. 87 (2. 64 - 3. 10), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (assuming fecundity < 100) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (11 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfound in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (ref. 9912). biology little known (ref. 9912) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nreport on the fishes taken by the bengal fisheries steamer\ngolden crown .\npart i, batoidei .\nannandale, 1909: in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown numbfish ( narcine brunnea ) , also known as brown electric ray , is a species of numbfish in the family narcinidae .", "it is found in indo-west pacific countries such as pakistan off coast , india , sri lanka , to the gulf of thailand .", "they mainly live in continental waters , both inshore and offshore .", "the maximum length is about 22 cm ( 8.7 in ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 13, 0 ] }

[ "the brown numbfish (narcine brunnea), also known as brown electric ray, is a species of numbfish in the family narcinidae. it is found in indo-west pacific countries such as pakistan off coast, india, sri lanka, to the gulf of thailand. they mainly live in continental waters, both inshore and offshore. the maximum length is about 22 cm (8.7 in)." ]

[ "thiotricha coleella; [ nhm card ]; huemer, 1993, nota lepid. 16: 55; [ fe ]\nptocheuusa coleella constant, 1885; ann. soc. ent. fr. (6) 4: 255, pl. 10, f. 16; tl: alpes - maritimes\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand, 1958; bull. soc. ent. fr. 63: 142\nhave a fact about thiotricha rhodopa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha rhodopa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha albicephalata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha albicephalata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha synacma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha synacma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 502; tl: queensland, cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 122; tl: coorg, dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 125; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 126; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 123; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 125; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 126; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 124; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 122; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha (thiotrichinae); karsholt, mutanen, lee & kaila, 2013, syst. ent. 38: 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 500; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha attenuata; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 499; tl: peru, iquitos\nthiotricha celata; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 499; tl: ceylon, maskeliya\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 162; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 501; tl: ceylon, maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick, 1912; exot. microlep. 1 (2): 64; tl: bengal, pusa\nthiotricha obliquata; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 500; tl: assam, khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 124; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 122; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 123; tl: assam, shilleong, 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko, 1993; biol. issl. est. kul' t. ekosyst. prim. kr. : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 499; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko, 1993; biol. issl. est. kul' t. ekosyst. prim. kr. : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko, 1993; biol. issl. est. kul' t. ekosyst. prim. kr. : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 500; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 164; tl: dunedin, new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 164; tl: christchurch, new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 24; tl: burma, pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 123; tl: assam, khasis; borneo, kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 118; tl: queensland, toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 440; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 118; tl: queensland, stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 440; tl: palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 443; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 500; tl: java, mt. salak, 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 440; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 442; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 441; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 442; tl: khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 118; tl: n. queensland, atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 124; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft; ceylon, maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 443; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 439; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 280; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 591; tl: rawalpindi, punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (1): 138; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 442; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha tylephora; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 439; tl: palni hills, 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 441; tl: palni hills, 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 117; tl: n. queensland, cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 116; tl: n. queensland, kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 296; tl: brisbane, queensland\nthiotricha balanopa; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 82 (note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 293; tl: brisbane, queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 439; tl: khasi hills; maskeliya, celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 82 (note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 24; tl: s. india, palnis, kodaikanal, 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 294; tl: rosewood, queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 443; tl: khasi hills; maskeliya, ceylon\nthiotricha tethela; [ nhm card ]; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 82 (note )\nthiotricha animosella; meyrick, 1908, j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 439; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella; [ nhm card ]; huemer, 1993, nota lepid. 16: 47; [ me3 ], 37 (note); [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 296; tl: york, west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 295; tl: sydney, new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis; bradley, 1961, bull. brit. mus. (n. h .) ent. 10 (4): 132; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 295; tl: wollongong, new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 296; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 294; tl: murrurundi and sydney, new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 293; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara, 2005; trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 76; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , takatsuki city, bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 297; tl: sydney, new south wales; george' s bay, tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley, 1961; bull. brit. mus. (n. h .) ent. 10 (4): 131, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: guadalcanal, honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley, 1961; bull. brit. mus. (n. h .) ent. 10 (4): 132, pl. 5, f. 111; tl: guadalcanal, honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley, 1961; bull. brit. mus. (n. h .) ent. 10 (4): 133, pl. 5, f. 12; tl: guadalcanal, honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley, 1961; bull. brit. mus. (n. h .) ent. 10 (4): 131, pl. 5, f. 10; tl: guadalcanal, honiara\nthiotricha subocellea; [ nhm card ]; huemer, 1993, nota lepid. 16: 51; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta; [ nhm card ]; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 75\nkorea, china (jilin), japan, se. siberia. see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 10\ngelechia (ptocheuusa) cleodorella zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 355, pl. 5, f. 120; tl: bogota\npolyhymno corylella; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 107\ndissobola meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 561\npolyhumno fusca; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 108\ngemmulans meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 63\npolyhymno? godmani walsingham, [ 1892 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1891: 525; tl: west indies, st. vincent\npolyhymno indistincta; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 78\nlindsayi philpott, 1927; trans. n. z. inst. 58: 84\nherzegovina, croatia, n. italy, s. france (alpes - maritimes), greece. see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel, 1910; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 60: 28; tl: herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 586\noleariae hudson, 1928; butt. & moths n. z. : 254\npolyhymno pontifera; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara, 2005, trans. lepid. soc. japan 56 (1): 81\neu, european russia, china (gansu, shaanxi, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 138; tl: kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 136; tl: kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham, 1894; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1894: 545; tl: madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands. additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? 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{ "text": [ "thiotricha coleella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by constant in 1885 .", "it is found in the alpes-maritimes in southern france . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "thiotricha coleella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by constant in 1885. it is found in the alpes-maritimes in southern france." ]

[ "haber, w. and wagner, d. perilestidae: shortwings. dragonflies and damselflies of ecuador .\nneiss, u. g. and neusa, h. (2010). the larva of perilestes attenuatus selys, 1886 (odonata: perilestidae) from amazonas, brazil. zootaxa 2614 53 - 58 .\nmachado, a. (2015). perilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. and new distributional records of perilestidae (odonata) in brazil. zoologia (curitiba), 32 (5), 428 - 430 .\npalaeoperilestes electronicus gen. et sp. nov. is the first perilestid damselfly described from mid - cretaceous burmese amber. this new damselfly can be attributed to the family perilestidae by the midfork being distal of the subnodus and the base of ir2 quite near to the base of rp2, both features found in the extant genera perilestes and perissolestes. palaeoperilestes electronicus gen. et sp. nov. has a strongly zigzagged ir1, however, differing from perilestes and perissolestes which have a straight ir1. the discovery not only adds to the diversity of damselflies in burmese amber, but also puts the origin of perilestidae back to at least the mid - cretaceous .\nperilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. (holotype male deposited in abmm collection) from the state of bahia (municipality of una), northeastern brazil, is described and illustrated based on one male specimen. it differs from the other species of the genus mainly by the larger size of the anteclypeus in relations to the postclypeus. together with p. fragilis hagen in selys, 1862 from the state of sergipe and p. solutus williamson & williamson, 1924 from the state of ceará, these are the first records of perilestidae from northeastern brazil .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1 departamento de zoologia, instituto de ciências biológicas, universidade federal de minas gerais. caixa postal 486, 31270 - 901 belo horizonte, mg, brazil. email: angelo @ urltoken\nthe material examined consists of 1 male of perilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. (holotype) collected in municipality of una, state of bahia (20 - 11 - 1987), alvarenga leg. ; 1 male of p. fragilis collected in areia branca municipality, state of sergipe (viii - 2014), santos jr. leg. ; 5 males of p. solutus collected in ubajara municipality, state of ceará (vii - 2014), santos jr. leg. material deposited in abm machado collections at the departamento de zoologia, instituto de ciências biológicas, universidade federal de minas gerais, belo horizonte. the proportion between the sizes of anteclypeus and postclypeus was taken at the midline of the sclerites. abbreviations: (px) postnodals, (fw) forewing, (hw) hind wing, (s1 - 10) abdomen segments 1 to 10 .\ndiagnosis. cerci with a well developed basal lobe with rounded apex a character it shares only with p. fragilis, p. solutus and p. minor williamson & williamson, 1924. it differs from these species by the color characters mentioned in table 1 and by having the anteclypeus larger than the postclypeus .\ncolor characters separating the males of perilestes whose cerci have well developed basal lobe with rounded apex .\ndescription. holotype male. head (fig. 1). labrum yellowish - white with the anterior 1 / 3 black; anteclypeus yellowish - white with a black dot at its lateral limit with the labrum; postclypeus black; antefrons black with greenish reflections; upper part of head mostly metallic bluish - green, with black at the postfrons, occipital, and postocular areas .\nperilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. : (1) head, dorsal view; (2) anterior part of pterothorax, dorsal view; (3 - 5) cerci: (3) dorsal, (4) lateral and (5) mediodorsal views .\nthorax. propleuron yellow; pronotum with anterior and medial lobes brownish - yellow, posterior lobe yellowish - brown. mesepisternum mostly reddish - brown, with a black narrow stripe adjacent to middorsal carina and a yellow antehumeral stripe occupying the lateral 1 / 4 of the sclerite; acrotergal area black; mesepimeron reddish - brown, black at the inferior 1 / 10; mesinfraepisternum reddish - brown. metapleuron yellow with a reddish - brown stripe at the 2 nd lateral suture. pterothorax venter yellow with a median black stripe occupying its anterior 2 / 3 and a reddish - brown lateral stripe occupying its posterior 1 / 3. wings hyaline; pterostigma dark brown. venation: px 9 in fw and 8 in hw; rp2 arising at 9 th px in fw and at 8 th in hw; ir1 arising distal to pterostigma in both wings; cells behind cua in fw 10 and in hw 7 .\nabdomen. s1 yellow; s2 dorsally dark brown, laterally yellow; s3 - 8 dorsally brown with a proximal yellow ring and a subapical yellow marking; s9 dorsally dark brown, laterally and posteriorly yellow; s10 dorsally orange brown, laterally yellow with a narrow orange red stripe just in front of the distal border. cercus laterally black with distal 1 / 4 brown; dorsally reddish - brown with proximal 1 / 3 black .\nstructural characters. anteclypeus (fig. 1) at its maximal extension medially subequal to postclypeus. hind prothoracic lobe smoothly rounded. mesostigmal plate concave, with a very small lateral projection (fig. 2). border of acrotergal area slightly elevated anteriorly with a small digitiform process that terminates behind the mesostigmal plate (fig. 2) .\ncercus: basal lobe in dorsal (fig. 3), lateral (fig. 4), and mediodorsal (fig. 5) views with apex rounded, situated at 1 / 4 distance from base to apex; distal lobe with base situated at 2 / 3 distance from base to apex; space between lobes smooth in lateral view (fig. 4) .\ntype material, holotype male, brazil, bahia: una (reserva biológica de una), 20 - ii - 1987, m. alvarenga leg. deposited in abm machado collection .\netymology. this species is described in honor of my dear friend, biologist josé eustáquio junior, who provided me a reach odonata material, including specimens from ceará and sergipe .\ndiscussion. perilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. belongs to the group of species whose cerci have a well developed basal lobe with rounded apex. this group comprises p. fragilis, p. minor williamson & williamson, 1924, and p. solutus. table 1 shows the main characters that allow the separation of these species .\ntable 1 shows that the four species can be separated by color characters. perilestes eustaquioi sp. nov. shares with p. fragilis the larger size. however, the most important character that separates p. eustaquioi sp. nov. from the other three, as well as from all other species of the genus, is the structure of the clypeus: in the new species the maximal extension medially of the anteclypeus is subequal to that of the postclypeus, whereas in the other ones the anteclypeus is about half the size of the postclypeus .\ni thank myrian morato duarte for the drawings of this paper. josé eustáquio santos junior collected the specimens from ceará and sergipe and moacir alvarenga who collected the holotype. i am also grateful to the biologist lúcio bedê for critically reviewing the manuscript .\nde marco jr p, vianna dm (2005) distribuição do esforço de coleta de odonata no brasil - subsídios para escolha de áreas prioritárias para levantamentos faunísticos. lundiana 6 (supp .): 13 - 26. [ links ]\ngarrison rw, von ellenrieder n, louton ja (2010) damselfly genera of the new world: an illustrated and annotated key to the zygoptera. baltimore, johns hopkins university press, 490p. [ links ]\nkennedy ch (1941) perilestinae in ecuador and peru, revisional notes and descriptions (lestidae: odonata). annals of the entomological society of america 34 (3): 658 - 688. [ links ]\nkimmins de (1958) new species and subspecies of odonata. bulletin of the british museum (natural history), entomology 7 (7): 349 - 358. [ links ]\nlencioni faa (2005) damselflies of brazil: an illustrated identification guide. são paulo, all print editora, vol. 1, 324p. [ links ]\nselys - longchamps me de (1862) synopsis des agrionines. troisième légion: podagrion. bulletins de l' académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique (2me série) 14 (6): 5 - 44. [ links ]\nselys - longchamps me de (1886) revision du synopsis des agrionines, première partie comprenant les légions pseudostigma - podagrion - platycnemis et protoneura. memoires couronnées académie royale de belgique 38 (4): i - iv, 233p. [ links ]\nwilliamson eb, williamson jm (1924) the genus perilestes (odonata). miscellaneous publication, museum of zoology, university of michigan 14: 1 - 39. [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel. / fax: (55 41) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthese small, extremely slender damselflies are similar to platystictids in general appearance. in ecuador, they are represented by two genera with about ten species. in young adults the thorax is marked with yellowish lines; these change to blue - green in mature individuals. the abdomen, which is much longer than the wings, is decorated with incomplete cream - green and orange - brown bands. territorial males perch on vines or plant stems next to pools in forest streams. other adults perch close to the ground on dead twigs or plant stems in understory and light gaps near streams .\ntext and images copyright 2014 by william a. haber, urltoken created: 24 january 2006. updated: 25 march 2014 .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths (external site) bug guide (external site) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada, j. pelham, 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nnote: please inform dennis paulson (dennispaulson @ comcast. net) of any errors of commission or omission. thank you .\nwe were recently presented with a list of\nmystery synonyms\nof species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list. considerable effort was expended to solve this problem, and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list. we thank matthew muir, greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections. the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .\nsubsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list, and this also pointed out some errors in the wol. we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra, viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems. as of 30 march 2018, the list is considered updated .\ngenera modified after 30 march 2018: amphicnemis, anisogomphus, argia, coeliccia, coenagrion, cora, drepanosticta, euthore, forcepsioneura, heliogomphus, indocypha, mattigomphus, microgomphus, miocora, nososticta, protosticta. genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .\nthanks to john abbott (special thanks), yahya abdal - aziz, pekka alestalo, matjaz bedjanic, viola clausnitzer, prosenjit dawn, cyrille deliry (special thanks for ongoing detective work), k - d dijkstra, rory dow, günther fleck, heinrich fliedner, ryo futahashi, dirk gassmann, arjen van het hof, marcel hospers, rasmus hovmoller, kwang - soo jung, vincent kalkman, oleg kosterin, noppadon makbun, alan manson, andreas martens, michael may, jose martin meléndez quinto, sarah miller, johann hendrik nüss, fons peels (special thanks), felix reimann, richard rowe, dominic rupprich, csilla vajda, don - alexander van bergen, nancy van der poorten, martin villet, liang - jong wang, florian weihrauch, keith wilson, reiner work, xin yu, ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin (special thanks) for corrections and additions over the years. and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .\nthis is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata. it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research. it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species. it also includes all synonyms for new world species (from garrison 1991) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species, but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete. nevertheless, we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order. we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed, and as we continue to find these we correct them, but some of them persist. the list is not error - free. in fact, it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry, and\nwe have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly. right now this is impractical, both because the revisions are frequent, at least several times per month, and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user. because of the volume of changes, we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change (e. g. , correcting typographical errors in names or dates). we are listing the genera in which substantive changes (e. g. , new species, new synonymies, taxonomic changes) have been made since the last\nedition .\nwe have not recognized any subspecies of odonata. instead, we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named. we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies, and as many of them have been questioned, we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .\nthe list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae, then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae, then anisoptera. within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order, then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family. indented names (not indented very far on some browsers) indicate (a) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement, and (b) synonyms following\nsyn .\nyou can use the find function in your web browser to locate families, genera, and species .\nbridges, c. a. 1993. catalogue of the family - group, genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world (second edition). c. a. bridges, urbana, illinois .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1984. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of the extant species of odonata. vol. 1. zygoptera, anisozygoptera. societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 3, utrecht .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1985. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of extant species of odonata. vol. 2. anisoptera. soc. int. odonatol. rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 5. , utrecht .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , g. bechly, s. m. bybee, r. a. dow, h. j. dumont, g. fleck, r. w. garrison, m. hämäläinen, v. j. kalkman, h. karube, m. l. may, a. g. orr, d. r. paulson, a. c. rehn, g. theischinger, j. w. h. trueman, j. van tol, n. von ellenrieder, & j. ware. 2013. the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (odonata). zootaxa 3703 (1): 36 - 45 .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , v. j. kalkman, r. a. dow, f. r. stokvis & j. van tol. 2014. redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera (odonata). systematic entomology 39 (1): 68 - 96 .\ngarrison, r. w. 1991. a synonymic list of the new world odonata. argia 3 (2): 1 - 30 .\ntsuda, s. 1991. a distributional list of world odonata. published by author, osaka .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n. warner st. # 1088 tacoma, wa 98416 253. 879. 3356\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon: lestoidea according to d. r. zheng et al. 2016\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhaber, william a. dragonflies and damselflies: odonata of monteverde, costa rica\nhogue, charles leonard (1993). latin american insects and entomology. university of california press. isbn 0 - 520 - 07849 - 7 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe species totals for each genus are from the latest list of world odonata .\nfamilies are listed in alphabetic order within suborders, first anisoptera, then epiophlebioptera, then zygoptera .\ntip: zoom out (ctrl + -) to display more photos one your screen. more help here\nadult male with white face and white venter of distal abdominal segments 8 - 10 .\nimg _ 1868 _ perilestes _ gracillimus _ male. jpg uploaded on sept. 16, 2013\nimg _ 1873 _ perilestes _ gracillimus _ male _ detail. jpg uploaded on sept. 16, 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n). genera in bold type indicate that the anatomy of the light - scattering pigment cells from some species has been described by vernon et al. (\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about, follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nthese damselflies are short - winged and have very long, slender, color - banded abdomens. they live in dense forest habitat and rest with their abdomens hanging vertically." ]

{ "text": [ "the perilestidae are a family of damselflies commonly known as shortwings and twigtails .", "it is a small family of around 19 species .", "all extant species are native to the neotropic ecozone .", "in the past nubiolestes of africa was included in this family , but this is doubted .", "palaeoperilestes electronicus is an extinct species described from mid-cretaceous burmese amber .", "these damselflies are short-winged and have very long , slender , color-banded abdomens .", "they live in dense forest habitat and rest with their abdomens hanging vertically . " ], "topic": [ 6, 26, 23, 17, 5, 23, 24 ] }

[ "the perilestidae are a family of damselflies commonly known as shortwings and twigtails. it is a small family of around 19 species. all extant species are native to the neotropic ecozone. in the past nubiolestes of africa was included in this family, but this is doubted. palaeoperilestes electronicus is an extinct species described from mid-cretaceous burmese amber. these damselflies are short-winged and have very long, slender, color-banded abdomens. they live in dense forest habitat and rest with their abdomens hanging vertically." ]

[ "from san luis obispo, ventura, santa barbara and los angeles counties, replacing californiensis in those counties .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nalong the desert - facing slopes of the peninsular and transverse ranges to the southeastern edge of the coast ranges in santa barbara county. it has also been reported in ventura, kern, san diego, riverside, san bernardino, los angeles counties .\nthe northwestern - most populations represent a distinctive new subspecies (hawks, in prep .) .\nlook for an evenly ashy gray forewing with black lines. the am line is thick, and the dark patch between reniform, subreniform, and pm line is usually conspicuous .\nat the los angeles, kern, santa barbara, and ventura county localities .\ndavid hawks .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant (s) and alternate food plants. it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful. the list is not exhaustive, although some species seem very host specific. experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland. if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill. i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site, click on the flashing butterfly to the left, a link to many worldwide insect sites .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "catocala californiensis is a moth of the erebidae family .", "it is found in southern california .", "adults are on wing from june to july .", "there is probably one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on quercus turbinella . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 15, 8 ] }

[ "catocala californiensis is a moth of the erebidae family. it is found in southern california. adults are on wing from june to july. there is probably one generation per year. the larvae feed on quercus turbinella." ]

[ "taxid: 500715 bellamya rubicunda (species), bellamya rubicunda (martens, 1879) (synonym) .\ninformation on bellamya rubicunda is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nbellamya rubicunda is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya rubicunda )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya rubicunda )\ntitle =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya rubicunda )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntaxid: 634713 bellamya mweruensis (species), bellamya mweruensis smith, 1893 (authority) .\ntaxid: 881196 bellamya monardi (species), bellamya monardi haas, 1934 (authority) .\ntaxid: 1134467 bellamya purificata (species), bellamya purificata heude, 1890 (authority) .\ntaxid: 634712 bellamya jeffreysi (species), bellamya jeffreysi (frauenfeld, 1865) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634714 bellamya pagodiformis (species), bellamya pagodiformis (smith, 1893) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634710 bellamya capillata (species), bellamya capillata (frauenfeld, 1865) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634709 bellamya bengalensis (species), bellamya bengalensis (lamarck, 1882) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634715 bellamya robertsoni (species), bellamya robertsoni (frauenfeld, 1865) (authority) .\ntaxid: 881194 bellamya costulata (species), bellamya costulata (martens, 1892) (authority) .\ntaxid: 1134468 bellamya quadrata (species), bellamya quadrata (benson, 1832) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634711 bellamya crawshayi (species), bellamya crawshayi (smith, 1893) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634717 bellamya trochlearis (species), bellamya trochlearis (martens, 1892) (authority) .\ntaxid: 634719 bellamya unicolor (species), bellamya unicolor (olivier, 1804) (authority) .\ntaxid: 1038079 bellamya aeruginosa (species), bellamya aeruginosa (reeve, 1863) (authority) .\ntaxid: 881195 bellamya ecclesi (species), bellamya ecclesi (crowley & pain, 1964) (authority) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > bellamya rubicunda < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > bellamya rubicunda < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > bellamya rubicunda < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya contracta )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya contracta )\ntitle =\narkive species - bellamya (bellamya contracta )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntaxid: 634699 bellamya sp. china 1 aj - 2009 (species) .\ntaxid: 634700 bellamya sp. china 2 aj - 2009 (species) .\ninformation on bellamya contracta is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ndryocampa rubicunda voucher bioug < can >: moth785. 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial\npomaria rubicunda var. rubicunda voucher r. o. vanni & v. marunak 3755 (ny) psba (psba) gene, partial cds; psba - trnh intergenic spacer, complete sequence; and trna - his (trnh) gene, partial sequence; chloroplast\nberberis orthobotrys var. rubicunda voucher adhikari, b. bl2 39 (e) nadh dehydrogenase (ndhf) gene, partial cds; chloroplast\nberberis orthobotrys var. rubicunda voucher adhikari, b. bl2 39 (e) internal transcribed spacer 1, partial sequence; 5. 8s ribosomal rna gene and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence; and 28s ribosomal rna gene, partial sequence\nid 69548 taxonomy; de bellamya (genus). pa 54976 (parent id) cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nonly known and recorded from lake albert. it is considered endemic to this lake. note: the type locality for this species is not lake victoria as originally reported; which is rather misleading for a species only known from lake albert. (mandahl - barth 1954 and verdcourt 1992 )\njustification: the eoo of this species is less than 5, 000 km² based on the total area of lake albert (5, 335 km²) and the fact the species only occurs down to 18 m deep. it is therefore close to meeting endangered b1. however, the number of locations is unknown and threats appear to be localised and dispersed, therefore it is assessed as near threatened .\nthis species faces a declining quality of habitat due to erosion and silting from agriculture and water pollution .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nbert van bocxlaer research unit palaeontology (we13) ghent university krijgslaan 281 building s8 (loc. b. 1. 58) ghent b - 9000 belgium tel: + 32 (0) 9 2644605 fax: + 32 (0) 9 2644608 bert. vanbocxlaer @ urltoken http: / / www. paleo. urltoken / bert _ van _ bocxlaer. php\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis species is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term = abacopteris% 20rubicunda | query = 1 | qty = 46 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 297294367 _ 130. 14. 22. 215 _ 9001 _ 1531311646 _ 1758833974 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset. cgi? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nthe formation of the east african rift system has decisively influenced the distribution and evolution of tropical africa’s biota by altering climate conditions, by creating basins for large long - lived lakes, and by affecting the catchment and drainage directions of river systems. however, it remains unclear how rifting affected the biogeographical patterns of freshwater biota through time on a continental scale, which is further complicated by the scarcity of molecular data from the largest african river system, the congo .\nthe formation of the east african rift system (ears) played a decisive role in the evolution of africa’s tropical fauna and flora. the climatic, geological, and hydrological consequences of the rifting processes are critical to understand the emergence of the endemic species of the savannahs and the great lakes as well as the origin of humankind. rifting created, disrupted, redirected, and connected major freshwater systems [\n). the congo river covers an area of ~ 3. 7 million square kilometres and has a length of ~ 4100 kilometres [\n]. it drains part of the ears (including lake tanganyika) and borders to the nile system in the northeast. the nile system receives water from lake albert and lake victoria and drains a region of ~ 3. 2 million square kilometres for almost 7000 kilometres northwards to the mediterranean sea. to the south, the congo system borders to the zambezi drainage system, which runs ~ 2600 kilometres, covers an area of 1. 3 million square kilometres [\n], and includes the southernmost of the great lakes, malawi. the central location of the ears to these river systems bears witness to the rift’s importance in shaping drainage pattern of tropical africa, but their history since the mid - miocene is only partly resolved and arguably complex [\nthe map shows the major drainage systems, framed with bold grey lines, and the sampling points of the study. lakes and rivers referred to in the text are labelled accordingly; the upper zambezi is abbreviated as ‘u. zambezi’. the dashed outline indicates the maximum expansion of lake palaeo - makgadikgadi, modified after riedel et al. [\n] rather than on geomorphological evidence like in other parts of the continent where palaeochannels can be traced over considerable areas and are reasonably well dated, e. g. [\n]. the consequential lack of a coherent synthesis or a model of hydrographical connections since the mid - miocene severely hampers our understanding of historical biogeography in tropical africa. this is further complicated by a scarcity of samples from the congo river system, e. g. [\n]. the congo is the largest freshwater system in the centre of the continent and palaeohydrological research indicates that the river and its tributaries have a highly vicissitudinous drainage history. temporal connections existed to the present day lake victoria area [\n]. hence, the analysis of congolese samples is a prerequisite for our understanding of the evolution and distribution of the freshwater fauna of tropical africa—including the origins of the endemic radiations in the rift - lakes malawi and tanganyika .\n], rendering it an ideal tracer of past and present hydrographic connections. the ovoviviparous and dioecious reproduction mode of viviparids minimizes opportunities for successful vector - mediated migration and a subsequent establishment of a viable population [\n]. accordingly, viviparid fossils are conspicuously absent from african water bodies that were never hydrographically connected to a source, e. g. crater - and oasis lakes [\n; bpp 1. 0). within clade i the congo group is sister to the malawi group whereas the victoria group is sister to the okavango group (both sister - group relationships are supported with bpp 1. 0). clade ii consists of a northern group with specimens from lakes mweru and bangweulu (highlighted in blue in figure\n) and from the northern kafue (bpp 0. 98) as well as a southern group with specimens from the upper zambezi, the chobe, and the southern kafue (bpp 1. 0). due to lack of support in the two deepest nodes of the phylogeny (bpp < 0. 7) we can make no conclusive statement as to the monophyly of either the african\n. ’). the phylogeny was dated using a fossil - calibrated uncorrelated lognormal clock model. clade i consists of four colour - coded, geographically distinct subgroups from the middle congo, lake malawi, the lake victoria area and the okavango area. colours correspond to those in figure\n. clade ii consists of a northern group with specimens from lakes mweru and bangweulu (highlighted in blue) and from the northern kafue as well as a southern group with specimens from the upper zambezi, the chobe, and the southern kafue. confidence intervals (95 %) for age estimates of selected nodes are indicated by grey bars; bayesian posterior probabilities are given for selected nodes; ‘out. ’ indicates the outgroup. locality details are provided in table\nalso indicates that morphological identifications and genealogy do not match each other perfectly. a main concern is the systematic position of\nspecies (see discussion). we thus tentatively name specimens with an ambiguous status in current systematics using ‘confer’ (cf .) to emphasize that taxonomic revisions are required .\n): split a—most recent common ancestor (mrca) of the entire clade: 10. 47 million years (my) (95% confidence interval [ ci ]: 6. 69 - 15. 04 my); split b—the split between the victoria - and the okavango group: 6. 32 my (ci: 3. 58 - 9. 96 my); split c—the split between the congo - and the malawi group: 4. 52 my (ci: 2. 32 - 7. 70 my). the age of the mrca of the southern group in clade ii is 1. 916 my (ci: 0. 88 - 3. 31 my). note that the here estimated mean substitution rate of the coi fragment is 0. 93% per my (ci: 0. 68 - 1. 18) and therewith very similar to the trait - specific coi protostomia clock rate for the hky model suggested by wilke et al. [\n] for dioeceous tropical and subtropical taxa with a generation time of 1 year and a body size of approximately 2–50 mm (mean rate: 1. 24% per my; ci: 1. 02 - 1. 46). substitution rates are provided in additional file\npliocene / early pleistocene timeframes. the map shows the current borders and courses of the drainage systems and rivers as well as the current sizes of the lakes. inset phylogenies track the diversification of clade i: colours correspond to geographic ranges and the phylogenetic groups in figure\n. the borders of the suggested ranges are approximations; detailed descriptions of the individual stages are given in the text. question marks within the dashed areas in stages 3 and 4 indicate potential remnant populations of the clusters from stage 2 .\nin order to explain our findings we integrated our phylogenetic information with literature data on palaeohydrographical connections to provide a synthesized, spatially and temporarily explicit model of historical freshwater biogeography in tropical africa. subsequently, we review recently published studies on african fish biogeography and evaluate similarities and dissimilarities of vertebrate and invertebrate dispersal patterns .\n] —have created a dynamic setting for palaeohydrographical connections and, hence, organismal dispersal. against this background, we propose the following biogeographical model, which explains the two, spatially disjunct sister - taxon relationships as a consequence of successive changes in hydrographical connections between the congo river system and its neighbouring water systems (stages 1–4 in figure\n] and there was no faunal exchange between the victoria - okavango - cluster and the congo - malawi - cluster .\n- 3; mean age ~ 6. 3 my). during a wet phase in east africa around 3. 0 - 2. 8 ma faunal elements of congolese origin (e. g. molluscs and sponges) colonised the turkana basin for the last time and all subsequent invasions into the basin were of nilotic origin [\n) but we acknowledge that the confidence interval for split b also allows for an earlier separation. around this time, the ancestors of the current congo - malawi groups inhabited an area encompassing the upper congo system, the chambeshi system, and young lake malawi, most likely using the northwest corner of the lake’s basin as gateway [\n- 4). this lake may have stirred populations of initially different geographic origin (e. g. the okavango group and clade ii) and, hence, superimposed previous spatial patterns resulting in the current overlapping distributions of\nfauna to that of the middle congo. in light of the well - supported reciprocal monophyly of both groups we argue that the separation of the congo - malawi - cluster (split c in figures\n- 4) was a consequence of the disruption of hydrological connections and therewith migration routes (e. g. due to rifting processes) rather than of dispersal from the congo river system into lake malawi or vice versa. dispersal would most likely have resulted in a pattern where the sink population is nested within the paraphyletic source population instead of the observed reciprocal and strict regional monophyly. the\n). we hence also conclude that the general dominance of regionally confined monophyletic clusters in our dataset points toward a prevalence of vicariance over dispersal processes in the historical biogeography of the taxon—in contrast to, e. g. , some fish taxa (see below) .\nlineage in lake malawi (the founder - flush model in schultheiß et al. [\n]) nor the possibility that the lake was re - colonized after its pliocene fauna went extinct, e. g. during severe lake level low stands [\n]. in any case, the onset of molecular diversification of the modern endemic malawi group started considerably later (1. 39 ma; ci: 0. 56 - 2. 61 my) than the deposition of the plio - pleistocene chiwondo bed fossils. thus it has paralleled the diversification of the endemic\n]. this palaeolake occupied the lake albert - edward region and was similar in size and depth to lake tanganyika prior to the uplift of the rwenzori mountains ~ 2. 3 ma [\n. moreover, the isolated evolutionary history of lake tanganyika’s viviparid fauna implies that for the timeframe and migration events discussed in this paper the lake served neither as a gateway nor as a dispersal route .\nthis paper is to our knowledge the first invertebrate study investigating patterns of historical freshwater biogeography in tropical africa using molecular data. against the background of recent studies on african fish biogeography we here review patterns of vertebrate and invertebrate biogeography with a strong focus on dispersal abilities, hybridization, and migration routes .\na striking difference between viviparid and fish patterns lies in the phylogenetic relationships of taxa from the modern lake victoria region: fish specimens from the lake victoria region cluster generally with other east african species, e. g. [\n). we argue that this initial split a was invoked by a migration barrier—perhaps in the congo basin—that inhibited viviparid dispersal yet allowed fish dispersal. intrinsic biological properties may create differential abilities to overcome ecological, behavioural, and physical barriers [\n], e. g. differences in mobility may cause differential migration through corridors which only exit during annual flooding. for example, two major flooding events since 2010 promoted the migration of fish from the okavango delta into the formerly dry boteti river bed. however ,\n—which lives in permanent overspills of the okavango delta such as the thamalakane river—did not migrate into the boteti river (fr pers. observation, 2010, 2011, and 2013) .\neventually, the rifting process separated the two viviparid clusters into the four modern groups (i. e. the congo -, malawi, okavango -, and victoria group; splits b and c) subsequently to split a. each of these groups is (much like in fish) confined to one side of the western branch of the ears .\nthis pattern and comparative biogeography sheds new light on freshwater migration corridors over the emerging rift. african tigerfish, for example, were suggested to have migrated during the late miocene along an east–west corridor from the tanzanian rufiji - ruaha system via the luangwa to the upper zambezi and the okavango [\n- 2). it would hence be highly improbable that members of the victoria - okavango cluster migrated contemporaneously from the victoria region through this corridor across the rukwa - rungwe area into the upper zambezi / okavango. this would imply that members of this cluster migrated along the same hydrographical system as the members of the congo - malawi - cluster, yet without disrupting the here revealed biogeographical pattern. consequently, we suggest the existence of a second east–west migration corridor (red area in figure\n- 2) connecting the victoria region with the okavango / upper zambezi area .\nwith the exception of some branches in clade ii, our phylogeny generally features strict regional monophyly—a pattern often absent in biogeographical studies of fish in tropical africa, e. g. [\n]. this absence is generally attributed to hybridization and active, long distance dispersal, e. g. [\n], which hence appear to have played only a minor role in the historical biogeography of viviparids. therewith, superimposition of underlying distributional patterns by recent active dispersal or hybridization seems negligible for this gastropod group, which in turn facilitates the reconstruction of original migration corridors .\nthe decisive phylogenetic pattern notwithstanding, further sampling is required to substantiate the proposed model. in particular, more sampling from the central congo area is desirable despite logistic challenges, e. g. , to search for putative remnants of the victoria - okavango - cluster (red dashed area in figure\n- 3). eventually, more comprehensive sampling of the lower zambezi may shed light on the origins and evolution of clade ii. it is noteworthy that such an extension of the dataset will also enable a systematic revision of the genus\n, as our work reported considerable incongruences between traditional taxonomy and the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses, e. g. [\n. material was identified before molecular analysis based on shell morphology following the currently accepted taxonomy of african viviparidae, e. g. [\nas a taxonomic revision is beyond the scope of this paper. abbreviations: ds—drainage system; sp. id—specimen identity number; n / a—data not available; * specimen from schultheiß et al. [\n] and sequencing was performed on an abi3730xl sequencer (lgc genomics germany, berlin). sequences of all fragments were aligned unambiguously with clustalw 1. 4 [\nwe ran five independent bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions (partitioned into the four dna fragments) in beast 1. 75 [\n] to ensure convergence on the same posterior probability distribution. an unlinked hky + γ substitution model was utilized because more complex models showed indications of overfitting in preliminary runs; as tree prior we used a yule model. in order to estimate divergence times we employed a fossil - based calibration using the earliest bellamyinid viviparid from africa and the oldest\n]. to implement this calibration point, we used a uniform prior over the root of the phylogeny spanning 23–13 my to account for dating uncertainty and the various published hypotheses as to when the bellamyinae invaded africa from asia, e. g. [\n]. for this second calibration point we used a normally distributed age prior (mean age: 10. 5 my, standard deviation: 0. 5 my) over the basal node leading to the monophyletic\nclade (i. e. stem calibration in beast 1. 75). uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock models were chosen to account for lineage specific rate heterogeneity within each partition; mixing of the markov chains was monitored with tracer 1. 5 [\nancestral area / state reconstructions as implemented in, e. g. , lagrange, beast and mesquite are not feasible with the present datasets for two reasons. first, the basal topology of the african viviparids is unresolved, whereas a dichotomy is needed to reconstruct the ancestral state and the dichotomy - enforcing algorithm of beast would result in low node supports. secondly, the four major groups of clade i (malawi, congo, okavango, and victoria group) form a dichotomous topology (figure\n), resulting in non - informative ancestral state reconstructions for split c (malawi / congo) and split b (okavango / victoria), and an ambiguous state reconstruction for the most basal split a due to lacking information (unresolved topology) of the most common recent ancestor .\nall dna sequences used in this study are available from ncbi genbank. accession numbers are provided in table\nadditional file 1: the supplementary file contains additional information on the phylogenetic analyses conducted during this study. we furthermore provide the results of the separate analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial data. (pdf 272 kb )\nadditional file 2: the supplementary file contains additional information on the fossil record of the african viviparidae and the dating constrains employed in the phylogenetic analysis of this study. (pdf 250 kb )\nrs analysed the data, developed the model and led the writing of the manuscript. bvb developed the fossil framework of the study and contributed to the model building and writing. fr, tvr, and ca designed and coordinated the study; tvr and ca provided the dna sequences. material was collected by fr, bvb, and rs. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nroberts em, stevens nj, o’connor pm, dirks phgm, gottfried md, clyde wc, armstrong ra, kemp ais, hemming s: initiation of the western branch of the east african rift coeval with the eastern branch. nat geosci. 2012, 5: 289 - 294. 10. 1038 / ngeo1432 .\ngoudie as: the drainage of africa since the cretaceous. geomorphology. 2005, 67: 437 - 456. 10. 1016 / j. geomorph. 2004. 11. 008 .\nbeadle lc: the inland waters of tropical africa. 1981, london and new york: longman\n( gastropoda: pachychilidae) from pleistocene central kalahari fluvio - lacustrine sediments. hydrobiologia. 2009, 636: 493 - 498. 10. 1007 / s10750 - 009 - 9958 - 7 .\ndental anatomy reveals a late miocene chado - libyan bioprovince. proc natl acad sci usa. 2006, 103: 8763 - 8767. 10. 1073 / pnas. 0603126103 .\ngriffin dl: aridity and humidity: two aspects of the late miocene climate of north africa and the mediterranean. paleogeogr paleoclimatol paleoecol. 2002, 182: 65 - 91. 10. 1016 / s0031 - 0182 (01) 00453 - 9 .\ngriffin dl: the late neogene sahabi rivers of the sahara and their climatic and environmental implications for the chad basin. j geol soc. 2006, 163: 905 - 921. 10. 1144 / 0016 - 76492005 - 049 .\njoyce da, lunt dh, bills r, turner gf, katongo c, duftner n, sturmbauer c, seehausen o: an extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct pleistocene lake. nature. 2005, 435: 90 - 95. 10. 1038 / nature03489 .\nwilson ab, glaubrecht m, meyer a: ancient lakes as evolutionary reservoirs: evidence from the thalassoid gastropods of lake tanganyika. proc r soc lond b. 2004, 271: 529 - 536. 10. 1098 / rspb. 2003. 2624 .\nschultheiß r, ndeo ow, malikwisha m, marek c, bößneck u, albrecht c: freshwater molluscs of the eastern congo: notes on taxonomy, biogeography and conservation. afr invertebr. 2011, 52: 265 - 284. 10. 5733 / afin. 052. 0204 .\ncatfish. j evolution biol. 2009, 22: 805 - 817. 10. 1111 / j. 1420 - 9101. 2009. 01691. x .\n) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events. plos one. 2011, 6: e28775 - 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0028775 .\npickford m, senut b, hadoto d: geology and paleobiology of the albertine rift valley, uganda - zaire. volume i: geology. 1993, orleans: centre international pour la formation et les échanges geologiques, [ publication occasionnelle ]\nvan damme d, pickford m: the late cenozoic viviparidae (mollusca, gastropoda) of the albertine rift valley (uganda - congo). hydrobiologia. 1999, 390: 171 - 217 .\nvan bocxlaer b, van damme d, feibel cs: gradual versus punctuated equilibrium evolution in the turkana basin molluscs: evolutionary events or biological invasions? 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[ advances in global change research ]\nbanks nl, bardwell ka, musiwa s: karoo rift basins of the luangwa valley, zambia. hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins. edited by: lambiase jj. 1995, london: geological society, 285 - 295. [ special publication, vol. 80 ]\ncotterill fpd, de wit mj: geoecodynamics and the kalahari epeirogeny: linking its genomic record, tree of life and palimpsest into a unified narrative of landscape evolution. s afr j geol. 2011, 114: 489 - 514. 10. 2113 / gssajg. 114. 3 - 4. 489 .\ndelvaux d: age of lake malawi (nyasa) and water level fluctuations. mus roy afr centr, tervuren (belg), dept geol min, rapp ann 1993 & 1994. 1995, 1995: 99 - 108 .\nscholz ca, johnson tc, cohen as, king jw, peck ja, overpeck jt, talbot mr, brown et, kalindekafe l, amoako pyo, lyons rp, shanahan tm, castañeda is, heil cw, forman sl, mchargue lr, beuning kr, gomez j, pierson j: east african megadroughts between 135 and 75 thousand years ago and bearing on early - modern human origins. proc natl acad sci usa. 2007, 104: 16416 - 16421. 10. 1073 / pnas. 0703874104 .\ncohen as, stone jr, beuning krm, park le, reinthal pn, dettman d, scholz ca, johnson tc, king jw, talbot mr, brown et, ivory sj: ecological consequences of early late pleistocene megadroughts in tropical africa. proc natl acad sci usa. 2007, 104: 16422 - 16427. 10. 1073 / pnas. 0703873104 .\nburrough sl, thomas dsg, bailey rm: mega - lake in the kalahari: a late pleistocene record of the palaeolake makgadikgadi system. quaternary sci rev. 2009, 28: 1392 - 1411. 10. 1016 / j. quascirev. 2009. 02. 007 .\nhaddon ig, mccarthy ts: the mesozoic–cenozoic interior sag basins of central africa: the late - cretaceous–cenozoic kalahari and okavango basins. j afr earth sci. 2005, 43: 316 - 333. 10. 1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2005. 07. 008 .\nmcfarlane mj, eckardt fd: lake deception: a new makgadikgadi palaeolake. botsw notes rec. 2008, 38: 195 - 201 .\nschrenk f, bromage tg, gorthner a, sandrock o: paleoecology of the malawi rift: vertebrate and invertebrate faunal contexts of the chiwondo beds, northern malawi. j hum evol. 1995, 28: 59 - 70. 10. 1006 / jhev. 1995. 1006 .\ngroup (gastropoda, viviparidae) in lake malawi. biol j linnean soc. 2011, 102: 130 - 143. 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8312. 2010. 01574. x .\nschultheiß r, van bocxlaer b, wilke t, albrecht c: old fossils—young species: evolutionary history of an endemic gastropod assemblage in lake malawi. proc r soc lond b. 2009, 276: 2837 - 2846. 10. 1098 / rspb. 2009. 0467 .\nring u: extreme uplift of the rwenzori mountains in the east african rift, uganda: structural framework and possible role of glaciations. tectonics. 2008, 27: tc4018 -\ncatfish species flock from lake tanganyika. biol lett. 2006, 2: 548 - 552. 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2006. 0532 .\nbrown k, rüber l, bills r, day j: mastacembelid eels support lake tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification. bmc evol biol. 2010, 10: 188 - 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 188 .\n). bmc evol biol. 2006, 6: 49 - 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 6 - 49 .\n( mochokidae, siluriformes) reveals the influence of geological events on continental diversity during the cenozoic. mol phylogenet evol. 2013, 66: 1027 - 1040. 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2012. 12. 009 .\ndelvaux d, kervyn f, macheyeki as, temu eb: geodynamic significance of the trm segment in the east african rift (w - tanzania): active tectonics and paleostress in the ufipa plateau and rukwa basin. j struct geol. 2012, 37: 161 - 180 .\ngenner mj, seehausen o, lunt dh, joyce da, shaw pw, carvalho gr, turner gf: age of cichlids: new dates for ancient lake fish radiations. mol biol evol. 2007, 24: 1269 - 1282. 10. 1093 / molbev / msm050 .\nsengupta me, kristensen tk, madsen h, jørgensen a: molecular phylogenetic investigations of the viviparidae (gastropoda: caenogastropoda) in the lakes of the rift valley area of africa. mol phylogenet evol. 2009, 52: 797 - 805. 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2009. 05. 007 .\nrobertsoni: another case of ancestral polymorphism? . malacologia. 2006, 48: 143 - 157 .\nfolmer o, black m, hoeh wr, lutz r, vrijenhoek r: dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates. mol mar biol biotech. 1994, 3: 294 - 299 .\npalumbi s, martin a, romano s, mcmillian wo, stice l, grabowski g: the simple fool’s guide to pcr. 1991, honolulu: university of hawaii\npark jk, foighil dó: sphaeriid and corbiculid clams represent separate heterodont bivalve radiations into freshwater environments. mol phylogenet evol. 2000, 14: 75 - 88. 10. 1006 / mpev. 1999. 0691 .\ncolgan dj, ponder wf, eggler pe: gastropod evolutionary rates and phylogenetic relationships assessed using partial 28s rdna and histone h3 sequences. zool scr. 2000, 29: 29 - 63. 10. 1046 / j. 1463 - 6409. 2000. 00021. x .\nschultheiß r, albrecht c, bößneck u, wilke t: the neglected side of speciation in ancient lakes: phylogeography of an inconspicuous mollusc taxon in lakes ohrid and prespa. hydrobiologia. 2008, 615: 141 - 156. 10. 1007 / s10750 - 008 - 9553 - 3 .\nthompson jd, higgins dg, gibson tj: clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position - specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. nucl acids res. 1994, 22: 4673 - 4680. 10. 1093 / nar / 22. 22. 4673 .\nhall ta: bioedit: a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt. nucleic acids symp ser. 1999, 41: 95 - 98 .\ndrummond aj, suchard ma, xie d, rambaut a: bayesian phylogenetics with beauti and the beast 1. 7. mol biol evol. 2012, 29: 1969 - 1973. 10. 1093 / molbev / mss075 .\npickford m: palaeoenvironments of early miocene hominoid - bearing deposits at napak, uganda, based on terrestrial molluscs. annales de paléontologie. 2004, 90: 1 - 12 .\nkat pw: biogeography and evolution of african fresh - water mollusks – implications of a miocene assemblage from rusinga - island, kenya. palaeontology. 1987, 30: 733 - 742 .\nvan damme d, van bocxlaer b: freshwater molluscs of the nile basin, past and present. the nile – origin, environments, limnology and human use. edited by: dumont hj. 2009, dordrecht, the netherlands: springer netherlands\nvan damme d, pickford m: the late cenozoic thiaridae (mollusca, gastropoda, cerithioidea) of the albertine rift valley (uganda - congo) and their bearing on the origin and evolution of the tanganyikan thalassoid malacofauna. hydrobiologia. 2003, 498: 1 - 83. 10. 1023 / a: 1026298512117 .\nrambaut a, drummond aj: tracer 1. 5. 2009, available from\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription." ]

{ "text": [ "bellamya rubicunda is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae .", "this species is found in the democratic republic of the congo and uganda . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "bellamya rubicunda is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae. this species is found in the democratic republic of the congo and uganda." ]

[ "acoustic repertoire of aplastodiscus arildae and a. leucopygius (anura: hylidae) in serra do japi, brazil\nacoustic repertoire of aplastodiscus arildae and a. leucopygius (anura: hylidae) in serra do japi, brazil | juliana zina - urltoken\naplastodiscus leucopygius — faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 82 .\nreplication - banded karyotypes of aplastodiscus, after brdu incorporation. a. a. perviridis; b. a. arildae; c. a. callipygius; d. a. leucopygius. bar = 10 μm .\nfish using a telomeric probe in metaphases of aplastodiscus. a. a. perviridis; b. a. arildae; c. a. callipygius; d. a. leucopygius. a hybridisation signal is seen in the centromeric region of chromosome 3 of a. leucopygius and in the chromosomes of a. arildae. bar = 10 μm .\nc - banded karyotypes of aplastodiscus. a. a. perviridis; b. a. arildae; c. a. eugenioi; d. a. callipygius; e. a. leucopygius. bar = 10 μm .\nthere are no known threats to this species. clear cutting of forests could be a localized threat but it is not currently occurring within its range. a similar species (aplastodiscus cf. leucopygius) has recently tested positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection (toledo et al. , 2006b) .\nthis species was previously within the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the genus aplastodiscus (faivovich, et al. , 2005) .\naplastodiscus callipygius — faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 82 .\naplastodiscus albosignatus — faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 82 .\nbocaina treefrog (aplastodiscus callipygius [ no longer recognized ]: frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 54) .\nsecondary constriction was noticed in one or both homologues of chromosome pair 11 in a. perviridis and a. arildae, as well as in one or both homologues of chromosome pair 9 in a. callipygius and a. leucopygius. no sex - related chromosome heteromorphism was observed in male (xy) or female (zw) of a. eugenioi and a. leucopygius; neither in males (xy) of the remaining species .\nadapted phylogenies. a. phylogenetic tree of tribe cophomantini (hylinae, hylidae) based on faivovich et al. [ 5 ], showing the position of aplastodiscus and related genera hypsiboas and bokermannohyla; b. phylogenetic tree of genus aplastodiscus based on wiens et al. [ 6 ], with indication of the known diploid number of each karyotyped species [ 9, 10, present work ] .\ngiemsa - stained meiotic cells of aplastodiscus. a. metaphase i of a. perviridis, with 12 bivalents; b. metaphase i of a. arildae, with nine bivalents and one quadrivalent (arrow); c. metaphase i of a. callipygius, with eight bivalents and one quadrivalent (arrow and inset); d. metaphase i of a. leucopygius, with nine bivalents (arrow and inset, connected bivalents). bar = 10 μm .\ncomparisons of the mean density–cfu / ml– (3a) and total richness (3b) of bacterial morphotype colonies in the anuran species p. boiei, p. distincta, a. leucopygius and d. minutus, from continuous and fragmented forests .\ngiemsa - stained karyotypes of aplastodiscus. a. a. perviridis, male, 2n = 24; b. a. arildae, male, 2n = 22; c. a. eugenioi, male, 2n = 22; d. a. callipygius, male, 2n = 20. e. a. leucopygius, male, 2n = 18. insets show marker pairs, visualised by ag - nor and fish with the rdna probe. bar = 10 μm .\nthe meiotic analysis in a. arildae a. callipygius, and a. leucopygius confirmed the occurrence of multivalent chromosome pairing, as described in a. albofrenatus and a. arildae [ 9 ]. while in our sample of a. arildae and a. callipygius a clear tetravalent pairing was seen, in a. leucopygius the tetravalent figure was not characteristic, because the involved chromosomes formed two recognizable bivalents. in all these three species, the chromosomes of the largest pair were involved in the tetravalent .\nrecently, four species of aplastodiscus with 2n = 22, i. e. , a. albofrenatus a. arildae a. ehrhardti, and a. eugenioi were karyotyped and some species - specific chromosome markers were found [ 9 ]. analysing specimens of a. perviridis and a. cochranae with 2n = 24, a. albosignatus with 2n = 20, and a. leucopygius with 2n = 18, the same authors suggested that the karyotype differentiation of these species might have resulted from a reduction in the number of the small - sized chromosomes [ 10 ]. these data confirmed the karyotype variability in aplastodiscus, an unusual finding in anurans, which are characterized, in general, by conserved chromosome constitution [ 11, 12 ] .\n* different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0. 05) among species. for example, d minutus (c) is different than p. boiei (a) and p. distincta (b), but similar to a. leucopygius (c) .\ncma 3 - stained metaphases of aplastodiscus. a. a. perviridis; b. a. arildae. bright cma 3 fluorescence at the nor site (arrow) and in a, also in the centromeric region of the chromosomes. bar = 10 μm .\nabout half of the known species of aplastodiscus have been karyotyped and the former analysis, based only on standard staining, showed 2n = 24 and 2n = 22 in a. albofrenatus, and 2n = 20 and 2n = 18 in a. albosignatus, collected in distinct brazilian localities [ 8 ]. the author admitted that the different karyotypes might correspond, in fact, to distinct species .\nthe frogs of the tribe cophomantini present, in general, 2n = 24 karyotype, but data on aplastodiscus showed variation in diploid number from 2n = 24 to 2n = 18. five species were karyotyped, one of them for the first time, using conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques, with the aim to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis towards the understanding of chromosome evolution in light of the phylogeny .\noccasionally, interstitial hybridisation of the telomeric probe may represent true vestiges of telomeres, corroborating structural rearrangements occurred during chromosome evolution, as described in rodents [ 33, 34 ]. nevertheless, this possibility was excluded in the aplastodiscus species [ 9, present work ], and in other frogs presenting its [ 35, 36 ]. regardless, the presence of repetitive dna bearing telomere - like sequences outside the telomeres might represent an additional cytological marker for species or even species groups .\n( a - b) location of study area in the state of são paulo with the native vegetation (grey areas) categorized according to the forest inventory of são paulo [ 25 ]; (b) sampling sites at ribeirão grande (rg) municipality in fragmented and continuous forests of the paraíso eco lodge farm (int); (c) sampling sites at são luís do paraitinga (slp) municipality in fragmented and continuous forests of serra do mar state park–unit of santa virgínia (usv). each marked area refers to a single sampling site. cross = d. minutus; cicle = p. boiei; triangle = p. distincta; square = a. leucopygius .\nother analysis provided additional data on the karyotype variability within the genus aplastodiscus. both ag - impregnation and fish with an rdna probe confirmed one pair of nor - bearing chromosomes for all species. the eventual heteromorphism of ag - nor, that is, presence and lack of labelling in metaphases of some of the individuals in all analysed species, was interpreted as result rather from a differential activity than from the deletion in the amount of rdna repeats, since two fish signals, equivalent in size in both homologues, were observed in all cases. so, the transcriptional activity of rdna might be inactivated or to be too low to be detected by silver impregnation in some chromosomes .\nrelated to hyla albosignata according to the original publication. see account by heyer, rand, cruz, peixoto, and nelson, 1990, arq. zool. , são paulo, 31: 264 - 265. in the aplastodiscus albosignatus group of faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 82. cruz, feio, and caramaschi, 2009, anf. ibitipoca: 80 - 81, provided photographs and a brief account for parque estadual do ibitipoca, minas gerais, brazil. berneck, segalla, and haddad, 2017, herpetol. notes, 10: 351–254, reported on amplexus .\nthere was no correlation between frog body size (snout - vent length) and the density of bacteria (cfu / ml) for three species: a. leucopygius (spearman; ρ = - 0. 005, p = 0. 978), p. boiei (spearman; ρ = - 0. 122, p = 0. 385), p. distincta (spearman; ρ = - 0. 156, p = 0. 378). we did find a correlation between body size and bacterial density in d. minutus (spearman; ρ = 0. 274, p = 0. 019), but this is likely an idiosyncratic relationship in this species (d. minutus often did not generate colonies so that the data set presents several zero values. the relationship between bacterial density and body size is not monotonic and disappears if zero values are excluded). body size was therefore not considered as a covariate in further analysis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species occurs in serra do mar and serra da mantiqueira in rio de janeiro, paraná, minas gerais and são paulo states, as well as ilha grande in the state of rio de janeiro, in brazil. it has been recorded from 800 - 1, 200m asl, but in ilha grande it has been recorded at sea level .\nthis species occurs near rivulets and temporary ponds in primary and secondary forest. subterranean nests are built in muddy soil or banks near the waterbodies. the tadpoles live in permanent streams. it has also been found in anthropogenic habitats such as gardens, plantations, etc .\nthe range of the species includes several protected areas. conservation and maintenance of its habitat is needed. more research into the species' extent of occurrence is desirable .\ncarlos frederico da rocha, monique van sluys, sergio potsch de carvalho - e - silva. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncomplex (cruz and peixoto 1985). it is a medium size species for the group (35 - 45 mm svl). snout rounded in profile. tympanum large, diameter about 2 / 3 to ¾ of the eye diameter, moderate tympanic fold; single vocal sac. finger discs large. dorsum smooth; diffuse glands along the entire flank. venter granular. a white outlined transverse ridge above the vent composes the cloacal ornamentation. prominent ovate inner metatarsal tubercle; heel with a fold and well - developed white calcar (heyer et al. 1990) .\ncoloration: dorsum bright green with small white spots. belly creamy yellow with bits of white pigment flecks. tarsal and supra - vent folds white highlighted, with dots spread laterally. posterior surface of thigh unpigmented. iris gold centrally and red or orange peripherally. bones green (heyer et al. 1990) .\nthe tadpole has a mean total length of 52. 4 mm at gosner stage 28. body elliptical in dorsal view, gray or light brown. eyes dorsal. snout rounded; nares kidney - like, closer to the eye than to the snout. oral apparatus ventral. marginal papillae in a single row; submarginal papillae present. ltrf 2 (2) / 4 (1). lower jaw v - shaped. spiracle sinistral, directed upward, with the end point white. vent tube dextral. tail 69% of the total length, being the highest point at the first third, with rounded tip. moderate tail musculature, with dark transverse bars. fins reddish; ventral fin lower than the dorsal (gomes and peixoto 2002) .\nis found in the atlantic rainforest of brazil, in the states of rio de janeiro, southern minas gerais, and eastern são paulo. it lives near streams or temporary ponds associated with woodlands in the coastal mountains of southeastern brazil, from 800 m up to 1, 600 m a. s. l .\nmales of this species call at night from high branches and leaves of trees (above 2 m), near permanent forest streams and rivulets, and less commonly at the forest edge (heyer et al. 1990; haddad and sawaya 2000; ribeiro et al. 2005). each chorus can be composed of 4 or 5 calling males (heyer et al. 1990). males give three different vocalization types: advertisement calls, courtship calls, and multi - note (aggressive) calls. the advertisement call is the most common vocalization (haddad and sawaya 2000), which sounds like a horn (vocalizations can be heard on haddad et al. 2005). calling males use only one pond per reproductive period (haddad and sawaya 2000) .\nis acoustically active throughout the year, but with a peak in activity during the rainy season, between october and march (feio 1990; haddad and sawaya 2000). gravid females and effective reproduction, however, were observed only from december to february in the serra do japi (haddad and sawaya 2000). an elaborate courtship takes place with a sequence of stereotypical mutual touches between the male and female, and the male eventually guides the female to the concealed subterranean nest (haddad and sawaya 2000). the female apparently inspects the nest before accepting the male (haddad and sawaya 2000), as is the case for another hylid species ,\nlays unpigmented eggs in a floating layer in these subterranean constructed nests, where the larvae also spend their early lives after hatching (haddad and sawaya 2000). nests are made in muddy soil or banks near ponds and rivulets (haddad and sawaya 2000). flooding washes the exotrophic tadpoles out of the nests, after which they occupy temporary ponds or streams (haddad and sawaya 2000; reproductive mode 5 of haddad and prado 2005). tadpoles can inhabit streams varying in depth from 0. 5 to 1 m, with the bottom composed of silt and litter .\na detailed description and discussion of the elaborate courtship behaviour can be found in haddad and sawaya (2000), including a description of the three types of vocalization, sexual selection, and the egg clutches, along with a discussion on the evolution of these behaviours and oviposition site .\nits range is within protected areas, like the parque estadual nova baden, at lambari - mg, rppn ovidio pires, at bom jardim - mg, parque estadual do ibitipoca, at lima duarte - mg, serra do japi, at jundiaí - sp, parque municipal do itapetinga, at atibaia - sp, estação biológica de boracéia, at salesópolis - sp, parque água funda, at são paulo, apa federal da bacia do rio paraíba do sul, at arujá - sp, parque nacional da serra dos órgãos, at teresópolis - rj, and parque nacional de itatiaia, at itatiaia - rj (cruz and peixoto, 1985; feio, 1990; heyer et al. , 1990; haddad and sawaya, 2000) .\nwas apparently not affected by factors producing a drastic drop in abundance of several other anuran species in the estação biológica da boracéia in 1979, as reported by heyer et al. (1988) .\n) is related to the white parts of the cloaca and the calcaneous appendix .\ncruz, c. a. g. and peixoto, o. l. (1984).'' espécies verdes de\nfaivovich, j. , haddad, c. f. b. , garcia, p. c. a. , frost, d. r. , campbell, j. a. , wheeler, w. c. (2005).'' systematic review of the frog family hylidae, with special reference to hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision.''\naspectos ecológicos dos anfibios registrados no parque estadual do ibitipoca, mg. (amphibia, anura) .\ngomes, m. r. and peixoto, o. l. (2002).'' o girino de\ncruz and peixoto, 1984 (amphibia, anura, hylidae).''\nhaddad, c. f. b. and sawaya, r. j. (2000).'' reproductive modes of atlantic forest hylid frogs: a general overview and the description of a new mode.''\nhaddad, c. f. b. , giovanelli, j. g. r. , giasson, l. o. m. , and toledo, l. f. (2005) .\nguia sonoro dos anfíbios anuros da mata atlântica (sound guide of the atlantic rain forest anurans) .\nhaddad, c. f. b. , and prado, c. p. a. (2005).'' reproductive modes in frogs and their unexpected diversity in the atlantic forest of brazil.''\nhaddad, c. f. b. , and sazima, i. (1992).'' anfíbios anuros da serra do japi.''\nhistória natural da serra do japi: ecologia e preservação de uma área florestal no sudeste do brasil .\nheyer, w. r. , rand, a. s. , cruz, c. a. g. , peixoto, o. l. , and nelson, c. e. (1990).'' frogs of boracéia.''\nheyer, w. r. , rand, a. s. , da cruz, c. a. g. , and peixoto, o. l. (1988).'' decimations, extinctions, and colonizations of frog populations in southeast brazil and their evolutionary implications.''\nmartins, m. , and haddad, c. f. b. (1988).'' vocalizations and reproductive behavior in the smith frog ,\nribeiro, r. s. , egito, g. t. b. t. , and haddad, c. f. b. (2005).'' chave de identificação: anfíbios anuros da vertente de jundiaí da serra do japi, estado de são paulo.''\nzina, j. , ennser, j. , pinheiro, s. c. p. , haddad, c. f. b. , and toledo, l. f. (2007).'' taxocenose de anuros de uma mata semidecí­dua do interior do estado de são paulo e comparações com outras taxocenoses do estado, sudeste do brasil.''\ndiogo borges provete (dbprovete at gmail. com), department of zoology and botany, universidade estadual paulista (unesp), campus são josé do rio preto - sp, brasil\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 11, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 11 jul 2018 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nhyla leucopygia cruz and peixoto, 1985\n1984\n, arq. univ. fed. rural rio de janeiro, 7: 39. holotype: ei 7333, by original designation. type locality :\nrepresa do guinle, teresópolis, r [ io de ] j [ aneiro ]\n, brazil .\nguinle treefrog (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 56) .\nserra do mar and serra da mantiqueria in rio de janeiro and são paulo, brazil .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from celio haddad. to obtain permission for personal, academic, commercial, or other uses, or to inquire about high resolution images, prints, fees, or licensing, or if you have other questions, contact celio haddad urltoken. (replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email. )\n0000 0000 1101 0204 copyright © 1995 - 2018 uc regents. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n1 unesp, universidade estadual paulista, instituto de biociências, departamento de biologia, av. 24a, 1515, 13506 - 900, rio claro, sp, brazil\n3 unesp, universidade estadual paulista, instituto de biociências, departamento de zoologia, av. 24a, 1515, 13506 - 900, rio claro, sp, brazil\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\n), collected in the states of são paulo (sp) and minas gerais (mg). the animals were identified and deposited in the amphibian collection célio fernando baptista haddad (cfbh) housed in the department of zoology, unesp, rio claro, sp, brazil .\ncfbh: célio fernando baptista haddad collection, unesp, rio claro, sp, brazil .\na), and a karyotype formed by five large pairs with slight variation in size from pairs 2 to 5, one medium pair 6, and six small pairs 7 to 12, with subtle variation in size. pair 1 was metacentric, pairs 2, 3, 4, and 5 were submetacentric, pair 6 was subtelocentric, and the remaining pairs were classified as metacentric or submetacentric .\n, except that the small - sized group included five pairs 7 to 11 and that pair 2 was clearly metacentric .\n. pair 1 was metacentric, pairs 2 to 7 were submetacentric, pair 8 was subtelocentric, and the remaining pairs were metacentric or submetacentric in both species .\n, was observed eventually in metaphases of some of the individuals in all analysed species. the sites of ag - impregnation were coincident with the secondary constrictions in most cases. the fish technique carried out in one single individual of each species confirmed that ribosomal sequences were in the sites previously identified by silver impregnation, always in the two homologues of the corresponding nor - bearing pair (figure\n( data not shown). when stained with dapi, no particular brilliant region was observed in the chromosomes of any of the four species .\n, hybridisation occurred in the telomeres and centromeres of all chromosomes, although the fluorescent labelling was subtle in the latter species .\n). in spite of the distinct degrees of banding differentiation, tentative inter - specific comparisons were performed among the large and medium - sized chromosomes, showing relatively good banding correspondence among some chromosomes (e. g. , the 1 and the 5 of the four species, the 2 and the 3 of\n), and roughly the same banding feature for some others (the 4 of the four species) .\noccurred primarily by reducing the diploid number from an ancestor with 2n = 24 due to chromosome fusions. however, replication banding data obtained for the first time in species of\ncould not be used for identifying the probable structural rearrangements, although correspondence of banding patterns had been confirmed among some chromosomes .\nin vertebrates, including frogs [ 37 - 40 ], rings or chains of meiotic multivalents have been reported. the most illustrative case among animals was described in ornithorhynchus anatinus [ 41 ], in which the multivalent formation was attributed to sequential reciprocal translocations. the same occurred in one specimen of the frogs haddadus binotatus [ 39 ] and leptodactylus pentadactylus [ 40 ], which presented meiotic chain and several odd heteromorphic chromosomes in their karyotypes .\nin our study there was no evidence of reciprocal translocation to explain the tetravalent formation, unless it involved minute segments, not detected by the used banding techniques. another explanation would be the non - chiasmatic ectopic pairing between terminal repetitive sequences of non - homologous chromosomes, proposed by schmid et al. [ 12 ] as a reasonable alternative for similar cases described in the literature [ 9, 37, 38 ]. our data gave no support to any of these hypothesis .\n, as shown in the adapted phylogenetic tree based in wiens et al. [\nb. including the known diploid numbers of all karyotyped species, the two pathways in the chromosome evolution were well visualised, and the cytogenetic data gave support to the molecular phylogeny and distribution of the species in the known groupings. certainly, further species sampling, especially of those that have never been karyotyped, will be of great interest to confirm or not the relationships within the genus\n2n, diploid number; ag - nor, nucleolar organiser region marked by silver impregnation; brdu, 5 - bromodeoxiuridine; cma 3, chromomycin a3; dapi, 4′ - 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole; fish, fluorescent in situ hybridization; fpg, fluorochrome plus giemsa; fn, fundamental number; its, interstitial telomeric sequence; nor, nucleolar organiser region; rdna, ribosomal dna .\nslg performed the cytogenetic studies and drafted the manuscript. jz collected some animals and helped in the review of the manuscript. hn collected some animals and helped with identification. cfbh provided support on zoological information, carried out the species identification, and revised the manuscript. sk supervised the cytogenetic studies, participated in the draft, and in the revision of the final text. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nthe authors are grateful to fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo (fapesp) and conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (cnpq) for financial support. they also thank to instituto brasileiro do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais renováveis (ibama) for providing the collection license to jz, hn, and cfbh .\ngarcia pca, caramaschi u, kwet a. o status taxonômico dehyla cochranaemertens e a recaracterização deaplastodiscusa. lutz (anura, hylidae )\ncruz cag, peixoto al. espécies verdes dehyla: o complexo “albofrenata” (amphibia, anura, hylidae )\nhaddad cfb, faivovich j, garcia pca. the specialized reproductive mode of the treefrogaplastodiscus perviridis (anura: hylidae )\nfaivovich j, haddad cfb, garcia pca, frost dr, campbell ja, wheeler wc. systematic review of the frog family hylidae, with special reference to hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision .\nwiens jj, kuczynski ca, hua x, moen d. an expanded phylogeny of treefrogs (hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data .\nfrost dr. amphibians of the world: an on - line reference. v5. 5\nvial jl, editor. university of missouri press, columbia; 1973. evolution of anuran karyotypes; pp. 337–349 .\ncarvalho ka, garcia pca, recco - pimentel sm. nor dispersion, telomeric sequence detection in centromeric regions and meiotic multivalent configurations in species of theaplastodiscus albofrenatusgroup (anura, hylidae )\ncarvalho ka, garcia pca, recco - pimentel sm. cytogenetic comparison of tree frogs of the genusaplastodiscusand thehypsiboas fabergroup (anura, hylidae )\nolmo e, editor. birkhauser verlag, basel; 1990. chromosome banding in amphibia; pp. 21–45 .\nschmid m, steinlein c, bogart jp, feichtinger w, león p, la marca e, diaz lm, sans a, chen s - h, hedges sb. the chromosomes of terraranan frogs: insights into vertebrate cytogenetics .\nbaldissera fa jr, oliveira psl, kasahara s. cytogenetics of four brazilianhylaspecies (amphibia - anura) and description of a case with a supernumerary chromosome .\nschmid m. chromosome banding in amphibia, i. constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizers regions in bufo and hyla .\nsilva apz, haddad cfb, kasahara s. chromosomal studies on five species of the genusleptodactylusfitzinger, 1826 (amphibia, anura) using differential staining .\nhowell wm, black da. controlled silver - staining of nucleolus organizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: 1 - step method .\nchristian a, mcniel e, robinson j, drabek j, larue c, wadren c, bedford ja. a versatile image analysis approach for simultaneous chromosome identification and localization of fish probes .\nmatsuda y, chapman vm. application of fluorescence in situ hybridization in genome analysis of the mouse .\nmeunier - rotival m, cortadas j, macaya g. isolation and organization of calf ribosomal dna .\npinkel d, straume t, gray jw. cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high - sensitivity, fluorescence hybridization .\ngreen dm, sessions sk, editor. academic press, san diego; 1991. nomenclature for chromosomes; pp. 431–432 .\nheatwole h, tyler m, editor. surrey beatty and sons, chipping norton; 2007. karyology and cytogenetics; pp. 2756–2841 .\ncatroli gf, kasahara s. cytogenetic data on species of the family hylidae (amphibia, anura): results and perspectives .\nwiley je. chromosome banding patterns of treefrogs (hylidae) of the eastern united states .\nking m, contreras n, honeycutt rl. variation within and between nucleolar organizer regions in australian hylid frogs (anura) shown by 18 s + 28 s in - situ hybridization .\ngreen dm, sessions sk, editor. academic press, san diego; 1991. chromosome evolution in holarctichylatreefrogs; pp. 299–331 .\nkasahara s, silva apz, gruber sl, haddad cfb. comparative cytogenetic analysis on four tree frog species (anura, hylidae, hylinae) from brazil .\ngruber sl, haddad cfb, kasahara s. chromosome banding in three species ofhypsiboas (hylidae, hylinae), with special reference to a new case of b - chromosome in anuran frogs and to the reduction of the diploid number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22 in the genus .\ncardozo de, leme dm, bortoleto jf, catroli gf, baldo d, faivovich j, kolenc f, silva apz, borteiro c, haddad cfb, kasahara s. karyotypic data on 28 species ofscinax (amphibia: anura: hylidae): diversity and informative variation .\ncatroli gf, faivovich j, haddad cfb, kasahara s. conserved karyotypes in cophomantini: cytogenetic analysis of 12 species from 3 species groups ofbokermannohyla (amphibia: anura: hylidae )\nfagundes v, yonenaga - yassuda y. evolutionary conservation of whole homeologous chromosome arms in the akodont rodentsbolomysandakodon (muridae, sigmodontinae): maintenance of interstitial telomeric segments (itbs) in recent event of centric fusion .\nventura k, o’brien pcm, yonenaga - yassuda y, ferguson - smith ma. chromosome homologies of the highly rearranged karyotypes of fourakodonspecies (rodentia, cricetidae) resolved by reciprocal chromosome painting: the evolution of the lowest diploid number in rodents .\nmeyne j, baker aj, hobart hh, hsu tc, ryder oa, ward og, wiley je, wurster - hill dh, yates tl, moyziz rk. distribution of non - telomeric sites of the (ttaggg) ntelomeric sequence in vertebrate chromosomes .\nwiley je, meyne j, little ml, stout jc. intersticial hybridization sites of the (ttaggg) ntelomeric sequence on the chromosomes of some north american hylid frogs .\nlourenço lb, recco - pimentel sm, cardoso aj. polymorphism of the nucleolus organizer regions (nors) inphysalaemus petersi (amphibia, anura, leptodactylidae) detected by silver staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization .\nsiqueira s jr, ananias f, recco - pimentel sm. cytogenetics of three brazilian species ofeleutherodactylus (anura, leptodactylidae) with 22 chromosomes and re - analysis of multiple translocations ine. binotatus .\ncampos jrc, ananias f, haddad cfb, kasahara s. karyotypic similarity amongbarycholos ternetziand five species of the genuseleutherodactylusfrom southeastern brazil (anura, brachycephalidae )\ngazoni t, gruber sl, silva apz, araújo ogs, strüssmann c, haddad cfb, kasahara s. comparative cytogenetic analyses ofleptodactylus (amphibia, anura, leptodactylidae), with description of a new karyotype and a case of multiple sequential translocations [ abstract ]\ngrützner f, rens w, tsend - ayush e, el - mogharbell n, o’brien pcm, jones rc, ferguson - smith ma, graves jam. in the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird z and mammal x chromosomes .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhyla albosignata lutz and lutz, 1938, an. acad. brasil. cienc. , 10: 185. holotype: al - mnrj 722 according to duellman, 1977, das tierreich, 95: 28. type locality :\nalto da serra de cubatão, in the state of s. paulo\n, brazil. given as\nparanapiacaba (= alto da serra), são paulo\n, brazil by bokermann, 1966, lista anot. local. tipo anf. brasil. : 44 .\nhyla callipygia cruz and peixoto, 1985\n1984\n, arq. univ. fed. rural rio de janeiro, 7: 34. holotype: wcab 31190, by original designation; now in mzusp. type locality :\nserra da bocaina, s [ ão ] p [ aulo ]\n, brazil. synonymy by berneck, haddad, lyra, cruz, and faivovich, 2016, mol. phylogenet. evol. , 97: 213 .\nboana albosignata — wiens, fetzner, parkinson, and reeder, 2005, syst. biol. , 54: 743, by implication .\nboana callipygia — wiens, fetzner, parkinson, and reeder, 2005, syst. biol. , 54: 743, by implication .\nlutz' s treefrog (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 53) .\nserra do mar (goiás), serra da bocaina (rio de janeiro), serra da mantiqueira (são paulo, minas gerais, and rio de janeiro), and campos de jordão (são paulo), in southeastern brazil .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\na more complete understanding of the diversity, origin, and role of the amphibian skin microbiota, including the influence of host species and habitat, has become an important issue in the complex web of interactions related to emergent disease in this vertebrate group. some relevant topics include the composition and role of bacterial communities in the amphibian habitat [ 10 ] and the antimicrobial properties of substances produced by skin bacteria [ 11, 12 ]. variation in the skin microbial community could be induced by environmental shifts, eventually affecting its potential as an inhibitory mechanism for pathogens. under the baas - becking model, the environment is a selective filter, partially accounting for the spacial variation of microbial diversity [ 13 ]. if the skin microbiota of amphibians supports this postulate, the skin bacterial community structure will be largely modulated by the physicochemical microenvironment of the amphibian skin, and less by the biotic interactions occurring within the bacterial community .\nphysicochemical characteristics of amphibian skin are likely related to lineage - specific traits, such as the profile of skin secretion components and skin morphology, but also by behavior, mainly in terms of microhabitats and patterns of activity [ 14, 15 ]. these are likely influenced by temperature, water cycling, ph, and radiation incidence [ 16 ] of the environment. an interaction between lineage - specific traits and environment is expected, mainly because environmental changes can affect climate at the individual level of the amphibian hosts, and modify mucus and lipid secretion, two components in the hydrothermal regulation of amphibians [ 17, 18 ]. furthermore, changes in the properties of the bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, which can act as a negative filter constraining the colonization by some bacterial species [ 19 ], also could modulate the structure of the amphibian skin microbiota .\nto test the hypothesis that bacterial communities of anuran skin vary among sympatric species of the atlantic forest, we compared the composition of cutaneous microbiota in eight populations of four species of anurans from two forest types: fragments and continuous forest of south eastern atlantic forest. two continuous forests and associated fragments close enough to share basic climatic and physiognomic traits (see study areas) were compared. the general procedure started with field collection and identification of individual frogs followed by sampling of skin microbiota and estimation of the density and richness of bacterial colony forming units. samples were then transported to the laboratory to isolate and identify bacterial strains based on sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene. the antimicrobial activity of each isolated morphotype was then evaluated .\n). from the bacterial morphotypes isolated, we subsampled morphotypes for taxonomic identification, prioritizing those that exhibited antimicrobial effects and, as a secondary criterion, maximized morphological diversity in each host - species and sampling site .\ntotal number of individuals of amphibians sampled, listed by species and sampling site .\nabbreviations: int, paraíso eco lodge farm; usv, serra do mar state park–unit of santa virgínia; rg, ribeirão grade municipality; slp, são luís do paraitinga municipality .\n, and 60% of primary forest (forestry foundation–department of environment of the state of são paulo). another continuous forest area was paraíso eco lodge farm (int: 24°14' s, 48°22' w), a locality within intervales state park in a forested area of 417, 04 km\n, 60% considered primary forest (forestry foundation–department of environment of the state of são paulo). selected fragments were located at the municipalities of são luís do paraitinga (slp: 23°13' s, 45°20' w) and ribeirão grande (rg: 24°05' s, 48°21' w), each with two fragments (\n). santa virgínia is 20 km from the fragments of são luís do paraitinga, about the same distance separating eco lodge from the fragments of ribeirão grande. the continuous forests are about 342 km apart .\n( a) continuous forest of atlantic forest; (b) fragmented forest of atlantic forest .\nwe captured frogs using sterile gloves disinfected with 70% alcohol, and used fresh gloves for each individual handled. within 2h of capture, we washed frogs with distilled water to remove transient bacteria [ 26 ], then sampled the microbiota with a sterile swab. we swiped the entire length of the dorsum and venter, including head and throat region of the animal. after sampling, animals were returned to the place of capture. swabs were placed individually into vials with 1ml of physiological solution (0. 9% nacl). back at the lab, these were vigorously vortexed to release cells, then serially diluted to 1 x 10 −2. we placed 100μl of the final dilution on r2a agar (difco) plates for growth of heterotrophic bacteria and dispersed the sample using the spread plating technique. the dilution allowed the growth of 30 to 300 colonies per plate [ 27 ], and each sample was plated in triplicate .\nplates were incubated for 48 hours at room temperature, then the total number of colonies and morphotypes were counted after 48 and 72 hours of growth given that different species of bacteria exhibit different growth dynamics. finally, three frogs of each species and locality were preserved into reference collection of our laboratory .\nwe used heterotrophic plating count (hpc) to estimate the richness of bacterial morphotypes and the density of bacterial colonies. we recorded the total density of colonies as colony forming units (cfu / ml) [ 16 ], and used the mean of the three plates for the analysis. variation in the bacterial density was not homogeneous among samples (levene’s test, p < 0. 05), so we used welch’s anova, followed by games howell post hoc test for pairwise comparison of species. we used anova with randomization to compare forest type and sampling sites by species. analysis of richness was assessed using g - tests because the cumulative number of morphotypes for each species, forest type and sampling site were not normally distributed .\nwe isolated and cultured all representative bacterial colonies from each sampling site and frog species. each representative colony was called morphotype (i. e. colonies with the same morphological characteristics). we evaluated colony features such as color, shape, margin, elevation, brightness, size, surface (smooth or rough), and presence of granules using stereomicroscopy (nikon smz 800). we transferred each morphotype isolated to fresh r2a culture medium and later stored these in glass tubes at 8°c .\nwe identified the isolates by sequencing the 16s rrna gene, obtained from amplified product with the primers 338f (5’ - actcctacgggaggcagcag - 3’) and w031r (5’ - ttaccgcggctgctggcac - 3’) [ 28 ]. the pcr reaction contained taq dna polymerase buffer, 0. 25 μm dntps, 0. 25 μm of each primer, 1. 5 mm mgcl 2, and 1. 5 u taq dna polymerase. dna templates were collected directly from the plate using a sterile toothpick and placed in the reaction solution (30 μl). the thermocycling parameters were 5 min at 94°c, followed by 30 cycles of 1 min at 94°c, 1 min at 61°c, 30 secs at 72°c, and 10 min at 72°c for the final elongation. we verified the amplification results by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel, with ethidium bromide (0. 5μg / ml) staining .\nto identify bacterial strains producing antibiotics, we used a modified cross - streak method originally described by williston and colleagues [ 33 ]. briefly, each isolate was inoculated on one half of a petri dish containing r2a medium for 48 hours or until growth was observed in the area inoculated. after this period, reference strains of pathogenic bacteria were inoculated in a perpendicular streak. growth of these strains was evaluated after 24h at room temperature. the absence of growth on the perpendicular streaks indicated the antibiotic activity exhibited by the isolated bacteria .\nwe used this antimicrobial assay for bacterial species involved in amphibian diseases [ 34 – 40 ]. the reference strains were donated by the oswaldo - cruz foundation–fiocruz (rj), and included the following: gram - positive cocci staphylococcus aureus –atcc 14458; staphylococcus epidermidis –atcc 12228 and micrococcus luteus –atcc 7468, bacilli gram - negative: escherichia coli– atcc 11229; p roteus vulgaris –ccug 10784; salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi – atcc 6539; salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (ct) –atcc 13076; aeromonas hydrophila –ioc / fda 110–36; pseudomonas aeruginosa –atcc 15442 and klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae– atcc 4352 .\nregardless of the forest type and sampling site, the microbiota of the amphibian species studied differed in density of cfus (welch’s anova; f = 66. 5 ,\npairwise post - hoc comparisons (games - howell) and mean bacterial density (cfu / ml) of the amphibian species .\nbecause we observed interspecific differences in microbial parameters, we assessed how forest type influenced the microbiota by comparing density of cfus and richness of morphotypes across individuals of each species. individuals of" ]

{ "text": [ "aplastodiscus leucopygius is a species of frog in the family hylidae , endemic to brazil .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , rivers , intermittent freshwater marshes , plantations , rural gardens , heavily degraded former forests , and irrigated land . " ], "topic": [ 3, 24 ] }

[ "aplastodiscus leucopygius is a species of frog in the family hylidae, endemic to brazil. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forests, and irrigated land." ]

[ "coleophora cornella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in north america, including new york and california .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe larvae feed on the leaves of cornus pubescens species. they create a spatulate leaf case .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora cornella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in the united states , including new york and california .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of cornus pubescens species .", "they create a spatulate leaf case . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 4 ] }

[ "coleophora cornella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in the united states, including new york and california. the larvae feed on the leaves of cornus pubescens species. they create a spatulate leaf case." ]

[ "this is the place for phaedora definition. you find here phaedora meaning, synonyms of phaedora and images for phaedora copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word phaedora. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word phaedora and, of course, phaedora synonyms and on the right images related to the word phaedora .\nhieromantis phaedora meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 541; tl: andamans\nhieromantis meyrick, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 298 [ key ], 315; ts: hieromantis ephodophora meyrick\nhieromantis sheni (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )\nhieromantis ioxysta meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 82; tl: ceylon, galle\nhieromantis tribolopa meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (3): 66; tl: fiji, labasa\nhieromantis chrysoleuca meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 82; tl: assam, khasi hills\nhieromantis praemiata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (15): 460; tl: fiji, mtns nr lautoka\nhieromantis makiosana yasuda, 1988; kontyû 56 (3): 491; tl: mt makio, osaka pref. , honshu\nhieromantis munerata meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (3): 66; tl: fiji, lautoka, labasa\nhieromantis fibulata meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 410; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhieromantis kurokoi yasuda, 1988; kontyû 56 (3): 494; tl: mt rokusho - san, toyota, aichi pref. , honshu\nhieromantis ephodophora; kasy, 1973, tijdschr. ent. 116 (13): 296, 233 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nhieromantis ephodophora meyrick, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 315; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstathmopoda albata meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 94; tl: new guinea, sudest i .\nancylogramma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (13 - 14): 430\nresplendens bradley, 1957; nat hist. rennell. i. , brit. sol. is. 2: 102\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis file is licensed under the creative commons attribution 2. 0 generic license .\nattribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work) .\nand was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc - by - 2. 0 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nstathmopoda baotianmana (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )\nstathmopoda flavithoracalis (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )\nstathmopoda neohexatyla (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )\nstathmopoda rufithoracalis (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )\nstathmopoda transfasciaria (h. h. li & s. x. wang, 2002 )" ]

{ "text": [ "hieromantis phaedora is a moth of the stathmopodidae family .", "it is found in china ( fujian , hainan ) and the andaman islands .", "the wingspan is 14 − 15 mm .", "the forewings are light yellow-ochreous with raised greyish tufts tipped with black on the dorsum at one-fourth of the wing and above the fold before the middle , these connected by a greyish shade , a patch of a faint greyish tinge in the disc and towards the dorsum preceding these .", "there is a light prismatic-grey streak surrounded with ferruginous suffusion from the costa beyond the middle directed to the fold , and a similar oblique streak from the disc beyond this to the costa at four-fifths , with a fine white costal streak between these .", "the apex is ferruginous .", "the hindwings are grey irrorated with dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hieromantis phaedora is a moth of the stathmopodidae family. it is found in china (fujian, hainan) and the andaman islands. the wingspan is 14 − 15 mm. the forewings are light yellow-ochreous with raised greyish tufts tipped with black on the dorsum at one-fourth of the wing and above the fold before the middle, these connected by a greyish shade, a patch of a faint greyish tinge in the disc and towards the dorsum preceding these. there is a light prismatic-grey streak surrounded with ferruginous suffusion from the costa beyond the middle directed to the fold, and a similar oblique streak from the disc beyond this to the costa at four-fifths, with a fine white costal streak between these. the apex is ferruginous. the hindwings are grey irrorated with dark grey." ]

[ "have a fact about barbodes clemensi? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for barbodes clemensi? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2015. catalog of fishes. updated 7 january 2015. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 7 january 2015) .\njustification: harrison and stiassny (1999) consider this species to be possibly extinct. the matter has been referred to the relevant specialist group for a decision .\nj. clemens collected 5 specimens from lake lanao, philippines, june 1907. herre described the species from the type and three other cotypes obtained from dansalan, may 1921. (e. capuli pers comm 1996 )\nexploitation: fish is the main diet for people in the area and the human population has increased. traditional fishing methods have been superseded by the use of poison (tigaw, labo, towa) and dynamite, which kill almost everything (including the fry) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, barbus = barbel + greek, oides = similar to (ref. 45335 )\nthis species has no status in eschmeyer (coff ver. jul. 2010: ref .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 23. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2929 )\ndorsal spines (total): 4; dorsal soft rays (total): 8; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 5. color in life dark green dorsally merging into yellow below; golden or brassy luster on sides and belly; fins colorless or reddish. short, broad snout with a prominent median protuberance marking posterior limit of the protractile upper lip. 8 - 9 scales from nape to dorsal; 1. 5 scale rows between ventrals and lateral line. scales large and few in number; lower jaw short and narrow; 4th dorsal spine stout and feebly serrated .\nherre, a. w. c. t. , 1924. distribution of the true freshwater fishes in the philippines. i. the philippine cyprinidae. philipp. j. sci. 24 (3): 249 - 307. (ref. 2929 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00672 - 0. 03410), b = 3. 03 (2. 83 - 3. 23), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 8 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\none of the largest of the lanao carps. described from the type specimen, 23. 5 cm tl, and three other cotypes (11. 6 - 13. 7 cm) taken from dansalan, lake lanao in 1921. specimens collected by j. clemens in 1907 were also examined (ref. 2929, 81520). no specimen was caught during the 1994 expedition (ref. 10888) and 2008 survey (ref. 95183). also ref. 13446, 70969, 94476 .\nmax length: 23. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2929 )\npd 50 = 0. 5000 many relatives (e. g. carps) 0. 5 - 2. 0 few relatives (e. g. lungfishes )\nmedium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nherre, albert w. c. t. 1924. distribution of the true fresh - water fishes in the philippines. i. the philippine cyprinidae. philippine journal of science, section d 24 (3): 249 - 307 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\neschmeyer, william n. , ed. , 1998: catalog of fishes. special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3. 2905 .\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\nhanel, l. and j. novák (2002) české názvy zivočichů v. ryby a ryboviti obratlovci (pisces) 3. , maloústí (gonorhynchiformes) - máloostní (cypriniformes). : národní muzeum (zoologické oddělení), praha .\nherre, a. w. c. t. (1953) check list of philippine fishes. : res. rep. u. s. fish wild. serv. (20): 1 - 977 .\nherre, a. w. c. t. and a. f. umali (1948) english and local common names of philippine fishes. : u. s. dept. of interior and fish and wildl. serv. circular no. 14, u. s. gov' t printing office, washington. 128 p .\nhilton - taylor, c. (2000) 2000 iucn red list of threatened species. : iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 cd - rom) .\nkottelat, m. (2013) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. : the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 (suppl. 27): 1 - 663 .\nsantos - borja, a. c. (2002) setting priorities for biodiversity conservation in philippine inland waters. : an outcome paper from the philippine biodiversity conservation priority - setting process conducted by the protected areas and wildlife bureau (pawb), conservation international philippines (ci phils) and up center for integrative and development studies (up cids) 2002 .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32a6c986 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nthis species has no status in eschmeyer (coff ver. jul. 2010: ref. 84883). please send references, or more studies are needed .\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7b90cfba - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "barbodes clemensi is a species of cyprinid endemic to lake lanao in mindanao , the philippines .", "it is one of the several species of fish in the philippines known as bagangan .", "this species can reach a length of 23.5 centimetres ( 9.3 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 6, 15, 0 ] }

[ "barbodes clemensi is a species of cyprinid endemic to lake lanao in mindanao, the philippines. it is one of the several species of fish in the philippines known as bagangan. this species can reach a length of 23.5 centimetres (9.3 in) tl." ]

[ "silver drummer is a tough fighting fish caught around waved washed rocks and ocean fronts .\nf022327: a mature bluefish in dark blue costume. in the background a silver drummer .\nsilver drummer inhabit exposed coastal rocky reefs and often occur in large schools in the surge zone .\nsilver drummer are deep bodies with a small mouth, they are silver on the upper body. sometimes they have vague longitudinal stripes. commonly caught between 1 - 6 kgs but occasionally caught up to 10kgs .\nthe silver drummer is a popular angling fish and is regarded as a tough fighter. however, it is considered by most people to be inedible .\ncatching a nice size silver drummer on light tackle off the rocks in south australia. i was using pilchard pieces for bait on a simple unweighted rig. i was using a go pro hero 3 to film this and kept the silver drummer for bait. hope you enjoy and please like, comment and subscribe thanks .\nblack drummer can grow to over 65cm in length and weigh as much as 9kgs although most larger fish commonly encountered throughout australia average around 2 – 3. 5kg. silver drummer can grow to around 75cm in length and weigh as much as 15kg .\na silver drummer, kyphosus sydneyanus, at fairy bower, manly, sydney harbour, new south wales. source: richard ling / flickr. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - noderivatives\nthe silver drummer girl is a professional human statue from asheville, nc. her act is an interactive illusion. as crowds stop in amazement she comes to life to play a snare roll .\nthe silver drummer girl is a twist of historical fiction, a play upon the imagination of each person inspiring a unique reaction. entertaining all ages and all walks of life for many years .\nsilver drummer are weed eaters living in the wave zone. they are very shy. they swim fast. they grow very old. they seem to have angry faces, but they are very gentle .\nblack drummer can be easily recognised by their muscular, short bodies which are light brown in colouration in juveniles and a darker blue, black in adult specimens. they have a small mouth full of unusual weed shredding teeth and a large powerful tail. silver drummer are similar in appearance although are considerably lighter in colouration and much larger in size. silvers also have 11 dorsal fin spines as opposed to the 13 found on a black drummer .\nvery young silver drummer (half year to one year old) have light blue or white spots and look very much like a different species. they find protection in the roughest of places, high up in the surf zone in cracks and caves. around offshore islands, bigger schools of 50 or more are found swimming in the foam zone. silver drummer are threatened by coastal setnets intended to catch bait fish for craypots. they have become rare in many places .\nsilver drummer are an elusive species that are often encountered in bread berley trails around rocky head lands and off shore islands and reefs. silvers are a fairly uncommon angling experience throughout the eastern states of australia and although are considered to be an excellent sporting species they do have the unfortunate reputation of being a very poor table fish. silver drummer are plentiful throughout w. a where they are referred to as buffalo bream or buffy’s for short due to their large sizes .\ndrummers are medium to large fish with rounded bodies. blue maomao, sweep and parore are most common on northern shores of nz. silver drummer is shy but not uncommon. bluefish and mado are found on offshore islands. males look exactly like females .\nsilver drummer are not actively targeted as the table quality is not great, but quite often caught while targeting the more popular black drummer or luderik. they are mainly vegetarian but will sometimes take crab or cunjevoi. will take the weed used when luderik fishing however the light lines used by most when luderik fishing means they usually snap anglers off when returning to their rock homes\nthe silver drummer is a plump bodied fish, a bit like a swimming jerrycan with a black - edged tail that looks much like a paint brush. it is also about the same size as a spare gasoline container, from 30 - 75 cm and 10kg when mature. seeing big, mature silver drummer as shown in this photograph, is rare because they are so shy. they hide in caves and large crevices in turbulent areas and they feed on the coarse bladder weeds of the wave - swept subtidal habitat zone. when small they compete for the same food (fine algae growing on tough seaweeds) as parore but later in life they eat more of the coarse weeds themselves (carpophyllum species), of which there apears to be ample supply. because their food is so readily available, silver drummer spend much of their time socialising and resting. they feed mainly at dawn or dusk. silver drummer can change colour rapidly from a pale grey without markings, to dark grey with horizontal pinstripes, to evenly black .\nsilver drummer is found right around the southern half of australia. from the very southern part of queensland right around the south side of australia to just beyond perth in the west. they prefer waved washed rocky headlands, especially where there is heavy vegetation on the rocks\ndrummer are an incredibly powerful species that are capable of using everything including their environment to their full advantage. hold on !\nblack drummer can be encountered from southern queensland down to eastern tasmania and prefer rough, turbulent waters with plenty of reef and food sources such as crabs, cunjevoi and urchin present. silver drummer can be found from coral bay in western australia right across the bottom end of the country including tasmania. silvers are also occasionally encountered in n. s. w. and are especially prolific on lord howe island .\ndrummer inhabit coastal inshore waters such as beaches, rocky head lands, off shore islands and shallow reef systems with ample food sources available .\n: adults 40 - 75 cm, up to 9 kg. body large and deep. more pointed than silver drummer. long, low dorsal and anal fins and a strong, broad, square - cut tail. teeth three - cusped like parore but set in rows. feed on shellfish, brittle stars, worms, crustaceans .\nthe black drummer is a powerful species commonly encountered from treacherous eastern australian rock ledges. they have a reputation for not only being a powerful and dirty battler using everything to their advantage including the environment but also as a fine table fish when eaten fresh. black drummer are also referred to as pigs or rock black fish a name that has led to the confusion between black drummer and the popular luderick (girella tricuspidata), also named black fish. both species are caught in similar areas using similar fishing methods although unsuspecting luderick anglers using lighter gear are more often than not annoyingly blown away by the larger and more powerful black drummer .\nfresh baits such as large, green prawns, cunjevoi and cut crab are all exceptional baits for targeting black drummer with bread crusts also proving to be effective on both species of drummer. baits need to be presented as naturally as possible and small, strong hooks are needed to maintain strong, constant pressure throughout torrid battles. small ball sinkers run directly down to the hook with a small, strong swivel placed above will suffice for most black drummer situations depending on location. two swivels are always needed when using alvey reels to avoid line twist !\ndrummer like most shore based species prefer a rising tide that coincides with low light periods such as dawn and dusk. rough sea conditions are ideally suited to targeting drummer but always remember to never risk rescuers lives! rock fishing is the most deadly sport in the world and for good reason. beware and be sure to take all precautions necessary before stepping onto wet, slippery rock platforms !\nwhen fishing for drummer try to allow your baits to waft around in the turbulent, white water as naturally as possible. too much lead will send your offering plummeting to the snaggy sea floor before a fish can even set its eyes upon it !\na large olive, silvery - grey or bronzy drummer, darker above, paler below, with a broad dark margin on the caudal fin, a rusty - coloured bar from the upper jaw across the gill cover, a pale bar under the eye and a small black spot at the lower edge of the pectoral - fin base .\nmedium to heavy rock fishing outfits such as alvey reels and powerful, long fibreglass rods are typically used to subdue these rampaging opponents. alvey reels loaded with strong, abrasive resistant nylon lines are not only preferred for their powerful one to one retrieves but also for their rugged durability in one of the most unforgiving fishing environments imaginable. due to the small mouth and fussy eating habits of this species leaders should be both strong enough to withstand the brutal torture they will be subjected to yet also light enough not to spook the drummer from feeding confidently .\nthis species gives anglers such good sport, appearing in numbers around ocean rocks where there is plenty of movement in the water. they are rated highly because of their outstanding fighting abilities. drummer are very powerful fish and run with dramatic speed when hooked. they are exciting fish to play as some grow to 30 pounds, they bite warily but rush for sanctuary among the rocks immediately when they are hooked. real tackle - busters. flesh greyish and dry with an unpleasant odour. the bigger the fish, the worse its flesh. not usually eaten .\nmarine; brackish; demersal; depth range 1 - 20 m (ref. 86942). temperate\nsouthwest pacific: southern half of australia on both coast, east to lord howe islands, norfolk islands, northern new zealand, and new caledonia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 80. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 33839); max. published weight: 1. 1 kg (ref. 40637 )\ndorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 12; anal spines: 2 - 3; anal soft rays: 10 - 12; vertebrae: 26. this species is distinguished by the following characters: in lateral view, body is oval to circular, not compressed; head with distinct slanting profile from interorbital region to tip of snout, with characteristic bulb anterior - dorsally of eye, giving a protruding head profile; d x - xi, 11 - 12: a ii - iii, 10 - 12; first gill - arch with 3 - 7 gill rakers on upper part, 10 - 15 on the lower part; total lateral line scales 52 - 66, 42 - 56 are pored; longitudinal scales 48 - 57; vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 15; pterygiophores: dorsal 20 - 21, anal 12; interorbital region with scales (ref. 95491) .\noccurs in large schools in comparatively shallow water in the vicinity of rocky reefs. feeds on weeds (ref. 2156) .\nknudsen, s. w. and k. d. clements, 2013. revision of the fish family kyphosidae (teleostei: perciformes). zootaxa 3751 (1): 001 - 101. (ref. 95491 )\n): 13. 8 - 23. 3, mean 17. 9 (based on 152 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01905 (0. 00926 - 0. 03923), b = 3. 04 (2. 85 - 3. 23), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 0 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (59 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nwidely distributed in the southern half of australia from about fraser island, qld, to shark bay, wa, around tasmania, also at lord howe island and norfolk island in the tasman sea. elsewhere in northern new zealand .\npimelepterus sydneyanus günther, 1886, ann. mag. nat. hist. 5 18 (36): 368. type locality: port jackson, nsw .\nallan, r. 2002. australian fish and how to catch them. sydney: new holland publishers (australia) 394 pp .\nclements, k. d. & j. h. choat. 1997. comparison of herbivory in the closely - related marine fish genera girella and kyphosus. mar. biol. 127: 579 - 586 .\ncole, r. g. 2001. patterns of abundance and population size structure of herbivorous fishes at the subtropical kermadec islands and in mainland new zealand. new zealand j. mar. freshwat. res. 35: 445 - 456 .\nedgar, g. j. 2000. australian marine life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. sydney: reed new holland 544 pp. [ revised ]\nedgar, g. j. 2008. australian marine life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. sydney: reed new holland 2, 624 pp .\nfrancis, m. 1993. checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe, norfolk, and kermadec islands, southwest pacific ocean. pacific science 47 (2): 136 - 170 figs 1 - 2\ngomon, m. f. 2008. families monodactylidae, arripidae, kyphosidae, girellidae, microcanthidae, scorpididae. pp. 596 - 607 in gomon. m. f. , bray, d. j. & kuiter, r. h (eds). fishes of australia' s southern coast. sydney: reed new holland 928 pp .\ngomon, m. f. , glover, c. j. m. & kuiter, r. h. (eds) 1994. the fishes of australia' s south coast. adelaide: state printer 992 pp. 810 figs .\ngünther, a. 1886. note on pachymetopon and the australian species of pimelepterus. annals and magazine of natural history 5 18 (36): 367 - 368\nhutchins, j. b. 1994. a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province. records of the western australian museum, supplement 46: 1 - 66 figs 1 - 6\nhutchins, j. b. 2001. biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique. records of the western australian museum 20: 247 - 270 .\nhutchins, j. b. & swainston, r. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. perth: swainston publishing 180 pp .\nhutchins, j. b. & thompson, m. 1983. the marine and estuarine fishes of south - western australia. perth: western australian museum 103 pp. 345 figs .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay. memoirs of the queensland museum 54 (3 )\nkuiter, r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. bathurst: crawford house press 437 pp .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen. sydney, nsw, australia: new holland publishers xvii, 434 pp .\nlast, p. r. , scott, e. o. g. & talbot, f. h. 1983. fishes of tasmania. hobart: tasmanian fisheries development authority 563 pp. figs .\nmoran, d. & k. d. clements. 2002. diet and endogenous carbohydrases in the temperate marine herbivorous fish kyphosus sydneyanus. j. fish biol. 60: 1190 - 1203 .\nrandall, j. e. 2005. reef and shore fishes of the south pacific. new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands. university of hawaii press, honolulu, hawaii. 720 pp .\nsakai, k. 2001. kyphosidae. pp. 3290 - 3296 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds). the living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes. rome: fao vol. 5 2791 - 3379 pp .\nsakai, k. & nakabo, t. 2006. taxonomic reviews of two indo - pacific sea chubs, kyphosus cinerascens (forsskål, 1775) and kyphosus sydneyanus (günther, 1886). ichthyological research 53 (4): 337 - 356 .\nscott, t. d. , glover, c. j. m. & southcott, r. v. 1974. the marine and freshwater fishes of south australia. adelaide: government printer 392 pp. figs .\ntaylor, r. b. & t. j. willis. 1998. relationships amongst length, weight and growth of north - eastern new zealand reef fishes. mar. freshwat. res. 49: 255 - 260 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nkyphosidae (hunchbacks, gk kuphosis = bent) or drummers are coastal reef fishes, found in tropical and warm temperate seas. this family contains about a dozen species, six of which are commonly found in northern nz. they usually feed on encrusting invertebrate communities and algae but blue maomao and sweep feed mainly on plankton. their bodies are thickly built and oval shaped and they have one dorsal fin. they are identified by their heads, body and median fins being covered in small, weakly ctenoid (toothed) scales. jaws have an outer row of fixed incisors with long curved roots but there are no molars .\nkyphosids are an old fish family, its species having diversified: some are plant eaters, others plankton, some feed on encrusting life and there is one that even hunts .\nd xi 12; a ii 10; p i 5; moderate scales .\ndistribution: east coast of the north island to east cape and southern australia. see map\nparore are weed eaters. they live close to the mainland. they are smart. they can change colour. they live in small groups and have a complicated social life. they always seem to smile .\nthe girella with three - tipped teeth. (girella = this fish type) (tri - = three, triple) (cuspidare = pointed, cuspis = spear or three - pronged spear of neptune )\nparore are found in large numbers around northern new zealand, particularly on our ne coasts. most start their lives in estuaries where they can be found in schools of many hundreds. they prefer a diet of soft, thready algae that grow on top of the bigger algae. by removing these, parore provide a cleaning service for these seaweeds. but they have also been seen gobbling plankton shrimps (krill) and feeding on bait. they find their food easy to get so they spend much time socialising and resting. when sleeping, parore congregate in sleeping dens, very sheltered bowls between rocks or inside the deep parts of estuaries. in these dens, each parore has its own bed which it defends against others. when sleeping, parore are nearly black with light squares along its back fin. during the day they are normally seen in pin - striped business suits like on this picture. but they can easily change colour. when completely whitish, they are in a submissive mood, like when being cleaned by little trevally. when dark coloured, they appear to be in an aggressive mood. there is no outward distinction between males and females but in summer they can be found racing around promontories in schools of many hundreds. in that season they can also be found grazing symbolically while courting. some fish are then jet black while others are white, possibly signalling their sexual differences .\nbeing watched by a group of parore is like being surrounded by a bunch of cheeky schoolkids. they play all sorts of games, like\nwho dares to come closest ?\nlet' s go around the diver' s back\n,\nlet' s play hide and seek\n. when observed in aquariums, parore spend much time sorting out who is boss, sometimes creating a lot of unrest and wounding rivals. they also appear to play politics of domination and group support. many elements of behaviour point to it being smarter than most other fish. parore can grow old like the other members of its family but average and maximum age are not known .\nparore like to be cleaned by young trevally and they try to' own' one for themselves, going as far as allowing the little fish to sleep with them. when sleeping, parore lean on the bottom but stay just upright. bottom dwelling fish such as triplefins, come to clean them during the daytime naps .\nschools of adult parore often make deep excursions into tidal estuaries where they nibble at mangrove trees and eelgrass. they also digest mouthfulls of green ooze rich in diatoms. it is suspected that many lay their eggs there. their three - cusped teeth are sharp, forming a shearing edge with which they can tear bits of seaweeds off plants, with a sideways movement of their heads .\n: parore don' t take the bait easily because they are plant eaters and rather smart, but they are easily caught in set nets strung across estuarine tide channels. one can catch a thousand big fish in a single haul. in this manner, parore have effectively been removed from many estuaries. cray fishermen catch parore and other reef fish in their set nets strung across coastal reefs, in order to bait their cray pots. the meat of the parore is soft and bland but the fish is not eaten because of its supposed habit of eating human excrement. since sewage is treated everywhere before being discharged, this myth cannot be true .\nbody elongate, sideways somewhat compressed. mature length 40cm. teeth closely set together as a cutting edge (incisors). teeth having three points, from which its name derived (tricuspidata = three points). females have a dominant flat - topped central cusp, more pronounced than that of males. tail broad, muscular. skin usually light grey with 10 - 12 thin vertical stripes .\n: d xv 12; a iii 12; p i 5; ll 50. size 20 - 40cm. weight 0. 5 - 1. 0 kg .\ndistribution: common on ne coast of nz (250 fish per ha) and also found all around the north island. e coast of australia. see map. parore are much less common around offshore islands, compared with the coast .\nbluefish are found only on some offshore islands. they are big fish with an angry look about them. they are very shy. they change colour .\nthe dark blue girella. (cyan = light blue, gk kyan = light blue )\nthe bluefish is a large fish (9 kg) with an almost rounded body. it is found around our offshore islands in clear water. bluefish socialise in small groups of 3 to 10 fish. bluefish can change colour rapidly from a deep dark blue to black and grey with orange specks. a protrusion above their eyes, gives them an angry look by which they can be identified. males and females look alike. they feed on encrusting animal life rather than plants .\nfishing: bluefish will take a bait readily and run for cover in caves and under large boulders. their flesh is pleasant to eat .\nf041136: a young (6year) bluefish in light blue costume, changing from blue to grey with orange specks .\n: d xv 12; a iii 11; p i 5; moderate scales. size 30 - 75 cm, up to 9kg .\n: bluefish may not breed in nz but juveniles may arrive here by warm currents .\ndistribution: common on kermadec islands, east coast of australia. found on nz offshore islands: poor knights, mayor i, white i. also seen at kapiti i. see map .\nblue maomao have become the darlings of the goat island marine reserve. they are very friendly. they normally school in the currents around headlands. they eat animal plankton .\nthe scorpis with the violet colour. (scorpis =? ?? ?) (viola = violet flower (l) )\nblue maomao (violaceaous = violet coloured) are schooling fish that stay close to the shore. they feed on animal plankton and sometimes nibble lush seaweeds when plankton is in short supply. mature blue maomao are deep blue above and pale white underneath. they have a forked tail. their bodies are sideways flattened which allows them to manoever quickly. with their extendable mouths they snap at plankton shrimps that they can herd together with the entire school. they can make the surface foam, pushing their blue backs out of the water. at night each blue maomao sleeps on its own spot against the rock and its colour changes to become dark green and mottled. sometimes they sleep in groups above the sandy bottom in a sheltered spot. males and females look alike .\nf045426: blue maomao inquisitively thronging to view the photographer. notice the sweep amongst them .\nf023315: snorkeldiver and a resting school of blue maomao, above lessonia seaweed .\nblue maomao spend much time socialising, when the tidal currents fall slack and when food is plentiful. they like to be cleaned by cleanerfish such as trevally, combfish and crimson cleanerfish, also when there is no apparent reason for this. they also like to rub their backs on pebbly bottoms or sharp points protruding from a rock wall. it is part of their social behaviour. when seeing a diver, they never fail to gather around for a good look or to bite at small bubbles .\nwhen young, blue maomao are not blue yet but they are grey with a yellow anal fin. as they grow bigger, they become more blue and their anal fin loses its yellow colour. as mature fish they are very blue indeed. the young fish are found in very shallow water behind boulders and in crevices in the wave zone, often in company of young sweep that look very much alike. around the mainland, blue maomao are much smaller than around offshore islands. it has been observed (jfa) that the coastal schools are threatened by poor water conditions, resulting in short life spans and consequential small size. all big blue maomao disappeared from our offshore islands and coasts around october 1992, after which populations had to rebuild themselves. it appears that blue maomao can grow 10 - 15 years old .\n: blue maomao can easily be hooked on a small hook with bait. their flesh is very tasty and their guts are small, leaving much edible flesh for such a small fish .\n: body oval shaped, laterally compressed. size 20 - 45 cm, 3 kg max. deeply forked tail. small flexible mouths with several rows of fine, close - set teeth in each jaw. schools from 50 to 1000 individuals. colour iridescent deep blue above, light blue to pale white underneath .\n: d ix 27; a ii 25; p i 5; small scales. 20 - 45 cm. weight to 3 kg .\n: the eggs are spawned from september to november and juveniles are found from october to december. eggs are 0. 8mm in diameter and they have a smooth spherical yolk which contains one oil droplet .\ndistribution: kermadec islands, three kings is to cook strait. most abundant on the ne coast of the north island. although blue maomao are occasionally found in australia, they appear to be endemic to nz. see map .\nsweep look very much like blue maomao but they are not as blue. they also stay smaller. they live closer inshore and inside estuaries. they can form large schools .\nthe scorpis with the wide side line. (linea = line, side - line, l) (latus = wide, l )\nsweep look so much like blue maomao that they have for a long time been regarded as a colour variant or subspecies. it has the same fin ray and scale counts. but its life cycle and requirements are different. under water, sweep and blue maomao are often difficult to tell apart. sweep are smaller and they occur in small schools of a few dozen individuals to large schools of a few thousand. they start life in the shallows of the mouths of estuaries and in the wave zone sheltering behind boulders. when very young, sweep have a number of orange spots and dark edges to back and tail fins. they look quite beautiful at this stage. then they become dark grey but without the yellow belly fin of the blue maomao. their bodies will always remain shorter than that of the blue maomao but although usually grey, they can assume a blueish colour as well. males and females are alike. it appears that sweep can stand pollution better than blue maomao .\nsweep in the aquarium have demonstrated the ability to develop a strategy (for catching food). when competing with parore, snapper, spotty and leatherjacket for a few hundred small shrimps, it lines up in a corner of the tank and makes a quick pre - planned zigzag through the tank, turns on a dime and repeats it in the reverse direction. before the other fish, who stay in the middle of the shrimps, have had time to take even 10 percent, the single sweep has taken 90 percent by himself! sweep also show strategy in playing a game of tag together or with other fish .\nhow to distinguish sweep from blue maomao: grey colour; fork of tail fin more u shaped and curved than blue maomao' s v shaped one; fins darker; eyes round, not oval; smaller in size; shorter; more sideways compressed .\nfishing: not normally fished because of its small size, but it tastes fine .\n: sweep is distinguished from blue maomao by having more gill rakers (38 - 45) against blue maomao (26 - 36). body oval shaped and sideways compressed. fin tail deeply forked. the nz sweep has always been assumed to be the same as the australian species (\nfins: d ix 27; a iii 25; p i 5; small scales. size 10 - 25 cm. maximum 35 cm .\n: juveniles settle while about 1cm long, growing rapidly to 15 - 20cm in their first year. juveniles july to october. eggs smooth and spherical 0. 8mm diameter. diet: copepods, mysids, larvae and other zooplankton .\nmado are cute fish. they are found in clear water. they nibble animals from the rocks .\nthe mado (atypi = atypical, nonconforming; ychthis = fish; latus = broad;' atypical broad fish') is indeed the oddball out, with its very flat body, pointed snout and nice colours. mado are silvery white or yellow with yellow fins and tails and 5 - 7 parallel brown - yellow bands running from head to tail. mado graze encrusting animals rather than plants. mado are usually found in small groups of 3 to 20 in dark areas such as archways and the deep reef habitat zone down to about 60m. these places are also rich in encrusting animal life while poor in plant life. although mado may occasionally be encountered along our northern shores, they belong more so to the clear and warm waters of ne nz. it is not known whether mado breed in nz. when young, mado appear to act as cleanerfish, their small pointed mouths being excellent tools for this .\nalthough of a wary nature, mado are also inquisitive and will carefully approach a diver. they may even take food when offered. they are delightful little fish and because they are not very common, are a highlight of a dive .\n: mado is not normally fished. it does not occur in sufficient numbers and won' t take bait easily .\n: body laterally compressed. bright yellow fins. silvery white with five brown - yellow bands running from fore to aft. (identifying feature). snout pointed. the outer row of teeth in each jaw is enlarged, reflecting the mado' s grazing habit of scraping organisms off the rock walls .\n: d xii 15; a iii 15; p i 5; moderate scales. size 15 - 25 cm .\ndistribution: kermadec islands, north cape to cook strait. most common around offshore islands. see map. in australia the name mado is used for atypichthys strigatus (strigatus = streaked), a more slender fish than our mado. in australia atypichthys latus is commonly called eastern footballer. a third similar looking species exists, microcanthus strigatus, or stripey .\n94 kg and 73 kg yellowfin off the rocks and a broken stella 30. 000 !\nif you would like to advertise your business on the fish - on website or you' d like to become a sponsor, contact nick and find out how fish - on can help you today .\n© my fishing place pty. ltd. | disclaimer | privacy | contact us\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* very popular festival entertainer across the state of n. c. and beyond .\nbele chere, tn rivers and spires, durham centerfest, spartanburg spring fling, spring and lazy daze in cary, nc, artisphere in greenville sc. mumfest in new bern, the aurora fossil festival, sneads ferry shrimp festival, centerfest, the 7th inning stretch, greensboro festival of lights, azalea festival, and many more .\nlook all around you when you are on the bottom. fish will often sneak up on you. john dory are particularly good at sneaking up on you from behind. also look up as kingis will often swim around above you." ]

{ "text": [ "the silver drummer ( kyphosus sydneyanus ) , is a species of sea chub native to the pacific ocean from australia to new zealand where it occurs in shallow waters on rocky reefs .", "this species can reach a length of up to 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) tl , and they may weigh up to 1.1 kilograms ( 2.4 lb ) .", "this species is important as a food fish for local indigenous peoples . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0, 15 ] }

[ "the silver drummer (kyphosus sydneyanus), is a species of sea chub native to the pacific ocean from australia to new zealand where it occurs in shallow waters on rocky reefs. this species can reach a length of up to 80 centimetres (31 in) tl, and they may weigh up to 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb). this species is important as a food fish for local indigenous peoples." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define rossia mollicella in a sentence and how is the word rossia mollicella used in a sentence and examples? 用rossia mollicella造句, 用rossia mollicella造句, 用rossia mollicella造句, rossia mollicella meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nrossia mollicella occurs along the western coast of japan from sendai bay (honshu) southwards to shikoku and kyūshū (reid and jereb 2005) .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: rossia mollicella m. sasaki, 1920 - id: 4690350030\n\n' rossia mollicella\n' is a species of bobtail squid native to the western pacific ocean, south from sendai bay, japan .\nepirenal bodies known to be present only in rossia bullisi (boletzky, 1971) .\nspecies of rossia are small (less than 50 mm ml in many species), benthic sepiolids generally found in depths greater than 50m .\nboletzky, s. v. 1971. neorossia, n. g. pro rossia caroli joubin, 1902, with remarks on the generic status of semirossia steenstrup, 1887 (mollusca: cephalopoda). bull. mar. sci. 21: 964 - 969 .\nduring the cruise of the r / v tansei - maru of the ocean research institute, university of tokyo, the second author (ts) collected a hexactinellid sponge with eggs of rossia, from bathyal depth in the sea of enshu - nada in japan, using a 3 m oregon - type beam trawl (34°20. 09′n, 138°00. 70′e–34°19. 53′n, 138°01. 48′e, 563–605. 3 m deep at station en3 - 1 in the cruise kt - 02 - 05 on may 25, 2002). this first observation on the spawning habit of deep - sea rossia is reported in this paper .\nyes, it' s a cephalopod! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history, department of invertebrate zoology! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action. this is a multimedia appendix to published papers, that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles. included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos, arranged as a taxonomic list, only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes. try this, it' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand, 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley, mike vecchione, clyde roper, mike sweeney, and tyler christensen. if you have questions or comments, contact mike vecchione .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe specimen of hexactinellid sponge measured ca. 11 cm in height and ca. 7 cm in diameter. thirteen eggs were deposited in the oscula of the upper globose part of the sponge (arrowheads in fig. 1a, b), but none on the ‘stalk’. each egg is firmly fixed to the sponge surface ...\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species. further research is recommended before an accurate assessment can be made .\nthis species attains a mantle length of up to approximately 36 mm (reid and jereb 2005). members of the subfamily rossiinae are bottom living species that typically bury in soft sediments during the day, and emerge at night to feed (norman 2003). okutani and sasaki (2007) reported that this species lays its eggs in a hexactinellid sponge. this may be a defensive mechanism, or the water currents generated by the filter feeding sponge may increase available oxygen. alternatively, because of the depths at which this species occurs, the sponges may provide the only suitable (hard) substrate for egg laying .\nthis species is of no current interest to fisheries (reid and jereb 2005) .\nbasic research is required on this species to elucidate its distribution, population size and life history characteristics .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na catalog of the type - specimens of recent cephalopoda in the national museum of natural history. smithsonian contributions to zoology, 278\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper / n. a. voss, m. vecchione, r. b. toll and m. j. sweeney, eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods. smithsonian contributions to zoology, 586 (i - ii )\ntaxon validity: [ fide nesis (1987a: 126) ]. repository: nmnh holotype 332833 [ fide roper and sweeney (1978) ]. type locality: off kii province (33 25' 45\nn, 135 33' e), japan\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\noccurs along the western coast of japan from sendai bay (honshu) southwards to shikoku and kysh (reid and jereb 2005) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin: okutani, t. (ed .), marine mollusks in japan. tokai university press, tokyo, 1055 - 1057 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nbeaks: descriptions of representative species can be found here: lower beak; upper beak .\narctic, boreal atlantic and pacific; tropical western atlantic ocean (nesis, 1982 / 1987) .\nnesis, k. n. 1982. abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world' s ocean. 385 + ii pp. light and food industry publishing house, moscow. (in russian .). translated into english by b. s. levitov, ed. by l. a. burgess (1987), cephalopods of the world. t. f. h. publications, neptune city, nj, 351pp .\nvoss, g. l. 1956. review of the cephalopods of the gulf of mexico. bull. mar. sci. gulf carib. 6: 85 - 178 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "rossia mollicella is a species of bobtail squid native to the western pacific ocean , south from sendai bay , japan .", "it occurs on the outer continental shelf and in the upper bathyal zone .", "r. mollicella lives at depths from 729 to 805 m. r. mollicella grows to approximately 36 mm or 40 mm in mantle length .", "the type specimen was collected off wakayama prefecture , japan .", "it is deposited at the national museum of natural history in washington , d.c. . " ], "topic": [ 29, 18, 9, 5, 11 ] }

[ "rossia mollicella is a species of bobtail squid native to the western pacific ocean, south from sendai bay, japan. it occurs on the outer continental shelf and in the upper bathyal zone. r. mollicella lives at depths from 729 to 805 m. r. mollicella grows to approximately 36 mm or 40 mm in mantle length. the type specimen was collected off wakayama prefecture, japan. it is deposited at the national museum of natural history in washington, d.c.." ]

[ "alticola roylei [ royle’s mountain vole ] (= vinogradovi) see: alticola macrotis .\nalticola macrotis [ large - eared mountain vole ] × alticola roylei [ royle’s mountain vole ] chr. drs? bolshakov et al. 1982a .\nmicrotus daghestanicus [ daghestan pine vole ] × microtus majori [ major’s pine vole ] enhr. hpf. con: caucasus mountains. malygin et al. 2000 .\nmicrotus paradoxus [ paradox vole ] (2n = 62) see also: microtus guentheri. × microtus schidlovskii [ schidlovsky’s vole ] chr. hpf (♀♀). drs. golenishchev et al. 2002. × microtus socialis [ social vole ] chr. hpf. con: northwestern iran. hpf (♂ & ♀). golenishchev et al. (2002) report that the karyotypes of these two voles are identical and that hybrids are easily obtained and develop normally .\nmicrotus schidlovskii [ schidlovsky’s vole ] (2n = 60) see also: microtus guentheri, m. paradoxus. × microtus socialis (♂) [ social vole ] chr. con: georgia, armenia. hpf (♀♀). the only obvious difference between the karyotypes of these two voles is that the first (largest) autosome in m. schidlovskii is homologous to two separate chomosomes in m. socialis. golenishchev et al. 2002 .\nmicrotus breweri [ beach vole ] × microtus pennsylvanicus [ meadow vole ] chr. drs. wetherbee et al. 1972 .\nmicrotus carruthersi [ carruther’s vole ] × microtus juldaschi (↔) [ juniper vole ] caenhr (turkestan). hpf (♂ & ♀). due to hybridization, these taxa are sometimes lumped. bolshakov 1969; bolshakov et al. 1982b .\nphaulomys andersoni [ japanese red - backed vole ] × phaulomys smithii [ smith’s vole ] enhr (japan). hpf (♀♀). con: southwestern honshu (kii peninsula), central honshu. acz (andersoni occurs above smithii). iwasa and suzuki 2003 .\nmicrotus levis [ east european vole ] × microtus transcaspicus (♀) [ transcaspian vole ] chr. drs. meyer et al. 1996 .\nmicrotus savii [ savi’s pine vole ] two karyopopulations, brachycercus and savii, usually treated as races of this vole, hybridize in italy. the brachycercus’ sx and y chromosomes are large, savii’ s, of normal size. galleni, tellini et al. (1998) say spermatogenesis is impaired in hybrids. galleni 1995; galleni, stanyon et al. 1998; galleni, tellini et al. 1994, 1998 .\nclethrionomys rutilus [ ruddy vole ] see: clethrionomys centralis; c. glareolus .\nmicrotus californicus [ california vole ] × microtus montanus (♂) [ montane vole ] chr. con: western u. s. (california, oregon). f₁ hybrid has sharp nose and small eyes of montanus, but its tail resembles californicus (dark above, light beneath). hatfield 1935 .\nmicrotus subterraneus [ common pine vole ] see: microtus duodecimcostatus; m. multiplex .\ndicrostonyx richardsoni [ richardson’s collared lemming ] see also: dicrostonyx groenlandicus. × dicrostonyx torquatus [ arctic collared lemming ] chr. drs. hpf. rausch and rausch 1972 .\nphenacomys intermedius [ western heather vole ] × phenacomys ungava [ eastern heather vole ] enhi. hpf (vh). parapatric contact in british columbia. crowe et al. 1943; mcallister and hoffmann 1988 .\nalticola barakshin [ gobi altai mountain vole ] × alticola semicanus (♂) [ mongolian silver vole ] chr. con: southern siberia, mongolia. stubbe et al. (1994) reported three hybrid embryos .\nmicrotus duodecimcostatus [ mediterranean pine vole ] × microtus multiplex (♂) [ alpine pine vole ] con: france? meylan (1972) obtained a hybrid embryo. × microtus subterraneus (♂) [ common pine vole ] con: france? meylan (1972) observed fertilization in this cross, but no hybrid embryos .\nmicrotus pennsylvanicus [ meadow vole ] see: microtus breweri. a vole occurring on block island (rhode island, u. s .) formerly treated as a separate species, m. provectus (block island meadow mouse) was lumped under pennsylvanicus by chamberlain (1954). and yet, wheeler (1952), who obtained hybrids between a pennsylvanicus maleand a provectus female, could not obtain the reciprocal cross .\nmicrotus multiplex [ alpine pine vole ] see also: microtus duodecimcostatus. × microtus subterraneus (↔) [ common pine vole ] chr. con: southern europe. hpf. meylan (1972 produced many hybrids from this cross .\nmicrotus kirgisorum [ tien shan vole ] see also: microtus arvalis. × microtus rossiaemeridionalis (♀) [ sibling vole ] chr. drs. zakian et al. 1991. × microtus transcaspicus (♂) [ transcaspian vole ] nhr. hybrids from turkmenistan have been reported. meier et al. 1981; meyer 1980; zakian et al. 1991 .\nmicrotus socialis [ social vole ] see: microtus guentheri, m. paradoxus; m. schidlovskii. in azerbaijan, hybrids occur between two populations (aristovi, zaitsevi) treated as races of this vole. golenishchev et al. 2002 .\nmicrotus transcaspicus [ transcaspian vole ] see: microtus arvalis; m. kirgisorum; m. lavis; m. rossiaemeridionalis .\nmicrotus kermanensis [ baluchistan vole ] × microtus rossiaemeridionalis [ sibling vole ] chr. con: southwestern asia. hpf (♀♀). these voles differ in morphology, but have identical chromosome counts (2n = 54). internet citations: zin .\nmicrotus mexicanus [ mexican vole ] two populations (mongolensis, navaho), treated as races of this vole, have a narrow hybridize zone in central arizona (bradshaw mountains. and south of prescott). hoffmeister 1986 (map 5. 98 and p. 443) .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nclethrionomys centralis [ tien shan red - backed vole ] × clethrionomys glareolus (↔) [ bank vole ] chr. con: central asia. hpf (♀♀). zimmermann says that in hybrids the reddish brown of c. glareolus is dominant over the reddish gray of c. centralis, but various morphometric traits are intermediate. ognev (p. 62) says the asia minor bank vole (c. g. ponticus) is morphologically intermediate in several respects, but not geographically intermediate, between c. centralis and c. glareolus. kral et al. 1972 (p. 58); ognev 1964; orlov 1968; rauschert 1963 †; zimmermann 1965. × clethrionomys rutilus [ ruddy vole ] chr. con: eastern central asia. kral et al. 1972 (p. 58); orlov 1968 .\nmicrotus rossiaemeridionalis [ sibling vole ] (= epiroticus, subarvalis ] see also: microtus arvalis; m. kermanensis; m. kirgisorum. × microtus transcaspicus (↔) [ transcaspian vole ] chr. hpf (♀♀). drs. meier et al. (1981, p. 300) say this cross is characterized by a high intensity of reproduction, heterosis, and low levels of abnormalities in hybrid oogenesis. zakian et al. 1991 .\nnote: various island populations alstoni (mull, inner hebrides), caesariaus (jersey, channel islands); erica (raasay, inner hebrides), s komerensis (skomer, wales), are now treated as races of clethrionomys glareolus, but were treated as separate species until they were found to hybridize with mainland glareolus under captive conditions. crowcroft and godfrey 1960; godfrey 1957, 1958; grant 1974 (p. 245); steven 1953, 1955 .\narvicola terrestris [ european water vole ] × mesocricetus auratus (♀) [ golden hamster ] mating was observed in captivity, but no hybrids were reported. m. auratus is usually assigned to the subfamily cricetinae (hamsters) of family muridae. petzsch 1953, 1956 .\nclethrionomys glareolus [ bank vole ] see also: clethrionomys centralis, c. gapperi. × clethrionomys rutilus (↔) [ ruddy vole ] caenhr (n scandinavia). hpf (♀♀). in regions adjacent to the range of c. rutilus voles that are phenotypically c. glareolus have c. rutilus mtdna. in captive crosses zimmermann found litter size and birth weight were slightly higher than in either parental type. backcross hybrids of both sexes are partially fertile. boratynski et al. 2011; rauschert 1963 †; spannhof 1959; tegelström 1987; tegelström et al. 1988; zimmermann 1965 .\ndicrostonyx nelsoni [ nelson’s collared lemming ] see also: dicrostonyx exsul. × dicrostonyx rubricatus [ bering collared lemming ] chr. con: northwestern alaska? hpf (♂ & ♀). since male hybrids are known to be partially fertile, it is here presumed that females are also partially fertile. the chromosomes of these lemmings differ with respect to several structural rearrangements which form ring structures during meiosis in the hybrids. though they have often been treated separately, these taxa were lumped by duff and lawson (2004). jarrell and fredga 1993 (p. 52) .\nnote: a population in the northern chukotka peninsula, chrysogaster, was treated as a race of lemmus sibiricus. however, chrysogaster ’s karyotype differs from that of l. sibiricus and is identical to that of l. trimucronatus. for this reason pokrovski et al. say chrysogaster and l. trimucronatus should be treated as conspecific. nowak (1999, vol. 2, p. 1481) includes chrysogaster in l. trimucronatus. hence, crosses listed here involving the taxon l. trimucronatus refer to reports of hybridization involving chrysogaster. jarrell and fredga 1993 (p. 49); pokrovski et al. 1984 .\nellobius tancrei [ zaisan mole - vole ] captive hybridization of chromosomal races of e. tancrei (34 - chromosome race × 54 - chromosome race, and 36 - chromosome race × 54 - chromosome race) produced offspring at reduced rates and the hybrids themselves had reduced fertility. bakloushinskaya and lyapunova 2003; kolomiets et al. 1985; lyapunova and yakimenko 1986; lyapunova et al. 1990 .\nmicrotus agrestis [ field vole ] m. agrestis includes a morphologically cryptic population in southwestern europe that is genetically distinct the recognized type. jaarola suggests that it should be treated as a separate species. jaarola also mentions that another hybrid zone exists where a second genetically distinct population (“lund”) comes into contact with ordinary m. agrestis in southern sweden (skåne and blekinge). internet citations: jaar .\ndicrostonyx exsul [ st. lawrence island collared lemming ] × dicrostonyx groenlandicus [ northern collared lemming ] chr. drs. hpf. though these taxa have often been treated separately, jarrell and fredga (1993, p. 55) say they should be lumped because rausch and rausch (1972) found that they produced partially fertile hybrids in captivity. duff and lawson (2004) lump these taxa. × dicrostonyx nelsoni [ nelson’s collared lemming ] chr. drs. hpf. these taxa were lumped by duff and lawson (2000). rausch and rausch 1972 (p. 381). × dicrostonyx torquatus [ arctic collared lemming ] chr. drs. hpf. rausch and rausch 1972. × dicrostonyx unalascensis [ unalaskan collared lemming ] chr. drs. these taxa were lumped by duff and lawson (2000). rausch and rausch 1972 (p. 375) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: although this species has a relatively restricted range, it tolerates some artificial habitats (e. g. arable land and fruit and vegetable gardens) and is not known to face any major threat, hence is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in northeast to central armenia, extending north into extreme south central georgia and west into turkey. it is separated in altitude from microtus socialis and is found at higher elevations (above 1, 400 m). the distribution map shows the approximate distribution of the species, but this needs verification .\nthis species inhabits xerophytic steppes and meadow - steppes at altitudes 1400 - 1700 m. it is also found in agricultural fields and fruit and vegetable gardens in that altitude range. their burrows are simple .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nare we missing a good definition for microtus? don' t keep it to yourself ...\nnote: the various types of collared lemmings (genus dicrostonyx) resemble each other morphologically, but vary greatly in karyotype. their morphological similarity has led to lumping, their karyotypic variability, to splitting .\nnote: two populations (nelsoni, rubricatus), treated as races of dicrostonyxgroenlandicus, differ in karyotype. their hybrids have meiotic abnormalities (e. g. , chromosome rings) and produce both gametes and progeny at reduced rates. jarrell and fredga 1993 (p. 54) .\ndicrostonyx rubricatus [ bering collared lemming ] see also: dicrostonyx nelsoni. × dicrostonyx unalascensis [ unalaskan collared lemming ] chr. drs. these taxa were lumped by duff and lawson (2000). rausch and rausch 1972 (p. 380) .\ndicrostonyx torquatus [ arctic collared lemming ] see also: dicrostonyx exsul; d. groenlandicus; d. richardsoni. × dicrostonyx vinogradovi [ wrangel collared lemming ] chr. drs. hpf (♀♀). these lemmings are morphologically similar, but their karyotypes differ by at least by 13 chromosomal rearrangements (fusions, fissions and inversions). male f₁ spermatogenesis is arrested in early meiosis. in female f₁ hybrids, ovaries have fewer follicles, more atretic follicles, and accelerated folliculogenesis compared to parental types. because of this acceleration, f₁ female show no reduction in mature follicles and ovulations. there is, however, an increase in prenatal losses in f₂ hybrids. chernayavskij and kozlovskij 1980; gileva et al. 1994 .\ndicrostonyx unalascensis [ unalaskan collared lemming ] see: dicrostonyx exsul; d. rubricatus .\nlemmus amurensis [ amur lemming ] × lemmus lemmus [ norway lemming ] chr. drs. hpf (♂ & ♀). pokrovski et al. 1984 (p. 909). × lemmus sibiricus (↔) [ siberian lemming ] chr. con: northeastern russia? hpf (♂ & ♀). pokrovski et al. 1984 (p. 909). × lemmus trimucronatus (↔) [ brown lemming ] chr. con: northeastern russia? hpf (♀♀). pokrovski et al. 1984 (p. 909) .\nlemmus lemmus [ norway lemming ] see also: lemmus amurensis. × lemmus sibiricus (↔) [ siberian lemming ] chr. con: northwestern eurasia. hpf (♂ & ♀). pokrovski et al. 1984. × lemmus trimucronatus (↔) [ brown lemming ] chr. drs. hpf (♀♀). jarrell and fredga 1993 (p. 49); pokrovski et al. 1984 .\nlemmus sibiricus [ siberian lemming ] see also: lemmus amurensis; l. lemmus. × lemmus trimucronatus [ brown lemming ] chr. con: e russia (n chukotka peninsula). hpf (♀♀). jarrell and fredga 1993 (p. 49); pokrovski et al. 1984 .\nlemmus trimucronatus [ brown lemming ] see: lemmus amurensis; l. lemmus; l. trimucronatus .\nnote: members of the genus microtus show great variability in karyotype, but relatively little in morphology. meylan 1972 .\nnote: two populations (californicus, stephensi) are treated as races of microtus californicus. gill (1980) found that female hybrids between these types are about as fertile as pure type females, but that male hybrids are either sterile or of very low fertility. no sperm was formed and the testicular material was highly abnormal .\nnote: in addition to voles and lemmings, the muskrat (ondatra zibethicus), too, is usually assigned to subfamily arvicolinae .\nondatra zibethicus [ muskrat ] × felis catus (♀) [ domestic cat ] george lyman kittredge (1916 p. 37) writes that in 1716 the new england puritan minister and author cotton mather (1663 - 1728) reported to the royal society that a cat in roxbury, massachusetts had bred with a muskrat and brought forth a numerous litter of kittens, all of which were of a mixed form, some more resembling muskrat, others, cat. in the same article (p. 18), kittredge states that “no historical student would think of denying that cotton mather was one of the best informed americans of his time in scientific matters. ” kittredge (1860 - 1941) was a celebrated professor and scholar of english literature at harvard university .\nwe aim at accuracy & fairness. but please contact us with any suggested corrections .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "schidlovsky 's vole ( microtus schidlovskii ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "it is normally found in northwestern armenia , and was long considered a subspecies of the social vole until relisted as a species by golenishchev in 2002 . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5 ] }

[ "schidlovsky's vole (microtus schidlovskii) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae. it is normally found in northwestern armenia, and was long considered a subspecies of the social vole until relisted as a species by golenishchev in 2002." ]

[ "eupithecia woodgatata is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in arizona, new mexico and california .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia woodgatata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in arizona , new mexico and california .", "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing in august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "eupithecia woodgatata is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in arizona, new mexico and california. the wingspan is about 17 mm. adults have been recorded on wing in august." ]

[ "have a fact about amastra porcus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for amastra porcus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie, r. h. , n. l. evenhuis, c. c. christensen. 1995b. catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands. backhuys publishers: leiden, the netherlands. 248 pp .\nlikely extinct (hawaii biological survey web site http: / hbs. bishopmuseum. org / endangered / ext - snails. html, updated 9 february 1997) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\ncaum, e. l. 1974. check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca. bulletin of the bernice p. bishop museum, honolulu, 56: 1 - 80 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "amastra porcus was a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family amastridae .", "this species was endemic to hawaii . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "amastra porcus was a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family amastridae. this species was endemic to hawaii." ]

[ "clade hypsogastropoda nanopsis is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae. species in the genus nanopsis include: ...\nnomenclature the generic name nanopsis cecalupo & robba, 2010 is invalid because preoccupied by nanopsis henningsmoen, 1954 [ an ...\nnanopsis albovittata (c. b. adams, 1850) - details - encyclopedia of life\nspecies nanopsis albovittata (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as cerithiopsis albovittata (c. b. adams, 1850 )\ncerithiopsis petanii is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae .\nmarshallopsis is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nkrachia is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nclathropsis is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nalipta is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nsynthopsis iohannae is a species of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nmendax is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .\nthe aim of this study was: a) to continue contributing to the knowledge of the hellenic gastropod biodiversity with an updated list for the gastropod species of the studied families from the nw aegean sea, and b) to expand the research effort in other substrates and deeper waters .\ncerithiopsidae are a family of very small and minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the informal group ptenoglossa. gastropods in this family are known as cerithiopsids .\nthe hellenic gastropod biodiversity of the studied families was enriched with 37 new records for the n aegean sea, out of which 16 are new for greece, 14 are new for the eastern mediterranean sea while one (emarginula decorata) is a new alien for the mediterranean sea .\n( of seilinae golikov & starobogatov, 1975) bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\n]. these environmental changes were not followed by extensive faunistic studies and thus their impact on the biodiversity of the area was not assessed. only few and sporadic investigations are referred to the gastropod fauna of the hellenic seas - mainly as a part of faunistic research (e. g. [\n( of aliptinae b. a. marshall, 1978) bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\n( of cerithiopsinae h. adams & a. adams, 1853) bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\nbouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n]. the dispersal of such a benthic organism is attributed to biological (endogenic) and environmental (exogenic) parameters. more specifically, among the biological parameters, the potential migration of a gastropod species in the form of teleplanic larvae could be a result of i) the larvae “escape” degree from the “parent area”, ii) their survival as meroplankton and iii) the chance for reproduction as adults in the new environment [\nthe nw aegean sea has a complex topography, high quality waters, oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions, is connected with estuaries and wetlands, is of high ecological interest, harbours all the types of human activities and yet few researchers work on its marine biodiversity. with this study, the contribution to the knowledge of the hellenic and eastern mediterranean gastropod biodiversity of the studied families is continued, and an expansion of the search in other substrates and deeper waters of the nw aegean sea with emphasis on the minor in size species during the period from october 2008 to january 2014 .\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64. page (s): 53 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis species is known from the caribbean sea, the gulf of mexico and the lesser antilles .\ngofas, s. ; bouchet, p. (2014). cerithiopsis albovittata (c. b. adams, 1850). accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 12 - 07\nwelch j. j. (2010) .\nthe\nisland rule\nand deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence\n. plos one 5 (1): e8776. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0008776 .\nrosenberg, g. , f. moretzsohn, and e. f. garcía. 2009. gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m press, college station, texas\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nstreftaris, n. ; zenetos, a. ; papathanassiou, e. (2005). globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas. oceanogr. mar. biol. ann. rev. 43: 419 - 453\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64 .\ngofas, s. ; bouchet, p. (2014). cerithiopsis lamyi jay & drivas, 2002. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 12 - 07\njay m. & drivas j. (2002). the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda) of réunion island (indian ocean). novapex 3 (1): 1 - 45 .\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64 .\nparatype: kay, e. a. 1979. hawaiian marine shells, bishop museum press. pg. 127, fig. 46 c .\ngofas, s. (2014). joculator granatus kay, 1979. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 12 - 07\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthe n aegean sea comprises a marginal sea that connects the eastern mediterranean basin with the black sea through the dardanelles strait. its north west (nw) area exhibits a complex topography that includes estuarine areas, long gulfs and peninsulas of both shallow and deep, and high quality waters (51 or 13% of the 393 blue flags of greece, 2\n)). the area receives significant loads of riverine nutrients and low - salinity productive waters from the black sea. in the surface of the open sea (around the peninsulas of chalkidiki as well as in the toronaeos gulf), the concentration of chl - a is low (0. 2 μg l\n) rising to eutrophic levels by the estuaries while its values are much higher (0. 4 μg l\nmap of studied area. stations in thermaikos gulf: 1. palioura; 2. paralia of epanomi; 3. cape of epanomi; 4. central thermaikos gulf. stations in chalkidiki: 5. afitos; 6. nea fokaia; 7. nw toronaeos gulf; 8. spalathonisia; 9. tristinika; 10. marathia; 11. toroni; 12. porto koufo; 13. ampelos; 14. central siggitikos gulf; 15. pyrgadikia. the protected by natura 2000 wetland areas (w) as well as the holy mount of monaster life and unique flora in athos peninsula (hm), are also indicated .\n) with its virgin forests and the incredible floristic biodiversity all aided by the monastic life of its inhabitants. in addition, nw aegean comprises one of the main oil tanker and cargo ship traffic routes of the e mediterranean sea [\nafter a long and slow cooling period from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, aegean sea started to warm rapidly. the warming rate over 1992–2008 was several times higher than the estimated global mean warming rate over the same period [\nas a result of this investigation, approximately 150 specimens were collected and 37 species were identified. they are listed within families in table\n. among the identified species, 14 are recognized as new for the gastropods fauna of e mediterranean sea and 16 are referred for the first time to the hellenic fauna, one of which is alien. the alien is\ndeshayes, 1863 was referred from the se africa, reunion islands and red sea and is recorded for the first time from the mediterranean sea. all species with data on their habitat, mode of life and origin are presented in table\nnew record r: greece em: e medit. a: alien in medit .\ncollection station one live individual (16. 55 mm long, 11. 35 mm wide and 7. 80 mm high) was found on a sponge collected from mixed bottom at 120 m depth of station 14 .\ndescription the strong and oval shell has a moderately high profile, a very small slightly coiled apex located at the posterior 1 / 5 and a slightly curved base that makes it rest on its anterior and posterior margins. the sculpture consists of 55–57 alternating strong and weaker radial ribs more or less of equal strength by the posterior margin and interspaces equally wide as the ribs. high co - marginal cords form tubers when passing over the ribs and produce a prominent lattice. wide and rectangular slit reaching 1 / 8 the distance between the anterior margin and the apex. color; yellowish white .\nlooks similar to some native mediteranean species. nevertheless, although it is of a similar oval shape as\nit was found live foraging on a sponge. its known distribution is from se africa [\ncollection station four shells (0. 75–0. 85 mm long and 0. 85–1. 00 mm wide) were found in detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 120 m depth from mixed bottom of station 14 .\n( philippi, 1844) (an inhabitant of the greek seas) but differs from the late in that a) it has proportionally more wide the two carinas of the selenizone, b) it has a more rapidly enlarging and, hence, more compressed spire, c) it has six prominent spiral striae on its upper part of the dome, d) its inner apertural lip does not cover the umbilicus, e) it has a more prominent funiculus by the umbilicus and f) it exhibits an elevation of the spire by the upper outer lip immediately before the onset of the selenizone .\nit lives on muddy - detrital bottoms of the circalittoral zone. the species has a rather wide distribution as it has been referred from angola, morocco (strait of gibraltar), the south coast of france, the west and south coasts of italy and from the bosporus [\ncollection station one shell (0. 60 mm long, 1. 20 mm wide) was found in detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 18 m depth from mixed bottom of station 1 .\ndescription the pearly and uniformly white shell is almost planispiral and with a wide and deep umbilicus. sculpture of 3 spiral cords per whorl visible on the spire, 4 evenly spaced spiral cords on the body whorl plus one on the umbilical wall; axial sculpture of fine, sharp, widely spaced and at equal interspaces axial ribs intersecting with the spiral cords and forming squarish pits. the aperture is circular, continuous and, due to the prominent spiral cords, with a honey comb cell - like periphery. the outer lip is simple .\ncollection station one shell (0. 65 mm long, 0. 65 mm wide) was found in detritus material from mixed bottom of station 15 .\ndescription the shell has over two whorls and a low spire with an ample body whorl. its protoconch consists of nearly one whorl, is nearly 90 μm wide and with a strong sculpture decoration. the first quarter of a whorl of the teleoconch bears a spiral microsculpture of 6–7 spiral cords, narrower than the interspaces, gradually replaced on later whorls by spiral rows of small punctures. umbilical chink narrow, bordered by a sharp and white keel. the aperture is broad and rounded. the protoconch is opaque white. the first quarter of a whorl of the teleoconch is also white and the rest with pink, narrow and sharp lines arranged parallel to the growth lines and opaque white anastomosing lines on a translucent background. the periumbilical area exhibits a wavy contour of alternating pink and white patches .\nbut the late is different in the color pattern and its direction, the shell’s outline and its protoconch lacks the sculptural decoration present in our specimen. moreover the specimen is dissimilar to\ncollection station two juvenile shells (2. 00 mm and 5. 00 mm long, 0. 70 mm and 1. 60 mm wide, respectively) were found in detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 10 m depth from mixed bottom of station 1. one live individual (9. 60 mm long, 0. 30 mm wide) still with its operculum and three shells (7. 10 mm long, 0. 20 mm wide; 11. 15 mm long, 2. 90 mm wide; 14. 00 mm long, 2. 90 mm wide) were trawled trapped in a piece of sponge from 70 m at station 4. one shell (4. 00 mm long, 1. 30 mm wide) was found in detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 30 m depth from mixed bottom of station 15 .\ndescription the shell - shaped tubes (characteristic feature of the family) are small and slender, some with an intact lecithotrophic white protoconch and with a side slit of irregular width. the shell bears very irregular and alternating narrow and wider zones. the general outlook of the shell resembles the tip of a spear. the color is light cream - yellow to light cream - pink still retaining in places a brown periostracum .\ncollection station two live individuals (7. 15 mm and 6. 85 mm in length, 1. 65 mm and 1. 55 mm wide, respectively) and one immature shell (8. 95 mm in length, 1. 95 mm wide) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 70 m depth from mixed bottom of station 4. one shell (8. 80 mm in length, 1. 90 mm wide) was collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 30 m depth from mixed bottom of station 15 .\nis quite similar to other members of the family. it differs from the congeneric\n( montagu, 1803) by being plumper and a bit bigger. it also differs from\nin infralittoral rocky bottoms on sponges. atlantic coast of europe from the basque country to morocco, the canary islands, the azores and the w mediterranean sea [\ncollection station one live individual (5. 50 mm in length, 1. 50 mm wide) was collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 20 m depth from mixed bottom of station 1. one more (second) record by the collector mr. costantinos kontadakis from s greece is discussed in the relevant section .\ndescription the sinistral shell has a high and regularly conical spire. the protoconch is formed by four moderately convex whorls, the first of which is covered with tiny granules and followed by numerous axial ribs interrupted by a single keel up to the beginning of the teleoconch. the late is formed by 10 almost flat whorls separated by a deep suture which is highlighted in relation to the interspaces between the spiral cords. the sculpture consists of spiral cords wider than the interspaces and formed by smooth and rounded pearl - like tubercules which are aligned axially. in the first whorl of the teleoconch there are only two cords, with a third one sandwiched in between them from the fourth whorl and growing rapidly to become of even thickness with the two others. the last whorl is tapered at its base, with an additional granular cord in prolongation of the suture and two more cords between that fourth cord and the siphonal canal. aperture with a simple, somewhat expanded outer lip and a deep notch near the suture. a thick siphonal canal opened only by a narrow slit and forming a conical projection. the shell is pale chestnut in color, with slightly darker the protoconch, the adapical part of the teleoconch and the tip of the siphonal canal and with slightly lighter the pearls of the third cord .\ncollection station two live individuals (6. 80 mm and 5. 00 mm in length, 2. 10 mm and 1. 70 mm wide, respectively) and two shells (8. 00 mm and 5. 00 mm in length, 2. 55 mm and 2. 10 mm wide, respectively) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 40 m depth from mixed bottom of station 2 .\nin infralittoral rocky bottoms on sponges. only known from the strait of gibraltar and southern portugal [\ncollection station one live individual (8. 00 mm in length, 1. 55 mm wide) and a juvenile shell (3. 05 mm in length, 1. 00 mm wide) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 120 m depth from mixed bottom of station 14 and at 30 m from mixed bottom of station 15, respectively. one more (first) record by the collector mr. g. mpazios from s greece is discussed in the relevant section .\ncollection station two shells (6. 90 mm and 6. 45 mm in length, 1. 35 mm and 1. 25 mm wide, respectively) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 70 m depth from mixed bottom of station 4, and three shells (5. 90, 4. 95 and 4. 50 mm long, 1. 15, 0. 95 and 0. 85 mm wide, respectively) also from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 25 m from mixed bottom at station 15 .\ndescription the shell has a high and regularly conical slender spire. the pointed protoconch bears four highly convex whorls with sculpture formed by two prominent and narrow keels positioned in the middle of the whorls and axial ribs crossed by even thinner, slightly prosocline, ones that extend from suture to suture. the teleoconch bears 14 almost straight whorls, with axial ribs and spiral cords forming cross - shaped pearls in their intersection with the ribs. the first three whorls show two cords with a third one appearing gradually under the suture and progressively increasing in thickness to become equivalent in width to the two others by the last whorl. the pearls of the cords are acute and give the sculpture a rough appearance. the last whorl bears at its base a fourth, more or less, smooth cord below the suture and forms a somewhat concave smooth base. the square aperture has a straight columella, a short siphonal canal and a simple outer lip. the shell exhibits an uneven chestnut - brown color, lighter to yellowish in the first whorls of the teleoconch and in some parts of the later whorls .\nin deep rocky bottoms between 80 m and 200 m. atlantic and sw mediterranean [\ncollection station one shell (3. 50 mm in length, 0. 90 mm wide) was collected from biogenic material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 60 m depth from mixed bottom of station 14 .\ncollection station one live individual (3. 50 mm in length, 0. 90 mm wide) and one shell (3. 30 mm in length, 0. 85 mm wide) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 60 m and 120 m depth, respectively, from mixed bottom of station 14 and two shells (4. 15 mm and 3. 40 mm in length, 1. 35 mm and 1. 10 mm wide, respectively) were also collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 20 m depth from mixed bottom of station 1 .\ndescription shell with high and regularly conical spire. the pointed protoconch is formed by five moderately convex whorls decorated with numerous, somewhat curved, fine axial riblets that extend from suture to suture; these riblets are overlaid by an extremely thin and hard to see spiral sculpture. the teleoconch has 8 almost flat whorls with a fairly deep suture. sculpture made up of three spiral cords, slightly wider than the interspaces, with smooth and rounded tubercules that are aligned axially to form ribs. in the first whorl of the teleoconch, the adapical cord (lower one) is much weaker than the two cords above, then increases in thickness but only in the last whorl it becomes as thick as those two. the last whorl exhibits an additional smooth cord in prolongation of the suture and a smooth concave area between that cord and the short siphonal canal. light brown to medium - brown color all over the shell including its protoconch .\ncollection station one live individual (1. 75 mm in length, 0. 70 mm wide) and a shell (1. 45 mm in length, 0. 60 mm wide) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 70 m depth from mixed bottom of station 4 .\ndescription shell with cirtoconoid “obese” spire. protoconch ivory - white, styliform, with four moderately convex whorls bearing flexural axial ribs. teleoconch with five whorls and a deep suture. sculpture consisting of tree spiral cords, only two in the first whorl of the teleoconch with a third one formed below the suture and increasing in width in the following whorls. the last whorl which narrows towards its base bears a wrinkled cord as a continuation of the suture and an additional very prominent and also wrinkled one before the siphonal canal. the outer lip of the aperture is simple, fragile and white in contrast to the rest of the teleoconch which is of bright red - brown color .\nin infralittoral rocky bottoms, presumably on sponges. atlantic and mediterranean sea but only known from a few locations of its western basin [\ncollection station one live individual (4. 05 mm in length, 1. 25 mm wide) was collected from detritus material trawled at 100 m depth from mixed bottom of station 4, and one shell (3. 35 mm in length, 1. 05 mm wide) was collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 50 m depth from mixed bottom of station 15 .\ndescription shell with a cirtoconoid spire. the protoconch consists of four slightly convex whorls that form a blunt apex. just below its suture there is a series of tiny elongated nodules while just over it there is an additional series of nodules forming a very thin cord. the three adapical whorls form a weak carina at their lower part. the teleoconch consists of seven slightly convex whorls. the sculpture is made up of three spiral cords and two more in the last whorl bellow the suture. the upper cord on the spire is weaker than the medium cord and stuck to it, gradually increasing in width and distancing away until by the last whorl it becomes the wider cord. the last whorl narrows at its base, with an extra grainy cord in prolongation of the suture and another one between that and the siphonal canal. the aperture bears a simple, fragile and white outer lip. light brown color on the protoconch, cinnamon - brown on the spire with brighter the pearls and the additional cords of the base .\ncollection station two live individuals (4. 05 mm and 4. 00 mm in length, 1. 15 mm and 1. 10 mm wide, respectively) were collected from detritus material trawled at 100 m depth from mixed bottom of station 4 .\ncollection station three live individuals (4. 35 mm to 3. 00 mm in length, 1. 45 mm to 1. 00 mm wide) and 3 shells (4. 00 mm to 2. 50 mm in length, 1. 35 mm to 0. 90 mm wide) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 25 m depth from mixed bottom of station 1. two shells (3. 45 and 2. 10 mm in length, 1. 15 and 0. 70 mm wide, respectively) were collected from detritus material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 30 m depth from mixed bottom of station 15 .\noriginated from the indian ocean is recorded in the mediterranean sea thus enriching significanty (20 %) the members of the family fissurellidae in greece. five genera of different families are new for the hellenic fauna (see table\n] for the first time from the s aegean sea and sporades in coordinates of ~ 36° n, 27° e (most probably he means south sporades - the old name of the dodecanese - because the coordinates of the name that he uses “sporades” are ~ 39° n, 24° e and is located in the n aegean sea). the finding of the newly described minute species of\n] and the lack of useful tools for identification, such as publications with full descriptions and comparisons of the species, and the shortage of detailed and high quality images .\nspecimen during this study, three more live individuals and a shell (7. 75 to 5. 05 mm in length, 2. 30 to 1. 50 mm wide) (figure\na) were collected by the collector constantinos kontadakis from biogenic material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 60–100 m depth from mixed bottom of central saronikos gulf (s greece). the specimen of\nof this study was collected one month later (26 june 2013) after (26 may 2013) the collector george mpazios collected one shell (8. 90 mm in length, 1. 95 mm wide) (figure\nb) from biogenic material trapped in small scale fishing nets at 80–120 m depth from mixed bottom of sw saronikos gulf by epidaurus (37° 38. 000’ n, 23° 11. 500’ e). the almost simultaneous findings of\nboth from n and s greece indicates that i) they are wider distributed in the hellenic seas and the eastern mediterranean sea, ii) independent searches from the same type of substrates (e. g. biogenic bottom) and direct sampling might bring to light more species that could otherwise be lost during the fishing procedure and handling and iii) the potential source of information on biodiversity issues through the use of appropriate fora) .\n]. as far as the environment itself is concerned, the parameters include human activities and their effects on the dispersal of the larvae (directly by means of currents and ships and indirectly by means of aquacultures) and the juveniles / adults ratio (directly by means of aquacultures and indirectly by means of transportation as epibenthic / epibionts). nevertheless, the climate changes in the mediterranean sea and the almost 1000 different alien species recorded by 2012 [\n] have particularly changed the biodiversity during the last two or three decades having as a result the publication of numerous articles in which the reasons for occurrence of aliens in the mediterranean sea, the frequency of the records, the vectors and the distribution pathways have been extensively discussed (e. g. [\nmore than half (54 %) of the marine alien species in the mediterranean have, most probably, entered the area through “corridors” such as - and mainly - the suez canal. shipping is directly connected with the introduction of only 12 species, whereas it is indirectly assumed as being the most probable way for the introduction (via ballasts or fouling) of another 300 species [\nrecorded from siggitikos gulf indicate that its possible vector is the sea currents rather than the limited navigation in that area. suez canal is one of the most significant hot points for alien dispersal to the east and the west [\n] corridor along the e aegean seems to be a rather secondary one for the molluscs of deeper waters, as the main currents move parallel and along the western coasts of the hellenic islands of the e aegean sea. as these currents approach the dardanelles and due to the black sea sw currents of lower salinity waters, they turn west, continue towards the nw aegean in a pathway of the same higher salinity than that of the ne aegean sea, pass south of the chalkidiki peninsulas branch and enter siggitikos and toronaeos gulfs and subsequently thermaikos gulf (figure\nthe pink arrows represent the currents probably responsible for the expansion of the lessepsian molluscs and the blue thinning zone shows the probable pathway of that expansion from the suez canal towards north up to the nw aegean sea. heavy ink arrows indicate the main pathway and the light ones a secondary pathway. reconstructed map for the currents according to robinson\nthe work continues on other molluscan families and expands in more areas while collaborations between researchers and collectors could effectively improve the marine biodiversity profiles of the hellenic seas .\nthirty seven species, the majority of which is of minute size, belonging to seven families (cerithiopsidae, fissurellidae, phasianellidae, scissurellidae, siliquariidae, skeneidae, and triphoridae) were identified. among those, one (\ndeshayes, 1863) is a new alien for the mediterranean sea, 14 are new for the eastern mediterranean sea and 16 are new for the hellenic fauna with the two above mentioned alien species included. the new findings are attributed both to the sampling methods employed and the under - or unsearched marine environments as far as different types of substrates and depths are concerned. based on the new findings of this study, the pathway of alien species distribution to the n and nw aegean sea [\ninformation from specific web sites was also taken into account (30 june 2014). more specifically, for the species nomenclature update, besides the marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning eu network of excellence (marbef) [\n] were used for the alien species status in the hellenic and mediterranean seas .\nthe specimens are deposited in the premises of the alexander technological educational institute of thessaloniki and those of dr. t. manousis. scientists are welcome to have access to the biological material at will .\nthe authors are grateful to the two anonymous referees for their usefull contribution to improve the publication. they are also honored by mr. constantinos kontadakis and mr. george mpazios entrusting to them the images and relevant information of their obesula marisnostri and strobiligera flammulata shells .\ntm conceived the idea of the study, collected sea - bottom material by diving, searched for molluscs, participated in the identification of the species, processed the images and participated in the study’s design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. sg - m collected biogenic sea - bottom material, searched for molluscs, participated in the identification of the species, designed figures and participated in the study’s design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript, supported with the bibliography sources and is the corresponding author. both authors read and approved the final manuscript .\ninter - annual productivity variability in the north aegean sea: influence of thermohaline circulation during the eastern mediterranean transient .\nliving mollusca of the gulf of thessaloniki and their contribution in stromatography. phd thesis\nprosobranch mollusc fauna of the aegean sea: new information, checklist, distribution .\nnew findings of gastropods in the hellenic seas with emphasis on their origin and distribution status .\nthe bivalvia mollusca of thessaloniki and thermaikos gulfs (north aegean sea, greece) with emphasis on new species for hellenic waters .\ncheck - list of marine species from greece. aristotle university of thessaloniki. assembled in the framework of the eu fp7 pesi project\nalien species in the mediterranean sea by 2012. a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive (msfd). part 2. introduction trends and pathways .\nlong - distance dispersal by planktonic larvae of shoal - water benthic invertebrates among central pacific islands .\nthe influx of red sea biota into mediterranean by way of the suez canal .\nmaritime traffic effects on biodiversity in the mediterranean sea: review of impacts, priority areas and mitigation measures .\n. edited by: abdulla a, linden o. malaga, spain: iucn centre for mediterranean cooperation; 2008: 160–168 .\nglobal climate change amplifies the entry of tropical species into the eastern mediterranean sea .\nevolution of the entrance rate and of the spatio - temporal distribution of lessepsian mollusca in the mediterranean sea .\n. edited by: steele jh, turekian kk, thorpe sa. london: academic press; 2001: 1689–1706 .\nhydrography of the eastern part of the aegean sea during the eastern mediterranean transient (emt) .\nsurface geostrophic circulation of the mediterranean sea derived from drifter and satellite altimeter data .\nseasonal variations and structure of the molluscan assemblage in the canakkale strait (turkey) .\nhouart, 2008 (gastropoda, mollusca), a recent alien species in the mediterranean .\nclosing the gap: cerithium scabridum philippi, 1848 found in the south aegean (greece, mediterranean sea) .\naquatic alien species in greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nworms - world register of marine species - cerithiopsidae h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nsubfamily aliptinae b. a. marshall, 1978 represented as cerithiopsidae h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nsubfamily cerithiopsinae h. adams & a. adams, 1853 represented as cerithiopsidae h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nsubfamily seilinae golikov & starobogatov, 1975 represented as cerithiopsidae h. adams & a. adams, 1853\ngenus cinctella monterosato, 1884 accepted as seila a. adams, 1861 (synonym )\ngenus hebeseila finlay, 1926 accepted as seila (hebeseila) finlay, 1926 represented as seila a. adams, 1861\ngenus lyroseila finlay, 1928 accepted as seila (lyroseila) finlay, 1928 represented as seila a. adams, 1861\ngenus notoseila finlay, 1926 accepted as seila (notoseila) finlay, 1926 represented as seila a. adams, 1861\ncecalupo a. & perugia i. (2012) family cerithiopsidae h. adams & a. adams, 1853 in the central philippines (caenogastropoda: triphoroidea). quaderni della civica stazione idrobiologica di milano 30: 1 - 262. [ stated date :\ndecember 2011\n; published january 2012 ] [ details ]\nmarshall b. (1978). cerithiopsidae of new zealand, and a provisional classification of the family. new zealand journal of zoology 5 (1): 47 - 120. , available online at urltoken; = pa47 [ details ]\nthese tiny snails have shells that are very high - spired and consist of multiple whorls." ]

{ "text": [ "nanopsis is a genus of very small sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .", "this genus is no longer accepted as the name is preoccupied by nanopsis freytag , 1974 ( an insect of order homoptera )" ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "nanopsis is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae. this genus is no longer accepted as the name is preoccupied by nanopsis freytag, 1974 (an insect of order homoptera )" ]

[ "4. cossus cossus dauricus yakovlev, 2007 (russ. transbaicalien, tschita geb. , nizhnij tsasutchej )\n12. cossus siniaevi yakovlev, 2004 (china, shaanxi prov, tai bai shan mts. , tsiling mts. , houzhenzi )\nhome address: ul. chkalova, 57 - 81, barnaul 656049, russia e - email: cossus _ cossus @ urltoken i was born 30. 11. 1974 in barnaul, altaiskij krai, russia in 1974 in a family of medical doctors. since my childhood myinterest has been orientated to animals, especially insecta. i attended primary and secondary school in barnaul and graduated in 1996 at the altai state medical university, studying child psychiatry and neurophysiology. during my studies at university i took part in a great number of expeditions to altai, sayan mountains, kazakhstan andrussian far east. after my degree in medicine, i worked as a child neurophysiologist and as a volunteer of the altai state university (zoological museum )\nabb. 2. i in the central peru (janin prov. , shima village, jan. 2001 )\nabb. 3. complex entomology - botany expedition: prof. v. anikin (coleophoridae), dr. d. belkin (botanist), dr. r. yakovlev (diurna, cossidae), dr. elena guskova (chrysomelidae), alexander shalimov (botanist) in the russian altai (kosh - agach distr. , near kuray village) .\nabb. 4. sw mongolia, dzhungarien gobi, uvkhod - ula mts. , july 2007\nabb. 5. in the tamarix jungle (s. mongolia, near alag - nuur lake, july 2007) .\nabb. 7. yak flies as butterfly (russia, altai, ukok plateau) .\nabb. 8. russia, altai, ukok plateau (border of 4 countries: russia, kazakhstan, china and mongolia) .\nmore than 50 new species for fauna of russia and mongolia4 new genera and 7 new species of cossidae, 7 new species and 21 new subspecies of diurna, 1 new species of notodontidae. publication (as coauthor) of 2 faunistic monographs about lepidopterofauna of altai - sayan mountains and mongolia .\n3. lakshmia hauensteini yakovlev, 2004 (north thailand, prov. chiang mai, 450 m, mok fa garden resort, 98âş48’ e; 19âş06’ n )\n19. paracossus khmer yakovlev, 2004 (s cambodia, sre klong env. , kirirom )\n20. paracossus microgenitalis yakovlev, 2004 (s borneo, sabah prov. , trus madi bei, apin apin )\n23. garuda galina yakovlev, 2004 (china, yunnan prov. (ne), jinsha river, tiger leping gorge )\n25. butaya gracilis yakovlev, 2004 (china, w yunnan prov. xishuangbanna dai auton. pref. , puwen, 30 km ssw of simao )\n26. trismelasmos robinson yakovlev, 2004 (philippines, leyte (s), mt. balocaue )\n27. panau borealis yakovlev, 2004 (china, w - yunnan prov. , xishuangbanna dai auton. pref. , puwen, 30 km ssw simao )\n29. catopta perunovi yakovlev, 2007 (russia, altai rep. , near ongudai )\n30. catopta saldaitisi yakovlev, 2007 (s. mongolia, omnogovi aimak, govi altay mts. , gurvan sayhan )\n37. semagystia kamelini yakovlev, 2004 (s altai, narym mts. )\n71. paracossus rama yakovlev, sp. n. (tl: n. thailand )\n75. sundacossus gauguini yakovlev, 2008 (tl: indonesia, sumba isl. )\n86. luzoniella meyi yakovlev sp. n. (tl: the philippines, luzon )\n94. phragmataecia pacifica yakovlev, 2007 (tl: russia, dagestan, 5 km e. urma )\n96. stygia nilssoni saldaitis et yakovlev, 2008 (tl: canary isl. )\n27. colias mongola ukokana korb et yakovlev, 1999 (se altai) =? c. mongola mongola\n5. meharia yakovlevi saldaitis et ivinskis, 2009 (sokotra isl .) (lepidoptera, cossidae )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84" ]

{ "text": [ "cossus hoenei is a moth in the cossidae family .", "it is found in china ( shaanxi ) .", "the length of the forewings is about 22 mm .", "the forewings are grey-brown with a wavy pattern and a small light-grey field in the discal area .", "the hindwings are grey with a reticulate pattern . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cossus hoenei is a moth in the cossidae family. it is found in china (shaanxi). the length of the forewings is about 22 mm. the forewings are grey-brown with a wavy pattern and a small light-grey field in the discal area. the hindwings are grey with a reticulate pattern." ]

[ "timurlengia was about the size of a horse and could weigh up to 250kg .\nhorse - sized primitive tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica from the middle cretaceous of uzbekistan. todd marshall\nin the meantime, all paleontologists knows for sure is that timurlengia was no sensory slouch .\nthe braincase of timurlengia and data from the ct scan showing brain and inner ear shape .\ntimurlengia euotica is described in a paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nbut key features of timurlengia' s skull reveal its brain and senses were already highly developed, the team said .\na new dinosaur cousin of t. rex – named timurlengia euotica — has been found in the kyzylkum desert, northern uzbekistan .\nposition of dzharakuduk (marked by red star) on a map of uzbekistan where the fossilized remains of timurlengia eutica were discovered .\na fossilized tooth of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica from the late cretaceous period that was found in the kyzylkum desert, uzbekistan .\nhorse - sized primitive tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica from the middle cretaceous (ca. 90 million to 92 million years ago) of uzbekistan .\ntimurlengia, named after the 14th - century central asian ruler timurleng, is a tyrannosaur but not the ancestor of the t. rex .\ntimurlengia was about the size of a horse and could weigh up to 600 pounds. it had long legs and was likely a fast runner .\ndespite the size differences between timurlengia and t. rex, the new specimen has some of its later cousin' s more distinct features. some of the same structures seen inside t. rex skulls thought to give the massive predator heightened senses appeared in the timurlengia specimens unearthed in uzbekistan .\nmany questions remain, though. did timurlengia have three claws like older tyrannosaurs, for instance, or only two like the bigger, advanced forms ?\nmontagne: when brusatte first saw the timurlengia' s head, he was with another researcher, one of his co - authors, in russia .\nlife reconstruction of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica in its environment 90 million years ago. it is accompanied by two flying reptiles (azhdarcho longicollis) .\nsounds like a good plan, especially considering how much space and food a dragon needs when compared to a timurlengia. only use in dire circumstances !\ndinosauria owen, 1842; theropoda marsh, 1881; coelurosauria huene, 1914; tyrannosauroidea osborn, 1905; timurlengia euotica gen. et sp. nov .\nthe fossil hunters did not find a full skeleton. rather, they just have scraps of timurlengia — remnants of many animals scattered in the bone beds .\ntimurlengia—the elusive missing link in tyrannosaur evolution. new tyrannosaur from the mid - cretaceous of uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs\nprofessor hans sues, of the museum, said :\ntimurlengia was a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat .\n“clues from the life of timurlengia euotica allow us to fill in gaps and better understand the life and evolution of other related dinosaurs, like t. rex. ”\ntimurlengia—the elusive missing link in tyrannosaur evolution. new tyrannosaur from the mid - cretaceous of uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs: science\nmeet timurlengia euotica, a horse - sized tyrannosaur that lived about 90 million years ago when uzbekistan was a sweltering maze of forests and rivers bordering a vast inland sea .\nhorse - sized primitive tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica from the middle cretaceous (ca. 90 million to 92 million years ago) of uzbekistan. image courtesy of todd marshall hide caption\nthe fossils indicate that timurlengia was a horse - sized (250kg) theropod dinosaur and indicate how tyrannosaurus and its fellow tyrannosaurids evolved into top predators. timurlengia was likely a pursuit hunter with blade - like teeth for slicing through meat, based on its skeletal remains. the species is not be believed to be a direct ancestor of tyrannosaurus .\nhorse - sized primitive tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica lived in the middle cretaceous (ca. 90 - 92 million years ago) of uzbekistan. (image courtesy of todd marshall )\nnow, the newly discovered species - - named timurlengia euotica, which lived about 90 million years ago in today' s uzbekistan, seemed to help solve the mystery .\nlife reconstruction of the new tyrannosaur “timurlengia euotica” in its environment 90 millionyears ago. it is accompanied by two flying reptiles, “azhdarcho longicollis”. (original painting by todd marshall )\ntimurlengia euotica lived during the cretaceous period, approximately 90 million years ago, according to an international team of paleontologists led by dr. steve brusatte from the university of edinburgh, uk .\nthe small size of timurlengia euotica some 80 million years after tyrannosaurs first appeared in the fossil record indicates that the huge size developed only toward the end of the group’s long evolutionary history .\nthe smithsonian’s national museum of natural history revealed a newly - discovered dinosaur species monday. the timurlengia euotica, a member of the tyrannosaur family, was about the size of a horse .\nfamily tree showing the interrelationships of most known species of tyrannosaurs. geological stages and ages (in million years) at the bottom. the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica is highlighted in red .\n“ timurlengia euotica ’s skull was much smaller than that of t. rex, indicating that it did not grow to the same enormous size, ” dr. brusatte and his colleagues said .\nscientists said the newly - discovered species, named timurlengia euotica, lived about 90 million years ago and the remains fill a 20 - million - year gap in the fossil record of tyrannosaurs .\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame .\nthe species’ skull was much smaller than that of t. rex. however, key features of timurlengia ’s skull reveal that its brain and senses were already highly developed, the team says .\nlike pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, we have various bits of timurlengia’s skeleton, including part of the snout and jaws, some teeth, various vertebrae of the neck, back and tail, and fragments of the hands and feet. these bones tell us that timurlengia was about 3 - 4 meters long and weighed about 170 - 270 kilograms, roughly the size of a big horse .\nthis is a life reconstruction of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica in its environment 90 million years ago. it is accompanied by two flying reptiles (azhdarcho longicollis). the fossilized remains of a new horse - sized dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, reveal how tyrannosaurus rex and its close relatives became top predators, according to a new study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\ntimurlengia, in reference to the fourteenth - century central asian ruler timurleng (english: tamerlane), and euotica, meaning “well - eared” in reference to the large inner ear of the holotype .\ntimurlengia was about the size of a horse and could weigh up to 250kg. it had long legs and a skull studded with sharp teeth, and was likely a fast runner, researchers added .\ntyrannosaurs may be iconic dinosaurs but there is much about their long history that we still do not understand. timurlengia along with future fossil finds will help to shed more light on this palaeontological puzzle .\nlife reconstruction of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica in its environment 90 million years ago. it is accompanied by two flying reptiles (azhdarcho longicollis). the fossilized remains of a new horse - sized dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, reveal how tyrannosaurus rex and its close relatives became top predators, according to a new study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. painting by todd marshall\ntyrannosaurus rex tooth (left) rests next to an actual tooth of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica from the late cretaceous period that was found in the kyzylkum desert, uzbekistan. photo by nsikan akpan\nas the first tyrannosaur from the middle cretaceous gap, timurlengia served as a bridge between the small species that started the tyrannosaur dynasty and the iconic giant predators that ruled near the end of the cretaceous. timurlengia showed that tyrannosaurs became smart before their dramatic increase in size, and it may have been their keen intelligence and senses that allowed them to become the most - spectacular predators in earth’s history .\n“ timurlengia is truly a curveball, ” says thomas carr of carthage college, who wasn’t involved with the study. “i had to readjust the way i thought about tyrannosaurs. it’s a weirdo. ”\ndr. hans sues, the chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian national museum of natural history, introduced the new species, timurlengia euotica, to the public for the first time monday .\nthe species' skull was much smaller than that of t. rex. however, key features of timurlengia' s skull reveal that its brain and senses were already highly developed, the team says .\ntimurlengia was about the size of a horse, and could weigh up to 250kg. it had long legs and a skull studded with sharp teeth, and was likely a fast runner, researchers said .\n“ timurlengia euotica was a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat, ” said team member dr. hans sues, from the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history .\nin this reconstruction of timurlengia euotica, the fossils are mapped out with locations on the animal. image credit: stephen l. brusatte et al. , doi: 10. 1073 / pnas. 1600140113 .\ntimurlengia — named for the 14th century conqueror tamerlane — lived about 90 million years ago. the scientists describe it as a forerunner, or remote cousin, of t. rex rather than a direct ancestor .\nfield camp of the uzbek - russian - british - american - canadian expedition at dzharakuduk in the kyzylkum desert of uzbekistan. the fossils of timurlengia eutica were found about midway along the cliffs in the background .\nresearchers have discovered a new tyrannosaur species, timurlengia euotica. and the 90 - million - year - old fossils fill in a gap in the evolutionary history of tyrannosaurs, including the famous t. rex .\na reconstruction of timurlengia euotica, named for the charismatic central asian ruler tamerlane, shows the species’ long, slender legs, large head and teeth built sharp like a steak knife. image credit: todd marshall .\nbut timurlengia' s hearing structure isn' t a perfect match for t. rex' s, dr. witmer points out. sinuses in the middle ear aren' t quite as specialized as those in the later dinosaur' s head .\nit really is transitional, or intermediate between earlier tyrannosaurs and other dinosaurs, and these really specialized late cretaceous dinosaurs like t. rex itself ,\nhe says of timurlengia .\n“the ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia euotica, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame, ” dr. brusatte said .\nthe specimen of timurlengia shows that tyrannosaurs likely developed their advanced head first, as evidenced by hans - dieter sues, one of the fossil' s describers. timurlengia’s skull, though much smaller than that of tyrannosaurus, shows a sophisticated brain that would have led to keen eyesight, smell and hearing. at the time tyrannosaurs were developing acute senses and cognitive abilities, other large meat - eating dinosaurs such as carnosaurs were disappearing from the environment or dying out, creating a vacant niche, allowing tyrannosaurs to become apex predators. timurlengia' s small size also indicates that tyrannosaurs only evolved their large size in the last 20 million years of their evolution .\n“this fossil shows that tyrannosaurs developed their advanced head first. timurlengia’s skull, though much smaller than that of t. rex, shows a sophisticated brain that would have led to keen eyesight, smell and hearing. ”\nother bones found at the uzbek site belonged to raptors, a smattering of primitive mammals, and flying reptiles called pterosaurs. large plant - eating, duck - billed dinosaurs lived among them and likely constituted dinner for timurlengia .\npaleontologists have announced a new species of tyrannosaur, timurlengia euotica, which fills in a 20 million - year gap in the tyrannosaur fossil record. the new species is a' cousin' of the fearsome t. rex .\nanalyses into its evolutionary relationships revealed that timurlengia euotica occupies an intermediate position in the family tree between the oldest, smallest tyrannosauroids and the largest, last - surviving tyrannosaurids. while timurlengia is just one data point from a\nstill murky interval in dinosaur history ,\nit suggests that enormous size developed rapidly during the latest cretaceous. the success of tyrannosaurus and its close kin was likely enabled by innovations that first evolved at a far smaller body size .\nthe timurlengia euotica, a new species of dinosaur just announced by researchers, is being called a\nmissing link\nin the evolution of the tyrannosaurus rex. (gillian brockell / the washington post / painting / tim marshall )\nreconstructed skeleton of timurlengia euotica with discovered fossilized bones, highlighted in red, and other bones remaining to be discovered inferred from other related species of tyrannosaurs in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 cm. the fossilized remains of a new horse - sized dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, reveal how tyrannosaurus rex and its close relatives became top predators, according to a new study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nlife reconstruction of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica in its environment 90 million years ago. the fossilized remains of the newly discovered horse - sized dinosaur reveal how tyrannosaurus rex and its close relatives became top predators, according to research .\nwe first ran an analysis in which only the holotypic braincase was used to score timurlengia, which resulted in 99, 999 most parsimonious trees (the memory limit of the program; individual trees: length = 3, 364, consistency index = 0. 322, retention index = 0. 777). the strict consensus places timurlengia as an intermediate - grade tyrannosauroid, nested between the basal proceratosaurids and the derived large - bodied tyrannosaurids (fig. s5 a). we then undertook a second analysis in which timurlengia was scored based only on the series of referred specimens described by averianov and sues (9). this produced 99, 999 most parsimonious trees (length = 3, 364, consistency index = 0. 322, retention index = 0. 777), the strict consensus of which (fig. s5 b) recovered timurlengia and xiongguanlong as a sister - taxon pair of intermediate - grade tyrannosauroids. finally, we ran a third analysis in which timurlengia was scored based on the holotypic braincase and all additional material described by averianov and sues (9). this produced 99, 999 most parsimonious trees (length = 3, 367, consistency index = 0. 322, retention index = 0. 777), the strict consensus of which (fig. 3) places timurlengia as an intermediate tyrannosauroid, immediately outside the clade of xiongguanlong and tyrannosaurids .\n“ timurlengia answers the question of how later tyrannosaurs gain the advantages of size and acute senses, ” sues says. “this new fossil shows a complex inner ear and nerves that fit with what we know about t. rex. ”\nreconstructed skeleton of “timurlengia euotica” with discovered fossilized bones, highlighted in red, and other bones remaining to be discovered inferred from other related species of tyrannosaurs in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 cm .\nthe newly named creature, timurlengia euotica, sheds light on how a family of dinosaurs called tyrannosaurs advanced from being small predators to clever giants at the top of the food chain - - within the span of about 70 million years .\nthe newly described species, timurlengia euotica, is an oddball. the horse - sized dinosaur resembles earlier, smaller tyrannosaurs. yet its large brain and advanced ears—their outlines preserved in a skull fragment—mirror those of later tyrannosaurs like t. rex .\nthe newly discovered dinosaur called timurlengia euotica — which the scientists said is 90 million to 92 million years old — is horse - sized, compared to cretaceous tyrannosaurids, which could reach more than 10 meters long and weigh more than 5 tons .\nreconstructed skeleton of timurlengia euotica with discovered fossilized bones, highlighted in red, and other bones remaining to be discovered inferred from other related species of tyrannosaurs in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 cm. the fossilized\n“ timurlengia was a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat, ” said hans sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history. “it probably preyed on the various large plant - eaters, especially early duck - billed dinosaurs, which shared its world. clues from the life of timurlengia allow us to fill in gaps and better understand the life and evolution of other related dinosaurs, like t. rex. ”\nnewly discovered dinosaur helps explain rise of tyrannosaurs: the two - way the horse - sized timurlengia euotica provides a glimpse into a 20 million - year gap in fossil records, when tyrannosaurs evolved from\nmarginal hunters\nto\napex predators .\n“this fossil shows that tyrannosaurs developed their advanced head first, ” sues says. “ timurlengia ’s skull, though much smaller than that of t. rex, shows a sophisticated brain that would have led to keen eyesight, smell and hearing. ”\na newly named tyrannosaur, timurlengia euotica, is depicted in this painting by todd marshall. fossils from the horse - sized dinosaur were discovered in uzbekistan between 1997 and 2006, and their study helped to reveal how the tyrannosaur became a top predator .\nayup! although a dragon is quite the tempting mount, i think i shall save it for when i' m needed in battle against dark lords or gods hell bent on world destruction. for normal rabble rousing warlords a timurlengia shall do nicely .\nthe picture above shows a tyrannosaur family tree, the position of timurlengia euotica is outlined in red. this dinosaur’s phylogenetic relationship with earlier and the later much larger tyrannosaurids is outlined, along with the location of fossil discoveries and a geological time scale .\ntimurlengia was a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat ,\nsaid hans sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history .\nit probably preyed on the various large plant - eaters, especially early duck - billed dinosaurs, which shared its world. clues from the life of timurlengia allow us to fill in gaps and better understand the life and evolution of other related dinosaurs, like t. rex .\nas few dinosaur fossils are known from 90 million - year - old rocks, we hoped to find fossils that would tell us something about dinosaur evolution at this point in time ,\nsues said .\nstill, timurlengia showed unexpected features .\nhans sues, a paleobiologist at smithsonian’s national museum of natural history, holds up a 3d - printed version timurlengia euotica’s brain case. sues is pointing to two openings in the brain case where cranial nerves led to the dinosaur’s eyes. photo by nsikan akpan\nhans - dieter sues, holds a vertebra fossil from a new dinosaur, with its braincase in the background. timurlengia was relatively small but boasted the advanced brain and senses of the colossal apex predators like tyrannosaurus rex. (susan walsh / associated press )\ntimurlengia, or to give the newest member of the tyrannosaur family tree its full, binomial scientific name timurlengia euotica (pronounced tee - mur - leng - gear - ah oo - ot - tick - ah) has been introduced to the world. lots of media coverage for this, the latest member of the tyrannosaur super - family, the tyrannosauroidea and in this article, rather than go over old ground, we shall instead focus on some of the more significant aspects of this particular piece of fascinating research .\nsignificantly, the rocks that contained the timurlengia fossils have been dated to, what might have been a key point in tyrannosaurid evolution. these fossils come from a time just about ten million years or so before the tyrannosaurs began to evolve great size. tyrannosaurus rex, that most famous of all dinosaurs, was something like thirty times heavier for example, studying the timurlengia fossils could provide clues as to why after tens of millions of years of being relatively small, did these particular meat - eaters become super - sized .\nmontagne: he thought a tiny tyrannosaur, something that could fill in a key dark period in the fossil record. and to investigate, the researchers gave the timurlengia a cat scan. its head looked just like a t. rex with all its sophisticated senses .\ntimurlengia has already evolved the sophisticated senses and many bone features of t. rex but was a much smaller animal ,\nsues said .\nthe new discovery fills in a multimillion - year gap in the evolution of one particularly successful group of dinosaurs .\nthis dinosaur is important in showing how small tyrannosauroids evolved into the large tyrannosaurids like tyrannosaurus typical of the late cretaceous period of asia and north america. timurlengia is believed to have lived 90 million years ago, in the turonian age of the mid cretaceous, right before the rise of the advanced tyrannosaurids. there was a 20 million year gap in the fossil records of the tyrannosaurid timeline, between the small\nmarginal hunters\nand the\napex predators\nof the tyrannosaurid group, scientists believe the timurlengia discovery has filled that gap .\ndetailed ct scans proved brusatte right. for instance, they revealed that timurlengia, like later tyrannosaurs, had remarkably long inner ear canals, which would have endowed it with superb low - frequency hearing, hence its species name euotica, greek for “well - eared. ”\nfield camp of the uzbek - russian - british - american - canadian expedition at dzharakuduk in the kyzylkum desert of uzbekistan. the fossils of timurlengia eutica were found about midway along the cliffs in the background. photo courtesy of brusatte et al. , pnas, 2016 .\nbut the team’s work is far from over, given that they have only one surefire timurlengia specimen: the braincase. “it’s like trying to solve a murder with one clue, ” says brusatte. “more than any other experiment or analysis, we just need more fossils. ”\non the other hand, the pneumatic sinuses of timurlengia are nowhere near as elaborate as in the largest tyrannosaurids. the baseline sinus system of coelurosaurs is present, but timurlengia lacks the supraoccipital and subcondylar recesses so characteristic of tyrannosaurids, and also seemingly possesses a less extensive anterior tympanic recess in the prootic. it may be that these recesses developed in concert with large body size, either to lighten the skull or, in the case of the tympanic sinuses, to help tyrannosaurids maintain the ability to hear lower - frequency sounds at larger size (26) .\nthe scientists uncovered a new species of horse - sized dinosaur in the kyzylkum desert, north uzbekistan, that is an ancestor to the t. rex. the species – timurlengia euotica – lived 90 million years ago; 24 million years before the t. rex dominated the land .\ntop row: partial braincase of timurlengia euotica in tree views (l to r: from the back, from below, and from the right side). bottom row: composite images of the brain case from ct scanning. reconstructed brain in dark blue, inner ear in pink, nerves in yellow, and blood vessel in red. the fossilized remains of a new horse - sized dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, reveal how tyrannosaurus rex and its close relatives became top predators, according to a new study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nfor its own part, the dinosaur’s place in time makes timurlengia so striking. paleontologists know that the very first members of the tyrannosaur lineage split from their relatives in the jurassic, about 170 million years ago. they were small, slender and had three claws on long arms .\ntyrannosaurus rex, the behemoth king of the late ages of the dinosaurs, grew its brain before its noteworthy body. that’s according to scientists at the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history, who today unveiled the fossils for a new species in this family of apex predators: timurlengia euotica .\nreconstructed skeleton of “timurlengia euotica” with discovered fossilized bones, highlighted in red, and other bones remaining to be discovered inferred from other related species of tyrannosaurs in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 cm. (image copyright proceedings of the national academy of sciences )\ntimurlengia was a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat ,\nexplains researcher hans sues of the smithsonian institution .\nit probably preyed on the various large plant - eaters, especially early duck - billed dinosaurs, which shared its world .\nhans sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history, holding a cast of a tyrannosaurus rex tooth in his right hand, for comparison with an actual tooth of the new tyrannosaur timurlengia euotica that was found in the kyzylkum desert, uzbekistan .\nsay hello to timurlengia euotica, a horse - sized dinosaur that lived roughly 90 million years ago. discovered in uzbekistan, this newly described species was a distant relative of tyrannosaurus rex, and it’s helping scientists explain how relatively small carnivores evolved into the gigantic predators that dominated the late cretaceous .\none of t. rex' s unique abilities was its hypersensitive hearing. a bone in its inner ear, the cochlea, was remarkably long. and in animals alive today, that specialization is associated with the ability to hear low frequency sounds well. timurlengia had a long cochlea too .\ntimurlengia was relatively small but boasted the advanced brain and senses of the colossal apex predators like tyrannosaurus rex that lived at the end of the dinosaur age, paleontologist steve brusatte of scotland' s university of edinburgh said .\nthis tells us that tyrannosaurs got smart before they got big .\ndr steve brusatte, of the university of edinburgh' s school of geosciences, who led the study, said :\nthe ancestors of t - rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame .\ndr steve brusatte, of the university of edinburgh' s school of geosciences, who led the study, said :\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame .\non this reconstructed skeleton of timurlengia euotica, bones that have been discovered already are highlighted in red. other bones that haven' t been discovered but that scientists believe exist based on their discoveries of other similar species are in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 centimeters .\nreconstructed skeleton of timurlengia euotic a with discovered fossilized bones, highlighted in red, and other bones remaining to be discovered inferred from other related species of tyrannosaurs in white. individual scale bars for the pictured fossilized bones each equal 2 centimeters. photo courtesy of brusatte et al. , pnas, 2016 .\ntimurlengia is a long - awaited diagnostic tyrannosauroid from the middle part of the cretaceous. it indicates that these predators were still far from giants during this time, but had already evolved signature brain and sensory features that may have been tied to the extraordinary success of the last - surviving, latest cretaceous species like\ntimurlengia would have been a nasty critter, but nowhere near the brutish size of t. rex. in fact, it wasn’t at the top of the food chain at all. it was still living in fear of other, more primitive carnivorous dinosaurs called allosaurs, which were the apex predators of the day .\ntimurlengia is the newest member of the tyrannosaur family tree. tyrannosaurs, as they are known in the vernacular, are a group of predatory dinosaurs. (the group is more formally known as tyrannosauroidea .) scientists have discovered approximately 30 species of tyrannosaurs, and more than half of those have been described since 2001 .\nthey found the species' skull was much smaller than that of t. rex, indicating that it did not grow to the same enormous size. however, key features of timurlengia' s skull like large inner ear revealed that it had developed keen senses and cognitive abilities, including the ability to hear low - frequency sounds .\nbut there’s also another part of timurlengia’s skeleton that we were able to study: the braincase, the fused bones at the back of the skull that surround the brain, ear, and sinuses. we put it into a ct scanner, which allowed us to digitally peer inside and see what the brain and sensory organs looked like .\nthe new species, timurlengia euotica, lived about 90 million years ago and fills - in a 20 million - year gap in the fossil record of tyrannosaurs during the early cretaceous. a nimble pursuit hunter with slender, blade - like teeth suitable for slicing through meat, this new tyrannosaur was not an ancestor of t. rex .\nalthough timurlengia' s braincase was around the size of a grapefruit, and t. rex' s braincase was larger than a basketball, dr. brusatte says ,\nit turns out that inside of that small skull it has a brain and an ear that look just like miniature versions of the ones in t. rex .\ntimurlengia is particularly important because it is the first tyrannosaur known from the middle part of the cretaceous period. previously this was a dark interval of tyrannosaur history: a 20 - 30 million year gap in the fossil record concealing the moment when tyrannosaurs switched from fairly marginal hunters living in the underbrush to the colossal tyrants that fuel our nightmares .\nthe ct scan allowed the researchers to see inside the braincase and digitally visualize internal structures—the brain and inner - ear cavities, sinuses, and blood vessel and nerve tracts—that were not apparent externally. that insight led to a revelation: the brain and ear of timurlengia were both remarkably similar to those of giant tyrannosaurs such as t. rex .\ntop row: partial braincase of timurlengia euotica in tree views (l to r: from the back, from below, and from the right side). bottom row: composite images of the brain case from ct scanning. reconstructed brain in dark blue, inner ear in pink, nerves in yellow, and blood vessel in red .\ntimurlengia is striking for having the advanced sensory apparatus of the later t. rex, but not the size. this new dinosaur was only about horse - sized (the size is hard to estimate because they have only a smattering of bones). the discovery suggests that tyrannosaurs got smart, with keen senses, before they got big .\nin march 2016 stephen brusatte of the school of geosciences at the university of edinburgh (and the author of this report) led a team of scientists from the u. k. , russia, and the u. s. who described a new species of dinosaur from uzbekistan. called timurlengia euotica, the 90 - million - year - old…\nfurthermore, this specimen is not a complete skeleton of timurlengia. in addition to parts of its skull, the researchers found parts of its spine and a few pieces of its claws .\nit' s like a detective finding a single clue at a murder site ,\nbrusatte says. it can answer some questions, but leads to more .\nthe bones of timurlengia were collected during a decade of field expeditions to uzbekistan’s desolate kyzylkum desert, one of the driest areas of the world, led by my colleagues alexander averianov and hans - dieter sues. they invited me to help study the fossils, and we have described the new species in a paper in proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nhans - dieter sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history, holds up a tooth of a new dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, right, in comparison to the tooth of a tyrannosaurus rex, left, following a news conference in washington, monday, march 14, 2016. (susan walsh / associated press )\nthis gave us quite a surprise: timurlengia had the same type of brain and ear as the giant tyrannosaurs such as t. rex. it was very smart, and had an ear attuned to hearing low frequency sounds. previously, these features were thought to be unique to the big tyrannosaurs, part of that toolkit of predatory superpowers that evolved as they turned into giants .\nbrusatte acknowledged the limits of what can be inferred from a single species in a single location. the new paper concludes :\ntimurlengia remains a single data point from a still murky interval in dinosaur history, and future discoveries from this gap will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of how tyrannosauroids rose from marginal creatures into some of the largest terrestrial predators in earth history .\ntimurlengia was about the size of a horse, not much larger than the human - sized tyrannosaurs that kicked off the lineage some 170 million years ago. t. rex was closer to the size of a tractor - trailer truck and appeared on the scene around 80 million years ago. so these predatory dinosaurs likely evolved to be so huge in just about 10 million years .\nuntil now, little was known about how tyrannosaurs became the giant, intelligent predators that dominated the landscape about 70 to 80 million years ago. the newly discovered species, named timurlengia euotica, lived about 90 million years ago and fills a 20 million - year gap in the fossil record of tyrannosaurs. the new species is a tyrannosaur but not the ancestor of the t. rex .\n“the ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame, ” brusatte said. “only after these ancestral tyrannosaurs evolved their clever brains and sharp senses did they grow into the colossal sizes of t. rex. tyrannosaurs had to get smart before they got big. ”\nuntil now, little was known about how tyrannosaurs became the giant, intelligent predators that dominated the landscape about 70 to 80 million years ago. the newly discovered species, named timurlengia euotica, lived about 90 million years ago and fills a 20 million - year gap in the fossil record of tyrannosaurs. the new species is a tyrannosaur but not the ancestor of the t. rex .\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame. only after these ancestral tyrannosaurs evolved their clever brains and sharp senses did they grow into the colossal sizes of t. rex. tyrannosaurs had to get smart before they got big ,\nbrusatte said .\nthis timurlengia euotica specimen also had a long cochlea, a part of the inner ear. this extra space may have allowed t. euotica to hear low - frequency sounds, such as the patter of its prey footsteps. such a hunting advantage might mean more food, and eventually, a larger body size. another theory is the long cochlea helped the dinosaurs decipher complex vocalizations from others .\ntimurlengia euotica, the newly - discovered tyrannosaur, lived 90 million years ago, right smack in the middle of a 20 - million - year gap in the fossil record of tyrannosaurs. and in such a position in the tyrannosaur family tree, the new fossils, although fragmentary, reveal long - sought insights into how its gigantic, fearsome tyrant lizard relative came to rule the dinosaur landscape .\ntop row: partial braincase of “timurlengia euotica” in tree views (l to r: from the back, from below, and from the right side). bottom row: composite images of the brain case from ct scanning. reconstructed brain in dark blue, inner ear in pink, nerves in yellow, and blood vessel in red. (image copyright proceedings of the national academy of sciences )\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame ,\nbrusatte said .\nonly after these ancestral tyrannosaurs evolved their clever brains and sharp senses did they grow into the colossal sizes of t. rex. tyrannosaurs had to get smart before they got big .\n[ timurlengia ] has a large brain ,\nbrusatte said via skype from scotland .\nit has an advanced brain. it has an ear with a very long cochlea, perfectly attuned to hearing low frequency sound. we used to think that those were the features of only the biggest tyrannosaurs, that those were things that evolved in the biggest tyrannosaurs in concert with the evolution of large size .\naccording to a new study published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, the discovery of timurlengia euotica —a mid - sized dinosaur found in the bissekty formation in uzbekistan—finally resolves this frustrating gap in the fossil record. the bits of scattered bone and a remarkably well - preserved braincase is offering an unprecedented glimpse into what these middling predators looked like in the immediate period before they evolved into their much larger form .\nthese gentle geologic conditions arguably yielded the top prize among the bones: a well - preserved braincase of timurlengia euotica. a braincase is the part of the skull that encloses the squishy material of the brain, and its architecture can say a lot about how an animal perceives the world. for instance, sues showed off two holes in the t. euotica braincase where nerves used to run from the brain to the creature’s eyes .\nsteve brusatte, the lead researcher said :\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame .\nhe added :\nonly after these ancestral tyrannosaurs evolved their clever brains and sharp senses did they grow into the colossal sizes of t. rex. tyrannosaurs had to get smart before they got big .\nmontagne: that' s paleontologist steve brusatte of the university of edinburgh. we reached him by skype. he' s the lead author of a paper published yesterday in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences about this cousin of the t. rex. it' s called timurlengia. he says the discovery, a skull from the uzbekistan desert, shows a dinosaur the size of a horse on the cusp of becoming a giant .\nfossils of the new dinosaur, dubbed timurlengia eutoica, were found in the central asian nation of uzbekistan. the species appears to have been about the size of a horse, and without the absurdly huge head and the industrial - strength jaws of t. rex. but its brain case indicates that it was rather intelligent, like t. rex, and had many of that dinosaur' s advanced sensory abilities, including the ability to hear low - frequency sounds .\nthe creature was dubbed timurlengia euotica (tee' - mer - len - gee' - uh yoo - oh - tih - kuh). the name honors the ancient central asian ruler tamerlane and the large inner ears of the beast. the fossils include a braincase and bones from the neck, back, tail, feet and hands. the creature wasn' t a direct ancestor of t. rex, but it indicates what such ancestors looked like, brusatte said .\nthis evidence, as interesting as it is, comes from a single specimen, so the researchers say we need to be careful about making too many inferences. as the authors conclude in their study, which now appears in pnas, “timurlengia remains a single data point from a still murky interval in dinosaur history, and future discoveries from this gap will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of how tyrannosauroids rose from marginal creatures into some of the largest terrestrial predators in earth history. ”\nthe creature was dubbed timurlengia euotic a (tee' - mer - len - gee' - uh yoo - oh - tih - kuh). the name honours the ancient central asian ruler tamerlane and the large inner ears of the beast. the fossils include a braincase and bones from the neck, back, tail, feet and hands. the creature wasn' t a direct ancestor of t. rex, b ut it indicates what such ancestors looked like, brusatte said .\n[ timurlengia euotica ] proved to be a really important member of the tyrannosaur family because it shows how these giant super predators came to be ,\nhe said .\nwe had long known that this linage goes back more than 100 million years... and we always wondered how relatively small animals like the early tyrannosaurs... had grown up to be super predators that were the size of a school bus and had the weight of a large african bull elephant .\nanother advanced feature of the skull, however, was not yet present in timurlengia. the uzbek tyrannosaur had several sinuses surrounding the brain and ear, but it possessed nowhere near the elaborate system of sinuses present in the back end of the skull in big tyrannosaurs such as t. rex. this observation signaled that enlarged sinuses may have developed in concert with large body size, perhaps to lighten the skull or to help tyrannosaurs maintain their special ability to hear low - frequency sounds at large size .\nnamed timurlengia euotica, the newly found species had an elongated inner ear, which would have made it good at hearing low frequency sounds: all the better for hunting prey. the name comes from timur leng (also known as timur or tamerlane), a 14th - century central asian warlord, and euotica, meaning “well - eared”, a reference to the animal’s large cochlea. other parts of the skull are missing though, making it impossible to know how good its hearing and vision were .\nthe partial braincase was actually discovered back in 2004, but it has remained unexamined and in storage at the zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences until palaeontologist steve brusatte (edinburgh university) was given the chance to study the fossil. he realised the importance of this specimen, the ct scans showed that timurlengia had long inner ear canals, ideal for hearing a range of sounds especially low frequency noises and this research has led to the subsequent paper being published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nthe ancestors of t. rex would have looked a whole lot like timurlengia, a horse - sized hunter with a big brain and keen hearing that would put us to shame ,\ndr. steve brusatte, a paleontologist at the university of edinburgh in scotland who led the new research, said in a statement .\nonly after these ancestral tyrannosaurs evolved their clever brains and sharp senses did they grow into the colossal sizes of t. rex. tyrannosaurs had to get smart before they got big .\nthe picture above shows three views of the partial braincase of timurlengia euotica (posterior view, ventral view and right lateral view). the bottom row of images are composite pictures from the various ct scans. the brain is stained dark blue, the inner ear is pink, nerves highlighted in yellow and major blood vessels are coloured red. this study suggests that the tyrannosauroids apparently developed huge size rapidly during the latest cretaceous, and their success in the top predator role may have been enabled by their brain and keen senses that first evolved at smaller body size .\n{\nid\n: 37636629 ,\ntitle\n:\nnew tyrannosaur species announced\n,\nduration\n:\n0: 51\n,\ndescription\n:\npaleontologists have announced a new species of tyrannosaur, timurlengia euotica, which fills in a 20 million - year gap in the tyrannosaur fossil record. the new species is a' cousin' of the fearsome t. rex .\n,\nurl\n:\n/ us / video / tyrannosaur - species - announced - 37636629\n,\nsection\n:\nus\n,\nmediatype\n:\ndefault\n}\nhans - dieter sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history, unveils a new dinosaur, timurlengia euotica, during a news conference in washington, monday, march 14, 2016. the bones of a previously unknown member of the evolutionary branch that led to the huge tyrannosaurs were found uzbekistan. this earlier dinosaur lived about 90 million years ago, south of what is now the aral sea. it looked roughly like a t. rex, but was only about 10 to 12 feet long and weighed only about 600 pounds at most, sues said. (ap photo / susan walsh )\nwashington d. c. , march 14, 2016 (xinhua) - - hans sues, chair of the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history, holds up a tooth of a new dinosaur, timurlengia euotica (l), in comparison to the tooth of a tyrannosaurus rex (r), after a news conference in washington d. c. , the united states, march 14, 2016. scientists said monday they have discovered the fossilized remains of a new horse - sized dinosaur that revealed how tyrannosaurus rex (t. rex) became one of earth' s top predators about 70 to 80 million years ago. (xinhua / yin bogu )\nresults of phylogenetic analyses to determine the placement of t. euotica (zin ph 1146 / 16). (a) strict consensus of 99, 999 most parsimonious trees (length = 3, 364, consistency index = 0. 322, retention index = 0. 777) recovered from cladistic analysis in which t. euotica is scored based on the holotypic braincase only. (b) strict consensus of 99, 999 most parsimonious trees (length = 3, 364, consistency index = 0. 322, retention index = 0. 777) recovered from cladistic analysis in which timurlengia is scored based only on the series of referred specimens described by averianov and sues (9). in both cases, numbers next to nodes denote bremer / jackknife support values .\nthe inner ear endocast is triangular in lateral view with an expanded anterior semicircular canal, as is typical for theropods (26, 29). the semicircular canals and cochlear duct are extremely robust compared with all other theropods with comparative ct data, including both juvenile and adult tyrannosaurids (20, 26, 29). this is an autapomorphy of timurlengia whose functional implications are unclear, but it could potentially be related to increased agility (36). the cochlear duct is elongated, such that it extends far ventral to the brain endocast and is approximately as long dorsoventrally as the depth of the semicircular canals. a long duct is a synapomorphy of tyrannosauroids (20, 26), different from the much shorter ducts of most other theropods, and would have increased sensitivity to lower - frequency sounds (37, 38) and may possibly have been related to complex vocalizations and sociality (38)." ]

{ "text": [ "timurlengia is an extinct genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur found in uzbekistan , in the bissekty formation in the kyzylkum desert , hailing from the turonian age of the early late cretaceous .", "the type species is timurlengia euotica . " ], "topic": [ 26, 29 ] }

[ "timurlengia is an extinct genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur found in uzbekistan, in the bissekty formation in the kyzylkum desert, hailing from the turonian age of the early late cretaceous. the type species is timurlengia euotica." ]

[ "no information could be obtained describing the mating behaviors of copper rockfish or any of the various rockfish species .\n(\nspecies profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertabrates (pacific southwest) - brown rockfish, copper rockfish, and black rockfish\n, 1989; boschung, jr. , 1983 )\n( ;\nspecies profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertabrates (pacific southwest) - brown rockfish, copper rockfish, and black rockfish\n, 1989; albin, et al. , 1995 )\n(\nspecies profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertabrates (pacific southwest) - brown rockfish, copper rockfish, and black rockfish\n, 1989; ; johnson, et al. , 2003 )\ncopper rockfish are not yet theatened, however other rockfish species are endangered. rockfish are a valuable game fish and it is important for precautions to be implemented to prevent overfishing. this is especially important with rockfish populations since the fish have long lifespans with their reproductive capacity increasing as they age .\nthe copper rockfish, as well as other rockfish species that live in the california coastal waters, are very important to commercial and sport fisheries. the 60 species of rockfish caught account for 34% by weight of all sportfish landed in california .\ndescription: the body shape of the copper rockfish is moderately deep and compressed with a large head. the mouth is large with the lower jaw projecting slightly. copper rockfish are variable in color from olive brown to copper to orange, with pink or yellow blotches. the rear two thirds of the lateral line are light pink to white and the belly is white. several copper orange, brown or yellowish bars radiate back from the eyes. dorsal fins are dark copper brown to black with some white. underwater they can resemble quillback rockfish. the copper rockfish has a characteristic light - colored horizontal band along the lateral line, which is noticeable underwater. hybridization between brown, copper and quillback rockfish is present in puget sound, sometimes making species identification difficult .\ncopper rockfish larvae are independent once they are released inshore. the female provides internal nourishment to the embryos until they are released .\nat all life stages, copper rockfish are eaten by other fish. they also eat different types of fish and marine invertebrates .\nalbin, d. , k. karpov, w. van buskirk. 1995 .\nendangered and threatened species: puget sound populations of copper rockfish, quillback rockfish, brown rockfish, and pacific herring\n( on - line). accessed december 08, 2004 at urltoken .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertabrates (pacific southwest) - brown rockfish, copper rockfish, and black rockfish. 82 (11. 113). washington, dc: u. s. army corps of engineers. 1989 .\nposted in daily musings... and tagged with copper rockfish, pier fishing in california, saltwater fish, saltwater fishing. rss 2. 0 feed .\ncopper rockfish can live to be decades old and take several years to become sexually mature. once mature, females generally produce a higher number of eggs each year. these traits are important for the survival of the species since a relatively low percentage of young survive each year. few if any efforts have been made to breed copper rockfish in captivity .\ncopper rockfish are found in waters along the pacific coast ranging from baja, california up to kehui, alaska. they are common in the waters of british columbia and in puget sound .\ncopper rockfish are live - bearers and in california waters, the larvae are released in the spring when they are 5 - 6 mm in length. generally among rockfish, the larvae drift in offshore waters and survive in the upper 80 m of the water column for 1 - 2 months before they transform into juveniles. because of identification problems with other species of rockfish, the distribution of copper rockfish larvae and juveniles are often debated. in central california, these juveniles are closely associated with the surface and mid - depth kelp beds and do not become benthic until they have reached 40 - 50 mm .\n- anal rays typically 7 (typically 6 in copper rf); cheeks and breast w / small spots .\nand other fish. they feed during the day as well as at night. often the prey varies with the season with crabs eaten more often in winter and early spring. large copper rockfish tend to be aggressive feeders and sometimes prey on\njuvenile rockfish that reside in kelp beds are often eaten by many fishes and other marine animals. adults are eaten by lingcod\nadult copper rockfish are highly residential and remain near their home site. although they are a solitary species and usually seen alone, they are sometimes present in mixed aggregates with other species. individual fish display agnostic behavior to show\nprotective territoriality\n.\nbody color: dark brown to olive, washed w / copper - pink and often splashed w / dull yellow; posterior lateral line and lower sides usually white in fresh specimens, becoming copper - pink on prolonged exposure. (see above photos. )\ntheir overall color is variable but a copper - brown color with darker fins is generally observed. patches of yellow or copper are also present, usually near the gill coverings. they are distinguished from other rockfish species by the clear areas along the posterior two thirds of the lateral lines, and in having a whitish underside. they have 13 dorsal and 3 anal spines that are mildly venomous .\nspawning in copper rockfish occurs once a year in the spring at a time that varies geographically. fertilization occurs internally, and little is known about the specific courtship or mating behaviors. females move inshore to release their young and are capable of regulating where and when larvae are released. this is thought to be dependant on environmental conditions. as is true of other rockfish species, fecundity is related to length .\na deep - bodied rockfish. colors range from dark brown or olive to pink or orange - red above with patches of copper - pink and sometimes yellow. their bellies are whitish. two copper - orange bars radiate backward from their eyes and their cheeks are sometimes yellowish. they also often have a pale stripe running along the rear two - thirds of the lateral line; the line is found in all color variations. their fins are mostly coppery and often dark. because of their variable colorations coppers were at times considered to be two to three distinct species with whitebelly rockfish being the most common .\nmost copper rockfish caught by pier anglers are young fish hooked while the anglers are fishing around the pilings for perch or other bottom fish. most are landed on high / low leaders using small hooks although some will be landed on bait rigs (sabiki) being used for smelt, herring or anchovies .\nthe copper rockfish (sebastes caurinis) was first taken off sitka, alaska (the northwestern part of north america) which influenced the origin of its latin name, caurus, meaning\nnorthwest wind\n. this species is also called whitebelly, chucklehead, white gopher, fighting bob, never dies, rock cod, and sailfin rockfish, among other names. coppers have pronounced spines and deep (back - to - belly) bodies. the rear two - thirds of their lateral line contains a constant light - colored strip which noticeable underwater. this light - coloring helps to distinguish the coppers from the similar gopher and quillback rockfishes. the coppers are commonly olive, or dark brown and copper pink in color. off california they are often bright red, while some coppers in northern areas can be almost entirely black. a wide range of blotchy colors are exhibited in older species. several bars of brown, yellow, or copper orange extend back from the eyes .\nchucklehead, whitebelly rockfish, white gopher, gopher, white grouper, sailfin rockfish, yellowbacked rockfish, and my two favorites—fighting bob and never dies. in the 1800s usually called garrupa (grouper) by the portugese fishermen of california; called yellow garrupa in monterey. later aquired a plethora of names from the monterey fleets—barriaga blanca, barriaga branca (white belly), whitebelly rock cod, and palermotana (after palermo, sicily in italy). called taayii, xaadxadaay or hat’ by the haida in british columbia, coppers are called rocote cobrizo in mexico; kin menuke by the japanese .\ncopper rockfish are demersal, preferring the ocean bottom near low - profile rocks and reefs. the range of water depths they inhabit is relatively broad, from 10 to 183 meters, and the fish are found in shallower water during upwelling. most often, these fish are in close contact with reefs, maintaining an even closer contact during the winter and spring than in the summer months. tagging experiments have suggested that mature fish do not move far from their home location .\ncoppers reach at least 55 years in age with most of the largest fish being females. maturity (reproductive age) is reached by some at 12. 1 inches and 5 years, most at 13. 3 inches and 6 years, all by 16 inches and 8 years. one female may release hundreds of thousands of tiny live young in april and may. the young must take their chances in the plankton and very few live to be adults. according to the california fish and game—“there has been no formal stock assessment of this species in california. however, there is compelling evidence that copper rockfish populations have severely declined in many areas, and large individuals are noticeably less common than in past decades. ”\ndorsal spines (total): 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 14; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 5 - 7; vertebrae: 25 - 26. head spines strong - nasal, preocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines present, supraocular, coronal and nuchal spines absent (ref. 27437). caudal fin rounded (ref. 6885). olive brown to copper with pink or yellow blotches, white on sides and belly; rear two thirds of lateral line is white; usually with two dark bands radiating from eye; dorsal fin dark copper brown to black with some white (ref. 27436). branchiostegal rays: 7 (ref. 36715) .\nyounger fish are typically found around pilings and jetties. juveniles are found in loose aggregations around piers and wharves in bays. in southern california, adults are typically found in deep waters. in more northern waters adult coppers primarily live in shallow, protected bays and inlets among rocks or kelp beds and though most hang out at a 90 - foot depth, they range down to 620 feet. adults most commonly feed close to the bottom with crustaceans being the main basis of their diet—shrimp and several different crabs including cancer sp. , and kelp crab. squid and octopi are also important food species while a wide variety of bottom fish are also eaten, especially cusk - eels, eelpouts, sculpins and young - of - the - year rockfishes. morning and evening hours are the prime dining times. once settled, adult copper rockfish rarely move more than a mile form their home .\n: i’ve only taken these from four california piers—the south t - pier at morro bay, the santa cruz wharf, the commercial st. dock in eureka, and citizens dock in crescent city, but they are also recorded from the monterey coast guard pier. coppers are the most common rockfish caught from piers / wharves in washington and british columbia. two excellent spots are the mukilteo pier and seattle’s pier 57, both in washington, and wharves along victoria’s waterfront in british columbia .\nmarine; demersal; depth range 10 - 183 m (ref. 2850). subtropical; 60°n - 27°n, 152°w - 114°w\neastern pacific: kenai peninsula, gulf of alaska to central baja california, mexico. the darker reddish phase from california may be a separate species (ref. 27437) .\nmaturity: l m 34. 0, range 31 - 41 cm max length: 58. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 27437); max. published weight: 2. 7 kg (ref. 40637); max. reported age: 57 years (ref. 5483 )\nparticularly abundant in shallow, protected bays and inlets, among rocks and kelp beds; also found around pilings and jetties or under floats (ref. 27436). juveniles found in loose aggregations in shallow weedy bays, around wharfs, or among floating drift associated with summer tidelines (ref. 27436). mainly a benthic feeder, may also take pelagic fishes (ref. 27436). viviparous, with planktonic larvae (ref. 36715). flesh is tasty, firm and flaky (ref. 27436). sold mainly as fresh fillets or live in chinese restaurants and fish markets; excellent for fish chips or for pan frying as fillets (ref. 27436) .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. boston (ma, usa): houghton mifflin company. xii + 336 p. (ref. 2850 )\n): 6. 5 - 10, mean 8. 3 (based on 53 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 1 ±0. 5 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (k = 0. 12; tmax = 55; tm = 4; fec = 20, 000) .\nprior r = 0. 26, 2 sd range = 0. 13 - 0. 50, log (r) = - 1. 35, sd log (r) = 0. 33, based on: 1 m, 1 k, 7 tgen, 2 tmax, 2 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (58 of 100) .\nnote: you need to enable scripting and javascript in your browser settings to best view and navigate our website. otherwise use our\nnote: these pages are for archival purposes only and are no longer maintained .\nadapted from love, m. 2002 sebastes caurinis, p. 144 - 147. in m. s. love, m. yoklavich, and l. thorsteinson, the rockfishes of the northeast pacific. univ. california press .\n- head spine count differs; body color light brown w / darker brown mottling; operculum w / dark blotch .\n- body w / about 6 gray or pink blotches; lateral line dark and broken by blotches .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor more information on fishing, please contact the wdfw fish program. 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\ncommonly caught by recreational harvesters off the northern washington coast and occasionally by recreational harvesters in the strait of juan de fuca. recreational harvest within puget sound has been closed. see the sportfishing regulation pamphlet .\nmaximum size: to 66 cm (26. 4 in) in length. males grow larger than females .\nrange / habitat: they range from northern gulf of alaska to isla san benito, central baja california. coppers are found from subtidal waters to 183 m (600 ft) in depth. adults are found primarily in boulder fields and over high - relief rocks either in schools or as single individuals .\nkramer, d. e. , and v. m. o' connell, 1995. guide to northeast pacific rockfishes: genera sebastes and sebastolobus. alaska sea grant college program, university of alaska .\nlove, m. s. , m. yoklavich, and l. thorsteinson, 2002. the rockfishes of the northeast pacific. university of california press .\nmiller, d. j. , and r. n. lea, 1976. guide to the coastal marine fishes of california. anr publications .\ngrowth rates are fastest in fish less than 3 years old and are highest in the summer months, coinciding with high feeding rates and upwelling. sexual maturity has been shown to vary slightly between different regions along the pacific coast. off central california, males become sexually mature between the ages of 3 and 7 years. females are fully mature by 8 years. these fish often reach 20 years of age .\nbreeding season spawning occurs most often during early spring but varies among different geographies .\ninhabit the pacific ocean coast from baja, californis to kehui, alaska and usually do not swim more than a mile from their home .\njessica gumerson (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, william fink (editor, instructor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nblack, h. 2002. fishing for answers to questions about the aging process .\nfroese, r. 2004 .\nfishbase\n( on - line). accessed october 25, 2004 at urltoken .\njohnson, s. , m. murphy, d. csepp. 2003. distribution, habitat, and behavior of rockfishes, sebastes spp. , in nearshore waters of southeastern alaska: observations from a remotely operated vehicle .\nto cite this page: gumerson, j. 2004 .\nsebastes caurinus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njavascript is required. please enable javascript before you are allowed to see this page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( northwest wind), a reference to the first specimens being taken in the northwest off of sitka, alaska .\nto 26. 4 inches. most coppers caught from piers are young fish under ten inches in length. the california record fish weighed 8 lb 5 oz and was taken at pidgeon point in 1985 .\nif you appreciate ken' s writings on fishing, please consider making a donation for this unique content. your support will help ken to continue publishing knowledgeable and entertaining articles .\nthe ultimate pier fishing resource for pacific coast pier anglers with over 350 new photos and illustrations added to this edition, including detailed, species - specific illustrations of fish - cleaning, rigging illustrations, and maps. the history and culture of each pier is thoroughly covered .\nken is an outdoor writer who has traveled and fished the shores of california for more than 50 years. read more" ]

{ "text": [ "the copper rockfish ( also known as the copper seaperch ) , sebastes caurinus , is a fish of the sebastidae family ( rockfish , rockcod and thornyheads ) .", "it is a relatively common rockfish of the pacific coast .", "it is very widespread in its distribution , known from the very northern reaches of the gulf of alaska , to the pacific side of the baja california peninsula , north of guerrero negro .", "the copper rockfish is also very widely distributed in depth , from the subtidal shallows of about 10 to 183 metres ( 33 to 600 ft ) .", "copper rockfish are known to be highly variable in coloration , ranging from a dark reddish brown , with pale copper blotching along the sides , to a lighter pinkish brown with a yellowish white mottling on the flanks .", "at one time it was thought that these variations were two different fish : sebastes caurinus and sebastes vexillaris .", "it is now known however that it is simply one species .", "males are known to mature between three and seven years , while females mature between four and eight years .", "generally the larger a female is , the more young she will bear .", "copper rockfish are a viviparous fish giving birth to live young after a gestation period of around 10 months .", "they are a long-lived fish reaching ages of over forty years old with the oldest known individual being 55 years old .", "copper rockfish are a modest fish reaching a maximum size of 58 centimetres ( 23 in ) tl and a weight of 2,740 grams ( 6.04 lb ) .", "juveniles are almost exclusively found in kelp beds and shallow rocky areas .", "they begin life feeding primarily on planktonic crustaceans .", "as they grow they continue to feed on increasingly larger crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs as well as squid and octopus .", "smaller fish also make up a large part of their diet .", "in turn copper rockfish are preyed on by lingcod and cabezone and even salmon .", "sea birds and sea mammals also take their toll , and also man .", "copper rockfish are known for the table quality of their flesh and their willingness as a sportfish .", "the adult copper rockfish is found very close to the bottom often touching .", "they are almost always associated in and around rocks , and almost never on sand .", "this rockfish is known to be very faithful to its chosen home and numerous tagging studies have shown that these rockfish travel no more than a mile from their chosen location . " ], "topic": [ 15, 3, 27, 18, 1, 15, 26, 15, 9, 14, 15, 0, 18, 8, 8, 15, 12, 12, 15, 20, 18, 25 ] }

[ "the copper rockfish (also known as the copper seaperch), sebastes caurinus, is a fish of the sebastidae family (rockfish, rockcod and thornyheads). it is a relatively common rockfish of the pacific coast. it is very widespread in its distribution, known from the very northern reaches of the gulf of alaska, to the pacific side of the baja california peninsula, north of guerrero negro. the copper rockfish is also very widely distributed in depth, from the subtidal shallows of about 10 to 183 metres (33 to 600 ft). copper rockfish are known to be highly variable in coloration, ranging from a dark reddish brown, with pale copper blotching along the sides, to a lighter pinkish brown with a yellowish white mottling on the flanks. at one time it was thought that these variations were two different fish: sebastes caurinus and sebastes vexillaris. it is now known however that it is simply one species. males are known to mature between three and seven years, while females mature between four and eight years. generally the larger a female is, the more young she will bear. copper rockfish are a viviparous fish giving birth to live young after a gestation period of around 10 months. they are a long-lived fish reaching ages of over forty years old with the oldest known individual being 55 years old. copper rockfish are a modest fish reaching a maximum size of 58 centimetres (23 in) tl and a weight of 2,740 grams (6.04 lb). juveniles are almost exclusively found in kelp beds and shallow rocky areas. they begin life feeding primarily on planktonic crustaceans. as they grow they continue to feed on increasingly larger crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs as well as squid and octopus. smaller fish also make up a large part of their diet. in turn copper rockfish are preyed on by lingcod and cabezone and even salmon. sea birds and sea mammals also take their toll, and also man. copper rockfish are known for the table quality of their flesh and their willingness as a sportfish. the adult copper rockfish is found very close to the bottom often touching. they are almost always associated in and around rocks, and almost never on sand. this rockfish is known to be very faithful to its chosen home and numerous tagging studies have shown that these rockfish travel no more than a mile from their chosen location." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for ashy - headed green - pigeon (treron phayrei) yet .\nc. 28 cm. general coloration soft grey - green becoming bright yellow - green on forehead, lores, throat, rump and uppertail - coverts; lower mantle, scapulars and some inner wing - ...\nc. 27 cm. medium - sized, mostly green pigeon with a short bill. the wings have prominent yellow edging on the flight feathers and a yellow bar across the coverts. both sexes have a greyish - green head, greyer on crown, and an orange - yellow breast patch. male has a chestnut back, this is all green in the female. similar spp. t. affinis of southern india lacks the orange - yellow breast patch and the male has a dark maroon back. thick - billed pigeon t. curvirostra lacks the well - defined grey crown and yellow - green brow and face, as well as having a thicker bill. voice. pleasant, low - pitched, mostly level whistles occasionally rising and falling; much lower pitched than t. affinis .\nthis article is part of project columbiformes, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove, including made - up species .\nthis newly - split pigeon is suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population declines owing to the effects of habitat loss and hunting pressure. it has therefore been classified as near threatened .\njustification: this newly - split pigeon is suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population declines owing to the effects of habitat loss and hunting pressure. it has therefore been classified as near threatened .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. & boesman, p. (2018). sumba green - pigeon (treron teysmannii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. & boesman, p. (2018). speckled pigeon (columba guinea). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\ntreron pompadora, t. affinis, t. chloropterus, t. phayrei, t. axillaris and t. aromaticus (del hoyo and collar 2014) were previously lumped as t. pompadora following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\nbutchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , martin, r, taylor, j. , symes, a. , westrip, j .\ntreron phayrei is widely distributed, occurring in nepal, bhutan, bangladesh, eastern india, south yunnan (china), myanmar, laos, cambodia, thailand and cochinchina (vietnam) (gibbs et al. 2001) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as fairly common to uncommon, although locally rare to uncommon in several countries (gibbs et al. 2001, thewlis et al. 1998, goes 2013). trend justification: no trends data area available, but the population is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline owing to the effects of habitat loss (especially as the species may be a lowland forest specialist), and hunting pressure .\nfound in lowland and hill forest and moist - deciduous forest up to 1, 000 m, (1, 500 m in himalayas), where it may be locally common (rasmussen and anderton 2005) but in the south - east asian part of its range it is strikingly localised (j. w. duckworth in litt. 2016). in cambodia it occurs to 450 m - although is nowhere common (goes 2013, f. goes in litt. 2016) and 670 m in phongsaly province, laos (fuchs et al. 2007). in indochina it may be a lowland forest specialist (r. j. timmins in litt. 2013), potentially restricted to certain types of lowland forest given its absence from some well surveyed areas of lowland forest (see thewlis et al. 1998, j. w. duckworth in litt. 2016) .\nit is presumably very sensitive to hunting pressure and may be reliant on semi - evergreen / evergreen forest at low elevations (r. j. timmins in litt. 2013). in cambodia, laos and perhaps elsewhere, the primary threat is widespread trapping of forest pigeons for food and nest harvesting for local trade (f. goes in litt. 2013, j. w. duckworth in litt. 2016). it is likely to have suffered a large amount of habitat loss within its range, and increasing loss of lowland forests, namely for large agricultural concessions, is expected to accelerate the species decline in the near future (f. goes in litt. 2016, j. w. duckworth in litt. 2016) .\nconservation and research actions underway no targeted conservation actions are known for this species. conservation and research actions proposed conduct repeated surveys in areas within the species' s range to determine current distribution and abundance, as well as assess population trends. conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements, tolerance of secondary habitats (and its relative use compared to primary forest) and response to fragmentation. assess scale of hunting pressure and consider educational campaigns. for regions where hunting is a significant threat, determine the optimal ways to reduce it, then enact them (j. w. duckworth in litt. 2016) .\nedited geographic range, population justification, threats, habitats and ecology and conservation actions information text. edited actions needed, and checked the area, extent / quality of habitat to be declining. added a new facilitator / compiler and added missing references cited under taxonomic notes .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22726285a111028444 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: treron phayrei. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 393, 205 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nclosely allied to t. curvirostra; has been considered a race of that species or of t. pompadora. monotypic .\nrather loose phrases of well - spaced, mainly overslurred, mellow whistles. also grunting notes .\nlowland primary, selectively logged and tall secondary forest, up to c. 800 m. appears to favour ...\nlittle information on diet. feeds in crowns of fruiting trees, e. g .\negg - laying recorded in may. no description of nest or breeding behaviour .\nnot globally threatened. currently considered near - threatened. still moderately common, but is presumably declining, due to continuing clearance of forest; very small range... .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nproposed races dilloni (eritrea) and uhehensis (sc tanzania) included in nominate. three subspecies recognized .\nlinnaeus, 1758 – senegambia e to eritrea and nw somalia, then s through uganda and w kenya to s tanzania .\n( roberts, 1931) – sw angola e to w zimbabwe and s to nw south africa .\ng. r. gray, 1856 – e zimbabwe s to south africa (except nw) .\n32–35 cm; 219–390 g. head, breast and belly bluish grey, merging to almost silver on rump; mantle and wing - coverts an adult bird. dark reddish purple; outer ...\ntwo main vocalizations. the presumed display call is a repeated phrase involving some four ...\nfrequents a variety of habitat types in open country, including savanna, open woodland and gardens ...\nfeeds mostly on seeds, taken on the ground in open fields; flocks gather after harvest to feed on maize, wheat, sorghum and other ...\nbreeds in all months throughout much of range, with peak in dry season in senegambia. nest can be a bare scrape, or a few twigs, or an ...\nmay move up to 20–25 km away from roosting or breeding sites to feeding sites; some birds ...\nnot globally threatened. no precise figures available, but species frequently rather common, occurring in feeding flocks of up to 700 birds in places; abundant in nigeria and ...\nphylogenetic study of species genera columba and streptopelia led to extensive reorganization; all new world species traditionally included within present genus were transferred to a separate genus, patagioenas # r, a split supported by previously described differences in morphology, serology and behaviour # r .\nthis article is part of project aves, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird, including made - up species .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic." ]

{ "text": [ "the ashy-headed green pigeon ( treron phayrei ) is a pigeon in the genus treron .", "it is found from nepal and northeast india to southwest china , myanmar , thailand , laos , and vietnam .", "many authorities split the species from the pompadour green pigeon complex .", "it has been added in the red list of iucn in 2014 . " ], "topic": [ 19, 20, 5, 14 ] }

[ "the ashy-headed green pigeon (treron phayrei) is a pigeon in the genus treron. it is found from nepal and northeast india to southwest china, myanmar, thailand, laos, and vietnam. many authorities split the species from the pompadour green pigeon complex. it has been added in the red list of iucn in 2014." ]

[ "@ tetzoo scrotifera? really? i mean... scrotum... ?\nselect species from the great laurasiatherian clade scrotifera. clockwise from top left: panthera onca, equus grevyi, bubalus depressicornis, ovis aries. photos by darren naish .\n). considering the weak bp support and very narrow divergence times among scrotifera lineages, we attribute little significance to these new arrangements and suspect that these patterns are more reflective of incomplete lineage sorting .\nwith regard to the presence or absence of retroposon alleles in a common ancestor of scrotifera (pegasoferae + cetartiodactyla), which was followed by rapid divergence into the extant orders over an evolutionarily short period .\nthe placental interface state is equivocal on the stem laurasiatherian and stem scrotiferan (laurasatheria less eulipotyphlans, i. e. , moles, soricid shrews, and hedgehogs) lineages. an epitheliochorial placental interface is inferred as present on the stem ferungulata (scrotifera less bats) lineage. within ferungulata the carnivore stem lineage evolved an endotheliochorial interface. the evolution of placental interface types within yangochirpotera (i. e. , most microbats) remains unclear .\nsince the probability of homoplasy of int138 is highly unlikely, this clade is resolved by two occurrences of incomplete lineage sorting. (shown in blue labeled ils1, and ils2) ils 1 occurs within common ancestors of the magnorder boreoeutheria, whereby populations containing insertion sites\na\n( labeled in green) were combined with an incompletely sorted polymorphism lacking fixation of insertion sites\nb\n. ils 2 shows the lineage representing order glires shared a common ancestor with an incompletely sorted polymoprhism population in the common ancestor of the clade scrotifera, which had inherited retroposon int138 (shown in red), but lacked fixation of int226, int237 .\ndiego lizcano added an association between\nimage of tapirus pinchaque and tapirus terrestris\nand\ntapirus terrestris\n.\njeremy rice changed the thumbnail image of\nwhite - nosed coati (nasua narica )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: p. j. waddell, n. okada, and m. hasegawa. 1999. towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals. systematic biology 48 (1): 1 - 5\nparent taxon: laurasiatheria according to r. j. asher and k. m. helgen 2010\nthe name comes from the word scrotum, a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. all members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and pangolin (which has the testes just below the skin). it appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of primates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmonographs in systematic botany from the missouri botanical garden 61 (3): 154, f. 214. 1996. (\necuador. esmeraldas: epiphytic in cloud forest west of lita, alt. 750 m, 18 january 1987 .\nht: luer et al. 12389; 18 jan 1987; ecuador: esmeraldas: 750 m (mo !) @ cec @\nreference valencia reyes, r. , n. c. a. pitman, s. león - yánez & p. m. jørgensen. 2000. libro rojo pl. endémic. ecuador 2000 i–v, 1–489. herbario qca, pontificia universidad católica del ecuador, quito .\nconservation system iucn. 2001. iucn red list categ. crit. v. 3. 1 ii, 1–30. iucn, gland .\nreference león yánez, s. , r. valencia reyes, n. c. a. pitman, l. endara, c. ulloa ulloa & h. navarrete. 2011. libro rojo pl. endémic. ecuador, 2 ed. 1–957. herbario qca, pontificia universidad católica del ecuador, quito .\ncite this page: tropicos. org. missouri botanical garden. 11 jul 2018 < urltoken >\nscandentia – tree shrews: yes, closely related, but at the bases of different clades .\neuarchontaglires – rodents, rabbits, tree shrews, flying lemurs and primates, (fig. 1 )\nprimates – plesiadapiformes and extant primates, including daubentonia (the aye - aye. no giant anterior dentary teeth in valid primates .\nthere are a few more i’m overlooking. i’ll add them as they come to me .\nfigure 1. glires and euarchonta are two clades within the mammalia in the lrt .\nand kin) more closely related to primates than to any other group. they did not test against rodents and multituberculates. the lrt does not replicate these results, but finds plesiadapiforms more closely related to multituberculates and rodents when included .\n“plesiadapiforms share some traits with living primates, including long fingers well designed for grasping, and other features of the skeleton that are related to arboreality. ”\nthat’s fine, but there are other taxa in the tree topology with long fingers, too .\n“paromomyids …have long been regarded by most workers as members of the plesiadapiformes. ”\nfigure 2. the skull of ignacius nests with other rodents, not plesiadapiformes. ironically it is closer to the squirrel - like paramys than to paromomys .\nor “flying lemurs”. the lrt (fig. 1) does not support this relationship. rather paromomyids, like\n, were squirrel - like, able to scamper both in the trees and on the ground .\nfig. 1) is a new taxon that nests as a basal rodent in the lrt .\nhad long limbs, big brains and binocular vision, but by convergence with primates .\ngliding behavior and palaeoecology of the alleged primate family paromomyidae (mammalia, dermoptera). nature 345, 340 - 341 .\nnew paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown - clade primates. proceedings of the national academy of science 104, 1159 - 1164 .\nand the affinities of the plesiadapiformes. american journal of physical anthropology. 89 (4): 477–498. doi: 10. 1002 / ajpa. 1330890409 .\nmammal evolution in the paleocene: beginning of an era. in: gingerich, p. d. & badgley, c. e. (eds .): mammals: notes for a short course. univ. of tennessee, department of geological sciences .\nwere paromomyids gliders? maybe, maybe not. journal of human evolution 21: 177 - 188 .\nhey david! great admirer of your artistic and research work. i’ve been following the blog for a while, and got curious about something today: why do you believe big brains, binocular vision and other primate - like bits are the convergent features of daubentonia, thus making them rodent relatives, and not the giant anterior dentaries? what other characteristics informed your proposed association ?\ni would have to run through the lrt to pick out the traits that, so far, only the computer knows. at present, though, no tested primates, and i have not tested a large number of them, have giant anterior dentary teeth followed by a long diastema. primates appear to be more conservative in their dentition. my guess is we’ll also see some clade differences in the proportions of manual and pedal elements. and thank you for your kind comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\n. @ darkgabi yup, the' ones with a scrotum' - what a fine name for a group that includes rhinos, jaguars, whales & other awesome beasts. .\n. @ darkgabi then again, maybe we shouldn' t forget that we' re dealing with an entire group named for female pectoral anatomy ...\n@ tetzoo that' s not my point. it' s just that it is not exclusive of them, then why ?\n. @ darkgabi because the names were invented by clever molecular phylogeneticists :) scotrum convergently present in euarchotans .\n@ noumer4reelz yes, some marsupials have a scrotum. but it' s not ancestral for placentalia .\n@ tetzoo that is fascinating. interested to see where eurotamandua and eomanis end up as brought up in one of the comments .\n@ tetzoo this wins a prize for' most times i had to google something to understand what the heck is going on...' but still v. interesting !\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n* correspondence to be sent to: jiangsu key laboratory for biodiversity and biotechnology, college of life sciences, nanjing normal university, nanjing 210046, china; e - mail: nc. ude. unjn @ gnayg .\nreceived 2010 oct 28; revised 2011 apr 6; accepted 2011 jun 23 .\ncopyright © the author (s) 2011. published by oxford university press, on behalf of the society of systematic biologists .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted non - commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nthe phylogenetic position of perissodactyla within laurasiatheria has been another controversial issue. based on morphological data (e. g. ,\n), which also included cetartiodactyla, tubulidentata (aardvarks), proboscidea (elephants), sirenia (dugongs and manatees), and hyracoidea (hyraxes). subsequently, many molecular studies have placed perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla together within laurasiatheria as members of the clade fereuungulata (\n, which placed carnivora and pholidota in the clade ferae (e. g. ,\nand favored in murphy, eizirik, johnson, et al. [ 2001 ] and\n, although the exact position of pholidota was not determined). the name cetungulata was attached to the clade (crown or stem group unspecified) of cetartiodactyla plus perissodactlya by\n, but it was unclear if they also intended cetungulata to include hyracoidea, which they did not sample in their analyses because it was widely thought at the time to be the closest mammalian order to perissodactyla. independently, the exclusive crown group of cetartiodactyla + perissodactyla was named euungulata in\n. here we use the name euungulata with the meaning of cetungulata. in addition, one supermatrix (5708 bp; mitochondrial rna gene and 3 nuclear genes) compiled by\n; perissodactyla + ferae); however, their hypothesis for the phylogenetic positions of fereuungulates as well as the others described above generally did not receive strong bayesian posterior probabilities (pps) or bootstrap (bp) supports. the relative support values of alternative hypotheses through time is summarized in\nalternative hypotheses for the interorder relationships of major laurasiatherian lineages based on molecular sequences data (a–e) and retroposon analysis (f). clade support values and the size of the data sets used are available in\n) from orthomam for subsequent analyses. the present orthomam database was missing several markers for\n). we also created three additional smaller data sets and alignments using data set a to incorporate taxa for which less than the 97 markers had been sequenced. these are a 67 - gene data set with sequences for 16 taxa (including the cat\nmethods for isolating genomic dna and sequencing are the same as those described by zhou et al. (2011) .\ninitial sequence assembly was carried out using the contigexpress software (invitrogen). chromatograms for exon sequences were viewed individually to ensure accuracy and were aligned with the consensus sequence from public database (orthomam). individual alignments for data set a were produced using clustal w (thompson et al. 1997) on the translated protein sequences. all alignments were checked by muscle (edgar 2004), and poorly aligned regions were improved manually. the final concatenated sequence alignments used for subsequent analyses were chosen using gblock software (castresana 2000). intergenomic phylogenetic congruence was tested using a likelihood ratio test (lrt) implemented in concaterpillar 1. 4 (leigh et al. 2008). concaterpillar performed per - genome maximum likelihood (ml) analyses on identical taxon sets (15 taxa) using the general time reversible (gtr) model implemented in raxml 7. 2. 3 (stamatakis 2006; stamatakis et al. 2008) at α = 0. 05 level .\nthe effects of mutational saturation at third codon positions in the 97 - gene combined data set were investigated. uncorrected pairwise distances for transitions and transversions among all taxa in the data set were plotted against the gtr model combined with a gamma distribution or with an inverse gaussian distribution across invariant sites distances (\n) to detect mutational saturation at combined positions of the first and second codons, as well as at third positions. third codon position transitions displayed the strongest evidence of mutational saturation (\n); thus, we performed phylogenetic analyses on amino acid sequences, combined first and second codon positions, and the third codon position for the 97 - gene data set. in an attempt to reduce noise, phylogenetic analyses were performed by coding the nucleotides as purines and pyrimidines (ry coding) (\n) for these positions and the more extreme approach of removing all third codon position sites for data set b. phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using ml (raxml software, version 7. 2. 3) and bayesian inference (bi) (mrbayes software, version 3. 1. 2 ;\n). the best - scoring ml tree was inferred using the novel rapid bp algorithm and ml searches after conducting 1000 raxml runs. akaike information criterion (aic) as calculated by mrmodeltest software (\n) was used to determine the most appropriate model for each of the 97 genes and for the full data matrix. in mrbayes 3. 1. 2, two independent sets of markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) chains were run, each with three heated and one unheated chain for 10, 000, 000 generations. trees were sampled every 1000 generations, and convergence was confirmed with the help of are we there yet? (awty) graphical analysis (\n), we also implemented gene partitions and specified a model for each gene included in the bayesian analyses of the 97 - gene data set. additionally, approximately unbiased (au) tests (\n) between the best ml tree and alternative topologies to evaluate whether their likelihoods were significantly different. kishino–hasegawa (kh ;\ntwo main data sets were generated and compiled in the present study. data set a contained a total of 97 aligned genes (46, 152 bp of sequence data) for 15 taxa (si file 1), and its subsets include an alignment of 82 genes (36, 441 bp) for 17 taxa (with addition of the elephant and opossum, si file 2), an alignment of 67 genes (29, 928 bp) for 16 taxa (with addition of the cat, si file 3), and an alignment of 60 genes (27, 405bp) for 18 taxa (with addition of the guinea pig, rabbit, and squirrel, si file 4). these alignments have been submitted to treebase (\n). data set b consisted of a total of 1608 named orthologs (2, 175, 102 bp) for 17 taxa (si file 5), including all laurasiatherian mammals for which draft genome sequences are available (except for the pig because its whole genomic sequences are in low coverage). each data set was partitioned by codon or gene, and phylogenetic trees were obtained by bi and ml methods (\n). the aic selected gtr + i + g as the optimal model for bayesian searches for all codons and combined the first and second codon positions of the concatenated 97 and 82 gene sequences. the best - scoring ml searches were performed under the model gtrgamma or gammawag. in addition, a mixed branch length model (\n) were applied in ml analyses to reduce the effect of heterogeneity among genes and sites. to accomplish this we used the software of phyesta (\nphylogenetic trees reconstructed using bi and ml methods based on two different data sets. integers associated with branches are bp support values from ml analyses, whereas values of 1 or less are bayesian pps. dash denotes bp support values that are < 50% . codon 1 + 2 and ry coding refer to the concatenated sequences combined with the first and second codon positions and combined with ry recoding, respectively. a consensus tree based on a majority rule of 97 bi trees from the 97 - gene data set is shown in (b). numbers associated with each branch represent the proportion of universally distributed input trees that contain that particular split .\n). so lrt indicates that combined analyses of first + second codon positions for 97 genes, which do not violate model assumptions, are permissible. we further analyzed the data set with the slow–fast method (\n). the eight most trimmed alignments (s0–s7) containing increasing fractions of fast - evolving positions were analyzed with the ml method. the results showed that the alignments (s1 and s2) with comparably slow - evolving positions support the euungulata hypothesis, whereas alignments s3–s7 support the separation of perissodactyla from cetartiodactyla and a sister - group relationship between cetartiodactyla and ferae (si\n). it seems that the sister - group relationship between cetartiodactyla and ferae is artificial and caused by lba among third codon positions .\n). we also introduced a new 67 - gene data set incorporating the cat (carnivora) in order to break the carnivore edge. in the resulting trees, the cat clusters with the dog and together they are sister to the pangolin (bp = 0. 99; pp = 54% ,\n). this arrangement was further supported by maximal bp support (100 %) when the larger data set was analyzed (i. e. , data set b) (\n) involving perissodactyla, cetartiodactyla, carnivora, and pholidota at the 0. 05 significance level (\n). the au test using the 1608 - gene data set successfully rejected the clade insectiphillia and a sister - group relationship between cetartiodactyla and carnivora at a 0. 001 significance level. the nodes within cetartiodactyla received strong pp and bp support based on data set a and its subalignments, and, in addition, all these analyses interpreted cetaceans as within artiodactyls as the sister to the hippopotamus (\n). however, the au test did not reject the “pig + camel” grouping at a 0. 05 significance level (\n) using all codon positions and the combined first and second codon positions of the 97 - gene data set. the likelihood scores from each gene were combined into a support value in two different ways, that is, the methods of\n). the bi tree was reconstructed for each gene and both sh and kh tests of all those 97 trees (si tree file) showed that no tree is identical to any of the others or to the resolved tree based on the combined genes alignment. however, a majority - rule consensus tree (\n, which are somewhat younger. our estimates based on different calibration points gave similar results within cetartiodactyla and for the split between perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla, but they varied with regard to the origin of laurasiatheria (\n). for example, calibration with the root of crown laurasiatheria suggests that extant boreotheria began to diversify in the early cretaceous ≈107 ma (95% hpd, 94–124 ma), whereas calibration with rodentia proposed a period in the late cretaceous ≈90 ma. despite these differences, both sets of divergence dates indicate that the six major laurasiatherian lineages diversified relatively rapidly in the late cretaceous, with the earliest divergence dated to 95 ma (95% hpd, 94–98 ma) and the latest divergence (i. e. , carnivora and pholidota) dated to 66 ma (95% hpd, 52–82 ma) (\nnotes: units are in ma. hpd along with the age for each node is listed within parentheses. hr means horse / rhino split at 55 ma, and wh means whale / hippo split at 52 ma as used in waddell et al. (2001). f ir means local rate variability, and mvs (multidimensional vector space) means the model of multidimensional vector space used in kitazoe et al. (2007). numbers in bold font indicate nodes where fossil calibrations were integrated into the molecular clock analysis .\nresolution of the phylogenetic relationship among basal clades of laurasiatherian mammals is essential for addressing many important questions concerning the diversification and evolution of placental mammals. despite the numerous, intensive phylogenetic studies (\n), considerable disagreement still persists for basal laurasiatherian relationships. the present phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for the position of eulipotyphla as the most basal branch of laurasiatheria and thus the sister group to the remaining extant orders (\n). resolution of this issue is clearly the result of the addition of more genes as compared with previous studies. for example ,\n; chiroptera + pholidota + carnivora + perissodactyla + cetartiodactyla), remain controversial. morphological and molecular evidence supports several alternative positions for chiroptera (\n) but agree to some extent with the finding of hou et al. that a cow + bat clade was the sister group of a horse + dog clade (\nas described in the introduction, previous morphological and molecular studies have come to very different placements for the laurasiatherian order perissodactyla .\nsuggested a sister - group relationship between perissodactyla and carnivora, which together form the clade zooamata. this hypothesis received support from subsequent analyses of 19 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial genes (\n) at a significance level of 0. 1% , whereas no significant difference was found between two other alternative placements of perissodactyla, as shown in\n) based on 2705 protein - coding genes (∼40 mb) from the dog, cow, and horse also favored a close affinity between the cow and horse, although they were not able to reject a horse + dog sister - group relationship. thus, this recent study provides further evidence to support euungulata (or cetungulata), which is also our preferred hypothesis .\n) discovered many l1 loci that occur in carnivora and perissodactyla but not in cetartiodactyla (cow or / and pig), we consider it premature to conclude that zooamata and pegasoferae are monophyletic because it remains unclear whether the l1 loci are present or absent in the orthologs of pholidota (pangolins) or other important cetartiodactyl lineages, such as whales and dolphins. it is noteworthy that one locus (int 283) isolated by\nsupports the monophyly of carnivora, perissodactyla, and cetartiodactyla, which is inconsistent with their preferred hypothesis, which includes monophyly of pegasoferae. as suggested by\n, such inconsistency can result when species diverged over a short evolutionary time span and there is incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. considering the very short duration over which the divergence of main laurasiatherian lineages occurred (\n), extensive inconsistencies among retroposon insertions are a distinct possibility. if so, then it maybe difficult to use retroposon insertions to infer the phylogeny within laurasiatheria as more lineages are sampled, similar to the problems encountered in a study on the phylogeny of baleen whales (\n). many efforts have been made to resolve conflict among retropsoson insertions, presumably as a result of incomplete lineage sorting of polymorphisms. for example ,\nhave introduced a method that uses likelihood statistics to test the validity of a superordinal clade whose monophyly is based on retroposon data. however, whether this kind of method is suitable for rapid divergences has not been established .\n) have allied pholidota with xenarthra (e. g. , armadillo and sloth) at the base of the eutherian tree. however, many other systematists have challenged this proposal and instead have advocated a sister - group relationship between pholidota and carnivora (\nalso suggested that the definition of cetferungulata (which is in fact a synonym of fereuungulata) be modified to include pholidota. however, a topology with pholidota as basal to other cetferungulates could not be statistically rejected by\n. in the present study, we demonstrated strong support for a sister - group relationship between pholidota and carnivora, regardless of partitioning strategy or phylogenetic optimality criterion for the 97 -, 67 -, and 82 - gene data sets. this was corroborated with an au test, which rejected pholidota as being basal to the remaining fereuungulates at a significance level of 0. 1% (\n). in addition, our analyses provide resolution to some controversial issues in cetartiodactyl relationships .\nthe paraphyly of conventional artiodactyla (i. e. , terrestrial artiodactyls) is widely supported by recent phylogenetic analyses of molecular data, regardless if supermatrix or supertree methods are employed (\n). although morphological data now weakly support paraphyly of artiodactyla as well, they continue to support a close relationship between ruminantia and camelidae (e. g. ,\n). the present phylogenomic analysis strongly supports cetaceans nested within artiodactyls as follows: (camelidae, [ suina, (ruminantia, whippomorpha) ]). this arrangement has also been supported by recent studies that combine morphological and molecular data (\n). to corroborate the monophyly of cetartiodactyla, we sequenced two cetartiodactylan exons (nfe2l2 exon 11 and ptpn22 exon 13) and then aligned them with the other laurasiatherian species in our data sets. the alignments indicated that there were several single amino acid insertion / deletion events specific to cetartiodactyla (si\nphylogenetic placement of suina and camelidae is the sole unresolved problem regarding the basal relationships within cetartiodactyla. their positions have varied among different molecular studies of mitochondrial and / or nuclear genes (ursing and arnason 1998, gatesy et al. 1999, nikaido et al. 1999, arnason et al. 2000, murphy, eizirik, johnson, et al. 2001). here, as mentioned above, the camelidae was placed as the basal member of cetartiodactyla, and an au test rejected a basal position of suina at a 5% level of significance. however, our au test did not reject the basal placement of suina + camelidae that was supported by arnason et al. (2000) .\n). our study generally supports the long fuse model, placing most interordinal divergences of laurasiatherian mammals in the cretaceous and intraordinal divergences in the cenozoic. in particular, the divergence times we estimated using the first and second codon positions of two of our data sets (97 - and 60 - gene) suggest that interordinal splits of laurasiatherian mammals were concentrated in the cretaceous, whereas basal cladogenesis within most of the orders, such as perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla, was in the cenozoic (\n), suggest that ungulate - like characters evolved on multiple occasions and that “ungulates” diversified in the cretaceous and early palaeocene. however, as noted elsewhere (\n), most orders within laurasiatheria do not have fossil records earlier than eocene or paleocene. although a number of hypotheses have been advanced to explain this discrepancy, final resolution will only come when phylogenetic methods for converting sequence data to relative time on a clock - like tree get improved as increased accuracy of fossil calibration points (\n). and to improve the latter, if the molecular divergence estimates for laurasiatherian mammals are compatible with the long fuse model, intensive paleontological exploration should be conducted on gondwanan continents, particularly in africa and india .\nthis research was financially supported by the national natural science foundation of china (no. 30830016), the program for new century excellent talents in university, the ministry of education of china (no. ncet - 07 - 0445), the major project of the natural science foundation of the jiangsu higher education institutions of jiangsu province, china (07kja18016), and the priority academic program development of jiangsu higher education institutions to g. y .\nwe thank professors ron debry, michael charleston, hirohisa kishino, and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and revision suggestions on our manuscript. dr. jonathan geisler edited versions of this manuscript and provided important scientific comments. we are grateful to dr. deborah ciszek for carefully going through the whole manuscript and providing some valuable comments, particularly on the supplemental materials. many thanks also to professors sibao wu, xiaobin wu, yi wu, peicheng xiong, caiquan zhou, qisen yang, jianping jiang, zhengkun wang, dr. yuqing chen, and mr. xinrong xu for their assistance in sample collection .\nadachi j, hasegawa m. tokyo (japan): institute of statistical mathematics; 1996. molphy: version 2. 3: programs for molecular phylogenetics based on maximum likelihood. computer science monographs, no. 28 .\narchibald jd. timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: fossils and molecules compared .\narnason u, adegoke ja, bodin k, born ew, esa yb, gullberg a, nilsson m, short rv, xu x, janke a. mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree .\narnason u, adegoke ja, gullberg a, harley eh, janke a, kullberg m. mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences .\narnason u, gullberg a, gretarsdottir s, ursing b, janke a. the mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates .\naverianov a, archibald jd. mammals from the mid - cretaceous khodzhakul formation, kyzylkum desert ,\nbajpai s, das dp, tiwari bn. early eocene land mammals from vastan lignite mine, district surat (gujarat), western india .\nbeck rm, bininda - emonds or, cardillo m, liu fg, purvis a. a higher - level mrp supertree of placental mammals .\nbenton mj, donoghue pc. paleontological evidence to date the tree of life .\nbutler pm. phylogeny of the insectivores. in: benton mj, editor .\ncao y, fujiwara m, nikaido m, okada n, hasegawa m. interordinal relationships and timescale of eutherian evolution as inferred from mitochondrial genome data .\ncastresana j. selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis .\ncreevey cj, mcinerney jo. clann: investigating phylogenetic information through supertree analyses .\ncriscuolo a, berry v, douzery ejp, gascuel o. sdm: a fast distance - based approach for (super) tree building in phylogenomics .\ndelsuc f, brinkmann h, philippe h. phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life .\ndouady cj, douzery ej. molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence times and the evolution of “insectivora”\ndrummond aj, rambaut a. beast: bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees .\nedgar rc. muscle: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity .\ngatesy j, matthee c, desalle r, hayashi c. resolution of a supertree / supermatrix paradox .\ngatesy j, milinkovitch m, waddell v, stanhope m. stability of cladistic relationships between cetacea and higher - level artiodactyl taxa .\ngeisler jh, uhen md. morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales .\ngregory wk. the orders of mammals. bull. am. mus. nat. hist .\nguindon s, gascuel o. a simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood .\nhanson - smith v, kolaczkowski b, st. john j, thornton jw. oregon (or): the institute of ecology and evolution, university of oregon; 2009. phyesta. program distributed by the author .\nhou zc, romero r, wildman de. phylogeny of the fereuungulata (mammalia: laurasiatheria) as determined from phylogenomic data .\nhuelsenbeck j, rannala b. frequentist properties of bayesian posterior probabilities of phylogenetic trees under simple and complex substitution models .\nirwin dm, wilson ac. limitations of molecular methods for establishing the phylogeny of mammals, with special reference to the position of elephants. in: szalay fs, novacek mj, mckenna mc, editors .\nkishino h, hasegawa m. evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from dna sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea .\nkitazoe y, kishino h, waddell pj, nakajima n, okabayashi t, watabe t, okuhara y. robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals .\nkolaczkowski b, thornton jw. a mixed branch length model of heterotachy improves phylogenetic accuracy .\nkostka m, uzlikova m, cepicka i, flegr j. slowfaster, a user - friendly program for slow - fast analysis and its application on phylogeny of blastocystis .\nkriegs jo, churakov g, kiefmann m, jordan u, brosius j, schmitz j. retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals .\nkullberg m, nilsson ma, arnason u, harley eh, janke a. housekeeping genes for phylogenetic analysis of eutherian relationships .\nleigh jw, susko e, baumgartner m, roger aj. testing congruence in phylogenomic analysis .\nszalay fs, novacek mj, mckenna mc, editors. new york: springer; 1993. pp. 13–31 .\nmadsen o, scally m, douady cj, kao dj, debry rw, adkins r, amrine hm, stanhope mj, de jong ww, springer ms. parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals .\nmatthee ca, burzlaff jd, taylor jf, davis sk. mining the mammalian genome for artiodactyl systematics .\nmckenna mc. toward a phylogenetic classification of the mammalia. in: luckett wp, szalay fs, editors .\nmiyamoto mm. a congruence study of molecular and morphological data for eutherian mammals .\nmontgelard c, catzeflis fm, douzery e. phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12s rrna mitochondrial sequences .\nmouchaty sk, gullberg a, janke a, arnason u. the phylogenetic position of the talpidae within eutheria based on analysis of complete mitochondrial sequences .\nmurphy wj, eizirik e, johnson we, zhang yp, ryder oa, o' brien sj. molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals .\nmurphy wj, eizirik e, o' brien sj, madsen o, scally m, douady cj, teeling e, ryder oa, stanhope mj, de jong ww, springer ms. resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics .\nnarita y, oda s, takenaka o, kageyama t. phylogenetic position of eulipotyphla inferred from the cdna sequences of pepsinogens a and c .\nnikaido m, hamilton h, makino h, sasaki t, takahashi k, goto m, kanda n, pastene la, okada n. proceedings of the smbe tri - national young investigators' workshop. 2005. baleen whale phylogeny and a past extensive radiation event revealed by sine insertion analysis .\nnikaido m, harada m, cao y, hasegawa m, okada n. monophyletic origin of the order chiroptera and its phylogenetic position among mammalia, as inferred from the complete sequence of the mitochondrial dna of a japanese megabat, the ryukyu flying fox (pteropus dasymallus )\nnikaido m, kawai k, cao y, harada m, tomita s, okada n, hasegawa m. maximum likelihood analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eutherians and a reevaluation of the phylogeny of bats and insectivores .\nnikaido m, rooney ap, okada n. phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. proc. natl. acad. sci. u. s. a .\nnishihara h, hasegawa m, okada n. pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions .\nnylander ja. uppsala (sweden): evolutionary biology centre, uppsala university; 2004. mrmodeltest v2. program distributed by the author .\nnylander ja, wilgenbusch jc, warren dl, swofford dl. awty (are we there yet ?): a system for graphical exploration of mcmc convergence in bayesian phylogenetics .\no' leary ma, gatesy j. impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla (mammalia): combined analysis including fossils .\nonuma m, kusakabe t, kusakabe s. phylogenetic positions of insectivora in eutheria inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii gene .\npettigrew jd. flying primates? megabats have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain .\nphillips mj, delsuc f, penny d. genome - scale phylogeny and the detection of systematic biases .\npollard da, iyer vn, moses am, eisen mb. widespread discordance of gene trees with species tree in drosophila: evidence for incomplete lineage sorting .\nprasad ab, allard mw, green ed. confirming the phylogeny of mammals by use of large comparative sequence data sets .\nprasad gv. divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: relevance of new fossil finds from india .\nprasad gv, verma o, sahni a, parmar v, khosla a. a cretaceous hoofed mammal from india .\npumo de, finamore ps, franek wr, phillips cj, tarzami s, balzarano d. complete mitochondrial genome of a neotropical fruit bat, artibeus jamaicensis, and a new hypothesis of the relationships of bats to other eutherian mammals .\nquang ls, gascuel o, lartillot n. empirical profile mixture models for phylogenetic reconstruction .\nranwez v, delsuc f, ranwez s, belkhir k, tilak mk, douzery ej. orthomam: a database of orthologous genomic markers for placental mammal phylogenetics .\nscally m, madsen o, douady cj, de jong ww, stanhope mj, springer ms. molecular evidence for the major clades of placental mammals .\nschwartz s, elnitski l, li m, weirauch m, riemer c, smit a, green ed, hardison rc, miller w. multipipmaker and supporting tools: alignments and analysis of multiple genomic dna sequences .\nshedlock am, takahashi k, okada n. sines of speciation: tracking lineages with retroposons .\nshimamura am, yasue h, ohshima k, abe h, kato h, kishiro t, goto m, munechika i, okada n. molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even - toed ungulates .\nshimodaira h, hasegawa m. multiple comparisons of log - likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference .\nshimodaira h, hasegawa m. consel: for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection .\nshoshani j, mckenna mc. higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data .\nspaulding m, o' leary ma, gatesy j. relationships of cetacea (artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution .\nspringer ms, burk - herrick a, meredith r, eizirik e, teeling e, o' brien sj, murphy wj. the adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals .\nspringer ms, murphy wj, eizirik e, o' brien sj. placental mammal diversification and the cretaceous - tertiary boundary .\nstamatakis a. raxml - vi - hpc: maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models .\nstamatakis a, hoover p, rougemont j. a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers .\nstanhope mj, waddell vg, madsen o, de jong w, hedges cb, cleven gc, kao d, springer sm. molecular evidence for multiple origins of insectivora and for a new order of endemic african insectivore mammals .\nthewissen jg, cooper ln, clementz mt, bajpai s, tiwari bn. whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the eocene epoch of india .\nthewissen jg, williams em, roe lj, hussain st. skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls .\nthompson jd, gibson tj, plewniak f, jeanmougin f, higgins dg. the clustal _ x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools .\nursing bm, arnason u. analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus - whale clade .\nvan den bussche ra, hoofer sr. evaluating monophyly of nataloida (chiroptera) with mitochondrial dna sequences .\nwaddell pj. fit of fossils and mammalian molecular trees: dating inconsistencies revisited. arxiv .\nwaddell pj, cao y, hasegawa m, mindell dp. assessing the cretaceous superordinal divergence times within birds and placental mammals by using whole mitochondrial protein sequences and an extended statistical framework .\nwaddell pj, cao y, hauf j, hasegawa m. using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtdna, including aa invariant sites - logdet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the position of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant .\nwaddell pj, kishino h, ota r. a phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics .\nwaddell pj, okada n, hasegawa m. towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals .\nwaddell pj, ota r, penny d. measuring fit of sequence data to phylogenetic model: gain of power using marginal tests .\nwaddell pj, shelley s. evaluating placental inter - ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including rag1, gamma - fibrinogen, nd6, and mt - trna, plus mcmc - driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models .\nwaddell pj, steel ma. general time - reversible distances with unequal rates across sites: mixing gamma and inverse gaussian distributions with invariant sites .\nwaters pd, dobigny g, waddell pj, robinson tj. evolutionary history of line - 1 in the major clades of placental mammals .\nwible jr, rougier gw, novacek mj, asher rj. cretaceous eutherians and laurasian origin for placental mammals near the k / t boundary .\nzhou x, xu s, zhang p, yang g. developing a series of conservative anchor markers and their application to phylogenomics of laurasiatherian mammals .\nthe' novacek tree' - an influential view of placental phylogeny from 1992 .\nour understanding of phylogeny – the shape of the tree of life – is constantly evolving, and it’ll continue to evolve as long as new data keeps coming in and so long as we continue to generate hypotheses based on this data .\nsince the late 1990s, our view of placental mammal phylogeny has changed radically as molecular studies have shed new light on the shape of the tree. prior to the studies concerned, placentals were thought to consist of four or five major clusters, the main problem being that all were more or less arranged in a polytomy, often shown exploding from the same node simultaneously (shoshani 1986, novacek et al. 1988, novacek 1989, 1992a, b, macphee et al. 1993, gaudin et al. 1996, o’leary et al. 2004), though perhaps with xenarthrans (and sometimes pangolins too) belonging outside the clade that contains all the other lineages. that ‘all the other lineages’ clade was termed epitheria .\nhere’s a simplified depiction of the topology that was all the rage between about 1992 and 1999. because michael novacek at the american museum of natural history did a fair bit to publicise the view that was emerging at the time (novacek 1992b), it’s sometimes been called the ‘novacek tree’ ...\nsimplified morphology - derived placental tree, based mostly on one of the strict consensus trees shown by novacek (1992a) (and with some of the names coming from mckenna & bell 1997). this cladogram, and many others like it, is from my in - prep textbook. you can get some idea of progress on that project by supporting me at patreon .\nsimplified molecule - derived placental tree, based mostly on trees depicted by amrine - madsen et al. (2003) and asher et al. (2009). note that studies differ as goes the arrangement of the scrotiferan lineages. cough patreon cough .\nsupertree studies (basically, compilations of the results of individual studies) have also shown how the overall consensus is favouring the ‘new molecular tree’ (liu et al. 2001, beck et al. 2006, bininda - emonds et al. 2007). i’ll resist the urge to talk about supertrees a bit more – i’m not really a fan, since they tell you more about the shape of research focus than they do about relationships within organisms, and it’s easy to misinterpret them as being more meaningful as goes the tree of life than they are .\nof afrotherians and xenarthrans. the basic structure of the ‘new’ placental tree will be familiar to many of you. xenarthrans are no longer on their own, outside a clade that contains all other placentals: instead, a mostly african clade called afrotheria (containing hyraxes, sirenians and elephants at its core) is often recovered as the sister - group to the rest of the placental clade. there’s a lot to say about the content and topology of afrotheria but i can’t do that here. but it' s not as if afrotherians have taken the place of xenarthrans as' the lineage on the outside': xenarthra and afrotheria seem to be sister - groups (e. g. , waddell et al. 1999, hallstrom et al. 2007, wildman et al. 2007), the two forming atlantogenata (also sometimes called notoplacentalia or xenafrotheria)." ]

{ "text": [ "scrotifera is a clade of placental mammals that comprises the following orders and their common ancestors : chiroptera , carnivora , pholidota , perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla , with the latter including the traditional orders artiodactyla and cetacea .", "scrotifera is the sister group to the eulipotyphla and together they make up the laurasiatheria . " ], "topic": [ 26, 17 ] }

[ "scrotifera is a clade of placental mammals that comprises the following orders and their common ancestors: chiroptera, carnivora, pholidota, perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla, with the latter including the traditional orders artiodactyla and cetacea. scrotifera is the sister group to the eulipotyphla and together they make up the laurasiatheria." ]

[ "horse racing 1980 fighting 5th hurdle newcastle. birds nest & sea pigeon. avi\nshimmy dancer would go on to win the gazelle handicap and native glitter is the dam of irish oaks and irish 1000 guineas winner godetia (by sir ivor) .\n1979 winner godetia is worthy of note. as of 2015 she remains the most recent filly to achieve the irish classic double of the irish 1000 guineas and the irish oaks\ngodetia (gb) ch. f, 1929 { 1 - w } dp = 0 - 0 - 8 - 0 - 12 (20) di = 0. 25 cd = - 1. 20\nsmart strike sired 2007 horse of the year curlin and champion turf male english channel while earning leading sire honors of ‘07 .\nhe just knew by watching a horse whether they needed more or less work or a change of scene, or routine or diet. all the horses in the yard were totally individual and were treated that way. there was a plan and a programme for each horse in the stable .\nmoccasin: 1965 u. s. champion 2yo filly and co - horse of the year. dam of european group stakes winner and stallion apalachee .\ntradigrey (04c, sadler' s wells, artaius). 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1800m, 1900m, milan premio sustinente, rome premio godetia, 2d milan premio merano, l, premio resio, 3d milan premio lodi vecchio, 4th milan premio emanuele filiberto, l .\npedrovic (05c, roi danzig, akarad). 5 wins from 1500m to 1800m to 2009, rome premio fontex, premio bragozzo, 2d rome premio godetia, premio slicious, premio ognon, 3d naples premio gargano, rome premio filiberto, premio carlos primero, premio pleben, premio dordone .\n1. vincent once said in an interview that you can’t train a horse to stay. you can teach them to settle but pedigree dictates whether they stay or not .\njust as well he just got beaten in the vase or new zealand would not have got him and it took a champion horse to just beat him by a nose .\na shame he' s been so terrible at stud. out of a lovely mare. but a tall narrow type, seemed the wrong sort of horse for this region .\nstreet cry’s first crop also produced 2008 breeders’ cup ladies’ classic (g1) winner zenyatta. undefeated in nine starts, zenyatta was a candidate for 2008 horse of the year .\nkingmambo, a handsome, balanced, workmanlike horse out of the great racemare miesque, by nureyev, won three group 1 races at one mile in europe and thus earned a top - class opportunity at stud. kingmambo proved in no uncertain terms his ability to get top - level horses, with french champion and japanese horse of the year el condor pasa in his first crop, american classic winner and 2000 champion older horse lemon drop kid in his second. his brillant filly divine proportions won five group 1 stakes and was a two - time european champion .\nmorris, tony; randall, john (1990). horse racing: records, facts, champions (third edition). guinness publishing. isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .\n“a recent composition in this corner dealt with the famous match race of a few years back when the quarter horse barbra b outlegged the thoroughbred fair truckle two days after a regular hollywood park meeting .\nmelville haskell, president of the quarter - horse racing association of arizona, apparently settled on the $ 100, 000 nature of the purse. “i know it’s $ 100, 000, ” he declared, “but i guess the owners didn’t want too much said about that and we of the quarter - horse association don’t either, because we look on this as more of a sporting proposition. ”\nretired after his 3 - year - old racing season, sir ivor was sold to a syndicate to stand at stud at claiborne farm in paris, kentucky. he sired 94 stakes winners and was the broodmare sire of more than 145 stakes winners before his death at age 30 in 1995. his best winners included ivanjica (prix de l' arc de triomphe), optimistic gal (spinster stakes, frizette stakes, kentucky oaks), sweet alliance (kentucky oaks), godetia (irish 1000 guineas, irish oaks), and the american champion older male horse bates motel .\nshe has been racing only a year, gill picking her up for $ 3, 000 after her original owners had decided she might be worth more racing than for calf roping. each horse carried 110 pounds .\nthrough daughter golpey: 2005 canadian horse of the year a bit o’gold, 2004 canadian broodmare of the year annasan, and graded stakes winners goldseeker bud (gone much before his time), arco’s gold, and coyote lakes .\nbillesdon brook’s shock win against the odds at newmarket saw some punters through out the form from the 1000 guineas. that may be a mistake. richard hannon’s horse is not the long odds winner of the first fillies’ classic and she beat some top quality competitors .\nhe would compile a worksheet for the team each night, and each morning he would walk each horse out for about twenty minutes and you could almost guarantee that the work sheet would be altered. for example if it were a tuesday gallop morning and a filly was racing on the saturday – instead of sending her for a final gallop as planned he may send her off for an afternoon walk and a pick with a lead horse. you would wonder what he was doing until the filly came out and won on the saturday .\nleviathan was, by his blood, form and racing qualities, as well calculated to cross on the best mares of tennessee as any horse in england or america; accordingly we find that his colts have had almost unprecedented success at all distances, from nashville to orleans ...\nhe was a legend and it was an honour and a privilege to be there .\nthe boss\nhad the uncanny ability of being able to get into a horse' s head, his assessment of a horse physically and mentally was amazing. he could see things that no one else could see and he could read his horses so well. he was hands on and spent time with all his horses and that was why he only ever had about 45 - 50 in work at one time. he was constantly assessing them 24 / 7 physically and mentally .\nthrough daughter impish lynn: mexican triple crown winner / 1978 & 1979 mexican horse of the year gran zar (mex) and 1979 mexican champion 3yo filly mezquita (mex). gran zar (mex) shows up in the pedigrees of graded stakes winner and stallion fusaichi rock star and stakes winner ms. sadira .\nan exceptionally handsome bay horse with a beautifully laid shoulder, sir ivor had very good conformation and an excellent disposition. he was quite intelligent and in piggott' s words acted “as if he knew what he was supposed to do. ” the great trainer vincent o' brien considered sir ivor to be the most determined of all the great horses he had trained .\n“inglewood, calif. , aug. 4 (ap) – barbara b [ sic ], champion quarter horse of the arizona - new mexico bush tracks, stepped out of her class today and handed a proud thoroughbred, fair truckle, a fancy whipping in a quarter - mile dash for a winner - take - all purse authoritatively reported to be $ 100, 000 .\n, in which a pedigree is given for the imported horse, young tifter, a grandson of tifter .\ntifter of warwick was got by the famous thoulouse barb, and bred out of cream cheeks, full sister to leedes and grandam of old childers\n[ e2: 53 ]. however, this may just be an indication of how early tifter' s pedigree became confused .\nsir ivor was named british horse of the year by the racecourse association, gaining twenty - six of the forty votes to defeat royal palace. he was awarded a rating of 135 by timeform. [ 8 ] in their book a century of champions, john randall and tony morris rated sir ivor as a “superior” derby winner and the seventh best irish racehorse of the 20th century. [ 9 ]\nfair truckle had been regarded as the forerunner of jet propulsion. hailed as the fastest thing on four feet for a quarter of a mile, the howard charger’s fame spread until it reached the ears of roy gill. a few discreet inquiries revealed that howard was prepared to back his speedster with 50 grand against anything the quarter horse people could come up with short of a motorcycle. gill promptly cranked up barbra b .\nin a 2011 interview with the guardian, lester piggott—perhaps the greatest english rider of all time—singled out sir ivor as the best he ever rode, despite the fact that he “was not really a mile - and - a - half horse. ” famed irish trainer vincent o' brien ranked sir ivor with nijinsky ii as the best horses he had trained, stating that nijinsky ii had greater brilliance but sir ivor was tougher .\nthe most sensational and outrageous disqualification is that of craganour, first past the post in the 1913 derby. the race is now remembered primarily for the death of the sufragette emily davison, but there was also sensational drama in the stewards room. the race was awarded to 100 / 1 shot aboyeur, who like craganour was a son of desmond. craganour was an unlucky horse who had earlier been robbed of the 2000 guineas by an incompetent judge .\nhis year of birth, which differs from that given him in the general stud book [ gsb 1: 12 ], was attested to by leonard childers in a note attached to his portrait at chatsworth\nsept ye 28, 1719. this is to certify that the bay stoned horse his grace the duke of devonshire bought of me, was bred by me, and was five years old last grass, and no more witness my hand, leo childers\n[ royal studs: 125 ] .\noverbrook farm’s homebred carson city (out of blushing promise, by blushing groom [ fr ]) was strictly a sprinter, and the vast majority of his offspring show the same tendency. still, he sired a grade 1 winner at 1 1 / 8 miles in his first crop (flying chevron) and built a consistent career similar to that of crafty prospector. a smallish, very compact, muscular horse, carson city is very well made and passes on his physique to many of his offspring .\nhe was a pretty tough taskmaster – a typical old school trainer. he was a perfectionist and he expected every one else to be – after all in my day we were working with horses worth millions of dollars, i was there when the $ 10. 3 million seattle dancer was in the stable. i think he still holds the record for being the highest priced yearling in the world. the boss left no stone unturned to get a horse right. he was tough but he was fair ,\nbaker concluded .\nquarter horse barbra b defeats thoroughbred fair truckle (gb) in two furlong match race at hollywood park on august 4, 1947. two months later, fair truckle would go on to set a new world record for six furlongs (1: 08 2 / 5) at golden gate fields in october 1947. in the stud, fair truckle would become the damsire of soldier girl, who equaled the world record for five furlongs (: 56 2 / 5) at del mar in august 1964. photo available from historicimages. com, part number neb63238 .\nblessed with a remarkable turn of foot, sir ivor combined the precocity to be a top juvenile with the stamina needed to win europe' s premier 3 - year - old classic, the derby stakes. following his swan song in the washington, d. c. , international, the horse stood in ireland for two seasons before transferring to claiborne farm, where he spent the rest of his life. he was best known as an excellent sire of fillies but also managed to hand on the male line of sir gaylord to his son sir tristram, a six - time australian champion sire .\n7. sir ivor (1965 sir gaylord - attica by mr. trouble). a brilliant winner of a top class guineas, he followed up by displaying an electrifying turn of foot in the derby. he was campaigned relentlessly turning out 13 times over two seasons and like others he maintained his form throughout. however it was testament to vincent’s skill that he maintained his form throughout. in sir ivor’s case he managed to follow on a second place behind vaguely noble in the arc with wins in the champion stakes and arc. he became primarily renowned as a sire of fillies leaving the likes of arc winner ivanjica, lady capulet (who vincent trained to win a classic on her debut and is dam of el prado) and godetia and cloonlara (both trained by vincent). of his colts the best was bates motel. he makes the list by virtue of the moderate runner sir tristram who has had a huge influence on australian / new zealand breeding and his daughters who have given us such stallions as el prado, green desert, alzao, and bluebird .\namong mr. prospector’s younger sons, english - based machiavellian (out of coup de folie, by halo) and lane’s end stallions kingmambo and smart strike have achieved the highest profiles. machiavellian, a smallish, muscular, round - barrelled horse, was a brilliant two - year - old but was not as dominating over longer distances at three. at stud, he produced top - class winners at all distances from five furlongs to 2 1 / 2 miles, and his grade - 1 winning son street cry (ire) sired 2006 breeders’ cup juvenile (g1) and ‘07 kentucky derby presented by yum! brands winner street sense in his first crop .\nsir ivor was bred by alice headley bell at the mill ridge farm in kentucky. he was from the second crop of foals sired by secretariat' s half - brother sir gaylord, out of the mare attica, who produced several other winners. as a yearling the colt was sent to the sales and was bought for $ 42, 000 (equivalent to $ 320, 000 in 2017) by american businessman and u. s. ambassador to ireland, raymond r. guest, who named the horse after his british grandfather, sir ivor guest, 1st baron wimborne. sir ivor was sent to ireland to be trained by vincent o' brien at ballydoyle .\nhowever, life wasn' t always like that for vincent o' brien. he was born in april 1917 in county cork and was the eldest son of dan o' brien' s four children from his second marriage. dan o' brien was a farmer and small time horse trainer, and young vincent worked in his yard on leaving school at 15. he took over his father' s stables after he died in 1943 and took out a national hunt trainer' s licence. as well as the horses o' brien junior was a dab hand at training greyhounds and earned a tidy sum in the training and trading of dogs before concentrating solely on horses .\nanother very controversial decision. french trained royal gait ridden by cash asmussen was undoubtedly the best horse in the race but was disqualified for interference with the unplaced el conquistador. the race was then awarded to sadeem. royal gait was a gelding so it had no impact on his stud career. he did achieve fame in another sphere when winning the champion hurdle for james fanshawe in 1992. sadeem won the race on merit in 1989 but failed in his attempt for further success in 1990. sadeem did secure a place at stud but by the 1980’s stayers were deeply unfashionable for breeding purposes so having an additional ascot gold cup on his cv made little difference to his prospects of stud success .\nscintillate began her three - year - old season in the sandleford priory stakes over ten furlongs at newbury racecourse in may. in a slowly run race, she took the lead a furlong from the finish and won by half a length and a neck from crystal queen and untitled. on 9 june scintillate started a 20 / 1 outsider for the 201st running of the oak stakes over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse. the leading contenders included l' ile du reve who had won the cheshire oaks by seven lengths, godetia (irish 1000 guineas), just a game and rimosa' s pet (musidora stakes). the ground, which had been good when troy had won the derby earlier in the week had become very soft after three days of heavy rain. ridden by pat eddery, scintillate was towards the back of the field in the early stages but was always going well, in contrast to several of the fancied horses, who were clearly struggling to cope with the conditions. she moved alongside the leaders in the final quarter mile and took a clear advantage inside the final furlong. she was never in danger of defeat and won very easily by three lengths from bonnie isle with britannia' s rule a length away in third. [ 7 ]\nwacousta (1832, out of lady lightfoot, by oscar), bred by hugh and john kirkman of nashville, tennessee, was in one of leviathan' s first crops. a liver chestnut with a small white stripe, he stood 15. 3 hands and reflected his muley heritage with a long back, beautifully laid - back shoulder, and heavy muscular development. he had a good turn of speed and proved to be a game horse, frequently coming back from losing a heat to winning the race. after racing for hugh kirkman and henry dickson of nashville, he stood at stud at the kirman brothers' farm near nashville, and later at thomas bullock' s at middleton, in rutherford county, tennessee, where he was a useful stallion .\noutside of raceday disqualifications, disqualifications on technical grounds can often generate controversy. in recent years the most high profile incident involved the aga khan’s 1989 oaks winner aliysa. the aga khan subsequently produced expert evidence that essentially showed that the horse doped itself and that there were flaws in the drug testing regime. however the disqualification was never likely to be reversed and snow bride was awarded the race. the aga khan withdrew all his horses from the uk and it was a number of years before he had a runner there and longer still before he again had horses in training in the uk. the loss of such a major owner had huge implications for may british trainers such as luca cumani and michael stoute and it undoubtedly changed bloodstock history as the aga khan focused on france and ireland. incidentally snow bride entered the history books as the dam of derby, king george and arc winner lammtarra and aliysa was dam of craven stakes winner desert story and grand - dam of irish derby and king george winner alamshar .\nsir ivor returned in late september when he ran in the prix henry delamarre at longchamp in which he finished half a length second to prince sao, to whom he was conceding nine pounds. one week later, he returned to longchamp for the prix de l' arc de triomphe. sir ivor, whose best distance was probably 10 furlongs was outstayed by the favourite, vaguely noble, who won by three lengths. sir ivor finished four lengths ahead of the remainder of the field to take second. [ 6 ] two weeks after his run in paris, sir ivor appeared at newmarket, where he won the champion stakes easily [ 3 ] by two and a half lengths from a field which included taj dewan. on his final start, sir ivor was sent to the united states for the washington, d. c. international at laurel park, maryland. piggott held the colt up before producing a\nfurious stretch drive\n[ 7 ] to lead in the last twenty yards and beat czar alexander, with the american champion male turf horse fort marcy in third .\nthe disqualification that almost had the greatest impact on modern horse breeding occurred in a modest race in 1960. chamour trained by vincent o’brien had just won a race won a maiden but a dope test showed traces of an amphetamine derivative. o’brien was disqualified for 18 months and his reputation was in tatters. he considered never training again. however legal action led to an apology from the turf club, a reduction in his suspension to 12 months and a change in the rules. the testing undertaken was described as ‘a woman with a bucket’ and the supposed trace that they found was considered by many to be beyond the capabilities of the equipment available at the time. it’s easy to imagine that the bowler hatted brigade were motivated by animosity towards the young genius whom they considered to be getting above his station. vincent recounted how many years later one of the stewards responsible approached him with an outstretched hand and said “o’brien i’ll forgive you if you’ll forgive me”. vincent left the room without a word. it is difficult to imagine what the bloodstock world would now resemble, without the influence of the master of ballydoyle .\n5. roberto (1969 hail to reason - bramalea by nashua). it has taken breeders a long time to appreciate the worth of roberto in a pedigree. as a racehorse he is often overlooked and often credited as merely the horse who produced a freak performance to defeat brigadier gerard. he was also a gutsy derby winner and narrowly defeated in the 2000 guineas. at four he won a coronation cup impressively and michael kauntze (who was assistant to vincent o’brien at the time), thought he had as much talent as nijinsky, but just didn’t always display it. as a sire he got many decent performers including sookera, slightly dangerous, silver hawk and lear fan but he is much more important as a sire of sires and as a broodmare sire. his best stallion sons include kris s, dynamformer, red ransom and the japanese based brian’s time who all sired horses better than themselves. as a broodmare sire he is responsible for slightly dangerous multitude of talented offspring (warning, commander in chief, deploy, dushyantor) and sookera has become ancestress of the hasili tribe. there can be a nasty streak running through his offspring .\nhis motives were complicated as ironically loder was the breeder of craganour. one suggestion was that he was annoyed at having sold the horse but more likely it was because he despised bower ismay, the owner of craganour because of an affair between ismay and loder’s sister - in - law. ismay was also part of the shipping family that owned the white star line which at the time were deeply unpopular because of the titanic disaster. ismay was also a harrovian and all the stewards were etonians in a world where such things mattered. in a travesty of justice eustace contrived to have the luckless craganour disqualified and aboyeur awarded the race. the chief witness for the prosecution was the jockey william saxby who had been jocked off craganour, so naturally his impartiality was open to question. craganour was sold to argentinan interests for £30, 000 and never ran again (a condition of his sale). he subsequently did well in argentina. we can only speculate how he would have fared in the uk. aboyeur was beaten in both his subsequent starts, went to stud in russia and disappeared after the russian revolution. the disqualification may have been a major injustice but it probably had only a minor impact on breeding history. not surprisingly there isn’t a head on camera reel available but this link shows some great footage from epsom on that fateful day urltoken .\nto date a single mtdna haplotype has been documented in the few contemporary descendants of cream cheeks that have been tested. it represents a different founder mare than the haplotype found in the majority of contemporary descendants of betty percival that have been sampled, strongly suggesting that these historic mares did not share a dam. see equine genetic genealogy and deep - rooted anomalies .\nthe names\nold bald peg ,\nold peg\nand\ncream cheeks\nappear for the first time in the fifth edition of volume 1 of the general stud book, published in 1891, some two hundred years after their deaths .\nleedes arabian mare (sister to leedes, sometimes called cream cheeks), bred by mr leedes\n[ gsb 1: 12 ]. leedes arabian mare was without her own entry in the general stud book until 1891, when she was credited with all the progeny previously credited to a sister to leedes. it is possible that there was more than one sister to leedes .\nher original pedigree is recorded in edward coke' s stud book as by\nthe bald galloway, her dam by lord carlisle' s white turk, out of sir william strickland' s blunder mare\n[ royal studs: 139 ]. from 1791 to 1891 her pedigree in the general stud book was given as: roxana, bred by sir w strickland, foaled in 1718, got by the bald galloway, her dam, sister to chaunter, by the akaster turk [ intro: 183; gsb 1808; gsb 1 / 3: 169; gsb 1 / 4: 169; gsb 1 / 5: 175 ]. not until 1891 is she said to be a sister to silverlocks, under the entry of her dam [ gsb 1 / 5: 1 ]. the situation was further compounded by mr prior' s preconceived notion that roxana was sister to silverlocks that led him to use a pedigree for silverlocks to confirm the pedigree of roxana when he said :\nthe grandam of roxana is stated in the gsb to have been by the leedes arabian, and the same pedigree was contemporaneously recorded by mr routh, who obtained it, attested by mr ascough, august 26th, 1740, so may be taken as correct\n[ royal studs: 139 ]. there is no evidence to connect roxana with family 6 - a. we have labelled her family as 6 - a1 for our own research purposes (although you' re welcome to use it). roxana won a £40 plate at york in 1724. she raced until 1727 winning several other prizes. she was later a broodmare in lord godolphin' s stud and died in 1734 when cade was about ten days old [ royal studs: 139 ] .\nthe pedigree of silverlocks given in edward coke' s stud book records her pedigree as: own sister to roxana [ mr prior' s words ], by the bald galloway, her dam by the akaster turk ,\nout of a mare that sir william lowther vallued much\n[ royal studs: 139 ]. in the general stud book, from 1791 to 1891, her pedigree is given consistently as: silverlocks, (mr coke' s, mr ayscough' s), foaled in 1725, got by the bald galloway - akaster turk - leedes - spanker [ gsb 1808; gsb 1 / 3: 178; gsb 1 / 4: 178; gsb 1 / 5: 183 ]. it is not until 1891 that she is said to be a sister to roxana, under the entry of her dam. her dam line has similarities with family 6 - a, however there is no evidence to suggest that it is identical. we have labelled her line 6 - a2 for our own purposes (and you' re welcome to use it) .\ntifter was attributed to mr leedes' cream cheeks in 1891, although there is some evidence that he was from sir john parsons' cream cheeks, the 2nd dam of cinnamon (ch c 1722) .\ntifter, sir john parson' s, (by the thoulouse barb, out of cream cheeks, the grandam of cinnamon )\n[ pick 1: xxviii ] .\ncream cheeks .\ntifter was son of the thoulouse barb, out of young cream cheeks which was full sister in blood to leeds' s\n[ pond 1754: 159 ] .\nyet another version of tifter' s pedigree can be found in lord rockingham' s collection which notes that mr crofts said that the dam of tifter was got by counsellor - brimmer - dicky pearson - burton barb mare .\ntifter was bred by sir john parsons and it is reasonable to question whether his dam was mr leedes' cream cheeks rather than sir john' s own cream cheeks. in order to satisfy the\nsister in blood\ndescription of young cream cheeks, it is possible that tifter' s pedigree connects at some point to family 6, although his pedigree should probably look something like this :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmore than $ 25, 000 was raised for the permanently d ...\njustify' s next race plans will have to wait, conne ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nlive 🔴 | jumping (j indiv. qualifier) | fei european championships ch / j / yr\nthe favourite provides robert sangster, vincent o' brien and lester piggott with another classic success. french challenger producer is second, ahead of queen to conquer\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nearly' s farm and garden centre carries a large variety of heirloom seeds. these seeds were developed prior to 1962 and are individually identified with the following title ;\nheight 45 cm. (18\n). dwarf double azalea type flower. a good array of colors. an impressive annual. pkt. (≈ 300 seeds). .\nstart new search - hypothetical mating - frequently asked questions - return to adca home page - log in pedigree search engine designed and developed by capable computing, inc. all rights reserved. unauthorized duplication prohibited .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nheight 70 cm. (27\n) tall plumose type. great in flower beds for a tall colorful background. nice full feathery plumes with green lea. .\nheight 30 cm (12\n). a mixture of red, yellow and rose colors. pkt (≈ 100 seeds) * this seed has been discontinued and availa. .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nscintillate (foaled 24 january 1976) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic oaks stakes in 1979. she showed promising form as a two - year - old although she failed to win in three races. after recording her first win in the sandleford priory stakes in the following spring she won the oaks as a 20 / 1 outsider. she ran poorly in two subsequent races and was retired to brood where she had limited success as a broodmare .\nscintillate was a dark - coated bay mare with a white star [ 2 ] bred by the fonthill stud in wiltshire which was managed by james ian morrison, the filly' s owner throughout her racing career. [ 3 ] she was from the second crop of foald sired by sparkler who won the queen anne stakes in 1972 and the prix du moulin in 1973, but produced arguably his best performance in defeat, when beaten a head by brigadier gerard in the st james' s palace stakes. in his first season at stud, sparkler had sired the 1000 guineas winner enstone spark. scintillate was the fifth foal of the outstanding broodmare set free who had previously produced the classic winners juliette marny (oaks) and julio mariner (st leger stakes). [ 4 ] the filly was sent into training with jeremy tree at beckhampton in wiltshire. [ 5 ]\nafter finishing third in a five furlong race on her racecourse debut, scintillate ran in a seven furlong maiden race at newbury racecourse in early september. she appeared to be an unlucky loser, finishing second to head huntress after struggling to obtain a clear run in the straight. later in the month the filly was moved up in class for the hoover fillies' mile (then a group three race) at ascot racecourse. she looked very impressive in the paddock and stayed on strongly in the straight to finish fourth behind formulate, odeon and rimosa' s pet. in their annual racehorses of 1978 timeform described her as a filly who would be sure to win races when tried over longer distances. [ 6 ]\nafter a break of more than two months, scintillate reappeared in the virginia stakes over ten furlongs at newcastle racecourse in august and ran very disappointingly, finishing last of the five runners behind abbeydale. when the filly contested the prix vermeille at longchamp racecourse on 16 september she was equipped with blinkers for the first time. starting at odds of 12 / 1 she never looked likely to win and finished ninth of the thirteen runners behind three troikas, beaten eight lengths. [ 7 ]\nin 1978, the independent timeform organisation gave scintillate a rating of 102, thirty pounds below their top - rated two - year - old filly sigy. in the free handicap, a rating of the best two - year - olds to race in britain, she was rated eighteen pounds below the top - rated fillies devon ditty and formulate. [ 6 ] in the following year she was rated 119 by timeform, while the international classifiction rated her seventeen pounds inferior to the leading three - year - old filly three troikas. [ 7 ]\nin their book, a century of champions, based on the timeform rating system, john randall and tony morris rated scintillate an\ninferior\nwinner of the oaks. [ 8 ]\nscintillate was retired form racing to become a broodmare. she produced twelve foals between 1981 and 1995. [ 9 ] she was exported to japan in 1990 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ninstead of sending them to plough, drank his cider in bottle instead... ... never missed a single lec - ture. he did his little daily task like a mill -\n, who goes round and round with his eyes bandaged, not knowing what wo... ... two o ne night towards eleven o’clock they were awakened by the noise of a\npulling up outside their door. the servant opened the garret - window a... ... ivering and undid the bars and bolts one after the other. the man left his\n, and, follow - ing the servant, suddenly came in behind her. he pulled... ... m the warmth of his bed, he let himself be lulled by the quiet trot of his\n. when it stopped of its own accord in front of those holes surrounded... ... ttle noise, making in the green twilight the gold spangles of their tissue\nlike little stars. “how much are they? ” “a mere nothing, ” he re ...\n... at boulogne or dieppe) is still an immense event. the peasants come in on\n, most of them with commodities for barter in sacks. they are indu... ... h of a door, or rather gate, high enough and wide enough to admit a man on\n, —a circumstance which proves of itself that when this building wa... ... f - all - work, named gasselin, takes care of in the intervals of grooming the\n. at the farther end of the garden is a grotto with a seat in it; in... ... usual to spin. gasselin was still busy about the offices; he looked to the\nof the baron and calyste, saw that the stable was in order for the n... ... ng among the darksome walls of the ancient house. the two dogs and the two\nwere the only remaining vestiges of the splendors of its chivalry. a... ... h of the eye - brows, vigorously drawn, surmounts a pair of eyes whose flame\nat times like that of a fixed star. 59 beatrix the white of t ...\n, his sturdy limbs, his honest and straightforward manner, all contrib... ... his waistcoat, so that he could take his snuff by the handful; he rode on\nat full gallop up the stairway of the orangery at versailles. wri... ... reater or lesser number of victims, —over wife, children, tenants, clerks ,\n, dogs, monkeys, to whom they send, on the rebound, the mortification... ... ch opened on the hanging gardens, and chairs of dark mahogany covered with\n- hair. the salon had little curtains of some old green - silk stuff, and... ... all the best spots i can find in provincial towns! the oil shall sparkle ,\n, glisten on every head. ha! your marriage shall not be a sham; ...... d the outer gate, his eyes bathed in tears, he scarcely saw a fine english\n, covered with sweat, which drew the handsomest cabriolet that rolled ...\n... the coin of the realm. he died in 1314 from the effects of a fall from his\n, oven thrown by a wild boar in the forest of fontainebleau. 15 the w... ... e spark which afterwards dilates to vivid flame, and like a star in heaven\nwithin me. ” even as a lord who hears what pleases him, thereon ...\nmoving camp, begin the storming, and their muster make, and so... ... with outlandish things, but never yet with bagpipe so uncouth did i see\nmove, nor infantry, nor ship by any sign of land or star. we wen... ... nto wrath. and there within their flame do they lament the ambush of the\n, which made the door whence issued forth the romans’ gentle seed; t... ... and thou for more than any other demon. ” “remember, perjurer, about the\n, ” he made reply who had the swollen belly, “and rueful be it thee... ... whose name was such strife among the gods, and whence doth every science\n, avenge thyself on those audacious arms that clasped our daug... ... seen. and soon as to a stop her words had come, not otherwise does iron\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from world ebook library are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nvincent o’brien was my hero. in the post war decades, he showed that irish people didn’t have to emigrate to succeed on the world stage. in an ireland that seemed to lack ambition, vincent always strived for perfection - and usually attained it. he was more than just an incredible trainer he was the ultimate pedigree analyst. it is said that as a toddler he used to sit on his father’s knee and recite the names and pedigrees of all the horses in his fathers yard. he probably still knew those pedigrees on the day he died. with respect to the likes of aidan o’brien or michael stoute or henry cecil who are all great trainers of racehorses - they are just trainers. for much of his career vincent was overseeing a process that selected yearlings, trained them as well as they could be trained and then stood them or sold them on. in business jargon it was a vertically integrated production line and vincent had to deal with all this additional responsibility. as the list below shows he made some great stallions .\n1. sadler’s wells (1981 norther dancer - fairy bridge by bold reason). the greatest european stallion of the past century. 73 group one winners to date, 14 times champion sire and his legacy now secure with his sons montjeu and galileo. in south africa fort wood was champion sire and in the us el prado and now his grandson medaglio d’oro ensure his legacy throughout the globe. during sadler’s wells racing career in the early eighties many well bred horses were being wrapped in cotton wool, lest they lose some value. not so sadler’s wells who was campaigned extensively at three and maintained his form throughout at distances from a mile to a mile and a half. he retired as winner of an irish 2000 guineas, eclipse stakes and irish champion stakes. he was second in a memorable edition of the french derby in which he separated darshaan and rainbow quest. for all his talent he was overshadowed in ballydoyle by his paternal half brother el gran senor. nobody overshadowed him at stud. vincent also trained his dam fairy bridge and almost all her offspring. such knowledge of families developed over a lifetime was invaluable .\n2. nijinsky (1967 northern dancer - flaming page by bull page). the last triple crown winner and unbeaten in his first 11 starts. a superb sire with three derby winners (golden fleece, sharastani and lammtarra) along with a kentucky derby winner in ferdinand to his credit. he sired 155 stakes winners from 862 foals (18 %). vincent trained many of his best offspring including king’s lake, caerleon, golden fleece and royal academy. he also famously paid 13. 1 million for seattle dancer, who although he could never realistically justify that price did win the derrinstown and gallinule stakes. nijinsky was reasonably successful as a sire of sires with caerleon being his best sire son, followed by royal academy and green dancer .\n3. storm bird (1978 norther dancer - south ocean by new providence). a champion two year old who defeated to - agori mou in the dewhurst. he owes his elevated place on the list to the stud exploits of storm cat. storm bird sired many better racehorses than storm cat including summer squall and the fillies balanchine and indian skimmer. his place in pedigrees is secure through storm cat and his sons. he also was an important broodmare sire counting thunder gulch and current hot sire birdstone amongst the offspring of his daughters .\n4. caerleon (1980 nijinsky - forseer by buckpasser). an exceptionally good looking colt vincent reportedly regarded him as a perfect physical specimen. he wasn’t a bad racehorse either becoming vincent’s only winner of the french derby and winning a benson and hedges gold cup as well. he was twice champion sire and sired the outstanding dual derby winner generous, arc winner marienbard, oaks winner lady carla, 1000 guineas winner cape verdi, st leger winner moonax amongst 128 (13 %) stakes winners. his sons have been mostly unsuccessful to date as sires but he is doing well as a broodmare sire with the likes of mutafaweq, patavellian, dimitrova and avonbridge .\n6. alleged (1974 - hoist the flag - princess pout by prince john). a dual winner of the prix de l’arc his record would have been better had he been at stud in europe. he sired a pair of irish derby winners in sir harry lewis and law society, a dual classic winner in midway lady, a st leger winner in shantou, an irish leger winner in leading counsel and a breeders cup turf winner in miss alleged. he was also a top broodmare sire with classic winners dr devious, dream well, go and go, sulamani, suave dancer, brian boru, eswarah amongst a host of top flight winners. his legacy is also strong in national hunt breeding where he has leading sire fleminsfirth, following on from montelimar and others. like roberto many of his offspring are known for their less than pleasant temperaments .\n8. fairy king (1982 norther dancer - fairy bridge by bold reason). sadler’s wells brother was injured on his only run and gained a place at stud by virtue of his pedigree. he became a rags to riches success story and died aged 17 when he was starting to enjoy the best of patronage. in his time he manged to sire a derby winner in oath, classic winners in turtle island and victory note along with two exceptional horses in helissio and falbrav. his european runners have disappointed as sires of sires but in australia he has left behind champion sire encasto de lago .\n11. woodman (1982 mr prospector - playmate by buckpasser). vincent trained a few sons of mr prospector but he never seemed totally committed to that stallion. that said he paid $ 3 million for woodman who was ranked champion irish two year old in 1984 but who but who was affected by the virus that troubled the stable in 1985. he was retired to ashford where he became one of those stallions that seemed to either sire superstars or duds with little in - between. he had an incredible first crop of 45 foals that included three champions in mujtahid, hector protector and hansel. he never consistently hit those heights afterwards but sired outstanding performers in bosra sham (a brother to hector), timber country and hawk wing. his sons have been disappointing at stud but he is now compiling a very respectable record as a broodmare sire." ]

{ "text": [ "godetia ( foaled 14 april 1976 – 1994 ) was an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won two irish classic races in 1979 .", "bred in virginia , she was sold as a yearling and sent to race in europe .", "as a two-year-old she showed promise when finishing second on her debut before winning her next race by twelve lengths .", "in 1979 she was unbeaten in four races in ireland , taking the athasi stakes , irish 1000 guineas , pretty polly stakes and irish oaks , but ran poorly when sent to england for the epsom oaks and yorkshire oaks .", "she returned to race in the united states as a four-year-old but failed to make any impact in three races .", "as a broodmare she had some success but produced no major winners . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "godetia (foaled 14 april 1976 – 1994) was an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won two irish classic races in 1979. bred in virginia, she was sold as a yearling and sent to race in europe. as a two-year-old she showed promise when finishing second on her debut before winning her next race by twelve lengths. in 1979 she was unbeaten in four races in ireland, taking the athasi stakes, irish 1000 guineas, pretty polly stakes and irish oaks, but ran poorly when sent to england for the epsom oaks and yorkshire oaks. she returned to race in the united states as a four-year-old but failed to make any impact in three races. as a broodmare she had some success but produced no major winners." ]

[ "tarachodes maurus is a species of praying mantis in the genus tarachodes. it was first described by the swiss entomologist henri louis frédéric de saussure in 1871 .\nene, j. c .\nthe distribution and post - embryonic development of tarachodes afzelii (stål), (mantodea: eremiaphilidae) .\ntaylor and francis online. annals and magazine of natural history, n. d. web. 05 may 2014 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > drypetes afzelii < / i > leaves, underside\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > drypetes afzelii < / i > leaves, underside\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > drypetes afzelii < / i > leaves, underside\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstal. 1871. ofvers. k. vetensakad. forh. stockh. 28: 396 > > chiropacha afzelii urn: lsid: mantodea. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 649\nunlike the closely related species tarachodes afzelii, the female plays no part in the development of the eggs apart from brooding them. after a month or two, they hatch and the nymphs crawl away and disperse. the eggs would probably hatch even if the female were removed, but her presence is likely to lessen egg predation, and she can also try to prevent a parasitic wasp from attacking them. [ 2 ]\nan adult female tarachodes maurus has a flattened body. the upper surface is a mottled brownish - grey, while the underside is brightly coloured with patches of pale blue and orange; both thorax and abdomen are liberally spattered with black spots. the labrum is red and the appendages are black, their edges being rimmed with yellow. [ 2 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmantodea species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia! if you are logged in, you can add new subtaxa, vernacular and scientific names, texts, images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nehrmann, r. 2002. mantodea: gottesanbeterinnen der welt. natur und tier, münster .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nroyal botanic gardens, kew richmond surrey tw9 3ab united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 208 332 5000 fax: + 44 (0) 208 332 5197 info @ urltoken http: / / www. rbg urltoken. uk\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nt. maurus is a cryptic species. its color camouflages it against the tree bark, but if a predator detects it and approaches from the front, the mantis rears up on its hind limbs, displaying its aposematic colouring to startle and scare away the assailant. when a predator approaches from behind, this response is not elicited. [ 2 ]\nj. c. faure observed a brooding female t. maurus in a peach orchard in pretoria in december 1939. he found that the female t. maurus broods a batch of eggs with her abdomen partially concealing it. [ 2 ] she does not move about while brooding the eggs but as an ambush predator, attacks and feeds on any prey that came within reach. [ 2 ]\njames t. costa (2006). the other insect societies. harvard university press. pp. 136–137. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 02163 - 1 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nthis paper presents the results of the first comprehensive study of the biology of a tropical bush - cricket .\nthe eggs were laid without any external protective structures and lost water readily in unsaturated air; losses of more than 16% of the original fresh weight were usually fatal. development and hatching took place only if the eggs were in contact with water. the water content increased by about 500% during development. the mean incubation period was 171 and 116 days at constant temperatures of 20 o c and 28 o c, respectively, but at temperatures fluctuating by±3°c about a mean of 28°c this period was reduced to a mean of 88 days. the eggs failed to develop if exposed to freezing temperatures for more than five days or kept at a constant temperature of 307deg; c or above .\nthe duration of the nymphal period varied from 83 to 131 days at a temperature range of 22–30°c (mean 26° c). there were four or five nymphal instars in the male and five or six in the female. the linear growth of the hind femur conformed to dyar' s law. there was a conspicuous colour change during development, all the first - instar nymphs being leaf green and the adults predominantly brown .\nin nature the species lives exclusively on the forest floor and is markedly nocturnal in habits, hiding underneath litter during the day. the eggs are dormant during the dry season, hatching at the onset of the rains (march / april at ibadan). the nymphs reach maturity from july onwards and the adults have mostly died off by the end of the rainy season (october) .\nin the laboratory the species was found to have a temperature preference of 26–32°c, immobilization setting in at 18°c and 42°c, and a humidity preference of 60–80% r. h. ; this corresponds with the prevailing conditions in its forest habitat. the nocturnal pattern of activity persisted for several days in continuous darkness, with no marked acceleration. movement was inhibited for several days by artificial illumination. reversed illumination reversed the rhythm of activity .\n) predicts that among insects with parental care that iteroparity will be rare. it represents two important challenges. first, life history ecologists have sometimes linked extended parental care with iteroparity, not semelparity, as part of a suite of correlated characters associated with k - selective environments. second, behavioral ecologists have developed theories for the evolution of eusociality that rely upon a subsocial species producing multiple cohorts of offspring, a precondition for offspring allocare and / or inheritance of a social unit. using a database of invertebrates exhibiting maternal care in costa (the other insect societies. harvard university press, cambridge ,\nandrew gardner, james gilbert, per smiseth, derek sikes and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on the manuscript. jae choe, janice edgerly - rooks, philippe grandcolas, eric guilbert, moshe inbar, scott kight, joseph mchugh, keiji nakamura and christine nalepa generously discussed information on parental care and parity that was not available in the literature. the university of connecticut research foundation supported the work .\nthis work complies with the laws of the state of connecticut and the united states of america .\nalexander, r. d. (1974). the evolution of social behavior .\nalexander, r. d. , noonan, k. m. , & crespi, b. j. (1991). the evolution of eusociality. in p. w. sherman, j. u. m. jarvis, & r. d. alexander (eds .) ,\narnold, k. e. , & owens, i. p. f. (1998). cooperative breeding in birds: a comparative test of the life history hypothesis .\nashe, j. s. (1986). subsocial behavior among gyrophaenine staphylinids (coleoptera: staphylinidae, aleocharinae) .\navilés, l. (1997). causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent - sociality in spiders. in j. choe & b. crespi (eds .) ,\nbarrett, e. l. b. , preziosi, r. f. , moore, a. j. , & moore, p. j. (2008). effects of mating delay and nutritional signals on resource recycling in a cyclically breeding cockroach .\nbierdemann, p. h. w. , & taborsky, m. (2011). larval helpers and age polyethisms in ambrosia beetles .\n( c. l. koch, 1847): new behavioral evidence with implications for the higher phylogeny of centipedes (chilopoda) .\nbristow, c. m. (1983). treehoppers transfer parental care to ants: a new benefit of mutualism .\nbull, n. j. , & schwarz, m. p. (2012). brood insurance via protogyny: a source of female - biased sex allocation .\ncant, m. a. (2012). cooperative breeding systems. in n. j. royle, p. t. smiseth, & m. kölliker (eds .) ,\nchoe, j. c. (1997). the evolution of mating systems in the zoraptera: mating variations and sexual conflicts. in j. c. choe & b. j. crespi (eds .) ,\ncole, l. (1954). the population consequences of life history phenomena .\ncotter, s. c. , ward, r. j. s. , & kilner, r. m. (2010). age - specific reproductive investment in female burying beetles: independent effects of state and risk of death .\ncreighton, j. c. , heflin, n. d. , & belk, m. c. (2009). cost of reproduction, resource quality, and terminal investment in a burying beetle .\ncrespi, b. j. (1989). facultative viviparity in a thrips .\ncrespi, b. j. (1992). eusociality in australian gall thrips .\ncrespi, b. j. , & ragsdale, j. e. (2000). a skew model for the evolution of sociality via manipulation: why it is better to be feared than loved .\ndavis, a. r. , corl, a. , surget - groba, y. , & sinervo, b. (2011). convergent evolution of kin - based sociality in a lizard .\neberhard, w. g. (1975). the ecology and behavior of a subsocial pentatomid bug and two scelionid wasps: strategy and counterstrategy in a host and its parasitoids .\nedgerly, j. s. (1997). life beneath silk walls: a review of the primitively social embiidina. in j. choe & b. crespi (eds .) ,\nfield, j. , & brace, s. (2004). pre - social benefits of extended parental care .\n( hemiptera: cydnidae), a semelparous species that specializes on a poor resource .\nfritz, r. s. , stamp, n. e. , & halverson, t. g. (1982). iteroparity and semelparity in insects .\nfutami, k. , & akimoto, s. - i. (2005). facultative second oviposition as an adaptation to egg loss in a semelparous crab spider .\ngadagkar, r. (1990). evolution of eusociality - the advantage of assured fitness returns .\nphilosophical transactions of the royal society of london. series b, biological sciences ,\ngardner, a. , & smiseth, p. t. (2011). evolution of parental care driven by mutual reinforcement of parental food provisioning and sibling competition .\ngilbert, j. d. j. , & manica, a. (2010). parental care trade - offs and life - history relationships in insects .\nhansell, m. h. (1987). nestbuilding as a facilitating and limiting factor in the evolution of eusociality in hymenoptera. in p. h. harvey & l. partridge (eds .) ,\n( vol. 4, pp. 155–181). oxford: oxford university press .\nhansell, m. h. (1996). wasps make nests: nests make conditions. in s. turillazzi & m. j. west - eberhard (eds .) ,\nhunt, j. h. (2012). a conceptual model for the origin of worker behaviour and adaptation of eusociality .\ninbar, m. (1998). competition, territoriality and maternal defense in a gall - forming aphid .\nkaitala, a. , & mappes, j. (1997). parental care and reproductive investment in shield bugs (acanthosomatidae, heteroptera) .\nkindsvater, h. k. , alonzo, s. h. , mangel, m. , & bonsall, m. b. (2010). effects of age - and state - dependent allocation on offspring size and number .\nkindsvater, h. k. , bonsall, m. b. , & alonzo, s. h. (2011). survival costs of reproduction predict age - dependent variation in maternal investment .\nkirkendall, l. r. , kent, d. s. , & raffa, k. a. (1997). interactions among males, females and offspring in bark and ambrosia beetles: the significance of living in tunnels for the evolution of social behavior. in j. choe & b. crespi (eds .) ,\nklug, h. , & bonsall, m. b. (2009). life history and the evolution of parental care .\nkorb, j. (2007). workers of a drywood termite do not work .\nlin, c. - p. (2006). social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers .\nlinksvayer, t. a. , & wade, m. j. (2005). the evolutionary origin and elaboration of sociality in the aculeate hymenoptera: maternal effects, sib - social effects, and heterochrony .\n) (arachnida, opiliones: gonyleptidae): mating and oviposition behaviour, brood mortality, and parental care .\nmappes, j. , kaitala, a. , & alatalo, r. v. (1995). joint brood guarding in parent bugs: an experiment on defense against predation .\nmaynard smith, j. , & szathmáry, e. (1995) .\nmeunier, j. , wong, j. w. y. , gómez, y. , kuttler, s. , röllin, l. , stucki, d. , et al. (2012). one clutch or two clutches? fitness correlates of coexisting alternative female life - histories in the european earwig .\nnalepa, c. a. (1994). nourishment and the origin of termite sociality. in j. h. hunt & c. a. nalepa (eds .) ,\nnevo, e. (1979). adaptive convergence and divergence of subterranean animals .\nnonacs, p. (1991). alloparental care and eusocial evolution: the limits of queller’s headstart advantage .\nnowak, m. a. , tarnita, c. e. , & wilson, e. o. (2010). the evolution of eusociality .\npavard, s. , koons, d. n. , & heyer, e. (2007). the influence of maternal care in shaping human survival and fertility .\npianka, e. (1970). on r - and k - selection .\nqueller, d. c. (1996). the origin and maintenance of eusociality: the advantage of extended parental care. in s. turillazzi & m. j. west - eberhard (eds .) ,\nqueller, d. c. , & strassman, j. e. (1998). kin selection and social insects .\nrankin, s. m. , storm, s. k. , pieto, d. l. , & risser, a. l. (1996). maternal behavior and clutch manipulation in the ring - legged earwig .\nranta, e. , tesar, d. , & kaitala, v. (2002). environmental variability and semelparity vs. iteroparity as life histories .\nrasa, o. a. e. (1998). biparental investment and reproductive success in a subsocial desert beetle: the role of maternal effort .\nrayor, l. s. , & taylor, l. a. (2006). social behavior in amblypygids, and a reassessment of arachnid social patterns .\nreid, m. l. , & roitberg, b. d. (1994). benefits of prolonged male residence with mates and brood in pine engravers (coleoptera, scolytidae) .\nronce, o. , & promislow, d. (2010). kin competition, natal dispersal and the moulding of senescence by natural selection .\nroth, l. m. (1981). the mother - offspring relationship of some blaberid cockroaches (dictyoptera: blattaria: blaberidae) .\nroyle, n. j. , pike, t. w. , heeb, p. , richner, h. , & kölliker, m. (2012). offspring social network structure predicts fitness in families .\nsaito, y. (1997). sociality and kin selection in acari. in j. choe & b. crespi (eds .) ,\nschuster, j. c. , & schuster, l. b. (1985). social behavior in passalid beetles (coleoptera: passalidae): cooperative brood care .\nschuster, j. c. , & schuster, l. b. (1997). the evolution of social behavior in passalidae (coleoptera). in j. choe & b. crespi (eds .) ,\nsmiseth, p. t. , & moore, a. j. (2007). signalling of hunger by senior and junior larvae in asynchronous broods of a burying beetle .\nstay, b. , & tobe, s. s. (1977). control of juvenile hormone biosynthesis during the reproductive cycle of a viviparous cockroach i. activation and inhibition of corpora allata .\nstrathmann, r. r. , & strathmann, m. f. (1982). the relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates .\ntallamy, d. w. (2000). sexual selection and the evolution of exclusive paternal care in arthropods .\ntallamy, d. w. (2005). egg dumping in insects .\ntallamy, d. w. , & brown, w. p. (1999). semelparity and the evolution of maternal care in insects .\ntallamy, d. w. , & schaefer, c. w. (1997). maternal care in the hemiptera: ancestry, alternatives, and current adaptive value. in j. c. choe & b. j. crespi (eds .) ,\ntallamy, d. w. , & wood, t. k. (1986). convergence patterns in subsocial insects .\nthiel, m. (2000). extended parental care behavior in crustaceans: a comparative overview. in j. c. von vaupel klein & f. r. schram (eds .) ,\ntizo - pedroso, e. , & del - claro, k. (2005). matriphagy in the neotropical pseudoscorpion\ntrivers, r. l. (1972). parental investment and sexual selection. in b. campbell (ed .) ,\ntrumbo, s. t. (2006). infanticide, sexual selection and task specialization in a biparental burying beetle .\ntrumbo, s. t. (2012). patterns of parental care among invertebrates. in n. j. royle, p. t. smiseth, & m. kölliker (eds .) ,\nvan dyken, j. d. , & wade, m. j. (2012a). origins of altruism diversity i: the diverse ecological roles of altruistic strategies and their evolutionary responses to local competition .\nvan dyken, j. d. , & wade, m. j. (2012b). origins of altruism diversity ii: runaway coevolution of altruistic strategies via “reciprocal niche construction” .\nvancassel, m. (1984). plasticity and adaptive radiation of dermapteran parental behavior: results and perspectives .\nwassell, j. l. h. (1966). coprophagous weevils (coleoptera: curculionidae) .\nwest, s. a. , pen, i. , & griffin, a. s. (2002). conflict and cooperation—cooperation and competition between relatives .\nwilliams, g. c. (1966). natural selection, costs of reproduction and a refinement of lack’s principle .\nwilson, e. o. (2008). one giant leap: how insects achieved altruism and colonial life .\nwindsor, d. m. , & choe, j. c. (1994). origins of parental care in chrysomelid beetles. in p. jolivet, m. cox, & e. petitpierre (eds .) ,\nwirth, t. , le guellec, r. , vancassel, m. , & veuliee, m. (1998). molecular and reproductive characterization of two sibling species in the european earwig\nyoung, t. p. (1990). evolution of semelparity in mount kenya lobelias .\nzeh, d. w. , zeh, j. a. , & smith, r. l. (1989). ovipositors, amnions and eggshell architecture in the diversification of terrestrial arthropods .\nzink, a. g. (2003). quantifying the costs and benefits of parental care in female treehoppers .\ndensity and diversity of insects that visit cashew (anacardium occidentale l .) plants in the flowering and fruiting periods in northern ghana\ndensity and diversity of insects that visit cashew (anacardium occidentale l .) plants in the flowering and fruiting periods in northern ghana .\nfield survey was conducted in ten farms in northern region from december 2014 to april 2015 to collect, identify and access the insects distribution on the cashew farms close to natural forest and agricultural farm land, during the flowering and the fruiting periods of cashew. the sample farms were divided into four plots measuring 20 m x 25 m. insects found on the cashew plants during the flowering and fruiting periods were identified, counted and unidentified insects were killed in killing jars and preserved in 70% alcohol for further identification. the following were the insects encountered in both farms during the flowering period: total insects 6161, mean 1232. 2 (sd = 250. 7, n = 40). density was 6161 / ha and diversity was 3. 34. total insect 2745, mean 549 (sd = 103. 2, n = 40). density was 2745 / ha and diversity was 3. 56. during the fruiting period, the following insects were also enumerated in both farms: total 4665, mean 933 (sd = 143. 5, n = 40). density was 4665 / ha and diversity of 3. 13. total 2056, mean 411. 2 (sd = 52. 1, n = 40). density was 2056 / ha and diversity was also 3. 14. density in both farms during the flowering period were more than the fruiting period in both farms, however insect diversity was more during the fruiting period than the flowering period. further studies should be conducted on an all year round survey to identify residence insects from insects that visit cashew during flowering and fruiting period, integrated pest management strategies and integration of insect conservation into the national biodiversity conservation policy were also recommended .\nabstract keywords 1. introduction 2. methods and materials 3. results 4. discussions 5. conclusions references\nthe development of plants has changed the global environment into an extremely useful resource for the herbivore community. in the natural ecosystems, plants and insects are constantly interacting with each other in a complex way. these two organisms are closely connected such that, insects provide several beneficial services including defence, dispersal and pollination to plants while plants provide shelter, oviposition sites and food, which are the three main factors necessary for insect production [ 1 ] .\non the other hand, depending on the amount of insect attack, herbivores might be enormously detrimental to plants leading to death. plant - insect interaction is a dynamic system, subjected to a repeated disparity and change. numerous plants devote resources in protecting their flowers against insects because some insects are usually unproductive pollinators [ 2 ]; [ 1 ] .\nthough, direct insect–plant conflicts have seldom been documented in mutualitic insect–plant systems [ 3 ], many plants have evolved chemical or physical devices against insects on their flowers who are pollinator’s or fruit eaters [ 4 ] .\nthere has not been much information on insect species associated with cashew in ghana, regarding to either the flowers or the fruits. likewise, literature on cashew insects is lacking in ghana during the flowers and fruits seasons [ 9 ]. though [ 5 ] conducted a survey on insects that associate with cashew plants in ghana, they did not categorise them into seasons .\nthere have been several debates whether insects that visit cashew during the flowering and fruiting seasons are the same [ 10 ]; [ 11 ] more recently, the concept of the pollination syndrome has been questioned by [ 12 ], whether the insects that visit flowers pollinate them in order to consume the fruits in future or they do so purposely for the mutualism existing between them (i. e. in search of their resources) .\nactivities of insects generally affect the tree, depending on where it is found will either affect the whole plant or part of the plant. meanwhile, these activities of insects have not clearly been defined on seasonal bases (flowering and fruiting). the only comprehensive study on insects that visit cashew plant in ghana was by [ 5 ] who reported that insect order associated with cashew plant comprises of hemiptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera, dictyoptera, orthoptera, lepidoptera, homoptera, diptera and thysanoptera .\nit is therefore, necessary to investigate into the insects that visit cashew plant during the flowering and the fruiting seasons, the insect density, diversity and species composition of insects that visits cashew plant during the flowering and fruiting seasons in different locations (natural forest and agricultural land) .\nthe study was carried out in two stratified areas; farms closer to forest (< 1km) and farms away from forest (> 5km) in the northern region specifically sawla and bole. the study areas are located in the western part of the northern region, between latitudes 8° 40ˈ and 9° 40ˈ north, longitudes 1° 50ˈ and 2° 45ˈ west (fig. 1: map of the study area )\ncashew farms are cultivated with dwarf cashew variety ccp76. trees are 10 years to 20 years, spaced 7. 5 x 7. 5 m, with a total maximum number of 178 trees per ha. all farms are submitted to the main standard agricultural practices for cashew crops such as pruning, soil clearing, and weed control prior to blooming season by the farmers .\nequipment used for the execution of the research are: g. p. s, lap top computer, sweep net with a long handle, forceps, field note book and pencil, tubes for specimen, paper envelopes and vials with alcohol. the study follows the methodology proposed by [ 13 ] .\nin each farm four plots of an area measuring 25 m x 50 m (1, 250 m 2) were established in all the ten cashew farms with approximately 30 trees per plot. the enumeration team was made up of three members: one person served as a recorder and the two others scanned through the cashew trees, identified insects, count and inform the recorder. this procedure was carried out on all the trees in the plots .\nrepresentatives of all insects were captured and sacrificed in to killing jars with 70% alcohol. these species were sent to the university of cape cost and cocoa research institute (crig) tafo entomology museums for further confirmation and identification of unidentified species. the nomenclature of the insects was after [ 14 ] .\nthis procedure was carried out in two separate seasons: (1) the flowering season (mid december 2014 to mid january 2015) and (2) the fruiting season (march to april 2015) .\nwas calculated by adding the number of individuals per species encountered in both seasons .\nwas determined from the raw data by dividing the number of farms where a particular species was collected by the total number of farms occupied by each species in question and multiply by 100 .\nthe total number of insects enumerated during the flowering season in the five farms closer to the forest was 6161 and the mean number of insects per plot was 1232. 2 (sd = 250. 7, n = 40). the insect density was found to be 6161 / ha in farms closer to the forest. this comprises of 6 orders 20 families and 56 different species. higher number of insects was counted among the following species; apis mellifera, oecophylla longinola, cataulacus guineesis, dactylurina staudingeni and euchrysops malathana in farms closer to the forest. on the insect status of species enumerated in farms closer to the forest, 77% of insects were classified abundant, 13% of insects were common and 10% of insects were rare .\non the other hand, the total number of insects enumerated in the remaining five farms away from the forest during the flowering season was 4665 and the mean number of species per plot was 933 (sd = 143. 5, n = 40). the density was found to be 4665 / ha. this comprises of 41 species belonging to 22 families and 7 orders. on the farms that were away from the forest, the following species were found to be relatively in higher number of individual insect, with respect to all other insects encountered: apis mellifera, oecophylla longinola, atelocera sp. atractomorpha aberrans and chilomenes lunata .\nfurthermore, still in the flowering season 94% of insects encountered were classified as abundant and 6% of insects were common there was no species classified as rare away from the forest. (figure: 3) present the means of insects enumerated per plot in both farms closer and away from the forest .\nin addition, (figure: 4) presents the frequency of occurrence on insects enumerated for both farms closer to the forest and away from the forest reserve (flowering season) .\nthe total number of insects enumerated during the fruiting season in the five farms closer to the forest was 2745 and the mean number of insects per plot was 549 (sd = 103. 2, n = 40). the density was found to be 2745 / ha insects in farms closer to the forest. this comprises of 48 different species belonging to 21 families and 6 orders. higher number of insects was counted among the following species; apis mellifera, oecophylla longinola, mylabri bifasciata, crematogaster striatula and crematogaster africana in farms closer to the forest (table 1). on the status of the species enumerated in the farms closer to the forest, 82. 7% were classified abundant, 17. 3% common .\non the other hand, the total number of insects enumerated in five farms away from the forest during the fruiting season was 2056 and the mean number of species per plot was 411. 2 (sd = 52. 1, n = 40). this comprises 55 species belonging to 22 families and 7 orders. the density was found to be 2056 / ha insects in farms far away from the forest (table 1) .\non the farms that were away from the forest the following species; apis mellifera, oecophylla longinola, anancridim sp. mylabri bifasciata and crematogaster striatula recorded higher number of individual insects, with respect to all other insects encountered. the statuses of farms away from the forest 89. 2% of insects were classified as abundant and 10. 8% of insects were also classified as common. there was no species encountered rear away from or closer to the forest .\nrefer to (figure 4) for the mean of insects enumerated per plot .\n( figure: 5) presents the frequency of occurrence on insects enumerated for both farms closer to the forest and away from the forest (during the flowering and fruiting seasons) .\ndiversity of insects that were found during the flowering season in farms closer to the forest was 3. 34 and insects that were encountered in the fruiting season close to the forest were 3. 56. the difference between the diversity of insects in the two seasons was highly significant (t = 11. 148, p < 0. 001). however, diversity of insects for farms away from the forest during the flowering season was 3. 13 while during the fruiting season insects diversity was 3. 14. a significance difference was found between the two seasons (t = 28. 097, p < 0. 005). table 2 and table 3 present the diversity index and student’s diversity of insects calculated .\nthe study identified a number of different insect species on the cashew plant during the flowering and fruiting seasons in both farms closer and away from the forest. the phenology of the plant can be said to determine the type of insects that can be attracted to the plant. though the variation of species that visit the cashew during the flowering and fruiting seasons were not wide, their density differed significantly .\nthe species that visit the cashew plant during the flowing stage were found to belong to six insect orders namely: hemiptera, coleoptera, lepidoptera, dictyoptera, hymenoptera, and diptera. the order hemiptera contributed two families namely: coreidae and pentatomidae, order coleoptera contributed seven families namely; cetoniidae, bostrychidae, cerambycidae, buprestidae, meloidae, galerucidae and coccinellidae. order lepidoptera contributed three families namely; lycaenidae gracilariidae lycaenidae. order dictyoptera contributed one family namely; mantidae. order diptera contributed two families namely; mucidae and drosophilidae. order hymenoptera contributed six families namely; formicidae, apidae, halictidae, megachilidae, sphecidae and\nhemiptera, coleoptera, lepidoptera, dictyoptera, hymenoptera, homoptera and diptera. hemiptera composes of two families coreidae and\ncomparing the insect composition in both flowering and the fruiting seasons, it was found out that though the same family may occur in both seasons species occurrence may differ. for example, during the flowering season the family\nspecies piezodorus rubrofasciatus and atelocera sp. but during the fruiting season with the same family\nwas found. the family pentatomidae has been known to be predators but the differences might have occurred because of their different prey requirements .\nsome species were found to be visiting cashew in both seasons not because they were interested in the flowers or the fruits but because of different resources that they required. it could be deduced that a thin gap occurred between the flowering and the fruiting seasons. this is because flowers and fruits develop concurrently so there were some overlaps of species during the flowering and the fruiting seasons. for instance, oecophylla longinoda were found throughout both seasons not because there were after the flowers nor the fruits but probably because (1) they were interested in making their nest on the plant, (2) scanvageing and (3) praying because they are carnivorous insects and can be served as biological controllers [ 9 ] ;\nin terms of frequency at which insect species occurred in the sample area, 77% of insect species were classified as abundant, this means they occurred in almost all the sample areas. 13% were found between 30% and 70% of the sample areas while 10% were classified rare because they were found only at few places i. e. , between 1% and 30% of the study area. in farms away from the forest reserve 94% of insects encountered were classified as abundant and 6% were common there was no species classified as rare during the flowering season in farms away from the forest reserve this supports the hypothesis that insect status of occurrence are not the same in farms close and farms close to the forest. during the fruiting season in farms closer to the forest, 82. 7% of insect were classified as abundant, 17. 2% common none of the species were classified rare. in farms away from the forest, 89. 7% were classified as abundant 13. 8% common and there was none classified as rare. in this instance, it can be deduce that, the forest has no influence on the frequency of occurrence in insects species in farms closer and away from the forest reserve during both seasons (flowering and fruiting) and this also supports the hypothesis that natural forest has no influence on insect status .\nmoreover, insects density recorded in farms closer to the forest reserve during the flowering season was higher than the fruiting season 6161 / ha as compared to 2745 / ha. a similar observation was also made in farms away from the forest reserve during both seasons 4665 / ha as compared to 2056 / ha. this indicates that the resources that attract the number of insects to the plant during flowering (nectar, pollen, colour of petals, scent) differ from during fruiting (colour of fruit, scent, fermentation, yeast). this was similar to [ 16 ] who reported that flowers of plant normally serve as attractant to several categories of insects. for example, weaver ants (oecophylla smaragdina), are attracted to the plant not to pollinate the flower directly but to deter insects that attack pollinator. on the other hand, during the fruiting some volatile compounds have been reported to attract insects to the plant. for example, volatile compounds have been reported to serve as insects attractant to rips fruits of coffee [ 17 ] .\n= 28. 097, p < 0. 001). this supports the hypotheses that insects diversity in both seasons of the cashew plant are not the same. it shows that the forest has less influence on insect that attracts the cashew plant during both seasons. there are differences of conditions that attract insects to visit cashew during the flowering and fruiting seasons. in addition, insects that visit the cashew plant during the fruiting season were more diverse than those that visit the flowering season. this supports the hypotheses that insect’s diversity on cashew flowers and fruits are not the same. this is because, individual species have specific requirement of resources from the cashew plant. some insects visit the plant purposely for any of the following; food, shelter, oviposotion, chemical for pheromone or for all. colour differences between the flowers and the fruits of cashew might influence the type and number of insects that visit the plant. this can bring about the differences in insect diversity during both seasons as the colour of cashew fruit is more conspicuous than the colour of flowers .\nit has been shown that, flowers are more conspicuous to pollinators and fruits are also more conspicuous to fruits dispersers, yet despite the differences in visual systems of the insect, flower and fruit colours have evolved to attract multiple and distinct mutualists [ 18 ]. in addition, another study has reported that yeast production also attract insects to the flower [ 19 ] .\nduring the fruiting seasons, apart from colour, fermentation can also be a major attractant of insects to the plant in the fruiting season. this has also been supported by [ 20 ]\nflies also used immature fruits for their oviposition place due to the presence of yeast in the fruits for the growth of their larvae .\nin farms closer to the forest. in farms away from the forest reserve ,\nduring the flowering season. during the fruiting season the same orders occurred except the order\n2745which comprises 48 different species belonging to 21 families and 6 orders in farms closer to the forest reserve, whiles in farms away from the forest insect recorded were 2056 comprising 55 species belonging to 22 families and 7 orders .\nthe density of insects on cashew farms during the flowering season in farms closer and away from the forest was higher than that of the fruiting season. in terms of diversity\n, insects were lower in the flowering season than the fruiting season in both farms. on the status of insect enumerated, most of the insects were ranked either as abundant or common in both seasons just a few were classified rare only in the flowering season .\ninferring from the study, the following recommendations were made: further studies should be conducted throughout the year in order to differentiate resident insects from insects that were attracted to the plant because of the flowers and fruits seasons. laboratory test should be done to determine the common nutrients on insects that visit cashew during both seasons. integrated pest management strategy should be adopted by farmers to manage insects, because not all insects seen during the flowering and fruiting seasons might be harmful to the cashew plant .\nmello, m. o. , & silva - filho, m. c. (2002). plant - insect interactions: an evolutionary arms race between two distinct defense mechanisms. brasilian journal of plant physiology, 14 (2), 71–81. urltoken\nbleil, r. , blüthgen, n. , & junker, r. r. (2011). ant - plant mutualism in hawai‘i? invasive ants reduce flower parasitism but also exploit floral nectar of the endemic shrub vaccinium reticulatum (ericaceae) 1. pacific science, 65 (3), 291–300. urltoken\ngómez, j. m. , bosch, j. , perfectti, f. , fernández, j. , & abdelaziz, m. (2007). pollinator diversity affects plant reproduction and recruitment: the tradeoffs of generalization. oecologia, 153 (3), 597–605. urltoken\nbhattacharya, a. , mello, m. o. , silva - filho, m. c. , agosti, d. , majer, d. j. , alonso, e. l. , rodríguez - gironés, m. a. (2002). plant - insect interactions: an evolutionary arms race between two distinct defense mechanisms. brasilian journal of plant physiology, 14 (2), 71–81. urltoken\ndwomoh, e. (2008). survey of insect species associated with cashew (anacardium occidentale linn .) and their distribution in ghana. african journal of, 1 (september), 6–16. retrieved from urltoken\nsoares, d. j. , vasconcelos, p. h. m. de, camelo, a. l. m. , longhinotti, e. , sousa, p. h. m. de, & figueiredo, r. w. de. (2013). prevalent fatty acids in cashew nuts obtained from conventional and organic cultivation in different stages of processing. food science and technology (campinas), 33 (2), 265–270. urltoken\nopoku - ameyaw, k. , & appiah, m. (2000). improving the growth of cashew (anacardium occidentale) seedlings interplanted into mature sheanut stands in northern ghana. ghana journal of agricultural science, 33 (2), 159–164. urltoken\nphuong, n. t. (2010). application of ipm in preventing intergrated cashew pests, 1–6 .\nabid, a. , addressed, n. , standards, c. c. , arts, e. l. , adjaloo, m. , oduro, w. , … gemmill - herren, b. (2013). flower visitors and fruitset of anacardium occidentale. oecologia, 2 (1), 1–5. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "tarachodes afzelii , commonly known as tanzanian ground mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the genus tarachodes .", "it is native to woodland in western and central africa . " ], "topic": [ 16, 24 ] }

[ "tarachodes afzelii, commonly known as tanzanian ground mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the genus tarachodes. it is native to woodland in western and central africa." ]

[ "first described in 1979 by akira muutura and eugene monroe as dioryctria ebeli. earlier references to dioryctria abietella and dioryctria abietivorella said to inadvertently include this species .\nspecies dioryctria ebeli - south coastal coneworm - hodges # 5863. 4 - bugguide. net\ndioryctria ebeli mutuura & munroe, 1979 n. sp. , j. georgia ent. soc. , v. 14, p. 290 - 304 .\nhome » guide » arthropods (arthropoda) » hexapods (hexapoda) » insects (insecta) » butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) » pyralid and crambid snout moths (pyraloidea) » pyralid moths (pyralidae) » phycitinae » phycitini » dioryctria » south coastal coneworm - hodges # 5863. 4 (dioryctria ebeli )\n( 3z, 6z, 9z, 12z, 15z) - pentacosapentaene and (z) - 11 - hexadecenyl acetate: sex attractant blend for dioryctria amatella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) .\nmiller, d. r. ; millar, j. g. ; grant, g. g. ; macdonald, l. ; debarr, g. l. 2010. (3z, 6z, 9z, 12z, 15z) - pentacosapentane and (9z, 11e) - tetradecadienyl acetate: attractant lure blend for dioryctria ebeli (lepidopterea: pyralidae) j. entomol. sci 45 (1): 54 - 57\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 2003. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 5, p. 165; pl. 6. 3. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarvae feed on developing cones (and in the winter on galls from fusiform rust) in pine trees. occasionally found on young growing tips of branches .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nit' s not in the south, it' s not coastal, it' s se pa, but it doesn' t look to me like anything else as closely. maybe it needs a name change or is 5863. something else, or just something else. i' ll put it here for now, feel free to come after me about it if you have a better suggestion. at 100m watt porch light. linked image 1 of 2 of same specimen. would be a pa bg record .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nvariation in enantiospecific attraction of ips avulsus (coleoptera: curculionidae) to the pheromone ipsdienol in georgia .\nattractants for longhorn beetles in the southeastern u. s. - pine volatiles and engraver pheromones\nyou may send email to pubrequest @ urltoken to request a hard copy of this publication .\n( please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address. )\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information .\nthis article was written and prepared by u. s. government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "dioryctria ebeli , the south coastal coneworm moth , is a species of moth of the pyralidae family .", "it is found in the us states of florida , the southern parts of south carolina , georgia , alabama , massachusetts , and south-eastern louisiana .", "the larvae feed on pinus species .", "they generally feed on the developing cones of their host plant , but are occasionally also found on young growing tips of branches .", "in the winter , they have been recorded on galls from fusiform rust . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 11, 14 ] }

[ "dioryctria ebeli, the south coastal coneworm moth, is a species of moth of the pyralidae family. it is found in the us states of florida, the southern parts of south carolina, georgia, alabama, massachusetts, and south-eastern louisiana. the larvae feed on pinus species. they generally feed on the developing cones of their host plant, but are occasionally also found on young growing tips of branches. in the winter, they have been recorded on galls from fusiform rust." ]

[ "pseudeulia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae. it contains only one species, pseudeulia asinana, which is found in italy, slovenia, austria, the czech republic, slovakia, hungary, romania, bulgaria, the republic of macedonia and ukraine .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nby t. m. gilligan 1, j. baixeras 2, j. w. brown 3, and k. r. tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae (t @ rts)! this is a complete list of all world species, utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database. version 3. 0 of the online catalogue contains 15, 099 records representing 10, 883 species. more than 1, 600 records have been updated from ver 2. 0 (jul, 2012), and more than 3, 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue. the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1, 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication. as such, these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature. if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments, please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue (j. w. brown, j. baixeras, r. brown, m. horak, f. komai, e. metzler, j. razowski, and k. tuck) for providing the basis for this project. we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2014. t @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 3. 0). urltoken\n1 colorado state university, bioagricultural sciences and pest management, 1177 campus delivery, fort collins, co 80523, usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva, universitat de valencia, apartat oficial 2085, 46071 valencia, spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ], smithsonian institution, p. o. box 37012, national museum of natural history, washington, dc 20013, usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ], entomology department (dc2 - 2n), natural history museum, cromwell road, london sw7 5bd, uk\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus. a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. digitised by ubio from vols. 1 - 9 of neave (ed .), 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume. urltoken (as at 2006) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe believe that this request has either come from an unwelcome search engine, from a data grabber, or that an attempt is being made to hack the site. as a result your request has been refused. please email us if you believe that our decision is incorrect .\nwir glauben, dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist, ab dem zeitpunkt grabber, oder que versuch wird gemacht, die website zu hacken. als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt. bitte mailen sie uns, wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben, ist falsch .\ncreemos que esta solicitud ha provenir de un motor de búsqueda no deseado, desde el capturador de fecha, o que un intento que se está haciendo para hackear el sitio. como resultado de su solicitud ha sido rechazada. por favor, correo electrónico si usted cree que nuestra decisión es incorrecta .\nnous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d' un moteur de recherche importune, de la date grabber, ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site. en conséquence votre demande a été refusée. s' il vous plaît nous contacter si vous croyez que notre décision est incorrecte .\ncrediamo que questa richiesta è sia venuto da un motore di ricerca sgradita, a partire dalla data grabber, o que un tentativo è stato fatto per hackerare il sito. di conseguenza la richiesta è stata rifiutata. vi preghiamo di inviarci se si ritiene que la nostra decisione non è corretta .\nwij geloven que dit verzoek is ofwel afkomstig uit een onwelkome zoekmachine, vanaf de datum grabber, of que een poging wordt gedaan om de site te hacken. als gevolg van uw verzoek is geweigerd. stuur ons een email als u denkt que onze beslissing onjuist is .\nque acreditamos que este pedido tem ou vir de um motor de busca desejados, a partir de uma data grabber, ou que uma tentativa está sendo feita para invadir o local. como resultado o seu pedido foi recusado. por favor envie - nos se você acredita que nossa decisão está incorreta .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n. each record tells when. see dataset links for citations & terms of use." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudeulia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "it contains only one species , pseudeulia asinana , which is found in italy , slovenia , austria , the czech republic , slovakia , hungary , romania , bulgaria , the republic of macedonia and ukraine .", "the wingspan is 23 – 28 mm .", "adults are on wing from april to may in one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on laurus nobilis and pyrus species . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "pseudeulia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae. it contains only one species, pseudeulia asinana, which is found in italy, slovenia, austria, the czech republic, slovakia, hungary, romania, bulgaria, the republic of macedonia and ukraine. the wingspan is 23 – 28 mm. adults are on wing from april to may in one generation per year. the larvae feed on laurus nobilis and pyrus species." ]

[ "habitat characterization of western hoolock gibbons hoolock hoolock by examining home range microhabitat use .\nhabitat characterization of western hoolock gibbons hoolock hoolock by examining home range microhabitat use. - pubmed - ncbi\nsati, j. p. (2011). current status of western hoolock gibbon hoolock hoolock harlan in west garo hills, meghalaya, india .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock )\ntitle =\narkive species - western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\naccording to the international union for conservation of nature – red list (2013), the western hoolock gibbon and the eastern hoolock gibbon found in myanmar are respectively endangered and vulnerable species .\naccording to the international union for conservation of nature - red list (2013), the western hoolock gibbon and the eastern hoolock gibbon found in myanmar are respectively endangered and vulnerable species .\ntucked in a corner of upper assam, in bherjan, a small population of about 35 western hoolock gibbons (hoolock hoolock) hangs on despite the odds .\nthe traditional taxonomy also recognized the hoolock as one species, first hylobates hoolock and then hoolock hoolock, with two subspecies (h. hoolock hoolock and h. hoolock leuconedys) (geissman 2006c) these two suspecies generally are now raised to the species level, hoolock hoolock (western hoolock) and hoolock leuconedys (eastern hoolock) (moontick and groves 2005; gron 2008). many publications continue to list these two groups as distinct only at the subspecies level (gron 2008) .\ngron, k. j. 2008. hoolock gibbon hoolock. primate factsheets. retrieved january 21, 2009 .\nother names: hoolock gibbon, white - browed gibbon; tooboung, myouk umaigyall (arakanese); hoolock (french); uluk (hindi); gibón hulock (spanish); holockgibbon, holok, hulock (swedish); wu - wa (thai); h. hoolock: western hoolock; h. leuconedys: eastern hoolock .\n. in: conservation of hoolock gibbon in northeastern india. envis bulletin, wii\ngeissman, t. 2006c. hoolock gibbon (hoolock). gibbons. de. . retrieved january 21, 2009 .\n. survey and census of the hoolock gibbon in west garo hills, northeast india .\nchoudhury, a. (1989). vocalization in hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock). primate report 25: 53 - 54 .\nthe western hoolock gibbon is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1), and listed on appendix i of cites (3) .\nsince then, the total population of western hoolock gibbon in south asia has drastically dwindled to a meager 3, 000 estimated individuals (walker & molur 2007) .\nmootnick ar, groves cp. a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (hylobatidae )\nthe taxonomy of the hoolock gibbon has recently been significantly revised. hoolock gibbons have been placed within their own genus, hoolock, as well as split into two discrete species, the western hoolock gibbon (h. hoolock) and the eastern hoolock (h. leuconedys) (mootnick & groves 2005). however, in many publications, the two species are only considered distinct at the subspecific level. further, the vast majority of the available published literature is on the western hoolock, but due to presumable similarities between the species, both are included here .\nalfred, j. r. b. (1992). the hoolock gibbon - hylobates hoolock. primate report 34: 65 - 69 .\nthe western hoolock gibbon occurs in eastern bangladesh, north - eastern india and north - western myanmar (1), between the brahmaputra and chindwin rivers (5). it is possible it may also occur in south - eastern tibet (1) .\nuniversity of western australia provides funding as a founding partner of the conversation au .\nwcs gibbon survey team recording gibbon calls. photo (c) by eleanor briggs / wcs .\nmolur et al. (2005) also stated that the isolated forest fragments holding the families of about 2–4 individuals are insufficient for long - term survival of the western hoolock gibbon .\ngibbons are territorial species and live in small family groups of two to six individuals. western and eastern hoolock gibbons were formerly two subspecies in the genus bunopithecus. in 2005, mootnick and groves placed them into a new genus: hoolock hoolock, and hoolock leuconedys (the eastern) .\ncurrent population, decreasing trend, group size, hoolock gibbon, status survey, west garo hills .\nkakati, k. , raghavan, r. , chellam, r. , qureshi, q. and chivers, d. j. (2009) status of western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock) populations in fragmented forests of eastern assam. primate conservation, 24: 1 - 11 .\nchoudhury, a. (1996a). a survey of hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock) in southern assam, india. primate report 44: 77 - 85 .\ncite this page as: gron kj. 2008 august 13. primate factsheets: hoolock gibbon (hoolock) conservation. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 11 .\ncomprising the account of zoological results in two expeditions to western yunnan in 1868 and 1875 .\nformerly found as far north as wongan hills, western whipbirds are olive green and elusive with two sub - species in south australia and two in western australia' s southern wheat belt .\nironically, while humans have pushed the western hoolock gibbon into its precarious situation, this species is now entirely dependent on human action for its survival (8). the western hoolock gibbon occurs in numerous protected areas throughout its range (1), is listed on schedule i of the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972 (1) (9), and organisations are working together to carry out many other conservation actions (10). hopefully enough will be done in time to save the western hoolock gibbon; a vital member of its habitat and a flagship species for asia’s forests (7) .\nmolur, s. , walker, s. , islam, a. , miller, p. , srinivasulu, c. , nameer, p. o. , daniel, b. a. and ravikumar, l. (2005) conservation of the western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock hoolock) in india and banglasdesh. zoo outreach organisation and cbsg - south asia, coimbatore, india .\ngeissmann, t. 2006a. hoolock gibbons get a new genus name. gibbon journal. retrieved january 21, 2009 .\ngroves, c. p. (1967). geographic variation in the hoolock or white - browed gibbon (hylobates hoolock harlan 1834). folia primatologica 7: 276 - 283 .\nsuborder: haplorrhini infraorder: simiiformes superfamily: hominoidea family: hylobatidae genus: hoolock species: h. hoolock, h. leuconedys\nthe western hoolock gibbon is an inhabitant of forests, particularly dense evergreen and semi - evergreen forests (1), although it may also be seen moving through, or sleeping in, bamboo forest and plantations (1) .\nwcs myanmar north forest complex team during a gibbon survey activity recording gibbon calls. photo (c) eleanor briggs / wcs\ncite this page as: gron kj. 2008 august 13. primate factsheets: hoolock gibbon (hoolock) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 11 .\nkumar, a. , mary, p. p. and bagchie, p. (2009) present distribution, population status, and conservation of western hoolock gibbons hoolock hoolock (primates: hylobatidae) in namdapha national park, india. journal of threatened taxa, 1 (4): 203 - 210 .\na rapid status survey of hoolock gibbon was carried out in 28 localities of west garo hills, meghalaya in march - april 2007 .\nhaimoff, e. h. (1985). some observations on the singing behaviour of the hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock). journal of the bombay natural history society 82: 1 - 12 .\nkakati, k. (2004). impact of forest fragmentation on the hoolock gibbon in assam, india. ph. d. thesis\ndas, j. , biswas, j. , bhattacharjee, p. c. and mohnot, s. m. (2006) first distribution records of the eastern hoolock gibbon hoolock hoolock leuconedys from india. zoos’ print journal, 21 (7): 2316 - 2320 .\n1) survey gibbon population densities and develop long - term monitoring plan for gibbon species; 2) conduct detail assessment of threats related to habitat loss and hunting and their impact on gibbon population; 3) learn about the attitude of local people on gibbon around the wildlife sanctuary; 4) promote the education program for gibbon conservation; 5) record the gibbon distribution on their habitats quality and food abundance; 6) monitor hoolock gibbons as an indicator for conservation intervention success; 7) implement effective law enforcement for gibbon conservation through smart patrolling .\ngenetic analysis has shown the eastern and western whipbirds (psophode sp) to be less closely related than was thought .\nhoolock gibbons are known to swim well, but rarely do so and will go out of their way to avoid water (roonwal and mohnot, 1977). hoolock gibbons were previously recognized under the name hylobates hoolock .\nchoudhury, a. (1991). ecology of the hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north - eastern india. journal of tropical ecology 7: 147 - 153 .\nto hear the more effortlessly competent performance of a variety of gibbon species, a visit to thomas geissmann’s impressive gibbon research website is warmly recommended .\nthe economic status of local people affects the gibbon population and its habitat directly and indirectly and this has become a major concern for gibbon conservation .\nthis has resulted in a sharp decline of gibbon populations in the entire northeast. the majority of gibbon populations in the northeast are very small and declining (\nahsan, f. (1995a). fighting between two females for a male in the hoolock gibbon. international journal of primatology 16: 731 - 737 .\nin langlakso–mikir hills kalioni and orjuri–jungthung - western mikir hills landscape, assam, india. in j. biswas (ed .) ,\nmccann, c. (1933). notes on the colouration and habits of the white - browed gibbon or hoolock (hylobates hoolock harl .). journal of the bombay natural history society 36: 395 - 405, + 2 plates .\nislam, m. a. & feeroz, m. m. (1992). ecology of hoolock gibbon of bangladesh. primates 33: 451 - 464 .\nwalker, s. , s. molur, and w. y. brockelman. 2007. western hoolock gibbon, hoolock hoolock (harlan, 1831). in r. a. mittermeier et al. (compilers), primates in peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2006–2008. iucn / ssc primate specialist group (psg), international primatological society (ips), and conservation international (ci), arlington, va. retrieved january 21, 2009 .\nconservation status: endangered (h. hoolock), vulnerable (h. leuconedys )\nchoudhury, a. (1990). population dynamics of hoolock gibbons (hylobates hoolock) in assam, india. american journal of primatology 20: 37 - 41 .\neudey, a. a. (1990). a note on the hoolock gibbon. ippl (international primate protection league) newsletter 17 (1): 13 .\nit is important to remember however, that the distribution is not continuous and in many cases is quite fragmented (choudhury 1991). there are estimated to be roughly 200 western hoolock gibbons left in the wild in bangladesh (biswas et al. 2003; molur et al. 2005; walker et al. 2007) and there is no published information on the status of western hoolock gibbons in myanmar (kakati 2006; walker et al. 2007) .\nmootnick ar. gibbon (hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue or breeding centers .\nmootnick, a. , and c. p. groves. 2005. a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (hylobatidae). international journal of primatology 26: 971–976 .\nmukherjee, r. p. , chaudhuri, s. & murmu, a. (1992). status and conservation problems of hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock) in some of its range of distribution in north - eastern india. primate report 34: 133 - 138 .\nchivers, d. , s. gitins. 1978. diagnostic features of gibbon species .\nmajority of the nnp gibbon population (17 groups) was recorded in tropical evergreen forest .\nthe results of the present survey indicate that there was an over all decreasing trend in all the age categories of hoolock gibbon between 1985 - 1987 and 2007 (fig. 2) .\ntourism has the potential to degrade hoolock gibbon habitat due to visitor littering, disturbance of the animals, and collateral pollution (ahsan 2001). also, humans sometimes directly come into food competition with hoolock gibbons, as some foods are consumed by both, especially fruits (ahsan 2001) .\norigin, material type, sample provider / collector and genbank accession numbers of studied gibbon specimens .\nmootnick, a. & groves, c. p. (2005). a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (hylobatidae). international journal of primatology 26: 971 - 976 .\nhoolock gibbons are preyed upon by eagles, vultures, pythons, and leopards (gron 2008) .\ndr burbidge says he requested the analysis, using tissue from museum collection skins, because of conservation concerns about the western whipbird (p. nigrogularis sensu lato) .\nprouty, l. a. , buchanan, p. d. , pollitzer, w. s. & mootnick, a. r. (1983). bunopithecus: a genus - level taxon for the hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock). american journal of primatology 5: 83 - 87 .\nthe hoolock gibbon population in the west garo hills showed a decreasing trend of 26. 2% (82 individuals out of 111 individuals) in 28 localities, when compared with the previously documented numbers .\nwe proceeded to sequence western and eastern whipbirds, and the two wedgebills, because we wanted to look at the evolution of their different calls and their different plumages .\nit [ also ] suggests that the vocalisations on the wedgebills and the western whipbirds are ancestral…and it' s the eastern whipbird that has diverged hugely in its vocalisation .\nthis taxon is now considered monotypic; it was formerly considered conspecific with hoolock leuconedys. the previous generic name, bunopithecus, was changed by mootnick and groves (2005) to hoolock (haimoff et al. 1984) .\ntilson, r. l. (1979). on the behaviour of the hoolock gibbons (hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in assam, india. journal of the bombay natural history society 76: 1 - 16 .\nalfred, j. r. b. & sati, j. p. (1990). survey and census of the hoolock gibbon in west garo hills, northeast india. primates 31: 299 - 306 .\nlan, d. (1994). progress of surveys of hoolock gibbon in yunnan: distribution, population size, habitat and conservation. chinese primate research and conservation news 3 (1): 8 - 10 .\nliu r, shi l, chen y. a study on the chromosomes of white - browed gibbon (\nwcs myanmar north forest complex team reviewing the gibbon survey planning. photo (c) eleanor briggs / wcs\n( physorg. com) - - a team of australian researchers involving dna experts from the university of adelaide has identified a new, critically endangered species of ground parrot in western australia .\nmukherjee, r. p. (1986). the ecology of the hoolock gibbon, h. hoolock, in tripura, india. in else, j. g. & lee, p. c. (eds .), primate ecology and conservation, cambridge university press, cambridge and london, pp. 115 - 123 .\nhoolock gibbons have lived to be as old as an estimated 40 years in a captive setting (weigl 2005) .\npotential predators of hoolock gibbons include eagles, vultures, leopards, and pythons (gupta et al. 2005) .\nkanagasuntheram, r. (1954). observations on the anatomy of the hoolock gibbon [ pt. 2 ]. ceylon journal of science, sect. g 5 (2): 69 - 122, + 16 plates .\nwcs myanmar north forest complex team drawing gibbon transects during a survey. photo (c) eleanor briggs / wcs\nthe wildlife conservation society is implementing hoolock gibbon survey in collaboration with the nature and wildlife conservation department of the forestry ministry. this set of conservation activities are aimed at assessing the conservation status of the hoolock gibbons in myanmar, while also strengthening the capacity of the conservation movement in primate surveying, monitoring and conservation in myanmar. the main goals are :\nthe wildlife conservation society is implementing hoolock gibbon survey in collaboration with the nature and wildlife conservation department of the forestry ministry. this set of conservation activities are aimed at assessing the conservation status of the hoolock gibbons in myanmar, while also strengthening the capacity of the conservation movement in primate surveying, monitoring and conservation in myanmar. the main goals are to :\ngeissmann, t. 2006b. gibbon systematics and species identification. gibbons. de. retrieved january 21, 2009 .\nhall lm, jones ds, wood ba. evolution of the gibbon subgenera inferred from cytochrome b dna sequence data .\nwcs have done first gibbon population census and habitat assessment survey during in 2002 - 2003 at babulonhtan area between machanbaw and naung mong, kachin. maharmyaing wildlife sanctuary gibbon survey had done in 2004 - 2005. during 2005 - 2006, gibbon survey was implemented in hukaung wildlife sanctuary. moreover, wcs has performed a gibbon population census and habitat assessment at the htamanthi wildlife sanctuary and naga land area in 2013 - 2014. currently, gibbon monitoring and law enforcement activities are being conducted at the htamanthi wildlife sanctuary. wcs is also carrying out an education program targeting villages surrounding the wildlife sanctuary .\n“it [ also ] suggests that the vocalisations on the wedgebills and the western whipbirds are ancestral… and it’s the eastern whipbird that has diverged hugely in its vocalisation, ” dr joseph says. credit: leo\nmale mice exposed to other male competitors have thicker penis bones according to a new study by researchers at the university of western australia, published today in proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences .\nfeeroz, m. m. (1996). group formation and resource utilization by hoolock gibbon (hylobates hoolock) in an isolated forest of bangla desh. in international symposium: evolution of primates, august 5 - 8, 1996, at freude & kyoto university. primate research institute, inuyama, aichi, japan. , p. 26 (abstract only) .\ngeissmann, t. (1995). gibbon systematics and species identification. international zoo news 42: 467 - 501 .\nit is the western most district of the state which links bangladesh on the south and assam on the west and north, while the eastern portion connects with east garo hills and west khasi hills districts of meghalaya .\n] and checked for their potential to be correctly transcribed. gibbon haplotypes were deposited at genbank and are available under the accession numbers\ngibbon habitat has been severely affected by anthropogenic causes during the intervening period and no quantitative distribution and population status has been conducted .\nhowever, the type species for bunopithecus is bunopithecus sericus, an extinct gibbon or gibbon - like ape from sichuan, china. very recent investigations have shown that the hoolocks are not closely related to b. sericus and so have been placed in their own genus, hoolock. the four extant genera (formerly subgenera) are recognized based on their diploid chromosome number: hylobates (44), hoolock (38), nomascus (52), and symphalangus (50) (mootnick and groves 2005; geissmann 2006b) .\nhoolock gibbons occupy prime tea growing regions in southeast asia (chivers, 1977). any preservation of their habitat may impact tea industries .\nhoolock gibbons are occasionally killed by domestic dogs when they come to the ground to cross gaps in discontinuous degraded forest (choudhury 2000) .\ngibbon project for the entire range of the species to determine the present distribution, population status, evaluate threats and conserve the species .\nliu, r. , shi, l. & chen, y. (1987). [ a study on the chromosomes of white - browed gibbon (hylobates hoolock leuconedys) ]. acta theriologica sinica 7: 1 - 7 (chinese text, english summary) .\nhas been working on ecology, behaviour and biology of primates with especial reference to hoolock gibbons since the 1980s in the garo hills of meghalaya .\nswindler dr, erwin j, editor. vol. 1. new york: liss; 1986. gibbon systematics; pp. 137–185 .\nas in humans, gibbon vocalisation in the helium condition resulted in a shift of resonance to higher formants. significantly, this was more pronounced in the higher range of the gibbon calls. this higher range marks their characteristic achievement of high - intensity vocal production able to carry over distance .\nonly 25 groups of gibbon totaling 82 individuals were observed, compared to 36 groups with 111 individuals recorded at the same sites 20 years ago .\nin captivity and in the wild, hoolock gibbons generally sleep with the knees tucked up into the chest and the arms around them in a hunched position (mccann 1933; jindal & sharma 1982). in the wild, sleeping trees are usually taller than those nearby and are normally located on slopes or hilltops. usually, hoolock gibbon groups do not all sleep together in the same tree but instead in several nearby trees (ahsan 2001) .\ngibbon groups produce loud, stereotyped song bouts in the early morning. songs probably serve to defend resources such as territories, food trees, partners, but may also help to attract potential mates. gibbon songs include species specific characteristics which are inherited and not learned (geissmann, 1993) .\ncandler, g. (1903). notes on the habits of the hoolock. proceedings of the zoological society, london 1903: 187 - 190 .\nbrockelman, w. y. , & srikosamatara, s. (1993). estimation of density of gibbon groups by use of loud songs .\ntwenty - five gibbon groups with a total of 82 individuals were found in 15 of the 28 localities surveyed (table 1, fig. 1) .\nthe average height of a hoolock gibbon is 81. 2 cm (32. 0 in) (a. mootnick pers comm .). females weigh around 6. 1 kg (13. 4 lb) while males weigh around 6. 9 kg (15. 2 lb) (leutenegger & cheverud 1982) .\nhoolock gibbons are found only in forest environments and dependent on a contiguous canopy. there are several different forest types they inhabit: tropical evergreen forest, broad - leaved moist deciduous forest, sub - tropical broadleaf forest, and so forth. they prefer the upper canopy. hoolock gibbons avoid water (gron 2008; geissman 2006c) .\nalthough less common than siamangs, hoolock gibbons are sometimes found in zoos. additionally, their meat is highly prized in parts of eastern india (chivers, 1977) .\nto cite this page: krebs, m. 2000 .\nbunopithecus hoolock\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nmated hoolocks typically produce duet songs which consist of coordinated vocal interactions by both partners using sex - specific phrases (choudhury, 1989; geissmann, 1993, 1995; gittins & haimoff, 1984; haimoff, 1985). in contrast to other gibbon species, however, no sex - specific note types are used during hoolock songs .\nlwin, l. , geissmann, t. , saw, s. a. , thet, n. a. , zin, m. a. , tony, h. h. , grindley, m. , & momberg, f. (2011). the myanmar hoolock gibbon conservation status review: first results .\none of the most interesting things about gibbon / human voice comparison is how easy it is for suitably uninhibited humans to elicit vocal responses from gibbons by imitating their song .\nthe two species are separated by the chindwin and irrawaddy rivers in myanmar, with h. hoolock to the west of the watercourses and h. leuconedys to the east. h. leuconedys continues east as far as the salween river in myanmar (gron 2008). h. hoolock continues west to the brahmaputra river in india and bangladesh (geissmann 2006c) .\nmarshall, j. t. (1990). salween river gibbon study area: thailand and burma. natural history bulletin of the siam society 28: 93 - 94 .\ncarbone l, mootnick a, nadler t, moisson p, ryder o, roos c, de jong pj. a chromosomal inversion unique to the northern white - cheeked gibbon .\nwe are particularly grateful to mr. c. loma, deputy chief wildlife warden for providing photographs and information on gibbon, mr. tai dora for his physical help during field work\ntaub dm, king fa, editor. new york: van nostrand reinhold co; 1986. evolutionary cytogenetics of the siabon (gibbon - siamang) hybrid apes; pp. 226–239 .\nis unique among gibbons in possessing a diploid chromosome number of 38 (prouty et al. 1983; liu et al. , 1987). in other gibbon genera the number is 50 (\nfeeroz, m. m. & islam, m. a. (1992). ecology and behaviour of hoolock gibbons of bangladesh. marc (multidisciplinary action research centre), dhaka, bangladesh .\nsiddiqi, n. a. (1986). gibbons (hylobates hoolock) in the west banugach reserved forest of sylhet district, bangladesh. tiger paper 13 (3): 29 - 31 .\na comprehensive conservation status review of hoolock gibbons in myanmar has been published by fauna & fauna international (ffi), people resources and conservation foundation (prcf) and biodiversity and nature conservation ...\nall gibbon species are on the brink of extinction and, with the exception of h. leuconedys (vulnerable), are classified as\nendangered\nor even\ncritically endangered\n[ 12, 16 ]. with approximately 20 individuals left in its native habitat, the hainan gibbon (n. hainanus) is the rarest primate in the world [ 6, 13, 14 ], and the situation for its closest relative, the cao - vit crested gibbon (n. nasutus) with approximately 100 individuals left [ 12, 77 ], as well as for other gibbon species, the situation is alarming. reasons for the decline of gibbons are manifold, but habitat loss due to forest clearance for agricultural use, oil palm or rubber plantations, gold mining, or charcoal and timber production, as well as illegal hunting for food and sport, and the trade for pets or medicine are major threats to wild gibbon populations [ 15, 16 ] .\nmatthews, l. h. (1946). notes on the genital anatomy and physiology of the gibbon (hylobates). proceedings of the zoological society, london 116: 339 - 364 .\nlike other gibbons, hoolock groups appear to have favorite arboreal pathways across the canopy of their territory which they use more frequently than others (feeroz & islam, 1992; islam & feeroz, 1992) .\nin general, hoolock gibbon habitats are tropical with wet, hot summers with monsoon rains and dry cool winters. annual rainfall is usually between 130 and 400 cm (51. 2 and 157. 5 in) (choudhury 1991). for example, in assam, india, the annual temperature usually ranges between 7°c (44. 6°f) and 32°c (89. 6°f) (choudhury 2000) .\nthis indicates that the gibbons have disappeared from remaining 13 localities (46. 5 %). among all the gibbon’s habitat, the smaller fragments (ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 8 km\ngittins, s. p. & tilson, r. l. (1984). notes on the ecology and behaviour of the hoolock gibbon. in preuschoft, h. , chivers, d. j. , brockelman, w. y. & creel, n. (eds .), the lesser apes. evolutionary and behavioural biology, edinburgh university press, edinburgh, pp. 258 - 266 .\nif this suggests parallels with human singing, it’s worth spelling out that all female gibbons achieve this remarkable capacity for self - amplification instinctively. gibbon song is not learned – the ability is hard - wired .\nroberto r, capozzi o, wilson rk, mardis er, lomiento m, tuzun e, cheng z, mootnick ar, archidiacono n, rocchi m, eichler ee. molecular refinement of gibbon genome rearrangements .\nclarke, e. , u. h. reichard, and k. zuberbühler. 2006. the syntax and meaning of wild gibbon songs. plos one 1 (1): e73. retrieved january 21, 2009 .\nhamard, m. , cheyne, s. m. , & nijman, v. (2010). vegetation correlates of gibbon density in the peat - swamp forest of the sabangau catchment, central kalimantan, indonesia .\ncurrently, much of the habitat appropriate for hoolock gibbons is being destroyed for lumber, firewood, and farming (nowak, 1999). these animals are also a highly desired food source in parts of india and as such, are found in decreasing numbers. in recent years, several sanctuaries and reserves that lie inside the natural range of hoolock gibbons have been created. however, the increased problem of habitat fragmentation is still of much concern (wolfheim, 1983) .\nthis species is found in thick evergreen, mixed evergreen, and scrub forest throughout its natural range. hoolock gibbons usually prefer undisturbed forested areas and are found at elevations ranging from 152 to 1, 370 m (wolfheim, 1983) .\nhoolock gibbons are omnivorous, eating a wide variety of plant matter, including primarily fruits (and especially figs), as well as flowers, lianas, shoots, leaves, and nectar. they also consume invertebrates, such as insects, and birds eggs .\nthe wild population of this gibbon species is highly affected by human activities such as gold mining, logging, and hunting, which are pushing the population to constant decline. in myanmar, shifts in cultivation are a major threat for gibbon species. most local people living in the gibbon habitat areas rely on shifting cultivation for their main food supply. additionally, hunting pressure for food, medicinal purposes and wildlife trade also contribute to endanger the status of this species. extensive logging activities are the cause of increasing habitat loss, and contribute to the fragmentation of the gibbons’ habitat, thus restricting movements and exacerbating wildlife - human conflict. the extension of rice fields, the conversion of forests into agriculture land, and gold mining are all further factors degrading gibbons’ habitat and population .\n) (roos & geissmann, 2001). as a consequence of this finding, all four subgenera are now recognized as full genera (brandon - jones et al. , 2004; geissmann, 2002), and the traditional scientific name of the hoolock changes from\nand the monotypic representant of a distinct subgenus (e. g. geissmann, 1995; rowe, 1996; marshall & sugardjito, 1986). recent molecular evidence documented that the distance among gibbon subgenera was as large or larger than the distance between chimpanzees (\nthe wild population of this gibbon species is highly affected by human activities such as gold mining, logging, and hunting, which are pushing the population to constant decline. in myanmar, shifts in cultivation are a major threat for gibbon species. most local people living in the gibbon habitat areas rely on shifting cultivation for their main food supply. additionally, hunting pressure for food, medicinal purposes and wildlife trade also contribute to endanger the status of this species. extensive logging activities are the cause of increasing habitat loss, and contribute to the fragmentation of the gibbons' habitat, thus restricting movements and exacerbating wildlife - human conflict. the extension of rice fields, the conversion of forests into agriculture land, and gold mining are all further factors degrading gibbons' habitat and population .\ndas, j. , biswas, j. , bhattacharjee, p. c. , & mohnot, s. m. (2009). the distribution and abundance of hoolock gibbons in india. in s. lappan & d. j. whittaker (eds .) ,\nplay - back of the helium - condition calls to conspecifics (as well as being great vocalisers, gibbons are sophisticated listeners. the purpose of studying this area further would be to see whether other gibbons recognised in any way the humanly distorted recordings as gibbon - song )\ngiriajan s, chen l, graves t, marques - bonet t, ventura m, fronick c, fulton l, rocchi m, fulton rs, wilson rk, mardis er, eichler ee. sequencing human - gibbon breakpoints of synteny reveals mosaic new insertions at rearrangement sites .\nlike other gibbons, hoolock gibbons will go out of their way to avoid water and may drown if they fall into deep water (candler, 1903), but at least one captive infant was observed to swim (mccann, cited in the editor' s comment to parsons, 1940) .\nkakati, k. (1999). the singing apes: kashmira kakati studies the world of the hoolock gibbons in the borajan reserve forest in assam. frontline - india' s national magazine 16 (no 3, jan. 30 - feb. 12, 1999). see also: urltoken\nbut gibbons safely contained behind barriers are remarkably tolerant of human attempts at their song. i have personal experience of this at twycross zoo in the uk and perth zoo in australia. my youngest son, when a boy treble, was able to imitate female gibbon calls with considerable accuracy .\nthe pelage of adult males is black with distinct white eyebrows. the male has a long genital tassel. in the eastern subspecies, the white brow streaks are well separated with no white hairs between, and both the chin beard and the genital tassel tend to be of buff or whitish color; in the western subspecies, the brow streaks are close together, and the chin beard and the genital tassel are usually black with no or only a faint grizzling (groves, 1967) .\nwhile sighting the presence of gibbon by direct or indirect methods, such as calls, branch shaking, and sounds associated with locomotion and feeding, observers recorded the exact count of each group size, composition, and sex in addition to vegetation type and evidence of anthropogenic disturbances in its habitat .\ngibbons are social animals and form pair bonds. hoolock gibbons live together in monogamous pairs, as part of small family groups, which stake out a territory. the home range can vary from as small as 0. 15 to 0. 30 square kilometers (0. 06 - 0. 1 square miles), up to 3 to 4 square kilometers (1. 2 - 1. 5 square miles) (gron 2008). their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. hoolock gibbons call in the morning and usually in the earlier morning (gron 2008) .\n. they weigh between 6 and 8 kg. hoolock gibbons are characterized by longer hair, curved white brow streaks, and faintly triangular - shaped head. this species is dichromatic: adult males are completely black, whereas adult females are dark brown with black on the neck, chest, and facial areas. in some subpopulations, males have more defined brow streaks than in others. males may also have a white preputial tuft, and may show white on their chins and cheeks. some females have lighter pelage on their hands and feet (chivers and gittins, 1978). unique among gibbon species ,\none solution may be to combine action by the government, industry, non - government organizations, and communities in bangladesh and northeast india to protect hoolock gibbons from enduring further forest fragmentation. another potential solution may include offering economic incentives to landowners to contribute land to create corridors between fragmented forests and larger forests (kakati 2006) .\nas seed dispersers and part of forest food chains —consuming plant and some animal matter, and being consumed by large cats, birds of prey, and pythons —hoolock gibbons provide a valued function in their ecosystems. for humans, their unique form and behaviors, including aerobatic movement through the forest canopy, adds to the wonder of nature .\nphoonjampa, r. , koenig, a. , brockelman, w. y. , borries, c. , gale, g. a. , carroll, j. p. , & savini, t. (2011). pileated gibbon density in relation to habitat characteristics and post - logging forest recovery .\nmarshall, j. t. & sugardjito, j. (1986). gibbon systematics. in swindler, d. r. & erwin, j. (eds .), comparative primate biology, vol. 1: systematics, evolution, and anatomy, alan r. liss, new york, pp. 137 - 185 .\n6. the population, which requires immediate protection and conservation due to canopy gaps and lack of food availability, should be located and provided some alternative means for the movement of gibbons from one fragmented patch to another like bamboo bridges or rope way bridges which have been successfully experimented with in the gibbon wildlife sanctuary, assam to reduce canopy gaps .\nthough the forest cover reports of forest survey of india (1991, 1999 and 2005) (table 3) indicate that there is an over all increase in the forest cover (but not the gibbon habitat), during the recent observations it was found that forest habitat where gibbons live has been destroyed in most areas of the west garo hills .\nwhile the gibbon call is clearly acquired as a means of high - intensity transmission that permits communication across distance in dense rainforest vegetation, i have heard gibbons “rehearsing” precisely the same songs quietly: a solitary female in an isolated pen at twycross zoo in the uk; and two juveniles in quarantine under the supervision of their curator at perth zoo in australia .\nmuzaffar, s. b. , islam, m. a. , feeroz, m. m. , kabir, m. , begum, s. , mahmud, m. s. , chakma, s. , & hasan, m. k. (2007). habitat characteristics of the endangered hoolock gibbons of bangladesh: the role of plant species richness .\nthe researchers used helium in their experiments. the use of helium as the medium in which the gibbon vocalised is thus a means of ascertaining how the subject responded to the effect – which in humans tends to shift the resonant frequencies of the voice towards “squeaky” higher “ formants ” (the acoustic response within an instrument – or voice – that defines the quality of sound, or timbre) .\nmorphological differences between the two species is most pronounced among males, with females harder to distinguish visually. in h. leuconedys males have two distinct white eyebrows and a white or silver genital tuft, about 7. 5 centimeters (3. 0 inches) long, while males of h. hoolock have a white unibrow and a black genital tuft, around 5 centimeters (2. 0 inches) long (gron 2008) .\nmittermeier ra, wallis j, rylands ab, ganzhorn ju, oates jf, williamson ea, palacios e, heymann ew, kierulff mcm, long y, supriatna j, roos c, walker s, cortés - ortiz l, schwitzer c, editor. arlington: iucn / ssc primate specialist group (psg), international primatological society (ips), and conservation international (ci); 2009. eastern black crested gibbon\nwhen a hoolock is born, its coat is a milky white color (alfred, 1992; alfred & sati, 1990). during the second half of the first year, the color changes to black within a few months; only the brow band remain white. the gibbons then resemble adult males in their fur coloration. females turn to a beige coloration about when attaining sexual maturity. the timing of the color changes is variable and again takes several months to completion .\nmittermeier ra, ratsimbazafy j, rylands ab, williamson l, oates jf, mbora d, ganzhorn ju, rodriguez - luna e, palacios e, heymann ew, cecilia m, kierulff m, yongcheng l, supriatna j, roos c, walker s, aguiar jm, editor. arlington: iucn / ssc primate specialist group (psg), international primatological society (ips), and conservation international (ci); 2007. hainan gibbon ,\ngibbons or small apes inhabit tropical and subtropical rain forests in southeast asia and adjacent regions, and are, next to great apes, our closest living relatives. with up to 16 species, gibbons form the most diverse group of living hominoids, but the number of taxa, their phylogenetic relationships and their phylogeography is controversial. to further the discussion of these issues we analyzed the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 85 individuals representing all gibbon species, including most subspecies .\nan accurate taxonomic identification of gibbons based on vocal data or pelage colouration is sometimes complicated [ 4, 5 ]. in this respect, mtdna analysis might be a promising tool. as shown in our study, gibbon taxa can be diagnosed through mtdna, and, hence, a secure identification can easily be obtained. yet since mtdna is only maternally inherited, possible hybrids will not be detected in such analysis, so that additional markers should be studied as well .\nthe hoolock is found in several types of habitats: tropical evergreen forest, the wetter tropical semi - evergreen forests, sub - tropical monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests, and sub - tropical evergreen broadleaf hill or mountain forests. the species appears to be less common in deciduous forest and scrub forest, and absent from mangrove (choudhury, 1996a; gittins & tilson, 1984; lan, 1994). it occurs at altitudes of 80 - 1500 m (choudhury, 1996a; mukherjee, 1986) .\nbetween the species, there are some morphological differences, predominantly between males with females significantly harder to distinguish visually (jenkins 1990). in h. hoolock, males are black, with a white unibrow (mono - brow) and a black genital tuft (around 5 cm (2. 0 in) long) (groves 1972; jenkins 1990; mootnick 2006). h. leuconedys males have two distinct white eyebrows and a silver or white genital tuft (around 7. 5 cm (3. 0 in) ) (groves 1972; jenkins 1990; das et al. 2006; mootnick 2006) .\nultrametric tree showing phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence ages among studied gibbon individuals based on complete mitochondrial cytb sequence data. for individual codes see additional file 1. circles indicate bootstrap or posterior probability values (filled circles: > 90% , > 0. 95, open circles: < 70% , < 0. 80). nodes of interest are arbitrarily numbered (n1 - n45). c2 and c3 refer to two of the three nodes used for calibration (c1 not shown). light green bars indicate the four radiations. a geological time scale is given below. full details of age estimates and node supports are presented in table 2 .\nthe northern limit of gibbons in the area, which is now in the center of hkakaraborazi park, was reported by naturalist - explorer frank kingdon - ward (1937) to be the seinghku confluence of the nam tamai river, which is slightly north of 288 north latitude. many mountains in northern myanmar exceed 4, 000 m in altitude, and hoolock gibbons have been reported to occur at or above 8, 000 ft (2, 438 m: kingdon - ward 1949; tun yin 1967). there are some suggestions that they may move up and down mountains seasonally, although this has not been substantiated to our knowledge. for example, kingdon - ward (1949: 244) reported: ‘‘\nthe home range of hoolock gibbons varies with study site, and can range between 0. 15 and 0. 30 km² (0. 06 and 0. 1 mi²) up to 3 - 4 km² (1. 2 - 1. 5 mi²), with some intermediate sizes as well as some overlap with neighboring groups (tilson 1979; gittins & tilson 1984; alfred 1992; islam & feeroz 1992; choudhury 1996; ahsan 2001; gupta et al. 2005). average day ranges can vary between 600 m (1968. 5 ft) and around 1350 m (4429. 1 ft) but single day ranges can be less than 300 m (984. 3 ft) and more than 3000 m (9842. 5 ft) with the highest day ranges occurring during the summer (mukherjee 1986; islam & feeroz 1992; ahsan 2001; gupta et al. 2005) .\nthe northern limit of gibbons in the area, which is now in the center of hkakaraborazi park, was reported by naturalist - explorer frank kingdon - ward (1937) to be the seinghku confluence of the nam tamai river, which is slightly north of 288 north latitude. many mountains in northern myanmar exceed 4, 000 m in altitude, and hoolock gibbons have been reported to occur at or above 8, 000 ft (2, 438 m: kingdon - ward 1949; tun yin 1967). there are some suggestions that they may move up and down mountains seasonally, although this has not been substantiated to our knowledge. for example, kingdon - ward (1949: 244) reported: ‘‘ [ gibbons ] ascend even in winter to 4, 000 ft and perhaps higher. in the rainy season one hears them at 8, 000 ft’’ at high elevations gibbons occur in forest ‘‘where the pine is a dominant forest tree’’ (anthony 1941; cited in tun yin 1967) .\nlike other gibbons, the hoolock is an arboreal and a diurnal species, and like other gibbons, it prefers the upper canopy of the forest, and sleeps and rests in emergent trees (leighton, 1987). like other gibbons, hoolocks eat mostly fruits (51 - 89 %), with the main supplement being leaves (6 - 32 %); in addition, hoolocks also consume smaller quantities of flowers and insects (alfred, 1992; feeroz & islam, 1992; gittins & tilson, 1984; islam & feeroz, 1992; tilson, 1979). mukherjee (1986) found lower amounts of fruits (30 - 40 %) and higher amounts of leaves (40 - 60 %) in the diet of hoolocks in tripura (india). among fruits, figs appear to be to most important food item and make up about 60% of the fruits consumed by hoolocks (alfred, 1992) and about 38% of their total diet (feeroz & islam, 1992; islam & feeroz, 1992) .\nmultiple radiations in the evolutionary history of gibbons suggest a complicated biogeographic pattern leading to the current distribution of gibbon taxa. since gibbons are arboreal [ 7, 39 ], radiations most likely were correlated with expanding forest habitats. in fact, the complete range of gibbons experienced complex geographical and environmental changes during the last ten million years. notably, in the late miocene as well as in the plio - and pleistocene, a series of dramatic climatic changes influenced the geography and vegetation in the region, leading to shifts in the extension and distribution of different habitat types [ 49 - 54 ]. in particular, periods of maximum glaciation might have reduced rainforest cover, resulting in the appearance of more open and deciduous vegetation types in many parts of the region [ [ 52 - 57 ], but see [ 58 ] ]. moreover, due to the alternately falling and rising sea water levels during the several glacial and interglacial periods [ 59 - 64 ], connections and separations of landmasses were common, and repeated migration between islands and today' s mainland was possible [ 65 - 67 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as endangered as there is reason to believe the species has declined by at least 50% over the past 40 years (approximately three generations) due primarily to hunting and habitat loss. over the coming 40 years, this decline is likely to reach similar proportions due to continuing habitat loss .\nthis species is listed on cites appendix i and on schedule i of the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972. overall, it is found in 30 protected areas in india (choudhury 2001) and many others throughout its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nmacdonald, d. w. (2006) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford .\ncunningham, c. and mootnick, a. (2009) gibbons. current biology, 19 (14): 543 - 544 .\nmittermeier, r. a. , ratsimbazafy, j. , rylands, a. b. , williamson, l. , oates, j. f. , mbora, d. , ganzhorn, j. u. , rodríguez - luna, e. , palacios, e. , heymann, e. w. , kierulff, m. c. , yongcheng, l. , supriatna, j. , roos, c. , walker, s. and aguiar, j. m. (2007) primates in peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates, 2006 – 2008. primate conservation, 2007 (22): 1 - 40 .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction." ]

{ "text": [ "the western hoolock gibbon ( hoolock hoolock ) is a primate from the gibbon family , hylobatidae .", "the species is found in assam , mizoram , bangladesh and in myanmar west of the chindwin river . " ], "topic": [ 3, 27 ] }

[ "the western hoolock gibbon (hoolock hoolock) is a primate from the gibbon family, hylobatidae. the species is found in assam, mizoram, bangladesh and in myanmar west of the chindwin river." ]

[ "argyrotaenia lautana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from arizona and california. it is also found in mexico (nuevo león) .\nargyrotaenia octavana brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 121, f. 6, 12, 17; tl: mexico, puebla, 10km e esperanza\nargyrotaenia ponera; obraztsov, 1961, amer. mus. novit. 2048: 39; brown & cramer, 2000, j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 117, f. 3, 9\nargyrotaenia unda brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 119, f. 5, 10, 16; tl: mexico, mexico, 7 air km wsw juchitepec, 2750m\nargyrotaenia bialbistriata brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 124, f. 8, 13, 18; tl: mexico, durango, 10mi w el salto, 9000'\nargyrotaenia spinacallis brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 119, f. 4, 11, 15; tl: mexico, veracruz, cañon de las minas, 13km ne perote, 2150m\nargyrotaenia coconinana brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 121, f. 7, 14, 19; tl: usa, arizona, coconico co. , hochderffer hill, 12. 5mi nnw flagstaff, 8500'\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nby j. w. brown 1, g. robinson 2, and j. a. powell 3\nthe food plant database consists of approximately 12, 000 records. it is currently available as a pdf document, which may be downloaded by clicking on\nfood plant database\nand searched using adobe reader. in the future, this data will be fully searchable via this website and records will be linked to the t @ rts catalogue. literature supporting records in the database is listed under\nfood plant references .\nthe common name\nleafrollers\nhas been applied to the family tortricidae owing to the larval habit of shelter - building by folding or rolling leaves of the food plant. however, the larvae of tortricids employ a wide range of feeding strategies, many fairly divergent from the typical leaf - rolling habit (horak & brown 1991, powell et al. 1998). there are gall - makers, root - borers, fruit - borers, seed - predators, flower - feeders, and tip - tiers. horak and brown (1991) postulate that detritus or mycelium - feeding by a free - living larva may have been the ancestral condition. some of the more unusual feeding modes in the family include leaf litter - feeding, feeding as inquilines in cynipid galls, and preying on coccids .\nalthough tortricids are known primarily as pests of agricultural, forest, and ornamental plants, several tortricids have been used as biological control agents against invasive weeds, and many others have varying potential to inflict major damage on their respective weedy hosts. the literature is replete with records of host plants of tortricidae, and the purpose of this document is to begin to compile and organize this rich literature into a database that may be useful to those involved in pest management, quarantine, biological control, and other studies that involve larval host utilization .\nwe hope that users of this document will bring to our attention errors in the taxonomy of both the plants and animals, errors in spelling, and especially errors of omission. it is likely that this product only scratches the surface of the huge body of published literature available on the food plants of tortricidae .\nwe thank the following for providing input on various drafts of this document: amy rossman, usda, ars, beltsville, maryland; natalia vandenberg and david smith, systematic entomology laboratory, usda, ars, national museum of natural history, washington, d. c. ; and william miller, university of minnesota, st. paul, minnesota .\nbrako, l. , a. y. rossman & d. f. farr. 1995. scientific and common names of 7, 000 vascular plants in the united states. aps press, st. paul, mn .\nhickman, j. c. (ed). 1993. the jepson manual. higher plants of california. university of california press, berkeley, los angeles, london. 1400 pp .\nhorak, m. & r. l. brown. 1991. chapter 1. 1. 2. taxonomy and phylogeny, pp. 23 - 50. in: van der geest & evenhuis (eds .), tortricoid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control. elsevier science publ. , amsterdam .\npowell, j. a. , c. mitter & b. farrell. 1998. evolution of larval food preference in lepidoptera, pp. 403 - 422. in: kristensen, n. p. (ed .). handbook of zoology, volume iv arthropoda: insects, part 35 lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. walter de gruyter, berlin .\nwiersema, j. h. 2001. usda, ars, national genetic resources program. germplasm resources information network - (grin). [ online database ] national germplasm resources laboratory, beltsville, maryland. available: http: / / www. ars - grin / npgs / tax / .\nbrown, j. w. , g. robinson & j. a. powell. 2008. food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (lepidoptera: tortricidae) (version 1. 0). urltoken\n1 systematic entomology laboratory - usda, smithsonian institution, p. o. box 37012, national museum of natural history, washington, dc 20013, usa 2 department of entomology, the natural history museum, cromwell road, london sw7 5bd, uk 3 essig museum of entomology, university of california, berkeley, ca 94720, usa\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 18. 28m; p. 149. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nponera\n; brown & cramer, 2000, j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 2000\ntotrix ponera walsingham, 1914; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 279; tl: mexico, popcatepetl park, 13000ft\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham, 1914 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "argyrotaenia lautana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona and california .", "it is also found in mexico ( nuevo león ) .", "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august .", "the larvae feed on abies concolor and pseudotsuga macrocarpa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 8, 8 ] }

[ "argyrotaenia lautana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from arizona and california. it is also found in mexico (nuevo león). adults have been recorded on wing from june to august. the larvae feed on abies concolor and pseudotsuga macrocarpa." ]

[ "rhopobota naevana (hübner, 1814) replaces rhopobota unipunctana (haworth, 1811) .\nrhopobota naevana (holly tortrix) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nrhopobota naevana replaces rhopobota unipunctana. listed in hodges et al. (1983) as unipunctana (haworth), a recently designated synonym (brown 2005). rhopobota naevana is believed to be holarctic in origin (lafontaine and wood 1997; razowski 2003) or introduced from europe (gillespie and gillespie 1982) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngilligan, wright & gibson, 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states: p. 150. 241. (out of print )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nholly (ilex), apple, blueberry, cherry, crataegus, fraxinus, prunus, pyrus, sorbus, spiraea, syringa, and vaccinium .\nhübner, j. , [ 1817 ]. sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge (261): pl. 41 .\nrevision of the north american moths of the subfamily eucosminae of the family olethreutidae carl heinrich. 1923. united states national museum bulletin 123: 1 - 298 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nadults / moths: adults (see last two pictures above) are very small, only about 1 / 4 - inch in length, dark in color, with alternating light and dark gray - brown bands on their forewings. they are active at dusk, and can be seen hovering freely just above the vines. they will occasionally fly during the day if it is cloudy and warm or if they are disturbed. female moths begin laying eggs within a day of emergence from their pupae. by early to mid - july, a second generation of caterpillars begins, and this leads to a 2nd - generation of moths that emerge and lay a new generation of eggs. in some years, a third generation may be possible, but generally these are the eggs that subsequently overwinter before hatching into 1st - generation larvae the following may .\neggs: eggs oviposited by the final generation of moths overwinter and begin to hatch in may (average over the years puts the first hatching at around may 22nd for most of maine). the hatching period may continue for 3 to 6 weeks, depending on vine density and weather. eggs laid by the ensuing moths begin to hatch usually in mid - july (sometimes end of june in warmer summers or in warmer locations like southern maine and massachusetts). each egg is laid singly on the underside of the cranberry leaves and has a flat, disklike shape. they are extremely small (1 / 32 - inch in diameter) and yellow in color .\n( mid to late may until mid to late - june, and again starting generally in mid to late july when a 2nd - generation begins): the damaging stage of the blackheaded fireworm is the larval stage. larvae are green - yellow or pale yellow, and their heads are black and shiny (see photos above). when mature (2 to 3 weeks after hatching), they measure roughly 1 / 3 - inch in length .\nthere are two separate generations of larvae (maybe even three) each season, and the 2nd generation is the more damaging one since their numbers are normally much greater and the plants are developing their fruit at that time .\nin addition to sweep - net scouting, spend some time visually scanning for upright tips with terminal leaves that have been webbed tightly together! break off any tip of that sort, and carefully tease apart the terminal leaves. if a small larva suddenly squirms out, wriggling backwards and possibly right across your hand and down to the ground (often attached to a strand of silk) …and if this happens before you’ve even blinked, then you’ve probably encountered a fireworm larva. you should then sweep, if you haven’t already, to see if you pick up any in your net .\nlarva per 25 sweeps, you may well be justified in taking action (depending on your history with this pest, your expected crop value, etc .) .\nfor the most current recommended action threshold (at) to consider using (traditional at is 1 to 2 per 25 sweeps), and for a list of control materials. infestations of 2nd - generation larvae are far more dangerous, because their numbers are much higher, especially, of course, if any 1st - generation populations are left uncontrolled. infestations of both generations are usually\n, at least at first, and larvae tend to be more numerous along edges. spot - treatment is desirable in such cases .\npheromone traps: if you like using traps, can find someone still manufacturing them, and are comfortable with them, monitoring for the fireworm moths with traps should begin around june 1st or a bit later in colder springs. change the lure every 3 weeks, and use at least 1 trap per 10 acres (don’t place traps close to each other). place them on the upwind side of the bog so the wind will carry the scent over the bog. also, one should begin searching for larvae on the bed (s) a week after the first moths are seen in the trap (s) because there may not necessarily be any larvae on your bed. it is possible the moths captured (which are males only) came from wild stands of cranberries, and the female moths could still be located only in those other locations and might not necessarily migrate to your site. only the males are attracted to the traps, so you would not be contributing to an infestation of your site by virtue of using the traps. therefore, the presence of moths in the traps may not always mean you will see larvae at your site later on, which is why scouting for larvae is so very important .\ncranberry questions? contact charles armstrong, cranberry professional. university of maine cooperative extension | | pest management office | | 491 college avenue | | orono, me 04473 - 1295 | | tel: 207. 581. 2967 [ email: charles. armstrong @ urltoken ]\ncooperative extension: cranberries 5741 libby hall orono, maine 04469 - 5741 phone: 207. 581. 3188 or 1. 800. 287. 0274 (in maine) e - mail: extension @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvariety of habitats from hedgerows, gardens and orchards to woodland where the foodplant occurs .\nrecorded in 46 (67 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nws: 12 - 16mm; jun - sep; holly (ilex aquifolium) and a variety of rosaceous trees and shrubs; common throughout gb .\nid: very variable in degree of suffusion and strigulation of ground colour. forewing has a subfalcate apex in both sexes. the male has a large patch of specialised grey - black (androconial) scales on the underside of the hindwing. male genitalia: uncus absent; p & m refer to long clubbed hairy' labides' as characteristic of this genus - these originate at the junction of the transtilla with the valval costa on each side and terminate in a midline fused hairy pad .\n§1 westcliff - on - sea, essex; 20 / 06 / 2011; female §2 ardnamurchan, highlands; 12 / 07 / 2012 §3 ardnamurchan, highlands; 13 / 07 / 2012; female ​§4 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 26 / 07 / 2012; male; fw 6. 8mm §5 bookham common, surrey; 16 / 07 / 2013; female; fw 7. 6mm §6 arnside, cumbria; 26 / 07 / 2013; fw 6. 1mm §7 duddon moss; 22 / 07 / 2016; male; fw 6. 8mm; netted by day all images © chris lewis\nnot rare among holly, but far scarcer than in southern england. ipswich in 1898 (pyett) and 1928 - 35 (whit); aldeburgh (ctw); glemham magna (bloomfield); lowestoft, flixton .\nlarval spinning on holly - ipswich, suffolk (16. vi. 2012) © a prichard\nlarva on holly - ipswich, suffolk (16. vi. 2012) © a prichard\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbrown, j. w. 2005. tortricidae (lepidoptera). in world catalog of insects, vol. 5. apollo books, stenstrup, denmark, 741 pp .\nbrown, r. l. 1979. nomenclatural changes in eucosmini (tortricidae). journal of the lepidopterists' society 33 (1): 21 - 28\ngillespie, d. p. and b. i. gillespie. 1982. a list of plant - feeding lepidoptera introduced into british columbia. journal of the entomological society of british columbia 79: 38 - 48 .\ngilligan, t. m. , d. j. wright, and l. d. gibson. 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states, an identification guide. ohio biological survey bulletin new series, vol. xvi, no. 2. 334 pp .\ngilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2012. t @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 2. 0). urltoken\nlafontaine, j. d. and d. m. wood. 1997. butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) of the yukon. pp. 723 - 785 in: danks, h. v. and j. a. downes (eds .). insects of the yukon. biological survey of canada (terrestrial arthropods), ottawa, on .\nrazowski, j. 2003. tortricidae of europe, vol. 2. olethreutinae. frantisek slamka, bratislava, slovakia, 301 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "rhopobota naevana , the holly tortrix moth , holly leaf tier or blackheaded fireworm , is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found from europe ( including the british isles ) to eastern russia , china ( tianjin , hebei , inner mongolia , liaoning , jilin , heilongjiang , zhejiang , anhui , fujian , jiangxi , henan , hubei , hunan , guangdong , sichuan , guizhou , yunnan , tibet , shaanxi , gansu ) , taiwan , mongolia , korea and japan .", "it is also present in india , sri lanka and north america .", "the wingspan is 12 – 16 mm .", "adults are on wing from late june to early september .", "the larvae feed on vaccinium , erica carnea , ilex , malus , crataegus , sorbus , prunus , pyrus and rhamnus .", "the larvae can be a pest on cultivated apple , pear and cranberry , eating young leaves , flowers and occasionally , newly set fruits .", "they can also kill young lateral shoots . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 0, 9, 8, 8, 8, 12 ] }

[ "rhopobota naevana, the holly tortrix moth, holly leaf tier or blackheaded fireworm, is a moth of the tortricidae family. it is found from europe (including the british isles) to eastern russia, china (tianjin, hebei, inner mongolia, liaoning, jilin, heilongjiang, zhejiang, anhui, fujian, jiangxi, henan, hubei, hunan, guangdong, sichuan, guizhou, yunnan, tibet, shaanxi, gansu), taiwan, mongolia, korea and japan. it is also present in india, sri lanka and north america. the wingspan is 12 – 16 mm. adults are on wing from late june to early september. the larvae feed on vaccinium, erica carnea, ilex, malus, crataegus, sorbus, prunus, pyrus and rhamnus. the larvae can be a pest on cultivated apple, pear and cranberry, eating young leaves, flowers and occasionally, newly set fruits. they can also kill young lateral shoots." ]

[ "asajirus gulosus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1984) - taxonomy\nespèce: asajirus gulosus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1984 )\nspecies asajirus ovivarus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) accepted as asajirus ovirarus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) (misspelling )\npesi portal - asajirus ledanoisi (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 )\nworms - world register of marine species - asajirus ledanoisi (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 )\nthere are also problems in defining genera and species in the group. of the four nominal genera mentioned above, gasterascidia, sorbera, and hexacrobylus are now treated as synonyms of oligotrema, and all species assigned previously to hexacrobylus (apart from the type species of this genus) now belong to asajirus. thus the family hexacrobylidae contains only two valid genera: oligotrema and asajirus. oligotrema contains five species, and asajirus (formerly known as hexacrobylus), contains 12 nominal species, six of which are most probably synonyms of widely distributed asajirus indicus .\nasajirus gulosus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1984): monniot (2007) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] monniot, f. 2007. some comments on the ascidians of new caledonia. in: payri, c. e. & richer de forges, b. [ eds ]. compendium of marine species of new caledonia. doc. sci. tech. ird, nouméa. ii7 (2): 349 - 356. [ urltoken ]\nmost specimens of sorberaceans were collected in deep waters at 3, 280–16, 400 ft (1, 000–5, 000 m). however, in 1903 a single specimen of oligotrema psammites was recorded at 308 ft (94 m), and in 1990 another specimen of the same species was recorded at 886 ft (270 m). the deepest record is of a single specimen of asajirus indicus at 25, 853 ft (7, 880 m); only four other tunicates have been recorded at such great depths. the bottom at abyssal depths is almost always soft and covered by thick layer of mud, sorberaceans live unattached on the mud .\nshenkar, n. ; gittenberger, a. ; lambert, g. ; rius, m. ; moreira da rocha, r. ; swalla, b. j. ; turon, x. (2018). ascidiacea world database .\nsanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. (2001). ascidiacea & sorberacea. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: pp. 352 - 355. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) nomenclator zoologicus online. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhexacrobylus eunuchus monniot f. & monniot c. , 1976 (original combination )\nhexadactylus antarcticus monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 (original combination )\nhexadactylus eunuchus (monniot f. & monniot c. , 1976) (new combination )\nhexadactylus longitestis monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 (original combination )\nhexadactylus millari monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 (original combination )\nhexadactylus seeligeri monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990 (original combination )\n( of hexacrobylus indicus oka, 1913) oka, a. (1913). zur kenntnis der zwei aberranthen ascidiengattungen dicopia sluit. und hexacrobylus sluiter. zool. anz. 43: 1 - 10. [ details ]\n( of hexacrobylus arcticus hartmeyer, 1923) hartmeyer, r. (1923). ascidiacea. part 1: zugleich eine ubersich uber die arktische und boreale ascidienfauna auf tiergeographischer grundlage. in: danish ingolf expedition. copenhagen. 2 (6): 1 - 368. [ details ]\n( of hexacrobylus eunuchus monniot f. & monniot c. , 1976) monniot, f. ; monniot, c. (1976). tuniciers abyssaux du bassin argentin récoltés par l'\natlantis ii\n. bull. mus. natn. hist. nat. , paris, ser. 3. (387), zool, 269: 629 - 662. [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus antarcticus monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1990). revision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. zool. j. linn. soc. 99 (3): 239 - 290. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hexadactylus longitestis monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1990). revision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. zool. j. linn. soc. 99 (3): 239 - 290. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hexadactylus millari monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1990). revision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. zool. j. linn. soc. 99 (3): 239 - 290. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hexadactylus seeligeri monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1990). revision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. zool. j. linn. soc. 99 (3): 239 - 290. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkott, p. (1989). the family hexacrobylidae seeliger, 1906 (ascidiacea, tunicata). mem. qd mus. 27 (2): 517 - 534. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncole, l. and g. lambert. 2009. tunicata (urochordata) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1209–1216 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus arcticus (hartmeyer, 1923) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus eunuchus (monniot f. & monniot c. , 1976) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hexadactylus indicus (oka, 1913) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of oligotrema indicus (oka, 1913) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hexacrobylus arcticus hartmeyer, 1923) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nsanamyan, k. e. (2014). deep - sea fauna of european seas: an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe. ascidiacea. invertebrate zoology. vol. 11. no. 1: 13–24 [ in english ]. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nhexadactylus gulosus (monniot c. & monniot f. , 1984) (espèce cd _ nom = 677293 )\nhexacrobylus gulosus monniot & monniot, 1984: monniot & monniot (1984): 203. [ description originale ] monniot, c. & monniot, f. 1984. nouvelles sorberacea (tunicata) profondes de l' atlantique sud et de l' océan indien = new deep - sea sorberacea (tunicata) from southern atlantic and indian ocean. cahiers de biologie marine, 25 (2): 197 - 215 .\nmonniot & monniot (1985) [ statut pour les iles eparses ] monniot, c. & monniot, f. 1985. ascidies profondes au large de mayotte (archipel des comores). cahiers de biologie marine, 26: 35 - 52 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nsanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007 .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n( of hexadactylus ledanoisi monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990) monniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1990). revision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. zool. j. linn. soc. 99 (3): 239 - 290. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmonniot, c. (2001). ascidiacea & sorberacea. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: pp. 352 - 355. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nthe class sorberacea was erected in 1975 by the french ascidiologists claude and françoise monniot and françoise gail for several highly adapted deepwater species belonging to four genera (oligotrema, hexacrobylus, gasterascidia, and sorbera) united in the family hexacrobylidae. the characters used to distinguish the sorberacea from class ascidiacea were the absence of the branchial sac, the presence of dorsal nervous cord, a very superficial position of the nervous ganglion, the histology of the digestive tract, and some other features .\nthe taxonomic position of hexacrobylidae was not certain, but the family was most often considered as related to the ascidian family molgulidae, or placed into a separate order, aspiraculata, within the ascidiacea. however, other taxonomists, including the australian ascidiologist patricia kott, doubted whether the hexacrobylidae should be removed from the class ascidiacea. kott considered that the characters used to distinguish sorberacea and ascidiacea could not be confirmed as true differences between hexacrobylidae and the rest of the ascidiacea. in particular, although the branchial sac is strongly reduced in hexacrobylidae, it is not absent, and the neural complex in hexacrobylidae is in the same position beneath the epidermis as in other ascidians. in addition, the structure and histology of the digestive tract varies in other ascidiaceans .\nall hexacrobylidae are relatively small, from less than 1 in (3 mm) up to 2. 4 in (6 cm), but usually they are usually no more than 1. 4 in (1 cm) in greatest dimension .\nsorberaceans are widely distributed in bathyal and abyssal depths in all oceans, but records are not numerous. they have not been recorded in the high arctic and north pacific oceans, but deepwater tunicates in these regions have been less intensively sampled .\nsorberaceans do not survive capture, and no one has directly observed their behavior. although they are not firmly attached to the substratum, it is unlikely that they are mobile, as their body covered by hairs with attached sediments suggests that they are anchored in the mud and cannot actively move. their muscular branchial siphon has fingerlike lobes on the end, suggesting that it can operate as a hand to capture small invertebrates .\nunlike most other benthic tunicates sorberaceans are carnivorous and not filter feeders. the specimens examined had an almost - empty digestive tract, so they are certainly not detritus - feeders, otherwise the digestive tract would be full of sediments. possibly they can actively search and capture small moving invertebrates using their muscular (and sometimes eversible) branchial siphon. the large globular stomachs of some species suggest that the prey may be relatively large, and small copepods, isopods, ostracods, nematodes, and polychaetes were found in the stomachs of some specimens .\nalmost nothing is known about sorberacean reproduction. as with all other benthic tunicates, they are hermaphrodites. all species are apparently oviparous, and larvae are not known. the youngest recorded specimens, 0. 02 in (0. 5 mm) in diameter, already resembled adult forms .\nbody oval, not usually exceeding 0. 8 in (2 cm) high. atrial siphon relatively long, but it is internal, and thus can be seen only on dissected specimens after test is removed. on surface of test, only small inconspicuous atrial opening is present on top of body. branchial siphon is large and muscular. on preserved specimens, siphon is internal, lying wholly within the body, but it is not known whether this is normal in living specimens. branchial siphon opens on anterior part of the body by wide slit surrounded by six wide lobes. body coated by fine short hairs that are significantly longer on the posterior end of body, suggesting specimens sit vertically at the bottom .\nlives unattached on soft muddy bottom of continental slopes and abyssal plains and trenches; recorded from 1, 970 to 24, 540 ft (600 to 7, 480 m) deep .\nsmall, not exceeding 0. 2 in (5 mm). oval body covered by sparse hairs with attached mud particles and foraminiferan tests. two prominent siphons on opposite sides of body. highly muscular, completely eversible branchial siphon longer than atrial siphon, has six fingerlike lobes. stomach very large, occupies most of body .\nabyssal; recorded at about 4, 920–16, 400 ft (1, 500–5, 000 m) deep .\nmonniot, c. , and f. monniot .\nnouvelles sorberacea (tunicata) profondes de l' atlantique sud et l' océan indien .\ncahiers de biologie marine 25 (1984): 197–215 .\n—— .\nrevision of the class sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species .\nzoological journal of the linnean society 99, no. 3 (1990): 239–290 .\nmonniot, c. , f. monniot, and f. gaill .\nles sorberacea: une nouvelle classe de tuniciers .\narchives de zoologie expérimentale et générale 116, no. 1 (1975): 77–122 .\nkott, p .\nthe australian ascidiacea .\nmemoirs of the queensland museum 32, no. 2 (1992): 621–655 .\n—— .\nthe family hexacrobylidae seeliger, 1906 (ascidiacea, tunicata) .\nmemoirs of the queensland museum 27, no. 2 (1989): 517–534 .\nsorberacea (sorberaceans) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nsorberacea (sorberaceans) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nmonniot, c. (2001). ascidiacea & sorberacea, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 352 - 355\n( monniot c. & monniot f. , 1990). in: shenkar, n. ; gittenberger, a. ; lambert, g. ; rius, m. ; moreira da rocha, r. ; swalla, b. j. ; turon, x. (2014) ascidiacea world database. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages." ]

{ "text": [ "asajirus is a genus of marine tunicates .", "asajirus indicus was found on the antarctic peninsula , west of palmer archipelago at a depth of 2763-2818m . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20 ] }

[ "asajirus is a genus of marine tunicates. asajirus indicus was found on the antarctic peninsula, west of palmer archipelago at a depth of 2763-2818m." ]

[ "marine listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 [ as doryrhamphus pessuliferus ] .\nwinterbottom, r. 1987. redescription of doryrhamphus (dunkerocampus) pessuliferus (pisces: syngnathidae). copeia 1987 (2): 519 - 521 .\nthompson, vanessa j. & dianne j. bray, dunckerocampus pessuliferus in fishes of australia, accessed 11 jul 2018, urltoken\nd. pessuliferus differs from d. dactyliophorus, in the orange background colour, compared with the white or cream background colour of d. dactyliophorus .\na yellowbanded pipefish, dunckerocampus pessuliferus, in lembeh strait, north sulawesi, indonesia, october 2016. source: christian gloor / flickr. license: cc by attribution\nhoese, d. f. , d. j. bray, j. r. paxton & g. r. allen. 2006. fishes. in beesley, p. l. & a. wells (eds). zoological catalogue of australia. volume 35. abrs & csiro publishing: australia. 2178 pp. [ as doryrhamphus pessuliferus ]\ndunckerocampus pessuliferus fowler 1938, proc. u. s. natl. mus. 85 (3032): 41, off sulade island (e), vicinity of siasi, sulu archipelago, 5°46' 40\nn, 120°48' 50\ne, depth 24 fathoms .\ndawson, c. e. 1981. review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup (pisces: syngnathidae), with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies, ichthyol. bull. j. l. b. smith inst. 44: 1 - 27, figs. 1 - 17 .\nurltoken - (english) henry c. schultz. 2003. there' s more to pipes than just pvc: the genus doryrhamphus and other pipefish - reefkeeping magazine - (english) scott w. michael. 2001. reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd. - (english) beth panocha. 2004. aquarium fish: seahorse care: a basic guide to starting your first herd - advanced aquarist - (english) pete giwojna. 2007. a seahorse reef part 1: reef compatibility of hippocampus spp. - tropical fish hobbyist - (english) pete giwojna. 2007. a seahorse reef, part two: choosing your seahorses - tropical fish hobbyist - (english )\ntropical western pacific, from the philippines and australia, known from the monte bello islands, western australia; inhabits inshore patch reefs and muddy substrates, often around isolated coral bommies in deeper undisturbed areas to at least 44 m, although may enter shallow estuaries .\ndorsal fin 29 - 30; anal fin 4; pectoral fin 21; caudal fin 10; trunk rings 17; tail rings 20 (excludes 2 small vertically aligned plates on each side of caudal fin base) .\nhead length in sl 4. 2, snout long, slender, snout depth in snout length 14. 0 - 14. 2. superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous, inferior trunk ridge ends on anal ring, lateral trunk ridge confluent with inferior tail ridge; principle ridges of each ring with 1 - 2 prominent spines distally .\nhead, body and posterior one - third of the snout with alternating reddish - brown and yellow bands. tail mostly red with a yellow spot in the centre and white markings on the margin .\nmales brood the eggs in a semi - exposed pouch under the trunk. males and females live in pairs .\ndivers often see adults swimming close to the bottom in deeper muddy slopes around isolated coral bommies .\nallen, g. r. 1997. marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia. western australian museum, perth. 292 pp .\nallen, g. r. & m. adrim. 2003. coral reef fishes of indonesia. zool. stud. 42 (1): 1 - 72 .\nallen, g. r. & r. h. kuiter. 2004. dunckerocampus naia, a new species of pipefish (pisces: syngnathidae) from the western pacific. aqua, journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology 9 (1): 1 - 6 .\ndawson, c. e. 1985. indo - pacific pipefishes (red sea to the americas). gulf coast research laboratory, ocean springs, mississippi. 230 pp .\nfowler, h. w. 1938. descriptions of new fishes obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross, chiefly in philippine seas and adjacent waters. proc. u. s. natl. mus. 85 (3032): 31 - 135 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1998. pipefishes of the syngnathid genus dunckerocampus (syngnathiformes: syngnathidae), with a description of a new species from the indian ocean. aqua, journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology 3 (2): 81 - 84 .\nkuiter, r. h. 2000. seahorses, pipefishes and their relatives. tmc publishing, chorleywood, uk. 240 pp .\nkuiter, r. h. & t. tonozuka. 2001. pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes. part 1. eels - snappers, muraenidae - lutjanidae. zoonetics, australia. 302 pp .\nmichael, s. w. 1998. reef fishes volume 1. a guide to their identification, behaviour and captive care. microcosm ltd. shellbourne, vermont. 624 pp .\npaulus, t. 1999. family syngnathidae. pp 2264 - 2276, in carpenter k. e. & v. h. niem (eds .) the living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes. vol. 4, fao, rome .\npogonoski, j. j. , d. a. pollard & j. r. paxton. 2002. conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes, environment australia, canberra. 375 pp .\ni have always been fascinated by pipefish and a while back decided to set up a small system dedicated to keeping the yellow banded pipefish. due to a problem with this tank, i had to remove the fish and not having another place to put them, i decided to put them in my 500g sps coral reef and hope that they would survive .\nthe 500g reef was completely the opposite of the tank that they were in – small, low flow and no other fish to bother them. the 500g reef was a sps coral reef with strong water flow and 40 + other boisterous fish. i thought these pipefish would have a tough time surviving. to my astonishment the other fish pretty much left them alone, and strong currents did not seem to bother them much. at first they were not feeding on anything other than picking off the rocks and occasionally grabbing at the cyclopeeze. they soon started hanging out together and were always out and visible. they eventually started eating the small mysis shrimp and doubled in size .\nthese fish are very striking and catch the attention of everyone who sees the tank. the expensive and rare fish are completely ignored by the visitors who are completely taken in by the pipe fish. last summer before leaving on vacation i was pleasantly surprised to see one of them carrying eggs along the length of its body. truly a fascinating sight. unfortunately, i did not get a good picture of the fish carrying the eggs that evening. when i got back from vacation, the second pipefish was nowhere to be found. the other pipefish is still alive, doing fine and grabbing all the attention from visitors. i was really surprised by the ability of these pipefish to live and thrive in a sps dominated coral reef with very strong water flow and in the company of 40 + other fish .\ni am looking to add a few more in the hopes of creating yet another pair. i have also heard that these pipefish are monogamous, and pairing it may be difficult. would multiple pairs thrive in a large 500g aquarium? there are a lot of questions and few answers that would further help push the boundaries with these fish. if you have any suggestion and ideas on pairing the yellow banded pipefish i would love to hear them .\nsanjay joshi in real life is a professor of industrial and manufacturing engineering at penn state university. he has been a reef addict since 1992, and currently keeps several reef aquariums at home including a 500g sps coral dominated reef. he also co - manages the 500g aquarium at penn state. he has published several articles in magazines such as marine fish and reef annual, aquarium frontiers, aquarium fish, and advanced aquarist. in addition, he has been an invited speaker at several marine aquarium society meetings in the us and europe. he received the masna award in 2006, for his contributions to the marine aquarium hobby .\nurltoken is the world' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby. we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management. reefs® community system | copyright © 2018\nmarine; demersal; depth range 1 - 44 m (ref. 58018). tropical\nwestern central pacific: known off sulade islands in the sulu archipelago (ref. 5316). eastern indian ocean: australia (ref. 75154) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 16. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 48635 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 30; anal soft rays: 4 .\nadults prefer muddy substrate and usually seen by divers in deep waters that are not disturbed by waves, but it enters shallow estuaries. adults form pairs and usually swim along the bottom around large remote coral heads on mud slopes. ovoviviparous (ref. 205). the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail (ref. 205). an active cleaner (ref. 48635). solitary or pairs around isolated coral patches on sand / mud slopes (ref 90102) .\ndawson, c. e. , 1985. indo - pacific pipefishes (red sea to the americas). the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs, mississippi, usa. (ref. 5316 )\n): 24. 1 - 28. 9, mean 27. 6 (based on 442 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5078 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00049 (0. 00022 - 0. 00111), b = 3. 10 (2. 91 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nthis species eats for the most live zooplankton, but can sometimes be fed with several frozen foods. frozen foods should be enriched with omega - 3 and vitamin supplements to avoid malnutrition .\nspecies of the pipefish family should be kept in a dedicated tank, see the family description below .\nthis species can be bred in captivity, one can therefore consider asking your local fish store for a captive bred specimen .\nthis species is able to remove parasites from fish. it does not have a great impact on a large outbreak of marine ich (cryptocaryon), for example, but it contributes towards keeping fish parasite free .\nconstant cleaning can stress the fish in the aquarium, so one should not add this fish which removes parasites, if the fish are already weakened through other causes .\nwhile pipefishes / seahorses (syngathidae) are fascinating because of their unique appearance and way of moving, they are definitely not suitable for all aquaria. its important to arrange the aquarium so the pipefishes / seahorses has something to latch onto with its tail. this could be kelp, macro algae or similar, but this must not include corals or anemones as these might burn the pipefish / seahorse .\nthe water current must not be too powerful, as they are not strong swimmers. pipefish can however, handle a slightly more powerful circulation than seahorses. one should avoid keeping seahorses together with food competitors as this will impede feeding. aggressive species, predatory fish, crabs, lobsters and such should be avoided too, as they will damage or eat the seahorses .\nthe easiest solution is to keep them in a small aquarium, down to 40 liters is perfect for a little group, as a confined space makes it easier to control feeding. the filter system must be able to handle frequent feeding with frozen food .\nseahorses and pipefish are not particularly sensitive towards the quality of the water, but do require, like most fish, that the aquarium is properly maintained .\nif one wishes to keep pipefishes in a coral aquarium, the flagtail pipefish (the doryhamphus and dunckerocampus genus) is an option, although it can be challenging to feed them and the other fish and invertebrates in the aquarium must be chosen carefully .\nseahorses are on of the few fish bred for the aquarium trade, as well as being endangered in the wild. luckily they are bred in captivity in multiple places. captive bred specimens are often easier to feed, which is a big advantage. if the fish are not captive bred, it may be necessary to feed with live food to start with. pipefish are not so widely bred as seahorses .\nto ensure continual nourishment, add omega - 3 and vitamins to their frozen food, or feed them live artemia which themselves have received nutritious food. pipefish / seahorses do not have a long life expectancy, generally 2 - 3 years .\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2014. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. urltoken, version (08 / 2014) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal, which you want to keep for several years. it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank. a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general. some species doesn' t handle transportation very well, but that doesn' t mean that the species isn' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case, a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1. 026 (sg) and a temperature close to 26°c. species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity, sub - tropical temperature, deep sand bed, sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe: no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe: only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution: this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck: most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates, but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe: this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name. they may do this because they are unaware of the original name, or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not. if two or more names are found to apply to the same group, they are considered synonyms. in most cases, the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name. however, there can be exceptions, and it' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted. here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners. we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group, for example, misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nzero gravity diving is a friendly team of professionals with great knowledge of marine life and all dive sites in bali, as well as all the attractions that can be part of your visit to the island of the gods. in accordance to your wishes, we can offer you everything you need during your stay. from organizations of all transports, accommodation, diving, snorkeling and land tours around bali .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "doryrhamphus pessuliferus or the yellowbanded pipefish is native to the western central pacific , from the philippines to australia .", "it is found in inshore patch reefs and sometimes estuaries up to 44m deep .", "it feeds on micro-crustaceans and cleanes parasites off other fish .", "it occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade , but is protected in australia under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .", "it grows to 16 cm in length . " ], "topic": [ 19, 20, 8, 15, 0 ] }

[ "doryrhamphus pessuliferus or the yellowbanded pipefish is native to the western central pacific, from the philippines to australia. it is found in inshore patch reefs and sometimes estuaries up to 44m deep. it feeds on micro-crustaceans and cleanes parasites off other fish. it occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade, but is protected in australia under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999. it grows to 16 cm in length." ]

[ "this is the place for pallidtornus definition. you find here pallidtornus meaning, synonyms of pallidtornus and images for pallidtornus copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhave a fact about neostatherotis pallidtornus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for neostatherotis pallidtornus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pallidtornus. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pallidtornus and, of course, pallidtornus synonyms and on the right images related to the word pallidtornus .\nneostatherotis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae... .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum. 6... .\ndescribed as new to science, 13 species are new to vietnam. new combinations :\nkey words: lepidoptera, tortricidae, olethreutinae, new taxa, new combinations, vietnam .\nrazowski, sp. n .), 13 especies son nuevas para vietnam. nuevas combinaciones :\npalabras clave: lepidoptera, tortricidae, olethreutinae, nuevas taxa, nuevas combinaciones, vietnam .\nthe fauna of vietnam. some general data are in part one (razowski, 2003). besides this series two\nseveral papers by kuznetzov summarized by him (kuznetzov, 2000) in the “annotated list .\nshall bring unexpected distributional facts and numerous new taxa. some examined species from this\nnepal and japan). the species known in vietnam are found chiefly in khasis and assam, those\ncommon to vietnam and china are recorded mainly from yunnan. the occurrence of some species in\nfan si pan, 22. 17’ n 103. 44’ e, north vietnam\nfan si pang mts, 22. 17’ n 103. 44’ e, north vietnam\ntam dao, 50 km n hanoi 21. 34’ n 105. 20’ e, north vietnam\ngs - genitalia slide, isez - institute of systematics and evolution of animals, pas. numbers included\nsa pang, okui - ho mts, 30 - iii - 1995, mey; kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin .\none pair from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\ndescribed from khasi hills, assam, india. the type male illustrated by clarke (1958) has\nshort, broad terminal plate of gnathos while in this specimen it is long, slender. otherwise our specimen\none female from kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & simonov .\nthis species is represented by three subspecies. on the basis of a single example i can only say\nm, primary forest, 1 - 7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 191 wiet .\nwing span 19 mm. head and thorax olive grey with weak brownish admixture. forewing weakly\nexpanding posteriorly, with indistinct concavity beneath uncus. ground colour olive grey; strigulation\npale; some white dots along termen. cilia concolorous with terminal area, grey cream at tornus .\nmale genitalia (fig. 1): uncus short, broad with minute pointed tip; socius slender; tuba analis\none male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\na pair from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, leg. w. mey .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, w. mey; gs 193 wiet .\nwing span 18 mm. head and thorax greenish with darker marks. forewing slightly expanding\nposteriorly, costa almost straight; termen weakly oblique. ground colour in costal half brownish with\nbetween middle of median fascia and apex. markings brown with blackish brown marks, atrophied in\ndorsal half of wing. cilia greenish with creamish interruptions. hindwing brownish, anal tuft black ;\nmale genitalia (fig. 34): uncus small; socius slender; subscaphium slender, weakly sclerotized ;\nof spines; aedeagus slender, strongly curved, with terminal fourth directed ventral .\n1400 m, primary forest, 7 - 15 - iv - 1995, siniaev; mt. ngoclinh, 10 - 28 - v - 1996, siniaev & afonin .\ndescribed from n. vietnam (tam dao), certainly widely distributed in this country .\none male and two females from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\ndescribed from khasis, assam, india; lectoparatypes are from sri lanka (clarke, 1958) .\none female from fan si pan, 1600 m, primary forest, 1 - 7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin .\nholotype by diakonoff (1973) but the description of facies is different. the identification requires\nseven males from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\nalready recorded from vietnam by kuznetzov (1988, 2000). known from china, myanmar ,\nwing span 23 mm. head and thorax yellowish brown, vertex and terminal fourth of labial palpus\nmixed blackish. forewing termen concave towards m2. ground colour dark rust brown, termen dark\nrefractive bluish dots, some forming oblique rows. markings atrophied. cilia blackish brown .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 16): sterigma expanding posteriorly with lateral and median prominences ;\nsingle, larger subapical white spot, and distinct refractive maculation. female genitalia characterize\nwing span 19 mm. head and thorax yellow - brown with orange hue, terminal part of labial palpus\ndark brown. forewing termen not oblique, tolerably straight. ground colour yellow - brown, along\nwhite dot at end of median cell. markings ill - defined, brownish with some brown longitudinal\nin its broad part. cilia creamish mixed ochreous at apex with brown in median area. hindwing\nfemale genitalia (fig. 17): sterigma short with very small anteostial part, broad ostium and\none male and three females from mt. fan si pan, 2400 m, v - 1993, siniaev & simonov; same\nlocality, 1600 m, primary forest, 1 - 7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin .\nfour males from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; mt. fan si pan, 2400 m, iv -\n1993, siniaev & simonov; mt. ngoclinh, 900 - 1400 m, 10 - 25 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin .\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 266 wiet .\nwing span 24, 5 mm. head nd thorax brownish tinged rust; labial palpus brown subterminally ,\ncream basally. forewing termen not oblique to middle, hardly concave. ground colour pale brownish\nof costa to mid - termen. markings: brown costal remnant of median fascia and indistinct subterminal\nfascia marked by short brown lines parallel to veins. cilia concolorous with darkest parts of ground\nfemale genitalia (fig. 18): sterigma small consisting of rounded slender proximal sclerite\nholotype female from mt. ngoclinh, 900 - 1400 m, 10 - 25 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin; gs 257 wiet .\nwing span 18, 5 mm. head and thorax brownish. forewing costa weakly convex, termen not\noblique, tolerably straight. ground colour pale brownish sprinkled and suffused brown; posterior costal\nwith some brown strips among last radial and first two median veins. markings represented by costal\npart of median fascia suffused blackish at costa, followed by submedian mark. cilia brownish, whiter at\nfemale genitalia (fig. 19): sterigma small; anteostial part a slender ring; posterior portion short\nwith smaller papilla analis, signa, and sterigma, and longer sclerite of antrum .\none male from fan si pan, 1600 m, 1 - 7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin .\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 124 wiet .\nwing span 22 mm. head and terminal part of labial palpus ferruginous, remaining parts of palpus\ncream; thorax brownish rust. forewing termen slightly concaving near m2; ground colour cream\nbrown. marking represented by blackish brown costal part of median fascia. cilia concolorous with\nfemale genitalia (fig. 20): anteostial sterigma semicircular, postostial part slightly concave in\ntwo males from sa - pa, mt. fan si pan, 28 - x - 1994, 2400 m, siniaev .\nknown fron southern asia incl. vietnam to china and japan, australia, pacific islands and\n7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin; kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin .\ndescribed from west java, known also from e. borneo, thailand, and india .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, w. mey; gs 222 wiet. paratypes, 4\nwing span 20 mm. head and thorax brownish cream; labial palpus brownish, cream posteriorly\nwith terminal joint brown. costa of forewing slightly concave medially; apex broadly rounded; termen\nbrown along m2; distal third of costal area mixed whitish grey, strigulated grey - brown. costal strigulae\nill - defined, divisions brown. cilia whitish grey in apical third, cream at tornus, midex brownish at mid -\ntermen. remnants of markings brown. hindwing brownish grey, greyer based; cilia greyish .\nmale genitalia (fig. 2): terminal part of tegumen subtriangular; uncus a minute thorn; socius\nfemale genitalia (fig. 22): sterigma semicircular, short; ostium protected by a slender sclerite ;\nbroad, concave in middle proximally; anterior signum rather similar, much smaller .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, w. mey; gs 224 wiet .\nwing span 22 mm. head and thorax brownish, labial palpus tinged cream terminally, vertex and\nmedioproximal part of thorax mixed black. costa of forewing slightly concave submedially; apex\nbroad; termen somewhat oblique, rather straight. ground colour whitish preserved in 2 / 3 of costal half\nwhitish areas; blackish suffusion and strigulation along first median veins. remnants of markings\nbrown; in medioterminal part of wing several refractive spots. cilia yellowish brown, twice divided\nmale genitalia (fig. 3): uncus elongate - triangular, rather weakly sclerotized; socius fairly broad ;\ncaudal edge and broad ventral lobe of sacculus, oval cucullus and large uncus .\nholotype male from mai - chau, 1400 m, primary forest, 7 - 15 - iv - 1995, siniaev; gs 272 wiet .\nwing span 10 mm. head greyish brown; frons and end of labial palpus whitish; thorax whitish ,\noblique, slightly concave medially. ground colour whitish sprinkled brown; blackish dots along costa ,\nrefractive scales and blackish dots; subterminal fascia indistinct, pale brownish ochreous. cilia\nmale genitalia (fig. 4): uncus ill - defined; socii slender, lateral; valva very broad medially ;\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, w. mey; gs 202 wiet .\nwing span 14, 5 mm. head brownish cream, thorax brownish grey. termen of forewing concave\nwhitish cream; divisions brownish grey. markings olive grey: median fascia broad, diffuse except for\ncostal part; tornal blotch absent. cilia white cream, in dorsal half hardly tinged ochreous. hindwing\nfemale genitalia (fig. 23): sterigma broad, rounded, with rather straight posterior edge; ostium\nholotype female from mai chau, 1400 m, 7 - 15. iv. 1995, siniaev; gs 262 wiet .\nwing span 11 mm. head and thorax grey - brown with some blackish scales; end of tegula white .\nforewing fairly broad; costa weakly convex; termen slightly oblique, rather straight. ground colour\nalong costa between marking elements. markings dark brown consisting of costal parts of postmedian\nand medial fasciae; subterminal fascie very slender, arched. cilia concolorous with ground colour .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 24): sterigma broad, rounded proximally, almost straight posteriorly; pair\nmedially; sclerite of antrum rather short; ductus bursae slender; signum absent .\ntwo males and two females from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - v - 1995, mey .\none female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - v - 1995, mey .\nthis species was described from india and is known from khasis, assam, and thailand. the\nsa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\ndescribed from khasi hills, india. the vietnam speciemns differ from those illustrated by\nclarke (1958) and diakonoff (1973) in presence of small group of setae from neck of valva .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 240 wiet. paratype male ,\nwing span 21 mm. head brownish cream, vertex browner; thorax grey - brown base of tegula\ncream. forewing costa uniformly, weakly convex; termen slightly oblique, rather straight. ground\ncolour grey, suffusions brown - grey, strigulae and dots dark grey and blackish grey. costal strigulae\ncream grey; divisions dark brownish grey. base of costa cream; dot at end of median cell white; blotch\ndots; costal part of apex area dark brownish grey. cilia whitish, brownish grey at apex and tornus .\nmale genitalia (fig. 5, 6): uncus slender bifurcate pically; socius broad, oval; valva very slender\nsacculus convexly rounded, with large group of long setae; cucullus slender, long; aedeagus short, broad .\nwing span 21 mm. head and thorax dirty cream, labial palpus slightly mixed brownish laterally .\nterminal areas; costal strigulae white cream, divisions concolorous with suffusions. markings: blackish\ncosta. cilia cream with two black interruptions at mid - termen. hindwing pale brownish; cilia creamer .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 25): sterigma short with large lateral lobes and membranous\nwith black costal marking and interruptions of cilia of forewing. female genitalia comparable to\nmale genitalia (fig. 7): tegumen long; uncus broad, concave apically; socius small, extending\nbursae broad; ductus seminalis originating just before antrum; signa two long blades .\ndistribution: monotypic genus known only from vietnam (type locality of the type species only) .\nsterigma with membranous median area. tegumen long, with very long pedunculi as in some\napodemes of muscles m4. valva autapomorphic, broad subterminally with dense areas of spines and\nmale: wing span 14 mm. head and thorax grey cream. forewing slightly concave medially; apex\nbroad, rounded; termen slightly oblique, tolerably straight. ground colour greyish cream densely dotted\nextends to apex; edges of that blotch brown, subterminal area mixed blackish. remnants of markings\nrust brown. cilia rust brown mixed black. hindwing grey, cilia paler .\nfemale: wing span 19 mm. ground colour suffused rust except for postmedian area where it form\nin two rows; veins in posterior part of wing mixed black; hindwing darker than in male .\nmale (fig. 7) and female (fig. 26) genitalia as described for the genus .\ntwo males from kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin .\nknown from japan, china, indonesia, thailand and vietnam (kuznetzov 1988, 2000) .\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 198 wiet .\nwing span 21 mm. head and thorax creamish green, labial palpus more cream with two brownish\napex brownish. cilia cream tinged pale ferruginous, mixed brown at mid - termen. hind wing greyish\nfemale genitalia (fig. 27): sterigma cup - shaped, extending in middle posteriorly, embracing\nwith more expanding distally median part of sterigma and signa less differing in size. from\nwing span 18 mm. head brownish, tegumen dark brown. forewing dark brown with some\nedge of blotch mixed pinkish ferruginous, divisions darker, strigulae fine, whitish. cilia brown .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 28): eight tergite large; sterigma with broad proximal lobes and slender\none female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\nthis species was described from atjeh, north sumatra. the genitalia of the specimen from\nwing span 22, 5 mm. head and thorax olive brown, labial palpus browner terminally, more cream\ntermen not oblique, bent at m3. ground colour olive brown, tinged yellowish green dorsally ,\nof spots; series of oblique, diffuse brownish and a few short, black lines along m2 and m3. markings\natrophied. cilia concolorous with ground colour, browner at apex. hindwing brown, brownish white\nfemale genitalia (fig. 29): apophyses anteriores long; sterigma consisting of funnel like anterior\nbase of ductus seminalis; two very large, unequal signa typical of the genus .\nholotype male from kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin; g. s. 190 wiet .\nwing span 13, 5 mm. head, thorax and ground colour of forewing orange spotted black. markings\nspots and dots between those elements. larger spots with weak refractive gloss medially. cilia (worn )\nconcolorous with ground colour. hindwing orange broadly edged blackish brown and along radial and\nmale genitalia (fig. 8): uncus broad, rounded, weakly sclerotized convexity; distal part of socius\nlong, perpendicular caudal edge of sacculus and very long hairless portions of dorsal parts of socii .\netymology: the name refers to the type locality of the type species: dac glei .\nholotype male from kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin; g. s. 278 wiet .\nwing span 17 mm. head grey cream; thorax cream, mixed grey medially, with large, creamish\noblique, tolerably straight. ground colour yellow - brown in costal third, pale brownish grey in dorsal\nscattered in median area of wing. markings ill - defined yellowish brown, diffuse, in form of subapical\nblotch and a trace of costal part of median cell. cilia (worn) concolorous with ground colour. hindwing\nthree specimens from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\ndistributed in japan, china, thailand, india; known already from vietnam (cf. kuznetzov ,\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 208 wiet .\nwing span 18 mm. head brown cream, upper part of head and median part of thorax brown ,\ntegula brown cream. forewing slender, costa slightly convex, apex pointed, termen sinuate. ground\ncostal half of terminal area rust. markings: dorsobasal blotch long, brownish grey; subtornal blotch\nsmall, brownish. cilia brown cream in apex third dark brown in tornal portion more cream. hindwing\npale brownish, transparent, with veins suffused brown; cilia pale brownish cream .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 30): sterigma submembranous; ostium bursae large; antrum tubular slightly\nbursae pear - shaped; signa strong. subgenital sternite with pair of submedian fine, arched prongs .\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 276 wiet. paratypes two\nwing span 19 mm. head whitish, labial palpus brown with whitish terminal part; tegumen whitish\nwith grey posteromedian part, tegula brown - grey. forewing rather slender, apex triangular, termen\nalong costa, forming triangular dorsal projections, reaching apex of wing. cilia whitish with brownish\nvariation: male with strong, brown strigulation, spots and markings. female paratype with\nmale genitalia (fig. 10): tegumen broad, concave apically; sublateral processes with large\nfemale genitalia (fig. 32): sterigma with short proximal part, well sclerotized, slender lateral\nholotype female from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 238 wiet. paratypes two\nwing span 18 mm. head and terminal part of labial palpus creamish, remaining parts of palpus\nbrown; thorax greyish cream, tegula pale brownish grey. forewing rather slender, costa indistinctly\nconvex, apex short, termen not sinuate, weakly oblique. ground colour white preserved in form of an\ndivisions, some spots at apex and wing base dark brown. markings dark brown in form of\ndorsopostbasal blotch, slender mark at tornus, and a partially diffuse blotch near costal part of termen .\ncilia ochreous cream with some white divisions. hindwing brownish grey; cilia paler .\nfemale genitalia (fig. 31): sterigma trapezoid, rather short, with distal edge concave except for\nsterigma armed with dorsoposterior, sharp processes and large subterminal sclerite of ductus bursae .\netymology: the name indicates the new character of the pattern and new species of the genus .\nholotype male from mai chau, 1400 m, 7 - 15 - iv - 1995, siniaev; gs 274 .\nwing span 12, 5 mm. head and thorax whitish mixed grey. forewing slender, costa hardly convex ,\nwhitish, divisions brownish grey. markings reduced to an oblique streak terminating with a spot at end\nmale genitalia (fig. 11): top of tegumen convexly rounded medially flanked by broad, curved\ndorsal lobe provided with additional, smaller prominence marked by a group of blunt bristles .\nholotype female from kon tum, dac glei, 700 m, 8 - viii - 1996, siniaev & afonin; g. s. 206 wiet .\nwing span 25 mm. head brownish cream, ventral part of frons whitish, dark brown fascia along\nbrownish cream, terminal joint brown. thorax brownish, tegula and collar brown - cream. forewing\nslender; costa almost straight; costal fold short, broad; termen convex beneath deep apical incision .\n( with two inner spots and vestigial lines); costal strigulae whitish, vestigial, divisions dark brown. cilia\nfemale genitalia (fig. 12): uncus large, broad basally, with large terminal bifurcation; socius\nmale genitalia (fig. 13): tegumen with long pedunculi; uncus rounded, rather weakly sclerotized ;\netymology: the generic name is an anagram of the specific name of the type species .\nassam, india. photographs of adults and their male genitalia are figured by clarke (1958) .\nthis species was described and is known only from khasi hills (assam, india). it was described\none male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 187 wiet .\nmale genitalia (fig. 13): uncus slender slightly broadening medially and terminally, with almost\nremarks: described from two females from khasias (assam, india). male genitalia, unknown\nmaterial examined. one male from sa pa, okui - ho, 1100 m, 31 - iii - 1995, mey .\nremarks. this specimen is identified on basis of the original description and illustration .\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 189 wiet .\nwing span 18 mm. head blackish, vertex whitish medially, labial palpus black; thorax white but\nbase of tegula, collar and median area black. forewing weakly expanding terminally, costa slightly\nconvex, termen weakly oblique and convex. ground colour white. markings black (in tornal area mixed\nblotch fused with tornal blotch. cilia blackish, white beneath apex and at tornus. hindwing brownish ;\nmale genitalia (figs. 14): uncus broad in basal half, with thin bifurcate parts; socius large; valva\nholotype male from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey; gs 212 wiet .\nwing span 13, 5 mm. head and thorax brownish cream, labial palpus brown, flagellum of antenna\nochreous brownish, collar brownish. forewing rather slender; costa slightly convex proximally; termen\nweakly oblique, concave postapically. ground colour brownish cream; suffusions indistinct, brownish ;\nbrownish cream, divisions brown. marking in form of elongate costal blotch extending from middle to\napex and small blotch at base of costa. cilia concolorous with ground colour, brown at apex. hindwing\nmale genitalia (fig. 15): uncus broad to middle, with sharp terminal parts; socius broad; valva\ntwo males from sa pa, fan si pang mts, 25 - 30 - iii - 1995, mey .\nmeyrick, 1936) from java. recorded from vietnam by kuznetzov (2000) .\none female from sa pa, okui - ho, 1100 m, 31 - iii - 1995, mey .\nwing span 24 mm. head and thorax brownish, frons and end of labial palpus brown. forewing\nwithout lines; dark brown diffuse area at tornus. cilia pale ochreous. hindwing brown; cilia cream\nfemale genitalia (fig. 33): ostium area broad, rounded, surrounded by a slender sclerotized ring\nof antrum large; ductus bursae very long; two minute signa in corpus bursae .\n1962) and its allies but in this species sclerite of antrum is long and signa minute .\n1995, mey; fan si pan, 1600 m, primary forest, 1 - 7 - xi - 1995, siniaev & afonin .\nknown from nepal, china, and japan; kuznetzov (1994) recorded it from north vietnam .\nthe author thanks dr. wolfram mey (mnhu) for providing the vietnam material for study and\ndonation of some spare specimens for isez. thanks are also due to mr. m. kope\ndiakonoff, a. , 1973. – the south asiatic olethreutini (lepidoptera, tortricidae). –\ndiakonoff, a. , 1982. – on a collection of some families of microlepidoptera from sri lanka (ceylon). –\nkuznetzov, v. i. , 1994. – brief review of the moths of the tribus grapholitini from the fauna of vietnam. –\nkuznetzov, v. i. , 2000. – annotated list of tortricidae recorded from vietnam (lepidoptera). –\nrazowski, j. , 1989. – some tortricinae (lepidoptera: tortricidae) from vietnam. –\nrazowski, j. , 1992. – tortricidae (lepidoptera) from vietnam. contribution 1. –\nrazowski, j. , 2003. – tortricidae (lepidoptera) from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum. 1 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\nhave a fact about neostigmatine? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for neostigmatine? write it here to share it with the entire community." ]

{ "text": [ "neostatherotis pallidtornus is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in vietnam .", "the wingspan is 20 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , slightly suffused with brownish ochreous especially along the costa and dorsum .", "the dorsal third of the wing is densely strigulated ( finely streaked ) with grey brown .", "the hindwings are brownish grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "neostatherotis pallidtornus is a moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in vietnam. the wingspan is 20 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is cream, slightly suffused with brownish ochreous especially along the costa and dorsum. the dorsal third of the wing is densely strigulated (finely streaked) with grey brown. the hindwings are brownish grey." ]

[ "botfly is the common name given to true flies within the family oestridae. there are around 150 species of botfly .\nif your dog has been infected with a botfly within his tissue, he will exhibit certain symptoms. symptoms of a botfly infestation are :\nthis brave lady has a botfly removed from her head by her husband after coming back from holidays. the area where the botfly larva was is shaved and a piece of tape put over the hole to deprive the botfly of oxygen ...\ncite this page: botfly. urltoken website. urltoken accessed july 11th, 2018 .\nthis brave lady has a botfly removed from her head by her husband after coming back from holidays. the area where the botfly larva was is shaved and a piece of tape put over the hole to deprive the botfly of oxygen thus forcing it to exit .\nnarr: national geographic photographer joel sartore is the proud surrogate parent of a botfly larva .\nmaier h, honigsmann h. furuncular myiasis caused by dermatobia hominis, the human botfly .\nsampson ce, maguire j, eriksson e. botfly myiasis: case report and brief review .\nantiparasitic agent like ivermectin has shown effectiveness in treating both myiasis and alimentary forms of botfly infestation .\nissues - flippen real world -\nbotfly\n- season 2 - (ep. 3 )\nhematoxylin and eosin - stained photomicrograph section revealing the presence of a chitinous spine on the surface of the botfly larva. an internal layer of muscle is also identifiable, and is characteristic of the botfly (original magnification ×20 )\nbotfly .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... retrieved july 09, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nbotfly .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . retrieved july 09, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\na lump caused by botfly larvae growing under the skin. without treatment, the larvae will eventually crawl out .\nmyiasis, a cutaneous infestation of larvae, caused by the human botfly is rarely seen in the uk. dermatobia hominis, the human botfly, is native to central and south america and cases of infestation are only seen in travellers to these areas. 1 we present a case of human botfly larval removal in the emergency department under local anaesthetic and review the literature on the management of human infestation by the botfly, with an aim to raise awareness of this diagnosis .\nnarr: parasitic larvae like the botfly can live in almost any part of the body... even the scalp .\nnarr: if they never encounter tape and a pair of tweezers, the botfly babies eventually come out on their own .\ngoodman rl, montalvo ma, reed jb, et al. photo essay: anterior orbital myiasis caused by human botfly (\na photograph of an adult botfly (hypoderma sp .). photograph by fritz geller - grimm licensed under creative commons .\nanesthetizing the cat, surgically widening the opening in the skin and removing the botfly with a pair of hemostats or tweezers .\nthis image shows the human botfly, or dermatobia hominis, which is a parasite to humans and a variety of animals .\nit is possible that the veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic once the botfly is removed, depending on the seriousness of the infestation. this is not always necessary, but can occur and the veterinarian will make the decision on this once the botfly is successfully removed .\nthe medical professional will need to give your dog anesthesia to keep him relaxed and pain - free during the removal of the botfly .\nbotfly .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... encyclopedia. com. (july 9, 2018). urltoken\nbotfly .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . encyclopedia. com. (july 9, 2018). urltoken\nmost species of botfly have developed a parasitic relationship with one type of mammal, but occasionally they get confused. that appears to be what happens with cats. since cats love to hunt small mammals, they are attracted to their burrows. while they are poking around there, a botfly\nthe veterinarian will use a tool to safely remove the botfly from the tissue, being very careful not to squeeze too much or rupture the larvae .\ntravel history to the americas in a patient with prolonged itchy skin lesion with a central punctum should draw one' s mind to human botfly myiasis .\na relatively large fly, the botfly would find it very difficult to place its eggs on a person. to rectify the situation, the clever botfly hijacks a much smaller mosquito in flight attaching its eggs to the vector. it then releases the mosquito and it goes on its way looking for a blood meal .\nlike the flesh - eating larvae of the screwworm fly, the babies of the human botfly (dermatobia hominis) can also make your skin crawl. but unlike screwworm eggs, botfly eggs aren' t deposited under a person' s skin by a female botfly. instead, the parasitic fly deposits her eggs on a host, such as a tick or mosquito, which then goes on to bite humans (or other animals). when that host, known as a vector, lands on a warm - blooded meal, the botfly eggs sense the change in temperature and hatch, entering the body of the animal at the site of the bite or sting .\ntreatment for a botfly infestation in your dog should only be done by a veterinarian to ensure full safety and recovery of the dog. the veterinarian knows how to remove the botfly safely so no harmful substances from the cuterebra are released into your dog’s bloodstream. complications can happen if the larvae rupture during the removal process. treatment includes :\nmeet a pest that can really get under your skin... or in your head. the parasitic botfly lays its eggs in\nvector hosts\n—including humans. …\ncuterebra is a common north american fly that is attracted mostly to rodents, rabbits, or small outdoor mammals. causes of infestation of a botfly in a dog can include :\ni have them but the hospital wanted to tell me that i have scabies. i do not have scabies. it is botfly infested in my ear. i need help .\nif the opening in the skin is large, the botfly is small and the cat is cooperative, surgery may not be necessary. the veterinarian may sedate the larva with an\nthe female human botfly lays her eggs on the body of an intermediate host, usually a mosquito, or fly, which acts as a vector onto the human skin when it feeds. 3 the heat of the skin causes the eggs to hatch into larvae where they rapidly burrow themselves. the larval stage in the skin tissue can last between 27 and 128 days before the adult larva drops to the ground where it pupates for between 27 and 78 days before maturing into the adult botfly. the whole life cycle lasts between 3 and 4 months. 4 the larvae breathe through a central punctum. unlike other subfamily of the botfly, the larva of the human botfly does not migrate far into the skin from its point of entrance. 5–7\nthe clearest indication of a cuterebra infection is, of course, a warble under the skin, in which case your veterinarian will be able to quickly determine whether it is the botfly .\nmy dog developed an infection on his face and eye. the vet found a botfly and removed it. he gave him a shot of antibiotic. he is a 10 year old 5 lb poodle. he will not eat or drink and i a worried about dehydration. it has been about 24 hours since we went to the vet. can he die from a botfly ?\nkaye hdl, higgins rp. human botfly infestation in the united states. jama. 1964; 189 (1): 64. doi: 10. 1001 / jama. 1964. 03070010070020\ni' m doing a project for school and its due 4 / 10 / 17 and it must include and intreview. may you please answer these 10 questions for me please. 1) what is the botfly common name and scientific name? 2) where is botfly larvae found (what is the geographical range)? 3) wha are the symptoms for humans? 4) what causes the infection? 5) is there a vector? 6) what is the life cycle or progression? 7) what is the treatment? 8) how was botfly larvae discovered (who, when, where, and why)? 9) what steps should you take to avoid a botfly larvae? 10) is there a cure or treatment? thank you for you time. 🙏😊\nthe human botfly (d. hominis), which is native to central and south america, 2 causes skin furuncular myiasis at the site of egg penetration. myiasis is the invasion of subcutaneous tissues by the larvae of the dipterous fly. the adult form of the human botfly is rarely seen, ranges between 1 and 3 cm long and has been described as sharing semblance with a bumble bee .\nthe lump under the skin of a cat infested with a botfly larva is called a warble. in order to get rid of it, you’ll need to make an appointment with your veterinarian. he or she can remove the botfly larva and recommend any follow up care that might be needed to ensure that your cat heals uneventfully. veterinarians can remove warbles in a number of different ways, including :\ndiagnosis is done by a visual study of the warble hole, and the veterinarian may choose to do other tests to rule out any other parasites or bacterial infection that could be caused by the botfly .\ni do not know of botfly larvae being coughed up; but there are other parasitic worms which move between the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract by being coughed up then swallowed, but these worms are much thinner than botfly larvae. the cough most probably is attributable to the collapsed trachea; however, medicine is never a straightforward business and cases are very rarely textbook, but if there were a botfly larva in the respiratory tract it would cause more irritation and distress than you described. i wouldn’t see any harm in giving laika an anthelmintic just to be on the side of caution. regards dr callum turner dvm\nalternatively, some doctors will place a liquid or salve into the hole that eliminates the larva’s ability to breathe. the botfly will usually soon start to emerge at which point it can be grasped and pulled out .\nafter the removal of the botfly, it is important to keep your eye on the affected area. your veterinarian will communicate with you on what to watch for in terms of healing or any complications. if any complications from the wound site occur, contact the veterinarian without hesitation. once the botfly has been removed successfully by the veterinarian, prognosis is good for your dog. he will be back to normal in no time !\non april 1, 2010, the attorney general’s office filed an enforcement action against botfly l. l. c. and its principals, david r. lewalski, and jon j. hammill. the lawsuit alleges that botfly l. l. c. engaged in a ponzi scheme, and violated florida law. relevant pleadings can be found here, and will be updated as appropriate: hearing transcript - 4 / 07 / 2010\nhis facts about the botfly interspersed throughout the video are also interesting. despite their parasitic beginnings the adults do not have working mouthparts and cannot bite, or even eat during their busy but brief few days of life .\ni foolishly removed a botfly larvae from my dog on my own. as far as i can tell the larvae came out whole and did not rupture, and i cleaned the hole afterwards, should i still see a vet ?\nthe botfly deposits its larvae on an animal host' s skin, and the parasite then burrows below until it' s hatched. one treatment is to place raw meat over the infested area and hope to coax the parasite out .\na retired man in his 60s was referred to the on call orthopaedic team by his general practitioner following several attempts to extricate a human botfly larva from his forearm. while on holiday in belize with his daughter 8 weeks previously they both were bitten by some insects. she developed an infestation which was treated locally. once back in the uk, he subsequently reported of localised itching and discomfort. a botfly larva was successfully removed in the emergency department following local anaesthetic infiltration .\nmeet a pest that can really get under your skin... or in your head. the parasitic botfly lays its eggs in\nvector hosts\n—including humans. removing the hungry larva can be awkward, painful, and downright disturbing .\nthat has to be the worst botfly infestation that we’ve ever seen here on ptz. the miserable things were three deep in places. i’m sorry that the little guy didn’t make it, he had had a very tough go of it. 🙁\nthe most important part of treating warbles in cats is to make sure that the entire botfly larva is remove without significant damage to its body. crushing it or leaving a piece behind can lead to chronic infections or a potentially fatal allergic reaction called\nit is possible that there would be more botfly larvae under the skin, but it is best for them to be removed by a veterinarian as rupturing the larvae may cause complications. the itching maybe caused by more botfly larvae, other parasites (mites), bacterial or fungal infections; your veterinarian with thoroughly examine kopper’s skin and may perform skin scrapings to detect any parasites or infections present. apart from removing any other botflies, your veterinarian may also prescribe antibiotics and ivermectin. regards dr callum turner dvm\nif you suspect your dog has a botfly in their tissue, do not attempt to remove it on your own. you can seriously cause harm to your pet if you do this. it is important to take your dog to a veterinarian to have it diagnosed properly and removed professionally .\ncuterebra, are found in the americas, where they are obligatory parasites of rodents and rabbits. the botfly proliferates by laying eggs on blades of grass or in nests, where they hatch, releasing maggots that crawl onto the skin of passing animals. the small maggots then enter a body\ni couldn' t think of a worse place to have a botfly, i am not sure if this would of effected the vision but it did not look like it was in the pupil or the iris to me it looked like it was in the sclera but it is ...\nin addition, i believe that these larvae were first ingested, hatched internally, and then burrowed their way to the surface of the skin. botfly larvae are deposited externally on the skin and then burrow from the outside in. that may be a reason way this monkey was so badly weakened .\nbotfly infections are rare in puppies as they generally get infected by being close to areas occupied by rodents or wildlife; it generally takes thirty days for a larvae to fall from the skin. if the maggot originated from luna, you may be able to find a hole in the skin where the maggot originated from; but dogs may pick up maggots, worms and other debris whilst walking around which they may then shed in the house. there are different types of larvae / maggots depending on your location, the link below contains a picture of a typical botfly larva. regards dr callum turner dvm urltoken\ndermatobia hominis, the botfly, is indigenous to central and south america. its usual host is a mammal, often a horse or cow. cutaneous furuncular myiasis, human infestation by the botfly, has rarely been reported. symptoms of infestation include a locally painful, firm furuncular lesion, often with a centrally located pore. due to their infrequent occurrence, these lesions are often misdiagnosed as cellulitis, leishmaniasis, furunculosis, staphylococcal boil, insect bite or sebaceous cyst – conditions with similar presentations. the present case reiterates the need to think of ‘zebras’ when hearing ‘hoof beats’ that may have originated in a different land .\ni couldn' t think of a worse place to have a botfly, i am not sure if this would of effected the vision but it did not look like it was in the pupil or the iris to me it looked like it was in the sclera but it is really hard to tell with the footage .\nmyiasis occurs when maggots feed on animal tissue. botfly is a form of myiasis that commonly occurs in cats but to which humans are also susceptible, according to\nbiology: concepts and connections .\npeople who ingest maggots provide the larvae with easy access to organs and tissue, increasing their susceptibility to developing myiasis .\nthe most likely place for your pet to acquire this parasite is in an environment where the botfly flourishes: grassy areas where there are adequate populations of rodents and rabbits. but, even pets without access to the outdoors, such as newborn kittens, can be infected from larvae brought home on the mother' s fur .\non april 1, 2010, the attorney general’s office filed an enforcement action against botfly l. l. c. and its principals, david r. lewalski, and jon j. hammill. the lawsuit alleges that botfly l. l. c. engaged in a ponzi scheme, and violated florida law. relevant pleadings can be found here, and will be updated as appropriate: hearing transcript - 4 / 07 / 2010 on april 1, 2010, the circuit court for the sixth judicial circuit issued an order freezing all bank accounts and appointed a receiver to collect the remaining funds and property purchased with investor funds. the receiver is michael moecker & associates and may be contacted at 954 252 - 1560. please identify yourself as a botfly investor. the receiver is represented by the law firm, bush ross, p. a. the receiver must file a report with the court detailing its findings. the receiver does not work for the attorney general’s office .\ni was about to purchase a miniature schnauzer puppy when the breeder said i had to wait a few days because she found a botfly on him and she had to treat it first. should i be concerned? should i not purchase this puppy? i have another pet in my house as well. are there certain red flags i should me looking for ?\nto treat botfly infestation is to remove the larva. cutting off the air supply (using vaseline, tape, etc .) causes the larva to emerge and can then carefully be pulled out with tweezers. they can be difficult to remove because of backward facing barbs that secure it in the hole. some people choose to let the larva develop and emerge naturally .\nokay love animals, but this was kind of interesting how all them got in there. i mean hah i feel sorry for the money that he had to die a slow and painful death like that. but it was the just the botfly’s i was interested in. i no i’m propel gonna get a lot of hates. but that’s just my thought on this\nfeline botfly infestations are quite common. all ages and sexes of cats can be affected as long as the individual has access to the outdoors. in northern regions, most cases are seen in the late summer and early fall since botflies cannot be active in the winter. cases can occur year - round in parts of the country that do not experience cold winters .\nthus, infection with the human botfly is usually a self - limiting condition, but nonetheless, an increasingly painful one. in some instances, the infested individual reports detectable subcutaneous movements (3). it is worth noting that a similar organism found in tropical africa, the tumbu fly (cordylobia anthropophaga), causes a comparable form of myiasis by contaminating clothing while drying .\non a photography trip to belize dr naskrecki went out on one of his last days to photograph red eyed tree frogs and forgot to slather on the deet needed to keep mosquitoes at bay. he ended up being eaten alive but noticed when some of the bites didn' t heal that they were actually spots where minuscule botfly larvae had dropped into the hole left by the mosquito bite .\ntypically a dog will not die from a botfly, however any secondary infection or other underlying issue would need to be treated and depending on the severity, death may occur. if riley is getting dehydrated you should try to feed slowly (drop by drop) with a syringe some smooth wet food mixed with water to boost water intake; if riley still doesn’t drink you should return to your veterinarian. regards dr callum turner dvm\nany of several families of stout, hairy, black - and - white to grey fly. its larvae are parasites of livestock, small animals and even humans. usually eggs are laid on the host and the larvae cause damage to the host' s skin or internal systems. the botfly that attacks deer is possibly the world' s swiftest insect, flying at 80km / h (50mph). order diptera; family oestridae .\nthe means of infection by the botfly are unique. the female botfly first captures an arthropod, usually a mosquito, and lays her eggs on its body – a phenomenon called phoresia. when the mosquito lands on a mammal and the eggs are deposited on the skin, the body heat causes the eggs to hatch. in a matter of minutes, the larvae penetrate the skin, often through the mosquito bite or along a hair follicle (1). while in the skin, the larvae breathe through a small opening in the skin, which they also use to dispose of their serosanguinous feces. they develop concentric rows of small black spicules that assist in anchoring them in place, and can grow up to 3 cm in length (2). after a period of six to 12 weeks, the larvae leave, exiting their host through the original hole and fall to the ground, entering the earth to pupate .\ngosh, usually i enjoy watching botflies being dug out. but this was just so tragic, all i want to do is cry. that poor thing! at least he got some loving care at the end, and was able to breathe for his last few days. i had no idea that botfly larvae could be this horribly destructive. i hope they’re able to find a solution for the monkeys; no creature deserves to be slowly suffocated by fly larvae like that .\n) are found all over most parts of north america, although the northeastern united states is a botfly hotspot. adult botflies (large, fuzzy flies that look a little like bees) lay their eggs near the entrances to their host animal’s burrows (rabbits, rodents, etc .). these eggs hatch and larvae emerge when a potential host is nearby. the larvae grab on to the animal’s fur and then enter the body through any opening (like the nose, mouth or\nthe most common symptoms of a botfly infestation is the presence of a lump under the skin accompanied by a small hole through which a thin, relatively clear liquid drains. cats may lick or scratch at the area causing hair loss and irritating the surrounding skin. occasionally, migrating larva can end up in unusual locations within the body including the eye, nostrils, throat, chest and brain. symptoms will depend on what part of the body is affected. for example, the neurologic disease\nbotflies affect dogs by burrowing under the skin and migrating to different areas on the body (depending on the species of the botfly, usually cuterebra), one they mature they exit the skin and fall to the floor. successful treatment involves surgical extraction and medical treatment. once as long as there is no involvement of the central nervous system, dogs can make a full recovery. ask to speak with the puppy’s veterinarian (if possible) to ask about the severity and treatment given. regards dr callum turner\nyou’re petting your cat and you feel a lump. what do you do? take a closer look of course. you carefully part the fur and now you can see a little hole in the skin too, but wait, it looks like something’s in there … and it’s moving! after you get over your disgust, you’re bound to wonder what could possibly be wrong with your cat. chances are, you’re dealing with a botfly. let’s take a look at what botflies are and how they affect cats .\na lump on the skin with a small breathing hole is indicative of botflies. squeezing botfly lesions can be dangerous and lead to complications, especially if they rupture internally. the green discharge you describe probably indicates an infection and antibiotics would need to be prescribed by your veterinarian (they are usually prescribed as a preventative measure as well). for the lesions themselves, flushing with saline water along with the systemic antibiotics is usually enough to resolve the condition; otherwise, surgical debridement may be required. regards dr callum turner dvm\non april 1, 2010, the circuit court for the sixth judicial circuit issued an order freezing all bank accounts and appointed a receiver to collect the remaining funds and property purchased with investor funds. the receiver is michael moecker & associates and may be contacted at 954 252 - 1560. . please identify yourself as a botfly investor. the receiver is represented by the law firm, bush ross, p. a. the receiver must file a report with the court detailing its findings. the receiver does not work for the attorney general’s office .\nplease, if you are sensitive to animals – do not watch. if you cannot handle botfly larvae – do not watch. we rarely post this type of video, but we also rarely see something like this, by this i mean such an immense and extreme infestation of this type of parasite. the technical information is that botflies are becoming an increasing issue for the howler monkey population. yes, the infections that came with the infestation in the end was too much for the poor monkey. so, pray for howler monkeys, and pray for the people who are out there trying their best to save these animals .\ni feel sorry for the monkey, but i’m also thankfull for his death. with that many botflies around his throat, you’ll know he had to gasp for air. and he tried to stay alive for two days! and looking at the stage of the botfly - larva, they where there for a long time. a very long time. this monkey was dying before the removal. but the vets did good work. “i won’t give up untill the animal died. ” that’s my slogan for my work as a driver on a ambulance for animals. and i don’t get paid for that, i do it for the animals in need of help, medical and non - medical .\nit is possible that if your friend’s dog had larvae on her hair (before burrowing into the skin), it is possible that the larvae may have moved across to your dog (highly unlikely) whilst playing etc… but if the larvae had already burrowed into the skin, there wouldn’t be a risk of transmission. the larvae migrate under the skin to different points (depending on the species) on the body until they exit the skin falling to the ground to pupate. cuterebra spp. (botfly most probably infected your friend’s dog) may infect humans but is extremely rare. if you have concerns, you may visually check your dogs skin (head, neck and body are most common) for large pores which are breathing holes. if you detect any, visit your veterinarian for advice. regards dr callum turner dvm\nhi ~ my family and i are vacationing in mexico. on tuesday we noticed all three dogs were infested (& i mean infested) with botfly larva day. i bathed them all with medicinal shampoo until they could be seen by a vet. well, the next day my husband and i were also both infested. last night, the er doctor prescribed us ivermectin & today all 3 dogs will be getting ivermectin injections (they are also already taking doxycycline). my question is this: what now? do i need to bug bomb our house? our yard? rewash all of our clothing, bedding, dishes... ? does our furniture need to be doused in lysol? i’m very concerned with 1) bringing this infestation home with us & 2) subjecting anyone else to this incredibly disturbing experience. any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. thank you\ncategory: factual & arts tv; bbc one date: 20. 10. 2005 printable version\njust over 400 million years ago, creatures left the sea to move on to land. they were the invertebrates .\nsince then, they have become the most successful group of animals, adapting to every environment on earth. now, for every human, there are 1. 6 billion of them .\ntheir largely unseen world is revealed as david attenborough tells the story of the land living invertebrates .\nnew technology means that cameras have been able to show invertebrates in extraordinary detail, revealing for the first time the courtship dances of tiny springtails and the way they can catapult themselves away from danger .\nthese tiny creatures can be found on garden plants, in leaf litter and in gutters but, until now, their amazing acrobatic skills have gone unnoticed as some are only the size of a full stop .\nanother common garden resident is the leopard slug which has a truly bizarre end to its marathon mating ritual. both male and female slugs inflate huge blue penises and later lay eggs .\ntravelling further afield, the rains of south africa bring out swarms of bright red millipedes to find partners, and, in the caves of venezuela, giant bat - eating centipedes lie in wait for their meal. these creatures, which can grow up to 13 inches, long capture bats on the cave ceilings .\ninsects can have a softer side to them, too. in one species of harvestman in panama it is the males, rather than the females, that take care of the young .\nas the early june sun begins to set over a calm river in central hungary, masses of ghostly shapes emerge from their larval cases to take to the air for the first time .\nthey are mayflies, and in a spectacular display, thousands of them show how the very first wings to evolve were used .\nas larvae, the mayflies have spent two years feeding and growing underwater but now it is time for them to begin their brief lives in the air .\ninsects have developed wings to help them find a mate and for mayflies the race to reproduce becomes a race against time .\nfrom the stunning aerobatics of hoverflies in an english garden to the mass migration of purple crow butterflies in the valleys of taiwan, this episode tells the tale of the first - ever animals to take to the air .\ndragonflies are some of the most sophisticated of all flying insects, demonstrating supreme control over their aerial movements .\ncascade damselflies are found only at a few isolated waterfalls in costa rica and panama and display an extraordinary ability to fly through powerful cascades, seen on film for the first time .\nhaving wings and being able to fly in the last stages of their life gives insects such as butterflies a huge advantage when it comes to finding new breeding sites and sources of food .\nas david attenborough remarks :\nwith their fragile - looking wings and apparently erratic flight, butterflies might not seem to be the most powerful of fliers .\nbut in fact, they are accomplished aeronauts and they can fly hundreds of miles if necessary to find the food they need .\nbumblebees are generally heavy bodied and have employed a special trick to get them into the air, even on the coldest winter days .\nbeetles, on the other hand, keep their hind wings well hidden under hard protective wing cases to protect them as they forage for food .\ndavid finds the world' s largest insect, the titan beetle, a monster of the amazonian basin .\nit is stronger than a steel thread of the same diameter but, unlike steel, it' s elastic. it can stretch up to twice its length .\nthe inhabitants of the undergrowth developed the ability to produce this remarkable material very early in their evolutionary history over 300 million years ago .\nfrom the protective stalks of lacewing eggs to the amazing hanging threads of new zealand' s fungus gnats, invertebrates use it in a huge range of ways .\na cave in new zealand is illuminated by twinkling blue bio - luminescent lights produced by fungus fly larvae but the effect is as sinister as it is truly magical: the glowing blobs attract flies and moths which become snared in the silk to make a ready meal for the larvae .\nit is spiders, though, who have taken silk - spinning to extremes .\nthe common wolf spider has no web, but the female is a gentle parent who encases her eggs in a silken bundle which she carries wherever she goes .\nthen there is the bolas spider that uses a ball of sticky silk coated in a copy of moth pheromone to lure moths in, and the infamous redback spider of australia who uses silk to' ping' its prey up into the air where they can be consumed at the spider' s leisure .\nsilk is used by some communal spiders to create silken palaces that can rise 15 to 20 metres up in the forest canopy .\nhere, millions of tiny spiders work together to kill prey many times their own size .\nin the uk, gossamer is the creation of a million baby spiders that spin threads vertically from the top of bushes which will carry them off into the wind, enabling them to travel for miles .\ndavid concludes :\nsilk can be used for transport, as well as looking after the young, courtship and, of course, catching prey. ingenious though we are, we have not yet been able to invent anything as strong, as light or as elastic as silk .\nthe world of invertebrates is a web of relationships with plants and other animals, and this programme is full of incredible partnerships .\nit features unique footage of one of the world' s smallest insects, a chalcid wasp known as a fairyfly .\nat only a quarter of a millimetre long, the fairyfly glides underwater in search of water beetle eggs to lay its own eggs .\nthey are not the only insects who have come up with ingenious ways of finding a place to lay their eggs .\nthe bot fly targets cattle in brazil by catching other species of flies which spend a lot of time hanging around cows. the bot flies wait around cow dung where the flies come to lay their eggs and then ambush them to lay their eggs .\nsome insects have the ability to force a plant to make a home for them .\nin the upper reaches of the amazonian rain forest are strange areas, sometimes the size of a football field, in which grow only one kind of small tree .\nthese are known as' devil' s gardens' by locals but, rather than being the work of devils, they are the work of minute myrmelachista ants less than five millimetres in size .\nthese ants' farm' the particular trees that give them shelter and, in order to make sure they can grow without competition, the ants kill off all other types of seedlings in the surrounding vegetation .\ndavid attenborough points out that among the animals of the undergrowth, there are many mutually beneficent partnerships .\nbut exploitation and deception can work just as well … and in any relationship there is a risk of treachery and deceit .\nexamples include the blister beetle, whose larvae huddle together on the end of a piece of grass and mimic a female bee to get themselves transported to where they need to be, and the blue butterfly caterpillar that tricks its way inside an ants' nest where it is fed, cleaned and cared for as if it were one of the queen ant' s own brood until it is ready to emerge as a butterfly .\none insect is in on this con, however, and uses it to its own advantage .\njust like mammals, invertebrates do not always operate alone. true sociality was the last feature to evolve in invertebrates as recently as the time of tyrannosaurus .\nin the last programme of the series, david attenborough explores the tensions below the surface in some of the great social structures built by insects .\nwe now know that every insect society is full of conflict, power struggles and mutinies ,\nbegins david .\nsocial insects construct the tallest of non - human buildings. they protect their colonies with great ferocity .\nthey increase the size of their societies at an alarming rate, and they' re capable of mobilising huge armies to make wars on their neighbours .\nthe sand wasp works hard to look after its young but the female is too busy to guard all her nest sites .\npaper wasps in panama, on the other hand, have learnt to group their nests together. the female wasp employs her sisters to look after her eggs .\nthe nests are well guarded and the wasps rear more young than if they were to nest alone .\nfor the first time, cameras have filmed the worker bumblebees turning on their queen and stinging her to death, behaviour that has only recently been discovered .\ngiant asiatic honey bees are the biggest of all honey bees. david dons a special bee suit as he is hoisted up to the treetops to protect him from their\nvery, very powerful stings\n.\nhere, he sees how the bees protect their honey, defending their nest with some dramatic displays .\nwhile some descendants of wasps became flower - foraging bees, others remained hunters but went down to the ground to search for their prey .\nants have learnt to work together to kill prey much bigger than themselves and protect their nests from attack .\nbut when it comes to creating a permanent home for the colony, termites are the champion .\ntheir mounds are complex architectural creations with their very own air - conditioning system - but nothing can protect them from the vicious attack of matabele ants .\n* free standard ground shipping within the contiguous united states on qualifying orders of $ 100 or more. certain items marked free shipping, perishable, drop ship, special order, and orm - d are not included in the $ 100 total. handling fee of $ 1 applies to all orders. oversize fees are listed on product page. call for drop ship fees. express delivery is available upon request. perishable items (including vaccines and some medications) can only be shipped 2nd day or next day, and are not eligible for free standard ground shipping. other restrictions may apply .\nadequan canine for dogs rx deramaxx rx chewable tablets metacam oral suspension rx 1. 5mg / ml rx novox (carprofen) tablets\nlambert vet supply has provided trusted pet supplies since 1994 to pet industry professionals and pet owners. our product lines include a wide range of pet and animal supplies with new products added daily. we are dedicated to providing our customers affordable prices on quality pet care items for dogs, cats, horses, fish, reptile, small pets, cattle, sheep, goats, and other species .\nchoose from kennel supplies, veterinary supplies, training aids, pet healthcare products, and more. our online pet pharmacy product line includes antibiotics, anxiety, arthritis medicine, flea and tick control, heartworm preventives, and more pet medicine from a verified veterinary pharmacy website. we also have a huge selection of pet grooming and livestock grooming supplies; includes clippers, shears, shampoo, dryers, grooming tables, and more pet grooming products .\nlambert vet supply remains committed to provide you and your pets quality products and pet medicine at best prices. ordering is easy and convenient. enjoy home ship for all your pet supply and pet medicine needs from our trusted website .\nbedbugs have officially invaded. the cbs news early show reports that across the country, infestations are becoming so common exterminators are having a hard time keeping up. in new york city, the crawly blood - suckers are being spotted in upscale lingerie shops and trendy boutiques - one thing about these blood suckers, they have taste .\nbrown and about the size of an apple seed, cimex lentacularius hides during the day and comes out at night, (shown piercing the skin of its host and drinking its fill. the bites don' t spread disease but leave red, itchy welts. bedbugs are so hard to exterminate that some people simply throw out their furniture, clothing, and bedding .\nbotflies aren' t easily confused with common houseflies - they' re hairy and about twice as big. they lay their eggs on a mosquito, which then lands on a person. once hatched, the larvae invade the skin of the unlucky host (as seen in this photo) .\nthe babies proceed to eat their way to the muscle, leaving a sore around the breathing hole they make in the skin. here' s the truly disturbing part: infected people report being able to feel and even hear the maggots moving about. surgery is often necessary to remove the organisms .\nif you' re planning a safari, be on the lookout for black flies, which can cause an illness known as river blindness. this swollen hand got that way after being bitten by a black fly infected by the nasty onchocerca volvulos. swollen flesh is one symptom of river blindness - others include eye sores and, eventually, blindness. worldwide, it is the # 2 cause of blindness, with about 90 percent of cases occurring in africa .\nthis microscopic amoeba has a long name - acanthamoeba keratitis - and a long rap sheet to match. if you wear contacts and like to camp, be extra careful about how you clean and insert your lenses. make sure your hands are clean when you touch your eye, because acanthamoeba can invade the cornea, causing an infection that can lead to blindness. acanthamoeba is common in nature and can be found in water, soil, and air .\nif you' re planning a vacation to south america, the middle east, southern europe or any of the 88 countries where sand flies like to hang, don' t forget the insect repellent. small and silent, the female sand fly can transmit a parasite that causes leishmaniasis. the bite is so small you might not even know you' ve been bitten - at first .\nthere are two ways to get sick. cutaneous leishmaniasis causes severe skin sores, while visceral leishmaniasis attacks the internal organs. you' ll know you have the skin kind within a few weeks or months of being bitten. if you get the kind that attacks your insides, it can be months or even years .\nthis bloody mess is the doing of a common leech. and if a leech can do that kind of damage, imagine what tyrannobdella rex - the name means\ntyrant leech king\n- can do with its enormous teeth. so far he' s been spotted in the upper amazon in peru - as if people who live in the rain forest don' t have enough don' t scary critters to worry about .\nthis little nasty has a foot fetish. the threadworm, a. k. a. strongyloides, is oddly attracted to the soles of the feet. maybe that' s why mom always made us put on shoes in the backyard. the larvae enter the bloodstream and travel to the lungs, where they break through the tissue and move up to the throat .\nthey might give you a clue that they' ve made your body\nhome\nby the pneumonia - like symptoms you get as larvae move through the lungs. or you might just get itching and swelling, and sometimes a red line under the skin that marks when they' ve been on the move. untreated infection can lead to organ failure and death .\nit' s summer and you' re watching your diet - good for you. but watch out for lettuce. if you eat raw produce that' s hiding a tiny snail or slug, you might get infected with a sneaky little beast known as the rat lungworm. seems snails and slugs can get the worm from eating rat feces - and then pass it along to humans .\nis escargot your thing? make sure it' s fully cooked. is your kid a fearless eater? warn him to stay away from garden slugs - children have been infected by eating them on a dare .\nplanning a stay - cation? don' t be lulled into a sense of false security. make sure you cook your bbq thoroughly so you don' t end up feeding your loved ones a side of tapeworm. tapeworms attach to the intestinal wall, where they feed on nutrients from digested food .\ntapeworms are looong. typically, they grow to about nine to 15 feet, though some reach 50 feet. often the host doesn' t even know it' s there until the worm gets really big. expect the symptoms, if you have any, to be flu - like: headache, nausea, stomach cramps." ]

{ "text": [ "the oestridae are a family of flies variously known as bot flies , warble flies , heel flies , gadflies , and similar names .", "their larvae are internal parasites of mammals , some species growing in the host 's flesh and others within the gut .", "the human botfly , dermatobia hominis , is the only species of bot fly known to parasitize humans routinely , though other species of flies do cause myiasis in humans . " ], "topic": [ 28, 4, 28 ] }

[ "the oestridae are a family of flies variously known as bot flies, warble flies, heel flies, gadflies, and similar names. their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut. the human botfly, dermatobia hominis, is the only species of bot fly known to parasitize humans routinely, though other species of flies do cause myiasis in humans." ]

[ "citation: fishmap. org. 2018. carolina darter - etheostoma collis. available online at urltoken; last accessed july 11, 2018 .\nreasons: known from a few dozen occurrences in virginia, north carolina, and south carolina, but has not been taken from several of these in recent surveys; uncommon; probably more widespread than now apparent, due to inadequate survey effort; threats may include chemical runoff from agricultural land and possibly turbidity caused by excessive silt in the water, such as may result from urbanization; habitat destruction through inundation by dams is a potential threat .\nnorth america: found only in the atlantic piedmont from roanoke river drainage of virginia to santee river drainage of south carolina in the usa. the name etheostoma saludae has been synonymized with etheostoma collis (ref. 3814) .\nnorth america: found only in the atlantic piedmont from roanoke river drainage of virginia to santee river drainage of south carolina in the usa. the name etheostoma saludae has been synonymized with etheostoma collis (ref. 3814) .\nlocalized populations occur in lower and middle piedmont streams from the roanoke river system in virginia to the santee river system in south carolina (jenkins and burkhead 1994). some of the apparently localized distribution may be an artifact of insufficient survey effort (jenkins and burkhead 1994) .\nspawning may peak near the end of march (page 1983, kuehne and barbour 1983). individuals captured in mid - march at a water temperature of 13. 3 c began spawning the next day when placed in an aquarium at room temperature (burkhead and jenkins 1991). in north carolina, spawning occurs usually in late march and early april (collette 1962) .\nglobal range: (20, 000 - 200, 000 square km (about 8000 - 80, 000 square miles) ) localized populations occur in lower and middle piedmont streams from the roanoke river system in virginia to the santee river system in south carolina (jenkins and burkhead 1994). some of the apparently localized distribution may be an artifact of insufficient survey effort (jenkins and burkhead 1994) .\ncomments: this species is represented by a fairly large number of occurrences (subpopulations). menhinick (1991) mapped about 53 collection sites in north carolina; these represent probably at least a few dozen distinct occurrences. jenkins and burkhead (1994) mapped 13 collection sites in virginia, representing perhaps a half dozen or more distinct occurrences. probably there are significantly more occurrences than available records indicate; the habitat tends not to attract ichthyologists and has not been well surveyed .\nhabitat includes muddy and rocky pools and backwaters of sluggish headwaters and creeks (page and burr 2011). this darter typically occurs in small upland creeks and rivulets in wooded and deforested (pasture) areas, in areas of low current velocity (pools and very slow runs), usually on sand, gravel, and detritus in open and stick - littered areas, sometimes among brush and fallen tree limbs, and likely also among vegetation (lee et al. 1980, burkhead and jenkins 1991, jenkins and burkhead 1994). it has been collected also in faster water (jenkins and burkhead 1994), on substrates of sand, gravel, and bedrock (collette 1962) or sand, mud, or rubble covered by silt or detritus (lee et al. 1980), and in murky water over clay and silt (kuehne and barbour 1983) .\ncomments: habitat includes muddy and rocky pools and backwaters of sluggish headwaters and creeks (page and burr 2011). this darter typically occurs in small upland creeks and rivulets in wooded and deforested (pasture) areas, in areas of low current velocity (pools and very slow runs), usually on sand, gravel, and detritus in open and stick - littered areas, sometimes among brush and fallen tree limbs, and likely also among vegetation (lee et al. 1980, burkhead and jenkins 1991, jenkins and burkhead 1994). it has been collected also in faster water (jenkins and burkhead 1994), on substrates of sand, gravel, and bedrock (collette 1962) or sand, mud, or rubble covered by silt or detritus (lee et al. 1980), and in murky water over clay and silt (kuehne and barbour 1983) .\nthis species is represented by a fairly large number of occurrences (subpopulations). menhinick (1991) mapped about 53 collection sites in north carolina; these represent probably at least a few dozen distinct occurrences. jenkins and burkhead (1994) mapped 13 collection sites in virginia, representing perhaps a half dozen or more distinct occurrences. probably there are significantly more occurrences than available records indicate; the habitat tends not to attract ichthyologists and has not been well surveyed. total adult population size is unknown. this species is generally rare or uncommon, but common or abundant in mines creek, virginia (jenkins and burkhead 1994). some populations have declined (jenkins and burkhead 1994), but the degree of decline is uncertain. current population trend is unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern because extent of occurrence is greater than 20, 000 sq km, the species occurs in more than 10 locations, the distribution is not severely fragmented, population size is unknown but does not appear to be particularly small, and the population probably is not declining at a rate of more than 30 percent over 10 years or three generations .\nthreats may include chemical runoff from agricultural land and possibly turbidity caused by excessive silt in the water (burkhead and jenkins 1991), such as may result from urbanization. habitat destruction through inundation by dams is a potential threat. jelks et al. (2008) categorized this species as vulnerable (a taxon that is in imminent danger of becoming threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its range), based on present or threatened destruction, modification, or reduction of habitat or range .\nresearch on basic life history is needed. better information is needed on current distribution, abundance, and trends .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, etheo = to strain + greek, stoma = mouth; rafinesque said\nvarious mouths\n, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as\nheterostoma (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 6. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5723); common length: 3. 7 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193 )\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00501 (0. 00201 - 0. 01253), b = 3. 14 (2. 92 - 3. 36), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (13 of 100) .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\n6. 0 cm tl (male / unsexed; (ref. 5723) )\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments: eats microcrustaceans and mayfly and dipteran larvae (knicely, in burkhead and jenkins 1991; jenkins and burkhead 1994) .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: total adult population size is unknown. this species is generally rare or uncommon, but common or abundant in mines creek, virginia (jenkins and burkhead 1994) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nlisted as least concern because extent of occurrence is greater than 20, 000 sq km, the species occurs in more than 10 locations, the distribution is not severely fragmented, population size is unknown but does not appear to be particularly small, and the population probably is not declining at a rate of more than 30 percent over 10 years or three generations .\ncomments: some populations have declined (jenkins and burkhead 1994), but the degree of decline is uncertain .\ncomments: threats may include chemical runoff from agricultural land and possibly turbidity caused by excessive silt in the water (burkhead and jenkins 1991), such as may result from urbanization. habitat destruction through inundation by dams is a potential threat. jelks et al. (2008) categorized this species as vulnerable (a taxon that is in imminent danger of becoming threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its range), based on present or threatened destruction, modification, or reduction of habitat or range .\ncomments: this species includes e. saludae, which was synonymized with e. collis by jenkins and burkhead (1994). the nominal subspecies collis and lepidinion were not recognized as valid by burkhead and jenkins (1991) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n09 / 14 / 2017 11: 15: 00 fixed an issue preventing users from submitting records. sorry for the inconvience! please try again .\n08 / 10 / 2017 12: 45: 00 added urltoken collection data to species maps .\n07 / 31 / 2017 10: 46: 00 user submissions are now online! you can submit your own observations using our new system .\n05 / 26 / 2017 07: 55: 00 added 2016 collection data from brian zimmerman added mexican data set from dr. john lyons\n10 / 25 / 2016 16: 22: 00 robots have finally defeated me. adding recaptcha to the contact form. goodbye spam .\ndata provided by natureserve. database built from natureserve' s digital distribution maps of the freshwater fishes of the conterminous united states, version 3. 0. nonindigenous data provided by usgs nonidigenous aquatic species database and nas web services api. collection occurence data provided by fishnet 2 api services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "the carolina darter ( etheostoma collis ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states , where it occurs in the atlantic piedmont from roanoke river drainage of virginia to santee river drainage of south carolina .", "it inhabits muddy and rocky pools and backwaters of sluggish headwaters and creeks .", "this species can reach a length of 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13, 0 ] }

[ "the carolina darter (etheostoma collis) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states, where it occurs in the atlantic piedmont from roanoke river drainage of virginia to santee river drainage of south carolina. it inhabits muddy and rocky pools and backwaters of sluggish headwaters and creeks. this species can reach a length of 6 cm (2.4 in)." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for automeris godartii yet. learn how to contribute .\nio godartii boisduval, 1875; ann. soc. ent. belg. 18: 219\nautomeris zozine; schaus, 1892, am. lepid. : 23; [ mabl ]\nautomeris daudiana druce, 1894; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 13: 179\nautomeris macareis; schaus, 1892, am. lepid. : 21, pl. 3, f. 3\nautomeris rubicunda; schaus, 1892, am. lepid. : 22, pl. 3, f. 1\nautomeris subobscura weymer, 1909; dt. ent. z. iris 22 (1): 31; tl: bogota\nautomeris cinctistriga; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 177\nautomeris janus; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 176\nautomeris junonia; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 176\nautomeris rubrescens; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 176\nautomeris arminia; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 181\nautomeris godarti; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 182\nautomeris macareis schaus, 1892; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1892: 290; tl: petropolis, brazil\nautomeris rubicunda schaus, 1892; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1892: 290; tl: petropolis, brazil\nautomeris heisleri jones, 1908; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1908 (1): 174; tl: curitiba, paraná\nautomeris grammivora jones, 1908; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1908 (1): 174; tl: castro, paraná\nautomeris eogena; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 182; [ mabl ]\nautomeris hebe; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 181; [ mabl ]\nautomeris io; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 182; [ nacl ], # 7746\nautomeris semirosea weymer, 1907; dt. ent. z. iris 20 (1, 2): 31; tl: ferro mecco, rio grande do sul\nautomeris larra; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 180, 3 pl. 18, f. 1\nautomeris louisiana ferguson & brou, 1981; j. lep. soc. 35: 101, f. 2 - 6; tl: golden meadow, lafourche parish, louisiana\nautomeris averna druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 178, 3 pl. 17, f. 4; tl: mexico\nautomeris zurobara druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 177, 3 pl. 17, f. 2; tl: panama\nautomeris stuarti rothschild & jordan, 1901; novit. zool. 8 (4): 404, pl. 10, f. 5; tl: la paz, bolivia\nautomeris zozine druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 179, 3 pl. 17, f. 8; tl: mexico, jalapa\nautomeris boucardi druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 178, 3 pl. 17, f. 5 - 6; tl: costa rica\nautomeris montezuma; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 178, 3 pl. 16, f. 7; [ mabl ]\nautomeris cecrops; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 178; [ nacl ], # 7748 (extralim .); [ mabl ]\nautomeris larra eitschbergeri t. & l. racheli, 1999; atalanta 30 (1 / 4): 175, pl. xd, f. 1; tl: ecuador, napo, las minas\nautomeris belti druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 180, 3 pl. 18, f. 2 - 3; tl: nicaragua, contales; panama\nautomeris banus; godman & salvin, 1886, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 177, 3 pl. 16, f. 8, pl. 17, f. 1\nautomeris zugana druce, 1886; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 179, 3 pl. 17, f. 7; tl: panama, volcan de chiriqui, bugaba 800 - 1500ft\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbrownish, marked with dark lines; and usually have a dark blotch at the end of the discal cell. when they are at rest, with the hindwings concealed, they are convincing dead leaf mimics. some species instead have greyish forewings mottled or marbled with darker tones, providing them with a very effective bark - like camouflage when they are at rest on tree trunks. the hindwings of most species feature large conspicuous false eyes, set against a yellowish or orange ground colour .\nspecies are bright green, marked laterally with dashes or stripes of red (or orange) and white. along the back and sides are rows of multi - branched stinging spines, each like a miniature xmas tree. when young the larvae feed gregariously, but they gradually disperse and become solitary by the final instar .\nif the moths are disturbed they immediately drop to the ground and uncover their hindwings to reveal the startling eye - spots. at the same time they usually arch their abdomens, and twitch violently, thrusting the hindwings and their eye - spots forward in a series of rhythmical movements. the effect on humans is usually to recoil in shock. birds probably react in a similar manner, and in many cases are so startled or scared that the moths escape being eaten .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n900x749 (~ 75kb) larva usa, ex. o. (commercial source), photo 09. 08. 1980 © pertti pakkanen\n700x1016 (~ 85kb) larva usa, ex. o. (commercial source), photo 24. 08. 1980 © pertti pakkanen\nhyperchiria lilith strecker, [ 1878 ]; lep. rhopal. het. (15): 139, pl. 15, f. 17\nlarva on cercocarpus parvifolius, mimosa biuncifera, quercus oblongifolius, q. emoryi, ceanothus fendleri [ smna ]\nbrazil, french guiana, venezuela, w. colombia? , peru, bolivia, ecuador. see [ maps ]\nhyperchiria larra walker, 1855; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 6: 1293; tl: brazil, rio de janeiro\nio banus boisduval, 1875; ann. soc. ent. belg. 18: 212; tl: mexico\nhyperchiria cinctistriga felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 89, f. 4\nhyperchiria eogena felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 89, f. 3\nhyperchiria hebe walker, 1865; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 32: 536; tl: mexico, oaxaca\nphalaena janus cramer, [ 1775 ]; uitl. kapellen 1 (1 - 7): 100, pl. 64, f. a, b; tl: surinam\ndirphia maeonia druce, 1897; biol. cent. - am. , lepid. - heter. 2: 426, pl. 85, f. 3; tl: mexico, jalisco\nsaturnia metzli sallé, 1853; rev. mag. zool. 1853: 171, pl. 5, f. 1\nhyperchiria crudelis maassen & weymer, 1886; beitr. schmett. 5: f. 117\nhyperchiria rubrescens walker, 1855; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 6: 1281\nagliopsis intermedius bouvier, 1929; c. r. hebd. séanc. acad. sci. paris 189: 606; tl: brazil, rio grande do sul\nhyperchiria titania felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 85, f. 8\nphalaena arminia stoll, [ 1781 ]; in cramer, uitl. kapellen 4 (29 - 31): 126, pl. 356, f. a; tl: surinam\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge, vol. 2 ([ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil, mexico, and peru. part i & ii\nweymer, 1909 exotische lepidopteren dt. ent. z. iris 22 (1): 1 - 35\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "automeris godartii , godart 's bullseye moth , is a species of moth in the saturniidae in the subfamily of hemileucinae .", "the scientific name of the species was first published in 1875 by boisduval .", "it is found in french guiana , peru and venezuela . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25, 20 ] }

[ "automeris godartii, godart's bullseye moth, is a species of moth in the saturniidae in the subfamily of hemileucinae. the scientific name of the species was first published in 1875 by boisduval. it is found in french guiana, peru and venezuela." ]

[ "the few virus - like genes of cotesia congregata bracovirus. - pubmed - ncbi\nfunctional annotation of cotesia congregata bracovirus: identification of viral genes expressed in parasitized host immune tissues .\nfunctional annotation of cotesia congregata bracovirus: identification of viral genes expressed in parasitized host immune tissues. - pubmed - ncbi\ncystatin gene tree obtained by maximum likelihood. node supports are shown by bootstraps and by posterior probabilities from bayesian inferences above and below each branch, respectively. bootstrap scores or posterior probabilities lower than 50% are not represented. sequences were obtained from bracoviruses of cotesia congregata (ccbv), cotesia flavipes (cfbv), cotesia chilonis (cchbv), cotesia melanoscela (cmbv), cotesia vestalis (cvbv), cotesia rubecula (crbv), cotesia sesamiae (csbv), cotesia karyai (ckbv) and cotesia glomerata (cgbv). cystatin sequences from ccbv genome are noted ccbv cyst1, ccbv cyst2 and ccbv cyst3 .\ncotesia congregata is widely distributed throughout north america, central america, south america, and the west indies (krombein 1979) .\nfigure 7. cotesia congregata (say) aggregating on the surface of a leaf. photograph by justin bredlau, virginia commonwealth university .\nfriedman r, hughes al (2006) pattern of gene duplication in the cotesia congregata bracovirus. infect genet evol 6 (4): 315–22 .\npositive selection analysis among sites and lineages of viral cystatins from cotesia spp. parasitoid wasps\nkester km, barbosa p. 1994. behavioral responses to host foodplants of two populations of the insect parasitoid cotesia congregata (say). oecologia 99: 151 - 157 .\nfigure 1. a group of adult cotesia congregata (say) wasps feeding on honey solution placed on the underside of a tomato leaf. photograph by justin bredlau, virginia commonwealth university .\nfigure 4. diagram showing the processes of larval emergence, cocoon construction, and development of the fully formed pupa of cotesia congregata (apanteles congregatus). adapted from fulton, 1940 .\nfigure 5. cotesia congregata (say) larvae emerging from their tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (linnaeus), host before spinning individual cocoons. photograph by justin bredlau, virginia commonwealth university .\nkester km, barbosa p. 1991. post - emergence learning in the insect parasitoid, cotesia congregata (say) (hymenoptera: braconidae). journal of insect behavior 4: 727 - 742 .\ncotesia congregata is an important natural enemy of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, a detrimental pest species that feeds on many plants in the solanaceae (tobacco, pepper, tomato, etc .) family .\nbredlau jp, mohajer yj, cameron tm, kester km, fine ml. 2013. characterization and generation of male courtship song in cotesia congregata (hymenoptera: braconidae). plos one 8: e62051 .\nfigure 6. cotesia congregata (say) larvae encased in individual cocoons, on their tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (linnaeus), host, before emerging as adults. photograph by justin bredlau, virginia commonwealth university .\ncotesia congregata attacks members of the family sphingidae (the sphinx moths), including but not limited to the following species (sharkey et al. 2005; fulton 1940; molina - ochoa et al. 2003) :\ntobacco hornworm (manduca sexta) infested by cotesia congregata. i filmed this caterpillar in my tomato garden. you can see the wasp larvae spinning cocoons. if you leave them the parasitoid wasps hatch after couple days .\nfigure 3. the egg and two internal larval stages of cotesia congregata (aka apanteles congregatus) over time. the microscope magnification is given for each image to provide a measure of scale. adapted from fulton, 1940 .\nlawrence se. 2010. feeding behaviors of larval manduca sexta parasitized by cotesia congregata. (order no. 1487815, state university of new york at binghamton). proquest dissertations and theses, 56. retrieved from urltoken (847404852) .\nle nt, asgari s, amaya k, tan ff, beckage ne (2003) persistence and expression of cotesia congregata polydnavirus in host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. j insect physiol 49 (5): 533–43 .\nde buron i, beckage ne. 1992. characterization of polydnavirus (pdv) and virus - like filamentous particle (vlfp) in the braconid wasp cotesia congregata (hymenoptera: braconidae). journal of invertebrate pathology 59: 315 - 327 .\nwitting - bissinger be, orr db, linker hm. 2008. effects of floral resources on fitness of the parasitoids trichogramma exiguum (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) and cotesia congregata (hymenoptera: braconidae). biological control 47: 180 - 186 .\nbeckage ne, tan ff, schleifer kw, lane rd, cherubin ll. 1994. characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 26: 165 - 195 .\nthorpe kw, barbosa p. 1986. effects of consumption of high and low nicotine tobacco by manduca sexta (lepidoptera: sphingidae) on survival of gregarious endoparasitoid cotesia congregata (hymenoptera: braconidae). journal of chemical ecology 12: 1329 - 1337 .\n2. beckage, nancy e. , et al. “characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. ” archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 26. 2‐3 (1994): 165 - 195 .\nlentz - ronning aj, kester km. 2012. effect of sequential learning experiences on searching responses and sex ratio allocations of the gregarious insect parasitoid, cotesia congregata (say) (hymenoptera: braconidae). journal of insect behavior 26: 165 - 175 .\n3. beckage, nancy e. , and michael r. kanost. “effects of parasitism by the braconid wasp cotesia congregata on host hemolymph proteins of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. ” insect biochemistry and molecular biology 23. 5 (1993): 643 - 653 .\nthe top portion shows a hts (pdv101) aligned to cotesia congregata bracovirus circle 12 (nc _ 006644. 1). predicted protein in the donor sequence shown (yp _ 184814. 1). the bottom portion show a hts (pdv32) aligned to cotesia congregata bracovirus circle 5 (nc _ 006637. 1). pdv32 is part of homology group 1, which is shown aligned to pdv32. in both examples the hts have undergone point mutations and insertion / deletions that are too numerous to accurately represent here so example mutations have been drawn. primers used in the pcr reaction shown in figure 4 are shown with green triangles .\nfigure 2. cotesia congregata distribution in north and central america compiled from known specimen collection sites (adamo 2005; illinois natural history survey; inaturalist. org; molina - ochoa et al. 2003; ratnasingham and hebert 2007; thorpe and barbosa 1986; witting - bissinger et al. 2008). map created using urltoken .\nour field studies are beginning to show that these cotesia species are highly host - specific, and that some similar - looking species that attack related hosts may actually be genetically, if not very morphologically, distinct. the host of cotesia congregata (say) that was originally studied was manduca sexta, so the wasps from catalpa sphinx may possibly be different, but as far as we know now they are not .\n- dr. james b. whitfield, university of illinois (11 / 12 / 2008 )\nsharkey mj, whitfield j, seltmann k. 2005. species home pages for economically important species parasitic wasps of the genus cotesia (hymenoptera: braconidae). both at urltoken\nadult males of cotesia congregata engage in courtship behavior prior to mating (bredlau et al. 2013). males attract females with an auditory display that is produced by the wings beating rapidly, and is characterized by a buzz and a series of distinct high amplitude ‘boing’ noises. multiple males will perform this courtship ritual in the presence of a single female wasp .\nmoreover, for both of these two forms duplication events occurred independently in the different cotesia bracoviruses studied and are fixed by positive selection which is also responsible of the ensuing divergence of cystatin copies .\ncurrently, there are around 400 described species of the genus cotesia (shaw and huddleston 1991). it is estimated that the entire genus comprises 1500 - 2000 species worldwide (mason 1981) .\nfigure 8. adult females of cotesia congregata (say) engage in searching behavior on the surface of host plant leaves. once a suitable host is encountered, females oviposit in the host, where the larvae develop internally and eventually emerge, spinning white cocoons. after developing into adults inside of the cocoons, adult wasps emerge to mate and find new hosts. photographs by justin bredlau, virginia commonwealth university .\nthe gregarious larval endoparasitoid wasps c. congregata (hymenoptera, braconidae, microgastrinae) were reared on their natural host, the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (lepidoptera, sphingidae), as previously described (32) .\nchoi jy, kwon sj, roh jy, yang tj, yoon sh (2009) sequence and gene organization of 24 circles from the cotesia plutellae bracovirus genome. arch virol 154 (8): 1313–27 .\nthe parasitic wasps (c. congregata; hymenoptera, braconidae, microgastrinae) were reared on their natural host, the tobacco hornworm, m. sexta (lepidoptera, sphingidae) as previously described (31, 50) .\nchen yf, gao f, ye xq, wei sj, shi m, et al. (2011) deep sequencing of cotesia vestalis bracovirus reveals the complexity of a polydnavirus genome. virology 414 (1): 42–50 .\nwe show that cystatins are the first bracovirus genes proven to be subject to strong positive selection within a host - parasitoid system. a generated three - dimensional model of cotesia congregata bracovirus cystatin 1 provides a powerful framework to position positively selected residues and reveal that they are concentrated in the vicinity of actives sites which interact with cysteine proteases directly. in addition, phylogenetic analyses reveal two different cystatin forms which evolved under different selective constraints and are characterized by independent adaptive duplication events .\nkwon b, song s, choi jy, je yh, kim y (2010) transient expression of specific cotesia plutellae bracoviral segments induces prolonged larval development of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. j insect physiol 56 (6): 650–8 .\namong cystatin sequences isolated from a same species some are likely to correspond to allelic forms such as cgbv cystatin sequences whereas others seem to be different cystatin copies such as csbv 1, csbv 2 and csbv 3 (form a). cystatin copies obtained from the ccbv genome sequencing project (ccbv cyst1, ccbv cyst2 and ccbv cyst3) are found in form b and therefore do not seem to have any orthologous sequences in cotesia melanoscela, cotesia glomerata and cotesia kariyai bracoviruses. in form b cystatins, these three cystatin copies are not grouped together, indicating that duplications occurred before or at the same time as wasp speciation. in contrast, cystatin copies or cystatin alleles in form a are grouped by wasp species, suggesting that duplications occurred after wasp speciation .\nadults: body length is around 2 - 3 mm for both adult males and females with antennae length nearly equal to body length. the body and eyes are black and the wings are translucent, with an opaque dark spot on the outer edge of each wing called the pterostigma. the shield - shaped plates where the wings meet the body (also called the tegulae) are pale yellow. the ovipositor of female cotesia congregata is about 0. 5 mm long and tapers from a wide base to a very narrow middle and tip that are uniform in thickness .\nmichel - salzat a, whitfield jb: preliminary evolutionnary relationships within the parasitoids wasp genus cotesia (hymenoptera: braconidae: microgastrinae): combined analysis of four genes. syst entomol. 2004, 29: 371 - 382. 10. 1111 / j. 0307 - 6970. 2004. 00246. x .\npdvs have now been sequenced from several wasps, [ 24 ], [ 25 ] including many related braconid wasps in the cotesia family [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ]. analysis of cotesia relatives reveals that many of the genes packaged into pdvs are part of large gene families. these genes are eukaryotic in origin and some of these gene families only appear to be found in wasps [ 28 ]. in addition to positive selection acting on coding sequences, these gene families also appear to be subject to birth - death evolution typical of large gene families under strong or quickly changing selection [ 29 ] .\nrelative abundance of ccbv circles in viral particles produced by c. congregata female wasps. circle abundance in a purified ccbv preparation was monitored by qpcr. circle abundance is represented as a factor of the less represented circle (c28). segments corresponding to high - abundance circles are shown in black, and those corresponding to low - abundance circles are shown in gray. braces indicate circles that belong to the same replication unit (ru) .\nwhile inside the tobacco hornworm caterpillar, the c. congregata larvae hatch from their eggs and feed on the host while they grow larger and larger. by the time they are old enough to move on, the larvae have essentially eaten the host from the inside and chew their way out of its body to spin cocoons so they can pupate into adults. the larvae don’t travel away from the caterpillar at all to do this and create their cocoons right there on its body. after they pupate, the wasps emerge as fully formed adults and take to the air in search of mates in order to start the gruesome cycle all over again .\nschematic representation of ccbv pl in the genome of the braconid wasp c. congregata with a map of the regions amplified during particle production (rus). ccbv segments are represented by white boxes in which segment names are indicated (17), separated and flanked by iss and fss (black lines). their lengths (in bp) are indicated above their positions. the numbers in boldface identify anes indicated in table 1 (amplified fss and iss). the replication units are shown by the gray areas (amplified fss could not be represented to scale due to space limitations), and their sizes (in bp) are indicated by double arrows. each asterisk marks the presence of a common at - rich sequence motif (the sequences are listed in fig. 5) .\nexpression levels of ccbv genes in hemocytes of m. sexta larvae 24 h after parasitization by c. congregata. (a) rpkm values deduced from transcriptomic 454 sequencing for each ccbv gene detected in m. sexta hemocytes 24 h after parasitization. the m. sexta rpl3 gene was used as a reference (in gray). genes encoding proteins with predicted signal peptides are symbolized by black boxes, whereas genes encoding potential intracellular proteins are indicated by white boxes. (b) validation of expression levels by qrt - pcr analysis of 11 selected ccbv genes in new samples. gene expression was measured in triplicate on samples from five independently parasitized individuals. the m. sexta rpl3 gene was used as a reference (in gray). error bars indicate standard deviations, and different letters indicate significant differences in transcript abundance. gene expression levels were separated into two categories based on the statistical differences between gene expression levels deduced from qrt - pcr analysis of new cdna samples: high expression levels (red bars) (≥25 rpkm) and low expression levels (green bars) (< 5 rpkm) .\nv. 1 (1834 - 1837) - boston journal of natural history. - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neggs: the eggs are white and wedge - shaped, measuring 0. 12 - 0. 16 mm in length and approximately 0. 04 mm in diameter towards the larger end (fulton 1940). during a single oviposition, around 65 eggs are oviposited into the hemolymph of the larval host (range: 5 - 162) (lawrence 2010). it has been shown that some larvae can emerge from the egg into the hemolymph in as little as two to three days after oviposition at 29° - 30°c (fulton 1940) (figure 3) .\nemergence of wasp larvae from the host cuticle is largely synchronous and subsequent emergence of wasp larvae is rare. the number of wasp larvae emerging from the host can vary from a few to well over 300 depending on the number of females that oviposit into the larval host (fulton 1940). in total, the time from oviposition to emergence from the host cuticle is around 12 - 16 days, though the fastest time observed from oviposition to emergence was only five days (de buron and beckage 1992; gilmore 1938). upon emergence, the wasp larvae will undergo another larval molt (3rd instar) before spinning conspicuous white cocoons where they will develop into pupae and adults .\npupae: the pupae are formed after cocoon construction is completed. the period spent in the cocoon can range from 3 - 8 days depending on the temperature (de buron and beckage 1992; fulton 1940; gilmore 1938). larvae that build their cocoons in late winter will overwinter as larvae and pupate in the spring of the following year (fulton 1940). the cocoons will stay on the host for a while, but will eventually fall down to the soil .\nadamo sa. 2005. parasitic suppression of feeding in the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta: parallels with feeding depression after an immune challenge. archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 60: 185 - 197 .\nespagne e. 2004. genome sequence of a polydnavirus: insights into symbiotic virus evolution. science 306: 286 - 289 .\nfulton bb. 1940. the hornworm parasite, apanteles congregatus (say) and the hyperparasite, hypopteromalus tabacum (fitch). annals of the entomological society of america 33: 231 - 244 .\ngilmore ju. 1938. notes on apanteles congregatus (say) as a parasite of tobacco hornworms. journal of economic entomology 31: 712 - 715 .\nurltoken inaturalist research - grade observations (accessed through gbif data portal, urltoken, 2014 - 05 - 08) .\nkrombein kv. 1979. catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico. smithsonian institution press, washington d. c. , usa .\nmason wrm. 1981. the polyphyletic nature of apanteles förster (hymenoptera: braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of microgastrinae. memoirs of the entomological society of canada 115: 1 - 147 .\nmolina - ochoa j, carpenter je, heinrichs ea, foster je. 2003. parasitoids and parasites of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in the americas and caribbean basin: an inventory. florida entomologist 86: 254 - 289 .\nratnasingham s, hebert pdn. 2007. bold: the barcode of life data system (www. barcodinglife. org). molecular ecology notes 7, 355 - 364. urltoken\nshaw mr, huddleston t. 1991. classification and biology of braconid wasps (hymenoptera: braconidae). handbooks for the identification of british insects (ed. by w. r. dolling and r. r. askew), vol. 7, pp. 1 - 126. royal entomological society of london, london .\nturlings tcj, tumlinson jh, lewis wj. 1990. exploitation of herbivore - induced plant odors by host - seeking parasitic wasps. science 250: 1251 - 1253 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncaterpillars, primarily manduca sexta or tobacco hornworm. also a number of other ecologically related sphingid caterpillars\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nfamily are symbiotic viruses used as biological weapons by parasitoid wasps to manipulate lepidopteran host physiology and induce parasitism success. bv particles are produced by wasp ovaries and injected along with the eggs into the caterpillar host body, where viral gene expression is necessary for wasp development. recent sequencing of the proviral genome of\nbv (ccbv) identified 222 predicted virulence genes present on 35 proviral segments integrated into the wasp genome. to date, the expressions of only a few selected candidate virulence genes have been studied in the caterpillar host, and we lacked a global vision of viral gene expression. in this study, a large - scale transcriptomic analysis by 454 sequencing of two immune tissues (fat body and hemocytes) of parasitized\nbracoviruses (bvs) are symbiotic polydnaviruses used by parasitoid wasps to manipulate lepidopteran host physiology, ensuring wasp offspring survival. to date, the expressions of only a few selected candidate bv virulence genes have been studied in caterpillar hosts. we performed a large - scale analysis of bv gene expression in two immune tissues of\npdv genomes are thus constituted of two different parts that are both integrated into wasp genomes. the first part is composed of genes involved in particle production (e. g. , nudivirus genes in bv) but not packaged in the particles, leading to the injection of a nonreplicative virus in the caterpillar hosts (\nbv (ccbv) proviral segments are amplified within 12 different molecules, each constituting a replication unit (ru), that are further resolved to give the circles packaged within the particles. proviral segments are named segment 1 (s1) to s36. after replication and amplification, segments are circularized and become circle 1 (c1) to c36, respectively (except for s34, which does not contain signals for excision) (\n). dna amplification therefore allows the massive production of both particle protein components and circular dna molecules that will be injected into the caterpillar .\nfemales until at least two ovipositions were observed on each larva. they were then maintained under the same rearing conditions for 24 h, as were five\nlarvae from the same cohort, which were used as controls. the time point of 24 h postoviposition was chosen for expression analysis for consistency with previous studies (\n). caterpillars were anesthetized for 10 min on ice before dissection. two hundred microliters of hemolymph was then collected for each caterpillar. to isolate hemocytes, hemolymph was centrifuged at 1, 000 ×\nfor 10 min at 4°c. the supernatant was discarded, and the cell pellet was washed in 100 μl of sterile 1× phosphate - buffered saline (pbs). after centrifugation at 1, 000 ×\nfor 10 min at 4°c, the cell pellet was resuspended in 150 μl of nucleospin rna ii purification kit ra1 buffer (macherey - nagel) containing 1. 5 μl β - mercaptoethanol, according to the manufacturer' s instructions, and stored at −80°c until rna isolation. to isolate fat body tissues, 3 mg of fat body was dissected from each individual after hemolymph collection, rinsed in 1× pbs, and then resuspended in 350 μl of ra1 buffer containing 3. 5 μl β - mercaptoethanol and stored at −80°c until rna isolation .\ntotal rna was extracted from each sample by using the nucleospin rna ii purification kit according to the user' s manual. sample rna concentrations were measured by using a spectrophotometer (varian cary 50 scan), and rna integrity was assessed on a 1% (wt / vol) agarose gel. the absence of dna contamination in rna samples was checked by controlling for the lack of amplification of ccbv and\ngene transcript sequences from the corresponding rna samples by rt - pcr (omniscrip rt kit; qiagen). finally, rna samples corresponding to the same tissues (fat body or hemocytes) and the same conditions (parasitized or control larvae) were pooled .\ncdna libraries were prepared by using a smarter pcr cdna synthesis kit (clontech). first - strand cdna synthesis was performed with 3′ smart cds primer ii a according to the supplier' s protocols and by using 995 and 70 ng of total rna from fat body and hemocytes, respectively. double - strand cdnas were prepared by long - distance pcr (ld - pcr) from 1 and 10 μl (according to the manufacturer' s instructions) of first - strand cdna from fat body and hemocytes, respectively. a pool of three independent ld - pcrs was used for deep sequencing of each cdna library. sequencing was performed by using 454 gs flx titanium technology (roche) at the french national sequencing institute (genoscope, france) .\nreads generated by 454 sequencing were trimmed for poly (a), 454 adaptors (a and b), and pcr primers. the origin of reads was established by mapping onto two reference genomes ,\n). mapping was performed by using gs reference mapper from the newbler software package (version 2. 5. 6; roche) with the following parameters: project, cdna; seed step, 1; seed length, 16; minimum overlap length, 80% ; minimum overlap identity, 95% ; minimum reads depth, 5. the minimum read depth was set to 5 to exclude genomic dna contamination. the 454 expression detection limit was therefore set to a minimum read depth of 5. to distinguish and annotate genes belonging to gene families and sharing high sequence similarity, ccbv reads were aligned to the ccbv genome by using exonerate (\n) with the following parameters: model, cdna2genome; gene seed, 100; codon word limit, 1; refine, region. for each cluster of reads aligned with a given genomic region, a consensus sequence was generated by\nassembly of reads using gs de novo assembler from the newbler software package with the following parameters: project, cdna; maximum number of isotigs in an isogroup, 1; maximum number of contigs in an isogroup, 1; maximum number of contigs in an isotig, 1; seed step, 1; seed length, 16; minimum overlap length, 90% ; minimum overlap identity, 80. whenever overlapping consensus sequences encompassed an entire cds predicted by fgenesh + software detection (softberry) on the ccbv integrated genome (\n), the corresponding gene was considered to produce full - length mrnas under our experimental conditions. however, for certain genes, only partial mrna could be obtained. we used custom - written perl and bash scripts to localize and count read abundances for each gene. expression levels were normalized and are given in reads per kilobase per million (rpkm) according to a previously described method (\n), and it was therefore not possible to determine which transcript corresponded to the expression of one gene copy or the other. all assembly outputs were visualized by using tablet software (\nall sequences used in this study were manipulated with geneious version 6. 0. 3, created by biomatters, and with the artemis genome browser and annotation tool (\nfull - length de novo - assembled cdna sequences or cdss predicted from the ccbv integrated genome reference (when incomplete cdnas were obtained) were translated by using orf finder (40). the deduced amino acid sequence of the main orf encoded by each nucleotide sequence was submitted to the signalp 4. 1 server (41) for signal peptide prediction. statistical analysis of the relation between expression level and the presence of a signal peptide was performed by using a wilcoxon - mann - whitney test (p value of < 0. 001) with r statistical software (urltoken) .\nthe region upstream of the 5′ untranslated region (utr) from each full - length cdna sequence was submitted to the multiple em for motif elicitation (meme) 4. 9. 0 web server (42) for the detection of transcription start sites (tsss). the following parameters were used: distribution of motif occurrences, 0 or 1 per sequence; number of different motifs, 1; minimum motif width, 3; maximum motif width, 7 .\nquantitative analysis of gene expression was performed by quantitative rt - pcr (qrt - pcr) on the same fat body rna samples as those used for 454 sequencing to determine whether the differences observed in the number of reads by transcriptome profiling reflected differences in transcript abundance. we also performed qrt - pcr on 11 ccbv genes (\n) using rna samples (hemocytes and fat body) from five newly parasitized larvae (maintained as described above) to determine whether the differences observed were reproducible .\nrna was extracted by using a nucleospin rna ii purification kit, concentrations were measured by using a qubit 2. 0 fluorometer (invitrogen), and rna integrity was assessed by analysis on an agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (agilent technologies) .\nfirst - strand cdna was synthesized from either 1 μg of total rna from 454 sequencing libraries or 250 ng of total rna extracted from newly parasitized larvae for qrt - pcr. fifty picograms of kanamycin rna was added to the reaction mix to serve as an external control and reference. reverse transcription was performed by using a quantitect reverse transcription kit (qiagen). the qrt - pcr mixture consisted of 2 μl of diluted cdna, 0. 96 μl of primer mix (300 mm), 5 μl of qpcr mastermix plus for sybr assay (eurogentec), and h\no for a final volume of 10 μl. reactions were performed in triplicates with an abi prism 7000 sequence detection system (life technologies) under the following conditions: 50°c for 2 min, 95°c for 10 min, and 40 cycles at 95°c for 15 s and 60°c for 1 min, followed by a dissociation step (60°c to 95°c). melting curves for each sample were analyzed to check the specificity of amplification and primer efficiency. expression was measured by using the 2\nmethod with efficiency correction for each gene. normalization was performed by using two reference genes, the internal reference gene\n) in r statistical software. statistical differences in expression were then compared to 454 rpkm results. on the basis of this comparison, we established different levels of expression in the 454 analysis, with high expression levels corresponding to values equal to and above 25 rpkm, intermediate expression levels corresponding to values of between 5 and 25 rpkm (5 ≤ rpkm < 25), and low expression levels corresponding to values below 5 rpkm .\nanalysis of expression of genes below the 454 detection limit was performed on rna samples from five tissues: hemocytes, fat body, nervous system, malpighian tubules, and midgut from five newly parasitized larvae (maintained as described above) .\nrna was extracted by using the nucleospin rna ii purification kit (macherey - nagel, france), concentrations were measured by using a qubit 2. 0 fluorometer (invitrogen), and rna integrity was assessed by analysis on a 1% agarose gel .\nfirst - strand cdna was synthesized from 100 ng of total rna, and reverse transcription was performed by using the quantitect reverse transcription kit (qiagen). rt - pcrs were performed with eight ccbv genes (cystatin - 1, bv8 - 3, ben - 2, crp - 4, crp - 2, ptph, dnapolb2, and ccbv _ 4. 4), using 1 μl of diluted cdna (1: 10) in a 25 - μl reaction mixture volume. in order to assess genomic dna contamination, negative controls, corresponding to rna samples to which no rt enzyme was added, were generated for each tissue and were tested for each gene primer pair. in all cases, no genomic dna contamination was detected .\nreaction cycling conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation step at 94°c for 1 min followed by 35 cycles at 94°c for 1 min, annealing at 60°c (all genes) for 1 min, extension at 72°c for 1 min, and a final extension step at 72°c for 7 min. the\n). briefly, ovaries were dissected in 400 μl tris - acetate - edta (tae), and viral particles were then homogenized with a syringe with 18 - to 23 - gauge needles. debris and tissue fragments were eliminated by spinning at 3, 000 ×\nfor 3 min at 4°c and discarding the pellet. supernatants were filtrated on a spinx filter at 15, 000 ×\nfor 15 min at 4°c, and filter - purified particles were diluted in 500 μl tae. viral particles were then treated with proteinase k for 1 h at 55°c, 25 μl of 20% sds was added, and samples were incubated overnight at 55°c. viral dna was then extracted with phenol - chloroform and precipitated by using ethyl alcohol (etoh). the concentration of viral dna solubilized in aqueous solution was measured by using a varian cary 50 scan spectrophotometer. the presence of wasp genomic contamination was assessed by attempting to amplify the\nα genes by pcr. circle abundance was measured by qpcr on 15 different ccbv circles corresponding to 8 different rus (c19, c30, c23, and c5 in ru1; c9, c31, and c13 in ru2. 2; c28, c35, and c18 in ru2. 3; c1 in ru5; c14 in ru6. 2; c4 in ru7; and c26 in ru8). circle quantity was measured by using the 2\ncontact the corresponding authors for a list of primer sequences used in this paper .\n454 raw data corresponding to ccbv cdna were deposited in the sequence read archive (sra) under accession number srp035265 .\n, we performed a large - scale transcriptomic analysis of these two tissues, 24 h after oviposition, using 454 pyrosequencing. a total of 380, 670 reads were obtained from the sequencing of the four cdna libraries (fat body and hemocytes from parasitized and control larvae) (\n). out of the 236, 173 reads that could be assembled, 124, 214 corresponded to the nontreated control conditions, whereas 111, 959 corresponded to cdna obtained from tissues of parasitized caterpillars. the fact that less concentrated rna could be extracted from hemocytes impacted sequencing depth: 5, 449 reads corresponding to the ccbv genome were obtained from the hemocyte library, compared to 55, 427 reads from the fat body library .\ngenome (51, 083 reads), indicating that an important part of the global transcriptional activity is devoted to virus genes .\n). among these 88 genes, five pairs of genes correspond to duplicate genes for which expression levels could not be distinguished. out of the 88 expressed genes, 72 genes belonged to 23 multigenic families, while the remaining genes were single - copy genes. a set of 81 genes figure among the 222 predicted genes of the ccbv integrated genome, and this approach allowed us to support the assembly of this genome (\n) and to validate and refine the predicted annotation of these genes (data not shown). this approach also allowed the identification of 7 new ccbv genes that were not previously identified. three of these new genes could be mapped to the integrated genome (\n) belonged to known bv multigenic families but were not present in the integrated or packaged genome previously sequenced, suggesting that either certain segments were not perfectly assembled or a few proviral segments remain unidentified .\nthese transcriptomic data provided large - scale experimental evidence on the organization of expressed ccbv genes. comparison of ccbv integrated genome and transcriptomic data allowed us to identify introns and utrs of ccbv expressed genes .\neukaryotic features of ccbv genes. (a) percentages of genes predicted to contain at least one intron among pdv genomes. data for\n) are shown. (b) ccbv gene transcription start site (tss) predictions. shown is a pictogram representation of a motif detected by meme in the 5′ utr of the 52 full - length mrnas detected by 454 sequencing. a total of 10 bp of genomic sequence upstream of the mrna was also included in the analysis. the height of the letters corresponds to their frequencies relative to the single - nucleotide background used when running meme. (c) gc content among wasp genes, ccbv segment genes, and ccbv nudiviral genes. gc content (percent) was monitored in (i) 53\ngenes present in the vicinity of the proviral form of ccbv or the nudiviral genes, (ii) 227 ccbv genes present in the ccbv integrated proviral form (222 predicted genes and 5 new genes), and (iii) 15 ccbv nudiviral genes. error bars indicate standard deviations, and the asterisk indicates that the gc content differs significantly (\nanalysis of gc content was performed on 53 wasp genes (14), 229 ccbv proviral segment genes, and 15 ccbv nudiviral genes that are involved in particle production (7, 8, 11). no differences in gc content between wasp and ccbv proviral genes were identified (41. 7% and 40. 8% , respectively), whereas a significant difference was observed regarding ccbv nudiviral genes (32. 8 %), which are slightly more at rich (p < 0. 05 by pairwise t test) (fig. 1c) .\nin conclusion, in both their organization and gc content, ccbv expressed genes resemble wasp genes .\ngene. most genes (51 genes) were expressed in both tissues, 86 genes were expressed in the fat body, and 53 genes were expressed in hemocytes. the expression of 35 genes was detected exclusively in the fat body; among these genes, 5 and 13 genes are expressed at high and intermediate levels, respectively, and 17 genes are expressed at low levels. the\ngenes were the only two genes for which transcripts were detected only in hemocytes. the difference in library size between tissues did not allow comparison of the levels of expression between these tissues (\n, for which expression was not detected by 454 sequencing in both tissues. all three genes had previously been reported to be expressed by using a multiplex rt - pcr analysis (\ngene was used as a reference (in gray). genes encoding proteins with predicted signal peptides are symbolized by black boxes, whereas genes encoding potential intracellular proteins are indicated by white boxes. (b) validation of expression levels by qrt - pcr analysis of 11 selected ccbv genes on cdna used for 454 analysis. gene expression was measured in triplicate on the same cdna as that used for 454 library construction. the\ngene was used as a reference (in gray). (c) validation of expression levels by qrt - pcr analysis of 11 selected ccbv genes in new samples. gene expression was measured in five new independently parasitized individuals in triplicate. the\ngene was used as a reference (in gray). error bars indicate standard deviations, and different letters indicate significant differences in transcript abundance. gene expression levels were separated into three categories based on the statistical differences between gene expression levels deduced from qrt - pcr analysis on new cdna samples: high expression levels (red bars) (≥25 rpkm), intermediate expression levels (green bars) (5 ≤ rpkm < 25), and low expression levels (blue bars) (< 5 rpkm) .\ngene was used as a reference (in gray). genes encoding proteins with predicted signal peptides are symbolized by black boxes, whereas genes encoding potential intracellular proteins are indicated by white boxes. (b) validation of expression levels by qrt - pcr analysis of 11 selected ccbv genes in new samples. gene expression was measured in triplicate on samples from five independently parasitized individuals. the\ngene was used as a reference (in gray). error bars indicate standard deviations, and different letters indicate significant differences in transcript abundance. gene expression levels were separated into two categories based on the statistical differences between gene expression levels deduced from qrt - pcr analysis of new cdna samples: high expression levels (red bars) (≥25 rpkm) and low expression levels (green bars) (< 5 rpkm) .\ntaken together, these qrt - pcr analyses confirmed the trend observed by transcriptome analysis (fig. 2 and 3). cystatin - 2 and ccv3 - like showed high expression levels, whereas ccbv _ 13. 2, vank - 4, and ptpp showed low expression levels in both tissues. ptph revealed barely detectable expression by qrt - pcr. based on the statistical differences between gene expression levels deduced from the qrt - pcr analysis for individual samples in both tissues, we classified gene expression levels into 3 categories in fat body, high (≥25 rpkm), intermediate (5 ≤ rpkm < 25), and low (< 5 rpkm), and into 2 categories in hemocytes, high (≥25 rpkm) and low (< 25 rpkm) .\n). the expression levels of these genes were therefore below the limit of detection of the 454 analysis, which had been set to a minimum depth of 5 reads. genes at this limit of detection are expressed at levels 20 times lower than the level of the\nwe therefore investigated expression levels of genes below the 454 detection limit. we found that 44 genes, 12 pseudogenes, and 4 transposons (table 3) presented read depths either in fat body or in hemocytes that were between 1 and 4 (table 3) and that 97 genes, 17 pseudogenes, and 7 transposons had no reads by 454 analysis. we selected a subset of genes below the 454 detection limit (ben - 2, crp - 4, crp - 2, ptph, dnapolb2, and ccbv _ 4. 4) to determine whether expression levels could be detected by using a more sensitive gene - specific amplification. expression of these genes was analyzed by rt - pcr not only in hemocytes and fat body but also in the nervous system, malpighian tubules, and midgut at 24 h postoviposition. a low level of amplification was observed for all genes in at least one tissue (fig. 4), indicating that genes for which relative expression could not be detected by the 454 analysis are weakly expressed .\nrt - pcr expression analysis of genes below the limit of detection by 454 analysis. genes tested were\n). accordingly, the genes encoding predicted intracellular proteins have no signal peptide and were expressed at a low level. moreover, among the 141 genes below the limit of detection, 129 have no signal peptide (\nwe next investigated whether other factors could contribute to the different expression levels observed for ccbv genes, such as gene membership in a given circle, replication unit, and gene family or localization of the gene in the proviral genome .\nlocalization in ccbv segments of genes expressed in fat body. each segment is represented by its predicted genes but is not to scale in terms of segment or gene length. segment names and ru numbers are positioned to the right of each segment. gene names are indicated below each bar. expression levels are log normalized to facilitate visualization and are represented by colored bars .\nlocalization in ccbv segments of genes expressed in hemocytes. each segment is represented by its predicted genes but is not to scale in terms of segment or gene length. segment names and ru numbers are positioned to the right of each segment. gene names are indicated below each bar. expression levels are log normalized to facilitate visualization and are represented by colored bars .\nthe results indicate that levels of expression of bv genes were not simply linked to their belonging to particular circles, as genes with different levels of expression were found on the same circle. however, the distribution of expressed genes appeared to clearly occur on a nonrandom basis. interestingly, 15 circles had at least one highly expressed gene in both tissues, and 2 of them (c8 and c13) had all their genes expressed. conversely, eight circles exhibited gene expression below the detection limit in both tissues (fig. 5 and 6), and five additional circles displayed no detectable gene expression in hemocytes .\n). the circles are produced later by resolution of the amplified molecule. therefore, dnas amplified together might be present in a similar amount in the particles. louis et al. (\n) showed previously that ccbv proviral segments are amplified within 12 rus, which have been mapped onto the ccbv integrated genome. remarkably, the majority of segments containing genes expressed at high levels are localized in five replication units (ru1, ru2. 1, ru5, ru8, and ru9), which are the same for hemocytes and fat body (\n). in contrast, the seven other rus contain genes with no detectable expression or only a few genes expressed at low levels (ru2. 2, ru2. 3, ru3, ru4, ru6. 1, ru6. 2, and ru7). these results indicate that belonging to a particular ru may strongly influence the gene expression profile of a given ccbv gene .\n. ccbv dna segments are represented by boxes, with the segment numbers indicated below. the 35 segments are organized into nine proviral loci (pl) that correspond to wasp genomic regions containing integrated ccbv segments. segments are coamplified during particle production in the wasp ovaries in 12 different molecules constituting replication units (rus) (\n). the position of expressed ccbv genes is represented in each segment by either a red, green, or blue bar, which corresponds to the level of expression in host tissues (high, intermediate, or low expression levels, respectively). only positions of genes detected by 454 analysis are indicated. genes with identical sequences are indicated by dashed bars. segments corresponding to high - abundance circles are shown in black, and those corresponding to low - abundance circles are shown in gray .\nthis contrast in numbers of genes expressed and levels of expression between rus led us to assess whether circles harboring highly expressed genes were produced at higher abundances in wasp ovaries. indeed, the relative abundance of pdv circles in female wasps was shown in other models to be the same as in the parasitized host (\n). most of the tested circles produced from ru1, ru2. 1, and ru5 were present in high abundances in viral particles and harbored highly expressed genes in host tissues (\n). conversely, circles corresponding to proviral segments belonging to ru2. 2, ru2. 3, ru6. 2, and ru7 had low abundances, and these circles contained genes expressed either at low levels or at levels below the detection limit. these results suggest that certain rus produced less abundant circles, leading to low levels of gene expression in the host, while others produced abundant circles, with at least one gene being expressed at a high level. there were, however, a few exceptions to this trend: circles 26 and 23 were produced at high levels but showed low bv gene expression levels, whereas circle 5 was produced at low levels but contained two highly expressed genes (s5) (\nfemale wasps. circle abundance in a purified ccbv preparation was monitored by qpcr. circle abundance is represented as a factor of the less represented circle (c28). segments corresponding to high - abundance circles are shown in black, and those corresponding to low - abundance circles are shown in gray. braces indicate circles that belong to the same replication unit (ru) .\nto identify other factors that could explain the differential expression levels, we performed an inter - and intragene family expression analysis. deep sequencing showed disparities in gene expression levels between ccbv gene families. indeed, 14 multigenic families (" ]

{ "text": [ "cotesia congregata is a parasitoid wasp of the genus cotesia .", "the genus is particularly noted for its use of polydnaviruses .", "parasitoids are distinct from true parasites in that a parasitoid will ultimately kill its host or otherwise sterilize it . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 28 ] }

[ "cotesia congregata is a parasitoid wasp of the genus cotesia. the genus is particularly noted for its use of polydnaviruses. parasitoids are distinct from true parasites in that a parasitoid will ultimately kill its host or otherwise sterilize it." ]

[ "the african leopard comes in a wide variety of coat colors, from a light buff or tawny in warmer, dryer areas to a dark shade in deep forests. the spots, or rosettes, are circular in east african leopard but square in southern african leopard .\nafrican leopard comprises a number of sub - species. however more research is needed to validate this .\nthe only two predators of african leopards in the wild are lions and hyenas .\nthe eyes of the african leopard are capable of seeing sevenfold better than human vision in the dark because of specially adapted retinas .\nafrican leopard current position and history of port calls are received by ais. technical specifications, tonnages and management details are derived from vesselfinder database. the data is for informational purposes only and vesselfinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of african leopard data .\nwe are the only african volunteer organisation who work with and are supported by wwf .\nthe iucn lists the african leopard under their ‘vulnerable’ category. there is an estimated population of roughly 700, 000 leopards in africa .\nthere are only 300, 000 african elephants in southern african heartlands and small herds in the mere hundreds throughout west africa. we need continued support to protect elephant migration routes .\nbailey tn. new jersey: blackburn press; 2005. the african leopard: ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid 2nd edn. 429\nwe’re honoured to be the only volunteer organisation to work on nationally proclaimed african wildlife reserves .\nafrican leopards are solitary felines and are only seen together with another leopard during the mating season or in cases of a female with her cubs .\nfor hunters to kill. part of the african\nbig five\nwhich are the most desirable\nexperience the unique diversity of our reserves located across zululand - the birthplace of african wildlife conservation .\nthe leopard men were a west african secret society who practiced cannibalism. they were centered in sierra leone, liberia, and côte d' ivoire .\nthe african leopard: ecology and behavior of a solitary felid by bailey, theodore n. : columbia university press 9780231078726 hardcover, 1st edition - urltoken\nthe african leopard has a fairly large home range with the male home range larger than the females, e. g. , 30 - 78 km\nthe cape leopard trust has a number of active leopard and predator research projects in the western cape region .\npoachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve. instead, a pride of lions killed them .\nwhitman k, starfield am, quadling hs, packer c. sustainable trophy hunting of african lions .\nnickelodeon international and african wildlife foundation premiere wildlife special to inspire kids to help endangered animals ...\nthe prey base of an african leopard includes, but not limited to primates, gazelles, antelopes, pigs, and deer. they also may feed on reptiles, birds, insects, and rodents. having opportunistic dietary habits, african leopards also take carrion .\nthe african leopard occurs in numerous protected areas across africa b, and growing wildlife tourism throughout this species’ range may make a significant contribution to its survival d .\nwhat is the ship' s current position? where is the ship located? african leopard current position is 22. 78283 n / 117. 31621 e on jul 10, 2018 01: 44 utc. vessel african leopard (imo: 9767572, mmsi: 374880000) is a bulk carrier built in 2016 and currently sailing under the flag of panama. below you can find more technical information, photos, ais data and last 5 port calls of african leopard detected by ais .\nkabigumila, j. 2001. size composition and sex ration of the leopard tortoise geochelone pardalis in northern tanzania. african journal of ecology, 39 / 4: 393 .\nmilton, suzanne; dean, richard. 1993. the leopard tortoise in the karoo [ geochelone pardalis ]. african wildlife 47 (1): 27 - 28 .\n2010). considering the leopard’s dependence on wild prey species within its african range, concomitant leopard declines in the same order of magnitude (> 50 %) in west and east africa can be inferred for the same time frame .\nthere are 9 recognized leopard subspecies. all types of leopard, with the exception of the african leopard, can be found in asia, especially in south asia and the indian subcontinent. leopards have been crossbred with other big cats, but the offspring is not considered a subspecies but a hybrid .\nlambris, a. j. l. 1998. the leopard tortoise, geochelone pardalis: one taxon or two? . african herp news. 28: 18 - 19 .\ngrzimek et al. (2004) recognize the following seven subspecies: panthera p. pardus (african subspecies), panthera p. orientalis (amur leopard), panthera p. tulliana (anatolian leopard), panthera p. panthera (barbary leopard), panthera p. nimr (south arabian leopard), panthera p. adersi (zanzibar leopard), and panthera p. jarvisi (sinai leopard). they report that four subspecies are critical endangered: south arabian, anatolian, amur, and barbary leopards, and the zanzibar leopard may be extinct .\nthe african leopard is basically solitary and go out of their way to avoid one another. each animal has a home range that overlaps with its neighbors; the male’s range is much larger and generally overlaps with those of several females. the african leopard usually does not tolerate intrusion into its own range except to mate. unexpected encounters between leopards can lead to fights .\nsome cats are called leopards, but they actually belong to other species: clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa), bornean clouded leopard (neofelis diardi), and snow leopard (uncia uncia) .\nafrican wildlife foundation is devoted entirely to, and ever - present in, african wildlife conservation and sustainable development—recognizing and responding to critical threats in a multifaceted way. help all of africa, the wildlife, the communities, and the future .\nthe claws of the african leopard are crooked, helping them to hold on to their prey, and also to climb trees. these claws are retracted when they are not being used .\nthe leopard is one of the ‘big five’, meaning that along with the lion (panthera leo), the african elephant (loxodonata africana), the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and the rhinoceros, it is one of the most highly prized targets of sport hunters (2). trophy - hunting therefore poses a severe threat to some leopard populations (1) .\nafrican leopard (panthera pardus pardus) levels of taxonomy. kingdom: animalia phylum: chordata class: mammalia order: carnivora family: felidae genus: panthera species: p. pardus cladogram info! ! life span: 21 (in captivity) population: 1986 lives in 35 different african countries. urltoken urltoken urltoken\nkabigumila, j. 2001. sighting frequency and food habits of the leopard tortoise, geochelone pardalis, in northern tanzania. african journal of ecology, 39 / 3: 276 - 285 .\nseveral leopard subspecies have been classified separately on the iucn red list. the amur leopard (panthera pardus orientalis), the arabian leopard (panthera pardus nimr) and the javan leopard (panthera pardus melas) are classified as critically endangered (cr), while the sri lankan leopard (panthera pardus kotiya) and the persian leopard (panthera pardus saxicolor) are listed as endangered (en) (1) .\nkabigumila, j. 2000. growth and carapacial colour variation of the leopard tortoise, geochelone pardalis babcocki, in northern tanzania. african journal of ecology, 38 / 3: 217 - 223 .\nalthough african leopards can be regarded as a single genetic grouping, geographically they are subject to different pressures that require area - specific categorizations and conservation status assessments. therefore, we subdivided the african continent into regional units for more detailed and specific status assessments :\nthe african leopard: ecology and behavior of a solitary field by bailey, theodore n. : columbia university press, new york 9780231078726 hard cover, first edition. - west side book shop, abaa\nlegal international traffic: limited largely to exports of skins and hunting trophies under a cites appendix i quota system by 13 african countries .\nthe most secretive and elusive of the large carnivores, the african leopard is also the shrewdest. pound for pound, it is the strongest climber of the large cats and capable of killing prey larger than itself .\nafrican leopards live for around 12 years in the wild. but in captivity, they can live for up to 21 - 23 years .\n2001). in summary, the combination of widespread habitat loss (21% in sub - saharan africa in 25 years) and prey loss inside african protected areas (59% decline) is likely to have caused concomitant leopard declines of > 30% over the last three leopard generations. the leopard subpopulation of sub - saharan africa potentially qualifies as vu (criterion a2cd) .\n2010) and thus likely to have negative impacts on the leopard populations. therefore, we recommend a full assessment for the sout - heast asian leopard subpopulation (\n) should retain its current status as endangered. the leopard of southwestern asia (\nthe leopard breeds throughout most of the year in most of africa. in south africa, the leopard breeds in the dry season, between july and october .\nf arkive (june 2012). leopard (panthera pardus). online :\nled by researcher nakedi maputla, an african wildlife foundation charlotte fellow, the limpopo leopard conservation project studies the great cats and shapes conservation strategies to protect their populations and the habitats that support them. through the use of camera traps and other techniques, the project documents leopard behavior and populations. it also provides further opportunities for african researchers and students to get involved in conservation—an initiative that will be critical to the long - term success of wildlife conservation in africa .\nwhile it might be difficult to tell a leopard apart from a jaguar, closer inspection will reveal that the jaguar is sturdier and stockier than the leopard, and the rosettes of the former have a spot in the middle, something that a leopard lacks. the tail of the leopard is much longer than that of the jaguar .\nmean percentage of male leopard photographs in different age classes sexed correctly by survey respondents .\nmean percentage of male leopard photographs assigned to their correct age classes by survey respondents .\nmake a direct contribution to the largest leopard survey of its kind in the world, as we work together with provincial parks to help inform management to improve leopard conservation .\nwhitman kl, starfield am, quadling hs, packer c. modelling the effects of trophy selection and environmental disturbance on a simulated population of african lions .\nray jc, hunter ltb, zigouris j. new york: wildlife conservation society; 2005. setting conservation and research priorities for larger african carnivores. 203\n2014), indicating leopard populations may decline in the future. moreover, even in well protected areas, the recovery of tiger numbers often results in lower leopard numbers (harihar\nthat lasts for around three months, the female leopard gives birth to between 2 and 6 cubs that are born blind and weigh just half a kilo. leopard cubs are incredibly\nthis flexible diet allows the leopard to successfully compete with larger carnivores. in addition, by caching large prey in trees the leopard is able to protect its prey from larger predators\njoin african wildlife foundation as a member for just $ 25. your partnership is vital to our mission to protect africa’s most precious - and imperiled - creatures .\nbeing a member of the big cat family, the african leopard can roar. besides roaring it also uses growls, spits and purrs to communicate with each other. they mark their territory with scent marking, droppings and a raspy cough like sound .\nthe african leopard has an extremely diverse diet. more than 90 species have been recorded in the diet, ranging from arthropods, reptiles, small birds and small - to medium - sized mammals, and occasionally mammals as large as adult male eland (\nfurthermore, trade in leopard skins and teeth for use in traditional rituals and ceremonial dress is common in some central and west african countries, and illegal trade in europe and asia also poses a major problem (1) (3) (6) .\nlindsey p, balme g, booth v, midlane n. the significance of african lions for the financial viability of trophy hunting and the maintenance of wild land .\njane goodall, a proponent of this petition and long time observer / protector / friend of african wildlife, demonstrated that leopards play an “essential role” in the ecosystem .\nkabigumila, j. 1998. community attitudes to tortoises geochelone pardalis babcocki and their conservation in northern tanzania. african study monographs, 19 / 4: 201 - 216 .\nloveridge aj, searle aw, murindagomo f, macdonald dw. the impact of sport - hunting on the population dynamics of an african lion population in a protected area .\nafrican buffalo / cape buffalo latin name: syncerus caffer afrikaans: buffel distribution in south africa: buffaloes occur naturally in kruger national park and surrounding private game re... more\n) are the primary prey, the peak in leopard births corresponds with the peak in impala births .\nleopard management is typically guided more by experience or anecdote than hard science. this project aims to collect real data on leopard population trends which can inform management decisions and assess the impacts of conservation actions .\nthe amur leopard is solitary. nimble - footed and strong, it carries and hides unfinished kills so that they are not taken by other predators. it has been reported that some males stay with females after mating, and may even help with rearing the young. several males sometimes follow and fight over a female. they live for 10 - 15 years, and in captivity up to 20 years. the amur leopard is also known as the far east leopard, the manchurian leopard or the korean leopard .\n: southern africa likely has the healthiest leopard populations of their entire range. it is generally thought that angola, zambia, zimbabwe and mozambique have declining but healthy leopard populations outside of human dominated areas (c .\nwith such a small population left, the loss of each amur leopard puts the species at greater risk of extinction. wwf supports antipoaching work in all amur leopard habitat in the russian far east and in known leopard localities in northeast china. wwf implements programs to stop the illegal trade in amur leopard parts. together with traffic, the world’s largest wildlife trade monitoring network, we help governments enforce domestic and international trade restrictions on amur leopard products. amur leopards are listed on cites appendix i, prohibiting all commercial trade in the species .\nwith u. s. fish and wildlife services to extend full protections of the endangered species act to this extraordinary animal, the african leopard (panthera pardus pardus). as the use of their look and their lives for fashion and sport continues, the numbers of leopards in sub - saharan africa have\nleuteritz, t. , r. ravolanaivo. 2005. reproductive ecology and egg production of the radiated tortoise geochelone radiata in southern madagascar. african zoology, 40 / 2: 233 - 242 .\nsouth asia, siberia, and africa are the traditional homes of the leopard. small numbers of this species can be found as far east as china and malaysia; the leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats .\nthe african wild dog population is at 6, 600 and declining due to habitat fragmentation, human conflict, and widespread disease. your support allows for wild dog scouts to monitor and protect this species .\nseveral conservation organisations are closely involved in the conservation of the leopard. over the past few years, scientists at panthera have led the munyawana leopard project, which is the longest and most comprehensive leopard study to date. the findings from this project have resulted in an effective conservation plan for this beautiful and charismatic wild cat (6) .\nour wwf - supported work focuses on endangered and priority species including the african wild dog, cheetah, rhino, lion, elephant, leopard and vultures. we have teams on 7 game parks, and for every 2 weeks that you join us, you have the opportunity to live and work on a different park .\nthe indian leopard (p. p. fusca) is distributed throughout the indian sub - continent, while the indochinese leopard (p. p. delacouri i) is found throughout southeast asia into southern china. the north chinese leopard (p. p. japonensis) occurs in northern china, and the amur leopard (p. p. orientalis) in found in the russian far east, the korean peninsula and north - eastern china (1) .\na female leopard in the sabi sands of south africa illustrating just how close tourists can get to these wild cats .\nthe african leopard is a carnivore with an extensively varied diet, ranging from dung beetles to young giraffes. it is a stalk and ambush predator, usually creeping up to about a few feet from its potential prey before making a final pounce and delivering a fatal bite to the neck, paralyzing the quarry. they keep their jaws clamped and eventually suffocate the prey to death. it is rare for leopards to chase after a prey after an unsuccessful pounce. once it has successfully made the kill, a leopard will drag the carcass to a tree and cache it in a branch, away from the reach of other predators like african lions and spotted hyenas .\nalready vulnerable to a number of natural predators, the kudu now faces loss of habitat due to habitat destruction and poaching. when you support african wildlife foundation, you support local communities’ efforts to protect wildlife habitats .\none main factor for leopard declines in africa is related to prey declines. leopard population density across africa is known to track the biomass of their principle prey species, medium and large - sized wild herbivores (marker and dickman 2005, hayward\nloveridge, arthur & williams, ernest e. 1957. revision of the african tortoises and turtles of the suborder cryptodira. bull. mus. comp. zool. harvard 115 (6): 163 - 557 .\nloveridge, a. 1936. african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history. zool. ser. field mus. nat. hist. , chicago, 22 (1): 1 - 122 .\nthese large carnivores are powerfully built with long bodies, relatively short legs, and a broad head. there are nine subspecies and are distinguished by the unique characteristics of their coats, which range from tawny or light yellow in warm, dry habitats to reddish - orange in dense forests. their coat is covered in dark, irregular spots called rosettes. these spots are circular in east african leopards, but square in southern african leopards .\n2011). these factors were not incorporated in the previous assessment and likely have a substantial impact on suitable leopard range .\nand with more markings. the dark, ring - like patterns that cover the leopard' s coat are called rosettes, but these turn to solid spots on the face and limbs (and rings on the tail) and provide the leopard with\na male leopard will usually make a kill about every three days. a female with cubs may hunt twice as often .\nafrican leopards mate year round but a peak in sexual activity is observed during the wet season. females release pheromones to attract potential suitors. copulation between african leopards lasts for 3 seconds at 6 - minute intervals. they tend to copulate for a few days. the gestation period lasts between 90 and 105 days before a litter of up to 4 cubs are born. some leopards have been seen giving birth to up to 6 cubs on rare occasions .\ngreig, j. c. , and p. d. burdett. 1976. patterns in the distributions of southern african terrestrial tortoises (cryptodira: testudinidae). zool. africana 11 (2): 250 - 267 .\n2014), the total population remains < 60 individuals. with no noted population or range increase, the sri lankan leopard (\nbalme ga, slotow r, hunter ltb. impact of conservation interventions on the dynamics and persistence of a persecuted leopard population .\nstein ab, fuller tk, destefano s, marker ll. leopard population and home range estimates in north - central namibia .\nin a west african myth, the leopard leaves a trail of dried leaves for his friend the fire leading to his home, so that the fire may come to visit. when the leopard opens the door, the fire is raging before him and consuming a side of his shelter. to put out the flames, the leopard rolls in the fire and grass, giving him his spots “where fire’s fingers had touched. ” it seems that leopards have always battled death, and they are survivors. thanks to this petition, we can believe in a continued future for these beautiful animals and all of their spots .\nwildlife act is officially contracted by the international wild cat organisation, panthera, to conduct leopard population surveys within south africa. this involves conducting a number of exciting, short - term leopard population surveys using remote camera trapping survey methods. the survey is the largest on leopards of its kind in the world where we’re working together with provincial parks to help inform management to improve leopard conservation .\nhughes, b. 1986. longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles: part 1: introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians. jour. herp. ass. afr. (32): 1 - 5 .\nleopard print is considered a staple of any wardrobe; tied to early demonstrations of wealth and status, the look of leopard has been sought after and coveted throughout history. the pattern is iconic and adored – but what about the original animal model and owner of the look? while many have been gearing up with leopard luxuries, others have been mounting leopard heads on their walls for the prestige and power of hunting the “exotic. ” wildlife experts jane goodall and dereck joubert, along with the humane society of the united states and humane society international, are showing off their love for leopard in a different way – as animals worth fighting for .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the leopard article in your website content, school work and other projects .\namer, s. a. m. ; sallam, f. a. e. 2006. features of mitochondrial dna in african tortoise “geochelone pardalis” and their phylogenetic implications. journal – egyptian german society of zoology 49c: 163 - 176 .\nin south - east and east asia, poaching for leopard prey and targeted leopard hunts for the wildlife trade market are taking place. a regional survey found that leopards in india have been poached at a rate of four individuals per week for the illegal wildlife trade (raza\nthe land of the leopard national park is the core area for the amur leopard. new images documented 84 adult cats and 19 cubs inside the park. this is a significant increase since a 2000 census recorded just 30 cats, and a 2015 survey numbered only 70 .\nburton pers. comm. 2014). in benin, leopard are found along the northern boundary. leopards are nearly absent from nigeria .\nthe leopard breeds throughout most of the year in most of africa and india, while in the northern parts of asia, breeding takes place mostly between december and february. in south africa, the leopard breeds in the dry season, between july and october (3) .\nbalme ga. phd thesis. durban: university of kwazulu - natal; 2009. conservation biology of a nominally protected leopard population. 147\nas populations are stable throughout much of its vast natural range. a number of leopard sub - species however, are considered to be either\nthe contents of this webpage are copyright 2018 the cape leopard trust | south africa. all rights reserved. webdesign & hosting provided by raramuridesign\n: leopard range has been significantly reduced in southeast and east asia. the north china leopard is restricted to small, isolated protected areas in central china in the ningxia, northern hebei, shanxi, shaanxi, northern henan, western sichuan, southern qinghai and eastern tibet regions (laguardia\nthe leopard, known scientifically as panthera pardus, is a member of the felidae family; in other words, it belongs to the family of cats. compared with its cousins, the tiger, the jaguar and the lion, the leopard is the smallest of all big cats .\nleopards are big cats known for their golden, spotted bodies and graceful, yet ferocious hunting techniques. they are often thought of as an african animal, but leopards live all over the world. though their reach is vast, their numbers are declining .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - leopard (panthera pardus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - leopard (panthera pardus )\ntitle =\narkive species - leopard (panthera pardus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n( 2009) showed that trophy hunting was a key driver of leopard population decline prior to intervention in northern kwazulu - natal. similarly, pitman\na large prey item, such as an adult antelope, may be enough to provide the leopard with enough food for two weeks, although the leopard will usually make a kill about every three days. a female with cubs may hunt twice as often as other leopards (5) .\noriginally, it was thought that a leopard was a hybrid between a lion and a panther, and the leopard' s common name derives from this belief. leo is the greek and latin word for lion (greek leon, λέων) and pard is an old term meaning panther .\n, that are often ambushed from the branches above or dense vegetation just meters away. the leopard however, also eats a wide variety of small\nhorak, i. , i. mckay, h. heyne, a. spickett. 2006. hosts, seasonality and geographic distribution of the south african tortoise tick, amblyomma marmoreum. onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 73 / 1: 1 - 3 .\nalthough most leopards will tend to avoid humans, people are occasionally targeted as prey. most healthy leopards prefer wild prey to humans, but some cats, including those that are injured, sickly, or struggling with a shortage of regular prey, may turn to hunting people and may become habituated to it. in the two most extreme cases, both in india, a leopard dubbed\nthe leopard of rudraprayag\nis claimed to have killed over 125 people and the infamous leopardess called\npanar leopard\nkilled over 400 after being injured by a poacher and thus being made unable to hunt normal prey. the\nleopard of rudraprayag\nand the\npanar leopard\nwere both killed by the legendary hunter jim corbett .\nafrican leopards are one of the two big cats that inhabit the continent of africa, along with the lion. the cheetah is also sometimes included in the big cat family due to their size, but it is technically not a big cat as it cannot roar .\nwith loss of habitat and prey, carnivores—like cheetahs and wild dogs—are hunting community livestock. as a result, farmers are forced to kill these species. african wildlife foundation needs support training scouts and funding bomas to protect livestock as well as negotiating buffer zones for wildlife .\nactivity of the african leopard varies depending on gender, reproductive status, prey availability and habitat. generally this species is most active between sunset and sunrise, and more prey is killed at this time. males and females with cubs may be more active at night than solitary females. the highest rates of daytime activity have been recorded for leopards using thorn thickets during the wet season when their prey, the impala (\n‘this cat needs your attention. ’ researchers hope their work will raise awareness about the plight of the leopard. photograph: joseph lemeris jr / zsl\nmake a symbolic amur leopard adoption to help save some of the world' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf' s conservation efforts .\nwildlife act is officially contracted by the international wild cat organisation, panthera, to conduct leopard population surveys within south africa using remote camera trapping methods. the survey is the largest on leopards of its kind in the world where we’re working together with provincial parks to help inform management to improve leopard conservation .\nsize: african leopards grow to a length of around 4. 25 - 6. 25 ft (1. 3 - 1. 9 m). tail length usually reaches 3. 5 - 4. 5 ft (1. 1 - 1. 4 m) .\n2014). with such reductions to leopard prey, we infer a > 50% loss of leopard populations across east and west africa. through extensive poaching pressure also in asia many prey species, such as sambar deer in malaysia, are threatened with regional extirpation throughout tropical forest systems (corbett 2007, kawanishi\npersian leopard (p. p. saxicolor) - endangered (en c2a (i) ): 800 - 1, 000 (khorozyan 2008) .\nfemale leopard in the sabi sands area of south africa. note the white spot on the tail used for communicating with cubs while hunting or in long grass\nthe leopard is included on appendix i of the convention for international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that a quota system limits the legal exports of skins and hunting trophies (1) (4). the leopard is also protected under national legislation across much of its range (1). in afghanistan, the leopard has been placed on the country’s protected species list, which prohibits all hunting and trading of this species within afghanistan (1) .\nsri lankan leopard (p. p. kotiya) - endangered (en c2a (i) ): 700 - 950 (kittle and watson 2015) .\nthe leopard is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix i of cites (4) .\na pseudo - melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but its excessive markings have coalesced so that its back seems to be an unbroken expanse of black .\nhall, georgiana. 1995. leopard tortoises [ geochelone pardalis ]. reptile & amphibian magazine 1995 (jan. / feb .): 50 - 57 .\npacker c, brink h, kissui b, maliti h, kushnir h, et al. effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in tanzania .\nour assessment of leopard distribution has been divided into two geographic regions: africa and asia. in order to describe these regions, we have further divided leopard distribution into sub - regions to address local population trends. a detailed discussion of the methodology used to produce the 2015 range map can be found in the supplementary material .\n* nb. the african leopard is not distinguished on the iucn red list of threatened species. the iucn status is therefore a composite for all subspecies of p. pardus some of which are critically endangered (e. g. p. p. nimr, p. p. orientalis). in general, p. p. pardus is probably the least endangered of the subspecies, but it is also possibly the most heavily persecuted and rapidly declining .\narabian leopard (p. p. nimr) - critically endangered (cr c2a (i) ): 45 - 200 (mallon et al. 2008) .\nin press). these threats are expected to continue in the future, indicating that leopard populations may continue to decline. therefore, we recommend a full assessment for\nthis female, clouded leopard cub, born on april 10, has just joined two cubs of the same species at the denver zoo on may 17, 2014 .\nhenschel p, hunter ltb, coad l, abernethy ka, mühlenberg m. leopard prey choice in the congo basin rainforest suggests exploitative competition with human bushmeat hunters .\nthe name\nleopard\ncomes from the greek word leopardus, which is a combination of leon (lion) and pardus (panther), according to pbs nature .\nbegg cm, begg ks. maputo: srn; 2007. trophy monitoring in niassa national reserve mozambique: lion, leopard, buffalo, hippo, and crocodile. 79\nthese men are part of the antipoaching brigade in the lazovsky state nature reserve. they work to protect the amur leopard from being poached for its beautiful, spotted fur .\nwwf works with local communities, regional authorities, government and other non - governmental organizations to save the amur leopard and ensure the long - term conservation of the region .\nsome of the most unique african wildlife research opportunities and practical learning environments in south africa for those wishing to gather research data for undergraduate degrees. monitor africa’s iconic species and the habitats in which they live. spend a gap year gaining valuable field research experience and training, or gather data for dissertation papers .\nthe united states is the largest importer of leopard trophies in the world, and over - privileged, desensitized americans are killing animals in their overseas head - hunting gambits. at a time when we are asking african nations to invest in conservation, and show restraint in killing diminishing wildlife and exhibiting tolerance, it sends a crude and contradictory message for americans to kill these animals for the thrill of it. – wayne pacelle, president and ceo of the humane society of the united states\njacobson, who is also part of the national geographic society’s big cats initiative, said it was not too late for leopards to bounce back. “i think the leopard can come back. the leopard is an incredibly adaptable animal, we just need to ease off on the hunting pressure, the persecution. they’re cats, they breed pretty well. ”\nafrican wildlife foundation works closely with pastoralist communities to institute preventative measures to protect livestock from predation. in tanzania, awf builds bomas for communities living in close proximity to carnivores. these are predator - proof enclosures keep livestock safe from carnivores. by taking proactive steps we are able to prevent both livestock and carnivore deaths .\nwwf monitors amur leopard populations and its habitat. our camera traps have often yielded amazing results, allowing the world to catch a glimpse the world’s rarest wild cat. we also work to increase the population of leopard prey like roe deer, sika deer and wild boar including releasing such deer into new reserves in china to provide founder animals to rebuild prey populations .\ncecil’s story revealed so much more than just another dead lion – a noble symbol of african wildlife slaughtered by a hunter, and the arrogance and evils of humanity in full activation. cecil is just one example, one that touched and enraged millions, representing so many other less publicized wildlife tragedies. from 2005 - 2014, american trophy hunters imported body parts equivalent to 5, 575 individual leopards, or what averages to “more than one leopard killed for a trophy per day, every day, for a decade. ”\ncolor: pelage varies from tawny to deep gold to a pale yellow with black rosettes that do not have a central spot. the head, belly, and the lower parts of the limbs have solid black spots. melanistic african leopards are black all over the body, but on closer inspection and under certain lights the spots become visible .\nthe leopard is subjected to intense persecution in many parts of its range, largely in response to loss of livestock. poisoning of carcasses by livestock owners to target large carnivores is a rapidly increasing threat to this species (1) (8). elimination of the leopard’s natural prey is creating more conflict with humans, putting this big cat at even greater risk (3) .\nleads them to remain hidden in dense vegetation for their first couple of months. although, it is during the times when their mother is off hunting that leopard cubs are most at threat from\n, the leopard has been the subject of much genetic confusion and wasn' t really distinguished properly until just over 100 years ago. some of the confusion is thought to come from the black\nthe cape leopard trust is a non - governmental, not - for - profit organisation engaged in innovative research, conservation and education projects established to facilitate and promote the conservation of biological diversity .\n: we acknowledge that additional data could reveal an increase or decrease in population size or range loss of leopards, thus the status could change for segments of leopard range as more data are collected .\njavan leopard (p. p. melas) - critically endangered (cr c2a (i) ): 350 - 525, with < 250 mature breeding adults (ario et al. 2008) .\nalthough the leopard is an amazingly adaptable species that has an extensive range, the future of this big cat is far from certain, and several subspecies are on the verge of extinction (1) .\nthe leopard (panthera pardus) is an old world mammal of the felidae family and one of the four\nbig cats\nin the panthera genus, along with the tiger (p. tigris), the lion (p. leo), and the jaguar (p. onca). the leopard is the fourth largest cat in the world, after the tiger, lion, and jaguar .\nsimang, a. , p. cunningham, b. henen. 2010. color selection by juvenile leopard tortoises stigmochelys pardalis in namibia. journal of herpetology, 44 / 2: 327 - 331 .\ndaly b, power j, camacho g, traylor - holzer k, barber s, et al. johannesburg: endangered wildlife trust; 2005. leopard panthera pardus population and habitat viability assessment. 109\nwhen hunting, the leopard first locates its prey from a vantage point, such as a tree, rock or ridge, or at places where prey may go to feed or drink (7). it takes a wide variety of prey species, ranging from arthropods, reptiles, small birds and small - to medium - sized mammals, to large mammals such as antelope (1) (2) (3) (5) (8). there have even been several observations of a leopard killing a young giraffe, estimated to weigh up to three times the leopard’s body weight (8) .\n: in the democratic republic of the congo, leopard range was largely reduced in areas of increased human influence and areas relatively easy to access and therefore open to illegal hunting and bushmeat trade. in cameroon, leopards are found in the northern and southern portions of the country. in gabon, leopards are found throughout the country with small absent pockets in the southeast and southwest. in the central african republic (car) leopards are found in the southwest, central and eastern portions of the country. leopards are found throughout south sudan with the exception of the sudd wetland .\na unique feature among big cats, the leopard is highly meticulous about where it places its front paws during a stalk, lest the placement of the paw makes a noise that can alert their prey of their presence. additionally, they put their hind paws in the exact spot where they placed their front ones. this is why looking at a leopard’s pugmarks it seems like it is a two - footed animal .\nsoler massana, j. & martínez silvestre, a. 2005. stigmochelys pardalis - taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of the leopard tortoise. reptilia (gb) (43): 31 - 35 .\nthe cape leopard trust approves trapping for scientific research purposes only. for more information read the short overview of three trapping methods used in predator research and currently recommended by global conservation specialists as safe and humane .\na superb predator, the leopard has a long, well - muscled body, thick, short limbs, and broad, powerful paws (3). its powerful jaws enable it to kill and dismember prey, while particularly long, sensitive whiskers allow the leopard to ‘feel’ its way as it hunts at night. several long hairs in the eyebrows help protect the eyes from vegetation as it moves through the undergrowth (8). the leopard is also an extremely agile climber, with heavily - muscled shoulders and forelimbs which aid it in climbing, pinning down prey and hauling prey into trees (5) (8) .\nthere is huge variation in coat colour, pattern and body size across the leopard’s range (2) (3) (5) (7) (8), and the appearance of this species is often associated with its habitat (8). melanism is one of the commonest and most striking variations to the leopard’s appearance, and is most frequent among leopard populations living in forests or mountainous regions, as well as among populations occurring in asia. melanistic leopards are completely black, giving rise to the name ‘black panther’, and are sometimes mistakenly thought of as a separate subspecies (2) (3) (8) .\nleopard characteristics are recognized in their classification as catlike carnivores (suborder feliformia) and as roaring cats (genus panthera). their complete taxonomy, according to the integrated taxonomic information system (itis), is :\nmcmaster, m. , c. downs. 2006. population structure and density of leopard tortoises geochelone pardalis on farmland in the nama - karoo. journal of herpetology, 40 / 4: 495 - 502 .\nsimang, anne; peter l. cunningham, and brian t. henen. 2010. color selection by juvenile leopard tortoises (stigmochelys pardalis) in namibia. journal of herpetology 44 (2): 327–331 .\nhowever, the leopard is a vulnerable species. it is heavily hunted as a trophy and for its skin and body parts, which are used in traditional medicine, and it also faces habitat and prey loss .\ntrophy hunting, is unfortunately, an overwhelmingly well defined american hobby. last year, a dentist from minnesota who sought the “glory” of murdering big african game, killed cecil the lion on a hunting expedition. the 13 year - old - lion, who lived in zimbabwe’s hwange national park, was a black - maned and beloved animal to those in zimbabwe, and around the world .\nwildlife act is officially contracted by the international wild cat organisaiton, panthera, to conduct leopard population surveys within kwazulu - natal. this project was started due to high hunting levels outside of the game reserves causing the leopard populations within protected areas to decline. in response to this panthera, together with ezemvelo kwazulu - natal wildlife, worked together to rewrite legislation regulating the trophy hunting and control of leopards that may enter outside communities .\ndespite occurring over such a vast area, the leopard has vanished from almost 40 percent of its historic range in africa, and from over 50 percent of its historic range in asia (1) (6) .\nmcmaster, m. , c. downs. 2008. digestive parameters and water turnover of the leopard tortoise. comparative biochemistry & physiology part a: molecular & integrative physiology, 151 / 1: 114 - 125 .\npound for pound, the leopard is the strongest climber of all the big cats. their shoulder blades even have special attachment sites for stronger climbing muscles. they spend much of their time in trees even when stalking prey and for eating. both lions and hyenas will take away a leopard’s food if they can. to prevent this, they will often store their kill high up in tree branches where it can feed in relative safety .\n“our goal has to be to raise consciousness about the plight of the leopard, it’s been flying under the conservation radar for a while. we hoped to raise its profile and say ‘this cat needs your attention’. ”\nthe enigmatic cape leopard is used as an icon to advocate for the protection of predators in their natural environments, as well as to raise awareness of broader biodiversity issues and promoting the need for committed conservation of ecosystems .\nhome ranges for african leopards vary from 18. 5 - 48. 5 sq. miles (30 - 78 sq. km) for males and 9. 3 - 14. 2 sq. miles (15 - 23 sq. km) for females. the territory of a male often overlaps that of several females. they mark their territories using claw marks, scat, and urine sprayings .\nmcmaster, m. , c. downs. 2009. home range and daily movement of leopard tortoises stigmochelys pardalis in the nama - karoo, south africa. journal of herpetology, 43 / 4: 561 - 569 .\nsize of prey is related to the age of the leopard and relative abundance of different sized prey species. for example, smaller prey tends to be taken by sub - adult individuals and when larger prey is less available .\njoin the only fair trade tourism certified wildlife volunteer program in africa supported by wwf and contribute to some of the most important & exciting endangered & priority species conservation work being done on the ground. it’s real africa, real conservation, and the experience of a lifetime. awarded second place in africa for best for habitat & species conservation at the african responsible tourism awards 2017. ages 18 to 65 +\namur leopard (p. p. orientalis) - critically endangered (cr c2a (ii), d): < 60 (jackson and nowell 2008, sugimoto et al. 2014, xiao et al. 2014) .\nwimberger, k. , a. armstrong, c. downs. 2009. can rehabilitated leopard tortoises, stigmochelys pardalis, be successfully released into the wild. chelonian conservation & biology, 8 / 2: 173 - 184 .\nthe cape leopard trust is an active predator conservation working group. it uses research as a tool for conservation, finding solutions to human - wildlife conflict and inspiring interest in the environment through an interactive and dynamic environmental education programme .\nin the cape province south of the orange river, they have been largely eradicated by stock farmers except in rugged mountainous areas. the cape leopard that lives in the cape mountain range is much smaller than its big cousins in the limpopo region. their diet is probably the contributing factor, consisting mostly of dassies and much smaller prey. occasionally astonished hikers in the cederberg mountains have been graced by the rare appearance of a wild leopard joining them at the fireside .\ndouglas, r. , m. rall. 2006. seasonal shelter selection by leopard tortoises geochelone pardalis in the franklin nature reserve, free state, south africa. chelonian conservation & biology, 5 / 1: 121 - 129 .\npurchase g, mateke c. harare: campfire association of zimbabwe; 2008. the state of knowledge regarding leopard in three range states (mozambique, zambia, and zimbabwe) in the context of improving management of trophy hunting. 117\nthe leopard has a long and slender body that is supported by short, stocky legs and a long tail that is used to aid balance whilst in the trees. leopards can vary greatly in their colouration and markings depending on their surrounding\n“amur leopards are teetering on the brink of extinction. with the establishment of the land of the leopard national park, in conjunction with other conservation efforts, we can now start to focus on how to begin bringing them back. ”" ]

{ "text": [ "the african leopard ( panthera pardus pardus ) is the leopard nominate subspecies native to many countries in africa .", "it is widely distributed in most of sub-saharan africa , but the historical range has been fragmented in the course of habitat conversion . " ], "topic": [ 5, 17 ] }

[ "the african leopard (panthera pardus pardus) is the leopard nominate subspecies native to many countries in africa. it is widely distributed in most of sub-saharan africa, but the historical range has been fragmented in the course of habitat conversion." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - nassarius coronulus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (niotha) coronulus (a. adams, 1852) red sea to madagascar tanzania 10 - 16mm\nnassarius fenestratus: synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius plicatellus adams: synonym of nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\n( of nassarius (niotha) coronulus (a. adams, 1852) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. page (s): 98 [ details ]\n( of nassarius (niotha) coronulus (a. adams, 1852) ) tsuchiya k. (2017). family nassariidae. pp. 910 - 917, in: t. okutani (ed .), marine mollusks in japan, ed. 2. 2 vols. tokai university press. 1375 pp. [ details ]\nnassarius (nassarius) howardae chace, 1958 nw. mexico w. mexico 25 - 25mm\nnassarius (nassarius) tegula (reeve, 1853) california to nw. mexico california 18mm\nnassarius weyersi craven: synonym of nassarius pumilio (e. a. smith, 1872 )\nnassarius (nassodonta) h. adams, 1867: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (nassarius) coronatus (bruguière, 1789) indian ocean to w. pacific indonesia 26mm\nnassarius (tritia) a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (hinia) gray, 1847 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (nassarius) bailyi pilsbry & lowe, 1932b w. mexico to guatemala w. mexico 12mm\nnassarius (nassarius) crenoliratus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific singapore 8mm\nnassarius (nassarius) crenoliratus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific sulawesi 13mm\nnassarius (nassarius) iodes (dall, 1917) gulf of california w. mexico 13 - 19mm\nnassarius (nassarius) gallegosi strong & hertlein, 1937 w. mexico to ecuador w. mexico 17mm\nnassarius (nassarius) variegatus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific zanzibar 23mm\nnassarius zonalis (a. adams, 1852): synonym of nassarius reeveanus (dunker, 1847 )\nnassarius monile (kiener, 1834): synonym of nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (nassarius) coronatus (bruguière, 1789) indian ocean to w. pacific zanzibar 20 - 25mm\nnassarius (nassarius) fossatus (gould, 1849) british columbia to nw. mexico california 36 - 40mm\nnassarius fenestratus (marratt, 1877): synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. : alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (naytia) h. adams & a. adams 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (reticunassa) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius gemmuliferus a. adams, 1852: synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (cryptonassarius) watson, r. b. , 1882: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (reticunassa) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (mirua) marwick, 1931: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (mirua) marwick, 1931: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (nassarius) tiarula (kiener, 1841) california to w. mexico w. mexico 12 - 18mm\nnassarius (nassarius) nodicinctus (a. adams, 1852) w. mexico to panama w. panama 18mm\nnassarius (nassarius) elatus (gould, 1845) s. africa to alboran, canaries s. spain 18mm\nnassarius (nassarius) megalocallus adam & knudsen, 1984 w. sahara, mauritania mauritania 7 - 7, 5mm\nnassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (cryptonassarius) watson, r. b. , 1882): alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (phrontis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (austronassaria) c. laseron & j. laseron, 1956: synonym of nassarius (plicarcularia) thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (bathynassa) ladd, 1976: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (demondia) addicott, 1956: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (glabrinassa) shuto, 1969: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (schizopyga) conrad, 1856: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tarazeuxis) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tavanothia) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (usita) noszky, 1936: synonym of nassarius (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (venassa) martens, 1881: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (austronassaria) c. laseron & j. laseron, 1956: synonym of nassarius (plicarcularia) thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (bathynassa) ladd, 1976: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (demondia) addicott, 1956: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (glabrinassa) shuto, 1969: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (schizopyga) conrad, 1856: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tarazeuxis) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tavanothia) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (usita) noszky, 1936: synonym of nassarius (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (venassa) martens, 1881: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (nassarius) gayii (( kiener, 1834) w. mexico to chile w. mexico 2 - 5mm\nnassarius (tritonella) a. adams, 1852: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius unicolor kiener, l. c. , 1834: synonym of nassarius micans (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (tritonella) a. adams, 1852: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (nassarius) recidivus (von martens, 1876) norway & iceland to canaries, black sea s. spain 15mm\nnassarius (amycla) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (gussonea) monterosato, 1912\nnassarius (amycla) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (gussonea) monterosato, 1912\nnassarius (zaphon) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (zaphon) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius nanus nowell - usticke, g. w. , 1959: synonym of nassarius karinae nowell - usticke, g. w. , 1971\nnassarius (pallacera) myristicatus (hinds, 1844) panamic w. panama 26mm\nnassarius (niotha) speciosus (a. adams, 1852) south africa south africa 25mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) oneratus (deshayes, 1863) indo - w. pacific guam 14mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) circumcinctus (a. adams, 1852) e. mediterranean israel 14mm\nnassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) indonesia to w. pacific samoa 17mm\nnassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) indonesia to w. pacific philippines 25mm\nnassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) indonesia to w. pacific vanuatu 21mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) olivaceus (bruguière, 1792) e. africa to fiji singapore 40mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) olivaceus (bruguière, 1792) e. africa to fiji vanuatu 31mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) crematus (hinds, 1844) japan, sw. pacific fiji 24mm\nnassarius (aciculina) vittatus (a. adams, 1853) indo - w. pacific marquesas 8mm\nnassarius (niotha) distortus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific samoa 15mm\nnassarius (telasco) reeveanus (dunker, 1847) indo - w. pacific taiwan 18, 4mm\nnassarius (telasco) reeveanus (dunker, 1847) indo - w. pacific philippines 18, 5mm\nnassarius (telasco) limnaeiformis (dunker, 1847) indonesia to w. pacific fiji 16, 5mm\nnassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) indonesia to w. pacific sulawesi 15, 5mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) fraudator cernohorsky, 1980 w. australia to fiji fiji 14, 5 - 19mm\nnassa tegula reeve, 1853: synonym of nassarius striatus (c. b. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (niotha) jacksonianus (quoy & gaimard, 1833) n. indian ocean thailand 13, 5mm\nnassarius (telasco) reeveanus (dunker, 1847) f. marrati indo - w. pacific réunion 18mm\nnassarius (aciculina) vittatus (a. adams, 1853) indo - w. pacific marquesas 8 - 11mm\nnassarius (aciculina) vittatus (a. adams, 1853) indo - w. pacific réunion 10 - 11mm\nnassarius (niotha) echinatus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific india 12 - 13mm\nnassarius (niotha) quadrasi (hidalgo, 1904) indo - w. pacific new ireland 14mm – india 12mm\nnassarius (niotha) distortus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific fiji 20, 5mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) globosus (quoy & gaimard, 1833) e. indo - w. pacific vanuatu 12mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) oneratus (deshayes, 1863) indo - w. pacific juv. reunion 8, 7mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) castus (gould, 1850) e. africa to samoa, japan to australia réunion 36mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) comptus (a. adams, 1852) e. africa to e. australia australia 21mm\nnassa miser (dall, 1908): synonym of nassarius coppingeri (e. a. smith, 1881 )\nnassarius (niotha) distortus (a. adams, 1852) indo - w. pacific new caledonia 20 - 22mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) pullus (linnaeus, 1758) indo - w. pacific philippines 16 - 20mm – thailand 19mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) celebensis (schepman, 1907) indo - w. pacific india 9, 5mm – fiji 17mm\nnassarius (polinices, nassarius) is prey of: pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in: usa: massachusetts, cape ann (littoral, mudflat) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nnassarius (alectrion) papillosus (linnaeus, 1758) e. africa to fr. polynesia, japan to australia philippines 49mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) acuminatus (marrat, 1880) philippines to n. australia, bengal to papua new guinea philippines 28mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) exilis (powys, 1835) w. panama to n. peru w. panama 12, 5mm\nnassarius (polinices, nassarius) preys on: solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in: usa: massachusetts, cape ann (littoral, mudflat) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nnassarius (nass .) acuticostus (montrouzier in sv. & mt. 1864) malaysia to west pacific vanuatu 16, 5mm\nnassarius (niotha) albescens (dunker, 1846) e. indian ocean to samoa, japan to australia australia 14 - 14mm\nnassarius (niotha) albescens (dunker, 1846) e. indian ocean to samoa, japan to australia taiwan 15, 8mm\nnassarius (niotha) albescens (dunker, 1846) e. indian ocean to samoa, japan to australia samoa 10 - 12mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) globosus (quoy & gaimard, 1833) e. indo - w. pacific wallis & futuna 8 - 13mm\nnassarius (telasco) gaudiosus (hinds, 1844) red sea & e. africa to marquesas, hawaii french polynesia 10 - 12mm\nthe shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors, and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .\nnassarius (aciculina) vittatus (a. adams, 1853) indo - w. pacific g _ nass _ 123 réunion 10 - 12mm\nnassarius (alectrion) glans particeps (hedley, 1915) w. & s. to e. australia new south wales 22 - 24mm\nnassarius (telasco) gaudiosus (hinds, 1844) red sea & e. africa to marquesas, hawaii marquesas 15, 5 - 16mm\nnassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria. it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus, a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures. in aquaria, the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy, as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion, keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .\nnassarius (telasco) gaudiosus (hinds, 1844) red sea & e. africa to marquesas, hawaii marquesas 15, 5 - 19, 5mm\nnassarius (hima) neoproductus kool & dekker, 2007 red sea to south africa, to réunion, to w. india madagascar 9, 8 - 11mm\nnassarius (niotha) albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852) red sea to south africa, mascarenhas zanzibar 14mm – mauritius 7, 5 - 15mm\nnassarius (zeuxis) margaritiferus (dunker, 1847) s. africa to melanesia, to andaman, to japan philippines 22 - 23, 5mm – vanuatu 24mm\nnassarius (plicarcularia) burchardi (dunker in philippi, 1849) queensland to w. australia, tasmania new south wales 9, 5 - 12mm [ sydney form ]\nnassa lamarck, 1799: established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus, 1758, which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius duméril, 1805 in the family nassariidae .\naccording to van regteren altena et al. (1965) and van aartsen et al. (1984) hinia gray, 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril, 1806 .\nnassarius seashell, common name nassa mud snails (usa) or dog whelks (uk). marine gastropod molluscs, nassariidae family. l3, 5xw2xh1, 8cm. found in dubai beach, uae\nmost nassarius species are very active scavengers, feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish, etc. they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding, until they smell nearby food .\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck, for catching fish. nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish\n.\nin the course of time, more than 800 names have been allocated to species in the genus nassarius, most of which have become synonyms. the following species are accepted names according to the world register of marine species (worms )\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a fyke (a bag - shaped fish trap) (fyke being derived from the old dutch word\nfuycke\n). nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses a fyke\n.\nnombre especie: nassarius scissuratus (dall, 1889). descripción: concha cónica, con seis giros cóncavos. sutura profunda pero no acanalada. ornamentada con costillas axiales fuertes (14 a 17) y filas de cordones espirales (10 a13), ambas sobre el giro .\nbouchet, p. ; gofas, s. (2010). nassarius duméril, 1806. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\n^ a b c bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. (2010). nassarius duméril, 1806. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\nhaitao li (李海涛), duan lin (林端), hongda fang (方宏达), aijia zhu (朱艾嘉) and yang gao (高阳), species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius (nassariidae) based on mitochondrial genes, chinese journal of oceanology and limnology, volume 28, number 3 / may, 2010, pp. 565 - 572, doi 10. 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\n^ haitao li (李海涛), duan lin (林端), hongda fang (方宏达), aijia zhu (朱艾嘉) and yang gao (高阳), species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius (nassariidae) based on mitochondrial genes, chinese journal of oceanology and limnology, volume 28, number 3 / may, 2010, pp. 565 - 572, doi 10. 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\n( of nassa coronula a. adams, 1852) adams a. (1852 - 1853 [\n1851\n]). catalogue of the species of nassa, a genus of gasteropodous mollusca belonging to the family buccinidae, in the collection of hugh cuming, esq. , with the description of some new species. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 19: 94 - 112 [ 7 december 1852 ], 113 - 114 [ 29 april 1853 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 96 [ details ]\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of buccinum afrum philippi, 1851) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa afra (philippi, 1851) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa (phrontis) coronula a. adams, 1852) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (5 publications) (from synonym nassa coronula a. adams, 1852) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nthis shell is not available at the moment, it may have been reserved or sold .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\nnassariidae fast moving, medium sized neogastropods. they are often living in large numbers in the intertidal zone on mud flats or quiet sand bottoms in bays. many have a superb aperture, an intricate sculpture and variable colours. about 300 species .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 476 seconds. )\njavascript is disabled! not all shop functions are available. please check your browser settings .\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany) stock level: 48 piece\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n' * price per piece, unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product' s name, e. g. (x2) for 2 pieces or (10g) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article, you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description. otherwise, pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo.'\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nbest viewed at 1024 x 768 optimized for mozilla firefox you are running an undetermined browser. conchylinet v. 2. 9 - 2014 - 04 - 16 1282147 visits since jan. 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nantillopos veraguensis hinds, 1843 gulf of california to w. colombia w. mexico 31mm\nbullia granulosa (lamarck, 1822) w. africa, ghana to angola cameroon 22, 5mm\ncyllene pulchella adams & reeve, 1850 indo - w. pacific taiwan 16mm [ syn: rubrolineata sow, 1870 ]\nhebra horrida (dunker, 1847) e. africa to samoa, ryu kyu to australia rodrigues 12 - 14, 5mm\nhebra subspinosa (lamarck, 1822) indo - w. pacific samoa 10 - 11mm\nhebra subspinosa (lamarck, 1822) indo - w. pacific fiji 11, 5mm\nhebra nigra (hombron & jacquinot, 1848) indo - w. pacific india 15 - 16mm – thailand 12, 5mm\nilyanassa obsoleta (say, 1822) st - lawrence to n. florida, british columbia to california new jersey 16mm\nilyanassa trivittata (say, 1822) st - lawrence to n. newfoundland to e. florida new york 15 - 19mm\nmetaphos cf. gaudens hinds, 1844 gulf of california to ecuador w. mexico 17, 5mm\nsubg. hima leach in j. e. gray, 1847 (depths in collection: low tide )\nsubg. hinia leach in j. e. gray, 1847 (depths in collection: low tide, 2m to 50m deep )\nsynonym. angulicostis w. costa rica, w. panama, galapagos w. panama 18 - 22mm\nnorthia northiae (griffith & pidgeon, 1834, ex gray, ms) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 70mm\nnorthia pristis (deshayes in lamarck, 1844) w. mexico to ecuador w. mexico 66mm\nphos senticosus (linnaeus, 1758) e. indian ocean to oceania philippines 29 - 30mm\nphos senticosus (linnaeus, 1758) e. indian ocean to oceania new caledonia 32mm\nphos roseatus (hinds, 1844) e. africa to w. pacific mozambique 37mm\nphos roseatus (hinds, 1844) e. africa to w. pacific madagascar 28mm\nphrontis luteostoma broderip & sowerby, 1829 w. mexico to peru w. panama 23mm\nphrontis versicolor (c. b. adams, 1852) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 11 - 15mm\nphrontis nassiformis (lesson, 1842) w. mexico to ecuador w. panama 20mm\ntritia tingitana (pallary, 1901) alboran sea & atlantic cadiz s. spain 8 - 9, 5mm\ntritia goreensis (von maltzan, 1884) n. morocco to angola gibraltar strait 11mm\ntritia corniculum (olivi, 1792) galicia to morocco, mediterranean s. spain 11 - 16mm\ntritia reticulata (linnaeus, 1758) norway to canaries, madeira to black sea g _ nass _ 012 nw. france 27mm\ntritia reticulata (linnaeus, 1758) norway to canaries, madeira to black sea g _ nass _ 044 s. france 21 - 29mm\ntritia incrassata (ström, 1768) norway & iceland to canaries, black sea g _ nass _ 036 s. spain 15mm\ntritia incrassata (ström, 1768) norway & iceland to canaries, black sea g _ nass _ 016 w. france 16mm\ntritia incrassata (ström, 1768) norway & iceland to canaries, black sea g _ nass _ 046 w. france 8 - 13mm\ntritia pygmaea (lamarck, 1822) s. norway to mediterranean g _ nass _ 047 w. france 8 - 10mm\ntritia pygmaea (lamarck, 1822) s. norway to mediterranean s. spain 8mm\ntritia vaucheri (pallary, 1906) algarve to w. mediterranean s. spain 10mm\ntritia ovoidea (locard, 1886) nw. spain to alboran sea s. spain 16mm\ntritia denticulata (a. adams, 1852) w. africa to alboran sea s. spain 28 - 30mm\ntritia cuvierii (payraudeau, 1826) canaries and madeira to mediterranean w. france 13 - 14mm\ntritia mutabilis (linnaeus, 1758) galicia to w. africa, to black sea, n. red sea, canaries g _ nass _ 043 s. france 32mm\ntritia mutabilis (linnaeus, 1758) galicia to w. africa, to black sea, n. red sea, canaries corsica 22 - 24mm\ntritia mutabilis (linnaeus, 1758) galicia to w. africa, to black sea, n. red sea, canaries italy 26mm\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity... nearly all non - crop, naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by... an average of 30% more species inhabit organic farms... many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests ...\nnemertea - taxonomy... comprises 100 marine species... comprises about 400 species... includes seven species, of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail ...\northoptera - life cycle... orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis... the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs... the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions ...\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses... most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords, many species have additional paired cords, and some species also have a dorsal cord... in some species the cords lie within the skin, but in most they are deeper, inside the muscle layers... some species have paired cerebral organs, sacs whose only openings are to the outside ...\nnemertea... all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts (turns inside - out) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal' s prey with venom... a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends, with which they attach to a host... chemoreceptors, and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli, which can detect light but not form an image ...\nthe further our civilization advances upon its present lines so much the cheaper sort of thing does “fame” become, especially of the literary sort. this\nof “fame” a waggish acquaintance says can be manufactured to order, and sometimes is so manufactured .\nof intemperance within itself, for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man’s appetite by legislation, and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. a prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded .\nwhich is more maltreated than children, then it must be their toys, which they handle in an incredibly off - hand manner... . toys are thus the end point in that long chain in which all the conditions of despotic high - handedness are in play which enchain beings one to another, from one\nto another—cruel divinities to their sacrificial victims, from masters to slaves, from adults to children, and from children to their objects .\nspecies within this genus are found worldwide. these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats, intertidally or subtidally .\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high spire and a siphonal notch .\nshells are thought to be the earliest known forms of personal adornment, or even jewelry. two shell beads found in\nis believed to be 90, 000 years old. a further group of pierced shells, some with red\n). these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .\n. however, this division is difficult to define, resulting in much confusion. even phylogenetic analysis shows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable. there seem to be two groups within the genus\n. in the end, the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .\n, most of which have become synonyms. the following species are accepted names according to the world register of marine species (worms )\n^ bouzouggar, a. , barton, n. , vanhaeren, m. , d' errico, f. , collcutt, s. , higham, t. , hodge, e. , parfitt, s. , rhodes, e. , schwenninger, j. - l. , stringer, c. , turner, e. , ward, s. , moutmir, a. and stambouli, a. 2007 .\n82, 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences, june 4, 2007; urltoken\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356\nbernard, p. a. (ed .) (1984). coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ]. pierre a. bernard: libreville, gabon. 140, 75 plates pp\nvaught, k. c. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne, fl (usa). isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp\nwolff, w. j. ; duiven, p. ; esselink, p. ; gueve, a. (1993). biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d' arguin, mauritania. hydrobiologia 258 (1 - 3): 151 - 163\nlocard a. (1886). prodrome de malacologie française. catalogue général des mollusques vivants de france. mollusque marins. lyon, h. georg & paris, baillière: pp. x + 778\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. continuing to use this site, you agree with this. ok\ndepth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 80000 temperature range (°c): 4. 888 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 33. 876 salinity (pps): 18. 065 - 38. 201 oxygen (ml / l): 0. 907 - 6. 964 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 063 - 2. 633 silicate (umol / l): 0. 380 - 83. 712 graphical representation depth range (m): 0 - 80000 temperature range (°c): 4. 888 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 33. 876 salinity (pps): 18. 065 - 38. 201 oxygen (ml / l): 0. 907 - 6. 964 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 063 - 2. 633 silicate (umol / l): 0. 380 - 83. 712 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nr. w. dexter, the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann, massachusetts: a study in bio - ecology, ecol. monogr. 17: 263 - 294, from p. 284 (1947) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid (approaching a conical shape but with convex sides) spire and a siphonal notch .\n. however, this division is difficult to define, resulting in much confusion. even\nshows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable. there seem to be two groups within the genus\n, most of which have become synonyms. the following species are accepted names according to the\nbouzouggar, a. , barton, n. , vanhaeren, m. , d' errico, f. , collcutt, s. , higham, t. , hodge, e. , parfitt, s. , rhodes, e. , schwenninger, j. - l. , stringer, c. , turner, e. , ward, s. , moutmir, a. and stambouli, a. 2007 .\n82, 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences, june 4, 2007; urltoken\nkay c. vaught (1989). classification of the living mollusca. isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .\nnassa röding, 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species: nassa picta röding, 1798 (= nassa serta (bruguière, 1798) .\nin the 19th and much of the 20th century, all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae. after the rediscovery of röding' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa. fried bolten, m. d. p. d. per xl. annos proto physicus hamburgensis. pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia, the muricid genus nassa röding, 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .\nnassa röding, 1798. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .\nnassa francolina (bruguière, 1789). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa serta (bruguière, 1789). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa situla (reeve, 1846). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa tuamotuensis houart, 1996. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa kraussiana dunker. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa lathraia. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa munda. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa obockensis. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa optima sowerby, 1903. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa pulla (linnaeus, 1758). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa steindachneri. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa stiphra. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa xesta. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nhouart r. (1996) the genus nassa röding 1798 in the indo - west pacific (gastropoda: prosobranchia: muricidae: rapaninae). archiv für molluskenkunde 126 (1 - 2): 51 - 63\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n14. 9mm. kerkennah islands, tunisia. beached (04 / 2010). ex coll. walter renda\n14. 5mm. kerkennah islands, tunisia. beached (04 / 2010). ex coll. walter renda\n13, 59mm. tasucu, turkey. dived alive in sand, 3m. ex coll. panayotis ovalis\n18, 2mm. montegordo, algarve, portugal. from fishermen nets alive. 7 / 2015. ex coll. kyriakos papavasilioy\nfor a high res version of this photo, please review the details on about using my photos. when making the request, please include this reference: 050823chgg2303" ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius coronulus , common name the small crown dog whelk , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nassarius coronulus, common name the small crown dog whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 24. 41f; p. 186. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nmacrotheca poecilostigma dyar, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2050): 315; tl: trinidad r .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nragonot, 1891 essai sur la classifaction des pyralites ann. soc. ent. fr. (6) 10: 435 - 546, 60: 15 - 114, 599 - 662\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "cacotherapia angulalis is a species of snout moth in the genus cacotherapia .", "it was described by william barnes and james halliday mcdunnough in 1918 and is known from the us state of california . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "cacotherapia angulalis is a species of snout moth in the genus cacotherapia. it was described by william barnes and james halliday mcdunnough in 1918 and is known from the us state of california." ]

[ "a taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "eutrogia morosa is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found in india ( sikkim ) and taiwan .", "the wingspan is about 42 mm .", "adults are dark chocolate-brown with a purplish tinge .", "the forewing with traces of subbasal and antemedial lines .", "the hindwings have a pale speck at the end of the cell and a sinuous medial line , with some dark specks with yellow scales round them towards the inner margin .", "there is a submarginal series of white specks . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 23 ] }

[ "eutrogia morosa is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found in india (sikkim) and taiwan. the wingspan is about 42 mm. adults are dark chocolate-brown with a purplish tinge. the forewing with traces of subbasal and antemedial lines. the hindwings have a pale speck at the end of the cell and a sinuous medial line, with some dark specks with yellow scales round them towards the inner margin. there is a submarginal series of white specks." ]

[ "belongs to granastrapotherium according to s. e. johnson and r. h. madden 1997\nreport of a new specimen of granastrapotherium snorki in the upper magdalena valley, tatacoa desert, huila. colombia\nreporte de un nuevo ejemplar de granastrapotherium snorki en el valle superior del magdalena, desierto de la tatacoa, huila. colombia\ngranastrapotherium is an astrapothere from miocene south america. although it looked like an elephant, it was only distantly related to elephants .\nimage: granastrapotherium snorki from la venta fauna: fossil gallery. this is an astrapotherian, a basal group of meridiungulates, from the miocene of columbia .\ngranastrapotherium is a genus of extinct miocene ungulate whose remains were found in south america (venezuela, columbia, peru). to date, the only recognized species is granastrapotherium snorki (spanish word « gran », which means “great” or “big”, was added to the common name « astrapotherium», while the species name is etymologically related to the english word « snorkel », which suggests that the animal had a trunk) .\nthe national geological museum jose royo y gomez of ingeominas (instituto colombiano de geologia y mineria), in field commission made in september - 2008, found a nearly complete lower jaw of granastrapotherium snorki johnson and madden, 1997. this work describes and illustrated the evidence of it. a few numbers of specimens was reported in colombian collections .\nthis animal was distinguished by its considerable size and weight (its limb bones are thrice as long and massive as those of the typical representatives of this order, the genus of astrapotherium). it also differs by the absence of incisors and by its horizontal upper and lower tusks (moreover, its upper - jaw tusks reached 1 meter in length). judging by its skull, it also had a muscular trunk which granastrapotherium used to grab leaves and sprouts when feeding. together with granastrapotherium bones, the remains of small notoungulata, large toxodon, and rodentia similar to modern pacaranas were found. this allows reconstructing the environment in which granastrapotheria lived as rainforest valleys with vast grasslands close to water sources .\n... within astrapotheriidae, johnson and madden (1997) defined the clade uruguaytheriinae (granastrapotherium and xenastrapotherium) based on the well - developed anterolingual pocket in m1, loss of the lower molar hypoflexid, reduced upper molar parastyle, lower molar metaflexid enclosed by a mesiolingual cingulum, and a lingual valley enclosed by the protoloph ridge in m3. kramarz and bond (2009) later confirmed monophyly of the uruguaytheriinae, including uruguaytherium, granastrapotherium, and xenastrapotherium, additionally supported by the absence of a labial cingulum on the molars and extreme reduction of the lower molar hypoflexid. kramarz and bond (2009) also confirmed the monophyly of astrapotheriinae (astrapotherium and astrapothericulus), supported by a deep hypoflexid of the lower molars and the presence of a continuous lingual cingulid... .\n... according to cifelli (1993), there are two families within astrapotheria: the paraphyletic trigonostylopidae, which was the first to radiate and has a fossil record that extends from the paleocene to the eocene (goillot et al. , 2011), and the more derived astrapotheriidae, which originated in the middle eocene and became extinct during the middle miocene. within the latter, two subfamilies are recognized: astrapotheriinae, which includes the southern genera astrapotherium and astrapothericulus, and uruguaytheriinae, which includes the genera uruguaytherium, xenastrapotherium, and granastrapotherium (carbajal et al. , 1977; cifelli, 1993; johnson and madden, 1997; kramarz and bond, 2009). the uruguaytheriinae shows a successive radiation with one southern south american taxa (uruguaytherium) and two northern south american genera (granastrapotherium and xenastrapotherium)... .\n... in particular, the reduction of the frontal bones and the absence of the anteorbital rim in astraponotus represent cranial specializations which are exactly the opposite of those of astrapotherium, suggesting that the different cranial specializations occurred separately during the evolution of the order. in addition, and based on the phylogenetic results obtained by kramarz and bond (2009), astraponotus can be regarded as a member of an early diverging lineage of specialized, large - sized astrapothere, independent from the lineage leading to the better known later astrapotheres, for example astrapotherium, parastrapotherium, granastrapotherium, and other closer relatives. besides the derived features mentioned above, astraponotus shares with trigonostylops and astrapotherium the absence of a truly individualized foramen ovale... .\n... kramarz and bond (2009) later confirmed monophyly of the uruguaytheriinae, including uruguaytherium, granastrapotherium, and xenastrapotherium, additionally supported by the absence of a labial cingulum on the molars and extreme reduction of the lower molar hypoflexid. kramarz and bond (2009) also confirmed the monophyly of astrapotheriinae (astrapotherium and astrapothericulus), supported by a deep hypoflexid of the lower molars and the presence of a continuous lingual cingulid. although kramarz and bond (2010) first interpreted comahuetherium as a taxon with uruguaytheriinae affinities, in the formal description (), they argued that comahuetherium has no particularly close relationship with uruguaytheriinae but, on the contrary, is the sister taxon of a clade including parastrapotherium, plus astrapotheriinae and uruguaytheriinae... .\nwe have 300 subs and this is video 50! feels good: 3 on first sight granastrapotherium looks like a basal member of the probiscine, the group which includes elephants etc. but in reality this up to 3 tons heavy animal was a astrapother, a ungulate. astrapothers are a fascinating group of medium to large mammals which were endemic in south america and looked like a hybrid of a gomphother and a tapir. at least some species where semiaquatic similar to hippos and tapirs, but their nasal openings speak for a larger trunk than in tapirs and prominent' tusks' are hard to ignore. they were among the largest south american animals of their, giant notoungulates and enormous sloths evolved mostly later. granastropotherium was the second largest species and was found in modern day comublia (and maybe peru and bolivia. studio252mya paleo merch: urltoken deviantart: urltoken facebook: urltoken music :\nadrift\n, dan pound\n... character polarity was determined by comparison with conditions in eoastrapostylops riolorense soria and powell (1981), hypothesized to be the most primitive of known astrapotheres (soria and powell, 1981; soria, 1984 soria, , 1988 cifelli, 1993). the taxa used for analysis include: tetragonostylops, as described by paula couto (1952, 1963) with additional material from patagonia described by soria (1982); trigonostylops, albertogaudrya, scaglia, and astraponotus, as described by simpson (1967) and kramarz et al. (2010); the? early oligocene maddenia (kramarz and bond, 2009); parastrapotherium as described by scott (1937), with additional observations on type materials from the ameghino collection of macn, described by kramarz and bond (2008); astrapotherium, essentially as in scott (1928); and granastrapotherium (laventan salma, middle miocene), as described by johnson and madden (1997). the list and definition of characters used in the phylogenetic analysis is shown in appendix 1. analysis was restricted to dental characters... .\ntime period: the middle miocene of south america (13. 8 – 11. 8 mln years ago )\nsize: 3. 2 m in length, 150 cm in height, 1. 5 t. of weight\nastrapotheria are large endemic ungulates of south america convergently similar to modern rhinoceros, hippopotamuses and elephants. the chronology of this group includes the paleocene - miocene period; they inhabited the vast area from northern parts of the south american continent to western islands of antarctica .\nas a rule, two families are recognized in this order: the primitive trigonostylopidae (paleocene - eocene) and the more advanced astrapotheriidae (eocene - miocene). in the majority of cases, the differences between them are based on dental features, since not many remains of post - cranial skeleton have been found. however, the progressive features are evident in late astrapotheria: low crowns, more complex folding of occlusal surface, and thinner enamel all underscore certain environmental differences among miocene species which preferred the diet of leaves, as well as the certitude of their more complex evolutionary history than suggested earlier .\nroman uchytel’s galleries constitute the first resource solely dedicated to the reconstruction of prehistoric animals beyond the dinosaurs. these are not photographs, but rather, artistic recreations from the skeletons of ancient animals that roamed the earth millions of years ago. many of these fascinating creatures are unfamiliar to the public and remain a mystery even to science .\nthat is why the mission of this project is to be a guide to the world of prehistoric fauna - undiscovered and incredibly beautiful .\n© 2012 roman uchytel. all rights reserved. designed by dreamvention resource of reconstructions of prehistoric animals. return policy privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: s. johnson. 1984. astrapotheres from the miocene of colombia, south america .\nfull reference: s. e. johnson and r. h. madden. 1997. uruguaytheriinae astrapotheres of tropical south america. vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics. the miocene fauna of la venta, colombia 355 - 382\naverage measurements (in mm): astragalus 100. 0 x 115. 0, bizygomatic width 430. 0, facial length length 305. 0, humerus 575. 4 x 140. 0, humerus diameter 144. 7, humerus trochlea width 125. 0, lower canine diameter 35. 8, lower m2 66. 2 x 36. 0, mandible width 55. 5, neurocranium length 250. 0, palatal width 159. 7, radius 435. 0 x 86. 3, radius shaft width 49. 7, skull length 605. 1, skull basilar length length 525. 0, tibia 484. 0 x 132. 9, tooth length 60. 0, upper canine diameter 45. 7\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nlooks like javascript is disabled on your browser. we recommend that javascript be enabled to use all the functionalities offered by inis repository search website .\nrevista de la academia colombiana de ciencias exactas, fisicas y naturales; issn 0370 - 3908; ; v. 34 (131); p. 253 - 256\nit' s a member of the astrapotheria, and so, if not everything changed, not closely related to proboscideans .\nsorry i was confused. astrapotheres are the south american ones, i was thinking of a prehistoric african animal that looked similar .\nthe la venta fauna from colombia is unique; many of the species and genera described from the villavieja formation are known from nowhere else. additionally, most of our information about tertiary life in south america comes from patagonia (southern argentina), which has never been a tropical region. the la venta fauna is thus our only source for understanding the kinds and diversity of tertiary animals from tropical regions of south america .\nbelow is a gallery of some remarkable fossils in the ucmp vertebrate collections; many of these fossils are types .\nunderside view of a partial skull of the turtle geochelone. this specimen was cited in the type description of g. hesterna, but the skull is comparable in size to those of the giant tortoises of galapagos, and thus this specimen may represent an as yet undescribed species .\nskull of a sizeable crocodylian formerly referred to c. lutescens. if the new identification as c. latirostris is correct, then this is the oldest known fossil of a living crocodylian species. quite a number of crocodylians have been found at la venta .\nreassembled portion of the armor which would have covered the back and sides of a sizeable glyptodont. almost all fossils of armadillos and glyptodonts from south america have come from patagonia .\nthis skull, part of an incomplete skeleton, was discovered in 1944 - 45. this was only the second fossil genus of new world monkey described to that time, and marked the beginning of a serious exploration for more fossils .\ntop view of the same specimen cast shown above. both the skull and jaw have been reconstructed; only the front of the mandible and the maxillary region have been found. by contrast, nearly 70% of the rest of the skeleton was found .\nastrapotheres were a group of ungulate mammals unique to south america. in the living animal, canine tusks would have protruded forwards from both the upper and lower jaw. the large nasal cavities of the skull (not shown) suggest that this animal may have had a large proboscis. this photo was taken using a combination of a fossilized lower left jaw bearing cheek teeth (ucmp 40187), and another fossil of a tusk (ucmp 40189). the scientific name literally means\nsnorkeled giant lightning - beast\n.\nthe majority of south american ungulate mammals belong to the order notoungulata. this particular species is one of the more enduring taxa, being found from the upper to lowermost strata of the honda group .\nanother toxodont with a broad biostratigraphic range, huilatherium has been collected in large numbers from the honda group. the skull in the picture looks odd because it was photographed upside - down in a storage cradle .\na view of the same skull as above, but from the underside. teeth from this species were first found in colombia in 1920, though they were not identified until almost fifteen years later .\nlower jaw (mandible) from a smaller specimen. huilatherium is one of only two genera of leontiniidae to have survived into the miocene .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nhilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov. , a new miocene astrapothere (mammalia, astrapotheriidae) from the upper magdalena valley, colombia\n...\namong placentals, dasypodids increase to five genera. astrapotheriid astrapotheres (kramarz and bond 2009) are revitalized from a riochican and\nsapoan\nabsence, didolodontid' condylarths,' litopterns, and notoungulates maintain or increase their diversity (leontiniids and notohippids are new; isotemnids and notostylopids increase to five and four, oldfieldthomasiids to six; fig. 12). comparable numbers are one, three, and zero for the\nsapoan\n( but there are two riochican oldfieldthomasiids as well as colbertia in the itaboraian, so some should be found in the\nsapoan\n)... .\n... despite achieving a remarkable diversity, the endemic south american ungulates are not represented in modern faunas. in general, these animals mirrored the ungulate diversity we are familiar with today around the world, having evolved their own analogous forms of hippos, rhinos, horses, camels, and elephants (cifelli 1985; elissamburu 2004; weston et al. 2004; shockey et al. 2007; kramarz and bond 2009), combinations of these (owen 1837, 1840), or completely singular forms (scott 1937). the evolutionary origins of the south american ungulates, collectively placed into the'' meridiungulata'' (notoungulata, litopterna, xenungulata, pyrotheria and astrapotheria) by mckenna (1975), remain largely unexplored... .\n... this cuspule is sharp pointed, compressed, with the main axis oblique following the orientation of the central valley. this element is a less worn equivalent to the posterolingual spur of the ectoloph observed in the lectotype of a. holdichi (kramarz and bond 2009), interpreted by simpson (1967b) as a notoungulate - like crista derived from an enlarged posterolingual spur of the ectoloph. besides the presence of this cuspule, this tooth differs from the m1 of scaglia by being higher crowned, with a higher metaloph, by bearing a small elevation between the hypocone and the metacone, which could correspond to a vestigial metaconule, and by having less prominent metastyle and more developed basal cingula... .\n... se la compara con la de los otros astrapoterios oligo - miocénicos conocidos de patagonia y se revalúa el valor diagnóstico de sus caracteres dentarios. también se describe el primer resto craneano conocido de este género y se discute el significado filogenético de sus caracteres dentarios y craneo - mandibulares a la luz de recientes análisis filogenéticos (kramarz & bond, 2009). finalmente, se revisa la validez de las especies descriptas, su distribución y su valor como indicador biocronológico... .\nin this contribution we describe the astrapotheriid comahuetherium coccaorum gen. nov. sp. nov. from colhuehuapian (early miocene) sediments of the cerro bandera formation in neuquén province, northern patagonia, argentina, also recorded in levels of equivalent age at the gran barranca south of lake colhué huapi, in chubut province, central patagonia, argentina. coma huetherium coccaorum is a... [ show full abstract ]\nnew remains of astraponotus (mammalia, astrapotheria) and considerations on astrapothere cranial evo ...\nastraponotus ameghino, 1901, the only valid mustersan (late eocene) astrapothere, typifies the ameghino' s\ncapas astraponotenses\n. this taxon is traditionally interpreted as structurally ancestral to all the oligocene - miocene astrapotheriids. however, it was imperfectly known: only isolated teeth and very partial mandibles have hitherto been described. in this contribution we provide the first... [ show full abstract ]\na new astrapothere (mammalia, meridiungulata) from la meseta formation, seymour (marambio) island, a ...\nduring the past quarter century, the uplifted nearshore sediments comprising the eocene la meseta formation (lmf) of seymour (marambio) island have produced a diverse assemblage of terrestrial mammals that closely, but not exactly, resembles late early eocene faunas from southern patagonia. this assemblage includes the only astrapothere and litoptern fossils known from outside south america... . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nnote: this taxon was originally founded on the idea that all endemic south american ungulates were monophyletic. this now seems less unlikely. demuizon & cifelli [ dc00 ] propose a new, and much better substantiated clade, panameriungulata, defined as mioclaenidae + kolpaniinae + didolodontidae + litopterna, where the first - named taxa are north american\ncondylarths\n( basal ungulates). this approach is not adopted here for two reasons. first, it leaves the notoungulata in limbo. they may or may not be panameriungulates. yet, our own belief is that notoungulates are very closely related to didolodonts, so that it makes better sense to deal with a crown clade that includes both, treating the vaguely - defined didolodontidae as the stem group litopterna > notoungulata. second, the taxa used to define panameriungulata are themselves undefined and probably redundant. our preference in this kind of case is for crown groups to be defined on the basis of exactly two taxa, of genus level or below. where relationships are uncertain, it is all the more important that terminology be clear, since the terms themselves are shorthand for phylogenetic hypotheses which ought to be explicit and testable .\nlinks: basal meridiungulata mikko); the\ncondylarths\n( archaic ungulata, mammalia) from the early... .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nfull reference: a. g. kramarz and m. bond. 2009. a new oligocene astrapothere (mammalia, meridiungulata) from patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere phylogeny. journal of systematic palaeontology 7 (1): 117 - 128\nparent taxon: astrapotheriidae according to a. g. kramarz and m. bond 2009" ]

{ "text": [ "granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammal described from remains found in rocks of the honda group in the tatacoa desert , in the colombian departments of huila and tolima , at the miocene fossil site la venta .", "the only species formally recognized is granastrapotherium snorki ( from spanish , gran , \" great \" ; astrapotherium , \" lightning beast \" ; and snorkel , breathing tube , in reference to the trunk ) .", "remains found in bolivia and peru , seem to belong to granastrapotherium or a very similar animal .", "this astrapothere differs from its coeval , the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid xenastrapotherium by their larger size , between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes , with tusks about one meter long , making it one of the largest representatives of astrapotheria , only surpassed by some species of parastrapotherium .", "other differences include the presence of only one premolar , the lack of incisors in both jaws and the disposition of the canine tooth , which are very large and horizontal , which reminds much less of those of hippos and more of the tusks of some ancient relatives of elephants ( such as palaeomastodon ) , although the defences in elephants and their relatives are not formed by the canines but the incisors .", "similarly , the large nostrils appear extremely withdrawn on the skull , so this creature had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres .", "most likely , like elephants , this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs . " ], "topic": [ 26, 11, 17, 0, 10, 23, 28 ] }

[ "granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammal described from remains found in rocks of the honda group in the tatacoa desert, in the colombian departments of huila and tolima, at the miocene fossil site la venta. the only species formally recognized is granastrapotherium snorki (from spanish, gran, \" great \"; astrapotherium, \" lightning beast \"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). remains found in bolivia and peru, seem to belong to granastrapotherium or a very similar animal. this astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid xenastrapotherium by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about one meter long, making it one of the largest representatives of astrapotheria, only surpassed by some species of parastrapotherium. other differences include the presence of only one premolar, the lack of incisors in both jaws and the disposition of the canine tooth, which are very large and horizontal, which reminds much less of those of hippos and more of the tusks of some ancient relatives of elephants (such as palaeomastodon), although the defences in elephants and their relatives are not formed by the canines but the incisors. similarly, the large nostrils appear extremely withdrawn on the skull, so this creature had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs." ]

[ "eretmocera cyanosoma meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 454; tl: sumba\neretmocera haemogastra meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 62\neretmocera scatospila zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 99\neretmocera levicornella rebel, 1917; denkscr. akad. wiss. wien 93: 444\neretmocera arabica amsel, 1961; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 20: 56\neretmocera bradleyi amsel, 1961; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 20: 55\neretmocera jemensis rebel, 1930; mitt. münch. ent. ges. 20: 42\neretmocera alenica strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 72; tl: alen\neretmocera benitonis strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 73; tl: alen\n= eretmocera fuscipennis; meyrick, 1918, ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 35\neretmocera pachypennis strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 72; tl: nkolentangan\neretmocera shoabensis rebel, 1907; denksch. akad. wiss. wien. 71 (2): 126\neretmocera albistriata legrand, 1965; mém. mus. hist. nat. paris (a) 37: 51\neretmocera thephagones van gijen, 1912; tijdschr. ent. 55: 355; tl: java (soerabaja )\neretmocera xanthonota meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 455; tl: sumba\neretmocera aurovittata pagenstecher, 1900; zoologica, stutt. 12 (29): 23; tl: shortlands i .\neretmocera monophaea meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 380; tl: natal, willowmore\neretmocera percnophanes meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 543; tl: philippines, samar\neretmocera typhonica meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 64; tl: ivory coast, dimbroko\neretmocera homalocrossa meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 586; tl: uganda, kinyanga\neretmocera microbarbara walsingham, 1907; ent. mon. mag. 43 (518): 149; tl: algeria, biskra\neretmocera rubripennis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (11): 337; tl: s. india, coimbatore\neretmocera syleuta meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 338; tl: cape province, montagu\neretmocera contermina meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 337; tl: sw. africa, tsumeb\neretmocera fasciata walsingham, 1896; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1896: 280; tl: somaliland, zaila; arabia, shaki othman\neretmocera fuscipennis; meyrick, 1918, ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 35; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\neretmocera nomadica walsingham, 1907; ent. mon. mag. 43 (518): 149; tl: aleria, hammam - es - salahin\neretmocera scatospila; meyrick, 1909, ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 21; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\neretmocera florifera meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 21, pl. 7, f. 2; tl: pretoria\neretmocera basistrigata walsingham, 1889; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1889 (1): 32, pl. 5; tl: bathurst, west africa\neretmocera cyanauges turner, 1913; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 38 (1): 220; tl: n. queensland, townsville\nxix. hymenoptera aculeata collected in algeria by the rev. alfred edwin eaton, m. a. , f. e. s. , and the rev. francis david morice, m. a. , f. e. s. part iv. descriptions of new sphegidae\nxx. descriptions of two new species of luciola in the collection of mr. h. e. andrewes\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nleuroscelis coracopis turner, 1927; pap. proc. r. soc. tasm. 1926: 155\ncastorura chrysias meyrick, 1887; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (4): 1047; tl: maryborough, queensland\ngelechia impactella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: n. hindostan\nandalusia, sicily, transcaucasia, c. asia, iran, algeria, libya, tunisia, s. urals. see [ maps ]\nstaintonia medinella staudinger, 1859; stettin ent. ztg 20 (7 - 9): 250; tl: chiclana\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidopteren aus sw - arabien der ausbeuten h. scott und e. b. britton, 1937 / 38\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "eretmocera cyanosoma is a moth of the scythrididae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "it is found on sumba and java .", "the wingspan is about 12 mm .", "the forewings are indigo-blackish with a pale yellow spot in the disc at one-third , one on the dorsum towards the tornus , and one on the costa at three-fourths .", "the hindwings are dark purple-fuscous .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on amarantus species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "eretmocera cyanosoma is a moth of the scythrididae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1910. it is found on sumba and java. the wingspan is about 12 mm. the forewings are indigo-blackish with a pale yellow spot in the disc at one-third, one on the dorsum towards the tornus, and one on the costa at three-fourths. the hindwings are dark purple-fuscous. the larvae have been recorded feeding on amarantus species." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes pallidicephalus for further details\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes angustus for further details\nthis species is the largest of the angustus clade; except for the size, which is often subject to individual variation, it is very similar to targionii, cephalotes notatus and pallidicephalus .\ncryptocerus pallidicephalus: holotype, queen, mexico, the natural history museum; see de andrade & baroni urbani (1999) .\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed. our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy, which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - a member of the angustus clade differing from its closest outgroup species, cephalotes targionii, in the worker, by the marginate gaster, and, in all female castes, by the anterior face of the petiole less oblique and more truncate and, from the in group species, cephalotes pallidicephalus, in the worker, soldier and gyne by the absence of longitudinal rugosities on the first gastral sternite. also see the nomenclature section below for notes about morphological variation .\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889. (page 708, combination in cephalotes, revived from synonymy and senior synonym of striativentris )\ngyne. type locality: mexico (probably erroneous). type material: holotype gyne labelled “cryptocerus pallidicephalus, (type) smith, mexico” in the natural history museum (kempf, 1964 a: 438), examined .\nbaroni urbani, c. 1998b. the number of castes in ants, where major is smaller than minor and queens wear the shield of the soldiers. insectes soc. 45: 315 - 333 (page 319, combination in cephalotes )\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttg. beitr. naturk. ser. b (geol. paläontol .) 271: 1 - 889 (page 700, senior synonym of ruficeps )\nstriativentris. cryptocerus striativentris emery, 1894c: 203, pl. 3, figs. 10 - 12 (s. w .) brazil. [ also described as new by emery, 1894g: 384 (footnote). ] kempf, 1958a: 83 (q .). combination in paracryptocerus (harnedia): kempf, 1958a: 80; in zacryptocerus: brandão, 1991: 388. junior synonym of pallidicephalus: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 708 .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail (ethograms from wilson 1976, cole 1980 and cole 1983). soldiers do little else besides defend the nest. this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species. an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees: they\nfly\ntowards the tree, often grabbing the trunk well above the ground (video) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms, a worker and soldier, but there are a few species that are monomorphic. the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk. in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced. queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology. soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance. this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders. other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies, by species, from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers. available evidence suggests most species are monogynous. queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nkempf (1958) of synonymized striativentris - total length 3. 1 - 4. 8 mm; maximum length of head 0. 89 - 1. 35 mm; maximum length of thorax 0. 89 - 1. 35 mm. black; the following ferruginous: tip of mandibles, funicular segments ii - iv, anterolateral corners of gaster, just inside of the pale, trans lucid crest; light brown: edge of frontal carinae, tip of scape, funicular segment i, tip of femora, tibiae, tarsites; pale - testaceous: remaining portion of frontal carinae .\nhead subopaque, subquadrate; slightly more elongate than in angustus, the maximum length always somewhat exceeding the interocular width. clypeal suture vestigial. lateral border of head somewhat diverging caudad, distinctly emarginate in front of, convex and slightly upturned above, eyes. occipital corners obliquely truncate, the truncated edge either notched or straight, the inner angle never forming a prominent triangular tooth. occipital border gently concave. dorsal face of head gently convex, finely reticulate - punctate, more sparsely covered with squamiferous foveolae, which increase in number toward the occipital border. lower face of head finely reticulate - punctate, sparsely and very superficially foveolate, the foveolae very elongate .\npeduncular segments subopaque, the dorsolateral sculpture as on head and thorax. petiole subequal in width to the postpetiole, its anterior face obliquely truncate, finely reticulate - punctate, usually not sharply marginate nor denticulate at its point of contact with the dorsal face, but sometimes as in angustus. lateral spines of both segments depressed, platelike, foliaceous, semitransparent, more recurved than in angustus. dorsal face of postpetiole more gently convex than in angustus .\ngaster subopaque, elliptical, strongly emarginate antero - mesially, the anterolateral border with a transparent thin crest, which extends backwards beyond the conspicuous stigma of the first gastral tergite, which is very sharply reticulate - punctate, and covered with superficially impressed elongated squamiferous foveolae. first sternite, as a rule, very coarsely and regularly longitudinally striate .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 3. 80 - 5. 16; hl 0. 98 - 1. 30; hw 1. 04 - 1. 44; el 0. 28 - 0. 34; pw 0. 92 - 1. 26; pew 0. 50 - 0. 66; ppw 0. 54 - 0. 71; hbal 0. 35 - 0. 43; hbaw 0. 07 - 0. 11; ci 106. 0 - 110. 8; pi 112. 8 - 117. 4; ppei 173. 3 - 190. 9; pppi 164. 9 - 177. 5; hbai 20. 5 - 25. 6 .\nkempf (1958) of synonymized striativentris - total length 4. 7 - 6. 3 mm; maximum length of head 1. 46 - 2. 00 mm; maximum length of thorax 1. 32 - 1. 64 mm: black; the following yellowish - brown: lateral portions of transverse carina, edge of lateral lobes of mesonotum, teeth of basal face of epinotum, apical half of extensor face of femora; ferruginous: mandibles, edges of yellowish - brown markings on thorax and gaster, tarsites; testaceous: tibiae, the four spots on the first gastral tergite, which in full grown workers are fused in a horseshoe - like fashion, as shown by the figure. all sharply marginate edges inside the light areas are conspicuously darker .\nthorax subopaque dorsally, opaque laterally. pronotum nearly as broad as head, its anterior corner with a triangular tooth, its sides slightly excised behind the tooth, then convex at the level of the transverse carina, then strongly converging mesad toward the mesonotum. transverse pronotal carina, as seen from the front, very deeply excised in the middle, concave laterally, when seen from above; very prominent and sharply edged, excepting the mesial notch. promesonotal suture vestigial. mesonotum with a broad, obliquely truncate and marginate projecting lobe on each side. mesoepinotal suture deeply impressed laterally, usually well marked but superficial mesially. basal face of epinotum very short and broad, its lateral border with a triangular tooth and its posterior corner with a very stout, apically rounded tooth which points upward and laterad. dorsum of thorax finely reticulate - punctate, sparsely foveolate on pronotum, more densely foveolate on mesoepinotum, the foveolae much smaller than those on cephalic disc. laterotergite of pronotum sparsely foveolate and somewhat rugose. pleura mainly foveolate. fore coxae slightly rugose on the outer face .\npeduncular segments as in worker, but the petiole is distinctly narrower, bearing on each side a short tooth, which points obliquely caudad. postpetiole, as seen in profile, conspicuously convex above, its lateral spines solid, not platelike .\ngaster subopaque, the thin anterolateral crest and the lateral margination of the first gastral tergite as in angustus, the sides of gaster, however, less convex. first gastral sternites longitudinally striato - rugose, striae not as coarse as in worker .\npilosity as in angustus, except for the hair arising from the pits of the cephalic disc, which is minute, scarcely visible, not glittering, nor strictly decumbent .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 5. 32 - 6. 50; hl 1. 52 - 1. 80; hw 1. 52 - 1. 76; el 0. 36 - 0. 41; pw 1. 44 - 1. 68; pew 0. 56 - 0. 65; ppw 0. 65 - 0. 72; hbal 0. 39 - 0. 42; hbaw 0. 10 - 0. 11; ci 97. 8 - 100. 0; pi 104. 8 - 106. 4; ppei 240. 0 - 278. 6; pppi 221. 5 - 233. 3; hbai 25. 6 - 26. 2 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head disc present. head dorsum slightly concave on its anterior half and flat posteriorly. frontal carinae expanded anteriorly, converging posteriorly and connected with the convex posterior border of the disc. vertexal angles convex and with strongly marginate border. eyes weakly convex and visible in full face view. ocelli far from the posterior border of the head disc. dorsal border of the antennal scrobes with a thick carina ending in a small, obtuse denticle just before the eyes. anterior clypeal border concave. mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal cannae .\nmesosoma. humeral angles obtuse and marginate. pronotal sides straight. pronotal carina marked, shortly interrupted in the middle. promesonotal suture impressed. lower mesopleurae with a denticle. mesonotum and scutellum almost flat. propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous face; basal face short, little convex dorsally and with a superficial furrow in the middle; its sides with two pairs of short, triangular teeth, the anterior pair on the beginning of the basal face, separate from the second pair by the converging sides; declivous face concave in the middle .\npetiole with distinctly differentiated anterior and posterior faces; anterior face oblique; posterior face flat; sides of the petiole with a pair of small denticles pointed backwards. postpetiole broadly convex; postpetiolar spines arising from the anterior border of the petiole and recurved .\nlegs. fore coxae with a round denticle anteriorly. mid and hind femora without angles or denticles. mid and hind basitarsi with subparallel sides and slightly narrow at base .\nsculpture. head dorsum with deep, anastomosing foveae. sides of the head with the same type of sculpture as the head dorsum but smaller and shallower. ventral part of the head superficially and minutely punctate, slightly shining and with rare, superficial foveae. mesosoma and pedicel superficially reticulate - punctate and covered by smaller foveae than those on the head dorsum, broader than their inters paces, denser on the mesopleurae, on the scutellum, on the basal face of the propodeum, on the sides and on the posterior face of the petiole and on the postpetiole. propleurae and metapleurae reticulate - punctate and rarely foveolate. dedivous face of the propodeum, anterior face of the petiole, legs and gaster reticulate - punctate. very superficial, sparse, small, piligerous foveae on the anterior third of the gaster; similar foveae on the outer face of the tibiae. sides of the first gastral sternite with longitudinal rugae .\npilosity. most of the foveae with a slightly canaliculate hair, suberect on the head dorsum and appressed on the other foveae. borders of the disc and few foveae on the mesosoma and on the pedicel with an erect, subclavate hair; similar subclavate hairs on the gaster and on the legs, denser on the posterior borders of the tergites and sternites. gaster and legs with a additional type of hair: (1) short, appressed and thin .\ncolour. ventral part of the head, clypeus, mesosoma, pedicel, coxae and femora black, gaster lighter. center of the head disc, humeral angles, tibiofemoral articulations, tarsomeres light brown. head disc up to the sides and tibiae dark yellow. gaster with two pairs of broad yellow spots, the anterior pair surpassing the stigma posteriorly and interconnected in the middle, the second pair beginning from the posterior half of the first gastral tergite and almost reaching its posterior border .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 7. 40 - 8. 44; hl 1. 64 - 1. 80; hw 1. 56 - 1. 68; el 0. 38 - 0. 42; pw 1. 52 - 1. 60; pew 0. 56 - 0. 64; ppw 0. 74 - 0. 80; hbal 0. 48 - 0. 53; hbaw 0. 13 - 0. 14; ci 93. 3 - 95. 3; pi 102. 5 - 105. 0; ppei 250. 0 - 271. 4; pppi 200. 0 - 213. 3; hbai 25. 5 - 27. 1 .\nvertexal angles with a pair of small median denticles. frontal carinae more marked. mandibles shorter. anterior pronotal border straight. humeral angles well visible, obtuse or weakly pointed. pronotal sides marginate and parallel. anterior face of the petiole more concave medially .\nsculpture. body less shining, more opaque and covered with deeper reticulation. head, mesosoma and sides of the pedicel with deeper, irregular foveae separate by irregular, short rugosities on the head, on the pronotum and on the basal face of the propodeum. pleurae with denser longitudinal rugosities, well impressed on the propleurae, irregular on the metapleurae .\ncolour. head, mesosoma and pedicel black. coxae and gaster brown, two proximal thirds of the femora lighter. remaining parts of the legs yellowish .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 5. 05 - 5. 44; hl 0. 77 - 0. 80; hw 0. 94 - 1. 00; el 0. 39 - 0. 40; pw 1. 04 - 1. 12; pew 0. 40 - 0. 42; ppw 0. 40 - 0. 43; hbal 0. 55 - 0. 58; hbaw 0. 06 - 0. 07; ci 122. 1 - 125. 0; pi 89. 3 - 90. 4; ppei 260. 0 - 266. 7, pppi 260. 0 - 260. 5; hbai 10. 9 - 12. 1 .\ncryptocerus striativentris. worker, soldier. type locality: santa catarina. type material: 1 worker labelled “santa catarina, mayr”, museo civico di storia naturale, genoa; 2 workers, 1 soldier labelled “itajahy, bresil, f. muller”, museo civico di storia naturale, genoa; also probably belonging to the type series: 9 workers, 4 soldiers (some pins with cotype label) in musee d' histoire naturelle genève; 1 worker, in naturhistorisches museum basel; 1 soldier, in museum of comparative zoology; all examined .\nkempf, w. w. 1963c. nota sinonímica acêrca de formigas da tribo cephalotini (hymenoptera, formicidae). rev. bras. biol. 23: 435 - 438 (page 438, junior synonym of scutulatus )\nsmith, f. 1876d. descriptions of new species of cryptoceridae, belonging to the genera cryptocerus, meranoplus, and cataulacus. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1876: 603 - 612 (page 606, pl. 11, fig. 5 queen described )\nthis page was last modified on 22 june 2015, at 06: 43 .\nclarior. cryptocerus angustus var. clarior forel, 1912e: 201 (w .) brazil. junior synonym of angustus: kempf, 1958a: 74 .\nruficeps. cryptocerus (cryptocerus) cristatus var. ruficeps santschi, 1929d: 301 (s .) brazil. junior synonym of cristatus: kempf, 1951: 216; of angustus: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 700 .\nkempf (1958) – total length 4. 0 - 6. 2 mm; maximum length of head 1. 18 - 1. 75 mm; maximum length of thorax 1. 18 - 1. 82 mm. black; the following ferruginous: apex of mandibles, scape and last funicular segment, edge of frontal carinae and occipital lobes, tibiae, the four apical tarsites, anterolateral corners of gaster just inside of the pale, translucid crest; remaining portions of frontal carinae pale testaceous .\npeduncular segments subopaque, the dorsolateral sculpture as on dorsum of thorax and head. petiole subequal in width to postpetiole, its anterior face obliquely truncate, finely reticulate - punctate and somewhat shining, its superior corners slightly projecting above the dorsal face in the form of a pair of very small denticles. anterior corners of petiole rounded, the sides with an acute spine, pointing laterad and slightly caudad. postpetiole with a similar, slightly recurved spine on each side, its dorsal face strongly convex, both longitudinally and transversely .\ngaster subopaque, elliptical, strongly emarginate antero - mesially, the anterolateral border with a hyaline, thin crest, which extends backwards on the sides beyond the conspicuous stigma of the first tergite, and continues caudad as a distinct margination reaching almost the posterior border of the same tergite, which is finely reticulate and superficially foveolate. foveolae longer and smaller than on thorax. first sternite finely, yet sharply reticulate - punctate, usually without longitudinal rugosities .\nstanding hair on mandibles, anterior border of clypeus, along the edge of the frontal carinae and the posterior border of the gastral tergites and sternites. decumbent hair in the form of short, thick, canaliculate, highly shining scales, on the dorsum of body, cheeks, pleura, and extensor face of femora. similar scales, but longer, simple on the sides of femora, tibiae, lower face of head and the first gastral sternite .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 4. 40 - 6. 58; hl 1. 08 - 1. 48; hw 1. 26 - 1. 74; el 0. 29 - 0. 40; pw 1. 00 - 1. 52; pew 0. 62 - 0. 78; ppw 0. 62 - 0. 81; hbal 0. 44 - 0. 64; hbaw 0. 10 - 0. 16; ci 112. 3 - 120. 0; pi 117. 1 - 131. 20; ppei 161. 3 - 194. 9; pppi 161. 3 - 1 93. 9; hbai 22. 7 - 26. 7 .\nkempf (1958) – total length 6. 2 - 8. 5 mm; maximum length of head 1. 85 - 2. 50 mm; maximum length of thorax 1. 78 - 2. 28 mm. black; upper half of sides of head and floor of cephalic disc more or less reddish - brown, the latter usually, not always, with a large, elongate, anteromedian black spot; marginate edge of cephalic disc infuscated; tip of scape, tibiae, tarsites ferruginous; extensor face of tibiae lighter in color; first gastral tergite with the customary four yellowish spots, the pair of each side often confluent .\ngaster elliptical, the tergites subopaque, the sternites slightly more shining. distinctly emarginate anteromesially at the postpetiolar insertion, the anterolateral border sharply marginate, the anteriormost portion usually very narrowly crested. lateral margination of first tergite ending near the stigma. first tergite finely reticulate - punctate, the squamiferous foveolae more superficial and elongate. first sternite similarly sculptured, often with a few fine longitudinal rugosities anterolaterally .\nstanding hair on mandibles and tip of gaster. a fringe of very sparse and thickish hair projecting from the anterolateral border of the cephalic disc. squamiform hair decumbent, always in foveolae, similar to those of worker, always highly shiny, with reflexes of polished brass .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 6. 96 - 8. 92; hl 1. 64 - 2. 46; hw 1. 84 - 2. 60; el 0. 39 - 0. 48; pw 1. 64 - 2. 60; pew 0. 72 - 0. 95; ppw 0. 72 - 1. 00; hbal 0. 58 - 0. 73; hbaw 0. 16 - 0. 22; ci 105. 7 - 112. 2; pi 100. 0 - 112. 2; ppei 226. 4 - 273. 7; pppi 221. 5 - 260. 0; hbai 27. 6 - 30. 1 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head with a complete disc, weakly concave anteriorly and gently convex posteriorly. frontal carinae superficially crenulate. sides of the disc converging before the eyes and connected posteriorly by a truncate or convex border. vertexal angles convex and with a well marked obtuse margin. clypeal border concave and with a pair of external denticles. mandibles with a strong carina. dorsal border of the antennal scrobes with a thick carina ending in a small denticle just before the eyes. eyes gently convex and not hidden by the disc .\nmesosoma. anterior pronotal border convex and covering the scapular angles in dorsal view in most specimens. pronotal carina visible but superficial on the sides. mesonotum and scutellum on the same plane and flat. propodeum well differentiate in basal and declivous faces. basal face with subparallel sides, slightly converging posteriorly and bearing a pair of small denticles and a pair of triangular teeth slightly diverging. sides of the declivous face converging posteriorly .\nanterior face of the petiole oblique. sides of the petiole with a small denticle. postpetiole convex and with an incomplete v - shaped carina in the middle. postpetiolar sides with a pair of thick, pointed spines arising from the anterior border and directed anterolaterally .\ngaster oval, with a pair of broad, protruding anterolateral lobes. anterolateral borders of the first gastral tergite with a very narrow margin not reaching the stigma posteriorly .\nhind femora without angles or denticles. hind basitarsi slightly more compressed apically than distally, and with subparallel sides .\nsculpture. head dorsum minutely and superficially punctate, shining and covered with variably clumped foveae, larger on the frons. ventral part of the head reticulate - punctate, variably shining and with sparse foveae. mesonotum, pedicel and distal part of the outer face of the femora and outer face of the tibiae reticulate - punctate, with foveae of different size and variably clumped, more round on the pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum, denser on the basal face of the propodeum, on the pedicel and on the upper mesopleurae. gaster and remaining parts of the legs reticulate - punctate. anterior fifth of the first gastral tergite with superficial foveae. some specimens with the sides of the first gastral sternite with few, irregular, longitudinal rugosities .\npilosity. each fovea with an appressed canaliculate hair. body parts without foveae with sparse, appressed, thin, slightly canaliculate hairs. sides of the frontal carinae and of the disc, mesonotum, pedicel, gaster and legs with sparse, slightly clubbed, erect hairs. first gastral sternite with rare, long, subtruncate, erect hairs .\ncolour. black. upper half of the head dorsum dark orange to light brown with blackish frons. first gastral tergite with two pairs of orange - reddish spots, the first pair anterolateral and the second one close to the posterior border; few specimens without or with spots poorly developed; sometimes the first gastral tergite with a long, yellow strip on the sides. femora dark brown to black, sometimes the distal half of the fore femora dark orange - brown. tibiae and tarsomeres dark orange to brown, tarsi darker .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 9. 12 - 11. 38; hl 1. 92 - 2. 40; hw 1. 88 - 2. 52; el 0. 41 - 0. 50; pw 1. 76 - 2. 40; pew 0. 72 - 0. 90; ppw 0. 8 l - 1. 08; hbal 0. 64 - 0. 80; hbaw 0. l8 - 0. 27; ci 97. 9 - 105. 0; pi 100. 0 - 108. 5; ppei 231. 6 - 266. 7; pppi 207. 4 - 222. 2; hbai 27. 5 - 32. 5 .\nhead more convex dorsally. vertexal angles obtuse. frons flat. mesosoma more robust. anterior pronotal border straight. humeral angles weakly marked. pronotal sides subparallel. petiole and postpetiole shorter and broader. sides of the postpetiole with a larger denticle. gaster narrower than the mesosoma .\nsculpture. body less shining, more opaque and covered by more impressed reticulation. head, mesosoma and sides of the pedicel with superficial foveae; the foveae separate by irregular, short rugosities on the head, denser on the posterior third of the head dorsum, on the pronotum and on the basal face of the propodeum. basal face of the propodeum with additional, irregular rugosities between the foveae. pleurae with few longitudinal rugosities. pedicel with few, thin, longitudinal rugosities. gaster and legs reticulate, the reticulation more impressed on the first tergite .\npilosity. erect hairs shorter and sparser, less abundant on the posterior borders of the gaster .\ncolour. head, mesosoma, pedicel, gaster and coxae black. proximal half of the femora light brown. remaining parts of the legs yellowish .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 5. 18 - 6. 40; hl 0. 80 - 0. 96; hw 1. 00 - 1. 22; el 0. 43 - 0. 55; pw 1. 04 - 1. 28; pew 0. 43 - 0. 55; ppw 0. 46 - 0. 60; hbal 0. 55 - 0. 75; hbaw 0. 07 - 0. 12; ci 125. 0 - 127. 1; pi 95. 3 - 96. 1; ppei 232. 7 - 241. 9; pppi 213. 3 - 226. 1; hbai 12. 7 - 14. 7 .\nworker and gyne. type locality: brazil. type material: not available in the mayr collection in the naturhistorisches museum wien, vienna; as already noted by kempf (1958) a series of 2 soldiers, 2 workers and 1 male from santa catharina in naturhistorisches museum wien, vienna, labelled as types and collected by hecko cannot represent the true types. we regard as probable syntypes 2 workers and 1 soldier labelled “c. angustus mayr, bresil, cotypus”, in musee d' histoire naturelle genève .\ncryptocerus angustus var. clarior. worker. type locality rio de janeiro. type material 9 syntype workers partly labelled “cr. angustus mayr v. clarior for. type, rio, goldi iii, ” and partly “prov. rio, goldi, iii, cr. angu, tus mayr var. clarior forel” in mhng and naturhistorisches museum basel, examined. one specimen without head and gaster in musee d' histoire naturelle genève selected as lectotype by kempf (1951) according to the label .\ncryptocerus cristatus var. ruficeps. worker. type locality: brazil. type material: holotype, unique in nhmb with two labels; first label: “bresil, k. zubac” (sic); second label: “cryptocerus angustus mayr v. ruficeps (cancelled) santschi det. 19 (printed) 4”, examined .\nbrandão, c. r. f. 1991. adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região neotropical (hymenoptera: formicidae). rev. bras. entomol. 35: 319 - 412 (page 384, combination in zacryptocerus )\nkempf, w. w. 1958a. new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini (hym. formicidae). stud. entomol. (n. s .) 1: 1 - 168 (page 20, combination in paracryptocerus (harnedia); page 74, senior synonym of clarior )\nthis page was last modified on 21 june 2015, at 03: 53 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 1\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthe delegate of wwf informed the committee that his organisation had submitted to the bureau a complaint regarding the urbanisation of one of the most important breeding sites in the united kingdom for triturus cristatus (orton brick) .\nspecies protection action plans for several species (groups) from annex iv have been or are being developed (especially for bats, the hamster cricetus cricetus, the triton triturus cristatus, the toad alytes obstetricans and the frog hyla arborea) .\nanother reasoned opinion was decided against the united kingdom for its failure to ensure the proper protection of the great crested newt (triturus cristatus) .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 plus mathml 2. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ntable 2: species of ants defined as indicators, indicating the parameter used by the authors (parameter) when linking each ant species to each habitat type (habitat) and the paper (reference)." ]

{ "text": [ "cephalotes pallidicephalus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they are on .", "giving their name also as gliding ants . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25 ] }

[ "cephalotes pallidicephalus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they are on. giving their name also as gliding ants." ]

[ "¿qué significa mordellistena? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena. también puedes añadir tu mismo una definición para mordellistena\nmordellistena fasciculata is a beetle in the\nmordellistena\ngenus, which is in the mordellidae family .\nmordellistena es un género de coleópteros de la familia mordellidae. incluye las siguientes especies: [ 1 ] ​\nlarva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word uvsensis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word uvsensis and, of course, uvsensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word uvsensis .\nthis is the place for uvsensis definition. you find here uvsensis meaning, synonyms of uvsensis and images for uvsensis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word vafer. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word vafer and, of course, vafer synonyms and on the right images related to the word vafer .\n& c. h. gilbert, 1883 (pacific worm - eel) froese, rainer ...\nthis is the place for vafer definition. you find here vafer meaning, synonyms of vafer and images for vafer copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog. texas a & m university. retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog. texas a & m university. retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog. texas a & m university. retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog. texas a & m university. retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan’s biology catalog. texas a & m university. retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n: georg - kolbe - museum (catalogus), berlijn 1987, 48 blz. , 33 afb .\n: georg - kolbe - museum (ausstellungskatalog), berlin 1987, 48 seiten, 33 abb .\nross shor lynch (born december 29, 1995) is an american singer, songwriter, actor, and musician .\n1894 *\nanthia burchelli\nhope, 1832 *\nanthia calida\nharold, 1878 *\nanthia calva\nsternberg, 1907 *\nanthia capillata\nobst, 1901 *\nanthia cavernosa\ngerstaecker, 1866 *\nanthia cephalotes\nguerin - meneville, 1845 *\nanthia cinctipennis\nlequien, 1832 *\nanthia circumscripta\nklug, 1853 *\nanthia costata\ngory, 1836 *\nanthia csikii\nobst, 1906 *\nanthia decemguttata\n( linnaeus, 1764) *\nanthia discedens\nsternberg, 1907 *\nanthia duodecimguttata\nbonelli, 1813 *\nanthia ferox\nj. thomson, 1859 *\nanthia fornasinii\nbertoloni, 1845 *\nanthia galla\nj. thomson, 1859 *\nanthia hedenborgi\nboheman, 1848 *\nanthia hexasticta\ngerstaeker, 1866 *\nanthia ida\n1894 *\nanthia lefebvrei\nguerin - meneville, 1849 *\nanthia limbata\ndejean, 1831 *\nanthia lunae\nj. thomson, 1859 *\nanthia machadoi\n( basilewsky, 1955) *\nanthia mannerheimi\nchaudoir, 1842 *\nanthia massilicata\nguerin - meneville, 1845 *\nanthia maxillosa\n( fabricius, 1793) *\nanthia mima\nperinguey, 1896 *\nanthia mirabilis\nsternberg, 1906 *\nanthia namaqua\nperinguey, 1896 *\nanthia nimrod\n( fabricius, 1793) *\nanthia oberthuri\nobst, 1906 *\nanthia omoplata\nlequien, 1832 *\nanthia orientalis\n( hope, 1838) *\nanthia ovampoa\nperinguey, 1896 *\nanthia praesignis\nbates, 1888 *\nanthia principalis\nsternberg, 1907 *\nanthia promontorii\nperinguey, 1899 *\nanthia pulcherrima\nh. w. bates, 1888 *\nanthia revoili\nlucas, 1881 *\nanthia sexguttata\n( fabricius, 1775) *\nanthia sexmaculata\n( fabricius, 1787) *\nanthia sulcata\n( fabricius, 1793) *\nanthia tatumana\nwhite, 1846 *\nanthia thoracica\n( thunberg, 1784) *\nanthia venator\n( fabricius, 1792 )\nmordella is the type genus of the tumbling flower beetle family (mordellidae), its subfamily mordellinae and the tribe mordellini .\n= = synthese = = in het laboratorium kan ethaan bereid worden middels de kolbe - elektrolyse .\n= = chemistry = = in the laboratory, ethane may be conveniently prepared by kolbe electrolysis .\nandré frossard was elected to the académie française seat 2 on 18 june 1987 to the chair of the rené de la croix de castries .\nceroplesis is a genus of flat - faced longhorns beetle belonging to the cerambycidae family, lamiinae subfamily .\nenoplocerus is a monotypic genus of longhorns beetle belonging to the cerambycidae family, prioninae subfamily .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\nspecies include: *\nschismatogobius ampluvinculus\ni. s. chen, k. t. shao & l. s. fang, 1995 *\nschismatogobius bruynisi\nde beaufort, 1912 *\nschismatogobius deraniyagalai\nkottelat & pethiyagoda, 1989 (redneck goby) *\nschismatogobius fuligimentus\ni. s. chen, séret, pöllabauer & k. t. shao, 2001 *\nschismatogobius insignus\n( herre, 1927) *\nschismatogobius marmoratus\n( w. k. h. peters, 1868) *\nschismatogobius pallidus\n( herre, 1934) *\nschismatogobius roxasi\nherre, 1936 *\nschismatogobius vanuatuensis\nkeith, marquet & watson, 2004 (vanuatu schismatogobius) *\nschismatogobius vitiensis\na. p. jenkins & boseto, 2005 = = references = =\nthe banded racer ,\nargyrogena fasciolata\n, is a species of colubrid snake .\nsoorten die in het gebied voorkomen zijn bijvoorbeeld\nblastocelus dichotomus\n,\ncaiman latorostris\n, de jaguar (\npanthera onca\n), de laaglandtapir\n( tapirus terestris )\n, de reuzenmiereneter\n( myrmecophaga tridactyla )\n,\npseudoplatystoma corruscans\n,\npaulicea luetkeni\n,\nsalminus maxillosus\n, de jabiroe\njabiru mycteria\n, de maskerhokko\ncrax fasciolata\nen de leljacana\njacana jacana\n." ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena vadoni is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by píc in 1937 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena vadoni is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by píc in 1937." ]

[ "tenebrincola harasewych, m. g. & yu. i. kantor, 1991 type species: tenebrincola frigida harasewych, m. g. & yu. i. kantor, 1991\nvolutidae » tenebrincola cukri, id: 394615, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\ntenebrincola cukri (rokop, 1972). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\n( of tenebrincola cukri cukri (rokop, 1972) ) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\nty - jour ti - tenebrincola frigida, a new genus and species of abyssal volute from the northern pacific ocean (gastropoda: volutidae) t2 - nemouria; occasional papers of the delaware museum of natural history. vl - 38 ur - urltoken pb - delaware museum of natural history. cy - [ greenville ] py - 1991 - 09 - 30 sp - 1 ep - 11 sn - 0085 - 3887 au - harasewych, m. g. au - kantor, yuri i er -\n@ article { bhlpart143497, title = { tenebrincola frigida, a new genus and species of abyssal volute from the northern pacific ocean (gastropoda: volutidae) }, journal = { nemouria; occasional papers of the delaware museum of natural history. }, volume = { 38 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder }, url = urltoken publisher = { [ greenville ] delaware museum of natural history. }, author = { harasewych, m. g. and kantor, yuri i }, year = { 1991 - 09 - 30 }, pages = { 1 - - 11 }, }\nbail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\ndiagnosis radula of the fulgorarid type. operculum present. abyssal. very thin shelled. [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america. california. 4100 m. off california coast. january 1999 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nmolluscabase (2018). fulgorariinae pilsbry & olsson, 1954. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 394992 on 2018 - 07 - 11\ndiagnosis radula uniserial with tricuspid teeth. lateral cusps thickest along the lateral edge, broader and generally longer than the central cusps. protoconch large or small, papilliform, often tilted on its vertical axis. shell fusiform. numerous irregular columellar plaits. siphonal notch shallow. fasciole absent. [ details ]\nnotes on the menage collection of philippine birds. 1. revision of pachycephala cinerea (pachycephalidae) and an overlooked subspecies of dicaeum trigonostigma (dicaeidae )\nannotated catalog of type specimens in the malacological collection of the delaware museum of natural history. gastropoda (prosobranchia and opisthobranchia )\njohannes thiele and his contributions to zoology. part 2. genus group names (mollusca )\nannotated catalog of type specimens in the malacological collection of the delaware museum of natural history. part 2. additions and corrections to part 1 (prosobranchs, heterostropha, and opisthobranchia), plus bivalvia, scaphopoda, and polyplacophora\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies triplex torrefactus benedictinus c. h. w. t. löbbecke, 1879\nspecies trophonopsis keepi a. m. strong & j. g. hertlein, 1937\nspecies typhisala clarki (a. m. keen & g. b. campbell, 1964 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvoluta linnaeus, c. , 1758 type species: voluta musica linnaeus, c. , 1758\nlyreneta iredale, t. , 1937 type species: lyreneta laseroni iredale, t. , 1937\nminicymbiola klappenbach, m. a. , 1979 type species: minicymbiola corderoi carcelles, a. r. , 1953\nnanomelon leal, j. h. n. & ph. bouchet, 1989 type species: nanomelon viperinus leal, j. h. n. & ph. bouchet, 1989\nfusivoluta martens, e. c. von, 1902 type species: fusivoluta anomala martens, e. c. von, 1902\nneptuneopsis sowerby, g. b. iii, 1898 type species: neptuneopsis gilchristi sowerby, g. b. iii, 1898\nprovocator watson, 1882 type species: provocator pulcher watson, r. b. , 1882\nzidona adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853 type species: zidona dufresnei dufresnei donovan, e. , 1823\niredalina finlay, h. j. type species: iredalina mirabilis finlay, h. j. , 1926\nlyria gray, j. e. , 1847 type species: lyria (lyria) pattersonia perry, g. , 1811\nlyria (lyria) gray, j. e. , 1847 type species: lyria (lyria) pattersonia perry, g. , 1811\nlyria (harpeola) dall, w. h. , 1907 type species: lyria (harpeola) anna lesson, r. p. , 1835\nlyria (indolyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: lyria (indolyria) lyraeformis lyraeformis swainson, w. a. , 1821\nlyria (microlyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: lyria (microlyria) mikoi kosuge, s. , 1985\nlyria (mitraelyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: lyria (mitraelyria) mitraeformis mitraeformis lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1811\nlyria (plicolyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: lyria (plicolyria) planicostata planicostata sowerby, g. b. iii, 1903\ncallipara (callipara) gray, j. e. , 1847 type species: callipara (callipara) bullatiana weaver, c. s. & j. e. dupont, 1967\ncallipara (canalilyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: callipara (canalilyria) kurodai kawamura, 1964\ncallipara (festilyria) pilsbry, h. a. & a. a. olsson, 1954 type species: callipara (festilyria) festiva lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1811\ncallipara (simililyria) bail, p. & g. t. poppe, 2001 type species: callipara (simililyria) queketti queketti smith, e. a. , 1901\nenaeta adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853 type species: enaeta barnesii gray, j. e. , 1825\nharpulina dall, w. h. , 1906 type species: harpulina arausiaca [ lightfoot, j. ], 1786\nleptoscapha fischer, p. , 1883 type species: leptoscapha varicosa lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1803\nathleta (athleta) conrad, t. a. , 1853 type species: athleta (athleta) rarispina lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1811\nathleta (ternivoluta) martens, e. c. von, 1897 type species: athleta (ternivoluta) studeri martens, e. c. von, 1897\nalcithoe adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853 type species: voluta pacifica perry, g. , 1810\nlivonia gray, j. e. , 1855 type species: livonia (livonia) mammilla sowerby, g. b. i, 1844\nlivonia (livonia) gray, j. e. , 1855 type species: livonia (livonia) mammilla sowerby, g. b. i, 1844\ncottonia iredale, t. , 1934 type species: scaphella dannevigi verco, j. c. , 1912\nodontocymbiola clench, w. j. & r. d. turner, 1964 type species: odontocymbiola ancilla [ lightfoot, j. ], 1786\ntractolira dall, w. h. , 1896 type species: tractolira sparta dall, w. h. , 1896\narctomelon dall, w. h. , 1915 type species: arctomelon stearnsii dall, w. h. , 1872\nmiomelon dall, w. h. , 1907 type species: miomelon philippiana dall, w. h. , 1890\nharpovoluta thiele, j. , 1912 type species: harpovoluta charcoti lamy, e. , 1910\nguivillea watson, 1886 type species: guivillea alabastrina watson, r. b. , 1882\nnotopeplum finlay, h. j. , 1927 type species: notopeplum translucidum verco, j. c. , 1896\nericusa adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1858 type species: ericusa fulgetrum sowerby, g. b. i, 1825\nzygomelon harasewych, m. g. & b. a. marshall, 1995 type species: zygomelon zodion harasewych, m. g. & b. a. marshall, 1995\namoria gray, j. e. , 1855 type species: hypselodoris iacula gosliner, t. m. & r. f. johnson, 1999\ncymbiola swainson, w. a. , 1831 type species: cymbiola cymbiola gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ncymbiola (cymbiola) swainson, w. a. , 1831 type species: cymbiola cymbiola gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ncymbiola (cymbiolacca) iredale, t. , 1929 type species: cymbiola (cymbiolacca) complexa complexa iredale, t. , 1924\nmelo broderip, w. j. in sowerby, g. b. i, 1826 type species: melo melo melo [ lightfoot, j. ], 1786\namoria (cymbiolista) iredale, t. , 1929 type species: voluta marmorata swainson, w. a. , 1821\nnannamoria iredale, t. , 1929 type species: nannamoria amicula iredale, t. , 1929\nvolutoconus crosse, h. , 1871 type species: volutoconus coniformis cox, j. c. , 1871\nnotovoluta cotton, b. c. , 1946 type species: notovoluta kreuslerae angas, g. f. , 1865\nscaphella swainson, w. a. , 1832 type species: scaphella junonia junonia lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1804\nscaphella (caricellopsis) petuch, e. j. & d. m. sargent, 2011 type species: scaphella (caricellopsis) matchetti petuch, e. j. & d. m. sargent, 2011\nampulla röding, p. f. , 1791 type species: ampulla priamus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nfulgoraria schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: fulgoraria chinensis schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nfulgoraria (fulgoraria) schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: fulgoraria chinensis schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nfulgoraria (musashia) hayashi, s. , 1969 type species: fulgoraria (musashia) hirasei sowerby, g. b. iii, 1912\nfulgoraria (kurodina) rehder, h. a. , 1969 type species: unknowngenustype\nfulgoraria (volutipysma) rehder, h. a. , 1969 type species: fulgoraria (volutipysma) humerosa rehder, h. a. , 1969\nsaotomea (saotomea) habe, t. , 1943 type species: saotomea (saotomea) delicata fulton, h. c. , 1940\nsaotomea (bondarevia) bail, p. & m. chino, 2010 type species: saotomea (bondarevia) minima bondarev, i. , 1994\nplicoliva petuch, e. j. , 1979 type species: plicoliva zelindae zelindae petuch, e. j. , 1979\ncalliotectum dall, w. h. , 1890 type species: calliotectum vernicosum dall, w. h. , 1890\nthis section is empty. you can help by adding to it. (april 2010 )" ]

{ "text": [ "tenebrincola is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family volutidae .", "it is a western pacific abyssal genus , which is defined by a very thin , smooth shell , a radula of the fulgorarid type , and the presence of an operculum .", "its phylogenetic relationship with the asian fulgorarids needs to be clarified . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 6 ] }

[ "tenebrincola is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family volutidae. it is a western pacific abyssal genus, which is defined by a very thin, smooth shell, a radula of the fulgorarid type, and the presence of an operculum. its phylogenetic relationship with the asian fulgorarids needs to be clarified." ]

[ "the redstart learning partnership known as the redstart primary school is an exempt charity. the redstart learning partnership is a company limited by guarantee. registered in england at: the redstart primary school, redstart road, chard, somerset. ta20 1sd. company no: 07649832\nfigure 3. annual cycle of molt, breeding, and migration of the american redstart .\nwe loved our visit from emma carroll at redstart. here is another chance to meet her! read more\nredstart primary school is part of the the redstart learning partnership (trlp). trlp is a multi academy trust of primary schools in somerset. the partnership has one simple aim; to provide an outstanding education for every child .\nfigure 4. relative abundance of the american redstart in u. s. and s. canada, 2007 - 2013 .\neastern black redstart phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides / xerophilus / rufiventris dungeness, kent, 7 november 1981 (trapped, photographed) .\nthe redstart learning partnership is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the children and expects all staff to share this commitment .\nvery informative visit to chard library this week by redstart year 1. thanks to the library staff for hosting us. read more\nbaker, b. w. 1944a. nesting of the american redstart. wilson bull. no. 56: 83 - 90. close\nannual cycle of molt, breeding, and migration of american redstart in ne. u. s. thick lines show peak activity, thin lines off - peak .\nan iconic figure of london’s wildlife, the black redstart is a recent arrival from europe. the appearance of this bird on london’s wastelands during the second world war led it to be nicknamed the ‘bomb - site bird’. there was a london sap for the black redstart until 2008, and it is still a london priority species .\nhowe, h. f. 1974a. a case of age - related territory usurpation in the american redstart. jack - pine warbler no. 52: 92. close\ndistribution of the american redstart in north and central america and the caribbean. this species also winters east to the lesser antilles and south to northern south america. see text for details .\n). peak migration rate in american redstart estimated at 44. 4 and 32. 5 km / d, respectively, in spring and fall, based on ebird data from 2007–2011 (\nlambert, r. , r. k. watson and k. w. winfield. 1985. american redstart in lincolnshire. br. birds no. 78: 245 - 246. close\n), similar to proportions of males found in jamaica wet limestone forest. thus, it is not clear that redstart sexes segregate geographically as opposed to occupying different habitats—a topic for future study .\nhunt, p. d. 1998c. evidence from a landscape population model of the importance of early successional habitat to the american redstart. conservation biology no. 12 (6): 1377 - 1389. close\nficken, m. s. and r. w. ficken. 1967. age - specific differences in the breeding behavior and ecology of the american redstart. wilson bull. no. 79: 188 - 199. close\nsallabanks, r. 1993e. setophaga ruticilla (american redstart). arlington, va: element stewardship abstract report. the nature conservancy, conservation science division, in association with the network of natural heritage programs and conservation data centers. close\nrelative abundance of american redstart in u. s. and southern canada, 2007–2013, based solely on data from breeding bird survey. numbers shown are average number of individuals detected per route per year. see sauer et al. (2014) for details .\namerican redstarts are incredibly active insectivores that seem never to stand still. they rapidly spread their cocked tails, exposing the orange or yellow in a quick flash, which often startles insect prey into flushing, whereupon the redstart darts after it, attempting to catch it in the air .\nnorris, d. r. , p. p. marra, g. j. bowen, l. m. ratcliffe, j. a. royle and t. k. kyser. 2006b. migratory connectivity of a widely distributed songbird, the american redstart (setophaga ruticilla). ornithological monographs no. 61: 14 - 28. close\nwarblers in general are often called\nthe butterflies of the bird world ,\nbut the redstart may live up to that nickname more than any other species. this beautiful warbler flits about very actively in the trees, usually holding its wings and tail partly spread, as if to show off their patches of color. at times it feeds more like a flycatcher than a typical warbler, hovering among the foliage and often flying out to grab insects in mid - air .\nit is our aim that all pupils are supported to achieve to their full potential in an environment which is nurturing and supportive. we know that pupils achieve best when they are happy and enjoying their work and the climate in which we work at redstart does just that. we want all of our pupils to thrive and flourish during their time with us. if in later years our pupils look back upon their time with us and reflect that it made a difference to their lives we will have achieved our goal .\nthis update shows that many bird species are increasingly at risk. nineteen species were red - listed for the first time due to worsening population status, and one species (merlin) was returned to the red list. in most cases, this is due to evidence from monitoring schemes such as bto / jncc / rspb breeding bird survey (bbs) of increasingly severe declines in breeding populations (e. g. for curlew, nightingale, pied flycatcher, whinchat grey wagtail and mistle thrush), surveys of scarce breeders such as dotterel, black redstart and slavonian grebe, or by seabird monitoring (e. g. kittiwake and shag). puffin is red - listed due to its global assessment as vulnerable .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small, dark goose - the same size as a mallard. it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere' s so much to see and hear at minsmere, from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had. get out, get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\nredstarts are immediately identifiable by their bright orange - red tails, which they often quiver. breeding males look smart, with slate grey upper parts, black faces and wings and an orange rump and chest. females and young are duller. redstarts' bob' in a very robin - like manner, but spend little time at ground level. it is included on the amber list of species with unfavourable conservation status in europe where it is declining .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\nredstarts are mainly found in the north and west of the uk, with the greatest concentrations in wales. particularly likes oak woodlands, also hedgerows, alongside streams and parkland. on passage it is best looked for in coastal scrub, thickets and woodland .\n* this map is intended as a guide. it shows general distribution rather than detailed, localised populations .\nbreeding populations of long - distance, trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .\ngive birds a safe and reliable way to find fresh water – essential in both cold and hot weather .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international. find out more about the partnership\n© the royal society for the protection of birds (rspb) is a registered charity: england and wales no. 207076, scotland no. sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience. tell me more\na medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide, flat bill and a fairly long, expressive tail. adult males are mostly black with bright orange patches on the sides, wings, and tail .\na medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide, flat bill and fairly long, expressive tail. females have yellow patches on the sides, wings, and tail, a gray head, and an olive back .\nimmature males have yellow patches on the sides, wings, and tail with a variable amount of black on the face and chest .\ntends to forage at middle levels in the forest where it grabs insects midair or plucks them from vegetation .\nfemales have a gray head and yellow patches on the sides, wings, and tail .\nimmature males have yellow patches on the sides, wings, and tail and a variable amount of black on the face and chest .\na medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide, flat bill and fairly long, expressive tail. in flight it has a deep chest, slim belly, and long, somewhat club - shaped tail .\nadult male american redstarts are mostly black with bright orange patches on the sides, wings, and tail. the belly is white. females and immature males replace the orange with yellow or yellow - orange. they have gray head and underparts, with olive back and wings and dark - gray tail .\namerican redstarts breed in open wooded habitats, particularly those dominated by deciduous trees. in migration, the species can be found in nearly any treed habitats. its tropical winter habitat is in woodlands and open forest at lower and middle elevations .\nredstarts are quite closely related to robins. the male has a black throat and neck, a white eyebrow and reddish underparts. females are more subdued but the reddish flicking tail is a good diagnostic feature. these african migrants arrive back in britain in april, taking up residence within open woodland, typically in the oak woods of wales and western england .\nalthough redstarts will use nest boxes they have complicated requirements which vary in different parts of the country. the bto nest box guide by chris du feu has more details .\nregistered charity number 216652 (england & wales), sc039193 (scotland) .\nwe are creating accessible financial education materials and collaborating with partners worldwide to give one million young people confidence in handling their money .\nstudents learn key financial behaviours in a fun, engaging, game - based environment .\nthe students really benefited from the day and rated it as one of the most important and useful masterclasses of the year .\nthe feedback from schools has been very positive and when the education department staff return from summer recess, i will follow up with them to see how we can roll this out across the island and i can look at attracting some partners from the finance industry on island to assist .\nthe students were engaged throughout and clearly enjoyed the final session, some of the ideas were pretty far - fetched but was good to see their imaginations working overtime .\nthe children were quite an engaged bunch and, hopefully, we held their attention! a great day of learning and a good way to interact with the next generation of investors .\nthe children had a brilliant day! they really learnt a lot about the importance of money and how to use it wisely .\nall presentations were very good and interactive, kids have learnt a lot and very engaged about saving, investing and entrepreneurship .\nthe children didn’t just sit back and listen but actively participated and applied their knowledge to various different tasks .\nthe kids are loving the sessions, they have come back to school full of enthusiasm and facts .\nthis is an excellent initiative that will benefit society and help us engage with the local community. it will also enable volunteers to enhance their presentation skills and hopefully have fun .\ni think it was perfect, the best trip i’ve ever been to, it was fun to participate and has honestly helped my future .\nstill widespread and very common, but surveys suggest that numbers may be declining slightly .\nsecond - growth woods, river groves. breeds in open deciduous and mixed woodland, preferring edges of forests or second growth. attracted also to roadside trees, shrubby and tree - lined stream banks, and ponds. will nest in second - growth maples, birch, and aspen following fire in coniferous forests. in the northwest, prefers willow and alder thickets. in winter in the tropics, found in lowland woods .\nforages very actively, often flying out to catch insects in mid - air or hovering to take them from foliage. flycatches much more than most warblers, drooping its wings, fanning its tail, and leaping high in the air. males feed higher and make more mid - air sallies than do females early in the nesting season. does not cling to tips of branches while hanging upside down as do many warblers. holds large caterpillars and moths in the bill and bangs them on perch before eating .\n4, sometimes 2 - 5. off - white, with brown or gray marks. incubation by female only, 11 - 12 days. often parasitized by cowbirds. young: fed by both parents. leave the nest at 9 days old. the parents divide the brood into 2 parts, each parent attending only half the fledglings. normally 1 brood per season .\nfed by both parents. leave the nest at 9 days old. the parents divide the brood into 2 parts, each parent attending only half the fledglings. normally 1 brood per season .\nmostly insects. feeds on a wide variety of insects including beetles, caterpillars, moths, leafhoppers, aphids, midges, crane flies; also spiders anddaddy longlegs. also eats some seeds and berries .\nmales sometimes mate with more than one female and raise 2 - 3 broods simultaneously. males perform a frequent boundary display flight toward rivals, with stiffened wingbeats and a glide back to the original perch in a semicircle. male displays to female during courtship by fluffing plumage, raising crown feathers, spreading wings and tail, and bowing. nest site picked by female, usually in fork of tree, 4 - 70' above the ground; rarely on the ground. open cup nest (built by female) of plant fibers, grass, rootlets, decorated with lichen, birch bark, and feathers; lined with feathers. sometimes will use old nests of other birds .\nmigrates mostly at night. fall migration begins early, with many southbound in august. small numbers of strays appear throughout the west, and a few may winter in southern california .\n5 or 6 high - pitched notes or 2 - note phrases, ending with an upward or downward inflection: chewy - chewy - chewy, chew - chew - chew .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind, audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u. s. and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color, the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival. the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future. we call this the bird’s “climatic range. ”\nthe darker the shaded area, the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame, allowing you to compare how the range will expand, contract, or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today (based on data from 2000). the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020, 2050, and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left, or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color, the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival. the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season. more on reading these maps .\nafter bouncing back from near extinction, the kirtland' s warbler is helping scientists understand the outsize role of winter habitat for migratory birds .\nbuilding collisions kill hundreds of millions of birds each year. senator booker introduced a bill to reduce bird deaths caused by federal buildings .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nan important message... it’s time to disconnect to connect... # readaloud15 read more\nfantastic ks1 art exhibition yesterday in the hall. key stage 2 today. do come along and look at the artwork on display and for sale. read more\nyou are currently viewing one of the free species accounts available in our complimentary tour of bna. in this courtesy review, you can access all the life history articles and the multimedia galleries associated with this species .\nfor complete access to all species accounts, a subscription is required. subscriptions are available for as little as $ 5 for 30 days of complete access! if you would like to subscribe to bna, please visit the cornell lab of ornithology e - store or call us at 877 - 873 - 2626 (m - f, 8: 00 - 4: 00 et) .\nthis animation depicts weekly relative abundance estimates, with brighter color representing higher abundance. the data for this animation were generated using spatio - temporal - exploratory models to predict population relative abundance at specific times and locations by relating observations of american redstarts from ebird to local environmental features derived from nasa remote sensing data. ebird (ebird. org) is a citizen science program run by the cornell lab of ornithology .\nthe distribution of the most likely breeding region (nw, northwest; mw, midwest; ne, northeast; ce, central - east; se, southeast) for individuals at each wintering region (m, mexico; c, central america; w, western greater antilles; e, eastern greater antilles; l, lesser antilles / south america). black dots indicate sampling locations and bars indicate the proportion of individuals assigned to each breeding region (rounded to the nearest 5 %). figure from martin et al. 2007, adapted from norris et al. 2006a .\na northern hardwood forest at hubbard brook in new hampshire. dominant trees are sugar maple, american beech and yellow birch, with an understory of shrubs, ferns, and tree seedlings and saplings .\nshaded coffee habitat in jamaica, where redstarts are abundant in winter. shade trees are inga vera, a nitrogen - fixing legume that helps fertilize the soil and improve quality of the coffee by ripening the beans more slowly than in sun coffee .\nblack mangrove trees have distinctive pneumatophores, aerial roots emerging vertically above ground from the root zone and important in gas exchange. this habitat contains the highest density of redstarts documented to date in winter, and they defend territories and forage at all levels in this habitat from the pneumatophores to treetop. photo documents old - growth black mangrove habitat at site prior to major damage from hurricane ivan in september, 2004 .\nlogwood coastal thorn scrub habitat at luana point study site in jamaica, during the wet season .\nlogwood (haematoxylum campechianum) coastal thorn scrub habitat at luana point study site in jamaica, during the wet season (may through december ?). these dense, thorny thickets contain abundant redstarts in winter, although this habitat can lose most of its leaves in typical dry seasons due to drought stress (see adjoining photo of same habitat), which can cause declines in food abundance with detrimental effects on redstarts .\nlogwood coastal thorn scrub habitat at luana point study site in jamaica, at peak of dry season .\nlogwood (haematoxylum campechianum) coastal thorn scrub habitat at luana point study site in jamaica, at peak of dry season (march ?), showing almost complete absence of leaves resulting from drought stress. see adjoining photo of this habitat prior to peak of drought .\ntropical dry forest at portland ridge, jamaica, in the rain shadow of the blue mountains .\nredstarts are abundant in this habitat following fall migration and early parts of the winter, but they often abandon this habitat later in the winter season as it undergoes drought stress and declining insect abundance during the dry season. this photo documents the condition of this forest site prior to a fire in 2005 (following hurricane ivan damage in september 2004 that left abundant dead trees and branches), which changed the vegetation substantially. photo by r. t. holmes .\n. breeds across much of the eastern and northern u. s. and southern canada. breeds north to newfoundland, southern labrador, south - central quebec, north - central ontario, central manitoba, north - central saskatchewan, northeastern alberta, west - central mackenzie, and extreme southwestern yukon. breeds south locally along the atlantic coast to southeastern virginia, central north carolina, western south carolina, northern and western georgia, extreme northwestern florida, southern alabama, southern mississippi, southern louisiana; easternmost portions of texas, oklahoma, and kansas; southeastern and northern nebraska; southeastern and northwestern wyoming; northern idaho; northwestern oregon; northern washington; west - central british columbia (not including coastal lowlands), and extreme southeastern alaska (\namerican ornithologists' union. 1983. check - list of north american birds, 6th ed. washington, d. c: am. ornithol. union. close\n). breeding distribution is patchy. very small numbers also breed occasionally along eastern cascade mountains in southern oregon (\ngilligan, j. , d. rogers, m. smith and a. contreras. 1994. birds of oregon: status and distribution. mcminnville, or: cinclus publ. close\nsmall, a. 1994. california birds: their status and distribution. vista, ca: ibis publ. co. close\nstephens, d. a. and s. h. sturts. 1991. idaho bird distribution. idaho state univ. , pocatello: idaho mus. nat. hist. close\nbehle, w. h. , e. d. sorenson and c. m. white. 1985. utah birds: a revised checklist. univ. of utah, salt lake city: utah mus. nat. hist. close\nmonson, g. and a. r. phillips. 1964. a check - list of the birds of arizona. tucson: univ. of arizona press. close\nandrews, p. and r. righter. 1992. colorado birds. denver, co: denver mus. of nat. hist. close\nmcnair, d. b. and w. post. 1993b. supplement to\nstatus and distribution of south carolina birds .\n. charleston, sc: charleston mus. ornithol. contr. no. 8. close\n), and locally elsewhere. most abundant breeding from central british columbia, southern manitoba, southern ontario, southern quebec, nova scotia, and northern portions of minnesota, wisconsin, and michigan, east within the u. s. through northern new york, northern vermont, new hampshire, and northern maine (see\nlocal and often absent as breeder along immediate coast of eastern north america from rhode island south (but abundant breeder on nashawena island, buzzards bay, massachusetts; tws). absent as breeder from southeastern alberta and much of southern saskatchewan except cypress hills (\nsemenchuk, g. p. 1992. the atlas of breeding birds of alberta. edmonton: fed. alberta nat. close\nsmith, a. r. 1996b. atlas of saskatchewan birds. regina: sask. nat. hist. soc. spec. publ. no. 22. close\nstewart, r. e. 1975b. breeding birds of north dakota. fargo, nd: tri - college center for environ. studies. close\njanssen, r. b. 1987. birds in minnesota. minneapolis: univ. minnesota press. close\npeterson, r. a. the south dakota breeding bird atlas. south dakota ornithologists' union, northern prairie wildlife research center online (version 06jul2000). 1995. close\npalmer - ball, b. l. , jr. 1996. the kentucky breeding bird atlas. lexington: university press of kentucky. close\n, indiana breeding bird atlas unpublished), and locally elsewhere (see historical changes, below). absent as breeder throughout most of central and southern plains states, the arid southwest, and southern and eastern california. however, nonbreeders occur in small numbers during summer in new mexico, southern arizona (especially in southeast), and northwestern california (\nhubbard, j. p. (1978). revised check - list of the birds of new mexico. n. m. ornithol. soc. publ. no. 6. close\ncramp, s. and c. m. perrins. 1994b. the birds of the western palearctic. vol. 9. oxford, uk: oxford univ. press. close\nstewart, p. a. 1989a. migratory movements of banded american redstarts. n. am. bird bander no. 14: 78. close\nkirkconnell, a. and o. h. garrido. 1996. la candelita setophaga ruticilla (aves: parulidae) nidificando en cuba. el pitirre no. 9: 5. close\nevans, p. g. h. 1990a. birds of the eastern caribbean. london: macmillan press, ltd. close\namos, e. j. r. 1991. a guide to the birds of bermuda. warwick, bermuda: e. j. r. amos. close\narendt, w. j. 1992 .\nstatus of north american migrant landbirds in the caribbean region: a summary .\nin ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. , edited by j. m. hagan iii and d. w. johnston, 143 - 171. washington, d. c: smithson. inst. press. close\nstevenson, h. m. , and b. h. anderson. 1994b. the birdlife of florida. gainesville: university press of florida. close\nhowell, s. n. g. and s. webb. 1995. a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america. new york: oxford university press. close\npashley, d. n. and r. p. martin. 1988. the contribution of christmas bird counts to knowledge of the winter distribution of migratory warblers in the neotropics. am. birds no. 42: 1164 - 1176. close\nlynch, j. f. 1992 .\ndistribution of overwintering nearctic migrants in yucatán peninsula, ii: use of native and human - modified vegetation .\nin ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. , edited by j. m. hagan iii and d. w. johnston, 178 - 196. washington, d. c: smithson. inst. press. close\nrobbins, c. s. , b. a. dowell, d. k. dawson, j. a. coln and r. estrada. 1992a .\ncomparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forests, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats .\nin ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. , edited by j. m. hagan iii and d. w. johnston, 207 - 220. washington, d. c: smithson. inst. press. close\nschwartz, p. 1964. the northern waterthrush in venezuela. living bird no. 3: 169 - 184. close\nlefebvre, g. , b. poulin and r. mcneil. 1992. abundance, feeding behavior, and body condition of nearctic warblers wintering in venezuelan mangroves. wilson bull. no. 104: 400 - 412. close\nrare but regular during winter in the u. s. in gulf states from texas and louisiana east to florida (becomes increasingly numerous in florida southward and near coasts ;\nslud, p. 1967. the birds of cocos island (costa rica). bull. am. mus. nat. hist. no. 134: 263 - 295. close\npost, w. and jr. gauthreaux, s. a. 1989. status and distribution of south carolina birds. charleston, sc: charleston mus. close\nalström, p. and p. colston. 1991. a field guide to the rare birds of britain and europe. london: harper collins. close\n). a handful of long - distance band recoveries suggest a tendency to overwinter directly south of breeding areas; i. e. , individuals breeding in eastern north america travel to greater antilles and northern south america, whereas those breeding in central and western north america migrate to mexico and central america (\nholmes, r. t. and t. w. sherry. 1992 .\nsite fidelity of migratory warblers in temperate breeding and neotropical wintering areas: implications for population dynamics, habitat selection, and conservation .\nin ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. , edited by j. m. hagan iii and d. w. johnston, 563 - 575. washington, d. c: smithson. inst. press. close\ndemonstrated a “chain migration” pattern for american restarts that breed in eastern north america; northern breeders tend to overwinter farther north, and southern breeders overwinter farther south; e. g. , birds overwintering in trinidad and tobago breed in the southeastern u. s. (figure 6) .\n. departs breeding areas beginning in july (e. g. , hubbard brook experimental forest, white mountains, new hampshire; tws) and arrives on northern gulf of mexico coast as early as late july (\nlowery, jr. , g. h. 1974. louisiana birds. revised 3rd edition. baton rouge: louisiana state university press. close\noberholser, h. c. 1974. the bird life of texas. university of texas press, austin, tx. close\nwoodrey, m. s. 1995. stopover behavior and age - specific ecology of neotropical passerine migrant landbirds during autumn along the northern coast of the gulf of mexico. phd thesis, univ. of southern mississippi, hattiesburg. close\n; see figure 3). most individuals, however, move south later than this, arriving south of u. s. by november. peak movements occur from late august to mid - september in minnesota (\nrobbins, s. d. , jr. 1991. wisconsin birdlife: population and distribution, past and present. madison: univ. of wisconsin press. close\ngranlund, j. , g. a. mcpeek and r. j. adams. 1994. the birds of michigan. bloomington: indiana university press. close\nveit, r. r. and w. r. petersen. 1993. the birds of massachusetts. lincoln, ma: massachussetts audubon society. close\npeterjohn, b. g. 2001. the birds of ohio with breeding bird atlas maps. wooster, oh: wooster book company. close\nsibley, d. a. 1997. birds of cape may. 2nd ed. cape may bird observatory, new jersey audubon society. close\n). most birds pass through the southern u. s. by october, peaking in numbers in the last week of september and first half of october (e. g. , inland louisiana; j. v. remsen, unpublished data). last stragglers depart the u. s. for overwintering areas by november, except for a few individuals that overwinter, e. g. , in florida peninsula (\n, j. v. remsen, unpublished data). median 1990–1991 passage (capture) dates of migrant american redstarts at long point (southern ontario), powdermill (southwestern pennsylvania), and fort morgan (coastal alabama) banding stations, respectively, were 1 september, 10 september, and 24 september (interpolated from data in\nwinker, k. , d. w. warner and a. r. weisbrod. 1992d. migration of woodland birds at a fragmented inland stopover site. wilson bulletin no. 104 (4): 580 - 598. close\nhall, g. a. 1981. fall migration patterns of wood warblers in the southern appalachians. j. field ornithol. no. 52: 43 - 49. close\nthompson, m. c. and c. ely. 1992. birds in kansas, vol. ii. univ. kans. mus. nat. hist. public ed. ser. no. 12. close\nstiles, f. g. and a. skutch. 1989. a guide to the birds of costa rica. ithaca, ny: cornell univ. press. close\n). overwintering residents (as opposed to transients) arrive on territories in jamaica beginning mid - september (p. p. marra, unpublished data) .\nwoodrey, m. s. and c. r. chandler. 1997. age - related timing of migration: geographic and interspecific patterns. wilson bull. no. 109: 52 - 67. close\nwoodrey, m. s. and f. r. moore. 1997. age - related differences in the stopover of fall landbird migrants on the coast of alabama. auk no. 114 (4): 695 - 707. close\n). yearlings arrive on overwintering sites in jamaica before older birds (p. p. marra, unpublished data), suggesting that yearling individuals progress to overwintering sites on average more rapidly than older birds, or at least leave gulf coast stopover sites earlier. adults probably remain later on or near the breeding area to complete definitive prebasic molt (see\n; p. p. marra, unpublished data), starts departing in late march, traveling to north america on broad front. more southerly breeding individuals pass through coastal louisiana during spring migration earlier than northern breeders, based on stable - hydrogen isotope ratios in feathers, a method which also confirmed that western breeders do not migrate through the state (\nlangin, k. m. , p. p. marra, z. németh, f. r. moore, t. k. kyser and l. m. ratcliffe. 2009. breeding latitude and timing of spring migration in songbirds crossing the gulf of mexico. journal of avian biology no. 40 (3): 309 - 316. close\n). departs central america (e. g. , costa rica) by late march (\nbent, a. c. 1953b. life histories of north american wood warblers. u. s. natl. mus. bull. no. 203. close\nstudds, c. e. and p. p. marra. 2011. rainfall - induced changes in food availability modify the spring departure programme of a migratory bird. proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences no. 278 (1723): 3437 - 3443. close\n), and through louisiana late april–early may (j. v. remsen, unpublished data). median spring passage date through coastal louisiana was 28 april (range 31 march–13 may ,\n). peak movements through northern u. s. occur in mid - may, including massachusetts (\nfrancis, c. m. and f. cooke. 1986. differential timing of spring migration in wood warblers (parulidae). auk no. 103: 548 - 556. close\nhahn, b. a. and e. d. silverman. 2006. social cues facilitate habitat selection: american redstarts establish breeding territories in response to song. biology letters no. 2 (3): 337 - 340. close\nstudds, c. e. and p. p. marra. 2007. linking fluctuations in rainfall to nonbreeding season performance in a long - distance migratory bird, setophaga ruticilla. climate research no. 35 (1 - 2): 115 - 122. close\nmckellar, a. e. , p. p. marra and l. m. ratcliffe. 2013a. starting over: experimental effects of breeding delay on reproductive success in early - arriving male american redstarts. journal of avian biology no. 44 (5): 495 - 503. close\ntonra, c. m. , p. p. marra and r. l. holberton. 2013. experimental and observational studies of seasonal interactions between overlapping life history stages in a migratory bird. hormones and behavior no. 64 (5): 825 - 832. close\ncooper, n. w. , t. w. sherry and p. p. marra. 2015. experimental reduction of winter food decreases body condition and delays migration in a long - distance migratory bird. ecology no. 96 (7): 1933 - 1942. close\nramenofsky, m. 2012. reconsidering the role of photoperiod in relation to effects of precipitation and food availability on spring departure of a migratory bird. proceedings of the royal society b no. 279 (1726): 15 - 16. close\nstudds, c. e. and p. p. marra. 2012. reconsidering the role of precipitation and food availability in relation to the effect of photoperiod on spring departure of a migratory bird. proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences no. 279 (1726): 17 - 18. close\n). individual birds depart earlier in wetter springs and arrive earlier on breeding grounds, a pattern more or less consistent in eastern and western breeding populations around 3, 000 km apart, although some differences found between these extremes, e. g. , in calendar dates and strength of relationship (\nmarra, p. p. , k. a. hobson and r. t. holmes. 1998. linking winter and summer events in a migratory bird by using stable - carbon isotopes. science no. 282: 1884 - 1886. close\nreudink, m. w. , p. p. marra, t. k. kyser, p. t. boag, k. m. langin and l. m. ratcliffe. 2009a. non - breeding season events influence sexual selection in a long - distance migratory bird. proceedings of the royal society b no. 276 (1662): 1619 - 1626. close\ntonra, c. m. , p. p. marra and r. l. holberton. 2011. migration phenology and winter habitat quality are related to circulating androgen in a long - distance migratory bird. journal of avian biology no. 42 (5): 397 - 404. close\npeele, a. m. 2015. population regulation of a long distance migratory bird population in the non - breeding season: a test of buffer and crowding effects, tulane university, new orleans. close\n). individually - banded redstarts arriving to breed in ontario showed similar response to winter rainfall between years, i. e. , similar timing vs. rainfall slope relationships, suggesting that annual changes in departure and arrival times in relation to changing rainfall are likely phenotypically plastic (\nsmith, r. j. , s. e. mabey and f. r. moore. 2009b. spring passage and arrival patterns of american redstarts in michigan’s upper peninsula. wilson journal of ornithology no. 121 (2): 290 - 297. close\nralph, c. j. 1981. age ratios and their possible use in determining autumn routes of passerine migrants. wilson bull. no. 93: 164 - 188. close\nstewart, p. a. 1986. fall migration of twelve species of wood warblers through coastal virginia. n. am. bird bander no. 11: 83 - 86. close\nmorris, s. r. , d. w. holmes and m. e. richmond. 1996. a ten - year study of the stopover patterns of migratory passerines during fall migration on appeldore island, maine. condor no. 98: 395 - 409. close\nralph, c. j. 1978. the disorientation and possible fate of young passerine coastal migrants. bird - banding no. 49: 237 - 247. close\n), suggesting that this coastline forms eastern edge of migratory route. almost 97% of redstarts captured in a coastal virginia study area were juvenile birds (\nstewart, p. a. 1983b. independent fall migration of first - year and older wood warblers. n. am. bird bander no. 8: 153 - 155. close\n) are probably closer to main southward migratory path than are coastal eastern u. s. stations (< 10% adults). more birds move south in western florida than in eastern florida; conversely, more move north in eastern florida for spring migration, indicating seasonal differences in migratory path within that state (\nabundant individuals passing through the western u. s. indicate broad migratory front in both fall and spring (\ncurson, j. , d. quinn and d. beadle. 1994. warblers of the americas: an identification guide. new york: houghton mifflin co. close\nroberson, d. 1980. rare birds of the west coast of north america. pacific grove, ca: woodcock publ. close\n, pyle et al. 1987). the well - marked movements through pacific coastal states probably connect breeding sites as far west as british columbia, washington state, oregon, and northern california (see figure 1) with overwintering sites in much of central america and southern mexico. vagrants show up on all california offshore islands (\nla sorte, f. a. , d. fink, w. m. hochachka, j. p. delong and s. kelling. 2013. population - level scaling of avian migration speed with body size and migration distance for powered fliers. ecology no. 94 (8): 1839 - 1847. close\n]) averaged for each species indicated that american redstarts, like many other songbird species that migrate over the gulf of mexico or atlantic ocean, make “clockwise looped trajectories, which result in faster but more circuitous journeys in the spring and more direct journeys in the autumn”. this loop migration pattern results from northward migration in spring taking place further west of the southward migration path used in fall, and appears to be driven in part by seasonal patterns of productivity of insect prey, and atmospheric weather patterns including frontal systems (\nla sorte, f. a. , d. fink, w. m. hochachka, j. p. delong and s. kelling. 2014a. spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped migration strategies by birds. proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences no. 281 (1793). close\n). peak daily migration rate by species with clockwise migration pattern was greater in spring than in autumn, probably because of selection pressures to return to breeding grounds quickly (i. e. , optimize migration, according to time - minimization hypothesis) plus slower movement rates of inexperienced juvenile individuals in fall (\nla sorte, f. a. , d. fink, w. m. hochachka and s. kelling. 2016. convergence of broad - scale migration strategies in terrestrial birds. proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences no. 283 (1823). close\nla sorte, f. a. , d. fink, w. m. hochachka, a. farnsworth, a. d. rodewald, k. v. rosenberg, b. l. sullivan, d. w. winkler, c. wood and s. kelling. 2014b. the role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonal dynamics of north american migration flyways. journal of biogeography no. 41 (9): 1685 - 1696. close\n). although referred to as a “flyway”, this eastern migration pattern involves broad fronts of birds migrating within the region, primarily east of a line running between central texas and the mississippi river valley .\nintratropical migrations may occur in some non - breeding locations within the overwintering period. for example, abundance appears to shift between pacific and caribbean mangroves in panama, possibly related to tracking of specific food resources (\nlefebvre, g. and b. poulin. 1996. seasonal abundance of migrant birds and food resources in panamanian mangrove forests. wilson bulletin no. 108 (4): 748 - 759. close\ngetty, s. r. 1993. call - notes of north american wood warblers. birding no. 25: 158 - 168. close\nmorse, d. h. 1970b. ecological aspects of some mixed species foraging flocks of birds. ecol. monogr. no. 40: 119 - 168. close\nmartin, t. e. and j. r. karr. 1986. patch utilization by migrating birds: resource oriented? ornis scandinavica no. 17 (2): 165 - 174. close\nmartin, t. e. and j. r. karr. 1990. behavioral plasticity of foraging maneuvers of migratory warblers: multiple selection periods for niches? stud. avian biol. no. 13: 353 - 359. close\nmorris, s. r. , m. e. richmond and d. w. holmes. 1994. patterns of stopover by warblers during spring and fall migration on appledore island, maine. wilson bulletin no. 106 (4): 703 - 718. close\n). during fall on appledore island in coastal maine, american redstarts (particularly lighter - weight individuals) fit general parulid stopover pattern of arriving lean, staying average of 2. 7 d (range 1–18) to increase mass (\n). juveniles in fall tend to arrive on appledore island with less fat and slightly lighter than older individuals (8. 1 versus 8. 3 g), and stay slightly longer (2. 8 versus 2. 4 d), consistent with hypothesis that younger individuals are less prepared for long - distance migration (see also\n). birds were less likely to be recaptured on appledore in spring than in fall, and they stayed fewer days (2. 6 d in spring; 3. 4 d in fall), and correspondingly did not gain mass during spring stopover (\n). this greater extent of fattening during fall could result from earlier migratory stage in fall, whereas spring birds potentially benefit reproductively from rapid arrival on nearby breeding areas. individuals weigh more in fall at an alabama site, just before crossing gulf of mexico barrier, than at appledore island (9. 4 versus 8. 3 g in adults ,\nsmith, r. j. , f. r. moore and c. a. may. 2007e. stopover habitat along the shoreline of northern lake huron, michigan: emergent aquatic insects as a food resource for spring migrating landbirds. auk no. 124 (1): 107 - 121. close\nlovette, i. j. and r. t. holmes. 1995. foraging behavior of american redstarts in breeding and wintering areas: implications for relative food availability. condor no. 97: 782 - 791. close\nsmith, r. j. , m. j. hamas, d. n. ewert and m. e. dallman. 2004c. spatial foraging differences in american redstarts along the shoreline of northern lake huron during spring migration. wilson bulletin no. 116 (1): 48 - 55. close\nmoore, f. r. , r. j. smith and r. sandberg. 2005 .\nstopover ecology of intercontinental migrants: en route problems and consequences for reproductive performance .\nin birds of two worlds: the ecology and evolution of migration, edited by r. greenberg and p. p. marra, 251 - 261. baltimore: johns hopkins university press. close\ngonzález - prieto, a. m. , and k. a. hobson. 2013. environmental conditions on wintering grounds and during migration influence spring nutritional condition and arrival phenology of neotropical migrants at a northern stopover site. journal of ornithology 154: 1067 - 1078. close\nsmith, r. j. and f. r. moore. 2005b. fat stores of american redstarts setophaga ruticilla arriving at northerly breeding grounds. journal of avian biology no. 36 (2): 117 - 126. close\n). some support found, insofar as individuals of both sexes arrived with more body fat in a cooler spring, they tended to arrive with excess body fat, and those arriving early had more fat than those arriving later. however, evidence against this hypothesis consisted of birds arriving with excess fat even in a relatively benign spring period, and females arriving with more excess fat than males, suggesting that excess fat might play more of a reproductive than an insurance role .\nsome variation in body fat of migratory birds is determined, at least in part, prior to northward migration. for example, experimental food reduction on male territories in jamaica prior to spring northward migration caused increased fattening but reduced pectoral muscle mass—and no net change of mass overall (\n). these results indicate a tradeoff in fat deposition vs. muscle mass maintenance, and the experimental birds (with reduced food supply) were able to fatten in a resource - poor environment presumably in part by catabolizing muscle .\nin multiple independent studies, older males arriving earlier on temperate breeding grounds have overwintered in wetter and thus higher quality habitats, as determined from stable - carbon isotope ratios in muscle (e. g. ,\n). since the earlier arriving males do not have larger cloacal protuberances, their higher androgen levels appear to increase reproductive success via successful territory defense rather than accelerating reproductive condition. thus, males with elevated androgen levels benefit directly from erythropoietic (increased oxygen capacity) effects during migration, and possibly for foraging and defending territories as they transition to reproductive activities upon arrival to breed. high androgen levels could also contribute to reproductive success in males via more opportunities for copulation (\nhamel, p. b. , jr. legrand, h. e. , m. r. lennartz and jr. gauthreaux, s. a. 1982. bird habitat relationships on southeastern forest lands. asheville, nc: u. s. for. serv. close\ndegraaf, r. m. 1985 .\nbreeding bird assemblages in new england northern hardwoods .\nin proceedings: the impact of timber management practices on nongame birds in vermont. , edited by r. j. regan and d. e. capen, 5 - 22. montpelier: vermont fish and wildlife dept. close\npeck, g. k. and r. d. james. 1987. breeding birds of ontario: nidiology and distribution. vol. 2. passerines. toronto: misc. publ. roy. ont. mus. close\nhunt, p. d. 1996. habitat selection by american redstarts along a successional gradient in northern hardwoods forest: evaluation of habitat quality. auk no. 113: 875 - 888. close" ]

{ "text": [ "redstarts are a group of small old world birds .", "they were formerly classified in the thrush family ( turdidae ) , but are now known to be part of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .", "they are currently treated in four genera , the true redstarts phoenicurus , the closely related genera chaimarrornis and rhyacornis , and one species in the less closely related genus luscinia .", "these are insectivorous ground feeding birds , most of which have the red tail which gives the group its name ; \" start \" is the modern english reflex of middle english stert , old english steort , tail of an animal .", "most species are migratory , with northern species being long-distance migrants and more southerly species often being altitudinal migrants breeding at high altitude and moving lower down in winter .", "they are small insectivores , the males mostly brightly coloured in various combinations of red , blue , white , and black , the females light brown with a red tail .", "recent genetic studies have shown that the genus phoenicurus is not monophyletic , but may be made so by the inclusion of chaimarrornis and rhyacornis within phoenicurus ; this conclusion is yet to be taken up by the international ornithological congress .", "the new world redstarts in the genera setophaga and myioborus are not closely related ; they are new world warblers in the family parulidae .", "members of the latter genus , with extensive white and no red in their tails , are now more often called \" whitestarts \" . " ], "topic": [ 12, 2, 26, 12, 14, 23, 6, 26, 26 ] }

[ "redstarts are a group of small old world birds. they were formerly classified in the thrush family (turdidae), but are now known to be part of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae. they are currently treated in four genera, the true redstarts phoenicurus, the closely related genera chaimarrornis and rhyacornis, and one species in the less closely related genus luscinia. these are insectivorous ground feeding birds, most of which have the red tail which gives the group its name; \" start \" is the modern english reflex of middle english stert, old english steort, tail of an animal. most species are migratory, with northern species being long-distance migrants and more southerly species often being altitudinal migrants breeding at high altitude and moving lower down in winter. they are small insectivores, the males mostly brightly coloured in various combinations of red, blue, white, and black, the females light brown with a red tail. recent genetic studies have shown that the genus phoenicurus is not monophyletic, but may be made so by the inclusion of chaimarrornis and rhyacornis within phoenicurus; this conclusion is yet to be taken up by the international ornithological congress. the new world redstarts in the genera setophaga and myioborus are not closely related; they are new world warblers in the family parulidae. members of the latter genus, with extensive white and no red in their tails, are now more often called \" whitestarts \"." ]

[ "amphibia, rhombophryne diadema sp. nov. , rhombophryne regalis sp. nov. , micro - computed tomography, cophylinae, integrative taxonomy\nrhombophryne boettger, 1880, zool. anz. , 3: 567. type species: rhombophryne testudo boettger, 1880, by monotypy .\nthe full rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group. photos are by miguel vences, frank glaw, and franco andreone .\na new microhylid frog, genus rhombophryne, from northeastern madagascar, and a re - description of r. serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - microhylid frog (rhombophryne matavy )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - microhylid frog (rhombophryne matavy )\ntitle =\narkive species - microhylid frog (rhombophryne matavy )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing frog (rhombophryne coudreaui )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - burrowing frog (rhombophryne coudreaui )\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing frog (rhombophryne coudreaui )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe hip of rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa. note how dense the pubis appears on the left (surface rendering) compared to the version on the right (volume rendering) .\na new microhylid frog, genus rhombophryne, from northeastern madagascar, and a re - description of r. serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography. - pubmed - ncbi\na review of the taxonomy and osteology of the < i > rhombophryne < / i > < i > serratopalpebrosa < / i > species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, wit... - pubmed - ncbi\nglaw f (2016). a review of the taxonomy and osteology of the rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro - ct data to taxonomists .\na review of the taxonomy and osteology of the < i > rhombophryne < / i > < i > serratopalpebrosa < / i > species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro - ct data to taxonomists .\na335. scherz, m. d. , f. glaw, m. vences, f. andreone & a. crottini (2016): two new species of terrestrial microhylid frogs (microhylidae: cophylinae: rhombophryne) from northeastern madagascar. – salamandra 52: 91 - 106. (pdf )\na324. scherz, m. d. , b. ruthensteiner, d. r. vieites, m. vences & f. glaw (2015): two new microhylid frogs of the genus rhombophryne with superciliary spines from the tsaratanana massif in northern madagascar. – herpetologica 71: 310 - 321. (pdf )\na296. scherz, m. d. , b. ruthensteiner, m. vences & f. glaw (2014): a new microhylid frog, genus rhombophryne, from northeastern madagascar, and a re - description of r. serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography. – zootaxa 3860: 547 - 560. (pdf )\na182. d' cruze, n. , j. köhler, m. vences & f. glaw (2010): a new fat fossorial frog (microhylidae: cophylinae: rhombophryne) from the rainforest of the forêt d' ambre special reserve, northern madagascar. – herpetologica 66: 182 - 191. (pdf )\nspecies description: scherz md, hawlitschek o, andreone f, rakotoarison a, vences m, glaw f 2017 a review of the taxonomy and osteology of the rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro - ct data to taxonomists. zootaxa 4273: 301 - 340 .\na313. scherz, m. d. , a. rakotoarison, o. hawlitschek, m. vences & f. glaw (2015) leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? an unusually long - legged new species of rhombophryne (anura, microhylidae) from the sorata massif in northern madagascar. – zoosystematics and evolution 91: 105 - 114. (pdf )\na359. scherz, m. d. , o. hawlitschek, f. andreone, a. rakotoarison, m. vences & f. glaw (2017): a review of the taxonomy and osteology of the rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro - ct data to taxonomists. – zootaxa 4273: 301 - 340. (pdf )\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article scherz, mark d. , hawlitschek, oliver, andreone, franco, rakotoarison, andolalao, vences, miguel, glaw, frank (2017): a review of the taxonomy and osteology of the rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group (anura: microhylidae) from madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro - ct data to taxonomists. zootaxa 4273 (3): 301 - 340, doi :\nthis species occurs on two islands (nosy be and nosy komba) off the north - west coast of madagascar, between 0 - 300 m asl. there was a previous record in northeastern madagascar between sambava and andapa, however this has now been assigned to rhombophryne coudreaui (andreone & randrianirina 2008). an old record from\nimerina\nis too vague to be of value, while records from réunion island are erroneous. its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 457 km 2 .\nthis latest contribution to the genus rhombophryne is going to be an important stepping stone in the revision of the genus as a whole. this is our next and ongoing project, and one that is likely to see the number of rhomobophryne species, today extended to 21, rise by over a third. osteology is clearly going to play an important role in this work, but we are also going to draw on bioacoustics, external morphology, and possibly some more advanced morphometrics to delimit and distinguish other species groups and new taxa within rhomobphryne .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npatterns of endemism and species richness in malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\npatterns of endemism and species richness in malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation .\nwollenberg kc 1, vieites dr, van der meijden a, glaw f, cannatella dc, vences m .\nzoological institute, division of evolutionary biology, technical university of braunschweig, spielmannstr. 8, 38106 braunschweig, germany. kc. wollenberg @ urltoken\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2015. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0. new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\nit is not clear that the populations on the mainland of madagascar belong to the same species as those on nosy be and nosy komba (m. vences, f. glaw, f. andreone and c. j. raxworthy pers. comm .) .\njustification: listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 457 km 2, it is known from two threat - defined locations and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is a common species on nosy be. however due to ongoing declines in the quality and extent of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit lives in lowland rainforest, heavily degraded secondary vegetation and plantations, provided there is sufficient shade, tree cover and leaf - litter. it is a terrestrial species found in leaf - litter and in burrows. it breeds in underground nests with parental care, but it is not known if breeding takes place by larval or direct development .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture (including livestock grazing), timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, fire and expanding human settlements. high human population density and urbanization on the islands of nosy be and nosy komba are undoubtedly contributing to a reduction in the availability of suitable habitat .\nconservation action it occurs in lokobe strict nature reserve. conservation needed site protection and improved management are required in the face of ongoing threats. research needed further research in to population, life history and ecology, and threats is needed .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nfrost, d. r. 2013. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 6 (9 january 2013). electronic database. american museum of natural history, new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as least concern because of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species occurs in eastern madagascar from zahamena south to andringitra national park at 900 - 1, 400 m asl. records have also been made of this species from ankeniheny and mandraka (vences and glaw 2003). however, there is some uncertainty regarding its true range: southern records from andringitra (raxworthy and nussbaum 1996) are not recognized as belonging to this species (glaw and vences 2007), but they have not as yet been confirmed as belonging to another species (f. glaw pers. comm. february 2016) and so remain within the current concept of this species. as such, its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 37, 170 km 2 .\nit is an uncommon to moderately common species throughout its range, although the population is generally decreasing to to habitat loss and degradation .\nit is a terrestrial and fossorial species of primary and somewhat degraded rainforest - but is not found in open areas - and also occurs in pine plantations. it is particularly associated with forests that are rich in moss and lichens. its breeding biology is unknown, though it is likely to take place by larval development out of water, possibly underground, or in leaf axils, or in tree holes .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture (including livestock grazing), timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the spread of invasive eucalyptus, and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in zahamena national park, andasibe - mantadia national park and andringitra national park. conservation needed improved protection and management of forest habitat throughout eastern madagascar is required both inside and outside of protected areas. research needed the taxonomy, population distribution, size and trends, and life history require further research .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nstumpffia boettger, 1881, zool. anz. , 4: 360. type species: stumpffia psologlossa boettger, 1881, by monotypy. synonymy by peloso, frost, richards, rodrigues, donnellan, matsui, raxworthy, biju, lemmon, lemmon, and wheeler, 2016, cladistics, 32: xxx .\nanilany scherz, vences, rakotoarison, andreone, köhler, glaw, and crottini, 2016, mol. phylogenet. evol. , 100: 380. type species: stumpffia helenae vallan, 2000, by original designation. synonymy by peloso, raxworthy, wheeler, and frost, 2017, mol. phylogenet. evol. , 111: 63 .\nburrowing frogs (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 92) .\nstump - toed frogs (stumpffia [ no longer recognized ]: frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 93) .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nwhilst performing this survey of the osteology of the r. serratopalpebrosa species group, we happened upon inconsistencies in our dataset compared to ones published previously. bones that we had previously thought were ossified were in fact cartilaginous. we traced this error back to the method of representing the data. in the new study, we based our analysis of the micro - ct dataset on volume rendering, which takes the various grey values of the rectangular prism created by computed tomography, and assigns transparency and colour based on the grey value of each three - dimensional pixel (voxel). by contrast, our previous work, especially our first treatment of the group, had been mostly founded on surface rendering, which takes thresholds of grey values (and other methods of selection such as brushes) to establish limits at which to draw on / off boundaries, resulting in much smaller files that can be easily manipulated. while both methods have their advantages, failure to understand the limitations of either method can easily result in a misinterpretation of the data. this is indeed what happened in our case: we misinterpreted a pubis that had been represented as ‘on’ in the surface data of r. serratopalpebrosa as being ossified, when in fact this was a decision made during the surface construction; volume rendering shows clearly that the pubis of the specimen in question has a much lower density than other bones, and it is thus clearly unossified .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nenter your email address and the magic monkeys will send you notifications of new posts by email .\nas rhombophyrne matavy has been observed in the wild on only a handful of occasions, very little is known about its biology. however, this burrow - dwelling frog likely spends vast amounts of time underground, emerging only during rains to mate or forage for a variety of mid - sized insects. males have been heard calling in unison during rains, both at night and day, a behaviour that probably serves to attract spectating females to mate (2). as is typical of other frogs within the rhombophyrne genus, egg laying and development of the juveniles may take place within the burrow with both the adult male and female frogs providing a degree of care (2) (3) .\ndiscovered as recently as 2008, and formerly described in 2010, to date rhombophyrne matavy is known only from the forêt d’ambre special reserve in northern madagascar (2) .\nrhombophyrne matavy inhabits burrows that it digs into the ground at the base of small trees within lowland tropical rainforest. after rainfall it has also been seen calling from patches of ground with a thick layer of leaf litter (2) .\nthought to be endangered (2), but not yet officially classified by the iucn .\nthe forêt d’ambre special reserve, home to rhombophyrne matavy, is one of the oldest reserves in madagascar, having been established in 1958. however, this protected area has been largely neglected and received little funding compared to neighbouring reserves. consequently, efforts are urgently required to improve its management, with recommendations including the training of forest wardens, the monitoring of forest resource use and the development of ecotourism (2) (5) (6) .\nd’cruze, n. , köhler, j. , vences, m. and glaw, f. (2010) a new fat fossorial frog (microhylidae: cophylinae: rhombophyrne) from the rainforest of the forêt d’ambre special reserve, northern madagascar. herpetologica, 66: 182 - 191 .\nauthenticated (01 / 06 / 2010) by dr. jörn köhler, abteilung naturgeschichte – zoologie, hessisches landesmuseum darmstadt, friedensplatz 1, darmstadt, germany. urltoken\nbarbel fleshy projection near the mouth. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. genus a category used in taxonomy, which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name; the second part is the specific name. tubercle a small, rounded, wart - like bump on the skin or on a bone .\nköhler, j. , glaw, f. and vences, m. (1997) notes on the reproduction of rhombophyrne (anura: microhylidae) at nosy be, northern madagascar. revue francaise d' aquariologie et herpetologie, 24: 53 - 54 .\nd’cruze, n. , köhler, j. , franzen, m. and glaw, f. (2008) a conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of forêt d’ambre special reserve, north madagascar. madagascar conservation and development, 3: 44 - 54 .\nandreone, f. and luiselli, l. m. (2003) conservation priorities and potential threats influencing the hyper - diverse amphibians of madagascar. italian journal of zoology, 70: 53 - 63 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is new to science. visit our newly discovered topic page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nscherz md 1, ruthensteiner b 2, vences m 3, glaw f 4 .\nzoologische staatssammlung münchen, münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 münchen, germany. ; email: mark. scherz @ gmail. com .\nzoologische staatssammlung münchen, münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 münchen, germany. ; email: bruthensteiner @ zsm. mwn. de .\ndivision of evolutionary biology, zoological institute, technical university of braunschweig, mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 braunschweig, germany. ; email: m. vences @ tu - bs. de .\nzoologische staatssammlung münchen, münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 münchen, germany. ; email: frank. glaw @ zsm. mwn. de .\nscherz md 1, hawlitschek o, andreone f, rakotoarison a, vences m, glaw f .\nzoologische staatssammlung münchen (zsm - snsb), münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 munich, germany. . mark. scherz @ gmail. com .\nby blommers - schlösser and blanc (1991). however, we follow glaw and vences (1994) in treating it as a separate species. d' cruze\nfrom montagne des français; the identity of these animals requires further study and they are not included as part of this assessment .\njustification: listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 780 km 2, it is only known from one threat - defined location and there is ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat .\nthis species was previously known from two localities in north - eastern madagascar (marojejy and voloina), however the record from voloina has found to be invalid and it has been restricted to only marojejy national park at 1, 300 m asl. it is known from one threat - defined location and its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 780 km 2 .\nit is probably a very rare species. due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is likely to be decreasing .\nit lives terrestrially in forest in leaf - litter and is probably adaptable, although it is not found in plantations. its breeding biology is unknown, but is likely to be similar to that of stumpffia gimmeli, which has terrestrial nests that contain non - feeding larvae .\nthis species' forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements .\nintensive illegal wood extraction of rosewood species within marojejy national park that followed the 2009 political crisis of madagascar caused concerns for the survival of rainforest–restricted species, such as this one. however, while illegal rosewood logging has probably ceased, wood extraction currently taking place in the park seems to occur at lower elevations and is not thought to have reached elevations where this species has been recorded; along the boundaries of marojejy deforestation is taking place to clear land for agriculture (f. glaw pers. comm. november 2015) .\nimproved protection and management of forests throughout the region is required, including within the boundaries of protected areas .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp. asia, oriental, indomalayan & malesiana region\ncatalogue of reptiles inhabiting the peninsula of india, journal of the asiatic society of bengal, 22: 522–534 .\netymology. the species is named after the kadar tribe of kerala, who live in the vazhachal forest where the type series was collected. we enjoyed their support and hospitality during amphibian field studies in the region. the specific epithet kadar is treated as an invariable noun in apposition to the generic name .\netymology: this species is named for mr tm manoharan, who severed as the head of kerala forest department for over a decade, for providing encouragement as well as personal financial support to sdb during the initial phases of his scientific career. the species epithet manoharani is treated as a noun in the genitive case .\netymology: this species is named for dr neil cox, manager of the iucn - conservation international biodiversity assessment unit. neil has been associated with the iucn red list in a variety of capacities including species assessment and management, and the new species is named particularly in appreciation of his contribution towards the global amphibian assessment. the species epithet neilcoxi is treated as a noun in the genitive case .\netymology. the species is named after the critical ecosystem partnership fund urltoken (cepf) for its effort to protect global biodiversity hotspots by providing grants in general, and specifically for a grant supporting research and conservation planning in the western ghats biodiversity hotspot through the project western ghats network of protected areas for threatened amphibians urltoken (wnpata) to sdb (university of delhi). the specific epithet cepfi is treated as a noun in the genitive case .\nsonali garg and s. d. biju. 2017. description of four new species of burrowing frogs in the fejervarya rufescens complex (dicroglossidae) with notes on morphological affinities of fejervarya species in the western ghats .\ns k. kiran, v. s. anoop, k. c. sivakumar, raghunathan dinesh, j. p. mano, deuti kaushik and george sanil. 2017. an additional record of fejervarya manoharani garg and biju from the western ghats with a description of its complete mitochondrial genome. zootaxa. 4277 (4); 491–502. doi: 10. 11646 / zootaxa. 4277. 4. 2\nwuodendron b. xue, y. h. tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox (hook. f. & thomson) b. xue, y. h. tan & x. l. hou in xue, tan ...\n[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species (sect. diploclinium, begoniaceae) from chiang mai, northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c. - i peng, c. w. lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi: 10. 3767 / blumea. 2017. 62. 03. 01 urltoken be ...\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l. wang, z. c. liu & w. b. liao in liu, feng, wang & liao, 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / phytotaxa. 357... .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j. y. shen, q. b. gong & s. landrein in gong, landrein, xi, et al. , 2018. doi: 10. 6165 / tai... .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani (cabanis, 1851) in ubaid, silveira, medolago, et. al. , 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / ...\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko, 2018. doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2018. 1491565 reconstruction by andre ...\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto, langer & schultz, 2018 doi: 10. 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration: jorge blanco c ...\ningentia prima apaldetti, martínez, cerda, pol & alcober, 2018 doi: 10. 1038 / s41559 - 018 - 0599 - y illustration: jorge a ...\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies. the main source is from wang et al. (2016 ...\nreassessing protocarnivory – how hungry are triggerplants? nge & lambers, 2018. doi: 10. 1071 / bt18059 urltoken jason _ n ...\n[ botany • 2017 ] sedum danjoense • a new species of ...\n[ crustacea • 2017 ] karkata, a new genus of gecarci ...\n[ botany • 2016 ] tibouchina rosanae • a new and unu ...\non this day (july 10th)... ...... ... ...\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel. or\nthere and back again; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f: 2. 8 y f: 4\nplants go extinct, but sometimes species are rediscovered. this one after 151 years .\ni' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth ...\nnecps carnivorous plant show: sept. 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog, cochranella granulosa .\nparacaesio brevidentata, a new species of apsiline lutjanid fish from southeastern indonesia, is described, bringing the total number of known species in this deepwater snapper genus to nine. the new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: very small teeth in jaws without enlarged canines, tubular lateral - line scales 71–73, pectoral - fin rays 18 or 19, caudal fin deeply forked, penultimate rays of soft dorsal and anal fins not longer than adjacent rays, snout short, maxilla scaly and body purplish brown and caudal fin reddish with upper and lower lobes similar in colour. members of the genus are distinguished in a key. a specimen of paracaesio caerulea from southeastern indonesia represents the first record of this species from indonesian waters .\nwhite, w. t. and last, p. r. 2012. paracaesio brevidentata n. sp. , a new snapper (lutjanidae: apsilinae) from indonesia. zootaxa, 3418: 51 - 60 .\n[ herpetology • 2013 ] a long - lost relic from the ea ...\n[ ornithology / behaviour • 2013 ] fight club: a uni ...\na398. hutter, c. r. , s. m. lambert, z. f. andriampenomanana, f. glaw & m. vences (2018): molecular phylogeny and diversification of malagasy bright - eyed tree frogs (mantellidae: boophis). – molecular phylogenetics and evolution, published online before print .\na397. macario - gonzález, l. , s. cohuo, m. , elías - gutiérrez, m. vences, l. pérez & a. schwalb (2018): integrative taxonomy of freshwater ostracodes (crustacea: ostracoda) of the yucatán peninsula, implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the northern neotropical region. – zoologischer anzeiger, published online before print .\na396. prötzel, d. , m. vences, o. hawlitschek, m. d. scherz, f. m. ratsoavina & f. glaw (2018): endangered beauties: micro - ct cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the calumma boettgeri complex (squamata: chamaeleonidae). – zoological journal of the linnean society, published online before print .\na395. lyra, m. l. , m. c. bletz, c. f. b. haddad & m. vences (2017): the intestinal microbiota of tadpoles differs from those of syntopic aquatic invertebrates. – microbial ecology, published online before print .\na394. glaw, f. , j. köhler & m. vences (2018): three new species of nocturnal geckos of the paroedura oviceps clade from xeric environments of madagascar (squamata: gekkonidae). – zootaxa 4433: 305 - 324. (pdf )\na393. menke, m. , k. melnik, p. s. peram, i. starnberger, w. hödl, m. vences & s. schulz (2018): frogolide – an unprecedented sesquiterpene macrolactone from scent glands of african frogs. – european journal of organic chemistry 20 / 21: 2651 - 2656. (pdf )\na392. marshall, b. m. , n. r. casewell, m. vences, f. glaw, f. andreone, a. rakotoarison, g. zancolli, f. woog, w. wüster (2018): widespread vulnerability of malagasy predators to the toxins of an introduced toad. – current biology 28: r635–r655. (pdf )\na391. gehring, p. s. , s. siarabi, m. d. scherz, f. m. ratsoavina, a. rakotoarison, f. glaw & m. vences (2018): genetic differentiation and species status of the large - bodied leaf - tailed geckos uroplatus fimbriatus and u. giganteus. – salamandra 54: 132 - 146. (pdf )\na390. sanchez, e. , s. d. biju, m. m. islam, m. hasan, a. ohler, m. vences & a. kurabayashi (2018): phylogeny and classification of fejervaryan frogs (anura: dicroglossidae). – salamandra 54: 109 - 116. (pdf )\na389. bletz, m. c. , m. d. scherz, a. rakotoarison, r. m. lehtinen, f. glaw & m. vences (2018): stumbling upon a new frog species of guibemantis (anura: mantellidae) on top of the marojejy massif in northern madagascar. – copeia 106: 255 - 263. (pdf )\na388. sanchez, e. , e. küpfer, d. j. goedbloed, a. w. nolte, t. lüddecke, s. schulz, m. vences & s. steinfartz (2018): morphological and transcriptomic analyses reveal three discrete primary stages of postembryonic development in the common fire salamander, salamandra salamandra. – journal of experimental zoology b - molecular and developmental evolution 330: 96 - 108. (pdf )\na387. woodhams, d. c. , b. c. labumbard, k. l. barnhart, m. h. becker, m. c. bletz, l. a. escobar, s. v. flechas, m. e. forman, a. a. iannetta, m. d. joyce, f. rabemananjara, b. gratwicke, m. vences & k. p. c. minbiole (2017): prodigiosin, violacein, and volatile organic compounds produced by widespread cutaneous bacteria of amphibians can inhibit two batrachochytrium fungal pathogens. – microbial ecology 75: 1049 - 1062. (pdf )\na386. perl, r. g. b. , e. geffen, y. malka, a. barocas, s. renan, m. vences & s. gafny (2018): population genetic analysis of the recently rediscovered hula painted frog (latonia nigriventer) reveals high genetic diversity and low inbreeding. – scientific reports 8: 5588. (pdf )\na385. scherz, m. d. , o. hawlitschek, j. h. razafindraibe, s. megson, f. m. ratsoavina, a. rakotoarison, m. c. bletz, f. glaw, m. vences (2018): a distinctive new frog species (anura, mantellidae) supports the biogeographic linkage of two montane rainforest massifs in northern madagascar. – zoosystematics and evolution 94: 247 - 261. (pdf )\na384. dittrich, c. , a. rodríguez, o. segev, s. drakulic, h. feldhaar, m. vences & m. - o. rödel (2018): temporal migration patterns and mating tactics influence size - assortative mating in rana temporaria. behavioral ecology 29: 418 - 428. (pdf )\na383. vences. m. , j. r. rasoloariniaina & j. c. riemann (2018): a preliminary assessment of genetic divergence and distribution of malagasy cave fish in the genus typhleotris (teleostei: milyeringidae). – zootaxa 4378: 367 - 376. (pdf )\na382. lüddecke, t. , h. krehenwinkel, g. canning, f. glaw, s. longhorn, r. tänzler, i. wendt & m. vences (2018): discovering the silk road: nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data resolve the phylogenetic relationships among theraphosid spider subfamilies. – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 119: 63 - 70. (pdf )\na381. renan, s. , s. gafny, r. g. b. perl, u. roll, y. malka, m. vences, & e. geffen (2017): living quarters of a living fossil - uncovering the current distribution pattern of the rediscovered hula painted frog (latonia nigriventer) using environmental dna. – molecular ecology 26: 6801 - 6812. (pdf )\na380. scherz, m. d. , m. vences, j. borrell, l. ball, d. herizo nomenjanahary, d. parker, m. rakotondratsima, e. razafimandimby, t. starnes, j. rabearivony & f. glaw (2017): a new frog species of the subgenus asperomantis (anura, mantellidae, gephyromantis) from the bealanana district of northern madagascar. – zoosystematics and evolution 93: 451 - 466. (pdf )\na379. scherz, m. d. , j. h. razafindraibe, a. rakotoarison, n. m. dixit, m. c. bletz, f. glaw & m. vences (2017): yet another small brown frog from high altitude on the marojejy massif, northeastern madagascar (anura: mantellidae). – zootaxa 4347: 572 - 482. (pdf )\na378. ratsoavina, f. m. , p. s. gehring, m. d. scherz, d. r. vieites, f. glaw & m. vences (2017): two new species of leaf - tailed geckos (uroplatus) from the tsaratanana mountain massif in northern madagascar. – zootaxa 4347: 446 - 464. (pdf )\na377. rakotoarison, a. , m. d. scherz, f. glaw, j. köhler, f. andreone, m. franzen, j. glos, o. hawlitschek, t. jono, a. mori, s. h. ndriantsoa, n. rasoamampionona raminosoa, j. c. riemann, m. o. rödel, g. m. rosa, d. r. vieites, a. crottini & m. vences (2017): describing the smaller majority: integrative taxonomy reveals twenty - six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus stumpffia) from madagascar. – vertebrate zoology 67: 271 - 398. (high - resolution pdf - 75 mb) (low - resolution pdf - 15 mb )\na376. miralles, a. , a. macleod, a. rodríguez, a. ibañez, g. jiménez - uzcategui, g. quezada, m. vences & s. steinfartz (2017): shedding light on the imps of darkness: an integrative taxonomic revision of the galápagos marine iguanas (genus amblyrhynchus). – zoological journal of the linnean society 181: 678 - 710. (pdf )\na375. rakotoarison, a. , m. d. scherz, f. glaw & m. vences (2017): rediscovery of frogs belonging to the enigmatic microhylid genus madecassophryne in the anosy massif, south - eastern madagascar. – salamandra 53: 507 - 518. (pdf )\na374. prötzel, d. , m. vences, m. d. scherz, d. r. vieites & f. glaw (2017) splitting and lumping: an integrative taxonomic assessment of malagasy chameleons in the calumma guibei complex results in the new species c. gehringi sp. nov. – vertebrate zoology 67: 231 - 249. (pdf )\na373. peram, p. s. , m. vences & s. schulz (2017): a synthetic dodecanolide library for the identification of putative semiochemicals emitted by mantellid frogs. – organic & biomolecular chemistry 15: 6967 - 6977. (pdf )\na372. irisarri, i. , d. baurain, h. brinkmann, f. delsuc, j. y. sire, a. kupfer, j. petersen, m. jarek, a. meyer, m. vences & h. philippe (2017): phylotranscriptomic consolidation of the jawed vertebrate timetree. – nature ecology and evolution 1: 1370 - 1378. (pdf )\na371. sabino - pinto, j. , p. galán, s. rodríguez, m. c. bletz, s. bhuju, r. geffers, m. jarek & m. vences (2017): temporal changes in cutaneous bacterial communities of terrestrial - and aquatic - phase newts (amphibia). – environmental microbiology 19: 3025 - 3038. (pdf )\na370. bletz, m. c. , j. myers, d. c. woodhams, f. c. e. rabemananjara, a. rakotonirina, c. weldon, d. edmonds, m. vences & r. n. harris (2017) estimating herd immunity to amphibian chytridiomycosis in madagascar based on the defensive function of amphibian skin bacteria. – frontiers in microbiology. doi: 10. 3389 / fmicb. 2017. 01751. (pdf )\na369. nowack, c. , p. s. peram, s. wenzel, a. rakotoarison, f. glaw, d. poth, s. schulz & m. vences (2017): volatile compound secretion coincides with modifications of the olfactory organ in mantellid frogs. – journal of zoology 303: 72–81. (pdf )\na368. vences, m. , j. köhler & f. glaw (2017): a new species of smooth - skinned spinomantis frog (anura: mantellidae) from south - eastern madagascar. – zootaxa 4317: 379 - 390. (pdf )\na367. blooi, m. , a. e. laking, a. martel, f. haesebrouck, m. jocque, t. brown, s. green, m. vences, m. bletz & f. pasmans (2017): host niche may determine disease - driven extinction risk. – plos one 12: e0181051. (pdf )\na366. lyra, m. l. , e. sanchez, s. künzel, s. lötters, c. f. b. haddad & m. vences (2017): the mitochondrial genomes of three species of poison frogs (anura: dendrobates). – mitochondrial dna part b 2: 397 - 399. (pdf )\na365. bletz, m. c. , h. archer, r. n. harris, v. j. mckenzie, f. c. e. rabemananjara, a. rakotoarison & m. vences (2017): host ecology rather than host phylogeny drives amphibian skin microbial community structure in the biodiversity hotspot of madagascar. – frontiers in microbiology. doi: 10. 3389 / fmicb. 2017. 01530. (pdf )\na364. scherz, m. d. , m. vences, a. rakotoarison, f. andreone, j. köhler, f. glaw & a. crottini (2017): lumping or splitting in the cophylinae (anura: microhylidae) and the need for a parsimony of taxonomic changes: a response to peloso et al. (2017). – salamandra 53: 479 - 483. (pdf )\na363. rodríguez, a. , j. d. burgon, m. lyra, i. irisarri, d. baurain, l. blaustein, b. göçmen, s. künzel, b. k. mable, a. w. nolte, m. veith, s. steinfartz, k. r. elmer, h. philippe & m. vences (2017): inferring the shallow phylogeny of true salamanders (salamandra) by multiple phylogenomic approaches. – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 115: 16 - 26. (pdf )\na362. bletz, m. c. , r. g. b. perl, b. t. c. bobowski, l. m. japke, c. c. tebbe, a. b. dohrmann, s. bhuju, r. geffers, m. jarek, m. vences (2017): amphibian skin microbiota exhibits temporal variation in community structure but stability of predicted bd - inhibitory function. – the isme journal 11: 1521 - 1534. (pdf )\na361. vences, m. , j. l. brown, a. lathrop, g. m. rosa, a. cameron, a. crottini, r. dolch, d. edmonds, k. l. m. freeman, f. glaw, l. l. grismer, s. litvinchuk, m. g. milne, m. moore, j. f. solofo, j. noël, t. q. nguyen, a. ohler, c. randrianantoandro, a. p. raselimanana, p. van leeuwen, g. o. u. wogan, t. ziegler, f. andreone & r. w. murphy (2017): tracing a toad invasion: lack of mitochondrial dna variation, haplotype origins, and potential distribution of introduced duttaphrynus melanostictus in madagascar. – amphibia - reptilia, 38: 197 - 207. (pdf )\na360. lyra m. l. , u. joger, u. schulte, t. slimani, e. h. el mouden, a. bouazza, s. künzel, a. r. lemmon, e. moriarty lemmon & m. vences (2017) the mitochondrial genomes of atlas geckos (quedenfeldtia): mitogenome assembly from transcriptomes and anchored hybrid enrichment datasets. – mitochondrial dna part b 2: 356 - 358. (pdf )\na358. gehara, m. , a. barth, e. f. de oliveira, m. a. costa, c. f. b. haddad & m. vences (2017): model - based analyses reveal insular population diversification and cryptic frog species in the ischnocnema parva complex in the atlantic forest of brazil. – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 112: 68–78. (pdf )\na357. sabino - pinto, j. , m. c. bletz, m. iturriaga, m. vences & a. rodríguez (2017): low infection prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytridiomycetes: rhizophydiales) in cuba. – amphibia - reptilia 38: 243–249. (pdf )\na356. bletz, m. c. , m. vences, j. sabino - pinto, y. taguchi, n. shimizu, k. nishikawa & a. kurabayashi (2017): cutaneous microbiota of the japanese giant salamander (andrias japonicus), a representative of an ancient amphibian clade. – hydrobiologia 795: 153–167. (pdf )\na355. wollenberg valero, k. c. , j. garcia - porta, a. rodríguez, m. arias, a. shah, r. d. randrianiaina, j. l. brown, f. glaw, f. amat, s. künzel, d. metzler, r. d. isokpehi & m. vences (2017): transcriptomic and macroevolutionary evidence for phenotypic uncoupling between frog life history phases. – nature communications 8: 15213. (pdf )\na354. köhler, j. , m. jansen, a. rodríguez, p. j. r. kok, l. f. toledo, m. emmrich, f. glaw, c. f. b. haddad, m. o. rödel & m. vences (2017): the use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice. – zootaxa 4251: 1–124. (pdf reduced size) / (pdf full size 40 mb )\na353. bletz, m. c. , r. g. b. perl & m. vences (2017): skin microbiota differs drastically between co - occurring frogs and newts. – royal society open science 4: 170107. (pdf )\na352. díaz - rodríguez, j. , m. gehara, r. márquez, m. vences, h. gonçalves, f. sequeira, i. martínez - solano & m. tejedo (2017): integration of molecular, bioacoustical and morphological data reveals two new cryptic species of pelodytes (anura, pelodytidae) from the iberian peninsula. – zootaxa 4243: 1 - 41. (pdf )\na351. perl, r. g. b. , s. gafny, y. malka, s. renan, d. c. woodhams, l. rollins - smith, j. d. pask, m. c. bletz, e. geffen, m. vences (2017): natural history and conservation of the rediscovered hula painted frog, latonia nigriventer. – contributions to zoology 86: 11 - 37. (pdf )\na350. vences, m. , j. köhler, m. pabijan, m. c. bletz, p. - s. gehring, o. hawlitschek, a. rakotoarison, f. m. ratsoavina, f. andreone, a. crottini & f. glaw (2017): taxonomy and geographic distribution of malagasy frogs of the gephyromantis asper clade, with description of a new subgenus and revalidation of gephyromantis ceratophrys. – salamandra 53: 77–98. (pdf )\na349. vences, m. , v. sarasola - puente, e. sanchez, f. amat & j. s. hauswaldt (2017): diversity and distribution of deep mitochondrial lineages of the common frog, rana temporaria, in northern spain. – salamandra 53: 25–33. (pdf )\na348. scherz, m. d. , j. d. daza, j. köhler m. vences & f. glaw (2017): off the scale: a new species of fish - scale gecko (squamata: gekkonidae: geckolepis) with exceptionally large scales. – peerj 5: e2955. (pdf )\na347. erens, j. , a. miralles, f. glaw, l. chatrou & m. vences (2017): extended molecular phylogenetics and revised systematics of malagasy scincine lizards. – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 107: 466–472. (pdf )\na346. hawlitschek, o. , e. f. a. toussaint, p. s. gehring, f. m. ratsoavina, n. cole, a. crottini, j. nopper, a. w. lam, m. vences, f. glaw (2017): gecko phylogeography in the western indian ocean region: the oldest clade of ebenavia inunguis lives on the youngest island. – journal of biogeography 44: 409–420. (pdf )\na345. sanchez, e. , m. c. bletz, l. duntsch, s. bhuju, r. geffers, m. jarek, a. b. dohrmann, c. c. tebbe, s. steinfartz, m. vences (2017): cutaneous bacterial communities of a poisonous salamander: a perspective from life stages, body parts and environmental conditions. – microbial ecology 73: 455–465. (pdf )\na344. rodríguez, a. , á. dugo - cota, s. montero - mendieta, a. gonzalez - voyer, r. alonso bosch, m. vences & c. vilà (2017): cryptic within cryptic: genetics, morphometrics, and bioacoustics delimitate a new species of eleutherodactylus (anura: eleutherodactylidae) from eastern cuba. – zootaxa 4221: 501–522. (pdf )\na343. zimkus, b. m. , l. p. lawson, m. f. barej, c. d. barratt, a. channing, k. m. dash, j. m. dehling, l. du preez, p. - s. gehring, e. greenbaum, v. gvozdík, j. harvey, j. kielgast, c. kusamba, z. t. nagy, m. pabijan, j. penner, m. - o. rödel, m. vences, s. lötters (2017): leapfrogging into new territory: how mascarene ridged frogs diversified across africa and madagascar to maintain their ecological niche. – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 106: 254–269. (pdf )\na342. schulze, a. , r. d: randrianiaina, b. perl, f. glaw & m. vences (2016): the unexpectedly dull tadpole of madagascar’s largest frog, mantidactylus guttulatus. – acta herpetologica 11: 119 - 125. (pdf )\na341. bletz, m. c. , d. j. goedbloed, e. sanchez, t. reinhardt, c. c. tebbe, s. bhuju, r. geffers, m. jarek, m. vences & s. steinfartz (2016): amphibian gut microbiota shifts differentially in community structure but converges on habitat - specific predicted functions. – n ature communications 7: 13699. (pdf )\na340. menke, m. , p. s. peram, i. starnberger, w. hödl, g. f. m. jongsma, d. c. blackburn, m. o. rödel, m. vences & s. schulz (2016): identification, synthesis and mass spectrometry of a macrolide from the african reed frog hyperolius cinnamomeoventris. – beilstein journal of organic chemistry 12: 2731–2738. (pdf )\na339. miralles, a. , j. köhler, f. glaw & m. vences (2016): species delimitation methods put into taxonomic practice: two new madascincus species formerly allocated to historical species names (squamata, scincidae). – zoosystematics and evolution 92: 257 - 275. (pdf )\na338. ten hagen, l. , a. rodríguez, n. menke, c. göcking, m. bisping, k. - h. frommolt, t. ziegler, m. bonkowski & m. vences (2016): vocalizations in juvenile anurans: common spadefoot toads (pelobates fuscus) regularly emit calls before sexual maturity. – the science of nature 103: 75. (pdf )\na337. sabino - pinto, j. , m. c. bletz, m. m. islam, n. shimizu, s. bhuju, r. geffers, m. jarek, a. kurabayashi, m. vences (2016): composition of the cutaneous bacterial community in japanese amphibians: effects of captivity, host species, and body region. – microbial ecology 72: 460 - 469. (pdf )\na336. vences, m. , m. l. lyra, r. g. b. perl, m. c. bletz, d. stankovic, c. m. lopes, m. jarek, s. bhuju, r. geffers, c. f. b. haddad & s. steinfartz (2016): freshwater vertebrate metabarcoding on illumina platforms using double - indexed primers of the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene. – conservation genetics resources 8: 323 - 327. (pdf )\na334. nowack, c. & m. vences (2016): ontogenetic development of the derived olfactory system of the mantellid frog mantidactylus betsileanus. – anatomical record 299: 943 - 950. (pdf )\na333. spitzen - van der sluijs, a. , a. martel, j. asselberghs, e. k. bales, w. beukema, m. c. bletz, l. dalbeck, e. goverse, a. kerres, t. kinet, k. kirst, a. laudelout, l. f. marin da fonte, a. nöllert, d. ohlhoff, j. sabino - pinto, b. r. schmidt, j. speybroeck, f. spikmans, s. steinfartz, m. veith, m. vences, n. wagner, f. pasmans & s. lötters (2016): expanding distribution of lethal amphibian fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in europe. – emerging infectious diseases 22: 1286 - 1288. (pdf )\na332. miralles, a. , t. jono, a. mori, r. gandola, j. erens, j. köhler, f. glaw & m. vences (2016): a new perspective on the reduction of cephalic scales in fossorial legless skinks (squamata, scincidae). – zoologica scripta 45: 380 - 393. (pdf )\na331. ineich, i. , f. glaw & m. vences (2016): a new species of blaesodactylus (squamata: gekkonidae) from tsingy limestone outcrops in namoroka national park, north - western madagascar. – zootaxa 4109: 523 - 541. (pdf )\na330. scherz, m. d. , m. vences, a. rakotoarison, f. andreone, j. köhler, f. glaw & a. . crottini (2016): reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of madagascan narrow - mouthed frogs (amphibia: microhylidae). – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 100: 372 - 381. (pdf )\na329. merabet, k. , e. sanchez, a. dahmana, s. bogaerts, d. donaire, s. steinfartz, u. joger, m. vences, m. karar, a. moali (2016): phylogeographic relationships and shallow mitochondrial divergence of algerian populations of salamandra algira. – amphibia - reptilia 37: 1–8. (pdf )\na328. strauß, a. , f. guilhaumon, r. d. randrianiaina, k. c. wollenberg valero, m. vences, j. glos (2016): opposing patterns of seasonal change in functional and phylogenetic diversity of tadpole assemblages. – plos one 11: e0151744. (pdf )\na327. vences, m. , m. l. lyra, j. g. kueneman, m. c. bletz, h. m. archer, j. canitz, s. handreck, r. d. randrianiaina, u. struck, s. bhuju, m. jarek, r. geffers, v. j. mckenzie, c. c. tebbe, c. f. haddad & j. glos (2016): gut bacterial communities across tadpole ecomorphs in two diverse tropical anuran faunas. – the science of nature / naturwissenschaften 103: 25. (pdf )\na326. brown, j. l. , n. sillero, f. glaw, p. bora, d. r. vieites & m. vences (2016): spatial biodiversity patterns of madagascar' s amphibians and reptiles. – plos one 11: e0144076. (pdf )\na325. vences. m. , o. jovanovic, g. safarek, f. glaw & j. köhler (2015): a new arboreal frog of the genus guibemantis from the southeast of madagascar (anura: mantellidae). – zootaxa 4059: 569 - 580. (pdf )" ]

{ "text": [ "rhombophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to madagascar .", "it is currently estimated to include more than 23 species , but only 19 of these are currently described .", "the common name ' diamond frog ' has been proposed and used for members of this genus . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 26 ] }

[ "rhombophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to madagascar. it is currently estimated to include more than 23 species, but only 19 of these are currently described. the common name' diamond frog' has been proposed and used for members of this genus." ]

[ "sir david attenborough presents a seabird with a worldwide distribution, the brown noddy. expert fliers, the brown\nthe brown noddy is the largest member of the noddy family; they weigh twice as much as black noddies .\nfigure 1. brown noddy breeding colonies and marine range in the caribbean and middle america .\nthe brown noddy is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown noddy (anous stolidus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown noddy (anous stolidus )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown noddy (anous stolidus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nintroduction: the brown noddy is included in the genus anous, the typical dark - coloured genus. this bird is the largest and the most widespread of this group .\na medium - sized, chocolate brown seabird, the brown noddy (anous stolidus) has a distinctive white - grey forehead that extends over the top of the eye, becoming greyer on the crown and nape of the neck, as well as grey - brown cheeks and jet black lores (the area of the face between the eye and the bill). the wings have blackish tips and the long, narrow tail is dark blackish - brown and is distinctly wedge - shaped. the bill, legs and feet are all blackish - brown (2) (3) (4). the female brown noddy is similar to the male in appearance, but is much smaller and lighter. the juvenile has a brown crown and pale fringes to the feathers on the upperparts (2) .\nthe long, pointed bill is black. the eyes are dark brown, surrounded by narrow, incomplete white eyering. legs and webbed feet are black to blackish - brown .\nbrown noddy: found in the tropical atlantic ocean and caribbean. breeds on tropical and subtropical inshore or oceanic islands, which have rocky cliffs and coral or sand beaches. during the non - breeding season, the brown noddy will spend most of its time at sea and may roost on water, rocks, islets, flotsam and even the backs of sea turtles .\nseeking small fish and squid that dwell just below the surface, the brown noddy searches for prey by hovering above the water, before swiftly grabbing it during flight or seizing it while sitting at the surface (2) (3). in the galapagos, the brown noddy has been recorded stealing fish from the brown pelican (pelicanus occidentalis), and it also associates with schools of predatory fish, such as tuna, picking off prey which have been driven to the surface by these underwater predators (2). generally, the brown noddy forages along breaking waves or in lagoons that surround the oceanic islands on which it breeds (5) .\n38–45 cm; 150–272 g (ave­rage 173 g pacific, 186 g west indies); wingspan 75–86 cm. dark chocolate - brown noddy, with pale grey crown, sometimes almost ...\nthe brown noddy is a pan - tropical species and the most widespread member of its genus. in the vicinity of the neotropics, three subspecies occur in the caribbean, pacific islands off central american, and the galapagos respectively. except around their breeding colonies, the brown noddy is seldom seen near land and is highly pelagic, wandering extensively in warm tropical waters where it searches for small fish and squid which are captured by hover - dipping and contact - dipping. it is also known to steal fish from the open gular pouches of brown pelicans. the brown noddy is very similar to the black noddy, with which it is sympatric in many areas, especially the caribbean, but is slightly paler with a stouter, shorter bill though distinguishing characters are subtle and require careful study .\nlocation of brown noddy breeding colonies and approximate range during the nonbreeding season in the continental u. s. and caribbean region. this species also breeds on many islands in hawaii; see text for details .\nthe brown noddy steals food from brown pelicans in galapagos. it may forage in small flocks, and follows the predatory fishes such as tuna. it takes advantage of preys driven to the surface by these large fishes. it is often seen foraging along the breaking waves or in coastal lagoons around its nesting - sites on islands .\nmay be a basal noddy (baker et al. 2007, ödeen et al. 2010, cibois et al. 2016); so\nwhite noddy\nif confirmed? see yeung et al. 2009 re taxonomy of pacific ocean subspecies\nthe brown noddy is usually present most of the year at tropical colonies, and seasonally absent at subtropical colonies. it often disperses to sea after breeding. it flies above the water or swims on the surface. it is a good flier .\nthe brown noddy has a small breeding range of 26, 800 square kilometers on many islands but a very large range outside of breeding. it is found in most subtropical and tropical waters around the globe. the estimated global population of this bird species is 180, 000 - 1, 100, 000 individuals, and the species is not believed to be experiencing population declines that would require addition to the iucn red list. because of this, the conservation rating of the brown noddy is least concern .\nnoddies are tropical marine tern - like seabirds that show behavioral and morphological traits more akin to those of gulls than terns. there are only three or four species worldwide, the largest and most widespread being the brown noddy. aptly named, this species is indeed brown, and one of its most conspicuous social behaviors is a nodding display. less appropriate is its scientific name ;\nbrown noddies are medium sized, dark, brown birds. adults have ashy - white forehead and crown sharply demarcated from black lores, merging evenly into gray nape. they have a long, narrow, wedged - shaped tail and legs and feet are brown. their bill is black and stouter than the black noddy and they weigh twice as much as black noddies. young noddies have a more restricted white cap on forehead than adults. vocalizes at nest and in flight with low - pitched guttural calls .\nthe brown noddy breeds in colonies, from small to huge ones, depending on habitat availability. they nest in rocky cliffs, but also docks or jetties, on the ground, both in open or under vegetal cover, in shrubs, trees and cacti .\nchardine, j. w. and morris, r. d. (1996) brown noddy (anous stolidus). in: poole, a. (ed .) the birds of north america online. cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca. available at: urltoken\nthe brown noddy breeds on tropical and subtropical inshore or oceanic islands, which have rocky cliffs and coral or sand beaches (2) (5). it nests on the ground, in trees or shrubs, and on cliffs or man - made structures, such as docks and jetties (2) (3) (6). during the non - breeding season, the brown noddy will spend most of its time at sea and may roost on water, rocks, islets, flotsam and even the backs of sea turtles (3) .\nnoddy is seldom seen near land and is highly pelagic, wandering extensively in warm tropical waters where it searches for small fish and squid which are captured by hover - dipping and contact - dipping. however in the galapagos islands, brown noddies have learnt to sit on the heads of brown pelicans hoping to steal fish from their open gular pouches; a behaviour known as kleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) .\nprotection / threats / status: the brown noddy is threatened by introduced predators such as cats and rats on the breeding islands. however, the world population is estimated to 300, 000 / 500, 000 pairs, and is suspected to be relatively stable. this species is not currently threatened .\nhabitat: the brown noddy occurs on coastal and oceanic islands during the breeding season. it nests on cliffs and offshore rocks, but also sometimes on the ground or in trees. outside this period, it is found in open ocean. it may roost on water, rocks, islets, ships and flotsam .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the brown noddy gives low - pitched, guttural calls “kaark”, or “arrowk”, or “eye - ak”, similar to the calls of a young crow. it utters other sounds at nest, and the aerial display is accompanied by song “nek nek nek nek nek nekrrr” .\nfour subspecies of the brown noddy are generally recognized: anous stolidus stolidus is found in the tropical atlantic ocean and caribbean; anous stolidus ridgwayi is distributed mainly along the coast of west central america; anous stolidus galapagensis occurs in the galapagos islands; and anous stolidus pileatus occurs throughout the indian and pacific oceans (2) (3) .\nbehaviour in the wild: the brown noddy feeds mainly on fish and squid. this species does not use plunge - diving. it swims and picks preys from the surface. it also feeds by hover - dipping and contact - dipping. it may perform pattering at surface too, to attract the preys. the flying - fish are caught in the air .\nthe brown noddy lays a single egg each year, on bare ground, in makeshift structures of stones, pieces of coral and shells, or in elaborate nests constructed from twigs and vegetation. breeding occurs at different times of year depending on the location; some areas have a specific breeding season, such as between april and august in the seychelles, while in the galapagos the brown noddy may nest during any month of the year. the egg is incubated by both adult birds for around 30 to 37 days. once hatched, both adults share responsibility for brooding the young chick, providing it with heat and shelter from wind, rain and sand until it fledges at about eight weeks old (2) (3) .\nthe female is similar but smaller than male. the non - breeding adult is similar too. the juvenile resembles adult, but it has brown crown and the upperpart’s feathers are edged whitish .\nthe brown noddy breeds in tropical waters of atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans. limited information is available on age at first breeding, but it ranges from 3 - 6 years. mates display characteristic\nnodding\nto one another. courtship feeding is performed by the female begging from the male. the male may courtship feed the female several times a day .\nfish flights\noccur, in which one bird transfers a fish to its partner .\nadult gulls and terns are for the most part pale - colored birds plumaged in gray, white, and black with dark plumages predominating in the black tern and noddy species. other colors are limited to orange and yellow (in the bills and feet) and pink hues in the plumage of the ross' s gull and roseate tern. immature gulls of most species cycle through years of a seemingly bewildering number of gray, brown, and black streaked plumages .\ngochfeld, m. , burger, j. , kirwan, g. m. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). brown noddy (anous stolidus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nmost terns are white with dark caps, and have forked tails. the brown noddy, like an anti - tern, is dark with a white cap, and has a wedge - shaped tail. at sea it flies low, with deep wingbeats; when perched, it has a solemn and lethargic look. widespread in tropical oceans, including around hawaii. birders know this species mostly from its colony at the dry tortugas, florida, where it nests alongside the much noisier and more numerous sooty tern .\nbecause the brown noddy often nests on or near the ground, the birds and eggs are susceptible to predation by introduced species, such as rats and cats, whilst the egg is also vulnerable to predation by reptiles (5) (6). human disturbance is also a potential threat as it causes the adult to flee the nest, leaving the chick exposed and more vulnerable to predation (3). on some islands, eggs, chicks and adults are targeted at breeding colonies by collectors (5) .\nbrown noddies primarily feed by plunge diving. they feed offshore over schools of large predatory fish that drive small fry to the surface. they feed mainly on small fish (i. e. , goatfish, flying fish) and squid. often feeds in mixed species flocks .\nthe adult has dark chocolate - brown plumage overall, except the pale grey crown, almost white on the forehead. on the upperwing, there is a slightly paler band across the greater coverts. the primaries are black. the long tail is blackish and wedge - shaped .\none. pale buff, lightly spotted with reddish brown and pale lavender. incubation is by both sexes, 35 - 38 days. young: both parents feed young, by regurgitation. at tortugas, adult noddies often forage closer to colony than sooty terns, feeding their young more often, and the young mature faster (able to fly at 6 - 7 weeks) .\nbreeding colonies on islands (e. g. ascension island) are threatened by predation from introduced rats and cats (del hoyo et al. 1996). predation from the introduced brown tree snake boiga irregularis is also likely to havecaused the decline in the breeding population on guam (reichel 1991). utilisation eggs, chicks and adults (to a lesser extent) are taken from breeding colonies in the mariana islands (reichel 1991) .\ncourtship involves bowing and nodding movements (leading to name of\nnoddy\n); also swift high flight by pairs. nest: on tortugas, nest site is in bay cedar or cactus, a few inches to 12' above ground. nest (built by both sexes) is a platform of sticks and seaweed, often with bits of rock or coral added as lining. nests may be re - used and added to every year, growing to large size. in some other regions, species nests on cliffs and among stone crevices, laying eggs on bare rock .\nbrown noddies breed in colonies on rocks, islets, and islands in warm seas around the globe to about 30° north or south of the equator, although they penetrate beyond these boundaries in the southern atlantic ocean. they are truly tropical, and as such breed at only one location near the continental u. s. , at bush key, dry tortugas, florida (25°n 82°w; medialink). elsewhere in the americas and in u. s. territories, they are common breeders on many islands in hawaii, puerto rico, and the u. s. virgin islands. they use a wide variety of nesting locations, including the ground, trees, shrubs, cliffs, and human - made structures. nest structures can vary from non - existent, to scattered arrays of stones, pieces of coral and shells, to elaborate structures of twigs and other vegetation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nand terns are embedded among the gulls in a monophyletic clade; separation of the families rynchopidae and sternidae would render the gull family laridae paraphyletic relative to these other two groups (baker et al. 2008 )\nred sea, indian ocean east through the pacific to hawaiian is. and easter i .\nclipperton i. (off w mexico) and cocos i. (off w costa rica )\nmarcus (japan) and n marshall is. (micronesia) to nw hawaiian is .\nhenderson, easter, and sala y gómez is. (west of chile )\nseychelles and mascarene is. to the central pacific (except ranges of next two ssp. )\neu, af: iberian pen. through the middle east to pakistan and india; mauritania, senegal and gambia\nn and ne australia, new caledonia, loyalty is. (sw pacific )\nred - billed gull originally split by schodde et al. 1983, sibley & monroe 1990, burger & gochfeld 1996, and given et al. 2005, but now lumped by h & m4, hbw alive, gill et al. 2010 .\nby some (h & m4, hbw / bli) based on pons et al. 2005 poorly resolved phylogeny\ngenetically distinct short - billed gull previously split from common / mew gull (aou sibley 1996, zink et al 1995, olsen & larsson 2003, bna). bna makes the point that zink’s paper only looked at mtdna differences between\nis needed to round out the picture and because some have proposed (e. g. s & m, 1990) that the species break might be between\n) has long been a controversial taxon. critical review favors treatment as subspecies of iceland gull\n( sangster et al. 2005); recognized by bou, but not by aou\nas ssp following collinson et al. 2008, yésou (dutch birding 24: 271 - 298, 2002 )\n( sangster et al. 2005, aou 2007); recognized by bou, aou. this species retains the english name yellow - legged gull of the former, unsplit species. .\nas subspecies following collinson, j. m. , parkin, d. t. , knox, a. g. , sangster, g. , and l. svensson. 2008. species boundaries in the herring and lesser black - backed gull complex. british birds 101 (7): 340 - 363 .\ne china to w, n and e australia, ryukyu and tuamotu is .\nis sister to elegant tern, not sandwich tern of europe (efe et al. 2009, collinson et al 2017) ;\nw and n australia and new guinea through lord howe, norfolk and kermadec is and the s pacific to easter i .\nbonin is. (japan) to the hawaiian is. south to kiritimati (line is. )\nsa: coastal peru and se brazil to tierra del fuego, falkland is .\nstewart, snares, auckland, bounty, antipodes, campbell and macquarie is .\n( aou 2000, bou / sangster et al. , 2004, chu et al. 2009 )\nfrans josef land (russia) to st. lawrence i. (alaska )\nna, ma: channel is. (california, usa) and islands off w baja california (mexico )\nscripps' s murrelet is split from guadalupe [ xantus' s ] murrelet (sibley and monroe 1993, nettleship 1996, birt et al. 2012, nacc 2011 - 14 - c )\nsandgrouse (pterocliformes) are sister to the malagasy mesites (hackett et al. 2008, jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number c. 180, 000 - 1, 100, 000 individuals (wetlands international 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs and c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration in taiwan and c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs and c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration in japan (brazil 2009). trend justification: although wetlands international consider the population trend to be unknown, the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nrace plumbeigularis tentatively recognized, but possibly inseparable from pileatus and often subsumed within it. racial separation of madagascar population not warranted. birds from desventuradas is (chile) may represent an undescribed race. five subspecies currently recognized .\n( scopoli, 1786) – seychelles and madagascar e to n australia, polynesia, hawaii, and easter i, and possibly this race in desventuradas is (off n chile) .\nanthony, 1898 – islands off w mexico (including socorro i, tres marías and isabela, off nayarit) and w central america (including cocos i) .\n( linnaeus, 1758) – islands of caribbean and s atlantic (including trindade, ascension, st helena, tristan da cunha, inaccessible), and off w africa (gulf of guinea to cameroon) .\ngenerally silent except around colonies, where gives varied guttural barks and a braying\nkeh - eh - eh ...\npantropical and subtropical islands, often with small populations dispersed throughout many inshore ...\nsmall fish and squid. at kiritimati (christmas i, pacific), about half of food in volume was fish (7–16 cm), mainly exocoetidae and ...\nnests all months in galapagos, but fewest eggs aug–oct; may breed at less than annual intervals (galapagos, ascension); aseasonal in ...\npoorly known. disperses out to sea after breeding. those nesting in temperate latitudes tend to be ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). breeds in innumerable small to medium - sized colonies, few of which exceed 1000 pairs. the global population is not precisely ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nformerly more numerous on tortugas, numbers probably hurt by commercial egg harvesting in 19th century. current numbers there apparently stable. widespread and common in tropical seas around the world .\ntropical oceans. found over warm seas, often very far from land. seldom comes near mainland coast anywhere, except when driven there by storms. nests on tropical islands, in bushes on beach or on rocky ledges .\nforages in flight by dipping to take items from surface of water. sometimes makes shallow plunges for prey just below surface, but not forceful plunge - dives like some terns. rarely settles on water to feed. at tortugas, adults nesting close together in colony may fly out to sea to forage together .\nboth parents feed young, by regurgitation. at tortugas, adult noddies often forage closer to colony than sooty terns, feeding their young more often, and the young mature faster (able to fly at 6 - 7 weeks) .\nsmall fish. as far as known, feeds on small fish, often catching them when schools of large predatory fish drive the smaller ones to the surface .\nmovements not well known. present around the tortugas january to october. may be seen well offshore elsewhere in florida waters during warmer months. sometimes driven to shore or inland in southeast by tropical storms .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nno specific conservation measures are currently known for this species; however, there are many programmes and organisations dedicated to seabird conservation. in hawaii for example, goals to maintain, protect and enhance seabird habitat and eradicate non - native species have been introduced (6) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliot, a. and sargatal, j. (1996) handbook of birds of the world. volume 3: hoatzin to auks. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ntweet of the day is the voice of birds and our relationship with them, from around the world .\nfive stories of birds and birdsong are told by the people inspired by them .\nits wedge shaped tail has a small notch at the tip. it has black legs and feet and a long slender bill. it has a strong swift flight with steady wing beats. it often flies with erratic changes of direction. it feeds mainly on fish and squid. the sexes are similar .\nchicks reach adult weight in 18 days. most chicks outweigh parents in six weeks. they are capable of short flights before reaching full wing development, and will flee if alarmed .\nthis species exhibits breeding - site fidelity to an extraordinary degree. apparently a pair returns to exactly the same nest year after year .\na group of noddys are collectively known as an\naffirmation\n,\nniddle\n, and\nsleepiness\nof noddys .\nthe nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes (pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez) include waterbirds such as auks, sandpipers, gulls, and terns .\nof worldwide distribution (including the polar regions), the family laridae (pronounced lar - uh - dee) encompasses one hundred and two species of gulls, terns, and skimmers in twenty - three genera .\nnineteen species of gulls, terns, and skimmers in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific. twelve species in four genera have occurred in palau .\nin north america there are fifty - eight species of laridae (also known as larids) in twenty - two genera. members of this bird family include the graceful, aerodynamic terns, hefty gulls, and the clown - like black skimmer .\nlarids are known for their affinity for and adaptations to aquatic habitats, the gulls being especially well known for being highly effective scavengers of beaches. species such as ring - billed gulls are also known for having become adapted to habitats made by people that provide similar foraging opportunities such as parking lots and landfills .\nlarids are web - footed, long - winged birds that range in size from the small and slender, long - tailed terns to the large and hefty short - tailed gulls. in synch with their slender aerodynamic appearance, terns have dagger - like sharp bills, the gulls shorter, stronger bills with a slightly hooked tip to match their tough demeanor, and the black skimmer a unique bill with the lower half longer that the upper half .\nlarids are found near fresh and salt water throughout north america but are most common near large bodies of water. even marsh nesters such as the franklin' s gull and black tern spend the winter in coastal areas .\ngulls, terns, and the black skimmer are all migratory with the larger gulls migrating short distances to open water and the sabine' s gull, terns, and black skimmer undertaking incredible journeys to the seas and rivers of the southern hemisphere .\nlarids are very social, highly vocal birds that mostly nest in colonies. terns dive for fish; gulls pick food off the surface of the water and scavenge beaches for carrion and small animals, the black skimmer\nskims\nthe surface of coastal waters, snapping its bill shut when it feels a fish touch its long ,\nwhile many larid species have benefited from the presence of people, two tern and one gull species have become endangered. least and roseate terns are threatened by destruction and disturbance of their nest sites on sand bars and beaches while the sharp decline of the ivory gull could be related to pollution and global warming .\nthe arctic tern migrates more that twenty thousand miles each year on a round trip journey between the arctic and antarctic. populations that breed in the northeast actually do a circle of the atlantic by flying to northern europe, heading south along the african coast to antarctica and then following the american coastlines north .\n© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved. mitch waite group. no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group. privacy policy\nthe circle around the eye formed of feathers that are a different color from the rest of the face .\nalso called the hindneck or collar, it is the back of the neck where the head joins the body .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: anous stolidus. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\na single egg is laid in a nest built on the ground or in a tree. fidelity to nest site is high .\nincubation length ranges between 33 - 36 days. both parents incubate and incubation shift lengths varies between geographical locations. within the hawaiian islands lengths range between 14 - 30 hour shifts. chicks reach adult weight in 18 days and most chicks outweigh parents in six weeks. chicks are capable of short flights before reaching full wing development, and will flee if alarmed. post - fledging feeding continues for several weeks .\nuntil 2011, the nihoa millerbird was found only on nihoa island. today, it thrives on laysan island due to translocation efforts by the usfws and american bird conservancy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief, bird section, u. s. g. s. - b. r. d. - p. w. r. c .\namerican ornithologists' union' s\nlist of the 2, 037 bird species (with scientific and english names) known from the a. o. u. check - list area\n( aou check - list, 7th edition, updated with supplements 42 - 46), maintained at urltoken\namerican ornithologists' union' s\ncheck - list of north american birds - list of the 2, 078 bird species known from the a. o. u. check - list area\n( aou check - list, 7th edition, updated with supplements 42 - 52), maintained at urltoken\nioc world bird list, master list v2. 9, website (version 2. 9 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 04. 02, website (version 02 - apr - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, a. l. gardner, and w. c. starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, and a. l. gardner\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species. the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution, migration, habitat, diet, sounds, behavior, breeding, current population status and conservation. each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos, audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries. written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species, birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content. rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nnote\nnest\nand egg. this species lays its eggs on bare ground / rock. photo by the author; culebra, puerto rico. ; photographer john chardine\ngotch, a. f. 1981. birds: their latin names explained. poole, u. k: blandford press. close\n). both words refer to the apparent tameness shown by noddies when approached in the breeding colony, and reflect an old human prejudice that if an animal did not stay out of harm' s way, this indicates a lack of intelligence .\nlike many other seabirds, this species lays a single egg, takes several years to reach sexual maturity, and experiences high annual survival. this relatively “k - selected” life history differs from that of many other similarly sized terns that feed inshore or breed in temperate or polar regions .\n), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (a. f. poole and f. b. gill, editors). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nadult birds flying around nest sites in palm trees at night. this call was also heard from individuals sitting in palm trees reacting on others trying to land. recording equipment: telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\nadult bird calling from nest site in palm trees at night. recording equipment: telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\nadult bird flying in to nest sites in palm trees at night. recording equipment: telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\nadult birds flying in to nest sites in palm trees at night. recording equipment: telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\nlow scratchy croaking from birds flying low over the canopy near nest sites. quite faint .\nadult birds calling from nest sites in palm trees at night. recording equipment: telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\ngrating calls of a bird flying over forest. equipment used: telinga pro7 stereo dat mic, sound devices 702\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncook' s bay, moorea, society is. , french polynesia, france\nsubspecies and range: there are five subspecies which differ in size and colour tone. a. s. plumbeigularis occurs in s red sea and gulf of aden. a. s. pileatus is found from seychelles and madagascar, e to n australia, polynesia, hawaii and easter island. a. s. galapagensis from galapagos islands. this one is the darkest, with almost blackish plumage and more or less visible pale grey superloral stripe .\na. s. ridgwayi from w mexico and w central america, including cocos island. it is slightly darker than pileatus. a. s. stolidus (here described) occurs from caribbean and s atlantic islands, and gulf of guinea to cameroon .\nsome displays can be observed, with both mates displaying characteristic “nodding” to one another. courtship feeding by male to female is more frequent during this period. the male brings back a fish and both mates often take - off and fly high in the air. the female may swallow the fish, or keep it in her bill during these displays. they are monogamous, and both defend the territory. territorial squabbles can be frequent between neighbours, but also with intruders .\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season varies according to the range. the nest - site varies too, from beaches to cliffs and from bare ground to bushes and tall trees. the nest is placed between 10 cm and 10 metres above the ground. this is a flimsy or bulky structure made with seaweed, twigs or sticks. on the ground, the nest is sometimes a small layer of debris. the nest is bulkier when placed in tree. it can be lined with shells and pieces of coral .\nthe female lays a single pink - buff egg with darker markings. both sexes incubate during 35 - 36 days. at hatching, the chick is white to greyish, with some intermediate colours. it is fed by its parents, and fledges about two months after hatching." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown noddy or common noddy ( anous stolidus ) is a seabird in the family laridae .", "the largest of the noddies , it can be told from the closely related black noddy by its larger size and plumage , which is dark brown rather than black .", "the brown noddy is a tropical seabird with a worldwide distribution , ranging from hawaii to the tuamotu archipelago and australia in the pacific ocean , from the red sea to the seychelles and australia in the indian ocean and in the caribbean to tristan da cunha in the atlantic ocean .", "the brown noddy is colonial , usually nesting on elevated situations on cliffs or in short trees or shrubs .", "it only occasionally nests on the ground .", "a single egg is laid by the female of a pair each breeding season . " ], "topic": [ 9, 19, 13, 28, 28, 28 ] }

[ "the brown noddy or common noddy (anous stolidus) is a seabird in the family laridae. the largest of the noddies, it can be told from the closely related black noddy by its larger size and plumage, which is dark brown rather than black. the brown noddy is a tropical seabird with a worldwide distribution, ranging from hawaii to the tuamotu archipelago and australia in the pacific ocean, from the red sea to the seychelles and australia in the indian ocean and in the caribbean to tristan da cunha in the atlantic ocean. the brown noddy is colonial, usually nesting on elevated situations on cliffs or in short trees or shrubs. it only occasionally nests on the ground. a single egg is laid by the female of a pair each breeding season." ]

[ "doctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "aristotelia lindanella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by barnes and busck in 1920 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "the wingspan is 10-11 mm .", "the forewings are yellowish white with the extreme base of the costa black .", "there is a broad blackish brown transverse fascia at the basal third , slightly nearer the base at the costa than on the dorsal edge .", "a similar broader fascia is found at the apical third , strongly overlaid with brick-red on the dorsal half and touching on the dorsal edge a third broad fascia across the tip of the wing , which is nearly all brick red with only the costal end blackish brown .", "the tip of the wing is white with a few scattered brown scales .", "the hindwings are light whitish fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "aristotelia lindanella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by barnes and busck in 1920. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california. the wingspan is 10-11 mm. the forewings are yellowish white with the extreme base of the costa black. there is a broad blackish brown transverse fascia at the basal third, slightly nearer the base at the costa than on the dorsal edge. a similar broader fascia is found at the apical third, strongly overlaid with brick-red on the dorsal half and touching on the dorsal edge a third broad fascia across the tip of the wing, which is nearly all brick red with only the costal end blackish brown. the tip of the wing is white with a few scattered brown scales. the hindwings are light whitish fuscous." ]

[ "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: eulima chyta r. b. watson, 1883 - id: 1823750500\nthe museum has more than 80 million specimens, ranging in size from microbes to whales .\nthe majority of the museum' s collections are based at south kensington and wandsworth in london, while the natural history museum at tring in hertfordshire is home to the world - class research and collections of the museum' s bird group .\nfor information on visiting the collections or borrowing specimens, please see the accessing the collections section .\nto allow efficient retrieval, the collection is arranged in systematic order where possible. the material is preserved in diverse ways, including :\nmaintain and develop the scientific scholarship and expertise of the departmental staff who research and manage the collections .\ncollecting is mainly done through fieldwork relating to active research programmes and consultancy contracts. these activities contribute specimens to almost the whole range of the department’s collections and result in a more focused range of material than previously added .\nmaterial seized by hm revenue and customs provides another source for the collections. although not all such material is appropriate for the collections, there is enough to warrant the development of more formal links with hm revenue and customs. the use of new non - destructive sampling - photography and forensic sampling - may be relevant in supporting such efforts .\nthe collections are enhanced by the acquisition of significant donations from institutions and individuals .\nthe museum acts as a custodian of its collections for the nation and the international scientific community. this is great responsibility and staff must carefully consider any item before it is accepted for the collection. we normally only acquire material that has a provenance - full details of where and when it was collected .\nif you are considering bequesting material to the museum, please contact us so that we can help assess your generous offer, as we cannot accept gifts automatically. please do not send or bring specimens to the museum without an appointment .\nwhen a specimen is accepted we have to go through the formal process to change its ownership. before accepting material we will ask you to complete a transfer of title form to show that the material was legally acquired and can be passed to us in line with wildlife laws .\nif you require museum registration numbers to be released for publication before sending us the material we will normally send you the numbers on a' loan' receipt form to help us keep track of the material .\npart 6 of the tribunals, courts and enforcement act 2007 provides immunity from seizure for cultural objects which are loaned from overseas to temporary public exhibitions in approved museums or galleries in the uk where conditions are met when the object enters the uk .\nif you are considering bequesting material to the museum, please contact the registrar so that we can help assess your generous offer .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated, towering spiral, which tapers to a fine point. the\nwarén a. (1984) a generic revision of the family eulimidae (gastropoda, prosobranchia). journal of molluscan studies suppl. 13: 1 - 96. page (s): 43\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180–213\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name." ]

{ "text": [ "eulima chyta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "eulima chyta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae. the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus, eulima." ]

[ "crested francolin male with characteristic cocked tail. [ photo callie de wet © ]\ncrested francolin clutch, sericea farm, south africa. [ photo warwick tarboton © ]\ncrested francolin - francolinus sephaena (a. smith, 1836) - details - encyclopedia of life\ncrested francolin. [ photo paul zaayman © ]. the individual on the left is a male because of the long upcurved leg spur .\ncrested francolin, dendroperdix sephaena, smith, a. , 1836 (synonyms, francolinus sephaena and peliperdix sephaena; protonym, perdix sephaena), also known as the crested partridge, as smith' s spotted francolin or (in afrikaans) as the bospatrys, photographed at awash national park, central ethiopia (africa) .\nresponse: this is a crested francolin, dendroperdix sephaena. this bird is a member of the phasianidae (pheasants and partidges and other fowl, including your thanksgiving turkey) .\nother synonyms afrikaans: bospatrys catalan: francolí de casquet czech: frankolín chocholatý danish: topfrankolin german: schopffrankolin english: crested francolin, crested francolin (crested) spanish: francolín capirotado spanish (spain): francolín capirotado [ sephaena group ] estonian: tanufrankoliin (tanu - frankoliinkana) finnish: viirusiipifrankoliini french: francolin huppé, francolin huppé [ huppé ], francolin huppé [ sephaena ] hungarian: bóbitás frankolin italian: francolino crestato japanese: kaminagashako, kaminagashako (sephaena guru - pu) japanese: カミナガシャコ, カミナガシャコ (sephaena グループ) kwangali: sitjindakarare latin: dendroperdix sephaena, dendroperdix sephaena [ sephaena group ], francolinus sephaena, francolinus sephaena [ sephaena group ], francolinus sephaena sephaena, peliperdix sephaena lithuanian: kuoduotasis frankolinas dutch: kuiffrankolijn, kuiffrankolijn (sephaena groep) norwegian: krattfrankolin, krattfrankolin (sephaena gr .) polish: frankolin czubaty portuguese: francolim - de - poupa russian: хохлатый турач, хохлатый франколин slovak: frankolín čepcový shona: hwerekwere siswant: ingwenyane swedish: tofsfrankolin, tofsfrankolin [ sephaena group ] swahili: kwale kishungi turkish: tepeli turaç [ sephaena grubu ] tsonga: nghwari chinese: 凤头鹧鸪 chinese (traditional): 鳳頭鷓鴣 zulu: isikhwehle\ndescription: males and females have a slightly different plumage colouration. the crested francolin are a tree partridge and are distinctive from other francolins, sporting a cocked tail. dendroperdix refers to their habit of roosting in trees, mainly to avoid predators. they will run rather than fly when disturbed .\ndistribution of crested francolin in southern africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project (© animal demography unit, university of cape town; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little). colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nintroduction: a subspecies of the crested francolin (dendroperdix sephaena sephaena), one of 3 species in the southern african region, are found in namibia. they have a characteristic raucous and grating call and favour a habitat of thicket and woodland that combines sparse ground cover in thornveld and bush bordering savannah areas. in drier regions, they are often found in the vicinity of coqui francolin. to escape the heat of the day, pairs and coveys head to dense undergrowth where they make their presence known by scuttling around fallen leaves. noisy mainly in the early morning, but less obvious as the sun sets .\ncrested francolins can be distinguished from other francolin species by the bold white stripe above its eyes, its dark head, and its white throat. when alarmed, their dark crest feathers will stand up, like a mohawk. probably the most useful distinguishing feature for this species is its habit of cocking its tail to a 45 - degree angle above its back as it walks. kinda like a smaller version of a bantam hen .\nmcgowan, p. j. k. , kirwan, g. m. & boesman, p. (2018). crested francolin (dendroperdix sephaena). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthe crested francolin (dendroperdix sephaena) is a species of bird in the phasianidae family. this particular bird decided to take a close look at the camera! filmed in the sabi sand wildtuin, greater kruger national park, south africa rob the ranger wildlife videos on social networks: twitter: urltoken facebook: urltoken google +: urltoken # zayoutubers # youtubessa # youtubeza follow # nowfilming on social networks for live photo updates please consider buying a t - shirt or hoodie to support the channel: official merchandise store: urltoken book a safari at urltoken or email info @ urltoken wild extracts safaris\nmale crested francolins can be distinguished from females and juveniles by their brighter plumage colours and upcurved spurs on their legs. but without another bird in the image to compare this bird' s plumage with (and with its legs hidden), i cannot identify which gender this bird is with certainty .\ncrested francolins are fairly common in woodland, wooded savanna, scrublands and thornveld from ethiopia all the way to the northern regions of southern africa. these small birds forage for fruits, seeds and insects on the ground. they also nest on the ground, often under a bush. they are monogamous. their young are precocial, foraging for themselves, although their parents do maintain a vigil for predators .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists. our primary goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date evolutionary classification of world birds and a set of english names that follow explicit guidelines for spelling and construction .\nto keep up with the active industry of taxonomic revisions, the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list january and june. the updates include changes of recommended names or classification, additions of newly described species, corrections of nomenclature, and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements three other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy, i. e. the clements checklist of the birds of the world, the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 4 th edition, and hbw alive / bird life international. improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union, including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver, british columbia. click here for a working comparison of alternative world lists .\nspecial thanks always to our expert advisors (left panel), to sally conyne for compiling ranges, to eng - li green for website management, to larry master and colin campbell for photos, to peter kovalik for spreadsheet magic, and to all volunteer participants. we welcome your corrections and your suggestions for improvement. you can reach us at worldbirdnames @ urltoken .\nnote (june 27, 2018): transition to 8. 2 complete. please report problems. thanks for your patience .\nextinct species of birds of the world (version 8. 2), with subspecies (\nspreadsheets in different formats, xml versions of the master list, and comparisons with other world lists .\nupdates of new species and proposed splits, taxonomic revisions, and changes of names .\ngill, f & d donsker (eds). 2018. ioc world bird list (v8. 2). doi: 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\ndendroperdix sephaena (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus francolinus .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be locally common to abundant throughout its range (del hoyo et al. 1994). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists. our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction (gill & wright 2006) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly. the updates include changes of recommended names or classification, additions of newly described species, corrections of nomenclature, and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy, i. e. the clements checklist of the birds of the world, the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 4 th edition, and hbw alive / bird life international. improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union, including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver, british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 1\nioc world bird list 8. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 1\nioc world bird list 7. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 4\nioc world bird list 6. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\nioc world bird list 6. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 1\nioc world bird list 5. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 4\nioc world bird list 5. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 3\nioc world bird list 5. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 2\nioc world bird list 5. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 1\nioc world bird list 4. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 4\nioc world bird list 4. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 3\nioc world bird list 4. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 2\nioc world bird list 4. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 1\nioc world bird list 3. 5 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 5\nioc world bird list 3. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 4\nioc world bird list 3. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 3\nioc world bird list 3. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 2\nioc world bird list 3. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 1\ngill f & d donsker (eds). 2016. ioc world bird list (v 6. 2). doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, bob humphries and sally robinson, juan sanabria, paul clarke, keith and lynn youngs, keith blomerley, helmut schenkel brunner, rigdon currie, yoël jimenez, greg baker, daniêl jimenez, doug and denise norris, francesc capdevila i torrell .\nholger teichmann, loutjie, james kashangaki, frédéric pelsy, martin främke, nik borrow, georges olioso, paul van giersbergen, lars petersson, krzysztof blachowiak, tadeusz stawarczyk, guy poisson, trheijnen, ghislain gosse, josep del hoyo, gunnar pettersson, fran trabalon, libor vaicenbacher, david beadle, dubi shapiro, morten venas, rainer. marius, robert erasmus, tomasz doroń, jacqueserard, ken havard, lee harding, marco valentini, rhonda hansch, dr _ m _ zieger, david taylor, raniero massoli - novelli, greg griffith, lmarce, stein, manakincarmelo, hans - juergen kuehnel .\n( hartlaub, 1866) – s south sudan and w ethiopia s to nc tanzania .\n30–35 cm; male 270–417 g, female 220–375 g. chestnut blotching on neck and breast, black bill, red legs, white supercilium and dark brown crown distinctive ...\neight different vocalizations have been identified. territorial call a repeated rhythmic short and ...\ntermites, other insects and their larvae (c. 32% by volume in e african study), sedge bulbs (c. 16 %) seeds (mainly\nlays oct–may (mainly oct–nov) in south africa; dec–mar in zimbabwe; jun–jul in mozambique but nov in malawi; oct ...\nsedentary. escapes by running in areas with little vegetation, but will flee mammalian predator by ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). mace lande: safe. one of africa’s most widespread francolins, occurring in suitable habitat throughout an area of nearly 3, 350, ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nincludes, in tetraonini, all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .\nformerly treated as a subgenus within a greatly expanded francolinus, but latter genus, when thus constituted, was found to be polyphyletic # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nloud calls from an unseen bird at dusk. the call towards the end of the clip is a tree squirrel .\ngrouse - like thing up in the trees .\nacacia scrub, open woods .\nnatural vocalization; calls from one of the same birds as in xc210299, when the others in the group had flown across the river (but can still be heard in the background) .\nnatural vocalization; song from a group of at least four birds on the ground in a large bush, in the fairly open understory of tall gallery forest .\nrecorded underneath a baobab (adansonia digitata) in arid thornveld savannah. microphones were left in the savannah for two hours and i was about 1 - 2km away at the time of recording .\ntwo birds seen walking around a campsite very early in the morning and calling .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: dendroperdix sephaena. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 062 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nimage: dan logen, 29 january 2011 (with permission) [ velociraptorize ]. nikon d300s, 600 mm lens, f / 5. 6, 1 / 1600 sec, iso 500 i encourage you to purchase images from the photographers who freely share their beautiful work with us .\nquestion: this cute little ethiopian mystery bird is quite distinct from all its congeners. can you identify this bird' s taxonomic family? can you identify the species ?\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images, video or mp3 files that you' d like to share with a large and (mostly) appreciative international audience here at the guardian, feel free to contact me to learn more .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nsouth africa red - billed oxpeckers at work, kruger nat. park (hd - video )\nvideos and photos at urltoken urltoken a bird singing. paraa lodge, murchison falls np, uganda (ssp grantii). recorded 29 august 2006 .\ncan be distinguished from other francolins by the broad white eye - stripe contrasting with the dark head, combined with the white throat. its habit of cocking its tail (see image above) is also a useful distinguishing feature .\nfemale and juvenile are less boldly marked than the male and lack the long, upcurved leg spur of the male .\nfound in woodland and wooded savanna in a distribution extending from ethiopia down to the northern regions of southern africa .\nin summer feeds mainly on insects while in winter it is mainly herbivorous (underground corms and bulbs, above ground shoots, leaves, fruits and berries) .\nform breeding pairs (monogamous) that can last for up to 10 months .\ntwo males competing, kruger national park, south africa. [ photo johan van rensburg © ]\nnest is hidden among grass and / or shrubs and consists of a scrape in the ground lined with grass and leaves .\n3 - 7 eggs are laid and after the clutch has been completed, it is incubated for 19 - 26 days, exclusively by the female .\nmeanwhile the male guards the general area around the nest and uses a warning call to alert the female to any approaching danger .\nchicks leave the nest about 2 hours after hatching and are looked after by their parents .\nhockey par, dean wrj and ryan pg (eds) 2005. roberts - birds of southern africa, viith ed. the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund, cape town .\nsinclair, i, hockey, p. and tarboton, w. 2002. sasol birds of southern africa. 3rd edition. struik, cape town .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 946 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ndistribution: northern namibia including etosha national park, epupa falls and the caprivi .\ndiet: in winter they will feed on corns and bulbs, green shoots and leaves, fruits and berries. their summer diet consists of insects and large herbivore droppings .\nbreeding: females lay between 3 and 7 eggs in a nest scrape between march and may. both male and female tend the young who leave the nest as soon as 2hr after hatching .\n6 days - for those with tight time constraints this safari visits the two major destinations: sossusvlei & etosha. windhoek - windhoek\n4 days - an expertly guided safari through damaraland in search of desert adapted elephant & rhino. excellent choice for anyone wanting to add a specialist activity to their time in namibia\n3 or 4 days - wonderful guided hiking trip - a never to be forgotten experience .\n3 days - a well guided & informative walking trip in the namib desert .\n3 days - cultural safari in the eastern kalahari region. visit the san / bushman and batswana people. also included is a trip to a game farm where sightings of rhino and elephant are possible\n3 days - visit the sand dunes at sossusvlei. runs from windhoek - windhoek\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be locally common to abundant throughout its range (del hoyo et al. 1994) .\nbirdlife international 2004. francolinus sephaena. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 10 july 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2005. 05. 23, website (version 23 - may - 05 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "the crested francolin ( dendroperdix sephaena ) is a species of bird in the phasianidae family .", "it is found in angola , botswana , democratic republic of the congo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , somalia , south africa , south sudan , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "one of its subspecies , dendroperdix sephaena rovuma , is sometimes considered a separate species , kirk 's francolin . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 5 ] }

[ "the crested francolin (dendroperdix sephaena) is a species of bird in the phasianidae family. it is found in angola, botswana, democratic republic of the congo, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, namibia, somalia, south africa, south sudan, swaziland, tanzania, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. one of its subspecies, dendroperdix sephaena rovuma, is sometimes considered a separate species, kirk's francolin." ]

[ "the bulwer' s petrel (bulweria bulwerii) is a small petrel that was named after the scottish naturalist james bulwer .\nbulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii: review of irish record and claimed records, march 2016 .\nbulwer’s petrel, at sea off madeira, 14th may 2012 (photo: killian mullarney) .\nthe size is described as ‘very noticeably smaller than a manx shearwater’ puffinus puffinus. this does not tally with bulwer’s petrel, and perhaps suggests a bird of leach’s storm - petrel oceanodroma leucorhoa (or swinhoe’s storm - petrel) size .\ntable 1 frequency of occurrences (% fo) of prey in the stomach - contents of chicks of bulwer’s petrel .\nup to now this record has been accepted as a bulwer’s petrel, and is the best documented of all claims. the descriptions submitted agree on a number of features. however, some of these no longer support identification as bulwer’s petrel. in particular :\nmougin, j. - l. 1996. faithfulness to mate and nest site of bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii at selvagem grande .\nas normally there is no other all - dark petrel or shearwater in the north atlantic, the only species it might be confused with is the rarely seen swinhoe’s storm petrel though bulwer’s petrel is almost twice its size and with a long and not forked tail .\nthe description provided did not allow a definite identification to be made. in particular, the quoted size suggests a smaller bird than bulwer’s petrel .\nsome other features, depending on how interpreted, could point towards bulwer’s petrel but it was unanimously felt that acceptance of this bird as a bulwer’s petrel was no longer justified, particularly with swinhoe’s storm - petrel now known to occur in the north atlantic. indeed there are suggestions that this bird could have been a swinhoe’s storm - petrel, e. g. the size and tail shape, but unfortunately it was felt that there was not enough detail to accept it as such .\nthe bulweria petrels comprise only two species that rather closely related to the fulmarine petrels. both are dark brown birds. bulweria is represented in the three major oceans by the bulwer’s petrel. the larger but otherwise similar jouanin’s petrel is restricted to the indian ocean .\nthe tail is described as square - ended. this is wrong for bulwer’s petrel, which always shows either a tapering, or wedge - shaped tail when splayed .\nbulwer' s petrel. adult. hemeni motu, ua huka island, marquesas archipelago, french polynesia, august 2010. image © fred jacq by fred jacq urltoken\nmougin, j. - l. 1996. faithfulness to mate and nest site of bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii at selvagem grande. marine ornithology 24: 15 - 18 .\nas obscure in the world of ornithology as reverend bulwer was himself, the bulwer' s petrel - small, sooty brown and nocturnal - is one of the least well known of the procellariiformes. it is one of two species in the genus. the other is jouanin' s petrel (bulweria fallax), which is restricted to the northwest indian ocean .\non its breeding grounds, bulwer’s petrel is nocturnal, nesting colonially in cavities under rocks or in other holes and crevices during the northern spring. birds are moderately faithful both to their mate and nest site, about 80% returning to both. outside the nesting season, birds migrate to tropical waters where they are generally solitary. bulwer’s petrel does not usually follow ships .\nsouthey, i. ; frost, p. g. h. 2013. bulwer’s petrel. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nthe elongated front end projection gives bulwer’s petrel a unique appearance with a ‘stretched’ neck, but this feature is not reflected in the descriptions, which describe the bird as being ‘virtually identical in shape to a storm - petrel’ hydrobates pelagicus and ‘all wings and tail’ .\nbulwer’s petrels would partly shift their diet towards epipelagic prey, to compensate for a scarcity of their usual mesopelagic prey .\nneves, v. c. ; nolf, d. ; clarke, m. r. 2011. diet of bulwer' s petrel (bulweria bulwerii) in the azores, ne atlantic .\njames bulwer, a scottish clergyman and amateur naturalist, is credited with collecting the type specimen of bulwer' s petrel on islands off portugal (the desertas) for sir william jardine in 1828. more interested in conchology and archaeology, bulwer contributed little else to ornithology and lived out the remainder of his life quietly in norfolk, scotland .\nas a result of this review, bulwer’s petrel has been removed from the irish list (a pdf copy of the irish list is available through the irbc website at urltoken any of these records could refer to a swinhoe’s storm - petrel, which was an unknown identification pitfall, particularly for the earlier claims. any bulwer’s petrel claim should ideally include details of precise flight - style and structure as well as a careful appraisal of size. this can be one of the most difficult aspects to judge correctly and ideally should be in direct comparison with another species .\nbulwer’s petrel flight is usually not high from seawater, especially on strong winds and it flies alone or in pairs. it is not commonly seen in feeding frenzies with cetaceans though it is normally attracted to chum .\nin the past, human predation affected bulwer' s petrel. since the declaration of the breeding areas as nature reserves, the prospects for this petrel have improved enormously. the species is heavily predated by the increasing population of yellow - legged gull (larus cachinnans) and by rats and cats .\nfour claims of bulwer’s petrel have been submitted to the irbc, or its predecessor, and these were reviewed as well as soliciting the opinions of seabird experts abroad. a brief summary of each record assessment is presented :\nthe descriptions provided for this bird, e. g. a square - ended tail and a patch of white on the under - tail do not indicate a bulwer’s petrel or allow it to be ascribed to any species .\nhere, we assessed the influence of the lunar cycle on the diet of a small pelagic seabird, the bulwer’s petrel, bulweria bulwerii, using molecular diagnostics to assess changes in prey composition in relation to the lunar cycle .\nzonfrillo, b. diet of bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii in the madeiran archipelago. ibis. 128, 570–572, doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1474 - 919x. 1986. tb02708. x (1986) .\nbulwer' s petrel breed in the north atlantic in colonies on islands in the cape verde islands, azores, canary islands and madeira groups; as well as on islands across the north pacific from east of china to hawaii .\nbulwer’s petrels are shallow divers, reaching at most around 5 m depth 33. previous studies of bulwer’s petrels showed predominantly nocturnal flight activity at sea 34, 35 and a high reliance on mesopelagic prey 36, 37, 38, although some studies also report consumption of surface prey 39. given that mesopelagic prey are generally found in deeper oceanic layers, usually at depths below 200 meters, such prey are hypothesized to become available to bulwer’s petrels only at night, when species of the deep scattering layers ascend towards the water surface to feed. moonlight might therefore exert an important negative effect on the abundance and range of prey species available to bulwer’s petrel .\nneves, v. c. ; nolf, d. ; clarke, m. r. 2011. diet of bulwer' s petrel (bulweria bulwerii) in the azores, ne atlantic. waterbirds 34: 357 - 363 .\nsilent in flight, the call is only heard from their burrows. the call that is similar to an\nuh - uh - uh - uh\nthat resembles a dog yapping. (listen to the bulwer' s petrel calls )\nvoice: bulwer’s petrel on their breeding grounds give a deep, chuffing coq coq coq call, about 13 - 14 notes given in a 10 - second period, mixed with occasional double coq - coq notes. they are silent at sea .\nbulwer' s petrel breeds on the subtropical islands of the pacific and northeast atlantic. in the atlantic more than 90% of the population is concentrated in madeira archipelago but they are also present in the azores, canary´s and cape verde islands. in madeira archipelago this species occurs in all of the islands, but is on the deserta´s that is concentrated the largest population .\nnests colonially under rocks, crevices or rocky slopes near the ocean. on its breeding grounds bulwer’s petrel is strictly nocturnal. they feed on small fish on the surface. they feed on squid and small fish, occasionally plankton, mostly taken from the surface .\nneves, v. c. , nolf, d. & clarke, m. r. diet of bulwer’s petrel in the azores, ne atlantic. waterbird. 34, 357–362, doi: 10. 1675 / 063. 034. 0310 (2011) .\nsmall petrel (l 26 cm) with rose legs, long tail and dark plumage uniform, except for a paler bar. rough nests are made in burrows, which may be excavated in the ground or may be already exists as crevices in walls or rocks. bulwer’s petrel is a pelagic seabird feeding on the surface off squid, plankton and small fish. migrant .\njouanin, c. , j. l. mougin, f. roux and a. zino. 1979. bulwer' s petrel bulweria bulwerii on the madeira and the selvagens islands. oiseau rev. fr. ornithol. no. 49: 165 - 184. close\nsmall petrel (l 26 cm) with rose legs, long tail and dark plumage uniform, except for a paler bar. rough nests are made in burrows, which may be excavated in the ground or may be already exists as crevices in walls or rocks. bulwer' s petrel is a pelagic seabird feeding on the surface off squid, plankton and small fish. migrant .\nprey identification through molecular and morphological - based techniques revealed that bulwer’s petrels feed almost exclusively on a wide range of mesopelagic species, which are known to be part of the deep scattering layers of the ocean. previous diet studies based only on the prey item morphology, conducted on selvagem grande and other islands in the northeast atlantic, showed a similar specialization pattern where mesopelagic fish and squid were the most abundant prey of bulwer’s petrel 36, 38 .\na bird was recaptured during a 1992 and 1993 breeding season on sand island, was at least 24 years old being probably the oldest bulwer’s petrel in the world. in 2008 in desertas islands it was found a bird that has been ringed in 1994 thst probably has more than 15 years .\nluzardo, j. ; lópez - darias, m. ; suárez, v. ; calabuig, p. ; garcía, e. a. ; martín, c. 2008 first breeding population of bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii recorded on gran canaria (canary islands) —population size and morphometric data .\nmougin, j - l. ; mougin, m - c. 2000. maximum diving depths for feeding attained by bulwer' s petrels (bulweria bulwerii) during the incubation period .\nbulwer’s petrel is a small all dark seabird with pale diagonal bars across secondary covert. it has longer wings and tail. the bill is black and quite strong with pronounced nostrils. the flight is normally rapid, erratic and close to the sea - surface with quick changes in direction especially in strong winds .\noppel, s. ; burns, f. ; ellick, g. ; george, k. ; beard, a. ; henry, l. ; clingham, e. ; hillman, j. c. ; hollins, j. d. ; thorsen, m. j. 2012. recent observations suggest bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii might breed on st helena. marine ornithology 40: 67 - 68 .\nwhittow, g. c. 1994. incubation biology and nestling growth of bulwer' s petrels on manana island, oahu, hawaii. pac. sci. no. 48: 136 - 144. close\nluzardo, j. ; lópez - darias, m. ; suárez, v. ; calabuig, p. ; garcía, e. a. ; martín, c. 2008. first breeding population of bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii recorded on gran canaria (canary islands) —population size and morphometric data. marine ornithology 36: 159 - 162 .\ndias, m. p. , alho, m. , granadeiro, j. p. & catry, p. wanderer of the deepest seas: migratory behaviour and distribution of the highly pelagic bulwer’s petrel. j. ornithol. 156, 955–962, doi: 10. 1007 / s10336 - 015 - 1210 - 9 (2015) .\nrodríguez, b. et al. satellite tracking of bulwer’s petrels bulweria bulwerii in the canary islands. bird study 60, 270–274, doi: 10. 1080 / 00063657. 2013. 778226 (2013) .\ns. w. , p. c. , w. o. c. s. and j. p. g. conceived the study. s. w. , c. s. - g. collected samples. s. w. performed molecular laboratory procedures. s. w. and j. p. g. conducted data analyses. h. a. performed morphological identifications of hard structures. p. c. , w. o. c. s. , j. p. g. and m. d. contributed with advice and critical review of the manuscript. m. d. , w. o. c. s. and j. p. g. , contributed with funding, c. s. - g. contributed significantly during fieldwork and laboratory work. s. w. , p. c. , j. p. g. and w. o. c. s. wrote the manuscript .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\ndias, m. p. et al. distribution and at - sea activity of a nocturnal seabird, the bulwer’s petrel bulweria bulwerii, during the incubation period. deep. sea. res. part. 1 oceanogr. res. pap. 113, 49–56, doi: 10. 1016 / j. dsr. 2016. 03. 006 (2016) .\ngiven that most of the prey found in this study are believed to be out of bulwer’s petrels reach during moonlit nights (over 200 m deep), we must conclude that our current understanding of their behavior, and of the vertical distribution of oceanic deep - water fish and squid, is poor. bulwer’s petrels are shallow divers, with a maximum - recorded diving depth of 5 m 33 which is in accordance with studies of a range of small petrels without specific diving morphological adaptations, which generally forage very close to the sea surface 51. although mid - water prey can be made theoretically available at the upper layers through the action of other foraging animals, such as tuna and dolphins, which herd prey to the surface, these predators (unlike bulwer’s petrel) generally forage diurnally and show a high consumption of epipelagic prey 52 .\ntropical ocean, temperate ocean: widespread. bulwer’s petrel is pantropical, being found in all three oceans outside the breeding season. breeding sites include the eastern atlantic from the azores, pacific oceanrtugal to cape verde, and the pacific from eastern china and the bonin islands (japan), east to the hawaiian islands (usa), and the marquesas islands (french pacific oceanlynesia )\nharrison, c. s. , hida, t. s. & seki, m. p. hawaiian seabird feeding ecology. wildl. monogr. 47, 1–2 (1983) .\nmougin, j - l. ; mougin, m - c. 2000. maximum diving depths for feeding attained by bulwer' s petrels (bulweria bulwerii) during the incubation period. journal of zoology 250: 75 - 77 .\nfieldwork was carried out at deserta grande (32°30′n 16°30′w), ca. 20 km se of madeira island and on selvagem grande (30°09′n, 15°52′w), portugal, in the northeast atlantic. these islands are situated approximately 270 km apart in similar deep ocean environments. to test how the lunar cycle affects prey choice of bulwer’s petrel we collected data on the diet of the chicks .\nalthough this species is not threatened or endangered, intense human exploitation and predation by cats (felis domesticus) and rats (rattus sp .) in much of its range pose conservation concerns. extirpation of the bulwer' s petrel from individual colonies may be a threat, since it is not known whether young birds return only to their natal colonies, or are part of a larger population .\nthis very long - winged petrel measures 25 - 29 cm in length (including its long, pointed tail) and has a 78 - 90 cm wingspan .\noverall, our study has provided new and complementary insights into spatial ecology, ecological similarity and divergence, and taxonomy of these little - known gadfly petrel species .\nthis record was accepted for a number of years but was deleted from the irish list following the 1988 review (mullarney 1988). it was seen at close range off cape clear island for a short time. however, there were few details describing flight - style or structure and its estimated size was not consistent with bulwer’s petrel. overall, there was insufficient detail to ascribe this bird to any species .\nbulwer' s petrel nests on small islands off the main hawaiian islands, the northwestern hawaiian islands, and on a few other islands in the north and south pacific, eastern north atlantic, and indian oceans. the largest breeding colony - an estimated 75, 000 - 100, 000 pairs - is on the small volcanic island of nihoa, approximately 600 km northwest of the main hawaiian island of kauai .\nin the nonbreeding season, this species migrates to areas of rich nutrient upwellings. little is known of its feeding during this season, but the most important prey species collected from birds near the breeding grounds are hatchetfishes (sternoptychidae) and lanternfishes (myctophidae). bulwer' s petrel is not known to follow ships. it feeds solitarily or in pairs, sitting on the surface, spreading its wings and dipping its head beneath the surface .\nbulwer’s petrel is a small, sooty - brown petrel, about the size of a prion, but with quite a different shape. it has a long, tapering tail and relatively long, narrow, pointed wings held forward at the carpel joint. lighter - brown edges to the secondary wing coverts form a pale diagonal band across the upper wing, a feature that is more apparent in good light. the tail looks pointed in normal flight, but is wedge - shaped, a feature only seen clearly when the bird banks and spreads its tail. it has a moderate - sized, smooth black bill with pronounced tubular nostrils. the legs are blackish - pink with dark webs; the iris is dark brown. the flight of bulwer’s petrel is rapid, buoyant and erratic, somewhat bat - like, with loose, wristy, wing - beats. individuals usually fly close to the sea - surface, especially in strong winds, with short bursts of flapping, while twisting from side to side, interspersed with short, fast glides and quick changes in direction .\npublisher' s note: springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .\nevery year thousands of kilometres of beach are covered by amateur ornithologists looking for the corpses of seabirds washed ashore. this macabre task is the easiest way to gain an understanding of the seabirds using new zealand waters, and every so often someone finds a strikingly rare species. one of these was bulwer’s petrel, a freshly dead specimen of which was found on te horo beach, horowhenua, in january 1998. this is the only new zealand record to date .\na small petrel with slim body, large wingspan proportionally to body, pointed wings and long tail. there is no clear sexual dimorphism, despite bill and tarsus being longer in males .\nidentification of prey remains was conducted using combined morphological analyses of hard parts with molecular analyses of soft tissue. morphological identification was only obtained for those items that had soft tissue attached to ensure, as far as possible, that only prey recently taken by bulwer’s petrels were included in our analyses .\nin total, 988 prey items (vertebra and tissue) were collected from 139 stomach - contents of bulwer’s petrels. the combined use of morphological analysis on hard part remains and molecular analysis of 16s rrna and coi barcodes revealed that these prey items corresponded to a minimum of 384 different individual prey .\nashpole, j, butchart, s. , calvert, r. , ekstrom, j. , newton, p .\ncarboneras, c. , jutglar, f. , de juana, e. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). bulwer' s petrel (bulweria bulwerii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nfew aspects of the breeding biology of this petrel have been studied comprehensively, especially at colonies in the pacific and indian oceans. principal studies of breeding biology have been made by jouanin et al. (\ntable 5: estimates of model fit and relative importance (percent contribution) of the environmental variables to the probability of occurrence of each species of petrel (values over 15% are marked bold) .\nmougin, j. - l. & mougin, m. c. maximum diving depths for feeding attained by bulwer’s petrels (bulweria bulwerii) during the incubation period. j. zool. 250, 75–77, doi: 10. 1111 / jzo. 2000. 250. issue - 1 (2000) .\nbulwer’s petrels consume squid and small fish, occasionally plankton, mostly taken from the sea - surface, although birds are known to make shallow dives down to just over 2 m. there are some suggestions that they feed on prey coming to the sea - surface at night, as the main known prey items are luminescent .\nprincipal component analysis (pca) showed no visible distinction among samples collected at different moon phases (fig. 2), suggesting that the moon cycle does not influence prey consumption in bulwer’s petrel. variation among samples was essentially marked by the presence of four prey types: hatchetfish (sternoptyx sp .), cock - eyed squid (stigmatoteuthis cf. hoylei), spinyfin (diretmus argenteus) and giant squid (architeuthis sp), which were also the most dominant species found in our study (table 1 and fig. 2b) .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nof selvagem grande (30°09′n, 15°52′w) equipped with maximum depth gauges had dived during the feeding trips performed during the incubation period, the mean maximum depth being 2. 4 ± 1. 0 m (range: 1. 0–5. 3 m). the depth reached showed no correlation with the breeding experience of the birds, with the length of their trip or with their body size and there were no differences between males and females. thus, the bulwer' s petrel are among the numerous procellariiformes which perform regular but comparatively shallow dives, unlike shearwaters (\ncubitt, m. 1995. swinhoe’s storm - petrels at tynemouth: new to britain and ireland. british birds 88: 342 - 348 .\nbrown, d. s. et al. dietary competition between the alien asian musk shrew (suncus murinus) and a reintroduced population of telfair’s skink (leiolopisma telfairii). mol. ecol. 23, 3695–3705, doi: 10. 1111 / mec. 12445 (2014) .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n... in cape verde islands the population does not exceed 100 pairs (hazevoet 1995). bulwer' s petrel is abundant in madeira (> 90% of the atlantic population) and the canary islands where the population is estimated at 10, 000 and 1, 000 breeding pairs, respectively (hernández et al. 1990; nunes and vicente 1998). the azores represent the northern limit of distribution and the species is rare in the archipelago with only one known colony, approximately 50 breeding pairs, on vila islet off santa maria (bried and bourgeois 2005; monteiro et al. 1999)... .\nwhile the occurrence of mesopelagic species in the diet of seabirds and other surface predators has been generally related to nocturnal foraging, it is still not fully understood whether the presence of mesopelagic prey results from active predation or from scavenging of floating remains at the surface 44. the mesopelagic prey consumed by bulwer’s petrels are very likely captured during their vertical migrations at night, since these petrels are known to significantly increase their flight activity during darkness, with a peak after sunset when most organisms of the deep scattering layers start ascending closer to the surface 34, 35. moreover, the analysis of stomach contents of seabirds shot at different times of the day revealed, based on the degree of prey digestion, that bulwer’s petrels and other avian predators of mesopelagic fish ingest their prey mostly at night 37 .\nleapfrog migration, in which the northernmost breeding populations of a given species overwinter further south than the more southerly ones, is rather common among northern hemisphere terrestrial birds. such a pattern has now been described for a seabird, bulwer’s petrel (bulweria bulwerii), by using birds marked with geolocators at five breeding sites throughout its atlantic breeding range # r. many birds from the cape verde archipelago remained within their breeding range year - round whereas others dispersed south, around the equator. however, the subtropical waters of the south atlantic were the preferred habitat during the non - breeding season for the more northerly populations nesting in the azores, salvages and canary islands .\nto assess whether lunar phase influenced the prey consumed by bulwer’s petrel we used multivariate ordination and statistical analysis on a prey composition matrix of presence and absence data. given that rare prey might introduce bias in multivariate analyses 69 and mask important patterns of species composition in multivariate space, we excluded prey that occurred in less than 5% of the total number of samples from our analyses. only samples taken within ±2 days of the corresponding lunar phase date were considered for analyses and pooled within each lunar phase category. samples were categorized into three levels: new moon (n = 47), quarter moon (n = 27) and full moon (n = 47) .\n© university libraries, university of new mexico, msc05 3020, albuquerque, nm 87131, (505) 277 - 9100. unm is new mexico' s flagship university\nmougin, j. l. , c. jouanin and f. roux. 1992. chronologie de la reproduction chez le pétrel de bulwer bulweria bulwerii (jardine et selby). l' oiseau et r. f. o. no. 62: 52. close\nmougin, j. l. 1991a. les années sabbatiques des pétrels de bulwer bulweria bulwerii de i' île selvagem grande (30° 09' n, 15° 52' w). l' oiseau rev. fr. ornithol. no. 61: 132 - 141. close\nfrequency of occurrence of the taxa identified in bulwer’s petrels stomach - contents at different lunar phases (full moon = 52, new moon = 58, quarter moon = 28); expressed as presence of a specific prey type against total number of stomach - contents collected in each lunar phase. (a) prey identified to the lowest taxonomical rank. (b) prey pooled into family ranks. only the taxa occurring in over 5% of the total number of stomach contents are shown .\nduffy, d. c. & jackson, s. diet studies of seabirds: a review of methods. colon waterbird. 9, 1–17, doi: 10. 2307 / 1521138 (1986) .\nsimilar species: this extremely rare vagrant to new zealand waters is one of several wholly dark - brown or sooty - brown petrels and shearwaters that are easily confused, even by experts, when observed at sea. observers are forced to rely on subtle differences in the birds’ flight behaviour and body shape. bulwer’s petrels differ from smaller storm petrels by seldom skimming and pattering the sea - surface, and from slightly larger, dark gadfly petrels, e. g. kerguelen petrel, by having a distinctly longer tail and by flying close to the sea - surface rather than in high up - and - down arcs. other dark petrels and shearwaters in new zealand seas, such as black petrel and sooty, short - tailed, and flesh - footed shearwaters, are all distinctly larger and have proportionately shorter tails. in warmer waters around northern new zealand beware of both wedge - tailed shearwaters which also has a long pointed tail but is much larger with proportionately bigger and more pointed wings, and the similar - sized brown noddy, especially at a distance. the long bill of the brown noddy makes the head look pointed; its flight is also slower and more relaxed .\nbrooke, m. l. the food consumption of the world’s seabirds. proc. r. soc. b 271, s246–s248, doi: 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2003. 0153 (2004) .\nmougin, j. l. 1990. la fidélité au partenaire et au nid chez le pétrel de bulwer bulweria bulwerii de i' île selvagem grande (30° 09' n, 15° 52' w). l' oiseau rev. fr. ornithol. no. 60: 224 - 232. close\nmougin, j. l. 1991b. les paramètres contrôlant la réussite de l' incubation chez le pétrel de bulwer bulweria bulwerii de i' île selvagem grande (30° 09' n, 15° 52' w). l' oiseau rev. fr. ornithol. no. 61: 312 - 323. close\nthe conservation status and taxonomy of the three gadfly petrels that breed in macaronesia is still discussed partly due to the scarce information on their spatial ecology. using geolocator and capture - mark - recapture data, we examined phenology, natal philopatry and breeding - site fidelity, year - round distribution, habitat usage and at - sea activity of the three closely - related gadfly petrels that breed in macaronesia: zino’s petrel pterodroma madeira, desertas petrel p. deserta and cape verde petrel p. feae. all p. feae remained around the breeding area during their non - breeding season, whereas p. madeira and p. deserta dispersed far from their colony, migrating either to the cape verde region, further south to equatorial waters in the central atlantic, or to the brazil current. the three taxa displayed a clear allochrony in timing of breeding. habitat modelling and at - sea activity patterns highlighted similar environmental preferences and foraging behaviours of the three taxa. finally, no chick or adult was recaptured away from its natal site and survival estimates were relatively high at all study sites, indicating strong philopatry and breeding - site fidelity for the three taxa. the combination of high philopatry, marked breeding asynchrony and substantial spatio - temporal segregation of their year - round distribution suggest very limited gene flow among the three taxa .\nralph, c. p. , nagata, s. e. & ralph, c. j. analysis of droppings to describe diets of small birds. j. field. ornithol. 56, 165–174 (1985) .\njarman, s. n. et al. adélie penguin population diet monitoring by analysis of food dna in scats. plos one 8, e82227, doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0082227 (2013) .\nbrown, j. s. , kotler, b. p. & bouskila, a. the ecology of fear and the foraging game between owls and gerbils. ann. zool. fennici. 38, 71–87 (2001) .\npalumbi, s. r. nucleic acids ii: the polymerase chain reaction in molecular systematics (ed. hillis, d. m. , mable, b. k. & moritz, c). 205–247 (1996) .\nr. r. and j. g. - s. designed the study; r. r. , i. r. , v. h. p. , t. m. , m. b. , d. m. , f. z. and j. g. - s. conducted the fieldwork; r. r. and i. r. , analysed the data; r. r. and j. g. - s. wrote the first complete version of the manuscript; i. r. , v. h. p. , t. m. , r. a. p. and f. z. read and commented on the manuscript .\n... bulwer' s petrel is a small (80–120 g) procellariiform seabird (fig. 1), which shows a highly pelagic, pan - tropical and subtropical distribution, including the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans (brooke, 2004). within the atlantic, it breeds on a few islets and islands throughout much of macaronesia (from the azores to the cape verde archipelagos, including madeira, salvages and canary islands), with an estimated total population of c. 11, 000 breeding pairs (mougin, 1989; hern andez et al. , 1990; hazevoet, 1995; monteiro et al. , 1996; nunes & vicente, 1998; luzardo et al. , 2008). most adults arrive at the colony in late april, females lay a single egg in late may / early june, chicks hatch at the end of july and fledge in mid - to late september (nunes & vicente, 1998)... .\nmougin, j. l. 1989. données préliminaires sur la structure et la dynamique de la population de pétrels de bulwer bulweria bulwerii de i' île selvagem grande (30° 09' n, 15° 52' w). c. r. acad. sci. ser. iii sci. vie no. 308: 103 - 106. close\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nalonso, h. et al. an holistic ecological analysis of the diet of cory’s shearwaters using prey morphological characters and dna barcoding. mol. ecol. 23, 3719–3733, doi: 10. 1111 / mec. 12785 (2014) .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\ncruz, s. m. et al. at–sea behavior varies with lunar phase in a nocturnal pelagic seabird, the swallow - tailed gull. plos one 8, e56889, doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0056889 (2013) .\nmesopelagic fauna plays a major role in marine ecosystems providing an important trophic link between surface and deep - sea communities during diel vertical migration 42, 43. this study is the first to investigate the influence of the moon on the diet of a pelagic predator of mesopelagic prey. our results clearly show that, contrary to expectations, differences in the levels of ambient light due to the moon cycle do not influence diet composition of bulwer’s petrels. this raises intriguing questions regarding the effect of lunar phases on the distribution and abundance of mesopelagic fish and squid in surface waters and how shallow - diving birds manage to capture mesopelagic prey .\na small sooty - brown petrel with a long tapering tail that looks wedge - shaped and pointed in normal flight, long narrow pointed wings with lighter - brown edges to the secondary wing coverts forming a pale diagonal band across the upper wing, a black bill with pronounced tubular nostrils and blackish - pink legs. its flight is rapid, buoyant, erratic and bat - like with loose wing - beats .\npantropical seas, in e atlantic breeding from azores s to cape verde is, in pacific from e china and bonin is e to hawaii, phoenix is and marquesas is. recently found breeding on round i, off mauritius, in indian ocean # r .\nnavarro, j. , votier, s. c. & phillips, r. a. diving capabilities of diving petrels. polar. biol. 37, 897–901, doi: 10. 1007 / s00300 - 014 - 1483 - 0 (2014) .\nto evaluate prey composition across the lunar cycle, a total of 138 stomach contents were collected from chicks of bulwer’s petrels at deserta grande during the years of 2012 (n = 25) and 2013 (n = 83) and at selvagem grande during 2012 (n = 30) (see supplementary table s1 for information on the number of samples collected in each lunar phase). a single flush of the stomach content was performed on each chick using the technique described by wilson 56. samples were washed with clean water and contents filtered through a sieve to remove excess salt and preserved in 100% ethanol for molecular analysis of prey .\nopen access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article’s creative commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this license, visit urltoken .\nzaret, t. m. & suffern, j. s. vertical migration in zooplankton as a predator avoidance mechanism. limnol. oceanogr. 21, 804–813, doi: 10. 4319 / lo. 1976. 21. 6. 0804 (1976) .\nkampa, e. m. photoenvironment and vertical migrations of mesopelagic marine animal communities. in: biological rhythms in the marine environment (ed. decoursey, p. j. & vernberg, f. j. 257–272 (columbia, s. ca 1974) .\nthis seabird is a species of tropical and subtropical waters, ranging from 10º s to 40º n, in northeast atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. in the atlantic it breeds on the canary islands, all madeira archipelago islands and on some islets of cape verde and azores .\nprice, m. n. , dehal, p. s. & arkin, a. p. fasttree 2: approximately maximum - likelihood trees for large alignments. plos one 5, e9490, doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0009490 (2010) .\nhernández - león, s. et al. carbon sequestration and zooplankton lunar cycles: could we be missing a major component of the biological pump? limnol. oceanogr. 55, 2503–2512, doi: 10. 4319 / lo. 2010. 55. 6. 2503 (2010) .\nratnasingham, s. & hebert, p. d. n. bold: the barcode of life data system (urltoken). mol. ecol. notes 7, 355–364, doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1471 - 8286. 2007. 01678. x (2007) .\nkarpouzi, v. s. , watson, r. & pauly, d. modelling and mapping resource overlap between seabirds and fisheries on a global scale: a preliminary assessment. mar. ecol. prg. ser 343, 87–99, doi: 10. 3354 / meps06860 (2007) .\nwithin warm oceanic sector in west palearctic. breeds often near sea - level in small holes and crevices under large boulders or talus, but also at higher elevations. apparently not in burrows, but sometimes in holes in walls. intense competition often restricts it to openings too small for cory? s shearwater .\nit could be argued that there is perhaps a trade - off between reduced prey availability and increased visual detectability by the birds during full moons, leaving diet composition unchanged. however, visual detection of prey by bulwer’s petrels may be actually higher during dark nights, because, with the exception of some bathypelagic fish and the squid architeuthis, their prey species have multiple photophores, emitting points or patches of light at sea. previous studies of foraging behaviour of other oceanic predators (e. g. elephant seals) have found a positive correlation between bioluminescence and foraging intensity, suggesting that these predators relied on bioluminescence of their prey to detect their occurrence 50. it is possible that seabirds also use bioluminescence to help locate prey, but this is currently not known .\nfinally, population differentiation might also arise from divergence in foraging distribution, habitat use or behaviour during the breeding or non - breeding periods 10, 61. in our case, although the three species shared common foraging areas and strategies, some non - breeding grounds were used to a large extent by a single species. thus, as found in other seabird species complexes 10, the combination of factors outlined above did likely restrict gene flow and presumably drove the population differentiation of the three macaronesian gadfly petrel taxa .\nmostly absent from breeding grounds sept / oct - mar. disperses over tropical and subtropical waters: pacific birds probably move into c and e pacific, and also indian ocean, w to maldives; atlantic birds mostly move into w and s atlantic, few reaching south africa. vagrant to australia, british isles and w mediterranean .\nkaiser, t. s. , neumann, d. & heckel, d. g. timing the tides: genetic control of diurnal and lunar emergence times is correlated in the marine midge clunio marinus. bmc. genet. 12, 2–12, doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2156 - 12 - 49 (2011) .\nivanova, n. v. , zemlak, t. s. , hanner, r. h. & hebert, p. d. n. universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding. mol. ecol. notes 7, 544–548, doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1471 - 8286. 2007. 01748. x (2007) .\naltschul, s. f. , gish, w. , miller, w. , myers, e. w. & lipman, d. j. j. basic local alignment search tool. j. mol. biol. 215, 403–410, doi: 10. 1016 / s0022 - 2836 (05) 80360 - 2 (1990) .\nmcinnes, j. c. , emmerson, l. , southwell, c. , faux, c. & jarman, s. n. simultaneous dna - based diet analysis of breeding, non - breeding and chick adélie penguins. r. soc. open sci 3, 150443, doi: 10. 1098 / rsos. 150443 (2016) .\nyamamoto, t. , takahashi, a. , yoda, k. , katsumata, n. & watanabe, s. the lunar cycle affects at–sea behaviour in a pelagic seabird, the streaked shearwater, calonectris leucomelas. anim. behav. 76, 1647–1652, doi: 10. 1016 / j. anbehav. 2008. 07. 019 (2008) .\nkotler, b. p. , brown, j. , mukherjee, s. , berger - tal, o. & bouskila, a. moonlight avoidance in gerbils reveals a sophisticated interplay among time allocation, vigilance and state - dependent foraging. proc. r. soc 277, 1469–1474, doi: 10. 1098 / rspb. 2009. 2036 (2010) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the creative commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. to view a copy of this license, visit urltoken\ndietary studies on marine top predators may reveal the impact of environmental factors on prey species availability, while providing insight into demographic regulation of predator populations, the structure of food webs and the organization of communities. birds play a major role in marine trophic webs, primarily due to their important function in ecosystem regulation, with, for example, ca 70 million tones of the ocean’s biomass being consumed annually by seabirds 19, approaching the global catch by marine fisheries 20 .\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species. the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution, migration, habitat, diet, sounds, behavior, breeding, current population status and conservation. each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos, audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries. written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species, birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\nconservation actions underway the species is listed under appendix ii of the bern convention, and under annex i of the eu birds directive. in europe it is currently listed as occurring in 26 marine important bird areas. in the eu it is listed within 23 special protection areas. conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species' s european range only: ongoing management and eradication of invasive predators at breeding colonies; enforcement and regulation of human exploitation; mitigation and reduction of light pollution from shipping and human settlements; bycatch monitoring on board vessels and reduction and mitigation on fishing vessels where appropriate .\nthe following information refers to the species' s european range only: predation by cats, rats and endemic invertebrates occurs at breeding colonies in the north east atlantic (cabral et al. 2005, matias et al 2009). a large colony in desertas island (madeira) suffers intense human exploitation for food or fish bait, which also occurs in other north east atlantic sites although not in the salvage islands (madeira), since the declaration of the islands as a national park (carboneras et al. 2014). light pollution at night might be important cause of mortality in some areas. habitat loss at colony sites is also considered a threat to this species in the canary islands, madeira and azores (carboneras et al. 2014). the species is vulnerable to oil spills and marine pollution. it is at risk of being caught as bycatch in fishing gear including pelagic longlines (waugh et al. 2012) .\ncarolyn m. king, clive d. roberts, ben d. bell, r. ewan fordyce, robert s. nicol, trevor h. worthy, chris d. paulin, rod a. hitchmough, ian w. keyes, alan n. baker, andrew l. stewart, norton hiller, robert m. mcdowall, richard n. holdaway, robin p. mcphee, werner w. schwarzhans, alan j. d. tennyson, seabourne rust, ian macadie, compiled by trevor h. worthy, richard n. holdaway, and alan j. d. tennyson 24: phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, species that are recorded only as rare visitors or vagrants to new zealand. in: new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1. 24: phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, species that are recorded only as rare visitors or vagrants to new zealand\nwe are grateful to the serviço do parque natural da madeira for permission and logistical support during our stay at deserta grande and selvagem grande, to many other collaborators during fieldwork, particularly filipe moniz, joão moura, patricia pedro and maria pinto, and to martin jones (mmu). we further thank paulo e. cardoso for sharing his large expertise on modis data processing and helping with cloud cover analysis. funding was provided by the fundação para a ciência e a tecnologia (fct, portugal) through the strategic projects uid / mar / 04292 / 2013 granted to mare, uid / amb / 50017 to cesam (with co - funding by feder, within the pt2020 partnership agreement and compete 2020), projects ptdc / mar / 121071 / 2010 and ptdc / mar - pro / 0929 / 2014, doctoral grants awarded to s. waap (sfrh / bd / 73656 / 2010) and h. alonso (sfrh / bd / 47055 / 2008) .\nthe distributions of the tracked birds were concentrated around each colony during the breeding season, although several p. madeira and p. deserta consistently exploited a large area around the distant azores archipelago, whereas p. feae tended only to use areas around the cape verde archipelago (fig. 1). during the boreal summer, there was a large spatio - temporal overlap between breeding p. madeira and p. deserta (ca. 70. 0 %), whereas overlap was minimal with non - breeding p. feae (ca. 1. 0% ; table 4). during the boreal winter (when only p. feae is breeding), the three species overlapped in a core area in subtropical waters around cape verde (fig. 1 & see table 4), corresponding to 23% , 56% and 100% of sampled birds for p. deserta, p. madeira and p. feae, respectively. however, a substantial proportion of p. deserta and p. madeira (77% and 44% , respectively) migrated further south to different areas between the equator and the southern atlantic ocean during the boreal winter. this included two other distinct areas; off the equatorial coast, or in subtropical waters off brazil (at 20–40°s; fig. 1). most petrels (87 %) that migrated further south also staged in the cape verde region for several days during their outward and return migrations 30 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern." ]

{ "text": [ "bulwer 's petrel ( bulweria bulwerii ) is a small petrel in the family procellariidae , and is one of two species in the genus bulweria ( bonaparte , 1843 ) .", "this bird is named after the scottish naturalist james bulwer . " ], "topic": [ 26, 25 ] }

[ "bulwer's petrel (bulweria bulwerii) is a small petrel in the family procellariidae, and is one of two species in the genus bulweria (bonaparte, 1843). this bird is named after the scottish naturalist james bulwer." ]

[ "this moth has dark brown wings with a purple lustre, each having some white spots. the wingspan is about 4 cms .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nlederer, j. 1863 ,\nbeitrag zur kenntnis der pyralidinen\n, wiener entomologische monatschrift, vol. 7, pp. 243 - 280, 331 - 501\nhosie, a. m. 2014 ,\nreview of the stalked barnacle genus koleolepas (cirripedia: thoracica: koleolepadidae), with new records from australian waters\n, records of the western australian museum, vol. 29, pp. 1 - 9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 47d84c46 - 8a16 - 4497 - 9ff4 - 5e6b8ae4fe1e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 58a11fcb - 2c80 - 4d44 - 8be1 - 3a0d1a3234f7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6c0e0557 - cfe5 - 47cd - a5b2 - addd029e0913\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 849a5eae - 4bcb - 4c3e - 9e61 - 4c16d6ccf1fc\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f9110413 - 0e63 - 4ba7 - 9794 - a7baf3c995d0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 256413\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department." ]

{ "text": [ "pygospila hyalotypa is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1908 .", "it is found in papua new guinea and australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is about 46 mm .", "the forewings fuscous-grey , with a purple lustre .", "the spots are translucent and free from scales .", "there is a dot below the cell near the base , and another in the cell towards the base , as well as a quadrangular spot in cell , and another oval spot on the dorsal side of it below the cell .", "a quadrangular spot is found beneath the costa , it is bisected by vein 6 .", "there is a smaller spot obliquely below this , bisected by vein 4 .", "the hindwings have a sinuate termen .", "the colour is as the forewings , but there is one translucent spot only .", "it is located towards the base on dorsal side of the cell and is elongate-ovoid and narrower towards base . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "pygospila hyalotypa is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by turner in 1908. it is found in papua new guinea and australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is about 46 mm. the forewings fuscous-grey, with a purple lustre. the spots are translucent and free from scales. there is a dot below the cell near the base, and another in the cell towards the base, as well as a quadrangular spot in cell, and another oval spot on the dorsal side of it below the cell. a quadrangular spot is found beneath the costa, it is bisected by vein 6. there is a smaller spot obliquely below this, bisected by vein 4. the hindwings have a sinuate termen. the colour is as the forewings, but there is one translucent spot only. it is located towards the base on dorsal side of the cell and is elongate-ovoid and narrower towards base." ]

[ "andrew brower marked\nhermes satyr\nas trusted on the\nhermeuptychia hermes\npage .\nandrew brower added an association between\nadelpha iphiclus en piper sancti - felicis\nand\nhermeuptychia hermes fabricius 1775\n.\nhermeuptychia hermes; [ nacl ], # 4574; [ bow ]: pl. 18, f. 18; [ nl4a ], # 1374\nthis is a species complex, so it is hard to be sure that this is hermes .\nhermeuptychia hermes is the commonest and most widespread species in the genus, and also one of the most widespread of all neotropical satyrines. it is found from texas to bolivia, brazil and argentina .\nthe genus hermeuptychia comprises of 13 known species distributed variously from southern texas to bolivia, with the highest diversity of species in peru .\nthe proper name of the species found in the lower rio grande is not clear - - they are nearly identical to the carolina satyr (hermeuptychia sosybius) .\nthere are about 400 known species in the subtribe euptychiina, which includes all the neotropical' ringlet' butterflies. until fairly recently almost all were included in the genus euptychia, but the revisions by forster (1964) and lamas (2004) divided this' convenience' genus into a number of smaller genera, including caeruleuptychia, cissia, magneuptychia, cepheuptychia, chloreuptychia, hermeuptychia and euptychioides .\ns. texas, mexico, brazil (rio de janeiro, mato grosso do sul), surinam, bolivia, . see [ maps ]\neuptychia maimoune butler, 1870; ent. mon. mag. 6 (71): 251, pl. 1, f. 4; tl: peru\n1100x1110 (~ 155kb) underside usa: alabama, 12. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1400x1076 (~ 175kb) underside usa: alabama, 22. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1500x1125 (~ 143kb) upperside usa: alabama, 26. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1500x1125 (~ 208kb) upperside usa: alabama, 12. 5. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x1467 (~ 216kb) underside male female usa: alabama, 3. 4. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1400x1134 (~ 255kb) underside male female usa: alabama, 10. 4. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x1183 (~ 124kb) upperside usa: alabama, 17. 9. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1200x1271 (~ 164kb) underside usa: alabama, 17. 9. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1600x1063 (~ 169kb) underside usa: alabama, 25. 6. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x816 (~ 84kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1000x738 (~ 124kb) underside usa: alabama, 25. 9. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n675x808 (~ 88kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1350x1010 (~ 112kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana. rhopalocera. vol. 1. (1879 - 1886 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthis species is found in open secondary forest, and forest - edge habitats, at elevations between sea level and about 1800m .\nthe butterflies are often abundant along roadsides and in open disturbed forest, where they can be found resting on low foliage or imbibing moisture from damp soil .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsanta ana nwr, hidalgo co. , tx 10 / 15 / 04 .\nandrew brower marked\nadelpha iphiclus en piper sancti - felicis\nas trusted on the\nadelpha iphiclus\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "hermeuptychia hermes , the hermes satyr , is a species of hermeuptychia butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "it is found from southern texas through mexico to brazil ( rio de janeiro and mato grosso do sul ) , suriname and bolivia .", "the habitat consists of forest edges and shaded lawns .", "the wingspan is about 31 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9 ] }

[ "hermeuptychia hermes, the hermes satyr, is a species of hermeuptychia butterfly in the family nymphalidae. it is found from southern texas through mexico to brazil (rio de janeiro and mato grosso do sul), suriname and bolivia. the habitat consists of forest edges and shaded lawns. the wingspan is about 31 mm." ]

[ "indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) complete detail – updated. description of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) – khunch bagula .\nthe indian pond heron or paddy bird with the scientific name of ardeola grayii .\n6. the life span of the indian pond heron is around 25 years .\nrange and status the indian pond heron is a bird of south and east asia .\ncalling as it was flushed by another indian pond heron, in a rocky stream bed .\n( 1984). unusual feeding behaviour in the paddy bird of indian pond heron ardeola grayii .\nindian pond - heron: individuals flying away and calling one after the other giving different calls .\nthe indian pond heron is a small drab brown or in breeding pink buff, heron with pure white wings and rump visible in flight. indian pond heron is one of the solitary foragers. these species are semi - colonial breeders. size of indian pond heron is between 40 cm to 50 cm including the tail .\nsystematics the indian pond heron is an ardeola heron, closely related to the other typical pond herons. four of the four pond herons (indian, javan, chinese and squacco) are sometimes considered to be subspecies of ardeola ralloides .\nthe indian pond heron species are principally sedentary. they may disperse locally in search of feeding grounds .\nthe indian pond heron is identified by its brown coloration in nonbreeding and combination of subtle colorations. it\n9. the incubation period of the indian pond heron is 1 month. both male and female pond herons are involved in the incubation .\nhabit and habitat of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii). the indian pond heron is a shallow aquatic habitat bird. sometimes it may live at fresh, salt, natural or human made aquatic places .\nindian species of heron. local name of indian pond heron is khunch bagula. size of indian pond heron is between 40 cm to 50 cm including the tail. wingspan is between 70 cm to 90 cm. the weight of adult is between 230 g. to 280 g .\nthe mating season of the indian pond heron may vary with the latitude and the timing of the monsoons .\nthe indian pond heron is a small drab brown, or in breeding pink buff, heron with pure white wings and rump visible in flight .\ndescription the indian pond heron is a small drab brown, or in breeding pink buff, heron with pure white wings and rump visible in flight .\nclutch characteristics and egg diametrics of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) in jammu region (j & k) .\nthe eggs of indian pond heron were oval in shape with one end broader and other end slightly pointed. they were\nbird 7 probable adult javan pond heron (indian not eliminated) srf 12th feb 2014. same bird as immediately above .\nthe indian pond heron is one of the birds which are commonly seen in the human dominated areas. they may nest in the towns and cities as well. the range of the indian pond heron in india is from sea level to 2150 m .\nbird 2 chinese pond heron, srf 12th feb 2014. a few small patches of maroon appearing on the neck indicate that this is a chinese pond heron\nthe indian pond heron has a short neck, short thick and tiny bill and buff brown back. herons have looks similar to storks and cranes. the indian pond heron' s entire body ranges about 42 to 46 cm long. the wing span of the indian pond heron ranges from about 70 to 90 cm. they weight about 230 to 267 grams. the feathers of the indian pond heron are very soft in nature. its feathers on the neck start growing and become long in the summer season. the pond heron' s wings are white in colour. because of this, it looks white when it is flying. the indian pond heron' s voice is very similar to human voice .\nthe indian pond heron is distributed in the persian gulf, indian subcontinent, myanmar, laccadives, maldives, andamans and nicobars islands. these bird species winter in malay peninsula .\n“the indian pond - heron (ardeola grayii) is a rare migrant to the peninsula but with increased sightings in recent years .\nbird 5 first winter pond heron s p. same bird as immediately above .\nsquacco heron in march (left) and javan pond heron of (ssp. continentalis) in april (right )\nheron, closely related to the other typical pond herons. four of the four pond herons (indian, javan, chinese and squacco) are sometimes considered to be subspecies of\ndocuments similar to clutch characteristics and egg diametrics of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) in jammu region (j & k) .\nbird 5 pond heron sp. a first winter. another fairly classic non - breeding plumaged pond heron sp. – dirty wing coverts suggest it is a 2nd cy\neggs with an average of 3. 7 eggs. fazilli (2014) however observed clutch size of indian pond heron to vary from 2\nbird 3 chinese pond heron srf 12th feb 2014. same bird as immediately above .\n“based on that description, this pond heron matched the indian except for the white head plumes, which were not visible (below left) .\nthe indian pond heron is a shallow aquatic habitat bird. sometimes it may live at fresh, salt, natural or human made aquatic places. it prefers places like very shallow, non - flowing or slowly flowing aquatic regions. the indian pond heron prefer marshy wetlands as their feeding habitat .\nbird 3 chinese pond heron srf 12th feb 2014. a few small patches of maroon (note the one behind / below the eye) indicates that this is a chinese pond heron\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - indian pond - heron - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - indian pond - heron - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - indian pond - heron - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nclutch characteristics and egg diametrics of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) in jammu region (j & k). | correlation and dependence | birds\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - indian pond - heron in breeding plumage\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - indian pond - heron in breeding plumage\ntitle =\narkive photo - indian pond - heron in breeding plumage\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis indian pond heron bird was flying across the man - made pathway amidst the fields in taleigao, goa, not too far from our house here .\n8. the pond heron is one of the natural predator birds because of its larger body .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - indian pond - heron (ardeola grayii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - indian pond - heron (ardeola grayii )\ntitle =\narkive species - indian pond - heron (ardeola grayii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbird 8 pond heron sp. srf 12th feb – 1st winter. same bird as immediately above .\nthe indian pond heron is a small bird, measuring 40 to 45 cm in length and weighing 230 to 275 grams. the wingspan is 75 to 90 cm .\nthe neck size should be long for day herons when compared to the night herons. the indian pond heron is one of the birds which have long and strong legs .\nbird 6 chinese pond heron. the most advanced i saw yesterday in terms of its transition to breeding plumage\none of the most common birds of india, the indian pond heron can be spotted just around any water body. or even green paddy and wheat fields across the country .\nthe indian pond heron nest is very small in size which is made of twigs. usually male pond heron will come first and start building the nest to attract the female pond herons. after getting paired, the pair continues to build the nest. the material for building the nest should be collected by the male only. the indian pond herons lay 3 to 7 eggs at a time. the pond heron' s eggs are glossy blue or white in colour. sometimes it lays olive brown colour eggs. the size of the egg is 38 x 28. 5 mm .\nthe indian pond heron belongs to a highly mobile family. most of the heron species have at least partially migratory feature. these species are migrating as individuals or small groups. they are used to migration after breeding season only .\nthe indian pond heron uses many types of shallow aquatic habitats, fresh of salt, natural or human made. it appears to somewhat prefer very shallow, nonflowing or slowly flowing situations\nthe main food for the indian pond heron is crustaceans, aquatic insects, fishes, tadpoles and sometimes leeches. if the heron lives outside the wetlands, they take insects such as crickets, dragonflies, bees and amphibians as their food .\nfame lives pretty close to the kent pond heron and kindly sent these photos through. what features can you see ?\nthere are totally 64 recognized species in the pond heron based on the various analysis on the heron skeleton especially skull and the dna analysis of the herons bones and limbs .\n“in the national parks board’s website, the chinese pond - heron (ardeola bacchus) and javan pond - heron are listed as ‘common winter visitor’ and ‘rare accidental visitor’ respectively in the pocket checklist of the birds of the republic of singapore (2007). the chinese pond - heron is listed as ‘uncommon winter visitor’ while the javan is not listed in an annotated checklist of the birds of singapore (2007) in the same web site. the indian pond - heron cannot be found on both lists. neither is it listed in birds of singapore link\nmale indian pond heron will come first and start building the nest to attract the female pond herons. after getting paired, the pair continues to build the nest. the material for building the nest should be collected by the male only. the indian pond herons lay 3 to 7 eggs, glossy blue or white in (olive brown) color. they are used to migration after breeding season only .\nthe indian pond - heron has a very large range, being found across most of the indian subcontinent, including bangladesh, india, bhutan, sri lanka, pakistan, myanmar and nepal (1). it ranges from iran, oman, the united arab emirates and the maldives in the west, to thailand and vietnam in the east (1). the indian pond - heron is also occasionally seen in the seychelles, but has become extinct in kuwait (1) .\n( 1984). studies on the costal birds and their marine habitat, with special emphasis on the biology of the indian reef heron .\nthe indian pond - heron has found across most of the indian subcontinent, including bangladesh, india, bhutan, sri lanka, pakistan, myanmar and nepal. it ranges from iran, oman, the united arab emirates and the maldives in the west, to thailand and vietnam in the east\nthe plumage of the heron looks in different colors like blue, black, green, brown and white. the indian pond heron is one of the birds which have long and strong legs. the legs and feet of the herons are held backward when they take flight .\nrange: eurasia, oriental region: persian gulf to burma, maldive islands. the indian pond - heron has a very large range, being found across most of the indian subcontinent, including bangladesh, india, bhutan, sri lanka, pakistan, myanmar and nepal. it ranges from iran, oman, the united arab emirates and the maldives in the west, to thailand and vietnam in the east. the indian pond - heron is also occasionally seen in the seychelles, but has become extinct in kuwait\n1. some of the pond heron have red legs. among that 2 percent of the herons live in southern and western india .\nthe indian pond heron has a large range and in the indian subcontinent, it is found in pakistan, bhutan, nepal, india, bangladesh, myanmar and sri lanka. in the persian gulf, it is found in iran, oman and the united arab emirates. it is found in indian islands. it also occurs in maldives, seychelles, malay peninsula, thailand and vietnam .\n( 1989). status of the blacknecked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in the indian subcontinant .\nthe citation says\nbritish birds\nwhen it should read\nindian birds\n.\nbird 1 pond heron sp. srf 12th feb 2014 - a fairly classic non - breeding pond heron sp. , for which conventional thinking is that it cannot be done to species. this bird appears to have clean wing coverts, so i’m guessing it is an adult .\nit is quite similar to malaysia where we used to thought that only 1 pond heron occurs before javan popping out as a rare bird than followed by indian, both javan and indian are now recognized to be more of an uncommon or locally common migrant to peninsular malaysia due to much more observations in recent years .\nit is one of the most common species in india and is seen in the human settlement areas. the indian pond heron is one of the widespread bird and commonly seen in the various places in indian subcontinent. mainly it has been seen in kolkata, kannur, malappuram, palakkad, wayanad and west bengal .\ndescription: the present study on clutch characteristics and egg diametrics of indian pond heron (ardeola grayii) was conducted for three consecutive years i. e. , 2013, 2014 and 2015 in five different stations v ...\nthough the identification, protection and management of the indian pond heron species are critical, various conservation techniques are carried out to save the heron species. we should maintain all sites used by the local herons. in recent days, the no extinction or endangerment for the species is recorded in iucn .\n7. all 64 species of the pond heron are very similar in their body shape. but, they differ in the colour and size .\nsystematics the grey heron is a typical heron related most closely the other ardea and the egretta herons. indeed in many ways it typifies the heron family - in nomenclature, dispersion, habitat, and behavior. this is the eurasian form of the large, solitary heron type, which is replaced by similar species in other biogeographic regions – the great blue heron in the nearctic, cocoi heron in the neotropics, and the white - necked heron in australasia .\nindian pond heron is one of the solitary foragers. these species are semi - colonial breeders. mainly, they feed on crustaceans, aquatic insects, fishes, tadpoles and sometimes leeches. if the heron lives outside the wetlands, they take insects such as crickets, dragonflies, bees and amphibians as their food .\n( 1990). status of the greater adjustant (leptoptilos dubis) in the indian subcontinet .\ncomparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods for detection of carbapenem resistance in an indian tertiary care hospital .\n( 1988). aerial feeding by median egret egretta intermedia, little egret egretta garzetta and pond heron ardeola grayii. j. bombay nat. hist .\nindian pond heron you can’t miss these poking out from paddy fields – they love marshy wetlands and places they can feed on fish, crustaceans and aquatic insects. they are solitary by day, and then roost with their birds of a feather by night .\nthe legs and feet of the herons are held backward when they take flight. it has long bills. it has long thin toes in their feet. the indian pond heron have long pointed beaks which is very helpful to grab the fish from water .\nhancock and kushlan (1978) described the colour of legs in pond heron as “sometimes show a salmon - pink flush early in the season”; “legs turn red before individuals acquire full breeding plumage”. earlier, it was believed that only female pond heron had red coloration in their legs during breeding season. ali and ripley (2001) observed rose - coloration in females in the maldivian sub species and relton (1966) mentioned red coloured leg in female pond heron in india .\nbird 8 pond heron sp. - 1st winter. an apparent 2nd cy bird (dirty coverts). no indication of breeding plumage that i can see .\nthe indian pond heron is a small drab brown or in breeding pink buff, heron with pure white wings and rump visible in flight. the bill is yellow horn with a long black tip. the lores are green and the irises are yellow. it has drab brown back feathers streaked with buff covering much of its upper wing .\nduring the heronry survey, two colour forms were observed in pond heron i. e. birds with reddish legs and birds with yellowish - green legs. among a total of 30 heronry sites recorded in kannur district, 21 were observed lodging pond herons with both colour forms. it was noted that reddish coloured legged pond herons had bright bluish coloured bills. the yellowish green coloured legged pond herons had normal green tinted yellow bills .\nthe indian pond heron breed before the onset of monsoon. they nest in colonies on large trees. the male bird collects the nesting material and the female constructs the nest. three to five eggs are laid. both the parents take turn to feed the young .\ni have noted some' red legged indian pond heron' s' from many nesting colonies during breeding season. example from kannur stadium, kannur bank road, thalassery koduvally, koothuparamb erumaththeru (kannur district) mahe bridge and church area. (mahé, puducherry )\ndescription the grey heron is a large grey heron having white and black accents, a white crown with black plumes, black belly and white thighs .\na total of 30 heronries consisting of 1730 nests of nine species of birds belonging to three families (anhingidae, phalacrocoracidae and ardeidae) were observed during the study period. pond heron was the highest in abundance (1068 nests), followed by little cormorant (385), night heron (149), median egret (86), indian shag (22), little egret (13), darter (4), grey heron (2) and purple heron (1) .\nthe indian pond - heron is an abundant species throughout most of its range and is not considered to be globally threatened. a population count in india in 1990 estimated 15, 340 individuals (2). however, there are some reports of threats to the indian pond heron’s habitat; for example, wetland habitat in kakinada on the east coast of india is being damaged as a result of the rapid growth of industries in the area (3). fortunately, since the pond - heron has such a large range and has adapted well to breeding and feeding in human - dominated habitats, such as near urban areas, this does not threaten the survival of the species as a whole (8) .\nsundar, k. s. g. (2004) abundance and seasonality of indian pond herons ardeola grayii with red legs in uttar pradesh, india. forktail, 20: 131 - 132 .\nthe varied diet of the indian pond - heron includes small fish, frogs, crabs, other crustaceans, aquatic insects, grasshoppers, crickets, ants, and baby turtles, and it may also consume substantial amounts of plant matter. it is a stealthy hunter, stalking its prey by walking slowly toward it or by standing still, awaiting the chance to ambush, and it has also been recorded capturing its prey when in flight. the indian pond - heron feeds during both the day and night, either alone or in small loose flocks .\nposted in: heron - egret - bittern, interspecific, morphology - develop .\n( 1978). prey handling abilities of chicks and diet of grey heron .\n( 1974). studies of the purple heron park 2. behaviour patterns .\n( 1955). the food of heron ardea cineriea in the breeding season .\nbhat, h. , 1990. baiting habit of the little green heron .\neaster island heron, ardeidae gen. et sp. indet. (prehistoric )\n( 1989). feeding behaviour of an indian egret bulbulcus ibis. 8 th international waterfowl feeding ecology symposium .\n( 1932). the nidification of the birds of the indian empir. 3 vols. taylor and trancies ,\nof course. brownish tips to wing coverts and brownish tips to tail feathers in squacco heron point to first winter plumage (all white in adults per ian lewington). if the same works for chinese pond heron… and by the way 2 sources say there are\nthe wetland. it was smaller than a grey heron, but darker than it .\nthe indian pond - heron is an elegant bird with white - grey plumage, a brown stripe on its back, and a yellow beak with a black tip (4). fascinatingly, its legs change colour in the breeding season, turning from green to bright yellow during the months of march to september (5). some individuals even have red legs; a feature which has been reported in about two percent of the population in southern and western india (6). most of the time the indian pond - heron is very quiet, but it can omit a harsh croak (7) .\nthe varied diet of the indian pond - heron includes small fish, frogs, crabs, other crustaceans, aquatic insects, grasshoppers, crickets, ants, and baby turtles (2), and it may also consume substantial amounts of plant matter. it is a stealthy hunter, stalking its prey by walking slowly toward it or by standing still, awaiting the chance to ambush (2) (8), and it has also been recorded capturing its prey when in flight. the indian pond - heron feeds during both the day and night, either alone or in small loose flocks (2) .\n( 1990). ecology of the egrets egretta gazetta and bulbulcus ibis and the pond heron ardeola grayi with special reference to population count, time activity budget, food habit and roosting behaviour .\n( that means zero, nada) in recent years of chinese pond herons kept in captivity in europe .\nrange: found from the persian gulf, indian subcontinent to the maldive islands and winter to the thai - malay peninsula .\n3. a heron uses a piece of bread as bait to catch fish. url :\nlovell, h. b. , 1958. baiting of fish by a green heron .\nfield characters the indian pond heron is identified by its brown coloration in nonbreeding and combination of subtle colorations. it is a drab - looking bird that merges inconspicuously into its habitat but becomes noticeable when its contrasting white wings and tail are revealed in flight. its flight is fast and agile when taking off and landing in cover .\nthey are not globally threatened. they are abundant throughout the indian subcontinent. they have adapted well to human - modified habitats .\ncoppersmith barbet (megalaima haemacephala) is found from the indian subcontinent except the north - west, sri lanka, ...\nwas the recording modified significantly? no. habitat: a semi polluted pond surrounded by a degraded scrub jungle .\n“was grateful to a colleague who spotted this bird and alerted us. it was fishing in a sewage pond .\nleg colour varied from bright red to pinkish in majority (< 60 %) and yellowish green coloured legged pond heron were in minority during the heronry survey 2013 in kannur district. similar pattern of colouration was also noted in night heron (nycticorax nycticorax). observable phenotypic charactersmay have genotypic difference .\n( 1975). studies of the purple heron, part 3. egg and chick development .\nindian pond heron is one of the solitary foragers. these species are semi - colonial breeders. if small wetlands have a high concentration of prey, then they feed themselves in the close proximity. in the dry seasons, it may take foragers on well watered lawns or dry grassland. in the urban areas, it makes communal roosts in the trees .\nthey usually prefer the edge of the pond for feeding. these pond herons are usually stand or sit on the edge of the water place and watch the water keenly from an upright posture to find our whether the prey comes or not .\nvery nice find…. actually the 2 of the “rare” ones could had been more regular, in peninsular malaysia, the indian is most regularly found in north - west (penang) and this could merely be due to the indian started to move northwards even before developing breeding plumage, resulting in its rare state south of penang. the feature of your bird seemed to be good for an indian, the good point to look for is the very maroon colour back that is not likely seen in the other 2 although the juveniles of javan pond heron at least could shown a mixture of black and brown mantle that can be confused to look maroonish at some glance, but your pond heron seemed to have a more complete maroon back. the head and neck can wary from pale greyish to more milky tea which is more like a weak brown in your case .\n( 1978). feeding site description of three heron species near beaufort north cardina. in wading birds\nsquacco heron, eilat, israel march 2012. martin garner. (different to trapped bird above )\nthe chinese pond heron in kent continues to elude birders and yet fascinate on both aspects of identification and vagrancy. what plumage is it moulting into? have we found a new little feature of winter identification of ardeola herons ?\nindian cupid a tiny little flutterby found in australasia and indomalaya you’ll even spot them in the highest elevations in the wet zone –throughout the year .\n( 1981). food of night heron nycticorax nycticorax and little egret egretta garzetta feeding in rice fields .\n( 1960). the nesting success of the heron ardes cinerea in relation to the availability of food .\nhi all, i got the below 2 pictures of these herons recently... the one to the left is taken in rakws and the other is back in sri lanka. the one in sri lanka i can assure is a possible indian pond heron as squacco heron' s are not found back there... where as the one from rakws is also similar looking but believe its a squacco heron. kindly re - confirm the identity and what are the best ways of differentiating these 2 as to me its quite impossible even after googling and reading other various sources. thanks - shareez\ngrimmet, r. , inskipp, c. and inskipp, t. (1998) birds of the indian subcontinent. christopher helm, london .\n( 1982). ecology and behavior of the indian black ibis pseudibis papillosa temminck around saurashtra university campus and study area. m. sc. dissertation\napparent chinese pond heron, hythe, kent photographed this morning (13th feb 2014) by james lowen. james commented: “yes it had maroon sides to left side of crown in the field. i didn’t see the right hand side !\nthey nests at the time between may to september. the material for building the nest should be collected by the male only. the indian pond herons lay 3 to 7 eggs, glossy blue or white in (olive brown) color. they are used to migration after breeding……………. .\ndue to its abundance in and around india, as well as the few threats it faces (2), little conservation work has been focused on the indian pond - heron (1). however, despite being such a widespread bird, relatively few studies have been undertaken on this species’ biology (8). further studies would help inform conservation measures should they ever need to be implemented .\n“i encountered the purple heron (ardea purpurea) regularly at the bishan ang mo kio park... .\na bird perched on a trunk close to a black - crowned night - heron, shaking the plumage excited .\nthe breeding season of the indian pond - heron typically takes place from may to september, but falls between november and february in southern india and sri lanka. it usually breeds in small groups of the same species, but may sometimes be found breeding in groups with other heron species and cormorants. individuals usually return to the same breeding colonies year after year, where they nest in trees between 2 and 16 meter above ground. clutch size is four eggs, which are incubated for a period of 24 days .\nok. which plumage / species is the kent bird moulting into? there are other species of pond heron but these are the main candidates. based on origins, known movements and presence in european zoos the (very broad) view is roughly :\nindian pond heron is a small heron in the family ardeidae distributed throughout indian union which during breeding season acquires maroon hair like plumes on back and a long occipital crest (ali, 2001). most of the birds have attractive breeding plumes during reproductive stage. the breeding plumes of ardeids are displayed extensively during courtship (mock, 1976, 1978), suggesting that they play a role in mate selection. during a heronry survey in kannur district, pond herons with two different colour variations were observed nesting. heronry bird population (excluding juveniles) was assessed using nest count by colonies method (sutherland, 2006) in the nesting areas. the count was carried out for five days from 30th july, 2013 to 4th aug 2013, during the peak of breeding season (july - august) in the region .\nit is difficult to distinguish from other pond herons. in fact in most situations the nonbreeding adults and the juveniles may not be separable. the adult is distinguished from the adult squacco heron by its brown buff (not tawny brown) back and the lack of any hint of black streaking on the head and crest. it is distinguished from the chinese pond heron by brown buff (not dark chestnut) head and neck, maroon (not slate) back, brown buff (not maroon) breast. it is distinguished from the javan pond heron by its lighter back (maroon not slate), and brown buff (not cinnamon) breast and lower neck, and white under parts without any hint of cinnamon and its bright yellow legs during breeding .\ni face the issue (or rather, i avoid it) every year from october to march when resident javan pond herons are joined by wintering chinese pond herons – all in non - breeding plumage, and the accepted wisdom has been that they are unidentifiable – until springtime .\nbird 7 an adult bird based on the clear white wing coverts, and definitely not chinese, given the pale yellowish - buff colours that are appearing on the neck. it could be indian pond heron (a rarity in thailand), but the default species would be javan pond heron. at this stage i think it is too early to be certain. javan seems to be quite variable in the intensity of the neck colour, or perhaps it gets darker as the breeding season progresses? i note that the ground colour of this bird is very similar to bird 4, which makes me think that bird 4 is the same species (ie probably javan ph) .\nthe great - billed heron (ardea sumatrana) is one of the tallest bird seen in singapore and ...\n( 1966). breeding biology of the purple heron. ardea purpurea in the velky and maly tisy reserve dool .\nthe broad brush strokes usually go like this: there are several species of pond herons ‘ardeola’. in winter plumage they look very similar / are impossible to identify. in summer plumage they turn into ornately coloured pond fairies 🙂. the kent bird is moulting into one of them .\nidentification: indistinguishable from other pond - heron species when in non - breeding and juvenile plumage. adult in breeding plumage has distinctive brownish - buff head, neck and breast with long white head - plumes, whitish throat and dark brownish - maroon mantle and scapulars .\n“images of the 3 species are attached for comparison. please note part of the bill turning blue for both chinese (below left) and javan (below right) pond - herons. the indian pond - heron (if id is correct) may be at an early stage of breeding plumage as it still lacked the blue in the bill. the absence of head plume could be due to it being hidden from view or it may not have developed. images of the javan were captured on 26 mar 2012 while those of the stationery chinese was captured on 6 apr 2012 .\nhancock, j. and kushlan, j. a. (1984) the heron’s handbook. croom helm, london .\n( 1974). colonial nesting and social feeding as strategies for exploiting food resources in the great blue heron ardea heroias .\nthis bird can be found in a wide variety of habitats including rivers, lakes, marshes, mangroves, streams and paddy fields. it is also found in highly urbanized and populated areas, for example indian pond - heron nests have been found in urban areas as well. it prefers to live in lowlands but may also be found at higher altitudes, such as in the nilgiri hills in southern india which lie 2150 meter above sea level .\nthe breeding season of the indian pond - heron typically takes place from may to september, but falls between november and february in southern india and sri lanka (2). it usually breeds in small groups of the same species, but may sometimes be found breeding in groups with other heron species and cormorants (2). individuals usually return to the same breeding colonies year after year, where they nest in trees between 2 and 16 metres above the ground (2). the females lay four eggs, which are incubated for a period of 24 days (2) .\nit is used to building the nest in the isolated trees or a clump of trees or any other plants. it prefers bamboo, willows, eucalyptus and mangroves trees to build the nest. we may be able to find the pond heron' s nest near or above the water .\nan active bait - fishing bird places and manipulates an edible (bait), or an inedible (lure) item, within striking range to attract or distract fish (ruxton & hansell 2011). it has been suggested that many heron species (ardeidae) are capable of using this method to hunt for food, if necessary (voisin 1991). several observations of indian pond herons ardeola grayii manipulating pieces of bread, or an artificial lure, corroborate this prediction .\n“in non - breeding plumage, different species of pond - herons are similar in appearance and are virtually indistinguishable from one another. the only way to differentiate different species of pond - herons is when they are in breeding plumage. in singapore, mid - february to late april is the best time of the year to check and identify pond herons. during this period, just before migrating back to their nesting grounds, to attract partners, pond - herons will develop breeding plumage – colours unique to each species. as plumage develops gradually, the unusual sight of partial breeding plumage to glorious sight of full breeding plumage can be discovered .\nthis bird can be found in a wide variety of habitats including rivers, lakes, marshes, mangroves, streams and paddy fields. it is also found in highly urbanized and populated areas, for example indian pond - heron nests have been found in towns and cities (1). it prefers to live in lowlands but may also be found at higher altitudes, such as in the nilgiri hills in southern india which lie 2, 150 metres above sea level (2) .\nthe indian pond heron is a shallow aquatic habitat bird. sometimes it may live at fresh, salt, natural or human made aquatic places. it prefers places like very shallow, non - flowing or slowly flowing aquatic regions. they are commonly found in the places like muddy margins of ponds, jheels, ditches, marshes, rice fields and irrigated pasture. they are also seen at the slowly flowing aquatic places like rivers, streams, lakes, tidal flats, mangrove swamps and reservoirs .\nardeola grayii is a small heron which is one of the most commonly found species in india and is widely spread all around the world .\nwe found this indian pond heron or paddybird (ardeola grayii) fatally entangled in a plastic fishing net, at hoskote kere (lake), rural bangalore, on 28th december, 2013. i did not how to address the problem, and posted the picture on my facebook page. miraculously, someone on my timeline took up the issue with officials locally in hoskote, and the farmers were told to remove the net. my friend went a few days later and confirmed that the net was indeed taken down .\nthey appear stocky with a short neck, short thick bill and buff - brown back. in summer, adults have long neck feathers. its appearance is transformed from their dull colours when they take to flight, when the white of the wings makes them very prominent. it is very similar to the squacco heron, ardeola ralloides, but is darker - backed. to the east of its range, it is replaced by the chinese pond heron, ardeola bacchus .\nis a drab - looking bird that merges inconspicuously into its habitat but becomes noticeable when its contrasting white wings and tail are revealed in flight. its flight is fast and agile when taking off and landing in cover. it is difficult to distinguish from other pond herons. in fact in most situations the nonbreeding adults and the juveniles may not be separable. the adult is distinguished from the adult squacco heron by its brown buff (not tawny brown) back and the lack of any hint of black streaking on the head and crest. it is distinguished from the chinese pond heron by brown buff (not dark chestnut) head and neck, maroon (not slate) back, brown buff (not maroon) breast. it is distinguished from the javan pond heron by its lighter back (maroon not slate), and brown buff (not cinnamon) breast and lower neck, and white under parts without any hint of cinnamon and its bright yellow legs during breeding .\nyesterday he went out and took some fab photos. what a cool thing the www is! so far away and yet so quickly he can illuminate our discussions. the javan pond heron being a particularly interesting subject as both he and dave allen raised how hard chinese and javan can be to separate in non breeding plumage .\nbird 4 pond heron sp. suspected javan pond heron srf 12th feb 2014. this bird shows no indication of breeding plumage (well, perhaps the whitish feather shafts on the bird’s back ?). it was feeding in the same area as bird 3, at the same time, and the photos were taken from the same place, just a few seconds apart. when comparing this image with bird 3 (shot 2) i am particularly struck by the difference in ground colour (bird 4 being much paler). is this within the range of variation of a single species? it looks like an adult from the clean white wing coverts .\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated these heron species and has listed them as of\nleast concern\n.\nit is distinguished from the purple heron by its white head and lack of chestnut color. juveniles and darker than normal adults are distinguished from purple herons with more difficulty (and wild hybrids are reported (passarella et al. 1999), but grey herons are larger and lack rufous brown coloration. it is distinguished from the black headed heron by its white head, larger size, grey (not black and white) under wing color. immature grey herons have lighter legs (skin and feathers) than immature black headed herons. the grey heron is distinguished from the goliath heron by its smaller size and has a white or grey in the juvenile neck (not chestnut). the malagasy race of the grey heron is distinguished from the malagasy heron by being smaller and lighter and having a black shoulder patch. it is distinguished from the imperial and sumatran herons by being smaller and more brightly black and grey .\n( 1982). feeding methods flock size and feeding success in the little egret egretta garzetta and the squacco heron ardeola rolloides in camargue, southern france .\nthey feed on fish, frogs, crustaceans, insects and small reptiles. they usually feed from the edge of the pond. they may use floating plants to perch themselves for catching prey .\n3. most of the day herons and night herons are colonial or partially colonial in nature. it depends on the circumstance, habitat and feeding behavior of the heron .\nanonymous (1998) .\nvernacular names of the birds of the indian subcontinent\n( pdf). buceros 3 (1): 53â109. published by envis centre bnhs (not for profit organization funded by the government of india )\nbreeding records of this species from goa have been scant with only five such instances being documented by goan ornithologist heinz lainer. the breeding season is between july and september. this species nests in colonies with other species of egrets. though this bird has been classified as least concerned for conservation priority by international union for conservation of nature, there are various cases of the indian pond heron being hunted for its meat elsewhere in the country while use of chemical pesticides in the fields leads to its accumulation in their body through the food chain by a process called bio - magnification which proves fatal to them in the long run .\nadult: the nonbreeding adult indian pond heron has a head and neck streaked dark brown and buff. the bill is yellow horn with a long black tip. the lores are green and the irises are yellow. it has drab brown back feathers streaked with buff covering much of its upper wing. the upper wing and flight feathers are white, except the outermost flight feather is dusky, with a brown - grey shaft; the two or three adjacent flight feathers have dusky tips. its rump and tail also are pure white. its under parts are white with heavy buff streaking on the breast. the legs and feet are dull green .\nthe indian pond heron () also known as the paddybird due to its affinity towards paddy fields is one of the most dominant and widespread birds found n goa which can be seen in different habitat types, right from miramar beach to the streams of tamdi surla. the bird is usually drab brown, the head streaked with dark brownish grey lines, while the rest of the body is white in colour. during breeding, their plumage changes drastically with the head turning yellowish brown while the back acquires a coppery brown plumage. the males and the females of this species look alike. this species is a resident and may move locally in search of food .\nwe think (still looking into) that this is too much dark on the wing tips in winter for any plumage of squacco heron. hypothesis: this much dark in primary tips in\ndistinguishing grey from great blue and cocoi herons where each is vagrant poses challenges (gantlett 1998). fundamentally, the grey heron is a smaller and slighter bird (about 60% of the great blue heron and 40% of cocoi by weight), with a smaller bill, shorter and light colored neck, and lacking chestnut thighs and chestnut edging to the “shoulder patch” of the great blue. if a field comparison is possible, the grey heron is more similar in size and shape to the american great white egret, but heavier (the great egret being about 60% of the grey herons weight). the general appearance of the great blue is of a larger, longer legged, longer necked, thicker billed bird with “warmer” color tones (derived from the venous to chestnut wash to the neck and chestnut thighs) contrasted with the flat grey of the grey heron. the cocoi heron is a starkly black and white bird, with the general appearance, size and shape of the great blue, with white neck and thighs like the grey heron, but with an entirely black cap that may be paler on the fore crown .\nhabitats the indian pond heron uses many types of shallow aquatic habitats, fresh of salt, natural or human made. it appears to somewhat prefer very shallow, nonflowing or slowly flowing situations especially the muddy margins of ponds, jheels, ditches, marshes, rice fields, and irrigated pasture. but also occurs along rivers, streams, lakes, tidal flats, mangrove swamps and reservoirs. it is frequent in human dominated areas, nesting in towns and cities, and takes advantage of feeding opportunities made by human activities. it has been observed to feed in clusters of floating water hyacinth (eichhornia) (parasharya and bhat 1987). it ranges from sea level to 2150 m in india .\nbased on the conservation status of heron population, it falls under the category of\nleast concern\nonly. the major cause for the threats of the herons is widespread loss, degradation of forest and wetlands. the increment of disturbance and habit degradation, over exploitation of the natural resources, harvesting of natural resources, rapid industrialization which are also the significant threats for the heron in countries like india .\nas the summer season approaches, the feathers on the neck of adult herons start growing and become long. the wings of the pond herons are white in color. this is the reason that when they gain flight, they look totally white .\nrange and status breeding range: the breeding range of the grey heron covers most of the old world south of the arctic circle, including europe, africa, asia, east indies islands to wallace’s line .\n“how many species of pond herons can a birder see in singapore? the answer, many years ago, used to be: only one. since 2007, the answer has changed and increased to two. in the not too distant future, the answer could well be three. ”" ]

{ "text": [ "the indian pond heron or paddybird ( ardeola grayii ) is a small heron .", "it is of old world origins , breeding in southern iran and east to pakistan , india , burma , bangladesh and sri lanka .", "they are widespread and common but can be easily missed when they stalk prey at the edge of small water-bodies or even when they roost close to human habitations .", "they are however distinctive when they take off with bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body .", "their camouflage is so excellent that they can be approached closely before they take to flight , a behaviour which has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short-sighted or blind . " ], "topic": [ 27, 22, 12, 23, 12 ] }

[ "the indian pond heron or paddybird (ardeola grayii) is a small heron. it is of old world origins, breeding in southern iran and east to pakistan, india, burma, bangladesh and sri lanka. they are widespread and common but can be easily missed when they stalk prey at the edge of small water-bodies or even when they roost close to human habitations. they are however distinctive when they take off with bright white wings flashing in contrast to the cryptic streaked olive and brown colours of the body. their camouflage is so excellent that they can be approached closely before they take to flight, a behaviour which has resulted in folk names and beliefs that the birds are short-sighted or blind." ]

[ "maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nblue letter bible offers several daily devotional readings in order to help you refocus on christ and the gospel of his peace and righteousness .\nrecognizing the value of consistent reflection upon the word of god in order to refocus one’s mind and heart upon christ and his gospel of peace, we provide several reading plans designed to cover the entire bible in a year .\ntakh - oos'; of uncertain affinity; fleet, i. e. (figuratively) prompt or ready: —swift .\nthe kjv translates strong' s g5036 in the following manner: swift (1x) .\nthayer’s greek lexicon, electronic database. copyright © 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011 by biblesoft, inc. all rights reserved. used by permission. urltoken\ntranslations available: king james version, new king james version, new living translation, new international version, english standard version, christian standard bible, new american standard bible, new english translation, revised standard version, american standard version, young' s literal translation, darby translation, webster' s bible, hebrew names version, reina - valera 1960, latin vulgate, westminster leningrad codex, septuagint, morphological greek new testament, and textus receptus .\nnote: mla no longer requires the url as part of their citation standard. individual instructors or editors may still require the use of urls .\nusernames should only contain letters, numbers, dots, dashes, or underscores .\nthank you for registering. a verification email has been sent to the address you provided .\nyour partnership makes all we do possible. would you prayerfully consider a gift of support today ?\nour website uses cookies to store user preferences. by proceeding, you consent to our cookie usage. please see blue letter bible' s privacy policy for cookie usage details .\nblue letter bible study tools make reading, searching and studying the bible easy and rewarding .\nglassdoor will not work properly unless browser cookie support is enabled. learn how to enable cookies .\nglassdoor has millions of jobs plus salary information, company reviews, and interview questions from people on the inside making it easy to find a job that’s right for you .\ncopyright © 2008–2018, glassdoor, inc .\nglassdoor\nand logo are proprietary trademarks of glassdoor, inc .\nits design allows it to shoot arrows rapidly on the opponent and its looks shows its gorgeous beauty. it is made up of a material similar in strength to titanium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute, 1874. [ electronic resource ]\nconvexo: thorace subcordato, lateribus antice valde rotundatis, post medium sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis productis acutis; supra antice convexo, postice transversim depresso, utrinque foveolato, lævi: elytris ovatis, humeris rotundatis utrinque striis 3 prope suturam, fortiter impressis, subpunctatis; interstitio tertio bipunctato. long. 3 / 4 lin .\nin form intermediate between t. hœmorrhoidalis, dj. , and t. globulus, dj. as convex as the latter, but much more slender, the thorax especially being narrower (much narrower than the elytra), more cordiform, and the elytra more ovate and rounded at the shoulders. the antennæ are wanting in both my specimens .\nbembidium (peryphus) maorinum, bates, ent. monthly mag. iv. p. 56 (1867) .\nbembidium (peryphus) charlile, bates, l. c. p. 79 .\ni have not again received either of the above species. they form a distinct section, near peryphus, distinguished by the setiferous punctures of the fifth as well as the third interstice of the elytra. in form they closely resemble the european b. eques; but the thorax is smaller and still more cordate (similar to that of the lopha section). the frontal furrows are deep, and reach to the level of the hind margin of the eyes. the fovea of the hind angles of the thorax has no carina exterior to it. the anterior tarsi of the male have only the basal joint dilated, parallelogrammical, as in peryphus eques .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 323ac051 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 323c6185 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32dbcddc - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nlorenz w. (2018). carabcat: global database of ground beetles (version oct 2017). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 6f24f423 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this." ]

{ "text": [ "tachys is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : tachys abruptus darlington , 1934 tachys aeneipennis motschulsky , 1862 tachys aequinoctialis ( motschulsky , 1855 ) tachys albipes leconte , 1863 tachys algiricus ( lucas , 1846 ) tachys ambulatus darlington , 1962 tachys androyanus ( jeannel , 1946 ) tachys angustulus reitter , 1899 tachys apex darlington , 1962 tachys arcanicola blackburn , 1878 tachys arculus fauvel , 1882 tachys argentinicus csiki , 1928 tachys artensis montrouzier , 1860 tachys asemus ( basilewsky , 1968 ) tachys atamuradovi kryzhanovskij & mikhailov , 1987 tachys atomarius wollaston , 1867 tachys atomus blackburn , 1878 tachys atratus a. costa , 1883 tachys atridermis sloane , 1921 tachys austinicus casey , 1918 tachys australicus sloane , 1896 tachys avius darlington , 1962 tachys baldiensis blackburn , 1891 tachys barbieri straneo , 1953 tachys bathyglyptus andrewes , 1925 tachys beatus darlington , 1962 tachys beaumonti casey , 1918 tachys bicoloratus burgeon , 1935 tachys bistriatus ( duftschmid , 1812 ) tachys blackburni sloane , 1921 tachys blemoides ( jeannel , 1946 ) tachys bloetei andrewes , 1930 tachys bolellus darlington , 1962 tachys bolus darlington , 1962 tachys bonariensis steinheil , 1869 tachys borkuensis ( bruneau de mire , 1952 ) tachys bouchardi andrewes , 1931 tachys brachys andrewes , 1925 tachys bradycellinus hayward , 1900 tachys bredoi ( basilewsky , 1953 ) tachys brevicornis chaudoir , 1846 tachys brunneus andrewes , 1925 tachys brunniceps andrewes , 1930 tachys bryanti lindroth , 1966 tachys caffer peringuey , 1896 tachys caheni ( basilewsky , 1972 ) tachys caledonicus csiki , 1928 tachys callipygus ( boheman , 1858 ) tachys cameroni andrewes , 1925 tachys captus blackburn , 1888 tachys cardioderus chaudoir , 1850 tachys cardoni andrewes , 1925 tachys carib darlington , 1935 tachys carinulatus sloane , 1921 tachys caspius kolenati , 1845 tachys castaneicolor bates , 1882 tachys centralis j.sahlberg , 1900 tachys centriustatus reitter , 1894 tachys centromaculatus wollaston , 1864 tachys chiriquinus bates , 1882 tachys cinctus putzeys , 1875 tachys collardi ( basilewsky , 1955 ) tachys colonicus casey , 1918 tachys columbiensis hayward , 1900 tachys corax leconte , 1852 tachys coriaceus broun , 1908 tachys crypticola ( britton , 1960 ) tachys cubax darlington , 1934 tachys curtulus ( basilewsky , 1953 ) tachys curvans bates , 1882 tachys cycloderus bates , 1871 tachys cyprius coulon , 2004 tachys delamarei ( jeannel , 1962 ) tachys delicatus andrewes , 1925 tachys dentatus andrewes , 1925 tachys descarpentriesi ( bruneau de mire , 1965 ) tachys devroeyi burgeon tachys diaphanus casey , 1918 tachys dimediatus motschulsky , 1849 tachys diminutus bates , 1871 tachys diploharpinus bates , 1878 tachys discipennis fauvel , 1903 tachys dominicanus darlington , 1934 tachys dorsalis motschulsky , 1851 tachys dromioides bates , 1871 tachys dzosonicus pawlowski , 1974 tachys ectromioides sloane , 1896 tachys edax leconte , 1852 tachys ellenbergeri ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) tachys erwini reichardt , 1976 tachys euryodes bates , 1892 tachys exochrias darlington , 1962 tachys fasciatus ( motschulsky , 1851 ) tachys filax darlington , 1934 tachys flavax darlington , 1962 tachys flavicollis motschulsky , 1862 tachys fortestriatus baehr , 2003 tachys fortunatus machado , 1989 tachys frischi coulon & felix , 2009 tachys fulvicollis ( dejean , 1831 ) tachys fumax darlington , 1962 tachys gilvus schaum , 1863 tachys gracchus andrewes , 1935 tachys gyotokuensis tanaka , 1956 tachys halophilus lindroth , 1966 tachys holmi ( basilewsky , 1963 ) tachys hyalinus casey , 1918 tachys hydrophilus ( germain , 1906 ) tachys impictus andrewes , 1925 tachys impressipennis motschulsky , 1859 tachys impressus motschulsky , 1851 tachys incertus andrewes , 1925 tachys infuscatus blackburn , 1888 tachys iridipennis chaudoir , 1876 tachys jeannei coulon , 2004 tachys joannae ( basilewsky , 1962 ) tachys jucundulus peringuey , 1908 tachys kabylianus puel , 1935 tachys kahuzianus ( basilewsky , 1953 ) tachys kaorutanakai habu , 1977 tachys koizumii ( habu , 1961 ) tachys koreanorum pawlowski , 1974 tachys laevigatus ( boheman , 1858 ) tachys laevis ( say , 1823 ) tachys lamottei ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) tachys languidus andrewes , 1925 tachys latalatus csiki , 1928 tachys leleupi ( basilewsky , 1953 ) tachys lenkoranus csiki , 1928 tachys leptocerus chaudoir , 1876 tachys limbatellus bates , 1884 tachys lindi blackburn , 1888 tachys lissonotus andrewes , 1925 tachys litoralis casey , 1884 tachys lividus ( bates , 1871 ) tachys longulus andrewes , 1925 tachys lugubris motschulsky , 1862 tachys lusciosus antoine , 1943 tachys luscus darlington , 1962 tachys macleayi sloane , 1896 tachys mameti alluaud , 1933 tachys marggii kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys marri baehr , 1987 tachys masculus darlington , 1962 tachys massauxi ( basilewsky , 1955 ) tachys mastersi sloane , 1921 tachys micros ( fischer von waldheim , 1828 ) tachys microscopicus ( bates , 1873 ) tachys minusculus ( motschulsky , 1862 ) tachys mirandus coulon & wrase , 2009 tachys mirei ( basilewsky , 1968 ) tachys misellus laferte-senectere , 1841 tachys mitchelli sloane , 1895 tachys moira ( erwin , 1984 ) tachys monostictus bates , 1871 tachys mordax leconte , 1852 tachys mulwalensis sloane , 1900 tachys mus andrewes , 1925 tachys myrmecophilus ( jeannel , 1946 ) tachys nanniscus peringuey , 1896 tachys naraensis ueno , 1953 tachys nephelodes andrewes , 1930 tachys niger ( jeannel , 1953 ) tachys nitmiluki ( giachino , 2003 ) tachys nympha ( erwin , 1984 ) tachys oahuensis blackburn , 1878 tachys oblitus casey , 1918 tachys obtusiusculus ( jeannel , 1941 ) tachys ochrias andrewes , 1925 tachys ochrioides darlington , 1962 tachys olemartini kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys opalescens andrewes , 1925 tachys orphninus andrewes , 1925 tachys otini ( antoine , 1944 ) tachys pallidus chaudoir , 1868 tachys pallorus kopecky in lobl & smetana , 2003 tachys palustris reitter , 1894 tachys panamensis casey , 1918 tachys particula andrewes , 1936 tachys paulax darlington , 1934 tachys pharao schatzmayr & koch , 1934 tachys piceolus laferte-senectere , 1841 tachys plagiatus putzeys , 1875 tachys pliginskii solodovnikov , 2001 tachys potomacus ( erwin , 1981 ) tachys prionotus andrewes , 1936 tachys privus darlington , 1962 tachys prolixus bates , 1892 tachys proximus say , 1823 tachys pseudolusciosus coulon , 2004 tachys pseudosericeus kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys pujoli ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) tachys pulchellus laferte-senectere , 1841 tachys pumilus ( dejean , 1831 ) tachys pusillimus peringuey , 1896 tachys quadrillum schaum , 1860 tachys queenslandicus sloane , 1903 tachys rambai jedlicka , 1966 tachys rapoporti ( jeannel , 1962 ) tachys rectangulus notman , 1919 tachys rhodeanus casey , 1918 tachys ridiculus ( l.schaufuss , 1879 ) tachys rufotestaceus hayward , 1900 tachys sagax casey , 1918 tachys schuberti jedlicka , 1968 tachys scitulus leconte , 1848 tachys scutellaris stephens , 1828 tachys sellatus fairmaire , 1892 tachys sequax leconte , 1848 tachys sericans bates , 1873 tachys sericeus motschulsky , 1851 tachys serra darlington , 1962 tachys serratus andrewes , 1925 tachys serrula darlington , 1962 tachys sexguttatus fairmaire , 1849 tachys shahinei schatzmayr & koch , 1934 tachys shirazi jedlicka , 1968 tachys sibling darlington , 1962 tachys similis blackburn , 1888 tachys simulator coulon , 2004 tachys spadix casey , 1918 tachys striax darlington , 1934 tachys subangulatus bates , 1871 tachys subbrunneus darlington , 1962 tachys sublobatus darlington , 1962 tachys suboculatus ( basilewsky , 1958 ) tachys sudanicus ( basilewsky , 1948 ) tachys suensoni kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys sundaicus andrewes , 1925 tachys suturifer reitter , 1884 tachys sydneyensis sloane , 1923 tachys szekessyi jedlicka , 1968 tachys tantillus motschulsky , 1862 tachys tenuiserra darlington , 1962 tachys terra ( erwin , 1984 ) tachys testaceus ( basilewsky , 1953 ) tachys tetraphacus bedel , 1896 tachys tienmushaniensis kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys torretassoi schatzmayr & koch , 1934 tachys transcaucasicus coulon , 2004 tachys translucens darlington , 1937 tachys transumbratus bates , 1892 tachys transversicollis ( w.j.macleay , 1871 ) tachys trechoderus coulon , 2004 tachys trechulus darlington , 1935 tachys troglophilus ueno , 1953 tachys tropicus ( nietner , 1858 ) tachys truncatus ( nietner , 1858 ) tachys turkestanicus csiki , 1928 tachys ucayali ( erwin , 1984 ) tachys uelensis burgeon , 1935 tachys uenoianus habu , 1974 tachys umbripennis chaudoir , 1868 tachys uniformis blackburn , 1888 tachys vandeli ( mateu & colas , 1954 ) tachys vandepolli ( bruneau de mire , 1964 ) tachys varsavianorum pawlowski , 1974 tachys ventricosus leconte , 1863 tachys venustus andrewes , 1936 tachys vernilis casey , 1918 tachys vibex kopecky in lobl & smetana , 2003 tachys vietnami jedlicka , 1968 tachys vilis andrewes , 1925 tachys virgo leconte , 1852 tachys vittiger leconte , 1852 tachys vorax leconte , 1852 tachys windsorensis baehr , 1991 tachys xanthochrous chaudoir , 1876 tachys yeboensis burgeon , 1935 tachys yodai jedlicka & chujo , 1964 tachys yunchengensis kirschenhofer , 1986 tachys zonatus andrewes , 1925 tachys zulficari schatzmayr & koch , 1934" ], "topic": [ 3 ] }

[ "tachys is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: tachys abruptus darlington, 1934 tachys aeneipennis motschulsky, 1862 tachys aequinoctialis (motschulsky, 1855) tachys albipes leconte, 1863 tachys algiricus (lucas, 1846) tachys ambulatus darlington, 1962 tachys androyanus (jeannel, 1946) tachys angustulus reitter, 1899 tachys apex darlington, 1962 tachys arcanicola blackburn, 1878 tachys arculus fauvel, 1882 tachys argentinicus csiki, 1928 tachys artensis montrouzier, 1860 tachys asemus (basilewsky, 1968) tachys atamuradovi kryzhanovskij & mikhailov, 1987 tachys atomarius wollaston, 1867 tachys atomus blackburn, 1878 tachys atratus a. costa, 1883 tachys atridermis sloane, 1921 tachys austinicus casey, 1918 tachys australicus sloane, 1896 tachys avius darlington, 1962 tachys baldiensis blackburn, 1891 tachys barbieri straneo, 1953 tachys bathyglyptus andrewes, 1925 tachys beatus darlington, 1962 tachys beaumonti casey, 1918 tachys bicoloratus burgeon, 1935 tachys bistriatus (duftschmid, 1812) tachys blackburni sloane, 1921 tachys blemoides (jeannel, 1946) tachys bloetei andrewes, 1930 tachys bolellus darlington, 1962 tachys bolus darlington, 1962 tachys bonariensis steinheil, 1869 tachys borkuensis (bruneau de mire, 1952) tachys bouchardi andrewes, 1931 tachys brachys andrewes, 1925 tachys bradycellinus hayward, 1900 tachys bredoi (basilewsky, 1953) tachys brevicornis chaudoir, 1846 tachys brunneus andrewes, 1925 tachys brunniceps andrewes, 1930 tachys bryanti lindroth, 1966 tachys caffer peringuey, 1896 tachys caheni (basilewsky, 1972) tachys caledonicus csiki, 1928 tachys callipygus (boheman, 1858) tachys cameroni andrewes, 1925 tachys captus blackburn, 1888 tachys cardioderus chaudoir, 1850 tachys cardoni andrewes, 1925 tachys carib darlington, 1935 tachys carinulatus sloane, 1921 tachys caspius kolenati, 1845 tachys castaneicolor bates, 1882 tachys centralis j.sahlberg, 1900 tachys centriustatus reitter, 1894 tachys centromaculatus wollaston, 1864 tachys chiriquinus bates, 1882 tachys cinctus putzeys, 1875 tachys collardi (basilewsky, 1955) tachys colonicus casey, 1918 tachys columbiensis hayward, 1900 tachys corax leconte, 1852 tachys coriaceus broun, 1908 tachys crypticola (britton, 1960) tachys cubax darlington, 1934 tachys curtulus (basilewsky, 1953) tachys curvans bates, 1882 tachys cycloderus bates, 1871 tachys cyprius coulon, 2004 tachys delamarei (jeannel, 1962) tachys delicatus andrewes, 1925 tachys dentatus andrewes, 1925 tachys descarpentriesi (bruneau de mire, 1965) tachys devroeyi burgeon tachys diaphanus casey, 1918 tachys dimediatus motschulsky, 1849 tachys diminutus bates, 1871 tachys diploharpinus bates, 1878 tachys discipennis fauvel, 1903 tachys dominicanus darlington, 1934 tachys dorsalis motschulsky, 1851 tachys dromioides bates, 1871 tachys dzosonicus pawlowski, 1974 tachys ectromioides sloane, 1896 tachys edax leconte, 1852 tachys ellenbergeri (bruneau de mire, 1964) tachys erwini reichardt, 1976 tachys euryodes bates, 1892 tachys exochrias darlington, 1962 tachys fasciatus (motschulsky, 1851) tachys filax darlington, 1934 tachys flavax darlington, 1962 tachys flavicollis motschulsky, 1862 tachys fortestriatus baehr, 2003 tachys fortunatus machado, 1989 tachys frischi coulon & felix, 2009 tachys fulvicollis (dejean, 1831) tachys fumax darlington, 1962 tachys gilvus schaum, 1863 tachys gracchus andrewes, 1935 tachys gyotokuensis tanaka, 1956 tachys halophilus lindroth, 1966 tachys holmi (basilewsky, 1963) tachys hyalinus casey, 1918 tachys hydrophilus (germain, 1906) tachys impictus andrewes, 1925 tachys impressipennis motschulsky, 1859 tachys impressus motschulsky, 1851 tachys incertus andrewes, 1925 tachys infuscatus blackburn, 1888 tachys iridipennis chaudoir, 1876 tachys jeannei coulon, 2004 tachys joannae (basilewsky, 1962) tachys jucundulus peringuey, 1908 tachys kabylianus puel, 1935 tachys kahuzianus (basilewsky, 1953) tachys kaorutanakai habu, 1977 tachys koizumii (habu, 1961) tachys koreanorum pawlowski, 1974 tachys laevigatus (boheman, 1858) tachys laevis (say, 1823) tachys lamottei (bruneau de mire, 1964) tachys languidus andrewes, 1925 tachys latalatus csiki, 1928 tachys leleupi (basilewsky, 1953) tachys lenkoranus csiki, 1928 tachys leptocerus chaudoir, 1876 tachys limbatellus bates, 1884 tachys lindi blackburn, 1888 tachys lissonotus andrewes, 1925 tachys litoralis casey, 1884 tachys lividus (bates, 1871) tachys longulus andrewes, 1925 tachys lugubris motschulsky, 1862 tachys lusciosus antoine, 1943 tachys luscus darlington, 1962 tachys macleayi sloane, 1896 tachys mameti alluaud, 1933 tachys marggii kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys marri baehr, 1987 tachys masculus darlington, 1962 tachys massauxi (basilewsky, 1955) tachys mastersi sloane, 1921 tachys micros (fischer von waldheim, 1828) tachys microscopicus (bates, 1873) tachys minusculus (motschulsky, 1862) tachys mirandus coulon & wrase, 2009 tachys mirei (basilewsky, 1968) tachys misellus laferte-senectere, 1841 tachys mitchelli sloane, 1895 tachys moira (erwin, 1984) tachys monostictus bates, 1871 tachys mordax leconte, 1852 tachys mulwalensis sloane, 1900 tachys mus andrewes, 1925 tachys myrmecophilus (jeannel, 1946) tachys nanniscus peringuey, 1896 tachys naraensis ueno, 1953 tachys nephelodes andrewes, 1930 tachys niger (jeannel, 1953) tachys nitmiluki (giachino, 2003) tachys nympha (erwin, 1984) tachys oahuensis blackburn, 1878 tachys oblitus casey, 1918 tachys obtusiusculus (jeannel, 1941) tachys ochrias andrewes, 1925 tachys ochrioides darlington, 1962 tachys olemartini kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys opalescens andrewes, 1925 tachys orphninus andrewes, 1925 tachys otini (antoine, 1944) tachys pallidus chaudoir, 1868 tachys pallorus kopecky in lobl & smetana, 2003 tachys palustris reitter, 1894 tachys panamensis casey, 1918 tachys particula andrewes, 1936 tachys paulax darlington, 1934 tachys pharao schatzmayr & koch, 1934 tachys piceolus laferte-senectere, 1841 tachys plagiatus putzeys, 1875 tachys pliginskii solodovnikov, 2001 tachys potomacus (erwin, 1981) tachys prionotus andrewes, 1936 tachys privus darlington, 1962 tachys prolixus bates, 1892 tachys proximus say, 1823 tachys pseudolusciosus coulon, 2004 tachys pseudosericeus kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys pujoli (bruneau de mire, 1964) tachys pulchellus laferte-senectere, 1841 tachys pumilus (dejean, 1831) tachys pusillimus peringuey, 1896 tachys quadrillum schaum, 1860 tachys queenslandicus sloane, 1903 tachys rambai jedlicka, 1966 tachys rapoporti (jeannel, 1962) tachys rectangulus notman, 1919 tachys rhodeanus casey, 1918 tachys ridiculus (l.schaufuss, 1879) tachys rufotestaceus hayward, 1900 tachys sagax casey, 1918 tachys schuberti jedlicka, 1968 tachys scitulus leconte, 1848 tachys scutellaris stephens, 1828 tachys sellatus fairmaire, 1892 tachys sequax leconte, 1848 tachys sericans bates, 1873 tachys sericeus motschulsky, 1851 tachys serra darlington, 1962 tachys serratus andrewes, 1925 tachys serrula darlington, 1962 tachys sexguttatus fairmaire, 1849 tachys shahinei schatzmayr & koch, 1934 tachys shirazi jedlicka, 1968 tachys sibling darlington, 1962 tachys similis blackburn, 1888 tachys simulator coulon, 2004 tachys spadix casey, 1918 tachys striax darlington, 1934 tachys subangulatus bates, 1871 tachys subbrunneus darlington, 1962 tachys sublobatus darlington, 1962 tachys suboculatus (basilewsky, 1958) tachys sudanicus (basilewsky, 1948) tachys suensoni kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys sundaicus andrewes, 1925 tachys suturifer reitter, 1884 tachys sydneyensis sloane, 1923 tachys szekessyi jedlicka, 1968 tachys tantillus motschulsky, 1862 tachys tenuiserra darlington, 1962 tachys terra (erwin, 1984) tachys testaceus (basilewsky, 1953) tachys tetraphacus bedel, 1896 tachys tienmushaniensis kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys torretassoi schatzmayr & koch, 1934 tachys transcaucasicus coulon, 2004 tachys translucens darlington, 1937 tachys transumbratus bates, 1892 tachys transversicollis (w.j.macleay, 1871) tachys trechoderus coulon, 2004 tachys trechulus darlington, 1935 tachys troglophilus ueno, 1953 tachys tropicus (nietner, 1858) tachys truncatus (nietner, 1858) tachys turkestanicus csiki, 1928 tachys ucayali (erwin, 1984) tachys uelensis burgeon, 1935 tachys uenoianus habu, 1974 tachys umbripennis chaudoir, 1868 tachys uniformis blackburn, 1888 tachys vandeli (mateu & colas, 1954) tachys vandepolli (bruneau de mire, 1964) tachys varsavianorum pawlowski, 1974 tachys ventricosus leconte, 1863 tachys venustus andrewes, 1936 tachys vernilis casey, 1918 tachys vibex kopecky in lobl & smetana, 2003 tachys vietnami jedlicka, 1968 tachys vilis andrewes, 1925 tachys virgo leconte, 1852 tachys vittiger leconte, 1852 tachys vorax leconte, 1852 tachys windsorensis baehr, 1991 tachys xanthochrous chaudoir, 1876 tachys yeboensis burgeon, 1935 tachys yodai jedlicka & chujo, 1964 tachys yunchengensis kirschenhofer, 1986 tachys zonatus andrewes, 1925 tachys zulficari schatzmayr & koch, 1934" ]

[ "the swamp harrier is widespread in australasia and the south pacific. it is the commonest raptor in new zealand\ninvestigations into the modified (ground nesting) behaviour of the migratory raptor australian swamp harrier (marsh harrier or swamp hawk) circus approximans and the possible reduction in population dynamics over time in the historically recognised adult population resulting from suspected influences .\naustralasia: widespread. the swamp harrier is widespread in australasia and the south pacific. it is the commonest raptor in new zealand\nthe swamp harrier (circus approximans), also known as the kāhu, harrier hawk or australasian harrier, is a bird of the open country. it is often seen soaring and looking for prey, or eating dead rabbits or possums on the road .\nthe similar spotted harrier, c. assimilis, is strikingly coloured and has a more boldly banded tail and dark wing - tips, rather than the banded wing - tips of the swamp harrier .\nprotection / threats / status: the swamp harrier is partially protected but the species is controlled at some sites where endangered bird species are living. and if the swamp harrier is a predator of some introduced species, it is also a predator for other birds and it takes poultry and game birds. it may occasionally kill new - born lambs too .\nthe ‘kahu’ swamp harrier is new zealand’s largest bird of prey. this beautiful bird is most often seen lazily quartering over the open habitats that dominate modern day new zealand. it is by far our most common bird of prey. as carrion feeders harriers fulfil a vital role in our environment cleaning up all the animals that die on our roads and farms, as well as preying on vermin like rats and mice. as such, although the harrier is not a threatened species, it is important that we ensure they remain in healthy numbers. without harriers new zealand would be a far smellier place! what other names does the swamp harrier have? scientists call it: circus approximans. maori have many names for the swamp harrier including: kahu, korako and kerangi. others know the harrier as the hawk or australasian harrier .\nthe harrier is an adept hunter when flying, as ornithologist edgar f. stead observed :\nseaton, r. ; galbraith, m. ; hyde, n. 2013. swamp harrier. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nharriers in the harvest was established on the back of \u0003passion for productive and biodiverse landscapes. \u0003this site shares information on a native bird \u0003species that is a quiet achiever in the \u0003farming landscape: the swamp harrier .\n, kahu (maori) also known as swamp harrier and harrier hawk is new zealand’s largest bird of prey. as carrion feeders, harriers fulfil a vital role in our environment cleaning up all the animals that die on our roads and farms, as well as preying on vermin like rats and mice. as such, although the harrier is not a threatened species, it is important that we ensure they remain in healthy numbers .\nnorthern harrier fossils dating from 11, 000 to 40, 000 years ago have been unearthed in northern mexico .\nsimilar to black kite, black - breasted buzzard, red goshawk and swamp harrier. habitat: open forest; woodland or scrub. distribution: wa, nt, qld, nsw, vic and sa. call: yelp and weak chatter\nswamp harriers occur throughout australia and nz and the south pacific. they are considered secure in all mainland states and in tasmania .\nthe nest of the swamp harrier is made of straw and grasses, hidden above the water in dense reeds in a swamp or in crops or long grasses near water. they usually nest in single pairs. the female incubates and broods the young, while the male hunts for food. he transfers the food to the female in the air, before she feeds it to the young .\nthe swamp harrier also occurs in australia, new guinea and many islands of the southern pacific. in new zealand harriers are found from the kermadec islands in the far north, to the chatham islands, and they occasionally stray as far as the chilly subantarctic islands .\nswamp harriers or “swampies’ as some farmers now call them, are slow flying birds of prey or raptors that live for up to ten years .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the swamp harrier is more vocal during the courtship displays. the “sky - dancing” display is accompanied by high - pitched, sharp “kee - a” or “kee - o”, and mewing sounds. this species is usually silent outside the breeding season .\nthe swamp harrier is found in terrestrial wetlands and open country of tropical and temperate australia and new zealand. it is mainly seen in fresh or salt wetlands, often in deep swamps with emergent reeds and over open water. in new zealand it is more widely found, not just in wetlands .\nthe swamp harrier is a large, tawny - brown bird of prey that occurs throughout new zealand. it is an opportunistic hunter that searches for food by slowly quartering the ground with its large wings held in a distinctive shallow v - shape. adapted to hunt in open habitats, its numbers have benefitted from widespread forest clearance and the development of agriculture. although carrion is a major component of the harrier’s diet, it also actively hunts live prey such as small birds, mammals and insects. capable dispersers, birds from new zealand visit islands as far north as the kermadec islands and as far south as campbell island. known for their dramatic ‘sky - dancing’ courtship display the swamp harrier is the largest of the 16 species of harriers found worldwide .\nthe swamp harrier which breeds in tasmania is migratory and leaves the island in winter. the species is mainly resident at lower latitudes and it is sedentary on islands. the migrating birds reach n australia and new guinea, but longest migrations have been sometimes reported, with birds reaching the new zealand subantarctic islands .\nswamp harrier circus approximans size: 50 - 60 cm; wing span to 120 cm. distinguishing features: dark brown; distinct white rump; tail and wings barred; underparts off - white to light brown; long yellow legs; female larger with rufous underside. habitat: long grass, reeds, ushes; open water\nthe swamp harrier is known for its lazy flight, soaring and circling slowly above its habitat while searching for preys. the aerial courtship displays are spectacular and demonstrate the agility of this raptor. when the bird is gliding or soaring, the wings are held in shallow v - shape. the wing tips are upturned and the tail is outspread .\nblack - breasted buzzard hamirostra melanosternon size: 50 – 60 cm, wingspan av 150 cm distinguishing features: blackish in colour; rufous patches on neck, shoulder, thighs and vent; distinct white patch on under - side of wing near each tip, a ‘bull’s eye’; juvenile rufous in colour; similar to little eagle and swamp harrier .\nreproduction of this species: the laying occurs between october and december. the nest is a platform made with rushes and grasses, and lined with feathers. the swamp harrier nests on the ground in swamps, scrub and tangled fern or wheat fields, among tall and dense vegetation. the female builds the nest on the ground, and occasionally in low trees .\nintroduction: the swamp harrier is a typical “circus” species, formerly considered a race of the western marsh harrier (circus aeruginosus). they are very similar in behaviour, and may appear fairly similar in plumage in spite of different colours and pattern. this raptor is often seen on exposed perch on the roadside. it feeds both on carrion and live preys, and it is known for its spectacular “sky - dancing displays”. this species is commonly seen gliding above its habitat throughout new zealand, but it is native, not an endemic bird species .\nswamp harriers hunt for birds and eggs, large insects, frogs, reptiles and small mammals up to the size of hares or rabbits. when hunting they' quarter', which means that they systematically search for prey by gliding low to the ground or water, then drop down on to their quarry. in new zealand, swamp harriers often feed on carrion (dead animals) .\nto māori, the harrier was a symbol of victory and chieftainship. its effortless flight inspired a chant used by east coast māori when performing a difficult task like moving a heavy log :\nswamp harriers are shy breeders and easily disturbed from their nest if approached and will abandon both eggs and young chicks. they breed during spring from september to december producing up to six eggs. eggs are incubated for 33 days by the female and once hatched chicks remain in the nest area for another 6 weeks. the male brings food back to the female which he transfers to her in midair. they make a nest on the ground using straw and grasses. water reeds are also an important nesting material for swamp harriers as they will often hide their nests amongst these above water. they often nest in crops and a program is in place in tasmania to identify swamp harrier nests and identify them with flags for the farmer so they do not approach too closely and frighten off the adults .\nrange: the swamp harrier occurs in s new guinea, melanesia, australia, new zealand and several islands of the southern pacific. it is only a breeding visitor in tasmania. in new zealand, this raptor is present in a wider ecological niche than elsewhere in australasia, and it occurs from the kermadec islands in the far north, to the cold subantarctic islands and the chatham islands .\nbehaviour in the wild: the swamp harrier uses a method of surprise to catch its preys. it hunts on the ground for birds and medium - sized mammals, insects and lizards. but it also wades in shallow water where it finds fish, frogs and tadpoles. it hunts by flying low over the ground with v - shaped wings. it also hunts from perch by dropping down onto the prey with legs outstretched and wings held back. it is able to kill rabbits, hares and rats. however, it also takes crickets and grasshoppers, and the eggs of the ground - nesting birds. but the swamp harrier is also known for taking carrion. it scavenges road - killed animals, and can be seen near lamb carcasses or afterbirth. it regularly regurgitates pellets of indigestible food items .\nthe swamp harrier is a large slim - bodied raptor, with long slender legs and a long tail, rounded at the tip. it is mainly dark brown above and the white rump is prominent. it has an owl - like face mask. the wings are long and broad, with 5 ‘fingers’ on the wing tips in flight. females are larger with rufous underparts, while the smaller male is lighter underneath. the legs and eyes are yellow. this species has a slow sailing flight on up - swept wings, flying low over water. it is also known as the marsh harrier .\nthey prefer terrestrial wetlands and open country. most of the tasmanian swamp harriers migrate to the mainland in autumn and winter and may be seen travelling in small groups and roosting communally on the ground at this time .\n' kahu' swamp harriers are usually heard calling during the breeding season (starting in july), especially during courtship when they make a loud “keeuw” call. listen to the calls of a juvenile made while feeding .\nat 850 grams, fully grown females are 200 grams heavier than males. both sexes are the same length, about 55 centimetres. the oldest known age for a harrier in new zealand is 18 years .\nthe swamp harrier is a large slim - bodied raptor (bird of prey), with long slender legs and a long tail, rounded at the tip. it is mainly dark brown above and the white rump is prominent. it has an owl - like face mask. the wings are long and broad, with 5' fingers' on the wing tips in flight. females are larger with rufous underparts, while the smaller male is lighter underneath. the legs and eyes are yellow. this species has a slow sailing flight on up - swept wings, flying low over water. it is also known as the marsh harrier .\nhabitat: the swamp harrier is a bird of the open country which enjoys an increasing habitat due to land clearance. it frequents pastures, forest edges, tussock land, fresh and salt wetlands and deep swamps with emergent vegetation and open water. it is commonly seen on roadsides. it can be seen from sea - level up to 1700 metres of elevation. however, this species is less abundant over large patches of forest and in urban areas .\nthe oldest northern harrier on record was a female, and at least 15 years, 4 months old when she was captured and released in 2001 by a bird bander in quebec. she had been banded in new jersey in 1986 .\nthe swamp harrier is one of the few raptors in australia that makes a regular seasonal migration. to escape the rigours of the tasmanian winter, harriers often make the hazardous journey across bass strait to spend the cooler months on the mainland, before returning to breed in late winter and spring. in autumn, parts of south - eastern australia often seem to be brimming with harriers, slowly quartering up and down over wetlands and rank farmland in search of rabbits and smaller forms of prey .\nfossil records show that it came across the tasman sea from australia, and became established in new zealand less than 1, 000 years ago. at that time eyles’s harrier (circus eylesi), four times larger, was also present .\nswamp harriers hunt by systematically gliding low to the ground or water searching for prey which they then swoop upon. they feed on birds, large insects, frogs, reptiles and small mammals. they also eat eggs and in nz they feed on carrion as well .\nspotted harrier circus assimilis size: 50 - 62 cm distinguishing features: face and underside are distinctly chestnut with white spots; soars with wings elevated, grey with black tips; tail has clear bars and wedge shaped; long yellow legs; hunts over low vegetation .\none day i watched a harrier beating over a stubble field, when it flushed a skylark, which flew away some distance and settled. the harrier carefully marked the spot, and flew swift and low towards it; saw the lark, and struck at it on the ground. the lark dodged the blow, ducked out from beneath the hawk, and settled again about two yards away; but the hawk, with a rapidity of movement with which one could scarcely have credited it, rose and swept back on its victim and flew off with it in its talons .\nswamp harriers, also known as marsh harriers, are a medium sized raptor reaching about 60 cm in size (raven sized) and 740g in weight. they have an owl like face mask with distinctive yellow eyes. another distinctive feature is the white rump just prior to the tail which is long and rounded at the tip. swamp harriers are slim of body, dark brown above and lighter underneath being more rufous in colour in the female, with long, slender, yellow legs. the wings show 5 fingers in flight and are long and broad. they are often spotted flying low and slow over marshlands with up - swept wings .\na large long - legged harrier with long taloned toes, long pointed wings, prominent facial disks and a strongly hooked bill. adults have a tawny - brown back, pale cream streaked breast, yellow eyes, yellow cere and a creamy white rump visible in flight; juvenile and immature birds are uniformly dark chococlate brown .\nsimilar species: sometimes confused with the new zealand falcon. falcons very rarely feed on carrion, are smaller and are more often seen in active chasing flight rather than the slow quartering flight typical of the harrier. also the falcon lacks the obvious cream / pale rump of the harrier and glides with its wings set flat. juvenile black - backed gulls are a similar size to harriers. however, young gulls have a stout, straight bill and are a more mottled greyish / brown colour. gulls also have narrower angular wings that, unlike harriers they beat almost continually in traversing flight or set rigidly in a slightly downwards droop when soaring / gliding .\nthe largest of the harriers, the marsh harrier can be recognised by its long tail and light flight with wings held in a shallow' v'. it is distinguishable from other harriers by its larger size, heavier build, broader wings and absence of white on the rump. females are larger than males and have obvious creamy heads .\nswamp harriers hunt in open country. after europeans arrived in new zealand and cleared land for farming, the birds’ numbers increased. they catch small birds and mammals up to the size of rabbits, as well as lizards, frogs, fish and large insects. they also eat carrion, including road kill and dead lambs, and spend much time hunting for birds' nests. since the 1950s, successful rabbit control has meant less food for harriers, and their numbers have fallen .\nfive ways to tell the difference between a harrier and a falcon: 1. the falcon is usually seen in active hunting flight, chasing small birds with rapid wing beats; whereas the harrier is mostly seen gliding over the ground searching for carrion and small prey. 2. harriers glide with wings set in a shallow dihedral v - shape and rock slightly in the changing air currents. falcons glide with a very flat wing either very close to the ground trying to surprise prey, or very high in the sky as they survey their surroundings. 3. harriers are often seen feeding on road - kill. falcons almost exclusively take live prey and are very rarely seen on the side of the road. 4. harriers have a large 1 metre wingspan and stand around 50cm tall. falcons have a much shorter wingspan and are much smaller (about the size of a magpie). 5. falcons and harriers differ in their plumage and colouration (see photos below) .\nthe northern harrier is distinctive from a long distance away: a slim, long - tailed hawk gliding low over a marsh or grassland, holding its wings in a v - shape and sporting a white patch at the base of its tail. up close it has an owlish face that helps it hear mice and voles beneath the vegetation. each gray - and - white male may mate with several females, which are larger and brown. these unusual raptors have a broad distribution across north america .\nswamp harriers occupy a wider ecological niche in new zealand than elsewhere in australasia. abundant throughout most of new zealand including the coastal fringe, estuaries, wetlands, pine forest, farmland and high - country areas. less abundant over large tracts of forest and in urban areas. they are resident on the chatham islands, and often reach offshore islands as distant as the snares, auckland, campbell and kermadec islands. harriers are particularly abundant where plentiful food sources are available. they breed in wetlands, areas of long grass and scrubby vegetation .\nharriers build a nest on the ground, usually within grass or crop cover. a harrier pair will begin to construct a ground platform nest of dry grasses and sticks until it measures about 60 cm across or about the size of a dustbin lid. nests are typically built up to be around 30 cm tall. surveys have identified nest sites in traditional hay and cereal crops and also in sophisticated field plantings of pyrethrum, poppies and peas. egg incubation period is between 21 and 23 days with an average of three chicks hatched .\noften seen perching on fence posts at the side of the road, swamp harriers are a large, long - legged bird of prey with sizeable taloned feet, prominent facial disks and a strongly hooked bill. fledglings and juveniles have dark chocolate brown plumage all over, a whitish patch on the nape, brown eyes and a pale yellow cere, eye ring and legs. although plumage is highly variable, adults generally have a tawny - brown back, a pale cream streaked breast and yellow eyes. they become paler with successive moults. females are slightly larger than males. harriers most often search for food low to the ground in a gently rocking glide interspersed with lazy wing beats. when gliding or soaring, their wings are set in a shallow v - shape with upturned fingered wing tips and an outspread tail. the cream / white rump is obvious in flight. they can hover clumsily for short periods .\nthe legal protection of harriers has recently been downgraded meaning that it is now legal to kill harriers if they are causing injury to livestock or damage to property. this downgrading includes allowing conservation managers to cull harriers if they are perceived to have a negative impact on a threatened species. however, the evidence indicating that harriers have a negative impact on livestock is scarce and it is still not clear whether controlling harrier numbers to support threatened species programmes is practical or even successful (harriers are at such high densities in some areas that as soon as one individual is killed another will replace it immediately – in fact it could be argued that by removing a territorial pair a higher density of harriers could result). the decision to cull these beautiful birds should be based on fact. wingspan advocates that more research be undertaken and is strongly opposed to the inhumane trapping methods sometimes employed to control them. these wonderful birds demand respect and above all their ‘control’ must not be taken lightly .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nturbott, e. g. 1990. checklist of the birds of new zealand. ornithological society of new zealand, wellington .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population is estimated to number in the tens of thousands. trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22695363a111781121 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia, you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife. the members of birdlife australia, along with our supporters and partners, have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist. it doesn’t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them, your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see, often they are more difficult to identify. you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song, or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before. the best place to look for it is here. you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia. with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls, you are sure to find that mystery bird, or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group... birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about, see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia’s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track, but that’s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds? explore, learn, discover and enjoy australia’s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard. get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat. search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades. there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia’s birds. we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds. join as a member, volunteer, make a donation or a bequest. your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording, explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia’s birds .\nour policies, submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia’s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch, monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts. we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing. our members' magazine, journals, newsletters, and reports are all world - class .\nthe h. l. white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia, containing thousands of books, journals, and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia' s greatest resources, allowing us to track changes in birds across the country. since 1998 a dedicated band of... more >\nbirdlife australia’s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about... more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia. to report on the population... more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia’s woodlands and 80% of temperate woodlands have been cleared. the woodland birds for biodiversity... more >\na good hunter, the white - faced heron refused to share his food with his wife. she told bunjil, the wedge - tailed eag…\nvoice: harriers mainly vocalise as part of their courtship displays during the breeding season. their call is a series of same note, high - pitched, short, sharp “kee - o kee - o. ” at other times of the year they are generally silent .\nharriers provide some level of control over introduced pests such as mice, rats and rabbits. they benefit farms and road users by clearing carcasses. however, they can take poultry and game birds where unprotected, and will also kill new - born lambs in some circumstances. they are partially protected, and it is legal to control individuals that are causing harm to property. at some sites, harriers are controlled to reduce the predation risk to endangered bird species. however, the effectiveness of control as a threatened species management technique or a method of reducing predation on poultry, game and lambs remains poorly understood. harriers are susceptible to collision with cars and wind turbines .\nsolitary breeders. courtship displays start as early as june and continue through october. during displays both birds of a pair perform spectacular rocking dives, then swoop back up in a large u - shaped loop. a high - pitched kee - o, kee - o call is made during displays. these displays are often performed over the nest area. eggs are laid between october - december. incubation and brooding are undertaken by the female alone. food is passed from male to female in dramatic aerial food - passes where the female turns upside down to take prey from the male. bulky nests comprised of sticks are placed on the ground or on low bushes, in long grass, scrub or wetlands. nests may be added to over multiple seasons. harriers are sensitive to disturbance when nesting .\ntheir long legs enable them to catch prey by dropping down into the canopy of trees or long vegetation, legs outstretched and wings held back behind them. wings are held in a shallow v - shape to allow birds to react to variable air currents while flying low to the ground. as a generalist predator they are universally harried by other birds especially magpies and spur - winged plovers. harriers often circle up high on thermals, and are able to disperse great distances in this manner. although partly migratory elsewhere in australasia, they are not generally thought to be migratory in new zealand. however, some local movements between breeding and wintering grounds, annual movements across cook strait and visits to offshore islands as far away as the kermadec islands suggest some migratory behaviour may occur. during the breeding season they have a home - range of about 900 ha, may be far less in some habitats. in the non - breeding season harriers often form communal roosts which can contain several hundred birds .\nsmall to medium - sized birds and mammals, insects, lizards and frogs. road - kill carrion can make up a large proportion of the diet e. g. possum, rabbit and hedgehog, especially during winter when other food sources are limited. lamb carcasses and afterbirth, tadpoles, fledgling birds and crickets are taken when seasonally available. cast pellets of undigested material .\nheather, b. d. ; robertson, h. a. 1996. the field guide to the birds of new zealand. viking, auckland .\nferguson - lees, j. ; christie, d. a. 2005. raptors of the world. princeton field guides, new jersey .\nmarchant, s. ; p. j. higgins (eds) 1993. handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. volume 2: raptors to lapwings. oxford university press: melbourne .\noliver, w. r. b. 1955. new zealand birds. a. h. & a. w. reed, wellington .\nusually a raised bed of sticks, grasses and assorted vegetation located on ground, occasionally on top of low shrubby vegetation. lined with grass. situated within crops, tall grass, bracken, shrubby areas and in wetlands with dense raupo and flax. very occasionally nest in trees .\nharriers are opportunistic and will take both live prey and carrion. during the spring and summer months they will feed mostly on live prey, whereas during the colder months, road kill, afterbirth and dead lambs are commonly fed upon. young hawks often feed on insects, hunting for them by chasing and footing them on the ground. once they are more confident fliers, harriers will also hunt by dropping onto unsuspecting prey with their long legs outstretched. small mammals, birds and lizards are commonly taken in long grass in this manner .\nharriers are common throughout the open landscapes of new zealand and australasia. they naturally colonised new zealand from australia some 800 years ago after large areas of the country were cleared of bush during human settlement. harriers generally nest in swamps and in areas surrounded by water to reduce access by predators. they will also nest in rank grassland, areas of cereal crop and in young pine plantations where they make a large nest platform out of grass and sticks. very occasionally they will also nest in trees .\npairs begin their characteristic ‘sky dancing’ courtship display in july / august. during this display both birds of a pair rise on thermals high into the sky, dropping down in a spectacular rocking dive, then looping back up high, sometimes completing large circles in the sky. this spectacular circular display flight is common in harriers around the world and is where their genus name circus (which is latin for circle) comes from .\nharriers lay between one and seven off - white eggs with the female doing all of the incubation. the male usually does not bring food directly to the nest but passes it to the female in their air by dropping the prey for her to aerobatically catch and take back to the nest .\nalmost uniformly dark brown chicks fledge the nest between december and february. they become independent of their parents soon afterwards. due to their naivety and inexperience these young birds are not as wise to the perils of feeding on road - kill as the adults. as a result many birds are handed into wingspan for rehabilitation after colliding with cars during the autumn / winter months .\nwant to learn more? then check out our pdf list of key references for more information and come and visit us at the wingspan national bird of prey centre in rotorua to see these wonderful birds up close and learn about them from our expert staff .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nback view of an individual resting on a fence post, on one leg and nearly sleeping .\na bird perched on a pine tree and then flying and soaring while calling .\njosep del hoyo, doug and denise norris, aviceda, nick talbot, brooke clibbon .\nmark broomhall, margaret leggoe, nicholas tomney, nick talbot, lindsay hansch, tomas grim, christian michael mortensen, tolanger, josep del hoyo, mat gilfedder, marco valentini, paul van giersbergen, frédéric pelsy, les george .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: circus approximans. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntasmania' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .\nplanned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .\nalthough usually silent they will produce a high pitched whistle in the breeding season .\nthe adult male has mainly dark brown upperparts with conspicuous white rump, well visible in flight. wings and tail are dark brown with darker bars on flight feathers and rectrices. on the underparts, the breast is creamy - white with brown streaks. rest of underparts, including belly, vent and undertail - coverts are whitish. the underwing is creamy - white too with streaked coverts and barred brown flight feathers with dark tips .\non the brown head, we can see conspicuous facial disks giving this bird an owl - like face mask. the strongly hooked bill is black with yellow cere. the eyes are yellow with pale yellow eyering. legs and feet are pale yellow .\nthe female is larger than male. she is darker and browner, with more rufous underparts. the adults become paler with the successive moults .\nthe juvenile has dark chocolate - brown plumage overall, with indistinct pale rufous rump. it has a whitish nuchal patch. the eyes are dark brown. cere, eyering, legs and feet are pale yellow .\nthe prolonged breeding season starts in june and continues through october. the pair performs spectacular aerial displays called “sky - dancing”, usually in the vicinity or above the nest - site. they perform rocking dives and then, swoop back up in a large u - shaped loop. the female may fly in zigzag, or the bird is also seen soaring and tumbling, making dramatic swoops while calling loudly. they are mainly monogamous and solitary breeders. they are very secretive when nesting, with the nest hidden among tall, dense vegetation. after breeding, they gather at nightime roosts in swamps, containing several hundreds birds on the ground .\nshe lays 3 - 5 white eggs, but usually, only two chicks survive. she incubates during 31 - 34 days, and she is fed by the male during this period. at hatching, the chicks have white down, black bill and pale pink cere, and dark eyes. the male provides food to the female by passing the preys in aerial food - passes. it flies with the prey held in its talons. the female turns upside down while flying, and she takes the food with her talons from those of the male. then, she feeds the chicks with small pieces of flesh. the juveniles fledge 43 - 46 days after hatching, but they still depend on parents for 4 - 6 weeks .\nin spite of collisions with cars and wind turbines, the species is common and widespread throughout the range, with some local declines due to drainage of wetlands. if disturbed while nesting, the adults will desert the nest - site because they are highly vulnerable to human disturbances .\nthe population is estimated to number in the tens of thousands and is suspected to be stable. this species has large range and is currently evaluated as least concern .\nharriers are usually seen gliding in large circles or hovering at ‘stall speed’ a few metres above a grain or fodder crop. they flush out prey along fence lines or over swampland, and occasionally eat carrion by the roadside. they are masters at vertical take - off and landing .\n• adults are speckled brown with a white rump and pale yellow legs. as they age, they develop more distinct facial disc markings • juveniles are darker, more solid brown colour with a paler rump • seen singly, or in pairs during spring / summer breeding season • when in flight, their wings form a distinctive ‘v’ shape • wing span of approx. 1 metre • standing height of up to 60 cms • ground - nesting • females weigh 850 – 900 grams (larger of the two) • males are 2 / 3 the size of the female • call is a short whistling ‘kee’ • eat small animals and birds including mice, rats, rabbits and carrion (dead and decaying) .\nin fall through spring, look for harriers in wide - open grasslands, marshes, or fields. you’re most likely to notice northern harriers when they are flying. note the low, slow, coursing flight style, the bird’s v - shaped wing posture, and its white rump. during migration in the fall and spring, you can also see harriers high in the sky over mountain ridges and coastlines .\nnorthern harriers are the most owl - like of hawks (though they’re not related to owls). they rely on hearing as well as vision to capture prey. the disk - shaped face looks and functions much like an owl’s, with stiff facial feathers helping to direct sound to the ears .\njuvenile males have pale greenish - yellow eyes, while juvenile females have dark chocolate brown eyes. the eye color of both sexes changes gradually to lemon yellow by the time they reach adulthood .\nmale northern harriers can have as many as five mates at once, though most have only one or two. the male provides most of the food for his mates and their offspring, while the females incubate the eggs and brood the chicks .\nnorthern harriers hunt mostly small mammals and small birds, but they are capable of taking bigger prey like rabbits and ducks. they sometimes subdue larger animals by drowning them .\nfound on or over all non - forested habitats from coastal waters to high - country farms, it is abundant along all braided rivers .\nalong some rivers, harriers have become top predators and are unfortunately contributing to the decline of rare and endangered braided river bird species. as they are partially protected, it is legal to control individuals that are causing harm, but this does not mean you can take matters into your own hands! please contact your nearest doc office if you wish to discuss .\nbefore taking any action, it is crucial not to mistake them for the smaller and much rarer new zealand falcon (see id chart below) .\nbreeding northern harriers are most common in large, undisturbed tracts of wetlands and grasslands with low, thick vegetation. they breed in freshwater and brackish marshes, lightly grazed meadows, old fields, tundra, dry upland prairies, drained marshlands, high - desert shrubsteppe, and riverside woodlands across canada and the northern united states. western populations tend to breed in dry upland habitats, while northeastern and midwestern populations tend to breed in wetlands. during winter they use a range of habitats with low vegetation, including deserts, coastal sand dunes, pasturelands, croplands, dry plains, grasslands, old fields, estuaries, open floodplains, and marshes. back to top\nnorthern harriers forage on the wing, coursing low over the ground. unlike other hawks, they rely heavily on their sense of hearing to capture prey. in the breeding season they eat small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. during winter, harriers in the northern part of the range feed almost exclusively on meadow voles; they also eat deer mice, house mice, shrews, rabbits, and songbirds (including meadowlarks, northern cardinals, and song sparrows). harriers wintering in the southern part of their range eat cotton rats, house mice, harvest mice, rice rats, shrews, and songbirds. back to top\neither the male or the female chooses the nest site, which is on the ground and usually in a dense clump of vegetation such as willows, grasses, sedges, reeds, bulrushes, and cattails .\nmales sometimes start building a nest platform and the female finishes it. later, both sexes bring in nesting material but the female takes charge of arranging them to form the nest. the nest platform is made with thick - stalked plants like cattails, alders, and willows. the inner lining uses grasses, sedges, and rushes. nest building takes 1–2 weeks. the outside of the nest measures 16–24 inches wide by 1. 5–8 inches high, while the interior is 8–10 inches wide by 2–4 inches deep .\nnorthern harriers usually fly slowly and low over the ground, their wings held in a v - shape as they glide. most males have either one mate or two mates at a time, but some have up to five mates when food is abundant. each male courts females and advertises his territory by performing sky - dancing displays: undulating, rollercoaster - like flights up to 1, 000 feet off the ground, sometimes covering more than half a mile. although they don’t protect large territories, both males and females vigorously defend the nest itself. nesting females usually chase away other females, and males chase other males. females incubate eggs and brood chicks, while males provide most of the food for the females and nestlings. nest predators include coyotes, feral dogs, striped skunks, raccoons, red foxes, american crows, common ravens, and great horned owls. livestock and deer sometimes trample eggs and nestlings underfoot. juvenile harriers play (and hone their hunting skills) by pouncing on inanimate objects like vole - sized corncobs. in winter, northern harriers roost in groups on the ground, sometimes with short - eared owls. the larger females are dominant to the males. back to top\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsauer, j. r. , j. e. hines, j. e. fallon, k. l. pardieck, jr. ziolkowski, d. j. and w. a. link. the north american breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 - 2013 (version 1. 30. 15). usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b. available from urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the swamp harrier ( circus approximans ) , also known as the australasian marsh harrier , australasian harrier , kāhu , swamp-hawk or new zealand hawk , is a large , slim bird of prey widely distributed across australasia .", "it is one of the few birds to have benefited from european settlement of new zealand : it is a bird of open country and became firmly established in new zealand after forests were cleared by polynesians .", "the swamp harrier belongs to the sub-family circinae and genus circus , which are represented worldwide , except antarctica .", "the sub-family and genus are derived from the characteristic behavior of circling flight during courtship and hawking . " ], "topic": [ 12, 12, 26, 16 ] }

[ "the swamp harrier (circus approximans), also known as the australasian marsh harrier, australasian harrier, kāhu, swamp-hawk or new zealand hawk, is a large, slim bird of prey widely distributed across australasia. it is one of the few birds to have benefited from european settlement of new zealand: it is a bird of open country and became firmly established in new zealand after forests were cleared by polynesians. the swamp harrier belongs to the sub-family circinae and genus circus, which are represented worldwide, except antarctica. the sub-family and genus are derived from the characteristic behavior of circling flight during courtship and hawking." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes olmecus for further details\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed. our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy, which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\nfull reference: c. baroni urbani and m. l. de andrade. 1999. taxonomic names, in diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde serie b (geologie und paläontologie) 271\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889. (page 425, figs. 15a - b, 194, 195 soldier, worker described )\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants. the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter. this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers. foragers have been observed feeding on carrion, bird feces, extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids. pollen feeding has been observed in some species, and this is somewhat specialized for ants, but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way. evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated, in part, via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets. it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail (ethograms from wilson 1976, cole 1980 and cole 1983). soldiers do little else besides defend the nest. this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species. an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees: they\nfly\ntowards the tree, often grabbing the trunk well above the ground (video) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\na member of the grandinosus clade differing from all the other species of the clade in the worker by the presence of a narrow, crenulate crest on the dorsum of the fore femora, and in the soldier by the strongly crenulate carinae on the dorsum of the fore femora. (de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nworker castes typically include two forms, a worker and soldier, but there are a few species that are monomorphic. the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk. in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced. queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology. soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance. this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders. other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies, by species, from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers. available evidence suggests most species are monogynous. queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nde andrade, in de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 425, figs. 15a - b, 194, 195 (s. w .) mexican amber .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nhead broader than long. frontal carinae weakly and minutely erenulate. vertexal angles broad, round and membranaceous. vertcxal margin concave. mandibles with lateral carina. antennal club two jointed .\nmesosoma. scapular angles absent or not visible in dorsal view. anterior pronotal border straight; pronotal sides with a broad, membranaceous expansion, anteriorly subround and narrowing posteriorly. promesonotal suture absent. mesonotal sides with a pair of triangular, membranaceous teeth. propodeal suture deeply impressed. deelivous face of the propodeum gently sloping backwards. basal and deelivous faces of the propodeum with a broad membranaceous expansion originating cranially on the basal face and broadening backwards; margin of the membranaceous expansion of the propodeum minutely and superficially crenulate .\npetiole with the anterior face truncate; sides of the petiole with a broad, round, wing - shaped, membranaceous expansion directed laterally. postpetiole with a comparably broad, wing - shaped, membranaceous expansion with round apex and directed forwards .\ngaster suboval and with broad, anterolateral, membranaceous expansions not surpassing the stigma backwards .\nmid and hind femora angulate and with two membranaceous crests on the two distal thirds, one on the dorsal face and another on the ventral face; fore femora with a short dorsal crest. mid and hind basitarsi with flat and broad base .\nsculpture. head dorsum, mesosoma and pedicel minutely reticulate and foveolate, the foveae larger and more regular on the frons, very irregular on the mesosoma, small on the propodeum and on the pedicel. pronotum and mesonotum with short rugosities between the foveae. first gastral tergite and legs strongly reticulate, the same type of sculpture but more superficial on the first gastral sternite. anterior half of the first gastral tergite with thin, longitudinal rugosities\npilosity. some fovea with a recurved hair. sides of the frontal carinae, border of the mesosomal and of the peduncular expansions, and legs with short hairs .\ncolour. light brown. frontal carinae, vertexal angles and membranaceous expansions light ferruginous and semitransparent .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 3. 60; hl 0. 83; hw 1. 07; el 0. 22; pw 0. 82; pew 0. 47; ppw 0. 53; hbal 0. 20; hbaw 0. 12; ci 128. 9; pi 130. 5; ppei 174. 5; pppi 154. 7; hbai 60. 0 .\nholotype worker from the mexican amber sample mex. 1 and paratype small soldier from the mexican amber sample h 10 - 201, both in the gopc .\nthis species is named after the olmecs, one of the ancient peoples of mexico .\nthis page was last modified on 17 june 2018, at 11: 33 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nde andrade, 1999b: 425, figs. 15a - b, 194, 195 (s. w. )\nmexican amber, simojovel, chiapas; middle miocene (13 - 20 ma) .\nholotype mex 1, paratype h - 10 - 201, in poinar collection, oregon state university, corvallis, oregon, u. s. a .\nde andrade m. l. , baroni urbani c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 1\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\ntype specimen: poinar h - 10 - 199, an exoskeleton. its type locality is dominican amber (poinar coll), which is in a burdigalian / langhian terrestrial amber in the dominican republic .\nfull reference: g. vierbergen and j. scheven. 1995. nine new species and a new genus of dominican amber ants of the tribe cephalotini (hymenoptera: formicidae). creation research society quarterly 32 (3): 158 - 170\naverage measurements (in mm): body 4. 50 x 1. 30" ]

{ "text": [ "cephalotes olmecus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "giving their name also as gliding ants . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25 ] }

[ "cephalotes olmecus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. giving their name also as gliding ants." ]

[ "the bar - tailed goatfish is even less common than the black - spot goatfish .\nthe reefs in key west are alive with colorful yellow goatfish and yellowtail snapper. because of their similar coloration, it’s not uncommon for snorkelers, anglers and scuba divers to confuse the two. although both feature sleek silvery bodies with yellow strips, the yellow goatfish features barbels or whiskers under the chin, and the yellow snapper does not. in addition, the yellow snapper has a deeply forked tail. these two species also have different feeding habits. the yellowtail snapper feeds on worms, crabs, cephalopods, shrimp and gamete, while the yellow goatfish prey on buried invertebrates. the yellow goatfish use their barbels in a foraging technique. it creates a sediment cloud that actually feeds many other fish. when the ocean sand is disturbed, many other fish swoop in to feed on the algae present in the cloud .\nwhat made you want to look up yellow goatfish? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe goldstripe goatfish can be recognised by the barbels on its chin and colouration. it is white to pale pink with a blue - margined yellow stripe from the eye to the caudal peduncle. all the median fins and pelvic fins are yellow .\na pale goatfish with a yellow stripe along the body at eye level, usually with a blackish or dusky spot in the stripe below the first dorsal fin, additional yellow striping often on the cheek and along the abdomen, and yellowish fins (except pectorals). the yellow stripe may be indistinct, and the blackish spot may not be present in some fish .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - black - banded sea kraits hunting with yellow goatfish and bluefin trevally\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - black - banded sea kraits hunting with yellow goatfish and bluefin trevally\ntitle =\narkive photo - black - banded sea kraits hunting with yellow goatfish and bluefin trevally\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nyellowstripe goatfish (weke ‘a’a) are silver with a yellow stripe near the dorsal fin. their fins are very pale and there may be a dark spot present on their stripe .\nyellowfin goatfish (weke ‘ula) have yellow fins with bodies that vary from silver to deep pink. they are more common in deeper waters than the shallow areas of hanauma bay .\nbody pale tan with a distinctive yellow stripe from the eye to the tail. tail also yellow. upper body may have shadings ranging from blue to olive or red. fins, other than the tail, may be white or yellowish (\ndorsal spines (total): 9; dorsal soft rays (total): 8; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 6. body pale tan with distinctive yellow stripe from eye to caudal fin; tail yellow. less brightly colored than other species and is the only one with a single yellow stripe along side (ref. 26938) .\nscientific name: mulloidichthys martinicus (cuvier in cuvier and valenciennes, 1829) common name: yellow goatfish species codes for trip ticket reporting: food and bait code: 401 - goatfish marine life code: 871 - goatfish, other license and endorsements required for commercial harvest: spl - saltwater products license * these are unofficial designations, please see florida administrative code chapter 68b for specifics, urltoken .\ngoatfish are occasionally caught on a small hook and make excellent eating but they are not fished commercially .\ngoatfish are one of hanauma bay’s more prolific residents, but you may look them by. compared with other colorful fish like parrotfish they are downright subtle. goatfish have the ability to change their coloration depending on their activity. for example, the yellowfin goatfish (which lives in hawaii and the red sea) often schools with blue - striped snappers. in this mixed company, the yellofin goatfish actually change their coloration so they blend in more .\nbandtail goatfish (weke pueo) are silver with two brown stripes and a barred tail. they are unique to hawaii .\nin the red sea, a tiny fish has been cornered by a group of hunters working as a team. one of them chased it into a coral crevice, while the others circled around to block off any exists. with no escape, the predators – a group of yellow saddle goatfish – close in on their prey .\nall types of goatfish are diurnal, meaning they are awake during the day. many species of goatfish will form large non - feeding schools during the day. at night, the schools disperse and individual fish head their separate ways to loot through the sand looking for food .\ndepending on the time you visit hanauma bay you’ll either see goatfish in large schools with other schooling fish, or combing the ocean floor individually .\nyellow goatfish are beautiful, hardy additions to most tanks. while they are likely to eat smaller fish, tubeworms and motile inverts, we have found them to be low risk with corals and anemones. in addition they do a great job turning over the sandbed, watching them hunt through it with their barbels is very interesting, especially when they find a tasty morsel .\ngolani d (1994) niche separation between colonizing and indigenous goatfish (mullidae) along the mediterranean coast of israel. j fish biol 45: 503–513\nfernandez - silva, i. , randall, j. e. , coleman, r. r. , dibattista, j. d. , rocha, l. a. , reimer, j. d. , meyer, c. g. & bowen, b. w. 2015. , yellow tails in the red sea: phylogeography of the indo - pacific goatfish\ngoatfish, sociable as they are, like to be groomed by cleaner fishes and spend far more time than other fishes seeking cleaning services in areas where they are available. sometimes dozens of goatfish can be seen clustered around a crimson cleaner fish or combfish, patiently waiting their turn to be inspected for parasites .\nthe goldstripe goatfish can be recognised by the barbels on its chin and colouration. it is found widely in tropical marine waters of the indo - pacific .\nkrajewski jp, bonaldo rm (2006) plankton - picking by the␣goatfish pseudupeneus maculatus (mullidae), a specialized bottom forager. j fish biol 68: 925–930\nwhitesaddle goatfish (kumu) are common near in the shallow waters. they are bright pink with a small white spot near the base of their ventral fin .\nblack - spot goatfish of anything over 20cm have not been seen, suggesting that this species does not survive our cool winters and that it does not reproduce here .\ngoatfish have two separate dorsal fins and their mouths are slightly under slung. the largest goatfish are 21 inches but most are only half that size. they have sensory whiskers (similar to a cat fish) underneath their mouths. these are called barbels and are used to probe, excavate and taste the bottom of the ocean floor .\na yellowstripe goatfish, mulloidichthys flavolineatus, at north solitary island, new south wales. source: ian v. shaw / reef life survey. license: cc by attribution\nthe common goatfish is one of the most beautiful fishes in our country. it can change colour rapidly from a sandy colour to bright red. at night when resting on the bottom, goatfish are particularly beautiful. they are found in tranquil waters above the sandy bottom, either in the deep of exposed rocky shores or in the shallows of sheltered shores. inside the hauraki gulf, the goatfish is numerous. with its sensitive barbels it can find its food easily and thus spends much of its time resting or socialising in groups .\nyellow goatfish are usually found around reefs, from as shallow as 20 feet to as deep as 200 or more. as juveniles they are a schooling fish, but tend to be more solitary as they grow into adulthood. the largest recorded size was a male that was 20 inches long, but they are much more commonly found at about half that size. they are harvested for food and for the aquarium trade, and chased as gamefish .\nbody colour of this species varies from almost white to a dull red with an overlying pattern of four broad longitudinal yellow - brown stripes. these begin on the snout and run to the caudal peduncle where they fuse around a large black spot on each side of the upper caudal peduncle .\nthe goldstripe goatfish is found widely in tropical marine waters of the indo - pacific. in australia it is recorded from most tropical waters and down the east coast to central new south wales .\nmanybar goatfish (moano) is a common reef fish. they have irregular black and white bars on a red to purple background. the larger the fish is, the darker the stripes are .\nwhen snorkeling in key west, both of these species can be found hovering in schools over the reefs. key west’s most pristine reefs and largest reefs are just several miles off shore. sand key is one of the most popular snorkeling destinations. the islet is marked by an iron lighthouse and offers over 10 miles of coral reefs and marine life. here, you will find an abundance of both yellow goatfish and yellowtail snapper. another popular snorkeling destination is on the south side of key west marine park .\ngoatfish are benthic feeders and use their long barbells to sift through the sand looking for a meal. like goats, they eat anything edible. they dine on worms, crustaceans, mollusks and other small invertebrates .\nbody moderately elongate. chin with 2 slender barbels, usually not reaching rear margin of preopercle. mouth small; villiform teeth in a narrow band in jaws, on palatines, and in 2 small patches on vomer. first gill arch with 7 to 9 gill rakers on upper limb, 19 to 21 on lower limb (total 21 to 25). two well - separated dorsal fins, the first with viii spines, but first spine minute, and the second with 9 soft rays; anal fin with 7 soft rays; pectoral - fin rays 15 to 17. lateral - line scales 34 to 36; scales present on side of snout; small scales basally on second dorsal and anal fins. body silvery greenish on back, silvery on sides, with 4 distinct narrow brassy yellow stripes on upper two - thirds of body; ventral part of body often yellow; upper lobe of caudal fin with 4 or 5 dark cross bands; lower lobe of caudal fin with 3 dark cross bands, the distal band nearly twice as broad and more intensely black than middle band; first dorsal fin broadly tipped with black, with 2 broad dusky yellow stripes below; second dorsal fin with 3 dusky yellow stripes; remaining fins whitish; barbels usually white; peritoneum dark brown to blackish .\nthe goatfish normally forage alone, using their whisker - like barbels to feel around for prey buried in sand. they only team up when they hunt among corals. the moment one fish shoots off towards a target, the others join in the hunt. once the chaser drives its prey into coral crevices, the others act as blockers, swimming around to cut it off. steinegger has started to test captive goatfish and he has duplicated the same coordinated hunts in the controlled conditions of a lab .\nthe bar - tailed goatfish is more elongate and blunt headed than either of its new zealand relatives, and is markedly smaller, averaging only 10 to 15cm in length. in its natural habitat this species is pale fawn in colour with a pink tinge on the back and silver beneath. the fins are translucent with thin yellow - brown longitudinal bands and the tail has a stripe of the same colour running the length of the lower fin lobe and three transverse bands across the upper lobe. this unusual irregular tail patterning is the most obvious distinguishing feature of this fish. fresh dead specimens are red - pink with bright red bars on the fins .\nthe goatfish is an elongate, bottom - living fish of inshore waters that ranges in length from 15 to just over 30cm as an adult. small goatfish feed for most of the daylight hours, usually foraging on the bottom in loose schools, eating mainly small crustaceans and worms. in contrast large fish spend much of their time resting in groups on the bottom and appear to have preferred gathering areas where large numbers of individuals may be seen lying close together. these same rest areas are used day after day for many years. groups contain typically 20 fish with 2 - 3 males and 5 - 6 mature females .\nthe goatfishes (mullidae) include about 50 bottom - foraging fish species. the foraging activity of the yellow goatfish, mulloidichthys martinicus, and the spotted goatfish, pseudupeneus maculatus, was studied comparatively at fernando de noronha archipelago, off coast of northeast brazil tropical west atlantic. pseudupeneus maculatus fed over a larger variety of substrate types, had lower feeding rate, roamed more per given time, spent less time in a feeding event, and displayed a more diverse repertoire of feeding modes than m. martinicus. the differences in the foraging activity and behaviour between the two species possibly minimize a potential resource overlap, as already recorded for other sympatric mullids. pseudupeneus maculatus had lower feeding rate most likely because it feeds on larger items, and roamed over greater distance per time. possibly this is because it foraged over a greater variety of substrate distributed over a larger area than that used by m. martinicus. notwithstanding the overall morphological and behavioural similarity of goatfishes in general, they do differ in their substrate preferences and foraging activity, which indicates that these fishes should not be simply considered generalized bottom foragers .\nthe black - spot goatfish is very similar in shape to the common goatfish but grows to a larger size, attaining a maximum length of over 40cm. during warm summers it is found in the warmer coastal waters of ne nz. normally a sociable animal, the' stragglers' found in nz are usually alone or in very small numbers. consequently they seek to socialise with fish that look like them. they are often found trying the company of young sandagers wrasses and female crimson cleanerfishes who also have a black spot on their tails. but this leads to much frustration because these two species hardly sit still for a moment and swim well above the bottom .\nlarge individuals feed mainly on blennies and triplefins and can often be seen hunting these small fishes around crevices and boulders. sometimes groups of large goatfish hunt in a pack, gathering around a suitable crevice or large sponge colony and frantically waving their barbels over the bottom to herd the small fishes together so they can be caught more easily .\nthis fish is found throughout the indo - pacific from japan to australia and a few specimens were seen at the poor knights islands off the east coast of northland in 1971. it is likely that this goatfish is an irregular visitor to new zealand drifting across the tasman sea during the larval stage in years when the summer water temperatures are high .\nthe length of the breeding season is uncertain. courting behaviour can be observed frequently during november and december. pair spawning has been observed early february at dusk. the brightly coloured male courts the female, moving about her in circles, displaying his bright yellow dorsal fins. the pair move side by side up into the water column, about 2m off the bottom. they roll sideways, ventral surfaces opposed, and release their gametes into the water. the pair separate immediately after spawning. newly settled juveniles are first seen in the field over late january and early february .\nthe goatfish are one of the few examples of fish that hunt in groups, and their strategy has just been described by carine strubin, marc steinegger and redouan bshary from the university of neuchatel. bshary has spent over a decade in the red sea, studying the local fish. “i spent a long time working on cleaner wrasses, ” he says. “during that time, one happens to see a lot of things. ”\nmany species of fish will attack the same prey, but very few truly work together during a hunt by coordinating their attacks. until now, the most sophisticated example was an african elephantfish that flushes out its prey in tight formations, and communicates with one another using electric pulses. but the goatfish are more sophisticated still. they’re the only known species of fish where different individuals assume specific roles, not unlike hunting wolves, lions or chimps .\ndistribution: this species is found on rocky reef areas or on sand patches near reefs from depths of a few metres down to about 100m. they are common around the north island and the northern part of the south island as well as being abundant around most of australia. fish counts made by divers around eastern northland show the goatfish to be the most abundant of the larger reef fish and numbers of about 10, 000 per kilometre of coastline were recorded .\nthe cooperative hunts of the goatfish were one of these incidental observations. after repeatedly snorkelling after the fish, strubin gradually learned that they have distinctive spots on their bodies and blue lines around their eyes. eventually, she could tell 17 different individuals from one another, and she learned that they form surprisingly stable social networks. each fish would regularly keep in touch with the same companions, usually ones of similar size. they could belong to several different groups, but those groups would keep the same members over time .\ndescription: a steeply sloping forehead ends in a small downward facing mouth and beneath the chin are a pair of conspicuous long barbels. this pair of feelers, which is a feature of all goat - fishes, is used to dig in bottom crevices or sediments to disturb invertebrates or small fish that are quickly snapped up. there are two separate dorsal fins, the first high and triangular and the second longer and more rounded. goatfish are variable in colour. small individuals less than 20cm long, are pale pink - brown above, white below, and have a line of dark brown squarish splotches along each flank. the fins are yellowish, often tinged with blue. larger specimens have this same colour pattern when feeding or swimming but are differently coloured when resting on the bottom. at these times the entire body and fins are suffused with bright red, there is a pale blue spot on each body scale, and blue markings on the head and fins. the line of brown markings on the flanks becomes a dark red - brown. courting males are similarly coloured but are blue tinged pink rather than red and have bright blue markings on the fins. at night, or when removed from the water, goatfish are bright orange - red splotched with white .\nduring december and january large males of this species set up temporary spawning territories and have elaborate border displays and disputes to keep other males out. at this time pairs of these males are often seen parading to and fro along a disputed border, fins tautly spread and their colours glowing. these disputes sometimes end in violent clashes that leave the combatants with gashes on their heads and sides, and torn fins. females straying within these territories are courted with a similar spread - fin display, and if receptive are mounted by the male as a prelude to the spawning run. with the male' s pelvic fins straddling the female' s back, the fishes swim obliquely upwards for three or four metres with an exaggerated sinuous swimming motion before turning, releasing clouds of eggs and sperm, and rushing back to the bottom. young goatfish a few centimetres long first appear in march and april and grow rapidly to reach a length of about 15cm by the end of their first year .\nlatin, mullus = soft + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 49 m (ref. 9710), usually 0 - 35 m (ref. 40849). subtropical; 33°n - 26°s, 98°w - 8°e\nwestern atlantic: bermuda and florida, usa to brazil, including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea (ref. 9626). eastern atlantic: single record from ile de sào tiago, baie de tarrafal, cape verde (ref. 7313). reported from são tomé island (ref. 34088) .\nmaturity: l m 17. 0 range? -? cm max length: 39. 4 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 26340); common length: 28. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3792 )\nfound over sandy areas of lagoon and seaward reefs (ref. 9710). often in schools (ref. 26938). forms schools with the smallmouth grunt (haemulon chrysargyreum), an association regarded as social protective mimicry (ref. 52492). juveniles are common in seagrass beds (ref. 9710). feeds on benthic invertebrates (ref. 7313). marketed fresh (ref. 3792) .\nrobins, c. r. and g. c. ray, 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 354 p. (ref. 7251 )\n): 23. 4 - 28, mean 26. 6 (based on 720 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5078 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01047 (0. 00912 - 0. 01203), b = 3. 10 (3. 06 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 1 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nand seaward reefs, down to 50 m. often in schools. they use the two barbels when looking for food in the sand. when they do not use these feelers, they are hidden in a groove. feeding on benthic invertebrates .\nhumann, p. , 1989. reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nnagelkerken, w. , 1980. coral reef fishes of aruba, bonaire and curaçao. published by the island territory of curacao .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou may not duplicate, copy, or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission. any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nfwc facts: although the florida red tide is a naturally occurring phenomenon, agricultural and urban runoff can prolong red tide blooms inshore .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s. meridian st. • tallahassee, fl 32399 - 1600 • (850) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120. 74, florida statutes, the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law, e - mail addresses are public records. if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. instead, contact this office by phone or in writing .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead, we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 4 december 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 4 december 2014) .\ndooley, j. , collette, b. b. , aiken, k. a. , marechal, j. , pina amargos, f. , kishore, r. & singh - renton, s .\nde morais, l. , williams, a. b. , quartey, r. , sylla, m. , lindeman, k. , camara, k. , carpenter, k. e. , djiman, r. , montiero, v. , nunoo, f. , sagna, a. & sidibe, a .\nthis widely distributed species is common and abundant where it occurs over a variety of shallow habitats including seagrass beds, mangroves, and reef structure. i\nt is a component of subsistence and recreational fisheries in parts of its range, particularly in the caribbean, but this is not considered to be a major threat to its overall population. therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nmulloidichthys martinicus is distributed in the western atlantic from southeastern florida south along the u. s. , bermuda, the bahamas, throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea, and along south america to southern brazil including the fernando do noronha islands and trinidade island (krajewski and floeter 2011, simon et al. 2013). it does not occur in regions devoid of reefs and is probably absent from broad regions off the mouths of the orinoco and amazon rivers (randall 2002). in the eastern atlantic it is known from the canary islands, ascension island (lubbock 1980), saint helena island (edwards and glass 1986), the cape verde islands (ben - tuvia 1990), and sao tome island in the gulf of guinea (alfonso et al. 1999). its depth range is 0 - 50 m (lieske and myers 1994) .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil (trindade); cape verde; cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; french guiana; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; guyana; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; puerto rico; saint barthélemy; saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha (ascension, saint helena (main island) ); saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sao tomé and principe (principe, sâo tomé); sint maarten (dutch part); spain (canary is .); suriname; trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis species is described as one of the most abundant goatfishes on the reefs of the tropical western atlantic (krajewski et al. 2006). males tend to be more abundant than females at the port royal reef and at pedro bank in the caribbean (munro 1976). recent visual surveys off jamaica show that populations of this species are significantly reduced (k. aiken pers. comm. 2013). it was among the 25 most frequently sighted fishes on the flower garden banks during a visual survey conducted in 1999 (pattengill - semmens and gittings 2003). off colombia, this species made up 1. 19% of total catches in a bottom trawl survey (strome 1988). it is rare in the eastern central atlantic (golani in press) where it has only been recorded off oceanic islands (alfonso et al. 1999). it was present in low densities at joao valente bank of the cape verde archipelago (monteiro et al. 2008), but is considered generally common throughout the cape verdes .\nthis species occurs along shallow coasts around reefs, seagrass beds, sedimentary rocks, sand, maerl beds, and brown algae. it is also found in association with seamounts (monteiro et al. 2008). juveniles are associated with seagrass beds (randall 1968). mangroves and seagrass beds are important feeding grounds (nagelkerken and van der valde 2004). it utilizes long barbels equipped with chemoreceptors to feed in large schools over sand on polychaete worms, clams, puncluids, isopods, amphipods and other crustaceans. it tends to form groups near reefs when not feeding (randall 2002). it forms heterotypic schools with haemulon spp. as well as wrasses, surgeonfishes and other common reef species. it is similar in shape and colour patterns and gain protection by forming these schools (krajewski et al. 2004, munro 1976). first maturity for males occurs at 18. 5 cm fl (118g) and females at or before 17. 5 cm fl (90g) with full maturity attained within one centimeter of these measurements. males are usually larger and tend to be more abundant then females which suggests sexual dimorphism in relative or absolute growth rates or mortality rates. males have a slower growth rate than females. spawning primarily takes place from march to april and then september to october (munro 1976). it utilizes the waters off vieques island, puerto rico as spawning, nursery and adult foraging grounds (noaa office of response and restoration 2007) .\non nearshore areas of the jamaican shelf, goatfishes frequently occur in the trap fishery. they are also captured in beach seines and gill - nets in back reef areas. males grow more slowly than females and are recruited into the fishery at an older age and are fully recruited into the fishery at a size of 20 cm or more (munro 1976). it is also subject to exploitation in belize and saba (polunin and roberts 1993) and is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry in venezuela (cervigón 1979). fishing pressure for this species is low throughout the gulf of mexico (r. claro and t. camarena - luhrs pers. comm. 2014). in cape verde, this species is a minor commercial species and current trends indicate that this species population is stable. it is caught with handlines or gill nets .\ndegradation of sensitive coastal habitats may locally impact this species. this species is captured in trap fisheries in the caribbean where it is sold for food, but this is not considered to be significantly impacting the populations on a global scale. due to its mobile behavior, this species is not considered to be vulnerable to predation by the invasive lionfish (r. robertson pers. comm. 2014) .\nmulloidichthys martinicus is included in the 2011 caribbean annual catch limit (acl) amendment list of species off puerto rico and u. s. virgin islands (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2011) .\ndooley, j. , collette, b. b. , aiken, k. a. , marechal, j. , pina amargos, f. , kishore, r. & singh - renton, s. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nwhether you' re a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon' t have an account yet? sign up. it' s free and takes five seconds .\nneed help booking your tour? our professional and local staff is here to help. contact a key west dive center representative by calling (866) 563 - 1805 or click the live chat button to right .\ncome to key west for a bird watching vacation, and you will not be disappointed by what you could see. depending on season of visiting, you could get to see one of these little guys that are featured in our key west bird of the week !\n© copyright 2013 ocean vue adventures - 201 william st. slip # 6e, key west, fl\nto prove it we are matching all online pricing on the tours we offer .\nwe thank j. m. silva - jr (centro golfinho rotador) and the projeto tamar (c. bellini and a. grossman) for logistical support at fernando de noronha archipelago; the ibama (m. a. silva) for logistical support and issuing study permits at fernando de noronha archipelago; the águas claras, atlantis, and noronha divers diving centres for allowing free use of their facilities; s. r. floeter, f. p. p. leite, v. lukoschek, v. s. uieda, for suggestion on the manuscript; p. r. guimarães - jr. for help with the statistical analysis; the capes, cnpq, faep - unicamp, fapesp, and proap - unicamp for financial support .\ncarvalho - filho a (1999) peixes da costa brasileira, 3a edn. editora melro, são paulo\nconnell jh (1980) diversity and coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. oikos 35: 131–138\ngosline wa (1984) structure, function, and ecology in the goatfishes (family mullidae). pac sci 38: 312–323\nhumann p, deloach n (2002) reef fish identification: florida, caribbean, bahamas. new world publications, jacksonville florida\nitzkowitz m (1977) social dynamics of mixed - species groups of jamaican reef fishes. behav ecol sociobiol 2: 361–384\nlabropoulou m, eleftheriou a (1997) the foraging ecology of two pairs of congeneric demersal fish species: importance of morphological characteristics in prey selection. j fish biol 50: 324–340\nlehner pn (1979) handbook of ethological methods. new york: garland stpm press\n( mullidae): relationship between foraging behaviour, habitat use, jaw size, and prey selection. mar biol 128: 1099–1113\nlukoschek v, mccormick mi (2002) a review of multi - species foraging associations in fishes and their ecological significance. proceedings of the 9th international coral reef symposium 1: 467–474\nmaida m, ferreira bp (1997) coral reefs of brazil: an overview. proceedings of the 8th international coral reef symposium 1: 263–274\nmccormick mi (1995) fish feeding on mobile benthic invertebrates: influence of variability in habitat associations. mar biol 121: 627–637\nmunro jl (1976) aspects of the biology and ecology of caribbean reef fishes: mullidae (goat fishes). j fish biol 9: 79–97\nrandall je (1967) food habits of reef fishes of the west indies. stud trop oceanogr miami 5: 665–847\nrandall je, allen gr, steene rc (1997) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea. honolulu, hawaii: university of hawaii press\nsazima c, bonaldo rm, krajewski jp, sazima i (2005) the noronha wrasse: a “jack - of - al - trades” follower. aqua, j ichthyol aquat biol 9: 97–108\n, on the reefs of the abrolhos archipelago, western south atlantic. environ biol fishes 56: 399–407\nschoener tw (1974) resource partitioning in ecological communities. science 185: 27–39\nsierra lm, claro r, popova oa (1994) alimentación y relaciones tróficas. in: claro r, (eds) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba. quintana roo, méxico: centro de investigaciones de quintana roo, pp 263–320\nstarck as, davis wp (1966) night habits of fishes of alligator reef, florida. ichthyologica 38: 315–356\nzar jh (1996) biostatistical analysis, 3rd edn. new jersey: prentice hall, upper saddle river\nkrajewski, j. p. , bonaldo, r. m. , sazima, c. et al. environ biol fish (2006) 77: 1. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ngoatfishes have two barbels under their chins, which look like a goatie beard. they eat worms and crustaceans found in the loose sand. they are sociable. they turn red when dead .\nmullus = sea barbel, the greek and romans knew this fish from the mediterranean sea. when dead, they all become reddish. (mulleus = red, purpur, l )\ngoatfishes are found in all tropical to subtropical regions of the world (miocene to present). these fishes have two barbels extending under their chins, which usually lay flat against their chins. with these barbles, which act like tongues, they can stir the bottom and taste what lives there. they like to live in sheltered waters, which is also home to their prey. 50 - 60 species world - wid, in nz only three species are found, one of which is common and which breeds here .\ngoatfishes which are perhaps the most beautiful fishes we have, are a common sight. they can change colour rapidly and they can camouflage themselves by looking like the sand. they feed by stirring the sandy bottom with their barbels. with these barbels they taste what is there .\ntwo dorsal fins; d viii + i 8; a ii 6; p i 5; ll 29; length 15 - 30cm. maximum 45cm at 400g. large scales .\nthe life span of this species is unknown. juveniles settle out of the plankton when they are 3 - 4cm and still a shiny silvery colour, which changes rapidly to white. by the end of their first year these fish have reached about 13cm in length. then growth slows and 2 year old fish measure about 16cm .\nd vii + i 8; a i 6; p i 5; ll 29. length 10 - 15cm .\nthis species is widely distributed in shallow water in the tropical indo - pacific region, and small numbers have been found in warm years around some of the offshore islands of northland' s east coast, especially at the poor knights islands .\nd vii + i 8; a i 6; p i 5; ll 29. size 10 - 15cm .\nthis is the second time that bshary has observed red sea fish hunting in teams. in 2006, he described an equally remarkable alliance between two formidable predators: the giant moray eel and the roving coral grouper. again, this discovery was the result of his work with the cleaner wrasse. “i followed groupers to see how they interact with several cleaners in a row, and i observed them signalling towards the morays, ” he says .\nbshary saw that the groupers would visit the morays in their resting places and vigorously shake their heads. the signal is a call to arms, rousing the lazing morays to leave their crevices and swim off with the groupers. the groupers trigger the alliance if they’re hungry or frustrated. bshary found that they were less likely to recruit morays if they’d just been fed, but more likely if they had just chased a prey fish into an inaccessible crevice .\nthe groupers lead the eels to a place where prey are hidden, and signal the right spot with more head - shaking; the morays investigate. the two species have complementary hunting skills. the groupers are open - water specialists, but the morays can probe in cracks and crevices. when both species hunt together, nowhere is safe. when the moray dives in, the fish has two options: stay and be eaten by the eel, or flee and be picked off by the grouper. only one of the two predators will grab any individual prey, but both have a greater chance of eating if they work together. certainly, the groupers are five times more successful at catching prey if their partners are around .\nit’s not clear what either example says about how intelligent the fish are. “that’s the big question, ” says bshary. “one could turn it round and ask what the results tell us about the mental abilities of other collaboratively hunting species. ” he notes that people have assumed that hunting in packs demands a higher intelligence, without actually working out why .\nfor example, the goatfishes’ tactics could emerge from just one simple rule: stay around the prey but keep as much distance from the other group members as possible. strubin also points out that the chaser is the one that starts the pursuit, so it’s more likely to catch the prey in a straight chase. the blockers may be more likely to catch the fish if they circle around – a selfish strategy that looks a lot like cooperation .\nthe alliance between the groupers and morays is even less intellectually demanding. both are simply acting in the way they normally would and by virtue of that, they end up playing different roles. again, by behaving entirely selfishly, they both get more food. and again, a simple rule works: hunt next to the other species if they’re around and you’re hungry. the grouper’s signals might hint at something more complex, but bshary points out that groupers hunt in the day and morays at night. the grouper would need to do something to rouse the eel’s attention .\nwith two examples in five years, it’s likely that there are more examples of reef team - ups left to discover, and that bshary is the man to discover them. “fish seem to be much cooler than people thought, ” he says. “it’s a pleasure to describe collaborative hunting within and between fish species, because that is natural history with a strong element of surprise. ”\nbshary, r. , hohner, a. , ait - el - djoudi, k. , & fricke, h. (2006). interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the red sea\nsimilar happens between sea snakes and fish - can’t remember if it’s groupers or jacks. it can involve many sea snakes and fish at once, with the snakes following the fish around. quite amazing to see, the ‘cooperation’ is very clear on order of many members of both species at once .\nit is jacks that the sea snakes follow. cooperative hunting is pretty well known in jacks in general. i recall seeing a bbc program on the great barrier reef that showed a group of jacks chasing reef fish and the fish hid in the coral. the jacks hovered over the coral and one jack went below the coral and inserted its snout into the coral crevices. this frightened the fish hiding within and the jacks above caught their prey .\nthat clip illustrated to me that cooperative hunting may be more widespread in fishes than we realised and that they are certainly more intelligent than we gave them credit for. i’m surprised bshary is downplaying the complexity of the behaviour of both goatfishes and moray / groupers seeing as it was his research on cleaner wrasses show that fish can be animals with complex behaviours and intelligence to match the “higher” vertebrates such as mammals. the cleaner wrasse is an extraordinarily fascinating animal that is capable of machiavellian behaviour and i completely recommend people to read bshary’s research. it is eye opening stuff .\nhere in hawaii the peacock groupers and white mouth morays exhibit similar behavior. we don’t have any other common shallow water groupers and the peacock grouper was deliberately introduced from tahiti about 50 years ago. the eels don’t seem to engage in cooperative hunting with other fish. so it appears the eels learned the trick (were taught by the groupers ?) in a short period of time .\nan extra detail: as the eel enters the indicated coral head the grouper moves to the far side of the coral head because the prey will exit as far away as possible from the eel’s entry point .\nat night off cocos island in costa rica you can watch packs of white tip reef sharks hunting in coordination with jacks. it works much the same way as the grouper. fish that hide in the rocks are rooted out by the sharks that wriggle into the reef. when the prey fish break and run the jacks get them. it’s one of the most amazing night dives you can make. dozens of reef sharks swarming the reef with big black jacks following the pack. the dive is off a rock called manuelita .\ndive into the awe - inspiring, beautiful and quirky world of science news with award - winning writer ed yong. no previous experience required .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source: atlas of living australia .\nallen, g. r. 1997. marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia. western australian museum. pp. 292 .\nhoese, d. f. , bray, d. j. , paxton, j. r. & g. r. allen. 2006. fishes. in beesley, p. l. & a. wells. (eds) zoological catalogue of australia. volume 35. abrs & csiro publishing: australia. parts 1 - 3, pages 1 - 2178 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433 .\nkuiter, r. h. 2000. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. gary allen. pp. 437." ]

{ "text": [ "the yellow goatfish ( mulloidichthys martinicus ) , also known as yellowsaddle , is a species of goatfish native to the atlantic ocean around the coasts of africa and the americas .", "this species can reach a length of 39.4 centimetres ( 15.5 in ) tl , but most reach lengths only around 28 centimetres ( 11 in ) .", "they are of minor importance to local commercial fisheries , even though they have been reported to carry the ciguatera toxin . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 15 ] }

[ "the yellow goatfish (mulloidichthys martinicus), also known as yellowsaddle, is a species of goatfish native to the atlantic ocean around the coasts of africa and the americas. this species can reach a length of 39.4 centimetres (15.5 in) tl, but most reach lengths only around 28 centimetres (11 in). they are of minor importance to local commercial fisheries, even though they have been reported to carry the ciguatera toxin." ]

[ "adult female tupaia (tupaia belangeri) maintained at the department of animal hygiene, kagoshima university .\nsome authors have suggested this species could be included within the genus tupaia, although most have kept the genus separate based on anatomical differences. [ 7 ]\nare we missing a good definition for genus tupaia? don' t keep it to yourself ...\nthe genus urogale, a philippine endemic, has been subsumed into tupaia (roberts et al. 2011) .\n[ nematodes of the genus spirura, parasites of tupaia and nycticebus in malaysia (author' s transl) ] .\n[ nematodes of the genus spirura, parasites of tupaia and nycticebus in malaysia (author' s transl) ]. - pubmed - ncbi\nticks. a monograph of the ixodida. part iii. the genus haemaphysalis .\nthe genus contains virus identified in the douroucouli (owl monkey or night monkey) .\ntupaia belangeri as an experimental animal model for viral infection. - pubmed - ncbi\n. analysis and characterization of the complete genome of tupaia (tree shrew) herpesvirus .\n. physical map of tupaia adenovirus dna by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and partial denaturation .\nvirions are non - enveloped, with reported diameters of about 30 nm for torque teno viruses (ttvs, genus alphatorquevirus) and torque teno mini viruses (ttmvs, genus betatorquevirus) (figure 1) .\ntype - host: tupaia glis diard & duvaucel (scandentia: tupaiidae), common treeshrew .\n1995. common tree shrew (tupaia glis). pp. 62 in d stone, ed .\nmiller, e. 2007. tupaia tana. animal diversity web. retrieved july 24, 2012 .\nwas previously assessed under urogale, but is now placed under tupaia hence the creation of this amended assessment .\n2006 .\ntupaia tana\n( on - line). accessed january 19, 2007 at urltoken .\nbinz, h. , e. zimmermann. 1989. the vocal repertoire of adult tree shrews (tupaia belangeri .\nbain o, mutafchiev y, junker k, guerrero r, martin c, lefoulon e, et al. review of the genus\nnote: the nucleotide sequence of this virus identified in swine presents a degree of sequence divergence compatible with the creation of a distinct genus. however, it has been proposed to classify this virus in the genus iotatoquevirus until further data have been collected in swine species .\ngray, j. e. (1848). description of a new genus of insectivorous mammalia, or talpidae, from borneo .\nbinz, h. , e. zimmermann. 1989. the vocal repertoire of adult tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) .\ntupaia glis salatana (marcus ward lyon, jr. , 1913) - south of rajang river and kayan river in borneo\nuse olfactory communication but it also uses many vocalizations in communication. binz and zimmermann (1989) discovered eight distinct sounds made by the genus\nmembers of the family anelloviridae have features in common with chicken anaemia virus, the type species of genus gyrovirus, family circoviridae. namely :\ngenome institute (gi). 2012. tupaia belangeri. the genome institute at washington university. retrieved july 24, 2012 .\n. an adenovirus from tupaia (tree shrew): growth of the virus, characterization of viral dna, and transforming ability .\n. the nucleotide sequence of the early region of the tupaia adenovirus dna corresponding to the oncogenic region e1b of human adenovirus 7 .\nthe genus contains viruses identified in humans and non - human primates, with genomes ranging from about 3. 6 to 3. 9 kb .\nthe genus contains viruses identified in humans and non - human primates, with genomes ranging from about 2. 8 to 2. 9 kb .\ntsang, w. , p. collins. 1985. techniques for hand rearing tree - shrews (tupaia belangeri) from birth .\nmartin, r. 1968. reproduction and ontogeny in tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) with reference to their general behavior and taxonomic relationships .\n. tupaia (tree shrew) adenovirus dna: sequence of the left - hand fragment corresponding to the transforming early region of human adenoviruses .\ntupaia glis is used by researchers as animal models for human diseases because of their close relationship to primates, and their well - developed senses of vision and hearing. research studies have included hepatitis. another instance has been documented where an individual of tupaia glis developed breast cancer .\nburger td, shao r, barker sc. phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rrna genes of ticks reveals a deep phylogenetic structure within the genus\n2005 .\ncommon tree shrew – tupaia glis\n( on - line). america zoo. accessed march 07, 2005 at urltoken .\ngenus. in view of the eight phylogenetic trees, tav seems to have similar phylogenetic distances to human, bovine, porcine, canine, and ovine adenoviruses .\ncollins, p. , w. tsang. 1987. growth and reproductive development in the male tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) from birth to sexual maturity .\nschehka, s. , k. esser, e. zimmermann. 2007. acoustical expression of arousal in conflict situations in tree shrews (tupaia belangeri) .\nsargis, e. 2001. the grasping behaviour, locomotion and substrate use of the tree shrews tupaia minor and t. tana (mammalia, scandentia) .\nto cite this page: cisneros, l. 2005 .\ntupaia glis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: lowther, t. 2013 .\ntupaia belangeri\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nshanahan, m. , s. compton. 2000. fig - eating by bornean tree shrews (tupaia spp .): evidence for a role as seed dispersers .\nto cite this page: miller, e. 2007 .\ntupaia tana\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nthe madras treeshrew (anathana ellioti), also known as the indian treeshrew, is a species of treeshrew in the monotypic genus anathana found in the hill forests of central and southern india. the genus name is derived from the tamil name of moongil anathaan (literally\nbamboo squirrel\n) and the species name is after sir walter elliot of the indian civil services in madras .\ncomments: endemic to borneo. united with t. tana in the genus tana by lyon (1913), but this arrangement is probably not natural (see dene et al. , 1978 )\nthe name tupaia is derived from tupai the malay word for squirrel (nowak 1999) and was provided by sir stamford raffles (craig 1849). among other things, they eat the fruit of rafflesia, a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeastern asia and named after sir raffles, the leader of an 1818 expedition into the indonesia rain forest where they were found .\nthe newly described species appears most closely related to wuchereria spp. and brugia spp. , but differs from these in several morphological characteristics. molecular analyses based on the cox 1 and 12s rrna genes and the its1 region indicated that this species differs from both w. bancrofti and brugia spp. at the genus level. we thus propose a new genus, malayfilaria, along with the new species m. sofiani .\nthe genus contains viruses identified in humans and non - human primates, with genomes of about about 3. 2 kb. some isolates harbouring shorter genomes (ca. 2–2. 6 kb) have been identified .\n). the limitation of this study was that all immature ticks were only identified to the genus level only due to the lack of their morphological descriptions. those individual immature ticks were therefore subjected to molecular identification .\niucn, 2012 .\ntupaia belangeri (northern treeshrew, northern tree shrew )\n( on - line). the iucn red list of threatened species. accessed november 18, 2012 at urltoken .\ncisneros, l. 2005. tupaia glis. in: animal diversity web. urltoken. (accessed january 2013). ecology asia. 2013. common treeshrew. urltoken. (accessed january 2013) .\nthe two subspecies are t. g. longipes and t. g. salatana, with t. g. longipes being duller in color than t. g. salatana. the underparts of t. g. longipes are dull buff to reddish - buff, and the underside of the tail is greyish. the underparts and underside of the tail are dark reddish in t. g. salatana. similar species are tupaia splendidula and tupaia montana .\nmorphological and molecular characteristics of malayfilaria sofiani uni, mat udin & takaoka n. g. , n. sp. (nematoda: filarioidea) from the common treeshrew tupaia glis diard & duvaucel (mammalia: scandentia) in peninsular malaysia\ntupaia tana has been known to spend little time in parental care prior to weaning (less than five minutes every other day to nurse the young) and yet after weaning spending a lot of time with the young (miller 2007) .\nkirchhof, j. , k. hammerschmidt, e. fuchs. 2001. aggression and dominance in tree shrews (tupaia belangeri). agonistic pattern is reflected in vocal patterns. . pp. 409 - 414 in m martinez, ed .\nalignment of amino acid sequences of viral receptors. (a) alignment of cd81 amino acid sequences from tupaia, human and mouse. different amino acids were indicated with red colour. significant amino acids for binding to hcv e2 protein were surround by square (ile182, asn184 and phe186) [, ]. (b) alignment of ntcp amino acid sequences from tupaia, human and mouse. different amino acids were indicated with red colour. hbv pre - s1 binding region [ ] was surrounded by break line box .\nthe common treeshrew (tupaia glis) is a small mammal in the treeshrew family tupaiidae, and is native to thailand, malaysia, and indonesia. it has been listed as least concern by iucn as it remains common and displays some adaptability to ongoing habitat loss .\nthe primary structure of the tav genome (33, 501 bp) and its coding capacity were elucidated. the g + c content of the tav genome was found to be 49. 96% , which is in agreement with the average value known for the members of the mastadenovirus genus .\nmorphological and molecular characteristics of malayfilaria sofiani uni, mat udin & takaoka n. g. , n. sp. (nematoda: filarioidea) from the common treeshrew tupaia glis diard & duvaucel (mammalia: scandentia) in peninsular malaysia | parasites & vectors | full text\nbetween 1821 and 1940, several zoologists described the species from other areas. the species still retains many forms of uncertain rank and validity, and is pending a detailed study. some forms were formerly considered synonyms of tupaia glis; some were elevated to species level. synonyms include :\nbicca - marques jc, heymann ew. 2013. ecology and behaviour of titi monkeys, genus callicebus. in: evolutionary biology and conservation of titis, sakis and uacaris. veiga lm, barnett a, ferrari sf, norconk ma (eds). cambridge: cambridge university press, p 196 - 207 .\na species of sucking louse docophthirus acinetus is found only on this species, the genus itself being restricted to hosts in the family tupaiidae. [ 15 ] endoparasitic microfiliriae have also been described from the species. [ 16 ] the crested hawk - eagle (nisaetus cirrhatus) has been known to prey on this tree shrew. [ 17 ]\nthe species was first described in february 1820 by the french explorers pierre - médard diard and alfred duvaucel in their jointly written article\nsur une nouvelle espèce de sorex — sorex glis\n, which is preceded by an illustration. they observed specimens in penang and singapore, and considered them a species of sorex, and not as a new genus .\nthe fossil record of treeshrews is poor. the oldest putative treeshrew, eodendrogale parva, is from the middle eocene of henan, china, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand, pakistan, india, and yunnan, china, as well as the pliocene of india. most belong to the family tupaiidae, but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew (ptilocercus). named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica, prodendrogale engesseri, and tupaia storchi from yunnan, tupaia miocenica from thailand, and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india (ni and qiu 2012) .\ngenus. the v and pix orfs, as well as the e1, e3, and e4 regions, are characteristic for mastadenoviruses and are positionally perfectly conserved in the tav genome. the tav orfs 23r and t - dbp and some orfs within the e3 and e4 regions, including 84r, 86r, 96l, 101l, 102l, and 103l, seem to be unique for tav .\nin this study, ticks collected from different localities far apart were confirmed morphologically as the genus haemaphysalis. one of the defining morphological features of this genus is the presence of a prominent “blade - like dorsal retrograde process (nuttall and warburton 1915) on trochanter i. they also have short and wide palps with the palp femur projecting laterally beyond the rectangular basis capituli (hoogstraal and kim 1985). the dominant hosts of haemaphysalis ticks in our sampling sites were muridae family comprising of l. sabanus, s. muelleri, m. rajah and r. tiomanicus. this observation is consistent with previous studies that reported the abundance of haemaphysalis ticks with 166 valid species (burger et al. 2013) and their prevalence in domestic animals and rodents surrounding south east asia (kolonin 2009). control of these animals need to be considered if local haemaphysalis ticks were identified as a cause for any potential tick - borne infections .\nis known to encompass species with the least specialized characteristics of all tree shrews. this is in part due to the semi - terrestrial lifestyles of species in this genus. although arboreal tree shrews tend to have a relatively small body size with a short snout, a long tail, eyes facing forward, and poorly developed claws, terrestrial tree shrews have a larger body size with a long snout, short tail, eyes oriented laterally and well - developed claws .\ntupaias, or tree shrews, belong to the family tupaiidae and are originally distributed in southeast asia. they are used worldwide as laboratory animals in neurological and physiological research because their evolutionary lineage is supposed to have branched off at the base of the phylogenetic tree of mammals (35). to date, several herpesviruses (3), a rhabdovirus (36), a paramyxovirus (66), and an adenovirus (16) have been isolated from tree shrews (tupaia spp .) .\ngene content and arrangement comparisons revealed that the tav genome holds 17 orfs, mainly involved in dna replication and virion formation, that are conserved in the genomes of all adenoviruses examined so far and that are therefore assumed to already be present in the genome of a common ancestor (18). the gene arrangement of tav is almost identical to that of mastadenoviruses. orfs unique to tav are tav t - dbp, the two orfs 084r and 086r, which are located in the e3 region, and orfs 096l, 101l, 102l, 103l, and 105r in the e4 genome region, underlining the phenomenon of evolution of lineage - and species - specific genes at the genome termini and in the e3 region of mastadenoviruses. phylogenetic analysis of eight conserved adenoviral proteins confirmed the classification of tav as a member of the mastadenovirus genus. however, it was not possible to declare one adenovirus species to be the most related to tav, which seems to have similar phylogenetic distances to human, bovine, canine, ovine, and porcine adenoviruses. one can assume that tav claims a special evolutionary branch within the mastadenovirus genus. this is in agreement with the taxonomic position of its natural host, whose phylogenetic lineage is also supposed to form a separate branch of the evolutionary tree of mammals, suggesting a coevolutionary development of tav and tupaias .\nconserved tav proteins show the highest homologies to known proteins of various adenoviruses which are all members of the mastadenovirus genus, with the exception of the tav deoxyuridine 5′ - triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dut) homologue, which is most homologous to the corresponding proteins of avian adenoviruses (table 1). no single mastadenovirus species could be identified to be the most related to tav. this is based on the fact that the highest homology values of the potential tav proteins are evenly distributed among a large number of different adenoviruses. figure 3a shows a graphic representation of 28 conserved putative tav proteins sorted according to their highest homology values to human, porcine, bovine, canine, or avian adenoviruses .\n> stream q 2445 0 0 3585 0 0 cm / im0 do q 0 g 1 i bt / tt0 1 tf 0 tc 0 tw 0 ts 100 tz 3 tr 52 0 0 52 147 1720 tm (phylogenetic) tj 9. 673 0 td (study) tj 4. 096 0 td (of) tj 1. 846 0 td (genus) tj 4. 327 0 td (tupaia) tj 3. 538 0 td (\\ (scandentia :) tj 8. 635 0. 038 td (tupaiidae \\) ) tj - 28. 385 - 1. 519 td (using) tj 3. 942 - 0. 019 td (morphological) tj 10. 846 0 td (and) tj 2. 788 0. 019 td (molecular) tj 7. 808 0. 019 td (analyses) tj 44 0 0 44 978 984 tm (eileen) tj 3. 341 - 0. 25 td (anak) tj 2. 795 0. 25 td (lit) tj - 6. 068 - 13. 045 td (master) tj 3. 75 - 0. 25 td (of) tj 1. 273 0. 25 td (science) tj - 1. 818 - 1. 432 td (2011) tj et endstream endobj 3 0 obj <\ninfection with anelloviruses is not restricted to human hosts. viruses have been detected in non - human primates (chimpanzee, macaque, tamarin and douroucouli), tupaia, pets (cat and dog) and farm animals (pig and cow). such identifications were recently extended to a marine mammal (sea lion). the analysis of complete viral sequences from different animal sources reveals a high heterogeneity in the size of the viral genome (ca. 2 to 3. 9 kb), along with a high genetic divergence when compared with human isolates. however, genomic organization and predicted transcription profiles correspond to those found in human isolates .\ncourse of hcv infection in tupaia. (a) tupaias no. 5 and 6 were inoculated with patient serum hcr6. serum alt (iu / ml) and viral loads, measured as amount of hcv rna (copies / ml), were measured for over 120 weeks. set point for serum alt in untreated tupaias was 22. 3 il / ml (n = 23). negative control animals showed no significant alt fluctuations for more than 2 years (n = 3). no hcv rna was detected in the negative controls after more than 2 years (n = 3). (b) tupaias no. 4 and 8 were inoculated with rcv as for the hcr6 inoculated animals .\nin contrast with the new genus, males of species of loa stiles, 1905, pelecitus railliet & henry, 1910 and foleyella seurat, 1917 (dirofilariinae) have strongly developed caudal alae with large, pedunculate papillae [ 1, 2 ]. in addition, the oesophagus is undivided in species of both loa and foleyella, and species of pelecitus possess well - developed lateral alae [ 2 ]. furthermore, adults of loa spp. parasitise primates [ 2 ], adults of pelecitus spp. live among the tendons and muscles near the joints of the legs and feet of birds and mammals (north american lagomorphs and australian marsupials) [ 1 – 3 ], and adults of foleyella spp. occur in the subcutaneous connective tissues and body cavity of agamid and chamaeleonid reptiles [ 1, 3 ] .\nin conclusion, this study presents phenotypic identification of local haemaphysalis ticks were supported by genotypic analysis using coi genetic marker. our study produced the first coi barcoding sequences for h. hystricis from different localities in peninsular malaysia which contribute to the existing of nucleotide database of ticks. based on clustering analysis, both nj and mp tree showed very clear grouping of h. hystricis with reference sequences supported by high bootstrap value. further sampling on a wide geographical of the genus haemaphysalis, particularly h. hystricis should be considered to improve our understanding of the taxonomic and genetic variation of this species. the presence of h. hystricis species in malaysia also merits further investigation as a potential vector of tick - borne diseases. the use of coi as a standard genetic marker to differentiate and identify tick species in malaysia is therefore proposed .\nmicrographs of malayfilaria sofiani n. g. , n. sp. females (a – c), males (d – e) and microfilariae (f – g). a adult female (arrow) in tissue surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck of a treeshrew (tupaia glis). b pre - oesophageal cuticular ring (arrow). c annules (arrows) at midbody region. d bulbous head with pre - oesophageal cuticular ring (arrow). e annules (arrows) at midbody region. f anterior part with cephalic space (*) and nerve ring (arrow) (giemsa staining). g posterior part with anal pore (*) and terminal nucleus (arrow) (giemsa staining). scale - bars are in micrometres\nalthough the common tree - shrew, tupaia, does not qualify as a “living fossil” in the sense that it shows a close identity with a known ancient fossil species (indeed, the tree - shrew fossil record is exceptionally poor), over the past several decades these mammals have regularly been held up as a “living model” of the “ancestral primate. ” the tree - shrews have thus been regarded widely as approximating (usually in some unspecified way or ways) the ancestral primate morphotype. perhaps surprisingly, this viewpoint is not confined to the diminishing number of systematists and others who would admit the tree - shrews to membership in the order primates. hence it may be useful to evaluate the claims of the tree - shrews to living fossil status of this kind .\nthe filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold, 1877), brugia malayi (brug, 1927) and b. timori partono, purnomo, dennis, atmosoedjono, oemijati & cross, 1977 cause lymphatic diseases in humans in the tropics, while b. pahangi (buckley & edeson, 1956) infects carnivores and causes zoonotic diseases in humans in malaysia. wuchereria bancrofti, w. kalimantani palmieri, pulnomo, dennis & marwoto, 1980 and six out of ten brugia spp. have been described from australia, southeast asia, sri lanka and india. however, the origin and evolution of the species in the wuchereria - brugia clade remain unclear. while investigating the diversity of filarial parasites in malaysia, we discovered an undescribed species in the common treeshrew tupaia glis diard & duvaucel (mammalia: scandentia) .\nregarding to the genetic distance, a low intraspecific variation was observed among h. hystricis ticks collected from different localities (0–0. 3 %), but a high interspecific value (15. 9–16. 1 %) with other species of the same genus. thus, these observations suggest that mitochondrial coi gene is usually informative for determination of genetic variation either by interspecies or intraspecies of ticks. moreover, tree topologies from different clustering analysis clearly indicated that different geographical in the present study had a smaller source of genetic variation by clustering all h. hystricis ticks in one clade. notably, ecological variables and geographical distance did not explain the local patterns of differentiation observed in h. hystricis. this finding is in agreeable with previous studies which reported that short range movement of on - host ticks could explain for the low intraspecific value and similarity of ticks from some localities in peninsular malaysia (fajs et al. 2012; ernieenor et al. 2016) .\nthirty - eight out of 109 tav orfs were predicted to code for viral proteins. the putative translation products of 30 orfs were found to have significant homology to known proteins of other adenoviruses, with the highest values found to belong to members of the mastadenovirus genus. the genomes of mastadenoviruses comprise four early regions (e1 to e4) that are formed by genes that encode translation products with essential roles in the expression of other virus genes, replication of viral dna, transformation of host cells, and influencing of the host immune response. analysis of the tav genome resulted in the identification of the tav e1a, e1bs, and e1bl homologues in the 5′ terminal region of the viral genome. characteristic sites of adenoviral e1a proteins are the retinoblastoma - susceptibility protein - binding motif (lxcxe) (19) and a zinc finger motif (cx 2 cx 13 cx 2 c) (15). both domains were also found in tav e1a at amino acid positions (aa) 62 to 66 (leeve) and 95 to 115, respectively .\nmalayfilaria n. g. differs from wuchereria as modified by buckley [ 7 ] and characterised by anderson & bain [ 2 ] in having fewer caudal papillae (13 vs c. 24) and microfilariae with a terminal nucleus near the tail tip. in addition, the diameter of the cephalic bulb in m. sofiani n. g. , n. sp. is 1. 5 times the size of that recorded in the currently two species included in the genus wuchereria, w. bancrofti and w. kalimantani palmieri, pulnomo, dennis & marwoto, 1980 [ 44 – 46 ], and its glandular oesophagus is six to seven times longer than that in wuchereria spp. unlike in wuchereria spp. , salient cuticular annules are present in the midbody region in the new species, but no cuticular bosses were found on the posterior extremity of females. while the morphology of the left spicule is similar in both wuchereria spp. and m. sofiani n. g. , n. sp. in that the blade is simple, spicules differ in length and are shorter in the new species [ 44, 45 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\n, are limited to southeast asia. more specifically, the range of common tree shrews begins just below the isthmus of kra in thailand and continues through the malayan peninsula into indonesia, which includes sumatra, java, and surrounding islands .\nis deciduous tropical forests. common tree shrews have also been reportedly seen in fruit plantations and local gardens .\ncame from the malay word “tupai, ” meaning squirrel. this is fitting since common tree shrews, with their pointy snouts and bushy tails, bear a resemblance to squirrels. however ,\nhas an average body weight of 142 grams, a head and body length of 19. 5 cm and tail length of 16. 5 cm. its pelage is dense and dark brown on the dorsal region of the body and orange - rufous ventrally. a pale shoulder stripe is present. multiple subspecies and races are designated at decreasing latitude in the malaysia peninsula; these are based on progressive lightening of the dorsal color. there is no sexual dimorphism present in common tree shrews .\nhas small ears and moderately sized eyes compared to most small mammals such as rodents and shrews; the eyes are positioned laterally .\nfor the most part, common tree shrews are monogamous. the union between females and males seems to be prominent and permanent as revealed by scent marking between the pair and sharing of the same territory. however, monogamy in this species may be the result of some unexplained ecological constraints .\nan exception to strict monogmamy has been noted in singapore, where a polygynous mating system occurs. in this case, a male' s home range may encompass the home ranges of several females, leading him to a polygynous mating system. home ranges of like - sexxed individuals do not overlap .\nanother deviation from a monogamous system is seen in captivity, where one male dominates completely all other males, and only the dominant male mates with the females .\nhas a year round breeding season in the wild, breeding has been shown to peak between february and june on the malaysian peninsula. the finding that\nfemales experience estrus during december followed by another estrus, with births occurring in february and april, further suggests a february to june breeding peak. kawamichi and kawamichi (1982) reported that\nthe estrous cycles last anywhere from 8 to 39 days and gestation has been reported to extended from 40 to 52 days. reproduction in\nis characterized by delayed implantation of the blastocyst despite the female being in estrus during the interbirth phase. this maximizes the number of offspring that a female can produce in a lifetime .\ncommon tree shrews have two pairs of teats and can produce up to 3 offspring per pregnancy. the young are altricial and have a birth weight around 10 to 12 grams. ears and eyes do not begin to open until 10 and 20 days after birth, respectively. young develop slowly while still in the nest and feeding off their mother’s milk. after 36 days, they are able to leave the nest and are then weaned. their development after leaving the nest is much more rapid. both male and female offspring become sexual mature within 3 months. females can start producing young as early as 4. 5 months of age. since gestation is relatively short, and maturation is quick, common tree shrews are very good colonizers .\n(\norder scandentia\n, 1999 ;\nscandentia, tree shrews (tupaiidae )\n, 2004 ;\ntree shrews\n, 1985; binz and zimmermann, 1989; hayssen, et al. , 1993; kawamichi and kawamichi, 1982; langham, 1982; martin, 1968 )\nbreeding interval the time elapsing between subsequent litters in this species is not known .\ncommon tree shrews are unique in their basic parental care. an unusual component is the construction of two separate nests, one for the parents to sleep in and another where the offspring are kept. nests are often made by the male in holes, trees, under roots, or in hollow bamboo, and are filled with dry leaves .\nalthough it is unusual among mammals for a male to build the nest for the young, even more extraordinary is the small amount of time the mother spends with her offspring! female common tree shrews visit their young every 48 hours to nurse them for 10 to 15 minutes. in that time, an offspring will receive 5 to 15 grams of milk that is high in protein and low in carbohydrates. the maternal care does not include any toilet care. the total average amount of time that a female spends with her offspring while in nestling phase is only about an hour and a half .\nsince parental care is very restricted, the parents would not be able to identify their offspring without scent marking the young or the nest. if this is not done, the female may dispose of her young .\nafter 36 days, juveniles depart from their nest and join their parents in the other nest. once the offspring have joined their parents in one nest they are completely weaned of their mother' s milk and resemble miniature models of their parents. parental care is still limited when the offspring have joined their parents in one nest .\ncommon tree shrews are known to live about 2 to 3 years in the wild. however, the longest - lived common tree shrew and tree shrew in general was in captivity for 12 years and 5 months .\nis semi - terrestrial, meaning that it spends time in both trees and on the ground. however, most of the time it is found in the understory rustling through leaves, frequently foraging .\nthis species exhibits sexual dimorphism in home range size. the average home range of a male\nis reported to be 10, 174 sq m, whereas for females it is 8, 809 sq m. when a social unit is formed, it consists of parents and their offspring. the home range is shared and protected by all individuals of this social unit. individuals forage independently during the day throughout the entire home range. territories are thought to have the same boarders as the home ranges, since there is little overlap in home ranges for animals of the same sex, and fighting occurs at boarders. the social unit on each home range is modified every generation when the male offspring disperse to find their own home ranges. the females leave after the males have dispersed. the population density per hectare in common tree shrews was found to be 6 to 12 in thailand and 2 to 5 in the malaysia peninsula .\ncommon tree shrews have been known to use sent marking as a form of communication. they have two scent glands: one located in the sternum and the other in the abdomen .\nrubs these glands on objects or other tree shrews. in addition to scent glands ,\nare even slightly disturbed a “chattering” noise is produced. it is thought that this noise might be a mob call. varying pitches of “screams” have also been identified when the tree shrew is immediately threatened such as a deafening\nsqueal\nwhich expresses aggression. binz and zimmerman (1989) also discovered that mating and courtship activities involve both “clucking” and “whistling” sounds .\nspends a majority of its time foraging for food. its diet includes an assortment of arthropods, fruit, and leaves. common tree shrews have even been seen eating small vertebrates! even though\nis to some extent arboreal, most of the foraging occurs on the forest floor. it is often seen moving quickly in search for food in every nook and cranny of the forest understory. while in search of food ,\ntends to use its snout for capturing its prey. the forepaws are used only for grabbing flying insects or objects just out of reach .\neats very much in the same manner as a squirrel; it holds its food in its forepaws while sitting in a slouching position on its hind feet and rear. although the foraging of\nis fairly general and unspecialized, tree shrews have a unique way of digesting fruit. during consumption they discard as much fiber as possible, decreasing the time of digestion. this digestive strategy is very similar to the one seen in fruit eating bats .\ninclude snakes, birds of prey, and small carnivores. in the literature there is no reference to any particular predators, however a few possible canidates are yellow throated martens (\n. these species could be possible predators since they all are diurnal, hunt at the same forest level that common tree shrews are found, and have been reported to prey on other arboreal, small mammals .\nmay play in its ecosystem are as a seed disperser or population control of certain insect species .\nis not even hunted by the local people as it is considered unpleasant to eat. however ,\nhas shown to be very important in research on evolution of primates. most of the research conducted on common tree shrews has been optical research .\n( sherwood, et al. , 2003 ;\nscandentia, tree shrews (tupaiidae )\n, 2004 ;\ntree shrews\n, 1985; sherwood, et al. , 2003 )\nmay have on humans is its role as a pest in fruit plantations. however, evidence is still lacking to support the contention of common tree shrews as pests .\nas low risk and of the least concern at this point in time. this may be due to its rapid breeding and fast colonization .\n, is their placement on the phylogenic tree. since their discovery, tree shrews have been placed into various different orders including\n. in the 1920s, le gros clark reported similarities in musculature, brain, skull, eye development and reproductive characteristics between tree shrews and primates. tree shrews were officially moved into the order\nin 1945 by simpson’s seminal classification. in 1965, this classification was again questioned when the similarities between tree shrews and primates were determined to be either convergent because of a shared lifestyle or retained from a very early ancestor. although some continue to classify the family\n, which is thought to have characteristics of a highly developed insectivore and a very primitive primate .\nbarbara lundrigan (editor, instructor), michigan state university, laura cisneros (author), michigan state university .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n1999. order scandentia. pp. 244 - 246 in r nowak, ed .\n, vol. 1, 6 edition. baltimore, maryland: john hopkins university press .\n2004. scandentia, tree shrews (tupaiidae). pp. 289 - 296 in m mcdade, ed .\n1985. tree shrews. pp. 440 - 445 in d macdonald, ed .\n, vol. 1, 2 edition. new york: facts on file .\n2001. tree shrews. pp. 426 - 431 in d macdonald, ed .\nhayssen, v. , a. van tienhoven, a. van tienhoven. 1993 .\nkawamichi, t. , m. kawamichi. 1982. social system and indepence of offspring in tree shrews .\nsherwood, c. , p. lee, c. rivara, r. holloway, e. gilissen, r. simmons, a. hakeem, j. allman, j. erwin, p. hof. 2003. evolution of specialized pyramidal neurons in primate visual and motor cortex .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncraig, john (1849). a new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the english language .\nthis page was last edited on 23 june 2018, at 09: 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nwhether you' re a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon' t have an account yet? sign up. it' s free and takes five seconds .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nann parasitol hum comp. 1975 nov - dec; 50 (6): 795 - 812 .\nnorthern tree shrews are found in south east asia (iucn red list, 2012). the iucn (2012) specifies that they are native to bangladesh, bhutan, cambodia, china, lao people' s democratic republic, malaysia, myanmar, thailand and vietnam .\nnorthern tree shrews inhabit a variety of forest habitats. they live in tropical and subtropical areas, which are usually moist environments (iucn, 2012). they have also been recorded in shrub lands and artificial plantations and rural gardens. iucn (2012) reports 3000 meters as the highest known elevation for tree shrew, recorded in china. tree shrews inhabit areas about 25 degrees celsius, with at least 45 to 50% humidity (fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009) .\nnorthern tree shrews have greyish, olive fur with an elongated snout (smithsonian national zoological park, 2012). the dental formula of the tupaiidae is incisors 2 / 3, canines 1 / 1, pre - molars 3 / 3, and molars 3 / 3 (fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009). northern tree shrews are moderately sexually dimorphic (collins and tsang, 1987; schehka et al. , 2007). male tree shrews have a larger body size and ring of white hair around the eye compared to females. males also have a broader skull than the females (collins and tsang, 1987) .\n( collins and tsang, 1987; fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009; schehka, et al. , 2007; smithsonian national zoological park, 2012 )\nfuchs and corbach - sohle (2009) describe the difficulty in determining the sex of young tree shrews. as pups the external genitalia of both males and females look alike. males have a slender and elongate penis, which is posterior to scrotal testes, which can be retracted into the abdominal cavity if the individual is stressed. in females the clitoris is greatly elongated and grooved on its ventral surface. in neonatal shrews the urethra opens together with the vagina as a single opening at the base of the clitoris; this is what looks like the males penis in young female tree shrews. however the clitoris does not have a tubular sheath like the penis .\nnorthern tree shrews have a mass of approximately 50 to 270 grams, head to body length of 12 to 21 cm and a tail length ranging from 14 to 20 cm, usually close to the length of their body (fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009). shrew body temperature has been described, ranging from about 35 degrees celsius to 40 degrees celsius; this 5 degree difference is much larger than most endothermic animals (fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009) .\nnorthern tree shrews have a monogamous mating system (collins and tsang, 1987). introductions between a mating pair are possibly the hardest part of breeding for northern tree shrews. copulation can occur within a few hours if the female accepts the male (fuchs and corbach - sohle, 2009). however, they usually use more aggressive behaviors. fuchs and corbach - sohle (2009) suggest two explanations: first, that the individuals merely don' t like each other, and second that to mate one animal has to enter the others territory. northern tree shrews, male or female, will defend their territory against intruders. if the couple can overcome this they will form a stable breeding pair and continue to breed together. females have an 8 to 12 day estrous cycle. ovulation is thought to be induced by copulation (martin, 1990 )" ]

{ "text": [ "tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family tupaiidae that was first described by thomas stamford raffles in 1821 .", "the name of this genus derives from the malay word tupai meaning squirrels or small animals that resemble squirrels . " ], "topic": [ 26, 25 ] }

[ "tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family tupaiidae that was first described by thomas stamford raffles in 1821. the name of this genus derives from the malay word tupai meaning squirrels or small animals that resemble squirrels." ]

[ "common ringed plover or ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula) - on camera. this wading bird has a short orange and black bill\ncommon ringed plovers resemble several species, including the larger ringed plover, c. dubius, and the semipalmated plover, c. semipalmatus, which was originally lumped into the same species. but the common ringed plover is\ncommon ringed plover, charadrius hiaticula (synonyms, charadrius hiaticulus and aegialitis hiaticula), linnaeus, 1758, also known as the great ringed plover or as the greater ringed plover, or just as the ringed plover, photographed at lake zway, a freshwater rift valley lake in ethiopia .\ncommon ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula) preening plumage. this wading bird has a short orange and black bill\nthe common ringed plover flies fast with steady wingbeats and short glides. it usually flies low over ground or water .\nthe common ringed plover is a common palearctic species. it also breeds in ne canada and greenland. this migratory plover winters in africa, caspian sea and sw asia, according to the subspecies .\nif a potential predator approaches its nest, the common ringed plover will feign a broken wing to lure the intruder away .\nstörre strandpipare. eckelsudde öland 3 - juni 2013, common ringed plover in sweden, aros film fotograf: gunnar fernqvist .\ncommon ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula) on a stone and walks away. this wading bird has a short orange and black bill\nsome phd research was undertaken in the late 1990s on ringed plover between snettisham and heacham .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - common ringed plover feeding on worm\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - common ringed plover feeding on worm\ntitle =\narkive photo - common ringed plover feeding on worm\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npredation: a large number of predators prey on ringed plover, of which, red fox vulpes vulpes, common kestrel falco tinnunculus and sparrowhawk accipiter nisus are the main species. in addition, hedgehogs, gulls and mustelids have also been recorded predating ringed plover nests and chicks. many of norfolk’s ringed plover pairs have experienced poor productivity or failed entirely due to high predation levels .\nintroduction: the common ringed plover is included in the subfamily charadriinae, more diverse than other subfamilies in the family charadriidae. it is very similar to the semipalmated plover from north america, and it is its counterpart for europe and asia .\nsome taxonomists believe that the common ringed and semipalmated plovers are not distinct species, but are simply subspecies. the only physical difference between them is that the semipalmated plover has webbing between all three toes, while the common ringed plover has webbing between only two. there is very little overlap in their ranges, a major reason why taxonomists argue they are just one species. the semipalmated plover breeds across north america and the arctic, while the ringed plover breeds only in the extreme northeast of ellesmere and baffin islands, and in the european and asian arctic .\nthe common ringed plover is migratory, wintering in coastal areas in southern eurasia all the way to africa, and breeding in northern and central eurasia, and one subspecies even has a small breeding range in northeastern canada. however, that said, they may pop up in other locations in north america. here' s a video of what looks like an adult common ringed plover in california :\nkentish plover is specifically distinct from snowy plover, and more closely related to the white - fronted plover (küpper et al. 2009, nacc 2010 - a - 1 )\nthe common ringed plover’s breeding habitat is open ground and beach areas throughout northern eurasia flatlands and the arctic region of northeastern canada. this species prefers little to no vegetation. some members of the species will also breed inland and in northern france. nests are scraped in the sand. during the winter months, the common ringed plover migrates to coastal areas of south africa. those who live in great britain and northern france are typically year - round residents. this species forages for food such as insects, crustaceans and worms. they also eat food on the beach, or dine on organisms found in tidal flats and fields. the current conservation rating for the common ringed plover is least concern .\na handsome little wader, with dapper plumage, runs along in front of you, pausing to daintily pick up morsels of food as it goes. is this a ringed plover, or its less common summer - visiting cousin the little ringed plover? this video workshop will guide you towards the most important differences between these two similar species to enable you to confidently tell them apart .\ndiffers from little ringed plover by larger size, broader breast band, short thick bill, and in flight, prominent white wing stripe; lacks eyering .\nsubspecies and range: the common ringed plover has three subspecies. c. h. psammodromus occurs in ne canada, through greenland to svalbard, iceland and faeroes. it winters from sw europe to w africa. it is very similar to nominate race .\nprotection / threats / status: the common ringed plover is threatened by petroleum pollution on the baltic sea coastline during the stopovers. drainage of wetlands and scrub overgrowth due to changing land management practices are another problem in this area. the global population was estimated to number 360, 000 / 1, 300, 000 individuals in 2006. the overall population trend is decreasing. however, numbers can fluctuate markedly. the wintering numbers in w europe have increased since 1970’s. but currently, the common ringed plover is evaluated as least concern .\nis treated as a subspecies of kentish plover following rheindt et al. 2011 ;\nthe lapwing and plover family occurs throughout north america in non - forest habitats. the most common species, the killdeer, occupies almost any sort of bare or sparsely vegetated ground from extensive lawns to parking lots and baseball fields. the mountain plover of the short grass prairie also prefers little vegetation but is much more particular in habitat choice and much less common. other plover species occur in wet fields, beaches, mud flats, and salt pans .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nthe common ringed plover and the semipalmated plover have simple plumage: plain white underparts, plain brown upper parts, black primary feathers, and a black ring around their necks. a breeding plover has a white patch on its forehead outlined in black, a white eye - stripe, yellow legs, and a yellow bill with a black tip. in the winter, the plover' s black neck - ring is brown and its whole bill is black. these are dumpy birds measuring 16–19 cm in length, a little smaller than a starling .\nbuild up your gull id skills by learning to recognise two ideal reference species: common gull and herring gull .\ncommon ringed plover: in north america, this species breeds near the eastern, southern, and western coasts of greenland, northeast baffin island, and the south coast of ellesmere island. occasionally seen as a spring migrant on the aleutian islands and may linger to breed. found on beaches, fields, and tidal flats .\nhabitat: the common ringed plover breeds on shingle or sandy coastal beaches, sandbars, mudflats and in estuaries. it may also breed inland by rivers and lakes, on open tundra with low vegetation, occasionally in adjacent meadows and farmland. outside the breeding season, it frequents rocky coastlines, estuarine mudflats, saltpans and marshes .\nresponse: this is a juvenile common ringed plover, charadrius hiaticula, a small shorebird. plovers, also known as dotterels, comprise roughly 40 species grouped together into the subfamily, charadriinae, that is placed into the family charadriidae. their sister taxon is the lapwings; roughly 20 species that are placed into the subfamily, vanellinae .\nstout plover with orange legs, short thick bicolored bill, and in flight shows white wing stripe .\na small, common shorebird similar in appearance to its eurasian counterpart, the common ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula), the semipalmated plover generally nests in open sites near sub - arctic lakes, marshes, and rivers and inland on dry, gravel or sparsely vegetated sites. a few populations are found south of the sub - arctic in north temperate regions. this species is socially and most often genetically monogamous, and both sexes actively care for eggs and their precocial chicks. a medium - to long - distance migrant, it winters mainly in marine habitats, rarely inland .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the common ringed plover’s typical call is a mellow whistling “too - lee” rising in pitch and with emphasis on the second syllable. the alarm call is a longer and lower “too - weep”. during the breeding season, the aerial display is accompanied by a repeated “tee - leea, tee - leea…” or “leea - leea…”\nthis small shorebird is very much like our semipalmated plover, and replaces it in europe and asia. the breeding range of the ringed plover extends to greenland and to some islands in the high canadian arctic, and a very few also come into western alaska, but these birds virtually all cross to the old world in fall before migrating south .\nkilldeer get their name from the shrill, wailing kill - deer call they give so often. eighteenth - century naturalists also noticed how noisy killdeer are, giving them names such as the chattering plover and the noisy plover .\nthe semipalmated plover gets its name from having partially webbed feet, a feature this small bird makes use of by occasionally swimming in the water. the golden - plovers undertake incredible migrations; the pacific golden - plover to hawaii and other pacific islands from its alaskan breeding grounds, and the american golden - plover from the arctic tundra to the pampas of argentina .\nbehaviour in the wild: the common ringed plover feeds on crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic worms, isopods, amphipods and various insects such as ants, beetles, flies and their larvae. it forages on beaches, mudflats and shorelines. it uses foot - trembling in the water, but it taps on the ground with one foot, imitating the rainfall, in order to drive the preys to the surface .\nthe common ringed plover has strong eyesight that allows to locate the preys. the best feeding territories, usually intertidal flats, may be defended against other plovers. it forages by day and by night, typically in small groups of up to 50 birds, and occasionally in much larger flocks of 1200 / 1500 individuals. they roost together close to their feeding areas, usually just above the high tide line .\nplovers are members of the traditional plover family charadriidae (baker et al. 2012, cf baker et al. 2007 )\nthe common ringed plover is a small plump bird with sandy brown upperparts, white underparts and short orange or orange - yellow legs and a short orange bill with a black tip. they have one broad black neckband, a black mask over its eyes and a black stripe across its forehead. juveniles have duller colours, often an often incomplete grey - brown breast band, a dark bill and dull yellowish - grey legs .\nsome norfolk sites have exhibited good ringed plover productivity in recent years. examples include scolt head island, gore point and blakeney point (table 1). where pairs are successful these support the wider population where disturbance, predation, and tidal flooding result in breeding failure .\nwiersma, p. , kirwan, g. m. & boesman, p. (2018). common ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthe common ringed plover is migratory and the northernmost populations move s to winter in africa or sw asia. some w european birds may remain in the vicinity of their breeding grounds. the nearctic breeders migrate across n atlantic in a single flight or through iceland and greenland, to winter in w africa. the race “tundrae” crosses eurasian and african continents in broad front towards e and s africa. the return to the breeding grounds occurs between late march and may .\nthere are 19 monitored sites in norfolk where ringed plover has bred in the last twenty years: (fig. 1 and table 1). there are likely to be breeding birds elsewhere on the norfolk coast but lack of monitoring means it is not possible to be accurate on these figures .\ndisturbance: ringed plover occupancy is significantly reduced in areas of high disturbance. in recent years, the east anglian colonies have been affected significantly by a range of recreational activities, including beach users and dog walkers. as access to more remote sites and coastal land has improved over the past ten years (passing of the crow act 2000) much concern has grown over the impact of increased human disturbance on ground nesting birds, including breeding ringed plover populations. disturbance and predation may be linked as there may be increased opportunities for predators when adult birds are disturbed by people or dogs .\nduring the breeding season, the common ringed plover performs aerial displays including a slow - flapping flight around the territory, accompanied by song. they are seasonally monogamous, sometimes for longer periods. during aggressive interactions, it attacks the intruders entering the territory. the bird leans forwards with semi - open wings to display the breast pattern. it also fans its tail while curving it towards the opponent. the black - and - white plumage pattern is enhanced during these displays .\ndistribution of the semipalmated plover in north and central america and the western caribbean. this species also winters in south america and the eastern caribbean .\nin europe, it is included in the species of european conservation concern (spec) list, classified as non spec (e) - concentrated in europe but with a favourable conservation status. ringed plover is also listed on appendix 2 of the bonn convention, and appendix 2 of the bern convention .\nreproduction of this species: the laying occurs between april and july depending on the range. the common ringed plover may nest in loose groups or solitary. when nesting in groups, the nests are between 5 and 100 metres apart. there is a high degree of site fidelity. they usually breed with larger charadriiformes for better protection. the nest is a shallow scrape in the ground, lined with pebbles and vegetation. it is strongly defended by both adults by calling loudly and swooping at intruders .\nyou can see ringed plovers on suitable beaches and coasts around the uk - look for them at rspb coastal reserves. inland, look for them at flooded gravel pits .\nthe ringed plover is a small, dumpy, short - legged wading bird. it is brownish grey above and whitish below. it has a orange bill, tipped with black, orange legs and a black - and - white pattern on its head and breast. in flight, it shows a broad, white wing - stripe .\nunder the birds of conservation concern listing (eaton et al 2009) the ringed plover has an amber listing: moderate decline, 25% to 50% of uk breeding population over 25 years, species level and race hiaticula, and at least 20% of european (east atlantic flyway) non - breeding population in the page | 2 uk .\nsea - level rise / coastal squeeze: ringed plover nests are facing a greater risk of being washed out due to rising sea - levels, and a reduction in size of breeding beaches due to beach scouring and dune encroachment. this issue may become worse in the coming years if shoreline management policies do not allow foreshore and beaches to adapt and be resilient to climate change .\nthere are eighteen species of lapwings and plovers in three genera in north america. members of this family include the well - known killdeer, the pale piping plover, and the golden - plovers .\na shorebird you can see without going to the beach, killdeer are graceful plovers common to lawns, golf courses, athletic fields, and parking lots. these tawny birds run across the ground in spurts, stopping with a jolt every so often to check their progress, or to see if they’ve startled up any insect prey. their voice, a far - carrying, excited kill - deer, is a common sound even after dark, often given in flight as the bird circles overhead on slender wings .\nmore frequent storm events: increased storm events in the future could act to reduce habitat availability. conversely more shingle ridges could be formed providing additional habitat. increased coastal access: the government is planning to designate a footpath, with spreading room, around the coastline of england. unless planned for and managed, this could result in increased disturbance to breeding ringed plover around the norfolk coast, especially unprotected nests with no wardening .\nthe piping plover is considered to be near threatened as its populations have declined in much of its range because of disturbance and development of the beaches, sandy shorelines, and sand bars this species requires .\na small masked dumpy looking bird is a good description of the ringed plover. however, just like the lapwing, it is a master at distracting enemies away from its simple nest by pretending to be an easy prey. ringed plovers may be small but they are also bold and venturous. they dribble back and forth over the bare sandy ground, pulling worms and larvae out of the ground. they like to nest on sandy bottoms covered with shells or pebbles. you' ll even find them on the pebbly roofs of apartment buildings. their nest is not much more than a hollow in the sand, in which their four perfectly camouflaged eggs are laid .\nthe migrations of these two species, or subspecies, take them as far away as south america. males migrate north each spring slightly before females, in order to stake out nesting territories. their preferred habitat is quite barren and dry, on stony plains and rocky valleys. this preference is odd, because these plovers are considered wading birds, and their non - breeding habitat is much wetter. common ringed and semipalmated plovers feed on insects, although aquatic invertebrates are their primary food outside of the breeding season .\nwith several species having black markings on the head and neck. exceptions are the handsome breeding plumages of the black - bellied plover and golden - plovers (these show black on the underparts), and the eurasian dotterel with rufous\nrecent data suggest this plover has a stable population (andres et al. 2012), unlike many other declining species of shorebird, perhaps owing to its versatility in food and habitat choice, and its widespread coastal winter distribution .\nthe bto' s repeat national survey in 2007 found an overall decrease in uk population of around 37% since 1984, with the greatest decreases in inland areas (burton & conway 2008, conway et al. 2008, conway & burton 2009). wintering numbers have been in decline since the late 1980s (holt et al. 2011). the marked increase in nest failures at the egg stage has earned ringed plover a place on the nrs concern list (leech & barimore 2008) .\nan inconspicuous, pale little bird, easily overlooked as it runs around on white sand beaches, or on the salt flats around lakes in the arid west. where it lives on beaches, its nesting attempts are often disrupted by human visitors who fail to notice that they are keeping the bird away from its nest; as a result, the snowy plover populations have declined in many coastal regions. formerly considered to belong to the same species as the kentish plover of the old world .\nringed plovers that choose beaches for nesting are especially vulnerable to disturbance and in 1984 were already largely confined in some regions to wardened reserves (prater 1989). human usage of beach areas severely restricts the availability of this habitat to nesting plovers (liley & sutherland 2007 )\nringed plovers have a wide breeding distribution around the coast of britain and ireland, breeding mainly on coastal sand, gravel and shingle beaches, upper saltmarshes and artificial habitats such as the shores of gravel pits and reservoirs. in england, east anglia’s extensive sandy and shingle beaches between the thames and the humber is an important stronghold for the species .\non the head, lores, ear - coverts, base of forehead and frontal bar are black. the forehead is widely white. we can see a white supercilium extending above and behind the eye. the bill is orange - yellow with black tip (duller outside breeding season). the eyes are dark brown, surrounded by narrow, dull yellowish - orange eyering. legs and feet are bright orange - yellow, but the feet lack the basal web between middle and outer toes. this feature is present in semipalmated plover .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\nashpole, j, butchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , malpas, l .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number c. 415, 000 - 1, 400, 000 individuals (wetlands international 2015). national population sizes have been estimated at < c. 1, 000 individuals on migration and < c. 1, 000 wintering individuals in japan and c. 10, 000 - 100, 000 breeding pairs and c. 1, 000 - 10, 000 individuals on migration in russia (brazil 2009). the european population is estimated at 140, 000 - 213, 000 pairs, which equates to 280, 000 - 426, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). trend justification: the overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have fluctuating trends (wetlands international 2015). at the european level the population is unknown however at the eu level the population trend is decreasing (birdlife international 2015) .\nimportant migratory stop - over habitats for this species on the baltic sea coastline are threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices leading to scrub overgrowth (grishanov et al. 2006). the species is also susceptible to avian botulism (so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease) (blaker 1967), and suffers predation from feral america mink neovison vison in some regions (nordstrom et al. 2003) .\nconservation actions underway the species is listed on annex ii of the bern convention. conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species' s european range only: removing feral american mink (neovison vison) from a large archipelago with many small islands in the baltic sea resulted in an increase in the breeding density of this species in the area (nordström et al. 2003). pollution of wetland habitats, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices at breeding sites needs to be stopped .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nshorebirds and diving birds included traditionally in the charadriiformes are an ancient clade and member of the unresolved basal polytomy .\nthe buttonquails (turnicidae) belong in the charadriiformes, not the gruiformes (hackett et al. 2008 )\n) is most closely related to the sheathbills (chionidae) (ref) .\nare of uncertain taxonomic status. may represent clinal variation or introgression between this form and the black oystercatchers (\nis attributable to the reprint of boddaert' s table des planches and is an iss. reconfirmed by primary source verification, fide normand david, cf h & m 4: 206 .\nne india to s china, se asia, malay pen. and n sumatra\nand english name to inland dotterel; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel; resequence following lapwings, their sister group (baker et al. 2007; fjeldså comm )\nwrybill is related to inland dotterel and red - kneed dotterel; resequence accordingly (baker et al. 2007). see also barth (2013), dos remedios et al. (2015 )\n) from the glareolidae to its own family tentatively named\npluvianidae\n. it is a separate lineage that is the outgroup to plovers and their allies (baker et al. 2007, hackett et al. 2008 )\nsee sangster et al. 2011, rasmussen & anderton 2012 re proposed split of hudsonian whimbrel\nchange english name to far eastern curlew to reduce confusion with the eastern race of eurasian curlew, and to align ioc with h & m, bli, hbw, clements .\n, after red knot (gibson & baker 2012, banks, 2012) .\nstet western willet as subspecies for now (7. 3); oswald et al. 2016. nacc 2017 - a - 10 decline .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: charadrius hiaticula. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nadult feeding on little chaetognatha (also called\narrow worms\n) washed out by the sea at high tide .\njosep del hoyo, juan sanabria, éric roualet, jesús laborda, laurent demongin, jeremiusz trzaska, joe angseesing, greg baker, carlos fabregat, dario salemi, anne cotton, juan josé bazán hiraldo, pascal vagner, juan fernández elipe, strixdexter85, bleedingheart, yoël jimenez, thore noernberg, pierandrea brichetti, brooke clibbon, wout van den brink, jerome fischer, ian fulton, pieter de groot boersma, keith and lynn youngs .\nlukasz michal pulawski, lars petersson, holger teichmann, christophe gouraud, andrew emmerson, éric roualet, thore noernberg, laurent demongin, mathieu waldeck, lmarce, rastislav petrovič, w. h. schulenburg, arodris, marco valentini, josep del hoyo, geir jensen, stanislav harvančík, david perpiñán, bent. ronsholdt, jesús laborda, marc fasol, loutjie, david m. gascoigne, tolanger, lutz duerselen, wen qian he, paul cools, frédéric pelsy, ferran vaquero, luca boscain, ken havard, sergey shursha, jeel bharat patel, lemellmichel, tomasz doroń, nuhnaci, cristiano crolle, borisdelahaie, tomas grim, michaelp, mascarallot, buchert, markus lilje, paul van giersbergen, thecaffeinatedbirder, jacqueserard, juan gonzalez valdivieso, ivan sjögren, ciro de simone, massimiliano dettori, john a thompson, mak khogaly, christian michael mortensen, judith priam, lorenzo vinciguerra, shah jahan, simon steiger, bahadir balibasa, mustafa sozen, david lingard, jonn leffmann, pietpomp, cesargon, j. barreda, billonneau jean claude, moon, fran trabalon, james kashangaki, frédéric demeuse, lior kislev, josé frade, lorenzo shoubridge, juan josé bazán hiraldo, jose ramon, lad, athula edirisinghe .\nprobably closely related to c. semipalmatus, with which in past was sometimes considered conspecific; some hybridization on baffin i (ne canada). has occasionally been thought to include c. placidus as a race. distinction between subspecies based on moult; features changing clinally n–s, rather than e–w, make it impossible to draw dividing line in nw europe. race psammodromus, based on minor differences in average size, often regarded as a synonym of nominate, but now thought to be sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition # r. proposed race kolymensis (from kolyma delta, in ne siberia) considered inseparable from tundrae. three subspecies recognized .\nsalomonsen, 1930 – ne canada (casual breeder on ellesmere i and baffin i) through greenland to svalbard, iceland and faeroes; winters from sw europe to w africa .\nlinnaeus, 1758 – s scandinavia to british is and nw france; winters from british is s to africa .\n( lowe, 1915) – n scandinavia and n russia e to chukotskiy peninsula, casual breeder also in n bering sea on st lawrence i (usa); winters from caspian sea and sw asia s to s africa .\nmost - frequently heard call, usually given in flight, a mellow whistle “peeee - eew” or “too - eep” (c... .\nalong coast on sand or shingle beaches, sandbanks and mudflats, estuaries and, occasionally, rivers ...\nsmall crustaceans, molluscs, polychaete worms, isopods, amphipods, various insects (e. g. ants, beetles, flies and their larvae) and ...\nlays apr around north sea, jun to mid jul in iceland, jun in n eurasia and no earlier than fourth week of jun in ne greenland. seasonally ...\nmigratory. northernmost birds migrate furthest s, while southernmost breeders are northernmost ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). largest european breeding populations: 30, 000–50, 000 pairs in iceland, 10, 000–15, 000 pairs in norway, 10, 000–20, 000 ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small, dark goose - the same size as a mallard. it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere' s so much to see and hear at minsmere, from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had. get out, get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\ninland in sand and gravel pits and former industrial sites. many uk birds live here all year round, but birds from europe winter in britain, and birds from greenland and canada pass through on migration .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\n* this map is intended as a guide. it shows general distribution rather than detailed, localised populations .\n1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern. this is an emergency for uk bird life .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international. find out more about the partnership\n© the royal society for the protection of birds (rspb) is a registered charity: england and wales no. 207076, scotland no. sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience. tell me more\nband. base of dark - tipped bill and legs are bright orange. frequents mudflats. eats worms, aquatic insects, crustaceans and mollusks. direct flight with rapid wing beats .\nit will sometimes use\nfoot - trembling\nto stir up food and startle prey into movement .\nmales tend to perform more nighttime egg incubation, while females incubate more during the day .\na group of plovers has many collective nouns, including a\nbrace\n,\ncongregation\n,\ndeceit\n,\nponderance\nand\nwing\nof plovers .\nthe taxonomic order charadriiformes (pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez) is composed of waterbirds such as the auks, gulls, long - toed jacanas, and the plovers .\nin the lapwings and plovers family, charadriidae (pronounced kar - ad - rye - uh - dee), there are sixty - seven species in ten genera distributed nearly worldwide .\nthe killdeer is known for its distraction displays around its nest. adult killdeers noisily feign a broken wing to attract the attention of anyone or anything that comes too close to their nests .\nplovers are small birds with rounded, pigeon - like heads, long, pointed wings for fast flight, and except for the long - tailed killdeer, short tails. they have fairly long legs with short toes and rather short bills .\ndull colors such as brown, gray, black, and white are the most frequent colors seen in lapwings and plovers plumages. dark colors are usually found on the\nplovers are mostly long distance migrants that winter from the southern united states to argentina in south america .\nlapwings and plovers form pairs during the breeding season, but occur in flocks during migration and winter. at all times of the year, members of this family have a distinctive mode of foraging whereby they take a few quick steps, then pause to stoop and pick an insect from the ground .\n© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved. mitch waite group. no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group. privacy policy\nalso called the breast area, it is the frontal area on the body containing the breastplate and major flight muscles .\nimage: dan logen, 6 february 2011 (with permission, for grrlscientist / guardian use only) [ velociraptorise ]. nikon d300s, 600 mm lens, f / 7. 1, 1 / 3200 sec, iso 640\nquestion: this ethiopian mystery bird is very similar to a north american species. what species is that? how do these two similar - looking species differ? can you name this mystery bird' s taxonomic family and species ?\nif you look closely at this individual, you can make a few predictions about its life history and habits based on its appearance. they are sight hunters as is apparent from the large, dark eyes, and they tend to hunt by picking prey off relatively flat, bare surfaces, such as sandy or muddy shorelines and short - grass pastures, as you might guess by looking at the short bill .\nplovers use a run - and - pause method for foraging on crustaceans, molluscs, worms, insects and other invertebrates, depending upon what is available in the habitat they are located in .\nbecause plovers nest out in the open, they rely on camouflage to hide themselves, their nests, eggs and chicks. they also engage in deceptive false brooding behaviours where they sit on imaginary nest sites to confuse predators that may be observing their movements. but they are probably most famous for their\nbroken wing display\nwhere a bird feigns a broken wing to lead potential predators away from their nests or chicks .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images, video or audio files that you' d like to share with a large and (mostly) appreciative international audience here at the guardian, feel free to contact me to learn more .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nif you value the video guides that bto produces, consider donating to help us continue our work .\nyellowhammer, cirl and corn bunting all breed in farmland in the uk, and can all present identification challenges .\nbrown, streaky buntings can be an id headache! this video tackles four species that can be found in coastal areas in winter: reed, little, snow and lapland buntings .\nregistered charity number 216652 (england & wales), sc039193 (scotland) .\nclassification from clements checklist resource selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar mangroves habitat\nand\nptychadena mascareniensis\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar mangroves habitat\nand\ndugong dugon\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar mangroves habitat\nand\neretmochelys imbricata linnaeus 1766\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar mangroves habitat\nand\nchelonia mydas linnaeus 1758\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar mangroves habitat\nand\ncrocodylus niloticus laurenti, 1768\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nplease note flash is required to use the features of this site. please update your flash player .\nlog in to add and display this item in your personal list of favourites on the right hand side of this page .\nthe british library board acknowledges the intellectual property rights of those named as contributors to this recording and the rights of those not identified. legal and ethical usage »\ncopy and paste the embed code below to include this recording in your blog or web page .\nlog in to add a term that describes this item and help make it easier to find .\ncan you tell us more about the context of the recording? or can you share information on its content - timings of key sections or important details? please add your notes. uninformative entries may not be retained .\nblack and white head pattern, broad blackish breast band, orange bill with black tip .\nupperparts with pale feather edges; breast band gray - brown, sometimes incomplete. bill dark .\nsummary of the extent of the breeding, wintering, migration and year - round range of this species in the western hemisphere, including canada, u. s. a. and mexico :\ncanada - breeding only: 233, 119 square km u. s. a. - migration only: 5, 780 square km\nkilldeer are surprisingly unobtrusive even on green lawns, despite their warm tawny coloration. look carefully over lawns, short - mown fields, and even parking lots, and listen for the far - carrying kill - deer. (when you hear this call, the bird may be in flight. look for it circling you, flying stiffly on long, pointed wings. it may resemble an american kestrel, at least until it lands on the ground and begins walking .) though they' re often found on dry land, you should also look for them on the edges of freshwater ponds and muddy lagoons .\ndoesn’t visit feeders, but if your backyard or neighborhood contains expansive, cultivated lawns or grazed fields then you could find killdeer foraging on your property .\ngravel rooftops attract killdeer for nesting, but can be dangerous places to raise a brood. chicks may be unable to leave a roof because of high parapets and screened drain openings. adults eventually lure chicks off the roof, which can be dangerous – although one set of chicks survived a leap from a seven - story building .\nthe killdeer’s broken - wing act leads predators away from a nest, but doesn’t keep cows or horses from stepping on eggs. to guard against large hoofed animals, the killdeer uses a quite different display, fluffing itself up, displaying its tail over its head, and running at the beast to attempt to make it change its path .\na well - known denizen of dry habitats, the killdeer is actually a proficient swimmer. adults swim well in swift - flowing water, and chicks can swim across small streams .\nthe male and female of a mated pair pick out a nesting site through a ritual known as a scrape ceremony. the male lowers his breast to the ground and scrapes a shallow depression with his feet. the female then approaches, head lowered, and takes his place. the male then stands with body tilted slightly forward, tail raised and spread, calling rapidly. mating often follows .\nkilldeer lay their eggs into an empty nest but add other materials later on. some of these items they pick up as they are leaving and toss over their shoulder into the nest. in one nest in oklahoma, people found more than 1, 500 pebbles had accumulated this way .\nthe oldest recorded killdeer was at least 10 years, 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in kansas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nwidespread breeding bird, mainly resident. a national survey organised by bto in 1984 estimated the total population at up to 1000 pairs .\nhome | profile | image galleries | the old haa | shetland | yell | links | contacts copyright © bobby tulloch 2004. all rights reserved. developed by nb communication\ndeclining in some areas, especially along gulf coast and parts of pacific coast; considered threatened in parts of range. human disturbance on beaches often causes failure of nesting attempts .\nbeaches, sandy flats. at all seasons, tends to be found in places where habitat matches pale color of back - - dry sand beaches along coast; salt pans or alkaline flats in interior. usually in places with very little vegetation, not around marshes. also sometimes forages on open mudflats .\ntypically they run a few steps and then pause, then run again, pecking at the ground whenever they spot something edible. will sometimes hold one foot forward and shuffle it rapidly over the surface of sand or mud, as if to startle small creatures into moving .\n3, sometimes 2, rarely 4. pale buff, dotted with black. incubation is by both parents, 26 - 32 days. male usually incubates at night, female most of day. young: downy young leave nest a few hours after hatching, feed themselves, can fly at age of 28 - 32 days. in some areas, both parents tend young. in other areas, female may depart in less than 6 days, leaving male to raise young; female may then find another mate, and raise another set of young. in these cases, male from first nest may also find a new mate and renest after first young have fledged .\ndowny young leave nest a few hours after hatching, feed themselves, can fly at age of 28 - 32 days. in some areas, both parents tend young. in other areas, female may depart in less than 6 days, leaving male to raise young; female may then find another mate, and raise another set of young. in these cases, male from first nest may also find a new mate and renest after first young have fledged .\nincludes crustaceans, insects, marine worms. along coast, may feed mostly on tiny crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms, also some insects. at inland sites, diet may be mostly insects, including various flies and beetles." ]

{ "text": [ "the common ringed plover or ringed plover ( charadrius hiaticula ) is a small plover that breeds in arctic eurasia .", "the genus name charadrius is a late latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century vulgate .", "it derives from ancient greek kharadrios a bird found in ravines and river valleys ( kharadra , \" ravine \" ) .", "the specific hiaticula is latin and has a similar meaning to the greek term , coming from hiatus , \" cleft \" and - cola , \" dweller \" ( colere , \" to dwell \" ) . " ], "topic": [ 15, 25, 27, 25 ] }

[ "the common ringed plover or ringed plover (charadrius hiaticula) is a small plover that breeds in arctic eurasia. the genus name charadrius is a late latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century vulgate. it derives from ancient greek kharadrios a bird found in ravines and river valleys (kharadra, \" ravine \"). the specific hiaticula is latin and has a similar meaning to the greek term, coming from hiatus, \" cleft \" and - cola, \" dweller \" (colere, \" to dwell \")." ]

[ "denisia albimaculea (pied tubic) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\ndenisia albimaculea west walton norfolk. leg a jordan 2017 det j clifton. slide 1750 - jon clifton\nthe moth denisia albimaculea was not a species recorded before in yorkshire prior to 2014, until one was trapped at shandy hall in york in early july, thus becoming the first county record .\nnow quite obviously suggestive of d. albimaculea it was submitted and is now confirmed as the first yorkshire record of the species .\nhowever, these two moths pictured above and below were taken at light at tophill low nr, east yorkshire on the 13th and 14th june. despite the suggestion of d. albimaculea making conversation in the field on the 13th, no perfect match could be found – and they do look as though they could be separate species – so it was left until late - august before doug fairweather and myself decided to submit them as d. albimaculea. after consulting for further advice, they are now both confirmed as being denisia albimaculea by experts charlie fletcher and harry beaumont .\nfollowing the approval of the june 14th photograph, doug fairweather found in his photo archive two unidentified denisia photographs taken following overnight trapping at tophill low nr on 4th june 2011 .\n) where the larvae emerge to form silken galleries, and where pupation occurs in early spring .\nthe adults emerge in a single generation in may and june and may be found sitting on tree trunks. the individual photographed was found sitting on a maple trunk in a manchester park .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 14 05: 52: 18 page render time: 0. 2531s total w / procache: 0. 3176s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies which are estimated to occur within the range of 16 to 100 10km squares. (subdivision into notable a and notable b is not always possible because there may be insufficient information available). superseded by nationally scarce, and therefore no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe larvae feed within the bark of various trees including european larch, field maple, lime, apple and elm .\nnew for west norfolk in 2017 when a male and female were found at west walton. two specimens were collected sheltering in bark grooves of a hollow ash tree .\n( anna jordan, 21 / 05 / 17 - gen. det. jon clifton )\nfound just over the border in suffolk by dr. whittingham, who discovered it to the south of thetford in 1932 .\nrecorded in 1 (1 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 2017. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nthe adults fly in a single generation a year; onwards from early may till june. they come to light .\nbelgium, antwerpen, oud - turnhout, 04 may 2007. (photo © wim veraghtert )\nit is of interest to note that the article linked above about the shandy hall individual comments that the most recent british record, when written, was of a specimen in bedfordshire in 2011 .\nincredibly, the tophill low nr individuals were all photographed in the same place, several years apart .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\ntrapped what i am pretty certain is this species on 25th may. not many suffolk records of this moth by the look of the web site. see picture below .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "denisia albimaculea is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "it is found in europe .", "the wingspan is 9 – 12 mm .", "the moth flies from may to june depending on the location .", "the larvae live under and feed on dead bark , decayed wood and amongst other plant material from conifers such as larix and deciduous trees such as ulmus and aesculus . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "denisia albimaculea is a moth of the oecophoridae family. it is found in europe. the wingspan is 9 – 12 mm. the moth flies from may to june depending on the location. the larvae live under and feed on dead bark, decayed wood and amongst other plant material from conifers such as larix and deciduous trees such as ulmus and aesculus." ]

[ "the prays parilis turner, 1923 is permitted - s11 for the whole of state and is not assigned to any control category for a local government area at this time .\nprays fulvocanellus walsingham, 1907; fauna hawaiiensis 1 (5): 652, pl. 25, f. 8 - 10\nthe adult moths are fawn with brown markings, and have a wingspan of about 1 cm .\n, melbourne university press, 1990, fig. 21. 5, pp. 203 - 204 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ab3a161d - 9d5c - 428c - 890a - db7a4c72bf1c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cfe741ba - 43aa - 4d3d - 856e - f35c8af7a2d8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a1ef8a80 - ae9e - 4489 - a6ad - de9b632ae7b2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 486452\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\npermitted organisms must satisfy any applicable import requirements when imported. they may be subject to an import permit if they are potential carriers of high - risk organisms .\ndepartment of primary industries and regional development' s agriculture and food division is committed to growing and protecting wa' s agriculture and food sector .\nphalaena curtisella donovan, 1793; nat. hist. br. ins. : 77, 2 pl. 65, f. 4\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nwalsingham, 1907 microlepidoptera fauna hawaiiensis 1 (5): 469 - 759, pl. 10 - 25\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "prays parilis ( lemon bud moth ) is a moth of the family plutellidae .", "it is found in australia ( new south wales and queensland ) , new zealand and the cook islands .", "the larvae feed on the flowers of lemon trees and can cause fruit to become misshapen and deformed .", "the larvae are yellowish to reddish-brown in colour and grow up to 10 mm in length .", "they are most commonly found within the buds of unopened lemon flowers .", "affected flowers can often be identified by the small exit hole left by larvae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 1, 8, 28 ] }

[ "prays parilis (lemon bud moth) is a moth of the family plutellidae. it is found in australia (new south wales and queensland), new zealand and the cook islands. the larvae feed on the flowers of lemon trees and can cause fruit to become misshapen and deformed. the larvae are yellowish to reddish-brown in colour and grow up to 10 mm in length. they are most commonly found within the buds of unopened lemon flowers. affected flowers can often be identified by the small exit hole left by larvae." ]

[ "tree of life web project. 1995. derodontidae. version 01 january 1995 (temporary) .\nkeywords: coleoptera, derodontidae, juropeltastica gen. n. , fossil, daohugou beds, middle jurassic, china\na world catalogue of the family derodontidae (coleoptera) j. háva. 2006. polskie pismo entomologiczne, 75: 29 - 38 .\nleschen r. a. b. 2011: world review of laricobius (coleoptera: derodontidae). - zootaxa 2908: 1 - 44\nhava j. 2006: a world catalogue of the family derodontidae (coleoptera). - pol. pismo entomol. 75: 29 - 38\nfirst fossil tooth - necked fungus beetle (coleoptera: derodontidae): juropeltastica sinica gen. n. sp. n. from the middle jurassic of china\nleschen r. a. b. 1994: fungal host use in two species of derodontus (coleoptera: derodontidae). coleopts. bull. 48: 126 - 130\nyu g. & montgomery m. e. 2007: a new species of laricobius (coleoptera: derodontidae) from taiwan. - formosan entomol. 27: 341 - 347\neuropean journal of entomology: first fossil tooth - necked fungus beetle (coleoptera: derodontidae): juropeltastica sinica gen. n. sp. n. from the middle jurassic of china\nfranz j. m. 1958: studies on laricobius erichsonii rosenh. (coleoptera: derodontidae): a predator on chermesids. - entomophaga 3: 109 - 196 go to original source ...\nlawrence j. f. & hlavac t. f. 1979: review of the derodontidae (coleoptera: polyphaga) with new species from north america and chile. - coleopts. bull. 33: 369 - 414\nreview of the derodontidae (coleoptera: polyphaga) with new species from north america and chile john f. lawrence and t. f. hlavac. 1979. the coleopterists bulletin, vol. 33, no. 4 .\nge, s. q. , r. g. beutel, and x. - k. yang. 2007. thoracic morphology of adults of derodontidae and nosodendridae and its phylogenetic implications (coleoptera). systematic entomology 32 (4): 635–667 .\nthe first fossil tooth - necked fungus beetle, juropeltastica sinica gen. n. sp. n. , is described and illustrated based on a single impression fossil from the middle jurassic daohugou beds (ca. 165 ma) of northeastern china. it represents the first definitive fossil belonging to the extant family derodontidae. juropeltastica is placed in derodontidae based on its overall body shape and size, head with complex systems of tubercles and grooves, pronotum with dentate lateral carinae, open mesocoxal cavities bordered by mesepimeron and metanepisternum, excavate metacoxae, and 5 - segmented abdomen. the occurrence of a reliable derodontid fossil from 165 million years ago places derodontidae among the small but growing number of beetle families of known middle jurassic age, which is important in the dating of phylogenetic trees .\nge s. - q. , beutel r. g. & yang x. - k. 2007: thoracic morphology of adults of derodontidae and nosodendridae and its phylogenetic implications (coleoptera). - syst. entomol. 32: 635 - 667 go to original source ...\nlawrence j. f. 1985: the genus nothoderodontus (coleoptera: derodontidae) with new species from australia, new zealand and chile. in ball g. e. (ed .): taxonomy, phylogeny and zoogeography of beetles and ants. w. junk, dordrecht, pp. 68 - 83\nleschen r. a. b. 2002: 66. derodontidae leconte 1861. in arnett r. h. jr. , thomas m. k. , skelley p. e. & frank j. h. (eds): american beetles. vol. 2. polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea. crc press, boca raton, fl, pp. 221 - 223\ncai, c. , lawrence, j. f. , ślipiński, a. , & huang, d. (2014). first fossil tooth - necked fungus beetle (coleoptera: derodontidae): juropeltastica sinica gen. n. sp. n. from the middle jurassic of china. eur. j. entomol. , 111 (2), 299 - 302. doi: 10. 14411 / eje. 2014. 034 .\nleschen r. a. b. & beutel r. g. 2010: 5. 1. derodontidae leconte, 1861. in leschen r. a. b. , beutel r. g. & lawrence j. f. (eds): handbook of zoology. vol. iv arthropoda: insecta part 38. coleoptera, beetles. vol. 2. morphology and systematics (polyphaga partim). w. degruyter, berlin, pp. 180 - 185\nwiggins, gregory j. ; grant, jerome f. ; rhea, james r. ; mayfield, albert e. ; hakeem, abdul; lambdin, paris l. ; galloway, a. b. lamb. 2016. emergence, seasonality, and hybridization of laricobius nigrinus (coleoptera: derodontidae), an introduced predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (hemiptera: adelgidae), in the tennessee appalachians. environmental entomology, vol. 45 (6): 8 pages. : 1371 - 1378. doi: 10. 1093 / ee / nvw128\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\nthe tooth - necked fungus beetles (dero­dontidae) are a family of small beetles with only a few species. worldwide 19 species in four genera are known. they live in temperate zones of the northern and southern hemisphere on myxomycetes, one species is a predator of woolly conifer aphids (adelgidae). in germany two species have been recorded .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 85eb1493 - 7344 - 4a7a - bb59 - 0b7909ba284f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 273629\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nstate key laboratory of palaeobiology and stratigraphy, nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology, chinese academy of sciences, 39 east beijing road, nanjing 210008, china; e - mails: caichenyang1988 @ 163. com, dyhuang @ urltoken\naustralian national insect collection, csiro ecosystem sciences, gpo box 1700, canberra act 2601, australia; e - mails: coleop @ bigpond. com, adam. slipinski @ urltoken\nbeutel r. g. 1996: study of the larva of nosodendron fasciculare (olivier 1790) (coleoptera, nosodendridae) with implications for the phylogeny of bostrichiformia. - j. zool. syst. evol. res. 34: 121 - 134 go to original source ...\nbocak l. , barton c. , crampton - platt a. , chesters d. , ahrens d. & vogler a. p. 2014: building the coleoptera tree - of - life for 8000 species: composition of public dna data and fit with linnaean classification. - syst. entomol. 39: 97 - 110 go to original source ...\ncrowson r. a. 1959: studies on the dermestoidea (coleoptera), with special reference to the new zealand fauna. - trans. r. entomol. soc. lond. 111 (4): 81 - 94 go to original source ...\ncrowson r. a. 1980: on amphipolar distribution patterns in some cool climate groups of coleoptera. - entomol. gener. 6: 281 - 292\nhuang d. - y. , nel a. , shen y. - b. , selden p. a. & lin q. - b. 2006: discussions on the age of the daohugou fauna - evidence from invertebrates. - prog. nat. sci. 16: 308 - 312\nhunt t. , bergsten j. , levkanicova z. , papadopoulou a. , st. john o. , wild r. , hammond p. m. , ahrens d. , balke m. , caterino m. s. , gomez - zurita j. , ribera i. , barraclough e. g. , bocakova m. , bocak l. & vogler a. p. 2007: a comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. - science 318: 1913 - 1916 go to original source ...\nlawrence j. f. 1982: coleoptera. in parker s. p. (ed .): synopsis and classification of living organisms. vol. 2. mcgraw - hill, new york, pp. 482 - 553\nlawrence j. f. & newton a. f. 1995: families and subfamilies of coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family - group names). in pakaluk j. & slipinski s. a. (eds): biology, phylogeny, and classification of coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a. crowson. muzeum i instytut zoologii pan, warszawa, pp. 779 - 1006\nlawrence j. f. , slipinski a. , seago a. e. , thayer m. k. , newton a. j. & marvaldi a. e. 2011: phylogeny of the coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. - ann. zool. (warszawa) 61: 1 - 217 go to original source ...\nleschen r. a. b. & beutel r. g. 2004: ocellar atavism in coleoptera: plesiomorphy or apomorphy? - j. zool. syst. evol. res. 42: 63 - 69 go to original source ...\nren d. , shih c. - k. , gao t. - p. , yao y. - z. & zhao y. 2010: silent stories - insect fossil treasures from dinosaur era of the northeastern china. science press, beijing, 322 pp\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. no use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n; abdul hakeem; paris l. lambdin; a. b. lamb galloway\nyou may send email to pubrequest @ urltoken to request a hard copy of this publication .\n( please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address. )\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information .\nthis article was written and prepared by u. s. government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain .\nfield assessment of hybridization between laricobius nigrinus and l. rubidus, predators of adelgidae" ]

{ "text": [ "derodontidae is a family of beetles , in its own superfamily , derodontoidea , sometimes known as the tooth-necked fungus beetles .", "beetles of this family are small , between 2 and 6 mm in length , with spiny margins on their pronotum ( part of the thorax ) that give them their name .", "the genus , laricobius , lacks these spines .", "they have two ocelli on the top of their heads .", "they are related to the bostrichoidea , which includes the death watch beetles , skin beetles , powder-post beetles and other subgroups .", "some species feed on slime molds , but the larvae and adults of the genus laricobius are predators of woolly adelgids which attack conifers , and species of this genus are used as biological control agents in the united states for control of balsam woolly adelgid and hemlock woolly adelgid .", "there are 42 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies .", "the family includes : subfamily derodontinae genus derodontus ( 11 species ) subfamily laricobinae genus laricobius ( 23 species ) genus nothoderodontus ( 6 species ) subfamily peltasticinae genus peltastica ( 2 species )" ], "topic": [ 27, 23, 23, 23, 27, 12, 26, 26 ] }

[ "derodontidae is a family of beetles, in its own superfamily, derodontoidea, sometimes known as the tooth-necked fungus beetles. beetles of this family are small, between 2 and 6 mm in length, with spiny margins on their pronotum (part of the thorax) that give them their name. the genus, laricobius, lacks these spines. they have two ocelli on the top of their heads. they are related to the bostrichoidea, which includes the death watch beetles, skin beetles, powder-post beetles and other subgroups. some species feed on slime molds, but the larvae and adults of the genus laricobius are predators of woolly adelgids which attack conifers, and species of this genus are used as biological control agents in the united states for control of balsam woolly adelgid and hemlock woolly adelgid. there are 42 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies. the family includes: subfamily derodontinae genus derodontus (11 species) subfamily laricobinae genus laricobius (23 species) genus nothoderodontus (6 species) subfamily peltasticinae genus peltastica (2 species )" ]

[ "altshuler, d. l. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). white - vented violet - ear (colibri serrirostris). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' common' (stotz et al. (1996) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2005. 11. 05, website (version 05 - nov - 05 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nbolivia and c paraguay to s brazil (from mato grosso e to goiás, bahia and espírito santo, s to santa catarina) and n argentina (s to córdoba) .\ncalls include a hard “drüg, drüg, drüg, drüg, drüg”, while the ...\nsemi - open terrain of several types including scrub, savanna, grassland and bushy gorges... .\ndec–apr, or dec–feb in são paulo and sept–mar in espírito santo (both brazil). all nest - building, ...\nsome populations make short migrations; birds at higher altitudes in brazil (above tree - line) have ...\nnot globally threatened. cites ii. common throughout much of range, particularly at medium altitudes; readily accepts man - made habitats, e. g. gardens and parks. just two ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 389, 581 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\ndid you know? all our dictionaries are bidirectional, meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "the white-vented violetear ( colibri serrirostris ) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily trochilinae .", "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , and paraguay .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , and heavily degraded former forest . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the white-vented violetear (colibri serrirostris) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily trochilinae. it is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, and paraguay. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, and heavily degraded former forest." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for cyclophora frenaria yet. learn how to contribute .\ntraditionally, species included in this genus were either placed in cyclophora (mostly holarctic species) and anisodes (mostly tropical species). research concluded that these species belong in the same genus. the type species of anisodes was even found to have features that are used to define cyclophora. [ 3 ]\ncyclophora is a genus of moth in the family geometridae. many species are referred to as mochas in reference to their colouration, primarily in europe. [ 2 ]\nthe adult moths are grey with dark markings including a black - outlined dark circular spot near the middle of each wing. the wingspan is about 3 cms .\nthe ground colour is pale yellow, speckled and fasciated, in a somewhat reticulate fashion, with dull reddish brown. the forewing discal spot is distinctively ringed, larger than that on the hindwing, and surrounded by a slightly darker area .\nthe uncus is broadly bilobed, flanked by rod - like socii. there are weak coremata distally on the eighth segment .\nthe only specimen taken in recent surveys was from badas, an area with swamp forest in the lowlands of brunei .\nthe species has been reared from uvaria (annonaceae) in the andamans (unpublished iie records) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nno material has been taken in recent surveys. the older material was collected by waterstradt in the vicinity of g. kinabalu: altitude was not recorded .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n& mccann - india, sri lanka, myanmar #\nacampe rigida\n( buch. - ham .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\npalpi hardly reaching beyond the frons. antennae of male bipectinated to two - thirds length. fore wings with vein 3 from before angle of cell and veins 7, 8, 9 stalked from before upper angle. vein 10 and 11 anastomosing strongly with them to form the small areole. hind wings with veins 3, 4 and 6, 7 from angles of cell. the typical section has the medial spur pair of hind tibia absent in male. [ 4 ]\n2003: new sterrhinae from europe, north africa, and the caucasus (lepidoptera: geometridae) .\nthis page was last edited on 26 february 2018, at 17: 38 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "cyclophora frenaria is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in the indo-australian tropics from india to new guinea and queensland .", "adults are grey with dark markings , including a black-outlined dark circular spot near the center of each wing .", "larvae have been reared on uvaria species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 8 ] }

[ "cyclophora frenaria is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in the indo-australian tropics from india to new guinea and queensland. adults are grey with dark markings, including a black-outlined dark circular spot near the center of each wing. larvae have been reared on uvaria species." ]

[ "this is eupithecia carneata? i can only find a single pinned specimen on mpg. z\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\neupithecia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris, c. d. , 2018. geometridae: larentiinae: eupitheciini (part). lepidoptera of north america, part 14. contributions of the c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university (over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\n17mm - f. - lg – © canadian nat' l. coll .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\non sheet with uv black light. apparently not much to go on for now but a tattered mpg image, and within correct range. but it seems the closest match within this tough eupi crowd .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia carneata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in utah and arizona .", "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing in august and september . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "eupithecia carneata is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in utah and arizona. the wingspan is about 17 mm. adults have been recorded on wing in august and september." ]

[ "corythucha is a large genus of lace bug tingidae that is primarily distributed in the new world, especially north america. the genus includes pest species such as the “cotton or bean lace bug\n( c. gossypii) as well as species that provide maternal care, such as c. hewitti (drake )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "corythucha tuthilli is a little-known species of lace bug tingidae native to colorado and arizona .", "c. tuthilli was first described from mineral county , colorado in the southern rocky mountains .", "it was recently found again on woolly cinquefoil ( potentilla hippiana lehm. ; rosaceae ." ], "topic": [ 3, 5, 20 ] }

[ "corythucha tuthilli is a little-known species of lace bug tingidae native to colorado and arizona. c. tuthilli was first described from mineral county, colorado in the southern rocky mountains. it was recently found again on woolly cinquefoil (potentilla hippiana lehm.; rosaceae." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris, c. d. , 2018. geometridae: larentiinae: eupitheciini (part). lepidoptera of north america, part 14. contributions of the c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university (over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "prorella irremorata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in the desert regions of southern california , nevada and arizona .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the wings are light ochreous with darker blotches along the costa and in the outer area opposite the cell and above the tornus .", "the most prominent blotch occurs in the central area of the costa .", "between this blotch and the apex of the wing are two other smaller blotches .", "adults have been recorded on wing from march to may and in september . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "prorella irremorata is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in the desert regions of southern california, nevada and arizona. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the wings are light ochreous with darker blotches along the costa and in the outer area opposite the cell and above the tornus. the most prominent blotch occurs in the central area of the costa. between this blotch and the apex of the wing are two other smaller blotches. adults have been recorded on wing from march to may and in september." ]

[ "the tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii), also known as the rufous - bellied pademelon or red - bellied pademelon, is the sole endemic species of pademelon, marsupials found in tasmania, and formerly throughout south - eastern australia. this pademelon has developed heavier and bushier fur than its northern relatives, who inhabit northern australia and papua new guinea .\nloss in the form of deforestation has caused the pademelon population numbers to decline. in other areas, pademelon are most commonly preyed upon by canines including foxes ,\nthe red - legged pademelon is active through the day and night in rainforest .\npademelon has been important part of diet of (now extinct) tasmanian tiger .\npademelon rests during the day and searches food during the night (nocturnal animal) .\npademelon is solitary and territorial creature. males occupy territory of 5 to 30 hectares .\nthe pademelon is a marsupial meaning that the female pademelon has a pouch on her belly where she nurses her young. after mating the infant pademelon will be born just 30 days later, when it has to make its own way into its mother' s pouch .\nmeaning that the pademelon, spends the light daytime hours resting, and goes foraging for food during the cooler cover of night. the pademelon is most commonly found inhabiting coastal regions of\nthere is no specific breeding season, though 70% of pademelon births seem to occur around the beginning of winter .\nthe unusual common name, pademelon, is of aboriginal derivation. it is also sometimes referred to as the rufous wallaby .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the pademelon article in your website content, school work and other projects .\npademelon is a herbivore. its diet is based on the leaves, grass, shoots, herbs, mosses, ferns and berries .\npademelon spends its life in dense undergrowth of forest. it creates tunnels in the tall grass and bushes that are used to facilitate access to the feeding areas and as the escape routes. most macropods use their tail as a third leg. due to small size of a tail of pademelon, it is not used as additional limb (pademelon drags it across the ground while it moves through the forest) .\npademelon is small marsupial and close relative of wallaby and kangaroo. it belongs to the kangaroo family (macropod). there are 7 species of pademelon that can be found in australia, papua new guinea and tasmania. pademelon inhabits wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests in the coastal areas. major threats for the survival of these animals are habitat loss (due to accelerated deforestation), hunting (because of their fur and meat), introduction of various predators and lack of food. mountain and calaby' s pademelon are already on the list of endangered species .\nbaby pademelon then spend the next 6 months or so growing and developing inside the pouch and eventually begin to venture out into the outside world .\nwhat made you want to look up pademelon? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe pademelon is common over much of tasmania, and the larger of the bass strait islands. it also occurs on maria and bruny islands .\npademelon has pointed nose, round, dark - colored eyes, prominent, erect ears, stocky body, short legs and short, thick tail .\npademelon is covered with soft fur that is dark brown to grey - brown on the back and reddish - brown or creamy - colored on the belly .\npademelon can reach 16. 5 to 20. 5 inches in length and 7. 7 to 26 pounds of weight. males are much larger than females .\nrose rw, mccartney dj (1982) reproduction of the red - bellied pademelon, thylogale billiardieri (marsupialia). australian wildlife research 9, 27 - 32 .\nthis species is extinct on mainland australia because of predation by foxes and large scale land clearance, although two other species of pademelon occur along the east coast of the mainland. in tasmania, however, the pademelon is both widespread and abundant. although partially protected, hunting is permitted outside parks and reserves; its pelt is commercially valuable and the meat is quite palatable .\nuniversity of queensland. 2000 .\nred - necked pademelon - thylogale thetis\n( on - line). mammals of lamington national park. accessed june 23, 2004 at urltoken .\nvernes k (1995) the diet of the red - legged pademelon thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropodidae) in frgamented tropical rainforest, north queensland. mammalia 59, 517 - 525 .\npademelon is very shy creature that is rarely seen in the wild because it rarely leaves the safety of the forest. it cannot be seen more than 328 feet away from the forest edge .\nwahungu, g. , c. catterall, m. olsen. 2001. predator avoidance, feeding and habitat use in the red - necked pademelon, * thylogale thetis *, at rainforest edges .\ngeographic distribution of the red - legged pademelon (in australia, also found in new guinea) represented by coverage of 1: 250, 000 map sheets of australia (see urltoken for australian maps) .\nshooting is affecting the average age of pademelon populations. the selective shooting for larger (and older) animals means that fewer live to old age, and the average age of the population is significantly reduced .\nonce a part of the diet of the thylacine, the tasmanian pademelon is still preyed upon by other predators of the island, including the tasmanian devil and quolls. even so, they are abundant to the point of being culled occasionally (along with other wallabies) to reduce competition for grass with the farmed animals. hunting of the tasmanian pademelon is allowed, its pelt having some economic value and its meat being palatable .\njohnson pm, vernes k (1994) reproduction in the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropdodidae) and age estimation and development of pouch young. wildlife research 21, 553 - 558 .\nvernes k, marsh h, winter j (1995) home - range characteristics and movement patterns of the red - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical forest. wildlife research 22, 699 - 708 .\nhobart & william smith colleges and union college. 2002 .\nthylogale thetis (red - necked pademelon )\n( on - line). 2001 queensland term wildlife field guide. accessed june 23, 2004 at urltoken .\npademelons are small compact macropods. the term macropod is derived from the scientific name macropoidea which means ‘large footed’. there are three types of pademelon in australia, and only one is found in tasmania. the tasmanian pademelon is also commonly known as a red - bellied pademelon or rufous wallaby. tasmanian pademelons are dark brown to dark grey in colour, buff underneath with a rufous tinge. their tail is about two - thirds the length of their body. males are much larger than females, averaging 7kg, but can reach 12kg. females have an average weight of 3. 9kg. it is estimated that they live only 5 - 6 years in the wild .\nthey will rarely venture more than 30 - 100meters out from the forest edge at nightfall. breeding in the north is continuous with birth peaks in the autumn and spring. pademelon’s thump their back foot in alarm warning others of danger .\npregnancy in female lasts 30 days and ends with one, poorly develop baby called joey. baby completes its embryonic development inside the mother' s pouch and spends first 6 months inside it. young pademelon is weaned at the age of 7 to 8 months .\na rainforest wallaby, the pademelon is an ecological specialist with particular diet and habitat needs. listed as vulnerable in nsw, extensive clearing has destroyed habitat throughout its range and predators such as dogs have reduced populations. this reserve provides a refuge, helping to secure its status .\nthe diet of the pademelon consists of herbs and green shoots, with short green grasses being preferred. mosses are occasionally eaten. pademelons were undoubtedly important in the thylacine (tasmanian tiger) diet and are now important in the diet of tasmanian devils, spotted - tailed quolls and wedge - tailed eagles .\nthe tasmanian pademelon occupies a diversity of habitats provided there are dense, moist thickets for daytime shelter. thus it is found in wet sclerophyll forest, temperate rainforest, tea - tree scrub, and dry sclerophyll forest with an open, grassy understorey. it is often in sympatry with red - necked wallabies and shares foraging areas at night but is likely to be in thicker cover during the day. crypsis rather than flight protects it from predators whereas the larger wallaby tends to flee. the use of open grasslands for forages brings the pademelon into conflict with agriculture and it is poisoned and shot in some areas .\nthe tasmanian pademelon used to exist in south - eastern south australia and victoria. it is now presumed extinct, having not been sighted in sa for over 100 years and in victoria for over 80 years. the extinction coincided with excessive land clearing for agriculture, and the establishment of the european red fox .\nbefore the fire, andy was growing fast and well out of the pouch. he and his mother were inseparable, and used to nuzzle each other lovingly. if he became separated from her and disoriented, she would face any threat to get to him. she was a small pademelon but extremely brave .\nthe red - legged pademelon is found in rainforest adjacent to wet sclerophyll forest with dense under story & grassy areas it occurs in nsw, queensland and and new guinea. fur is extremely soft, grey –brown above, cream below. cheeks, forehead, forearms, hips and hind legs are russet brown .\npademelon thumps the ground with its hind legs when it detects predators. this habit is useful for the forest animals because it informs them about the upcoming danger. vibrations of the soil are very strong and they can easily trick large snakes that some very large, and potentially dangerous animal is the one that creates them .\none of the nicest aspects of de bruijn' s stay was a visit to the little zoo that a voc - official named cornelis kastelein owned at a country estate in a village called weltevreden. de bruijn liked a little animal that had already been baptized philander (\nfriend of man\n), a small, kangaroo - like marsupial that is now called dusky pademelon or - if you prefer its official name - thylogale brunii, which means\nde bruijn' s pademelon\n. his account is not without importance, because this little animal is now a threatened species; the only relict population is probably on new guinea, east of port moresby .\nalthough there is no specific breeding season, 70% of pademelon births occur around the beginning of winter. gestation is 30 days. pouch life is 6. 5 months. the young are weaned at 7 - 8 months and are sexually mature at 14 - 15 months. longevity in the wild may be 5 - 6 years .\nred - necked pademelon mothers may throw the joey out of their pouch during hard times to ensure that their own survival. this is a type of infanticide, but probably has a low cost to the mother because she is probably already pregnant with another offspring in embryonic diapause, just waiting for conditions to improve before proceding in its development .\nthis pademelon is one of the smallest of the macropods, standing 40 - 55 cm when upright. their small, compact bodies make them well adapted to movement through the dense rainforest understorey. disguised by a thick grey / brown fur and creamy / pale underbelly, their name refers to the rusty colouration of the limbs, cheeks and tail .\nthe nose is usually specked pink and black. face is pointed compared to the red - necked pademelon, it' s tail is short 30 - 44 cm, stumpy with fine sparse fur. weight– males 3 - 9kg (7kg) males continue growing throughout life reaching up to 9 kg. and are larger and more muscular in the forelimbs and chest than females that weigh from2 - 4. 2 kg. sexual maturity is reached at 11 - 18 months for both sexes. the red - legged pademelon is a shy animal, it is solitary, but may congregate to browse on grasses, ferns such as fishbone fern, herbs, fungi, shrubs, soft plants, leaves and fruits of the forest floor, they will also eat insects. they are active from late afternoon through the night to early morning returning to shelter by dawn .\nthe red - legged pademelon prefers tropical and sub - tropical rainforest but can be found in other moist habitat like wet sclerophyll forest, vine thickets and areas around swampland. it has a broad latitudinal range from northern nsw to cape york and lowland rainforest in new guinea. the geographic ranges are disjunct and this separation has lead to genetic divergence and sub - speciation. in the southern part of its range it is sympatric with red - necked pademelons .\npademelons are active most of the day and night, resting during the afternoon. they forage for food by day in the forest and after dusk move to feeding sites on the forest edge. they have a peculiar habit of resting against a favourite rock or tree, head drooped, and tail between their legs. mostly solitary, this pademelon can feed in small pods and, if disturbed, it thumps the ground with hind feet to warn others .\nreddish coloured fur is something of a theme with red - bellied, red - necked and red - legged in the species common names. they emerge from forest cover at night to eat succulent grasses and take some browse. they have remained common over much of their geographic range but the tasmanian pademelon was once found in south - eastern south australia and victoria. dense thickets of vegetation are required for shelter and so habitat fragmentation and clearing reduce the viability of populations .\nthe pademelon is a stocky animal with a relatively short tail and legs to aid its movement through dense vegetation. it ranges in colour from dark - brown to grey - brown above and has a red - brown belly. males, which are considerably larger than females, have a muscular chest and forearms, and reach up to 12 kg in weight and 1 - 1. 2 m in overall length, including the tail. females average 3. 9 kg in weight .\nthe diet of the red - legged pademelon is diverse and includes little grass in the northern part of its range where it consumes other climbing monocotyledons, ferns and various dicotyledons including herbs and leaves taken from the plant or on the ground. they also eat seeds and fruit like figs and burdekin plum (pleiogynium timorense). in the north, the diet is supplied within the rainforest whereas in the south where they overlap with red - necked pademelons they may graze grasses, native and introduced, out from the forest edge .\napproximately 70% of pademelon births occur around the beginning of winter. the single small unhaired and blind offspring (i. e. new - born joey) is born 30 days after mating, making its way to the pouch and attaching itself to a nipple. it remains in the pouch for 6. 5 months. soon after the birth, the mother mates again, with the new embryo not developing until the previous young pademelon is nearly ready to leave the pouch. it is possible for the mother to be suckling a new - born pouch young, and a larger joey outside the pouch, whilst carrying a third embryo suspended in its development within her uterus (‘diapause’). amazingly the nipples are able to produce two different types of milk, one for the joey in the pouch, and a milk that is higher in energy, protein and fats for the joey outside of the pouch. pademelons wean from their mothers at around 7 - 8 months, and are able to start breeding themselves at 14 - 15 months of age .\nthe diet of the tasmanian pademelon is primarily short green grasses and broad - leafed herbs (forbs). it will browse on the seedlings of woody plants bringing it into conflict with forestry where tree seedlings are planted out near cover. the graze down grasses and reduce the growth of eucalypt seedlings but much of this damage is indirect through encouraging more insect damage. the effect is short - term and mainly during the first 15 weeks of planting out seedlings. damage also lessens the further from cover with less foraging activity as distance from the forest edge increases .\nwith the newborn youngster relying on the pouch for up to 7 months, it is not a good strategy to give birth again so soon. instead, the new embryo or blastocyst is put on hold - the youngster suckling at a teat causes the blastocyst to remain in a state of suspended animation until the juvenile is ready to vacate the pouch. development then resumes and another pademelon is born a few weeks later. in this way, the mother has three dependants - a young at foot, a pouch baby, and a stalled embryo in her womb .\ncute young male pademelons partake in a little play fighting. pademelons are small rainforest wallabies. a week or so after this was taken, i was watching them fighting again, but this time a mother pademelon was close by and heard the commotion, she turned around and jumped right through the middle of the fighting pair, thereby stopping their antics immediately. suitably chastised, one of the joeys joined his mother sheepishly, and the other wandered off into the undergrowth. this was taken from the deck outside my office at crater lakes rainforest cottages, atherton tablelands, qld, australia .\nthe pademelons are small, compact, short - tailed wallabies that typically inhabit wet sclerophyll and rainforests from tasmania to new guinea. the genus is equally diverse in new guinea (4 species) and australia (3 species) with one of the latter, the red - legged pademelon (t. stigmatica), in both regions. the pademelons occupy an interesting taxonomic position and may have been the ancestors of both tree - kangaroos and rock - wallabies a few million years ago. given the absence of rock - wallabies from new guinea but presence of pademelons in both australia and new guinea, tree - kangaroos likely evolved first, probably in new guinea, and two species entered the far north through cape york. rock - wallabies evolved later in australia, probably on the east coast where pademelons are found, and when no suitable habitat breached the torres strait or bass strait given their absence from tasmania .\nmales to 12 kg (average 7. 0 kg) and females to 10 kg (average 3. 9 kg). the tasmanian pademelon is the largest of the pademelons and reasonably stocky in appearance. the long fur is thick and soft indicative of the cool temperate climate of tasmania. the back and sides are grizzled grey - black with some rich dark brown individuals. the head is a uniform olive - grey except for a slight pale yellow line along the upper lip and around the eye sockets. the ears are short and have a black margin with the inner ear and base yellow - brown. the neck and fore quarters are grey - brown. there is a faint yellowish hip stripe in some individuals. the undersides are yellow with a red tinge, and the area around the cloaca is brightly coloured. the arms and legs are grey - brown, the hands and feet are brown. the tail is short (about 2 / 3 length of body) and grey - brown near the base changing to grey - white towards the end on the underside .\nmales to 6. 8 kg (average 5. 1 kg) and females to 4. 2 kg (average 4. 1 kg). the red - legged pademelon has a slender body covered in short, soft fur giving it a sleek appearance. the primary colour is red - grey on the back, with the grey dominating the forequarters and a red - brown colour on the lower back. the face likewise becomes redder towards the top of the head starting with a grey muzzle through to a rust - red colour on the cheeks and bases of the ears. there is a pale indistinct cheek stripe highlighted by a red bar below it. the backs of the ears and head, and the neck are brown with a faint dark dorsal stripe. the sides are a rich red bleeding into a white abdomen. the hip is marked by a yellow stripe. the species gets its common name from the brilliant rust - red colour on the outsides of the legs. the arms are red - brown, the hands and feet are red - grey, and the digits dark brown. the short thick tail is a uniform grey - brown above and lighter below. there is some variation in colour amongst the sub - species with a grey abdomen in southern populations. rainforest inhabiting populations also tend to be darker .\ncornelis de bruijn (c. 1652 - 1727) was a dutch artist and traveler. he is best known for his drawings of the ruins of persepolis, the first reliable pictures of these palaces to be accessible for western scholars. his other visits included the ottoman empire, egypt, jerusalem, russia, and the east indies .\n, the united east - indian company that was founded in 1602. it was the world' s first incorporated company and multinational. ]\nthe dutch east - indian company. de bruijn was surprised by the dolphins and flying fish. from cochin, he reached the island of ceylon or sri lanka, where the dutch had several trading posts, like galle on the isle' s south cape. de bruijn stayed here long enough to observe a crocodile hunt, and includes a long description of the natural wealth of the island in his\nhad reached the port of batavia, the dutch capital in the east indies (modern jakarta). the trip had not been entirely without danger. in europe, france was still fighting against the other countries in the war of spanish succession ,\n[ in 1701, louis xiv of france tried to make his brother king of spain, which would seriously disturb the balance of power. william of orange, stadholder of holland and since 1688 king of england, created an alliance of england, holland, the emperor leopold i of austria, portugal, hannover, and prussia, which successfully contained france. this war, which ended in 1714, coincided with the great northern war, in which sweden fought against denmark, saxony - poland, and russia. sweden and france were allies but unable to support each other. the significance of the wars is that the dutch, without really loosing something, were unable to maintain their privileged position in the world of international trade. the future belonged to the british empire. ]\nnor was java, the main island in the indonesian archipelago, peaceful. the voc occupied batavia and surroundings in the west, but the larger part of java belonged to the kingdom of mataram. its king amangkurat ii had died, and his his brother pangeran puger and his son amangkurat iii contested the throne. shortly before de bruijn' s arrival, dutch troops had installed puger, but his rival fled to eastern java and launched a war against his uncle .\nthe new king still needed dutch support and was forced to do many concessions; in fact, he had to give up all of western java and allow the dutch the right to go wherever they wanted in mataram. the voc was reorganizing its gains during de bruijn' s stay, and the war was still going on, so a visit to mataram was impossible. in fact, de bruijn' s visit to java was a bit of a disappointment .\nthe artist could stay on struiswijk, the country estate of joan van hoorn, who was between 1704 and 1709 the dutch governor - general. (\nstruiswijk\nwas to become notorious as a prison and a japanese pow - camp during the second world war .) in return for the hospitality, de bruijn painted his host' s portrait, which has survived but is rather damaged .\nvan hoorn was responsible for a major decision in the voc' s economic policy. until then, batavia had been a production center of pepper, sugar, and rice, and a trade center for silk, porcelain, muscat, and tea. van hoorn ordered that in addition, coffee was to be produced on western java, which would break the monopoly of the arab traders of mocca. a description of the way coffee is produced is included in the travels into moscovy, persia, and the east indies .\nanother aspect of de bruijn' s account of the east indies is a description of the castles of coral and tropical fish near the island edam, which was close to batavia. he also describes the chinese who had been settled in batavia by the voc and produced sugar cane, which was used for the production of sugar and arak (brandy). in july 1706, after the rain season, de bruijn spent some time with the sultan of bantam, a still independent state in the far west of java. he greatly admired the dancers .\nyet, de bruijn' s book offered little that was not already known to the officials of the voc, and they must have been disappointed with these parts of travels into moscovy, persia, and the east indies. only for a general audience, it offered much entertaining information .\nit seems that de bruijn was not happy either, because he had plans to visit coromandel in southeast india, but he was by now suffering from a skin affliction, painful legs, and troubles with his eyes, and decided that it was better to return home. because the war of spanish succession was not yet over, the easiest route - circumnavigating africa and continuing over the atlantic - was impossible, so de bruijn had to visit persia and russia again. he boarded the recently built prins eugenius (named after one of the commanders in the war of spanish succession), and on 25 august 1706, after a stay of a half year, de bruijn started the return voyage. his luggage was sent by another ship .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nwe have three opportunities for talented and motivated candidates interested in enrolling in phd programs at either the university of tasmania (utas) (2 projects) or the university of melbourne (1 project) .\nto fully enjoy the a - z animals website, please enable javascript in your web browser .\njasmine\nthis website was really good to read and interesting for my annotated visual display. thanks\njazmine\ni have this animal report and this helped me so much thanks! their so cute - ariel r .\nplease enter a nickname which you can use to identify your comment, but which others cannot use to identify you. please do not use your online usernames / handles which you use for social networking .\nsources: 1. david burnie, dorling kindersley (2008) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 21 dec 2009 ] 2. david burnie, kingfisher (2011) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at: 01 jan 2011 ] 3. david w. macdonald, oxford university press (2010) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at: 01 jan 2010 ] 4. dorling kindersley (2006) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 21 dec 2009 ] 5. richard mackay, university of california press (2009) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at: 21 dec 2009 ] 6. tom jackson, lorenz books (2007) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 21 dec 2009 ]\nare you safe? is an online safety campaign by a - z - animals. com. if something has upset you, the are you safe? campaign can help you to speak to someone who can help you .\nchanging your diet and lifestyle can save your life with garth davis, m. d .\ntasmania' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .\nplanned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .\npademelons are solitary and nocturnal, spending the hours of daylight in thick vegetation. rainforest and wet forest is the preferred habitat, although wet gullies in dry open eucalypt forest are also used. such habitat next to cleared areas where feeding can occur is especially favoured. after dusk, the animals move onto such open areas to feed, but rarely stray more than 100 metres from the security of the forest edge .\nthe species is abundant and widespread throughout the state of tasmania. it is commonly seen around many of the state' s national parks .\nurltoken - & nbspthis; website is for sale! - & nbspwildlifemountain; resources and information .\nred - legged pademelons may venture onto pasture near forest edge in late evening returning to cover at dawn .\nkangaroos are marsupials and belong to the family macropodidae (i. e. big feet) that is grouped with the potoroidae (potoroos, bettongs, rat - kangaroos) and hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat - kangaroo) in the super - family, macropodoidea. this comprises around 50 species in\nsome of the smaller species, such as yellow - footed rock - wallabies, burrowing bettongs, accompanied pig - footed and golden bandicoots, bilbies and possibly hairy - nosed wombats into extinction with the advent of pastoralism. however, the largest species remain in much of their original range with the grey kangaroos expanding inland as grazing habitat increased and coastal habitat was lost in clearance for agriculture. the defining feature of the kangaroo family is that they are the largest vertebrates to hop (both currently and from what we know from palaeontology) .\nlamington national park is located about 2 - h drive from brisbane. access to both green mountains and binna burra is via a final section of narrow, steep and winding road. the park covers 20, 590 ha of predominantly the mcpherson range bordering new south wales. it is part of the gondwana rainforests of australia world heritage area. there is a campground in the green mountains section with drinking water, toilets and hot showers. there is a resort, o' reilly' s, nearby on private land. in the binna burra section, the binna burra lodge, abuts the park. there are extensive half and full - day walks from both areas with some interlinking to two localities .\nboth the red - legged and red - necked pademelons occur in this park along with other macropods including the red - necked wallaby, whiptail wallaby, swamp wallaby and brush - tailed rock - wallaby .\nthey can be active throughout the day and night with a deeper rest period around midday through to mid - afternoon. in the day they forage in the shelter of the rainforest and emerge onto open habitat out from the forest edge only at night .\nbreeding is continuous. the pouch life is around 6. 5 - 7 months. gestation is about 28 - 30 d with a post - partum oestrus and mating within 2 - 12 h of birth. embryonic diapause occurs if the pouch is occupied. young are weaned at about 9 months. females mature at 11 months and males at 15 months .\nthe species is sexually dimorphic with males larger and more muscular in the forelimbs and chest than females. males court females with a soft clucking vocalisation typical of many macropods. in aggressive encounters within and between the sexes a harsh rasping vocalisation is uttered. individuals are usually solitary but may aggregate on nocturnal foraging areas where sexual interactions may occur .\nhome ranges are relatively small at 1 - 4 ha and include distinct daytime areas in the forest and smaller night - time areas on pasture at the forest edge. the pademelons stay in or close to cover at all times and rarely venture more than 70 m from the forest edge. they are hunted by dingoes but also fall prey to large pythons and foxes in the southern part of their range. individuals are usually solitary in the forest but may aggregate in loose intermingling groups at night when in open habitat .\n, a wildlife tourism information provider. the information is general only and does not purport to be comprehensive. the currency of the information is at the time of production only. new information and the correction of inaccuracies may be placed on this web site but there is no obligation to do so. the information is not intended to provide or make any recommendation on which you should rely – if you rely on this information then you do so at your own risk. the producers of this website exclude any liability for any error or inaccuracy in, or omissions from, the pages and any loss or damage which you or any other person may suffer. the producers do not necessarily endorse any company, product, service or organisation represented on the website .\nwith questions or comments about this web site. text copyright © 2007 rootourism - the kangaroo trail\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnatural enemies of pademelons are dogs, dingoes, tasmanian devils, foxes, pythons and eagles .\nmating season of pademelons takes place all year round and reaches the peak during the spring and autumn .\n2007, scott alexander king, animal dreaming: the symbolic and spiritual language of the australasian animals, page 57, although pademelons are solitary and territorial by nature, it is not uncommon to witness small groups feeding in close proximity to one another .\n2008, barbara a. holzman, tropical forest biomes, page 122, kangaroos and their relatives that live in the rainforest include pademelons, wallabies, and tree kangaroos. pademelons are small kangaroo - like marsupials that prefer solitary nocturnal life in the rainforest .\n2013, iain campbell, sam woods, wildlife of australia, page 32, pademelons are a distinct group of small wallabies, considerably smaller than both the giant kangaroos and the other, larger wallabies. when foraging slowly, pademelons usually move on all fours .\nthis page was last edited on 9 july 2018, at 15: 55 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na soft clucking is made by the female to call its young, and by the male during courtship, with harsh rasping sounds in hostile encounters. diet consists of fruit (figs), fungi, berries, leaves, grasses, tree bark and some insects .\nthese marsupials have developed an efficient birth procedure. most macropods and some mammals have a reproductive system known as embryonic diapause which delays embryo development. females give birth to a single young 3 - 6 weeks after mating. soon after giving birth, if she mates, she becomes pregnant again .\nthe mother is even able to supply two different types of milk at the same time. one is for the developing baby and the other, a higher energy milk, for the maturing joey .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 92560ea2 - c110 - 4a26 - adfd - e942f0709879\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a0de15f2 - a9c5 - 4e6e - 8d6c - 605189044b56\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a90a6da3 - 0ea9 - 45c0 - 9965 - 1348bafbd2ec\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b9ab6f79 - 9517 - 4975 - 8a3e - 773dafd5bfb4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fe966315 - 701c - 4a63 - 98a9 - 8fd100347e8c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 389433\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found in the extreme southern fly region of new guinea (indonesia and papua new guinea), and throughout much of eastern australia, where it ranges from the cape york peninsula to eastern new south wales. it is found from sea level to 1, 200 m asl .\nin australia, it is common within suitable habitat (johnson and vernes 2008). it is believed to be uncommon in new guinea .\nthis species is a largely solitary forest species. in australia, it has been recorded from lowland and highland tropical moist forest, wet sclerophyll forests, deciduous vine thickets and is occasionally found in lantana thickets in formerly forested areas (johnson and vernes 2008). in new guinea, it is largely confined to the gallery forests, and is not present in adjacent grasslands. this species is out competed by t. brunii in new guinea with which it shares similar habitat affiliations .\nthere are no major threats to this species overall. in australia, the species may be somewhat threatened by fragmentation of suitable forested areas (the species generally does not persist within fragments, and has, for example, disappeared from patches of scrub in cape york and on the atherton tablelands) and by predation by dogs. within new guinea, overhunting for meat is a threat to this species .\nit is present in a number of protected areas in australia. it does not occur in any protected areas in new guinea .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur. they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas. (click here to see geographic restrictions). the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .\na small, compact wallaby with soft, thick fur, grey brown above, pale grey below and rufous brown on the face, forearms, flanks and hind legs. the tail is short and thick .\npatchily distributed along coastal and subcoastal eastern australia from cape york to the hunter valley in nsw. southern range records are from the watagan mountains and the wyong district. there are unconfirmed records from the western new england tablelands (e. g. west of emmaville). this species is also found in new guinea .\ninhabits forest with a dense understorey and ground cover, including rainforest, moist eucalypt forest and vine scrub .\nthey disperse from dense shelter areas to feed from late afternoon to early morning, favouring native grasses and herbs on the edge of the forest .\nalso known to feed on fruits, young seedling leaves and stems, fungi and ferns .\nclick on a region below to view detailed distribution, habitat and vegetation information .\ninappropriate fire regime reducing or degrading habitat, especially as a result of overly frequent or intense fires and regular burning of forest margins .\nhabitat degradation and grazing competition by feral horses, cattle, pigs, and rabbits .\na targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the saving our species program; click here for details. for more information on the saving our species program click here\nimplement best - practice, strategic, adaptive management of invasive predators to benefit populations of pademelons .\nidentify and implement restoration and revegetation projects at areas where connectivity between large areas of known habitat is compromised, with the aim of increasing the width, condition and security of critical landscape links .\nconduct strategic bush regeneration in areas of known habitat to progressively replace lantana understorey with native vegetation .\nnegotiate agreements with relevant landholders (preferably in - perpetuity covenants) that maintain areas of habitat and vegetation connectivity between reserved areas. where possible incorporate management strategies that maintain habitat quality such as grazing and fire management strategies .\nimplement best - practice, strategic, adaptive management of invasive pigs, horses and rabbits to benefit populations of pademelons .\nliaise with land managers and consent authorities to ensure the maintenance of corridor vegetation connecting areas of key habitat during logging operations .\nimplement best - practice, strategic management of cattle to benefit populations of pademelons .\nmonitor species response to fire when implementing hazard reduction works in areas of known habitat. monitoring should cover the altitudinal and latitudinal range of the species .\nopportunistically collect blood samples to investigate prevalence of disease and genetic diversity, store data in a centralised database .\nmenkhorst, p. and knight, f. (2010) a field guide to the mammals of australia. third edition. (oxford university press, south melbourne )\nnsw national parks and wildlife service (2002) threatened species of the lower north coast of new south wales. (nsw npws, hurstville )\nnsw national parks and wildlife service (2002) threatened species of the upper north coast of nsw: fauna. (nsw npws, coffs harbour )\nstrahan, r. (ed .) (1995) the mammals of australia. (australian museum and reed books, sydney )\nbrownish - grey wallaby, paler ventrally, with distinct reddish neck and shoulders, short tailed .\na medium - sized, short - tailed, brownish - grey wallaby that is paler ventrally (on the belly), with distinct reddish neck and shoulders. no obvious facial markings. tail length shorter than body length. males larger than females .\na shy and mostly nocturnal species that rarely moves far from dense cover. rare within dense forest, but more common where forest is adjacent to grassland. here they spend the day resting in the forest before emerging in the evening along well established runways, into more open areas to feed on grasses, forbs and shrubs. home range of 5 - 30 ha. males are significantly larger than females .\nthey breed throughout the year. sexual maturity is reached at approx. 18 months .\n) are only found in parts of eastern australia. they range from eastern queensland to just below mid - coast of new south wales .\nthe habitat of red - necked pademelons consists of rainforests, thick scrub or grassland areas, and eucalyptus forests." ]

{ "text": [ "pademelons are small marsupials of the genus thylogale .", "they are usually found in forests .", "pademelons are one of the smallest of the macropods .", "the name is a corruption of badimaliyan , from the dharuk aboriginal language of port jackson ( sydney region ) .", "pademelons , wallabies , and kangaroos are very alike in body structure , and the three names refer to the three different size groups .", "besides their smaller size , pademelons can be distinguished from wallabies by their shorter , thicker , and sparsely haired tails .", "like wallabies , they ambulate by hopping . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20, 28, 25, 25, 23, 28 ] }

[ "pademelons are small marsupials of the genus thylogale. they are usually found in forests. pademelons are one of the smallest of the macropods. the name is a corruption of badimaliyan, from the dharuk aboriginal language of port jackson (sydney region). pademelons, wallabies, and kangaroos are very alike in body structure, and the three names refer to the three different size groups. besides their smaller size, pademelons can be distinguished from wallabies by their shorter, thicker, and sparsely haired tails. like wallabies, they ambulate by hopping." ]

[ "have a fact about epinotia ulmicola? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epinotia ulmicola? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nulmicola kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (hamuligera) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 179. tl: russia, far east, primorsky krai, vladivostok. holotype: zmas. male .\nin this study, we report a newly recorded species, epinotia demarniana (fischer von roslerstamm) from china, along with three previously unrecorded species, epinotia bicolor (walsingham), e. pinicola kuznetsov, and e. ulmicola kuznetsov, from northeast china. photographs of the adults and genitalia are presented .\nmesopotamica obraztsov, 1952 (epinotia (epinotia) ), z. wien. ent. ges. 37: 127. tl: mesopotamia. mesopotamia. holotype: zsm. male .\npiceicola kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 49: 437. no type\ncremana hartig, 1960 (epinotia), studi trentini sci. nat 37: 153. no type\nefficax meyrick, 1912 (epinotia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\ntemerana issekutz, 1972 (epinotia), schmett. sdl. burgen. : 47. no type\nsemifuscana stephens, 1829 (poecilochroma (epinotia) ), nom. br. insects: 47. no type\nrhododendronana hartig, 1960 (epinotia), studi trentini sci. nat. acta biol. 37: 149. no type\nboreales kuznetzov, 1976 (epinotia pinicola ssp .), trud. biol. - pochvenn. inst. 43: 84. no type\nhuebneri kocak, 1980 (epinotia), comm. fac. sci. univ. ankara 24 (c): 12. no type\nrasdorniana issiki, in eakai et al. , 1957 (epinotia), icones heterocerorum japonicorum in coloribus naturalibus 1: 174. no type\nmyricana mcdunnough, 1933 (epinotia), entomologist 65: 206. tl: canada, ontario, bobcaygeon. holotype: cnc. male .\nobraztsovi agenjo, 1967 (epinotia), eos 42 (1966): 287. tl: spain. almeria. holotype: mncnm. male .\nmonticola kawabe, 1993 (epinotia), tinea 13: 238. tl: taiwan, hualien hsien, hohuanshan. holotype: usnm. male .\nfujisawai kawabe, 1993 (epinotia), tinea 13: 237. tl: taiwan, nantou hsien, lushan spa. holotype: usnm. male .\nparki bae, 1997 (epinotia), insecta koreana 14: 22. tl: korea, kangwon province, chuncheon. holotype: uib. male .\ncorylana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 22. tl: canada, ontario, ottawa. holotype: cnc. male .\nnormanana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), can. ent. 39: 156. tl: canada, manitoba, aweme. lectotype: amnh. male .\npinivora issiki, in issiki & mutuura, 1961 (epinotia), publ. ent. lab. univ. osaka pref. 7: 5. no type\nsperana mcdunnough, 1935 (epinotia), can. ent. 67: 144. tl: canada, labrador, hopedale. holotype: cnc. male .\nautonoma falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 428. tl: russia, far east, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. female .\nkasloana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 23. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. holotype: cnc. male .\nremovana mcdunnough, 1935 (epinotia), can. ent. 67: 146. tl: canada, alberta, waterton lakes. holotype: cnc. male .\nyoshiyasui kawabe, 1989 (epinotia), microlepid. thailand 2: 55. tl: thailand, chiang mai, doi inthanon. holotype: opu. male .\nbalsameae freeman, 1965 (epinotia), j. res. lepid. 4: 219. tl: canada, qubec, aylmer. holotype: cnc. male .\nbushiensis kawabe, 1980 (epinotia), tinea 11: 22. tl: japan, honshu, saitama prefecture, iruma, bushi. holotype: usnm. male .\nevidens kuznetzov, 1971 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 50: 433. tl: china, north yunnan province, likiang. holotype: mgab. male .\nnigralbanoidana mcdunnough, 1929 (epinotia), can. ent. 61: 271. tl: canada, ontario, pt. pelee. holotype: cnc. male .\naquila kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 567. tl: russia, sakhalin, korsakov. holotype: zmas. male .\ntamaensis kawabe, 1974 (epinotia), ty to ga 25: 96. tl: japan. honshu, tokyo prefecture, tama hill. holotype: usnm. male .\ncineracea nasu, (1991 (epinotia), appl. ent. zool. 26: 342. tl: japan, hokkaido, bibai. holotype: opu. male .\njavierana razowski & pelz, 2007 (epinotia), polskie pismo entomol. 76: 14. tl: argentina, tucuman, san javier. holotype: smfl. male .\nkeiferana lange, 1937 (epinotia), pan - pacif. ent. 13: 118. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: cas. male .\nniveipalpa razowski, 2009 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 129. tl: vietnam, kon tum, dac glei. holotype: mnhu. female .\nthaiensis kawabe, 1995 (epinotia), microlepid. thailand 3: 54. tl: thailand, loei province, phu luang wildlife sanctuary. holotype: opu. male .\naciculana falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 424. tl: russia, far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. male .\nbispina razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 549. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. female .\nchlorochara razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 547. tl: ecuador, province cotopaxi, via la mana, pilalo. holotype: mzuj. male .\nguarandae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 545. tl: ecuador, province bolivar, balzapamba - guaranda old road. holotype: mzuj. male .\nimprovisana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 269. tl: usa, california. holotype: usnm. male .\nlanceata razowski, 1999 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 333 tl: ecuador, pichincha province, 12 km nw papallacta. holotype: cmnh. male .\npanda razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 548. tl: ecuador, province carchi, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\npenthrana bradley, 1965 (epinotia), ruwenzori exped. 1952, 2 (12): 96. tl: uganda, ruwenzori, nyamaleju. holotype: bmnh. male .\nelatana falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 426. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. male .\nplumbolineana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 53. tl: canada, britishcolumbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsagittana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 22. tl: canada, british columbia, departure bay biological station. holotype: cnc. male .\nsalicicolana kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 47: 577. tl: russia, kuril islands, kunashir, near sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\namurensis kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 574. tl: russia. amur region, klimoutsy. holotype: zmas. female .\nussuriensis kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia bilunana ssp .), ent. obozr. 49: 440. tl: russia. primorsky krai, near ussuriysk. holotype: zmas. female .\ngradli rebel, 1929 (epinotia cruciana ab .), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 79: 49. tl: austria. holotype: unknown. unknown .\ndensiuncaria kuznetzov, 1985 (epinotia), vestnik zool. 1985 (1): 6. tl: russia, far east, southern primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. male .\nhuroniensis brown, 1980 (epinotia), proc. ent. soc. wash. 82: 504. tl: canada, qubec, norway bay. holotype: cnc. male .\nnotoceliana kuznetzov, 1985 (epinotia), vestnik zool. 1985 (1): 5. tl: russia, far east, southern primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. male .\nrotundata razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 161. tl: ecuador, prov. napo, papallacta. holotype: mzuj. male .\nrubricana kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 575. tl: russia, primorsky krai, near vladivostok. holotype: zmas. female .\nseorsa heinrich, 1924 (epinotia), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 392. tl: canada, british columbia, vavenby. holotype: usnm. male .\nslovacica pato ka & jaro, 1991 (epinotia), acta ent. bohemoslov. 88: 215 tl: slovakia, slovakia central (zarnovica). holotype: nmpr. male .\nabnormana kuznetzov, 1973 (epinotia (panoplia) ), ent. obozr. 52: 683. tl: china, shansi province, mien - shan. holotype: mgab. male .\naraea diakonoff, 1983 (epinotia), zool. verh. leiden 204: 36. tl: indonesia, sumatra, mt. bandahara, bivouac two. holotype: ncb. female .\naridos freeman, 1960 (epinotia), can. ent. (suppl. 16) 92: 30. tl: usa, montana, east glacier. holotype: cnc. male .\nbicordana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 220. tl: canada, manitoba, aweme. holotype: amnh. male .\nbigemina heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 220. tl: usa, california, carmel. holotype: amnh. male .\nbiuncus razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 548. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nbrunneomacula razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 162. tl: ecuador, prov. sucumbios, la bonita. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncoryli kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 49: 437. tl: russia, primorsky krai, near ussuriysk, mountain tayga station. holotype: zmas. female .\nheucherana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 217. tl: usa, virginia, rosslyn. holotype: usnm. male .\nmultistrigata razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 547. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\npinicola kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 48: 368 tl: russia, kuril islands, kunashir island, sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nsotipena brown, 1987 (epinotia), j. lepid. soc. 40 (1986): 341. tl: usa, maryland, plummers island. holotype: usnm. female .\ntianshanensis liu & nasu, 1993 (epinotia), ty to ga 44: 60. tl: china, xinjiang uygur autonomous region, tian mtns. . holotype: zmas. male .\ntsugana freeman, 1967 (epinotia), j. res. lepid. 5: 13. tl: canada, british columbia, vancouver island, holberg. holotype: cnc. male .\ntsurugisana oku, 2005 (epinotia), tinea 18 (supplement 3): 108. tl: japan, shikoku, tokushima prefecture, mt. tsurugisan. holotype: eihu. male .\nvagana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 230. tl: usa, washington, liaga. holotype: usnm. male .\nzamorata razowski, 1999 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 334 tl: ecuador, zamora - chinchipe province, 36 km nw zamora. holotype: cmnh. male .\natristriga clarke, 1953 (epinotia), j. wash. acad. sci. 43: 228. tl: usa. illinois, putnam co. . holotype: usnm. male .\nalbimaculata kuznetzov, 1976 (epinotia), trud. inst. zool. leningrad 64: 23. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, dubovoe. holotype: zmas. female .\ndigitana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 215. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. holotype: usnm. male .\npiceafoliana kearfott, 1908 (epinotia), j. new york ent. soc. 16: 176. tl: usa. new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. female .\nkoraiensis falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia rubiginosana ssp .), ent. obozr. 44: 426. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. female .\nruntunica razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 161. tl: ecuador, prov. tungurahua, banos - runtun. holotype: mzuj. male .\nseptemberana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 51. tl: usa, new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsigniferana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 232. tl: usa, california, san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nsubviridis heinrich, 1929 (epinotia), proc. u. s. natn. mus. 75: 15. tl: usa, california, san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nulmi kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (panoplia) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 182. tl: russia, primorsky krai, kangauz. holotype: zmas. male .\nchloizans razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 52. tl: venezuela, cordillera de mrida, mrida, monte zerpa. holotype: mzuj. male .\nclasta diakonoff, 1983 (epinotia (asthenia) ), zool. verh. leiden 204: 39 tl: indonesia, sumatra, mt. bandahara, bivouac four. holotype: ncb. female .\nmarcapatae razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 125. tl: peru, prov. cusco, cordillera vilcanota, marcapata. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmeritana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 226. tl: usa, utah, carbon co. . holotype: usnm. male .\nmaculosa kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 177. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. female .\nrussata heinrich, 1924 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 391. tl: canada. british columbia, victoria. holotype: usnm. male .\nsilvertoniensis heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 214. tl: usa, color - ado, silverton. holotype: usnm. male .\nkurilensis kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 575. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nussurica kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. primorsky krai, near vladivostok, lyanchikhe river. holotype: zmas. male .\nautumnalis oku, 2005 (epinotia), tinea 18 (supplement 3): 110. tl: japan, honshu, iwate prefecture, mt. sodeyama, kuzumaki town. holotype: eihu. male .\nalaskae heinrich, 1923 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 229. tl: usa. alaska, yukon. holotype: usnm. male .\nlongivalva kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia elatana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. kuril islands, iturup, foot of berutarube volcano. holotype: zmas. male .\ncupressi heinrich, 1923 (epinotia hopkinsana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 207. tl: usa. california, cypress point. holotype: usnm. male .\nimmaculata peiu & nemes, 1968 (epinotia (panoplia) ), rev. roum. biol. zool. 13: 342. tl: romania, suceava, fundu moldovei. holotype: tmb. male .\nbrevivalva kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia elatana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. kuril islands, shikotan island, near krabo - zavodsk. holotype: zmas. female .\npiceae kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 569. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near serno - vodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nunisignana kuznetzov, 1962 (epinotia (hamuligera) ), bull. ent. soc. mulhouse 1962: 53. tl: russia, far east, amur region, klimoutsy. holotype: zmas. unknown .\nalbocephalaeis razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 124. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. male .\nsemifuscana stephens, 1834 (poecilochroma (epinotia) ), illust. br. ent. (haustellata) 4: 140. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nfumoviridana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 208. tl: usa, california, siskiyou co. , shasta retreat. holotype: usnm. male .\nlongistria razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 546. tl: ecuador, ecuador (province cotopaxi, san francisco de las pampas, res. la otonga. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmediostria razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 126. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. female .\nkurilensis kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia (steganoptycha) tetraquetrana ssp .), ent. obozr. 48: 371. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near alekhino. holotype: zmas. male .\nexcruciana stephens, 1852 (poecilochroma epinotia) ), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 35. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nchloana razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 36. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nethnica heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 201. tl: usa, california, san diego co. , san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nmicroscyphos razowski & landry, in razowski et al. , 2008 (epinotia), revue suisse de zoologie 115: 199. tl: ecuador, galapagos islands, fernandina, north side. holotype: cdrs. female .\nnigrovenata razowski & pelz, 2010 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 38: 24. tl: chile, maule, cauquenes province, r. n. fred. albert. holotype: smfl. female .\nborealis kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia pinicola ssp .), ent. obozr. 48: 370. tl: russia. kuril islands, paramushir island, sw servero - kuril' sk. holotype: zmas. male .\nruidosana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 216. tl: usa, new mexico, lincoln national forest, ruidosa canyon. holotype: usnm. male .\ntenebrica razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 36. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nlepida heinrich, 1924 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 391. tl: usa. new hampshire, coos co. , mount washington. holotype: usnm. male .\npullata falkovitsh, in danilevsky, kuznetzov & falkovitsh, 1962 (semasia (epinotia) ), trud. inst. zool. alma ata 18: 104. tl: khazakhstan, zailiyskiy alatau. holotype: zmas. unknown .\nzamorlojae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 25. tl: ecuador, province zamora chinchipe, loja - zamora ,\narcoiris\nestacion cientifica. holotype: mzuj. female .\nsiskiyouensis heinrich, 1923 (epinotia pulsatillana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 202. tl: usa. california, siskiyou co. , shasta retreat. holotype: usnm. male .\ncedricida diakonoff, 1969 (epinotia (evetria) ), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 5: 389. tl: france, depart vaucluse, massif du luberon. holotype: mnhn. male .\nanepenthes razowski & trematerra, 2010 (epinotia), j. entomol. acarol. res. (ser. ii) 42: 60. tl: ethiopia, bale mountains, harenna forest, karcha camp. holotype: tremc. male .\nlatiloba razowski & trematerra, 2010 (epinotia), j. entomol. acarol. res. (ser. ii) 42: 60. tl: ethiopia, bale mountains, harenna forest, karcha camp. holotype: tremc. male .\natacta diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 38. tl: madagascar, central madagascar (massif de l' ankaratra, manjaktompo). holotype: mnhn. female .\nbricelus diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. 28: 52. tl: madagascar, east madagascar (nord - ouest de fort - dauphin, massif d' ando - hahelo). holotype: mnhn. female .\nxyloryctoides diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 55. tl: madagascar, south madagascar (plateau mahafaly, 11 - 12 km e ankalirano). holotype: mnhn. female .\nalgeriensis chambon, in chambon, fabre & khemeci, 1990 (epinotia), bull. (n. s .) soc. ent. fr. 95: 131. tl: algeria, algeria (fort de babor). holotype: inra. male .\ndorsifraga diakonoff, 1970 (epinotia), mm. o. r. s. t. o. m. 37: 136. tl: madagascar, madagascar (tsaratanana range, matsabory en dessous de l' andohanisambirano). holotype: mnhn. female .\nmniara diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 53. tl: madagascar, east madagascar (piste d' andapa a ambalapaiso, 25 km e andapa). holotype: mnhn. female .\nphyloeorrhages diakonoff, 1970 (epinotia (panoplia) ), mm. o. r. s. t. o. m. 37: 132. tl: madagascar, madagascar (tsaratanana range, route d' am - bositra a ambohimanga du sud, km 39). holotype: mnhn. male .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbyun, b. k. ; yan, shanchun; lee, b. w. ; li, chengde\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nabbreviana fabricius, 1794 (pyralis), entomologia systematica 3 (2): 278. tl: denmark, hafniae [ denmark ]. . lectotype: zmuc. unknown .\nlithoxylana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 233. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nstannana guenee, 1845 (grapholitha ulmariana var .), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 171. tl: europe. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ntrimaculana donovan, [ 1806 ] (phalaena), nat. hist. br. insects 11: 25. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nulmariana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (grapholitha), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 406. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nulmetana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 241. tl: poland. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nuniformata dufrane, 1957 (eucosma trimaculana form), bull. inst. r. sci. nat. belg. 33 (32): 8. tl: france. holotype: irsn. unknown .\nabsconditana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 351. tl: australia, new south wales, sydney. holotype: bmnh. female .\naulacota turner, 1946 (bactra), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 70: 212. tl: australia. new south wales, killarney, acacia plateau. holotype: anic. male .\nperplexa turner, 1916 (eucosma), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 40: 526. tl: australia. queensland, brisbane. lectotype: anic. male .\nalbangulana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 40. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nalbicapitana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 47. tl: usa, california, placer co. . lectotype: amnh. male .\nalbiguttata oku, 1974 (hikagehamakia), konty 42: 15. tl: japan, honshu, akita prefecture, mt. akita - komagatake. holotype: eihu. male .\narctostaphylana kearfott, 1904 (cydia), can. ent. 36: 109. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. lectotype: amnh. male .\nbiangulana walsingham, 1879 (steganoptycha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 71. tl: usa, oregon, crooked river. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbicolor walsingham, 1900 (pelatea), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 335 tl: japan / india, assam, naga hills. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nbilunana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 436. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncretaceana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 42. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunnichana linnaeus, 1767 (phalaena (tortrix) ), systema naturae (12th ed .): 880. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbodorsana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunneana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunneodorsana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunnichella kloet & hincks, 1945 (eucosma), checklist brit. ins: 124. no type\nbrunnichiana [ denis & schiffermuller ], 1775 (tortrix), syst. verz. schmett. wienergegend: 132. no type\nochreana hauder, 1918 (epiblema brunnichianum ab .), ent. z. frankf. a. m. 31: 102. tl: austria. linz. syntype (s): smfl. unknown .\nrectana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 126. tl: france. alsace. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsinuana [ denis & schiffermuller ], 1775 (tortrix), syst. verz. schmett. wienergegend: 131. tl: austria. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncanthonias meyrick, 1920 (acroclita), exotic microlepid. 2: 343. tl: india, bengal, pusa. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncaprana fabricius, 1798 (pyralis), suppl. entomologiae systematicae: 475. tl: switzerland, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneofasciana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\ndivellana hubner, [ 1832 - 1833 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 53fig. 339. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfuscana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscofasciana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 231. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscomaculana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 231. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\ngriseana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmelaleucana duponchel, in godart, 1835 (paedisca), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 375. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\npiceana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 440. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nsciurana herrich - schaffer, 1852 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 59, fig. 426. no type\nvittana westwood & humphrey, 1845 (poecilochroma), brit. moths transf. 2: 147. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncastaneana walsingham, 1895 (paedisca), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895: 511. tl: usa, colorado, loveland. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nceltisana riley, 1881 (paedisca), trans. st. louis acad. sci 4: 319. tl: usa, texas. holotype: usnm. male .\nlaracana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 45. tl: usa. ohio. lectotype: amnh. female .\nnavalis meyrick, 1912 (proteopteryx), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34 no type\ncercocarpana dyar, 1903 (eucosma), proc. ent. soc. wash. 5: 297. tl: usa, colorado, platte canyon. syntypes: amnh: 1; usnm: 3 male. unknown .\ncinereana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncinerana stephens, 1829 (steganoptycha), nom. br. insects: 47. no type\ncriddleana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 39: 58. tl: canada. manitoba, aweme. lectotype: amnh. male .\npetrana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 33fig. 210. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncolumbia kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 36: 112. tl: canada, british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\nalbidorsana kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx columbia ssp .), can. ent. 36: 113. tl: canada. british columbia, kaslo. lectotype: amnh. female .\nmediostriana kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx columbia ssp .), can. ent. 36: 114. tl: canada. british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncontrariana christoph, 1882 (grapholitha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 424. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladivostok. syntypes: unknown. unknown .\ncrenana hubner, [ 1814 - 1817 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 38fig. 242. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncastaneana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 241. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfasciana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 242. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 242. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmarmorana mansbridge, 1939 (epiblema crenana ab .), entomologist 73: 287. tl: united kingdom. scotland [ united kingdom ]. holotype: unknown. unknown .\nmonachana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 139 tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrufimaculana mansbridge, 1939 (epiblema crenana ab .), entomologist 73: 287. tl: united kingdom. scotland [ united kingdom ]. holotype: unknown. unknown .\ncruciana linnaeus, 1761 (phalaena (tortrix) ), fauna svecica: 347. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalticolana stephens, 1852 (pamplusia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 100. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nangustana desmarest, 1857 (hypermecia), encyclop. hist. nat. (papillons noct .): 224. no type\naugustana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 32, figs. 204, 205. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 75. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncockleana kearfott, 1904 (enarmonia), can. ent. 36: 137. tl: canada. british columbia; alberta, banff; manitoba, aweme. syntypes (2): amnh; usnm. 2 males .\ndireptana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 338. tl: canada. hudson bay, albany river, st. martin' s falls. holotype: bmnh. female .\nexcaecana stephens, 1852 (hypermecia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 41. no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer, 1849 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 51, fig. 363. no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 272. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngyllenhahliana thunberg & borgstrm, 1784 (tortrix), d. d. dissert. ent. sist. ins. svecica 1: 22. tl: sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nvilisana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 338. tl: canada. hudson bay, albany river, st. martin' s falls. holotype: bmnh. female .\nviminana guenee, 1845 (hypermecia), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 173. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ncuphulana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (syndemis) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 276. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndalmatana rebel, 1891 (grapholitha paedisca), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 41: 620. tl: croatia, croatia (spalato). lectotype: nhmv. male .\npsychodora wiltshire, 1939 (phtheochroa), trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 88: 54. no type\npsychrodora meyrick, 1936 (phtheochroa), exotic microlepid. 5: 23. tl: syria. bludan. holotype: bmnh. male .\ndemarniana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 186 tl: germany, dresden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nderuptana kennel, 1901 (epiblema), dt. ent. z. iris (1900) 13: 290. tl: russia, anitaurus, hadjin. holotype: mnhu. male .\nemarginana walsingham, 1879 (proteopteryx), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 68. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . lectotype: bmnh. unknown .\nexquisitana christoph, 1882 (steganoptycha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 428. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladi - vostok. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npica walsingham, 1900 (eucosma), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 337 tl: japan. honshu, kanagawa prefecture, yoko - hama. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nfestivana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 9, fig. 52. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfraternana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 449. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nconcretana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 132. tl: france. alsace. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndistinctana wilkinson, 1859 (coccyx), brit. tortrices: 111. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntypes: zdug. male, female .\nproximana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial ,), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 18, fig. 127. no type\nproximana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (coccyx) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 219. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngimmerthaliana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 247. tl: latvia, [ latvia ]. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngimerthaliana herrich - schaffer, 1852 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 56, fig. 399. no type\ngranitana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 280. tl: czech republic / germany. , syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngranitana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial ,), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 43, fig. 303. no type\nhamptonana kearfott, 1875 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 153. tl: usa, new hampshire, hampton. lectotype: amnh. male .\nhesperidana kennel, 1921 (epiblema), palaear. tortr. : 609. tl: mauritania, holotype: mnhu. unknown .\nhopkinsana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 36. tl: usa, washington, hoquiam. lectotype: amnh. male .\nhypsidryas meyrick, 1925 (eucosma), exotic microlepid. 3: 140. tl: india, u. p. , deoban, chakrata div. . lectotype: bmnh. male .\nillepidosa razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (sisurcana), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 37. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nimmundana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 138 tl: germany, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nestreyerana guenee, 1845 (phlaeodes), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 173. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nestreyeriana lederer, 1859 (grapholitha), wien. ent. monatschr. 3: 135. no type\nignalinonis strand, 1917 (epiblema immundana ssp .), ent. mitt. 6: 307. tl: spain. syntype (s): deib. unknown .\ninfessana walsingham, 1900 (thiodia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 404 tl: syria, haleb, shar devsky. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nconturbatana caradja, 1916 (semasia), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 63. tl: russia. amur. syntypes: unknown. unknown .\ninfuscana walsingham, 1879 (semasia), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 62. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\njohnsonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 36. tl: usa, nevada. lectotype: amnh. female .\nketamana amsel, 1956 (steganoptycha (epiblema) ), z. wien. ent. ges. 41: 23. tl: morocco, ketama. holotype: lnk. male .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 262. tl: germany, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 32, fig. 236. no type\nlindana fernald, 1892 (steganopteryx), can. ent. 24: 178. tl: canada, ontario, hamilton. lectotype: usnm. male .\nlomonana kearfott, 1907 (tortrix), can. ent. 39: 82. tl: canada, british columbia, victoria. lectotype: amnh. male .\nveneratrix meyrick, 1912 (tortrix), ent. mon. mag. 48: 36 no type\nmaculana fabricius, 1775 (pyralis), systema entomologiae: 647. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nophtalmicana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 9, fig. 51. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nophthalmana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 43. no type\nophthalmicana hubner, 1822 (eutrachia), syst. - alphab. verz. : 63. no type\nmadderana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 55. tl: canada, manitoba, rounthwaite. lectotype: amnh. male .\nmajorana caradja, 1916 (gypsonoma incarnana var .), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 61. tl: russia, far east, khabarovsky krai, radd. lectotype: mgab. male .\nleucantha meyrick, 1931 (eucosma), exotic microlepid. 4: 145. tl: japan. honshu, tokyo prefecture. holotype: bmnh. female .\nmedioplagata walsingham, 1895 (zeiraphera), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895: 516. tl: usa, colorado, custer co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmedioviridana kearfott, 1908 (eucosma), j. new york ent. soc. 16: 168. tl: canada, ontario, ottawa. lectotype: amnh. male .\nmelanosticta wileman & stringer, 1929 (eucosma), entomologist 62: 67. tl: taiwan, formosa [ taiwan ] (arizan). holotype: bmnh. male .\nmercuriana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 73. tl: germany, wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nmonticolana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (coccyx), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 408. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nmiscana kearfott, 1907 (eulia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 91. tl: usa, california, placer co. , cisco. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsemalea meyrick, 1912 (eulia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\nmomonana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 39: 125. tl: canada, manitoba, rounthwaite. lectotype: amnh. female .\nsanifica meyrick, 1912 (proteopteryx), ent. mon. mag. 48: 36. no type\nnanana treitschke, 1835 (coccyx), schmett. eur. 10 (3): 80. tl: germany, lectotype: tmb. male .\ndomonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 79. tl: usa. massachusetts, middlesex co. , framingham. lectotype: amnh. female .\nimmetallana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 132. tl: france. alscae. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 18, fig. 129. no type\nwaltavaarana hoffmann, 1893 (steganoptycha nanana var .), stettin. ent. ztg. 54: 135. tl: finland. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnemorivaga tengstrom, 1848 (coccyx), notis sllsk. fauna flora fenn. frh 1: 88. tl: finland, syntype (s): zmh. unknown .\nfinimitana lederer, 1859 (grapholitha (paedisca) ), wein. ent. monatschr. 3: 333. no type\nfinitimana doubleday, 1859 (coccyx ?), synon. list br. butterflies moths: 24. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nfinitimana stephens, 1852 (coccyx), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 52. no type\nnemorivagana jones, 1884 (coccyx), ent. mon. mag. 21: 138. no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 20, figs. 140, 141. no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 281. tl: austria. alps. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnigralbana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 41. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . syntypes: usnm; bmnh. male .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (coccyx) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 220. tl: germany / austria, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 20, fig. 138. no type\nsuasana peyerimhoff, 1863 (coccyx), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 133. tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnisella clerck, 1759 (phalaena), icones insectorum rariorum 1: pl. 12, fig. 6. tl: sweden, probably sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbodecorana krulikowsky, 1908 (epiblema nisella ab .), societas ent. 23: 18. tl: russia. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nanana schrank, 1802 (tortrix), fauna boica 2 (2): 72. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nboeberana fabricius, 1787 (pyralis), mantissa insectorum 2: 239. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneana dufrane, 1930 (eucosma nisella ab .), lambillionea 30: 161. tl: belgium. baudour. holotype: irsn. female .\ncuspidana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ndecorana hubner, [ 1818 - 1819 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 42fig. 265. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndorsimaculana klemensiewicz, 1906 (epiblema nisella ab .), spraw. kom. fizyorg. krakw 32: 58. tl: poland. syntype (s): isez. unknown. [ lost ]\nfulminana krulikowsky, 1908 (epiblema nisella ab .), societas ent. 23: 18. tl: russia. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nlepidana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 94. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnisana guenee, 1845 (grapholitha), annls soc. ent. fr. 2 (3): 171. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\npavonana donovan, [ 1793 ] (phalaena), nat. hist. br. insects 2: pl. 58, fig. 3. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrhombifasciana haworth, 1811 (tortrix ?), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrubiana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 450. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nsiliceana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 31fig. 196. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nstictana haworth, 1811 (tortrix ?), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nnonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 30. tl: usa, colorado, pueblo. holotype: amnh. female .\ncarphologa meyrick, 1912 (eucosma), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\npentagonana kennel, 1901 (epiblema), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 289. tl: china, hadjin, sutschan. holotype: mnhu. female .\npiceae issiki, in issiki & mutuura, 1961 (panoplia), microlepid. ins. injurious conif. plts. japan: 36. tl: japan, honshu, sinano [ nagano ], omekura. holotype: usnm. male .\npulsatillana dyar, 1903 (eucosma), proc. ent. soc. wash. 5: 297. tl: usa, colorado, foothills at boulder and golden. syntypes (19): usnm. unknown .\npurpuriciliana walsingham, 1879 (steganoptycha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 72. tl: usa, california. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\npusillana peyerimhoff, 1863 (grapholitha), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 127. tl: france, colmar. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npygmaeana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 12fig. 69. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nradicana heinrich, 1923 (griselda), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 186. tl: canada, british columbia. lectotype: usnm. male .\nramella linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena (tinea) ), systema naturae (10th ed .): 540. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncostana duponchel, in godart, 1836 (grapholitha), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 510. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nfimbriana stephens, 1829 (anchylopera), syst. cat. br. insects (2): 178. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\npaykulliana fabricius, 1787 (tortrix), mantissa insectorum 2: 235. tl: sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nramana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 100. no type\nsesquilunana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 435. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrasdolnyana christoph, 1882 (steganoptycha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 427. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladi - vostok. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrectiplicana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 40. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 282. tl: europe, nixdorf (nixdorf). syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbouchardana wilkinson, 1859 (poecilochroma), brit. tortrices: 186. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntypes: zdug. male, female .\nincognatana peyerimhoff, 1863 (retinia), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 134. tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 26, fig. 185. no type\nsignatana douglas, 1845 (sericoris), zoologist 3: 844. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nkroesmanniana heinemann, 1863 (grapholitha), schmett. deut. schweiz 2: 147. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npadana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 243. tl: latvia / lithuania. livlandia / kurlandia [ latvia / lithuania ]. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsignata caradja, 1903 (sericoris), bull. soc. sci. bucarest 11: 615. no type\nsolandriana linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena (tortrix) ), systema naturae (10th ed .): 532. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbosinuana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncentrostriana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 199. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscosolandriana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfuscotrapezana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngriseana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 175. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nochreotrapezana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nparmatana hubner, [ 1814 - 1817 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 40 figs. 253, 254. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nratana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 37fig. 236. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrattana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 44. no type" ]

{ "text": [ "epinotia ulmicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in china ( guizhou , shaanxi , gansu ) , korea , japan and russia .", "the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .", "the larvae feed on ulmus propinqua . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "epinotia ulmicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in china (guizhou, shaanxi, gansu), korea, japan and russia. the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm. the larvae feed on ulmus propinqua." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\na widespread species with no known major widespread threats. however, locally threatened due to habitat alterations along river banks and degradation of lowland wetlands .\nlarge rivers draining to baltic sea (absent in northern sweden and finland north of 62°n), north sea (weser, elbe), black sea, sea of azov (don) and caspian sea (abundant in volga, rare in ural) .\nhabitat: large lowland rivers with backwaters; also in eutrophic lowland lakes. spawns on submerged vegetation along shores of rivers or in backwaters. also reported to spawn on gravel in moderate current. biology: lives more than 10 years. spawns for the first time at 3 - 4 years and about 150 mm sl. most individuals spawn several times during their life. spawns in spring (march - april in lower danube, april - early may in baltic, may - june in volga delta), when temperature reaches 10°c (8 - 12°c in lower danube). spawning period short, usually only 1 - 2 weeks. females spawn once a year. males often defend spawning territories along shoreline. in mature males, sides of body above anal with nuptial tubercles. may undertake long migrations upriver to suitable spawning sites. juveniles in backwaters and flooded zones along rivers. enters freshened parts of seas to forage. feeds predominantly on zooplankton in open water of backwaters and other still water bodies .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nafmafewm (austrian federal ministry of agriculture, forestry, environment and water management) (2011) checklist of species in austria. : federal office for water management, institute of waters ecology, fisheries and lake research .\nbaensch, h. a. and r. riehl (1995) aquarien atlas. band 4. : mergus verlag gmbh, verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde, melle, germany. 864 p .\nbanarescu, p. (1964) pisces - osteichthyes (pesti ganoizi si osisi). : editura academiei republicii populare romîne, bucuresti. 962 p .\nbaruš, v. and o. oliva (eds .) (1995) mihulovci a ryby. fauna r a sr. (cyclostomata and fishes. fauna of czech republic and slovakia). : sv. 28 academia praha .\nberg, l. s. (1964) freshwater fishes of the u. s. s. r. and adjacent countries. volume 2, 4th edition. : israel program for scientific translations ltd, jerusalem. (russian version published 1949) .\nblanc, m. , j. - l. gaudet, p. banarescu and j. - c. hureau (1971) european inland water fish. a multilingual catalogue. : fishing news (books) ltd. , london .\nbogutskaya, n. g. (2002) common names of russian freshwater fishes. : spreadsheet with cyrillic names made available for inclusion in fishbase. unpublished .\nbundesanstalt für landwirtschaft und ernährung (2003) verzeichnis der handelsbezeichnungen für erzeugnisse der fischerei und der aquakultur. : retrieved 17 june 2003, from http: / / www. ble. de .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\ngrabda, e. and t. heese (1991) polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. cyclostomata et pisces. : wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie. koszalin, poland. 171 p. (in polish) .\nhanel, l. (2003) komentovaný přehled mihulí a ryb české republiky. : bull. lampetra v: 27 - 67 .\nhanel, l. and j. novák (2002) české názvy zivočichů v. ryby a ryboviti obratlovci (pisces) 3. , maloústí (gonorhynchiformes) - máloostní (cypriniformes). : národní muzeum (zoologické oddělení), praha .\niacob, l. and i. dima (2006) regnul animalia. : eukarya. enciclopedia florei si faunei din romania .\nkoli, l. (1990) suomen kalat. [ fishes of finland ]. : werner söderström osakeyhtiö. helsinki. 357 p. (in finnish) .\nkottelat, m. and j. freyhof (2007) handbook of european freshwater fishes. : publications kottelat, cornol and freyhof, berlin. 646 pp .\nlehtonen, h. (1990) kalannimistö: suomi, latina, ruotsi, norja, englanti, saksa ja ranska. (fish names: finnish, latin, swedish, norwegian, english, german and french .). : riista - ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos. kalatutkimuksia - fiskundersökningar. no 12. helsinki. finland. (publication of the finnish game and fisheries research institute .) (in finnish) .\nmuus, b. j. and p. dahlstrøm (1990) europas ferskvandsfisk. : gec gads forlag, københavn. 224p. (in danish) .\npihu, e. (1979) loomade elu 4. köide. kalad: pihu, e. 1979. loomade elu, 4. köide, kalad. valgus, tallinn." ]

{ "text": [ "ballerus ballerus , also known as the zope or the blue bream , is a fish native to eurasia .", "ballerus ballerus feeds mostly on larger zooplankton .", "it can reach sizes of up to about 45 cm and a weight of around 0.8 kg .", "in sweden it is seen in vänern , hjälmaren , mälaren and adjoining waters , plus helgeån waterbody .", "the python-based application server zope is named after the species . " ], "topic": [ 22, 8, 0, 13, 25 ] }

[ "ballerus ballerus, also known as the zope or the blue bream, is a fish native to eurasia. ballerus ballerus feeds mostly on larger zooplankton. it can reach sizes of up to about 45 cm and a weight of around 0.8 kg. in sweden it is seen in vänern, hjälmaren, mälaren and adjoining waters, plus helgeån waterbody. the python-based application server zope is named after the species." ]

[ "what type of species is urothoe marina? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the urothoe marina species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of urothoe marina species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species urothoe marina .\nhow to identify urothoe marina marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species urothoe marina. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species urothoe marina are marked in green .\nwhere is urothoe marina found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species urothoe marina can be found .\nune nouvelle espece d’urothoe, urothoe atlantica (crustacea: amphipoda: urothoidae) de la cote atlantique du maroc .\na new species of urothoe (amphipoda, gammaridea) from the iberian peninsula .\nurothoe convexa, a new gammarid species from korea (amphipoda: urothoidae) .\nthe present species is especially close to urothoe spinidigitus walker, 1904. it differs from urothoe spinidigitus by the absence of rostrum in the present species (small rostrum present in urothoe spinidigitus) and the absence of defining palmar spines in both gnathopods. the dactylus of pereopod 5 in walker’s species bears 4 short and 4 long robust setae whereas urothoe sibuensis possesses a nodulate dactylus in its pereopod 5. the subequal merus and carpus of pereopod 5 in the present species clearly distinguish it from urothoe spinidigitus that has carpus twice as broad as merus .\nurothoe intermedia espéce nouvelle recoltée dans le canal du suez (crustacea amphipoda, haustoriidae s. l .) .\nde vlakte van de raan is van belang voor vissen, benthos en vogels. kenmerkende soorten van de klaverbank zijn: aonides paucibranchiata, chone duneri, glycera lapidum, glycera alba, laonice bahusiensis, pistella lornensis, typosyllis cornuta, het bulldozerkreeftje urothoe marina, de gewone zeeappel (psammechinus miliaris) en de tweekleppige dosinia exoleta (van moorsel 2003) .\nren x. & huang l. (1991). studies on gammaridea and caprellidea (crustacea: amphipoda) from the northwest waters off the antarctic peninsula. studia marina sinica, 32, 185 - 323 .\nthe sea potato can be found living with bivalve molluscs such as the sword razor or clams. the tellimya ferruginosa is commonly found living inside the sea potatoes' s burrow and acts as a commensal. many can be found with it, up to fourteen, attached by silky filaments the sea potato has also been found to live with crustaceans such as urothoe marina .\nurothoe marina (bate, 1857): godet et al. (2010) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] godet, l. , le mao, p. , grant, c. & olivier, f. 2010. marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago: an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008. cahiers de biologie marine, 51: 147 - 165 .\nurothoe sibuensis sp. n. , holotype, male, (ukmmz - 1394), 2. 9 mm. pulau sibu, johor, south china sea .\nurothoe tinggiensis sp. n. , holotype, female, (ukmmz - 1399), 2. 0 mm. pulau tinggi, johor, south china sea .\nurothoe sibuensis sp. n. , holotype, male, (ukmmz - 1394), 2. 9 mm. pulau sibu, johor, south china sea. all scales represent 0. 1 mm .\nurothoe sibuensis sp. n. , holotype, male, (ukmmz - 1394), 2. 9 mm. pulau sibu, johor, south china sea. all scales represent 0. 05 mm .\nurothoe tinggiensis sp. n. , holotype, female, (ukmmz - 1399), 2. 0 mm. pulau tinggi, johor, south china sea. all scales represent 0. 1 mm .\nurothoe tinggiensis sp. n. , holotype, female, (ukmmz - 1399), 2. 0 mm. pulau tinggi, johor, south china sea. all scales represent 0. 05 mm .\ndistribution of habitat ss. smp. ssgr. zmar zostera marina / angustifolia beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand, based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap. red dots represent records on which the biotope is based. blue dots show other certain records, black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope. yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .\nurothoe is a very small amphipod crustacean belonging to the family urothoidae. the body length is 0. 5 - 0. 8cm & the animal lives on the surface & in shallow burrows in muddy sand & gravel deposits. it has moderate mobility & can swim into the water column. it is vulnerable to dredging but is likely to be able to accommodate deposition of sediment mobilised by the dredging process .\nthe longevity of urothoe is 1yr, & sexual maturity is achieved at 5 months. the sexes are separate & breeding is between april - october. about 15 eggs are formed per brood in a large number of reproductions that occur over a 15 - day cycle during the breeding season. fertilisation is internal. this genus has a relatively high fecundity & subsequent growth rate but a very limited dispersal potential .\ntaxonomic remark the use of the name ‘spence bate’ instead of ‘bate’ is discussed herein. see page 201 .\ntaxonomic remark the use of the name ‘spence bate’ instead of ‘bate’ is discussed herein. see page 201. [ details ]\nhorton, t. ; lowry, j. ; de broyer, c. ; bellan - santini, d. ; coleman, c. o. ; corbari, l. ; daneliya, m. ; dauvin, j - c. ; fišer, c. ; gasca, r. ; grabowski, m. ; guerra - garcía, j. m. ; hendrycks, e. ; hughes, l. ; jaume, d. ; jazdzewski, k. ; kim, y. - h. ; king, r. ; krapp - schickel, t. ; lecroy, s. ; lörz, a. - n. ; mamos, t. ; senna, a. r. ; serejo, c. ; sket, b. ; souza - filho, j. f. ; tandberg, a. h. ; thomas, j. ; thurston, m. ; vader, w. ; väinölä, r. ; vonk, r. ; white, k. ; zeidler, w. (2018). world amphipoda database .\nbellan - santini, d. ; costello, m. j. (2001). amphipoda. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels 50: pp. 295 - 308. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbachelet, g. ; dauvin, j. - c. ; sorbe, j. c. (2003). an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda (crustacea: peracarida) of the southern bay of biscay (ne atlantic). cah. biol. mar. 44 (2): 121 - 151 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlincoln, r. j. (1979). british marine amphipoda: gammaridea. british museum (natural history): london, uk. isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8. vi, 658 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ncensus of marine life (2012). syndeep: towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity, biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea. unpublished data (datasetid: 38), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlincoln, r. j. , 1979. british marine amphipoda: gammaridea. british museum (natural history), london .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas .\nulster museum and the marine conservation society, belfast and ross - on - wye .\nbelfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nthe marine fauna and flora of the cullercoats district. marine species records for the north east coast of england .\nsunderland: penshaw press, for the dove marine laboratory, university of newcastle upon tyne .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiotic (biological traits information catalogue) by marlin (marine life information network) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. based on a work at urltoken .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nbellan - santini, d. ; costello, m. j. (2001). amphipoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 295 - 308\nbachelet, g. ; dauvin, j. - c. ; sorbe, j. c. (2003). an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda (crustacea: peracarida) of the southern bay of biscay (ne atlantic). cah. biol. mar. 44 (2): 121 - 151\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp .\nlincoln, r. j. (1979). british marine amphipoda: gammaridea. british museum (natural history): london, uk. isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8. vi, 658 pp .\n( bate, 1857). in: horton, t. ; lowry, j. & de broyer, c. (2013 onwards) world amphipoda database. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nto receive our reports (print and / or electronic) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled. you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives, conventions and agreements. the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled. a new map solution will soon become available. in the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14: 41 from version 18. 4. 26\nthe european environment agency (eea) is an agency of the european union. legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site. cookies do not contain any personal information about you. if you wish, see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser. see also our privacy policy .\npf: for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form (6210, 7130, 9430) enter\nx\nin the column pf to indicate the priority form .\ncaves: for habitat types 8310, 8330 (caves) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .\ndata quality: g =' good' (e. g. based on surveys); m =' moderate' (e. g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); p =' poor' (e. g. rough estimation )\nabundance categories (cat .): c = common, r = rare, v = very rare, p = present - to fill if data are deficient (dd) or in addition to population size information\ndata quality: g =' good' (e. g. based on surveys); m =' moderate' (e. g. based on partial data with some extrapolation); p =' poor' (e. g. rough estimation); vp =' very poor' (use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field\nabundance categories\nhas to be filled in )\nde vlakte van de raan wordt begrensd door de - 20 nap lijn aan de zeezijde, de speciale berschermingszone (sbz) voordelta, de sbz westerschelde en aan de zuidkant door de grens met belgië. op geologische schaal is er sprake van grootschalige bodembewegingen in het gebied, die enerzijds bestaan uit een langzame daling van de noordzeebodem en anderzijds uit een geleidelijke stijging van het massief van brabant (de mulder et al. , 2003) waarop een serie van paleocene, pleistocene en holocene sedimenten zijn afgezet (le bot et al. , 2003, 2005). de samenstelling van de bodemsedimenten in het westerscheldemondingsgebied is zeer heterogeen. zowel zandige sedimenten als slib komen voor (du four et al. 2006) .\n- anonymus (2005) integraal beheerplan noordzee 2015. interdepartementale directeurenoverleg noordzee (idon) - arts fa, berrevoets cm (2005) monitoring van zeevogels en zeezoogdieren op het nederlands continentaal plat 1991 - 2005: verspreiding, seizoenspatroon en trend van zeven soorten zeevogels en de bruinvis. rapport rikz / 2005. 032, rijksinstituut voor kust en zee / rikz, middelburg\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nb. a. r. azman and c. w. h. melvin\ncorresponding author: b. a. r. azman (moc. liamg @ miharaba) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n). airlift suction sampler and plankton net of 100 µm mesh size were used in the collection of the specimens. all materials are lodged in the universiti kebangsaan malaysia muzium zoologi (ukmmz). the following abbreviations are used on the plates: a, antenna; g, gnathopod; hd, head; ll, lower lip; md, mandible; mx, maxilla; mp, maxilliped; p, pereopod; pl, pleopod; ep, epimeron; t, telson; u; uropod; ur, urosome; ul, upper lip; ♂, male; ♀, female .\nmolar process moderately to strongly developed. gnathopods weak, subequal, variously subchelate. pereopod 5 distinctly 7 - segmented. pereopods 6 and 7 subsimilar in form and size, strongly fossorial. pereopod 7 not of phoxocephalid form, basis not shield - like. abdomen not sharply narrowing or flexed at urosome. uropod 3 rami subequal; long and slender. telson deeply cleft .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 05f15ce6 - 9c13 - 4481 - b623 - a7d9f2f1a41d\nholotype, male, 2. 9 mm, ukmmz - 1394, seagrass area (halophila ovalis, halodule uninervis, cymadocea serrulata, halophila spinulosa) of pulau sibu, johor, 2°13' 55\nn, 104°3' 14\ne, vertical haul plankton net (100 µm), 8 m, b. a. r. azman, melvin, c. w. h. , yoshida, t. , 16 october 2008 (ukm i. d. 9047). paratypes: 8 males, ukmmz - 1396, same station data .\ngnathopod 1 coxa subrectangular, narrow; basis elongate, posterior margin with several long and short setae; ischium subtriangular with several short setae along posterior margin; merus semicylindrical; carpus longer than propodus, about twice as broad as long, posterior margin densely setose; propodus slightly expanded distally; palm with several setae; dactylus large with setae at base. gnathopod 2 coxa expanded ventrally; basis elongate with several long setae along posterior margin; ischium subtriangular with several long setae along posterior margin; merus subtriangular with rarely long and short setae present; carpus broad, longer than propodus, propodus subtriangular; dactylus similar to the dactylus of gnathopod 1 .\npereopod 3 – 4 almost homopodous except pereopod 3 slightly broader than pereopod 4. pereopod 3 coxa slightly expanding ventrally, basis elongate with few long setae at distal end of posterior margin; ischium broader than long with few long setae; merus twice as long as carpus, posterior margin with dense setae and several plumose setae; carpus subquadrate, several setae, plumose setae and robust setae present; propodus narrow, armed with several robust setae along posterior margin; dactylus nodulate. pereopod 4 coxa subtriangular; basis elongate, few long setae with a plumose setae; ischium rarely setose; merus elongate, setose at posterior margin; carpus covered with several robust setae, setae and plumose setae; propodus narrow, with several robust setae; dactylus nodulate. pereopod 5 coxa bilobial; basis expanding backward, several setae in the notch of posterior margin, several plumose setae situated distally; ischium wider than long; merus wider than long provided with transverse rows of robust setae medially and distally, several long plumose setae distally; carpus subequal of length and width, provided with traverse rows of spines medially and distally, several long plumose setae distally; propodus provided with 3 traverse rows of robust setae ventrally and 2 transverse rows of robust setae posteriorly, several long plumose setae medially; dactylus nodulate. pereopods 6 – 7 slender from basis to propodus except for dactylus of pereopod 6 nodulate whereas dactylus of pereopod 7 slender and smooth, basis rounded posteriorly .\npleopods 1–3 peduncle distinctly longer than broad; biramous, multiarticulate. uropod 1 peduncle with two rows of robust setae; rami subequal in length with long robust setae medially. uropod 2 peduncle provided with several robust setae; rami subequal in length, outer ramus with a long robust setae medially and a distal setae. uropod 3 well developed; both rami with long plumose setae; outer ramus 2 biarticulate; inner ramus shorter than outer ramus. telson about 5 / 6 cleft; both lobes with robust setae apically and few setae medially and distally .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 806054f6 - 4a04 - 4f49 - b13c - 1a80b65a11c7\nholotype, female, 2. 0 mm, ukmmz - 1399, muddy - sand substrate of pulau tinggi, 2°16' 51. 70\nn, 104°7' 15. 96\ne, airlift suction sampler, 9 m, b. a. r. azman, c. w. h. melvin, j. h. c. lim, 19 july 2007, ukm i. d. 8632. paratype: 4 females ukmmz - 1401, same station data .\ngnathopod 1 coxa narrow, subrectangular; basis elongate with several long setae along the posterior margin; carpus broad furnished with several setae at posterior margin, about as broad as long; propodus wide with several long setae situated anterodistally; dactylus normal. gnathopod 2 coxa narrow, subrectangular; basis elongate with several long setae along the posterior margin; carpus suboval in shape; propodus wide provided with several long setae at anterodistal angle; dactylus falcate, slightly extending palm when closed .\npereopod 3 – 4 homopodous, coxa subquadrate; basis elongate provided with few long setae; carpus twice as long as merus; propodus narrow; dactylus nodulate. pereopod 5 coxa small, bilobate; basis semicircular, few plumose setae along posterior margin; ischium wider than long; merus wider than long, provided with two transverse rows of robust setae and a row of plumose setae; carpus twice as long as wide, 4 transverse rows of robust setae, one traverse row of plumose setae; propodus longer than wide, provided with 3 traverse rows of robust setae; dactylus large, with 3–4 robust setae along anterior margin. pereopod 6 coxa subquadrate; basis wide, oval shape, several plumose setae along posterior margin; merus longer than wide; carpus longer than wide, robust setae along anterior margin; propodus shorter than merus, robust setae along anterior margin; dactylus nodulate. pereopod 7 coxa subtriangular; basis oval shape; merus longer than wide, few robust setae; carpus longer than wide, robust setae along anterior margin and posterior margin; propodus longer than wide provided with several robust setae; dactylus nodulate .\npleopods 1–3 peduncle shortened and slightly expanded distally; outer ramus longer than inner ramus; rami multiarticulate. uropod 1 peduncle with several robust setae lining at the medial margin and distally; rami subequal in length. uropod 2 peduncle provided with 2 robust setae and a robust seta distally; rami subequal in length. uropod 3 well developed; both rami with long plumose setae; outer ramus 2 biarticulate; inner ramus shorter than outer ramus. telson about 5 / 6 cleft; both lobes with 2 setae apically and a seta medially .\nthe authors would like to thank the following people for their help; jacqueline lim hui chern, gan sim yee, and shamsul bahar who assisted in the field sampling. we also would like to thank dr. jim lowry (australian museum, sydney) and anonymous referees for their useful comments on the manuscript. this research was funded by the ministry of science, technology and innovation (ukm - st - 08 - frgs0020 - 2009) and ukm research grant (ukm - ggpm - plw - 034 - 2010). many thanks are also due to the marine park section, department of fisheries, malaysia .\ncatalogue of the specimens of amphipodus crustacea in the collection of the british museum .\nsouth atlantic abyssal amphipods collected by r. v. verna. abyssal crustacean .\ncontribution a l’etude du genre amphipodes profonds de la mediterranee (parages de monaco – cotes de corse) .\ntroisieme champagne de l’hirondelle, 1887. sur quelques crustaces amphipodes du littoral de acores .\nconradi m, lópez - gónzalez pj, bellan - santini d. (1995 )\nnew species of haustoriidae, phoxocephalidae, and oedicerotidae (crustacea: amphipoda) from northern and southern new zealand .\nrelazione sulla memora del dottor achille costa, di ricerche su’ crostacei amfipodi del regno di napoli .\nno. 9. further notes on the amphipoda of indian waters. natural history notes from h. m. ’s india survey steamer ‘investigator’, commander alfred carpenter, r. n. , d. s. o, commanding .\nthe amphipoda of southern africa part 3. the gammaridea and capprelidea of natal .\nthe amhipoda of southern africa. part 4. the gammaridea and caprellidea of the cape province east of cape agulhas .\ntaxonomic studies on the shallow water gammaridean amphipoda of the west kyushu, japan. viii. pleustidae, pdoceridae, priscomilitaridae, stenothoidae, synopiidae and urothoidae .\nmelitoid amhipods of the genera ceradocus costa, 1853 and victoriopisa karaman and barnard, 1979 (crustacea: amphipoda: maeridae) from the south china sea, malaysia .\nrostrogitanopsis karamani n. sp. , the first record of the genus from the asian region (amphipoda: gammaridae: amphilochidae) .\na new species of talitridae (amphipoda: gammaridea) from tioman island, malaysia .\na new species of the genus indischnopus from malaysia (crustacea, amphipoda, platyiscnopidae) .\nreport on the amphipoda (gammaridea and caprellidea) of the coast of tropical west africa .\ncontribution to the study of marine biology in the nasha islands and the neighbouring waters i .\ncrustacea et pycnogonida nova in itinere 2do et 3tio expeditionis norvegicae anno 1877 & 78 collecta. (prodromus descriptionis) .\nreport on the amphipoda collected by professor herdman, at ceylon, in 1902 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ndownload comparative physical and biological data. the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .\ndistribution of habitat ss. ssa. ifisa. tbampo semi - permanent tube - building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand, based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap. red dots represent records on which the biotope is based. blue dots show other certain records, black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope. yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .\nit is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status .\nampplon occurs on muddier sediment than tbampo and can be distinguished by the importance of photis longicaudata in the muddier biotope .\nno characteristic photos currently available. if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address: comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk (replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol) .\nversion 15. 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04. 05; therefore superseding version 04. 05, 97. 06 and 03. 02 .\njncc (2015) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15. 03 [ online ]. [ date accessed ]. available from :\ninformation from the shallower section (up to sublittoral sediment, taken from version 04. 05) be cited as the\nconnor, d. w. , j. h. allen, n. golding, k. l. howell, l. m. lieberknecht, k. o. northen and j. b. reker (2004) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04. 05. in: jncc (2015) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15. 03 [ online ]. [ date accessed ] .\nparry, m. e. v. , k. l. howell, b. e. narayanaswamy, b. j. bett, d. o. b. jones, d. j. hughes, n. piechaud, t. d. nickell, h. ellwood, n. askew, c. jenkins and e. manca (2015) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland. jncc report 530. in: jncc (2015) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15. 03 [ online ]. [ date accessed ] .\nthis biotope occurred in previous versions of the classification as: ims. zmar - version: 97. 06 igs. zmar - version: 96. 7 ims. zmarbv - version: 96. 7 lmsnd. zos - version: 6. 95\nthis is a common name for thsi organism is the ea potato, but can also be called echinocardium cordatum .\nthe sea potato is a heart shaped urchin covered in furrowed yellowish spines which grow from tubercles and mostly point backwards. its dorsal side is flatenned and is indented near the anterior side. they can be a fawn color, but sea potatoes that are found near where the sea deposits them on beaches can lose their spines and are white. the spines trap air and are what preven the sea potato from suffocating under the sand. the elongated areas of the shell form a furrow down the sides of the shell. it has two series each of two rows of tube feet and the shell can grow from six to nine centimeters long .\nthe sea potato can be found across most the world' s oceans and marine habitats. it can be found in temperate seas in the north atlantic ocean, the west pacific ocean, around australia, new zealand, south africa and the gulf of california down to about 230 meters. it is especially common around the coastal waters of the british isles .\nthe sea potato buries itself in sand down ten to fifteen centimeters. it can live in a wide range of sediments, but prefers sediments 200 to 300 µm in size with a low amount of mud. it makes a tunnel towards the surface to breath and two other tunnels for excrement and lines the tunnels with a mucus secretion. the tunnel at the surface of the sand makes a cone where detritus can collect. this detritus is passed down toward the sea potato for food with the long tube feet .\nsperm and eggs are released to the surface of the water, where they are fertilized. the larvae have four pairs of arms are laterally flattened. later on in this stage, the tube feet begin to develop around the skeleton. the larvae are not close to the bottom of the ocean or shore, called pelagic, and are considered zoo plankton. 39 days after fertilization, the larvae undergo metamorphosis and burrow into the sediment that they find most favorable at the time. sea potatoes typically live about 10 years or more .\ncontributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3. 0 license. portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes: the largest network of teachers in the world\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbarnard, j. l. (1969). the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda. bull. u. s. natn. mus. 271: 1–535\nbarnard, j. l. (1980). classification of gammarid amphipoda. crustaceana (suppl .) 6: 5–16\nbarnard, j. l. , karaman, g. (1991a). the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda (except marine gammaroids). part 1. rec. aust. mus. (suppl .) 13: 1–417\nbarnard, j. l. , karaman, g. (1991b). the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda (except marine gammaroids). part 2. rec. aust. mus. (suppl .) 13: 419–866\nbellan - santini, d. , dauvin, j. c. (1988). actualisation des données sur l' écologie, la biogéographie et la phylogénie des ampeliscidae (crustacés—amphipodes) atlantiques après la révision des collections d' e. chevreux. aspects récents de la biologie des crustacés. act. colloques, ifremer 8: 207–216\nchevreux, e. (1895). les amphipodes des premières capagnes de la princesse alice. mém. soc. zool. fr. 8: 424–435\nchevreux, e. (1900). amphipodes provenant des campagnes de l' hirondelle (1885–1888). résult. camp. scient. prince albert i 16: i - iv, 1–196, pls i–xviii\nchevreux, e. (1925). voyage de la goélette melita aux canaries et au sénégal (1889–1890). amphipodes. i. gammariens. bull. soc. zool. fr. 50: 278–311\ndauvin, j. c. (1988). rôle du macrobenthos dans l' alimentation des poissons démersaux vivant sur les fonds de sédiments fins de la manche occidentale. cah. biol. mar. 29: 445–467\ndauvin, j. c. , bellan - santini, d. (1988). illustrated key to\nspecies from the north - eastern atlantic. j. mar. biol. ass. u. k. 68: 659–676\nlegendre, l. , legendre, p. (1984). ecologie numérique. ii. la structure des données écologiques. masson, paris\nlincoln, r. j. (1979). british marine amphipoda: gammaridea. british museum (natural history), london\nmarques, j. c. (1989). amphipoda (crustacea) bentónicos da costa portuguesa: estudo taxonómico, ecológico e biogeográfico. ph. d. thesis. university of coimbra, coimbra\nmarques, j. c. , bellan - santini, d. (1985). contribution à l' étude systématique et écologique des amphipodes (crustacea—amphipoda) des côtes du portugal. premier inventaire des espèces (gammariens et caprelliens). ciênc. biol. (portugal) (ser. ecol. syst .) 5: 299–353\nmarques, j. c. , bellan - santini, d. (1991). gammaridea and caprellidea (crustacea, amphipoda) of the portuguese south - western continental shelf: taxonomy and distributional ecology. bijdr. dierk. 61: 65–87\nmyers, a. a. , mcgrath, d. (1982). taxonomic studies on british and irish amphipoda. re - establishment of\nruffo, s. (1985). studi sui crostacei anfipodi cii. le specie mediterranee dei generi\nbonnier (crustacea, amphipoda, lysianassidae). annali mus. civ. stor. nat. giacomo doria 85: 273–297\nruffo, s. , bellan - santini, d. , diviacco, g. , krapp - schickel g. , myers, a. a. (1989). the amphipoda of the mediterranean. part 2. gammaridea (haustoriidae to lysianassidae). mém. inst. océanogr. monaco 13: xv - xiv; 365–576\nruffo, s. , bellan - santini, d. , karaman, g. , krapp - schickel, g. , ledoyer, m. (1993). the amphipoda of the mediterranean. part 3: gammaridea (melphidippidae to talitridae), caprellidea, and ingolfiellidea. mém. inst. océanogr. monaco 13 (in press )\nruffo, s. , bellan - santini, d. , karaman, g. , krapp - schickel, g. , ledoyer, m. , myers, a. a. , schiecke, u. (1982). the amphipoda of the mediterranean. part 1. gammaridea (acanthonotozomatidae to gammaridae). mém. inst. océanogr. monaco 13: i - xiii, 1–364; 1 map\nbate and westwood (amphipoda, lysianassidae). boll. mus. civ. stor. nat. verona 4: 429–447\nsars, g. o. (1895). an account of the crustacea of norway. vol i. amphipoda. albert cammermeyers, christiania, norway\nmarques, j. c. & bellan - santini, d. marine biology (1993) 115: 555. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "urothoe marina is a species of small marine amphipod crustaceans in the family urothoidae .", "it is found on and burrowing in coarse sediments in shallow coastal waters off northwestern europe . " ], "topic": [ 7, 18 ] }

[ "urothoe marina is a species of small marine amphipod crustaceans in the family urothoidae. it is found on and burrowing in coarse sediments in shallow coastal waters off northwestern europe." ]

[ "home » guide » arthropods (arthropoda) » hexapods (hexapoda) » insects (insecta) » butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) » tortricid moths (tortricoidea) » tortricid moths (tortricidae) » tortricinae » archipini » argyrotaenia » argyrotaenia hodgesi - hodges # 3598. 1 (argyrotaenia hodgesi )\nargyrotaenia hodgesi heppner, 1989 n. sp. , fla. entomol. , v. 72, p. 101 - 106 .\nan argyrotaenia hodgesi in worcester co. , maryland (8 / 1 / 2013). verified by jason j. dombroskie / bugguide. photo by scott housten. (mbp list )\nargyrotaenia hodgesi is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from alabama, florida, louisiana, maryland, mississippi, south carolina and texas .\nnew argyrotaenia and choristoneura moths from florida john b. heppner. 1989. florida entomologist, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 102 - 103 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nnamed in honor of ronald w. hodges (1934 - 2017), who collected some of the first specimens .\nadult - head and labial palps: orange - brown with buff frons • fw is buff with three irregular orange - brown fasia, all having a fine, dark brown border • large orange - brown basal patch • median patch, constricted in the middle, widened and somewhat angled to tornus • preapical patch, curved to termen, sometimes with a fine line continued to tornus • apex patch, small • fringe buff .\nholotype male: fisheating cr. , palmdale, glades co. , florida, 7 - 10 - v - 1964 (r. w. hodges) .\ncontributed by jason j. dombroskie on 25 november, 2012 - 8: 58pm additional contributions by robert lord zimlich, randy hardy last updated 19 january, 2018 - 8: 48am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthe length of the forewings is about 5. 4 mm for males and 6. 4 mm for females. the forewings are buff with three irregular orange - brown fascia with a dark brown border. adults have been recorded on wing in july and august." ]

{ "text": [ "argyrotaenia hodgesi is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , louisiana , maryland , mississippi , south carolina and texas .", "the length of the forewings is about 5.4 mm for males and 6.4 mm for females .", "the forewings are buff with three irregular orange-brown fascia with a dark brown border .", "adults have been recorded on wing in july and august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 8 ] }

[ "argyrotaenia hodgesi is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from alabama, florida, louisiana, maryland, mississippi, south carolina and texas. the length of the forewings is about 5.4 mm for males and 6.4 mm for females. the forewings are buff with three irregular orange-brown fascia with a dark brown border. adults have been recorded on wing in july and august." ]

[ "valter jacinto marked\nborboleta noturna / / moth (eupithecia irriguata )\nas trusted on the\neupithecia irriguata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / marbled pug (eupithecia irriguata )\nas trusted on the\neupithecia irriguata\npage .\nmarbled pug (eupithecia irriguata) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkirjopikkumittari\nto\neupithecia irriguata hübner 1809 / 13\n.\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\na quite local species, inhabiting oak woodland, and occurring mainly in southern england, most notably in the new forest .\nflying from late april to early june, the adults are attracted to light and can sometimes be found resting on tree - trunks in the daytime .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 18 03: 07: 35 page render time: 0. 2296s total w / procache: 0. 2673s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 5 (7 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1870. last recorded in 1999 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) - urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text © v. g. mironov, 2013, published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 2013, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 359–389 .\nangiosperm phylogeny group, “an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: apg iii, ” bot. j. linn. soc .\nbacallado, a. j. j. and mironov, v. , “los géneros\n( lepidoptera: geometridae, larentiinae, eupitheciini) en las islas canarias, ” rev. acad. canar. cienc .\nbolte, k. b. , “guide to the geometridae of canada (lepidoptera). vi. subfamily larentiinae. 1. revision of the genus\nbonner, j. f. and varner, j. e. , eds. ,\n( academic, new york, 1965; mir, moscow, 1968) [ in russian ] .\nbrehm, g. and fiedler, k. , “bergmann’s rule does not apply to geometrid moths along an elevational gradient in an andean montane rain forest, ” global ecol. biogeogr .\n( lepidoptera: geometridae): checklist, biogeography, diversity, and description patterns, ” ann. entomol. soc. amer .\n( mcgraw - hill book co. , inc. , new york, 1940) .\ncockerell, t. d. a. , “a fossil moth from florissant, colorado, ” amer. mus. novitates, no. 34, 1–2 (1922) .\nemeljanov, a. f. , “trophic specialization of auchenorrhyncha in the fauna of central kazakhstan, ” zool. zh .\n( nauka, leningrad, 1967), pp. 28–65 [ in russian ] .\n( lepidoptera: geometridae), ” bull. brit. mus. nat. hist. , ser. entomol. suppl .\n; being an abstract of prof. fries’s ‘symbolae ad historiam hieraciorum’, ” botan. gazette\ncaterpillars. part 1 (fauna of the ussr. insecta lepidoptera. vol. 1, issue 2 )\n( ussr acad. sci. , moscow, 1952) [ in russian ] .\n( w. h. freeman, san francisco, 1977; mir, moscow, 1980) [ in russian ] .\n( columbia univ. press, new york, 1985; mir, moscow, 1991) [ in russian ] .\n( lesnaya promyshlennost, moscow, 1966), pp. 58–65 [ in russian ] .\nhardy, d. e. , “diptera: cyclorrhapha ii, series schizophora, section acalypterae i. family drosophilidae, ” in\n( univ. of hawaii press, honolulu, 1965), pp. 1–814 .\nheer, o. , “recherches sur le climat et la végétation du pays tertiaire, ” (geneve, 1861) .\nhenneman, m. l. and memmott, j. , “infiltration of a hawaiian community by introduced biological control agents, ” science\nd’amerique du sud nouveaux ou déjà connus (lepidoptera geometridae), ” misc. entomol .\nhocking, b. and sharplin, c. d. , “flower basking by arctic insects, ” nature\nholloway, j. d. , “the moths of borneo: family geometridae, subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae. the moths of borneo, part 10, ” malay. nat. j .\nof japan, part 1 (lepidoptera, geometridae), ” bull. fac. domestic sci. otsuma wom. univ .\nof japan, part 2 (lepidoptera, geometridae), ” bull. fac. domestic sci. otsuma wom. univ .\njarzembowski, e. a. , “fossil insects from the bembridge marls, palaeogene of isle of wight, southern england, ” bull. brit. mus. nat. hist. ser. geol .\nkernbach, k. , “über die bisher im pliozän von willershausen gefundenen schmetterlings und raupenreste, ” bericht naturhist. ges. hannover\nkostin, i. a. , “insect pests of schrenk’s spruce in dzungar, trans - ili, and kungei alatau, ” trudy inst. zool. akad. nauk kazssr\nkozhanchikov, i. v. , “trophic specialization and its significance in the life of insects, ” entomol. obozr .\nkozhanchikov, i. v. , “on the biological forms and biological species in insects, ” zool. zh .\n, ed. by a. g. ponomarenko (nauka, moscow, 1988), pp. 16–69 [ in russian ] .\n, 2nd ed. (vysshaya shkola, moscow, 1986) [ in russian ] .\nkuznetzov, v. i. , “the problems of adaptation of lepidopterans to new trophic conditions, ” trudy zool. inst. akad. nauk sssr\nhb. (lep. : geometridae) larvae eating aphids, ” entomol. rec. j. var. surrey\n( fischer, jena, 1974; mir, moscow, 1976) [ in russian ] .\nlugwig, w. , “zur theorie der konkurrenz. die annidation (einnischung) als fünfter evolutionfaktor, ” zool. anz. suppl .\n( the belknap press of harvard university press, massachusetts, cambridge, 1971) .\n( lepidoptera, geometridae), ” bull. amer. mus. nat. hist .\nmcguffin, w. c. , “new descriptions of larvae of forest insects: v, ” can. entomol .\n( lepidoptera, geometridae), ” can. entomol. (march 1945), 53–55 (1945) .\nmcguffin, w. c. , “larvae of the nearctic larentiinae (lepidoptera: geometridae), ” can. entomol .\nmironov, v. g. , “larval trophic association with plants and the economic significance of pugs in the palaearctic, i, ” byul. vses. nii zashch. rast. , no. 75, 50–55 (1991) .\n, ed. by a. hausmann (apollo books, stenstrup, 2003), pp. 1–463 .\nmironov, v. g. , “pugs of the tribe eupitheciini (lepidoptera, geometridae): the history of study and distribution over biogeographic regions, ” entomol. obozr .\nmironov, v. g. and galsworthy, a. c. , “a survey of the genus\n( lepidoptera, geometridae) in mainland south east asia: part i, ” trans. lepidopterol. soc. japan\n( lepidoptera, geometridae) in mainland south east asia: part ii, ” trans. lepidopterol. soc. japan\nmironov, v. g. and galsworthy, a. c. , “further notes on\n( lepidoptera, geometridae) from nepal and the indian subcontinent, ” trans. lepidopterol. soc. japan\nmironov, v. g. and galsworthy, a. c. , “some taxonomic changes to the japanese\nmironov, v. g. and galsworthy, a. c. , “a generic level review of\ncurtis and some closely related genera based on the palaearctic, nearctic and oriental fauna (lepidoptera, geometridae, larentiinae), ” zootaxa, no. 3587, 46–64 (2012) .\nmonard, a. , “la faune profonde du lac de neuchâtel, ” bull. soc. neuchâteloise sci. natur .\nnartshuk, e. p. , “resource segregation, niches, and speciation in phytophagous insects, ” zh. obshch. biol .\nparkin, j. , “the evolution of the inflorescence, ” j. linn. soc. london\ngeometrid moths of the world: a catalogue (lepidoptera, geometridae). vol. 1 and 2\npekarinen, p. and vitt, d. h. , “the major organic components and caloric contents of high arctic bryophytes, ” can. j. botany\npinker, r. , “interessante und neue funde und erkenntnisse für die lepidopterenfauna der kanaren. iv, ” zeitschr. wien. entomol. ges .\n( lepidoptera: geometridae), ” techn. bull. us dep. agric. , no. 1698, 1–257 (1987) .\nreichle, d. e. and crossley, d. a. , “investigation on heterotrophic productivity in forest insect communities, ” in\n, ed. by k. petrusewicz (warszawa, 1967), pp. 563–587 .\n( lepidoptera, geometridae) of chile, ” bull. amer. mus. nat. hist .\n( the natural history museum, london; southdene sdn bhd, kuala lumpur, 2001) .\nshaposhnikov, g. kh. and eliseev, e. i. , “the life cycles of aphids (aphididae) as related to the biochemical composition of the primary hosts, ” zool. zh .\n( dr. w. junk’s publ. , the hague, 1973), pp. 669–812 .\nsinev, s. yu. , “adaptive radiation and modes of speciation among the onagraceous narrow - winged moths (lepidoptera, momphidae), ” trudy zool. inst. akad. nauk sssr\nsinger, m. s. , “evolutionary ecology of polyphagy, ” in tilmon, k. j. ,\n( univ. california press, berkeley, 2008), pp. 29–42 .\nsingh, j. s. and yadava, p. s. , “caloric values of plant and insect species of a tropical grassland, ” oikos\nslansky, f. and scriber, j. m. , “selected bibliography and summary of quantitative food utilization by immature insects, ” bull. entomol. soc. amer .\n[ l. ] karst. as a biotope and the insect complex inhabiting them, ” entomol. obozr .\na catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. sect. 1 (parasite host catalogue), part 6 (parasites of the lepidoptera). lepidoptera (continued )\nwalsh, d. , “on the phytophagic varieties and phytophagous species, ” proc. entomol. soc. philad .\nweigt, h. - j. , “die blütenspanner westfalens (lepidoptera geometridae). teil 2: die raupen und ihre futterpflanzen, ” dortm. beitr. landeskunde\nweigt, h. - j. , “die blütenspanner westfalens (lepidoptera geometridae). teil 3: morphologie und anatomie, ” dortm. beitr. landeskunde\nweigt, h. - j. , “blütenspanner - beobachtungen 4 (lepidoptera geometridae). mitteleuropäische blütenspanner beobachten, sammeln und züchten (ohne berücksichtigung der alpengebiete), ” dortm. beitr. landeskunde\nweigt, h. - j. , “die blütenspanner mitteleuropas (lepidoptera, geometridae: eupitheciini). teil 1: biologie der blütenspanner, ” dortm. beitr. landeskunde\nweigt, h. - j. , “die blütenspanner mitteleuropas (lepidoptera, geometridae: eupitheciini). teil 2 :\nweiss, m. r. , “good housekeeping: why do shelter - dwelling caterpillars fling their frass? ” ecol. letters\nthe zoology of the faroes. vol. 39, no. 2 (1 )\nzemkova, r. i. , “damage to the siberian pine cones and seeds in west sayan, ” trudy inst. lesa drevesiny\naustria, belgium, bulgaria, great britain, hungary, germany, denmark, greece, ireland, iceland, italy, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part, finland, france, czech republic switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: east caucasian, gorno - altaisk, the european north - east, the european north - west, the european central black earth, the european central european south taiga, the western caucasus, kaliningrad, karelia, kola, krasnoyarsk, prealtay, of baikal, pribaikalskiy, mid - volzhsky, average urals, south west siberian, south ural .\nandorra, austria, belarus, belgium, bulgaria, bosnia and herzegovina, the british isles, france, germany, greece (mainland), denmark (mainland), ireland, iceland, spain (mainland), italy (mainland), latvia, liechtenstein, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway (mainland), poland, russia, romania, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), croatia, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia irriguata , the marbled pug , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "the species can be found in europe and north africa .", "the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm .", "the moths flies from april to june depending on the location .", "the larvae feed on quercus leaves . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "eupithecia irriguata, the marbled pug, is a moth of the family geometridae. the species can be found in europe and north africa. the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm. the moths flies from april to june depending on the location. the larvae feed on quercus leaves." ]

[ "phaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: pundaly - oya, ceylon\ncryptolechia castella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (6): 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gei; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 84 a (12): 194; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (10): 304; tl: queensland\ncryptolechia argometra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 513; tl: sikkim, darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia coriata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia epistemon; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia fenerata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia isomichla; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia metacentra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia mitis; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 395; tl: assam, khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia vespertina; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 316; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncryptolechia? eningiella plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (7 - 9): 306; tl: eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: french guiana, r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 456; tl: borneo, kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: s. india, ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 757; tl: australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 394; tl: brazil, obidos, r. trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 546; tl: s. india, palnis, 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick, 1923; trans. proc. n. z. inst. 54: 166; tl: takapuna, auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 227; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 317; tl: colombia, mt. tolima, 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: ceylon; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: algeria, zebch, near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 164; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: victoria, mt. st. bernard, 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 704; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower, 1923; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 47: 56; tl: dorrigo, new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: quannan (24. 7°n, 114. 5°e), jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 228; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 225; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 229; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 204, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 226; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 210, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: kangxian (33. 4°n, 105. 5°e), gansu, 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 227; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: chishui co. (23. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 211, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 221; tl: xishui co. , (28. 19°n, 106. 12°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 219; tl: xishui co. , (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 209, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 199, 198; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 207, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 208, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (3): 294, (4) pl. 8, f. 67; tl: rubas, derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 202, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: yushan co. (28. 6°n, 118. 2°e), jiangxi, 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 206, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 201, 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: huguo temple, mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\n=; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\n= (hysipelon); wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\naliena diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 155; tl: khasis\nargometra meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 567\napiletria bibundella strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 84; tl: bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick, 1888; trans. n. z. inst. 20: 78; tl: whangarei; nelson\ncoelocrossa meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 172; tl: hamilton\nconata strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 152\neucharistis meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nglischrodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler, 1883; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1883 (1): 70; tl: valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate; clarke, 1978, smithson. contrl. zool. 273: 38, f. 28; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick, 1891; trans. n. z. inst. 23: 98; tl: new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 156; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, ...). see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 742; tl: bhotan, 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 157; tl: sydney, new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger, 1899; naturhist. mus. hamburg 2 (6): 111, f. 27; tl: uschuaia\nassam, china (fujian, sichuan, zhejiang), taiwan. see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 83; tl: alen\naustralia (queensland, new south vales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 156; tl: brisbane, queensland; glen innes (3500ft), new south wales; gisborne, victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke" ]

{ "text": [ "cryptolechia chrysocoma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1905 .", "it is found in sri lanka .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "the forewings are dark shining purplish-bronzy-fuscous .", "the costal edge is yellow except at the base and apex .", "the hindwings are dark bronzy-fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cryptolechia chrysocoma is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1905. it is found in sri lanka. the wingspan is about 16 mm. the forewings are dark shining purplish-bronzy-fuscous. the costal edge is yellow except at the base and apex. the hindwings are dark bronzy-fuscous." ]

[ "black crowned antpitta (pittasoma michleri) calling from exposed branch inside rainforest in costa rica .\n18–19 cm; one unsexed 110 g. adult male has glossy black crown, dull white lower lores usually flecked with dusky; auricular and moustachial regions uniform deep ...\nkrabbe, n. k. , schulenberg, t. s. & bonan, a. (2018). black - crowned pittasoma (pittasoma michleri). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' uncommon' (stotz et al. 1996). trend justification: this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nfemale singing in response to song played once. some background noise of stream and distant road .\nfemale calling in response to song played once. some background noise of stream and distant road .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncassin, 1860 – pacific coast of panama (from veraguas) e to nw colombia (n chocó) .\ninadequately documented; song a long series of high whistles for a minute or more, alarm call ...\non or near ground in humid - wet forest; apparently absent from drier, more seasonal forests of n ...\ndiet not documented; recorded eating berries. alone or in pairs. hops or bounds rapidly over forest floor, keeping concealed; occasionally ...\nin panama, eggs in apr in e (darién) and recently fledged juvenile following female in mid - jul in canal zone. a single nest known, a ...\nnot globally threatened. restricted - range species: present in central american caribbean slope eba and darién lowlands eba. apparently uncommon and local throughout ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in formicariidae, alongside taxa currently separated as family grallariidae, but on basis of dna, as well as morphological and vocal data, found instead to be sister to conopophaga # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na close view of a bird perched on a branch, looking around and flying away .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 161 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: pittasoma michleri. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-crowned antpitta ( pittasoma michleri ) is a species of bird in the gnateater family .", "it is found in colombia , costa rica , and panama .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist foothill forests . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the black-crowned antpitta (pittasoma michleri) is a species of bird in the gnateater family. it is found in colombia, costa rica, and panama. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist foothill forests." ]

[ "despite its name, the great spider crab is actually smaller than the more common european spider crab .\nseaweed and other creatures often grow on the back of the great spider crab, providing it with excellent camouflage .\nspider crabs are very different to' typical' crabs. orangey brown in colour, the great spider crab has long spindly legs like a spider and a distinctive pear - shaped shell. it is smaller than the spiny spider crab, which has an oval and more visibly spiky shell .\ngreat spider crabs on the floor of port phillip bay. picture supplied by sheree marris .\nvaldimarsson revealed that a company in canada might be interested in cooperating with them on harnessing the great spider crabs .\n“we want to find ways to harness the great spider crab, both the one that is caught accidentally and also to start fishing it in special crab traps if it proves profitable. but it’s all in the early stages now. ”\nmark norman, chief conservation scientist at parks victoria, has dived among the great spider crabs in port phillip bay on many occasions .\nthe ministry of fisheries has issued experimental fishing licenses for the great spider crab (lat. hyas araneus) in icelandic waters next summer, to two companies, saegarpur in grundarfjördur and birgisás in búdardalur, west iceland .\nmiss marris, the author of the book melbourne down under, said the great spider crabs were in bigger numbers this year than she had ever witnessed .\ngreat spider crabs look like long - legged spider crabs but are much larger. they are fairly rare in the north sea. sometimes they get caught in fishing nets, which is an unusual experience for the fishermen. the crab is dependent upon a disguise since it can' t run fast. young great spider crabs cover their back with torn - off pieces of seaweed. older animals use barnacles, seaweed or polyps. should an enemy find the crab despite its disguise, its living disguise sometimes helps to defend the animal .\na pear shaped crab with a pointed face, the great spider crab has long, spindly legs like a spider. also known as the sea toad, it lives amongst rocks and seaweed from the low tide mark and out to around 50m deep. it is a northern species, with the uk sitting at the southernmost limit of its range. it is known to be partial to munching on jellyfish .\nthe great spider crab is found from just below the tidal zone and down towards 350 meters. it is not very choosy about its habitat. you may find in on all kinds of substrate and on current exposed locations as well as in calm waters .\ncrab and lobster species shared only between southern south america and the northern scotia arc .\nif everything goes according to plan, up to four boats could participate in the project. the licenses expire in august. the experiment will primarily be undertaken to examine how easily the great spider crab is caught and determine the best way to process it, fiskifréttir, a vidskiptabladid supplement, reports .\nthe shell is pear - shaped and can reach a length of 11 - 12 cm. the color is usually brown. the most obvious difference between the great spider crab and the lyre crab is the lack of a carapace narrowing just behind the eyes. both species have the characteristic hooks, on both sides of the head. the purpose of these is to attach seaweed as camouflage .\navant, p. 2003. hyas araneus great spider crab. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 11 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\ngreat spider crabs move en - masse across the bay' s sandy bottom, walking, feeding, clambering over one another with long legs and forming a living pyramid of up to 10 crabs deep. and it' s happening now in the waters off blairgowrie .\nthe great spider crab is reddish - brown with a pear - shaped carapace, up to 10 cm long and 8 cm wide. at the anterior end the rostrum projects between the eyes and is split into 2 tapering parts that touch at their tips. the first pair of abdominal limbs, or pleopods, bear pincers and are shorter and stouter than pairs 2 - 5, which are long, slender and spider - like. the carapace has a few large tubercles and may be covered with encrusting invertebrates .\npane ef, barry jp: extracellular acid–base regulation during short - term hypercapnia is effective in a shallow - water crab, but ineffective in a deep - sea crab. mar ecol prog ser. 2007, 334: 1 - 9 .\nmay have evolved to be more tolerant than species from relatively stable environments. as an extreme example, the shallow living crab\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ntoad crab\nto\nhyas araneus (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nfirst pair of abdominal limbs, or pleopods have pincers and are stouter and shorter than pleopods 2 - 5, which are long, slender and spider - like .\nan integrated research program of repeated, hypothesis testing sampling of lithodid distributions in antarctic waters is recommended to test the validity of recently published crab invasion hypotheses .\nwatters g (1997) preliminary analysis of data collected during the experimental phases of the 1994 / 95 and 1995 / 96 antarctic crab fishing seasons. ccamlr sci 4: 141–159 .\nfor the medium - term experiment, male spider crabs with a carapace width of 26 to 42 mm were divided into six groups and each group was randomly assigned to the different treatments. animals were exposed to three different co\nfehsenfeld s, kiko r, appelhans y, towle dw, zimmer m, melzner f: effects of elevated seawater pco (2) on gene expression patterns in the gills of the green crab, carcinus maenas. bmc genomics. 2011, 12: 488 -\nadult specimens of the arctic spider crab h. araneus (linnaeus 1758) were collected by scientific divers in may 2009 in kongsfjord at the west coast of spitsbergen at 7–12 m depth (n 78°58. 635'; e 11°29. 454') and transferred to the alfred wegener institute, bremerhaven, germany. animals were maintained at 5°c in flow through aquaria with natural seawater prior to experimentation. during this period, seawater was aerated with ambient air and animals were fed ad libitum twice per week with frozen mussels and cockles (mytilus edulis and cerastoderma edule) .\ncollins ma, yau c, guilfoyle f, bagley p, everson i, et al. (2002) assessment of stone crab (lithodidae) density on the south georgia slope using baited video cameras. ices journal of marine science: journal du conseil 59: 370–379 .\ngriffin, d. j. g. 1963 ,\ndescription of the australian majid spider crabs leptomithrax gaimardi h. milne edwards and paramithrax barbicornis (latreille )\n, records of the australian museum, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 131 - 143 figs 1 - 14 pls 6, 7\nanalysis of the literature that reports crab catches, scientific research vessels have reported 162 crab catches out of 971 deployments of gear in waters south of the pf ([ 16 ], [ 20 ], [ 24 ] – [ 26 ], [ 32 ], [ 34 ] – [ 35 ], [ 89 ] – [ 91 ], biopearl ii). of these, 97 were agassiz trawls with a crab catch rate of 10 hauls (∼10 %), 68 of 375 baited traps or cameras (17 %), 79 of 422 beam or bottom trawls (∼19 %) and 4 out of 27 rov transects (∼15 %). it is important to note that these samples are reported from publications which included records of crabs or lobsters, but the majority of sampling in the so does not include records of crabs .\npotential future changes to the production and temperature of abw may facilitate an expansion of the ranges of lithodids into the weddell sea or east antarctica. however, such fundamental oceanographic changes are likely to have a far greater effect on the native fauna than the effects caused by a change in crab distribution .\nhypercapnia and elevated temperatures resulting from climate change may have adverse consequences for many marine organisms. while diverse physiological and ecological effects have been identified, changes in those molecular mechanisms, which shape the physiological phenotype of a species and limit its capacity to compensate, remain poorly understood. here, we use global gene expression profiling through rna - sequencing to study the transcriptional responses to ocean acidification and warming in gills of the boreal spider crab hyas araneus exposed medium - term (10 weeks) to intermediate (1, 120 μ atm) and high (1, 960 μ atm) p co 2 at different temperatures (5°c and 10°c) .\nlithodid crab records = red circles, mean position of polar front (moore et al. , 1999) = white dotted line, purple arrows = abw production, blue arrows = abw direction (orsi 2010 nat geo sci), red arrows = circumpolar deep water on shelf. temperature data from clarke et al. , 2009 .\nwatters g, bergström b, gutt j, pettenson j, rosenberg j et al. . (1995) leg iii: crab and epifaunal surveys of bays, anchorages, and fjords around south georgia. in: rosenberg j (ed) amlr 1994 / 95 field season report lj - 95–13. southwest fisheries science center, la jolla. 113–130 .\nin recent years, the ‘crab invasion’ story has become a metaphor for climate change in the antarctic marine realm, both in scientific literature and the media. the underlying premise of the ‘invasion hypothesis’ is that crabs were driven out of antarctica between 40 and 15 million years ago and are now returning as similarly ‘warm’ and favourable habitats become available once more. this hypothesis remains untested, however, and does not include evidence derived from repeated sampling showing a change or expansion in crab ranges. the aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine, in detail, the past and present geographic and bathymetric distribution records of crabs and lobsters from the southern ocean (so) to determine the nature of their historical and recent (i. e. , all living specimens) presence in the region .\nwhile invasive species in the terrestrial realm are well - documented, evidence of similar invasions in the antarctic marine environment remains sparse [ 9 ]. much of this uncertainty stems from a lack of baseline data in antarctica to compare new distribution records against. over recent years, great efforts have been made to fill this vital gap in knowledge by accumulating all published information into online biogeographic data portals [ 10 ]. the marine biodiversity information network of the scientific committee on antarctic research (scar - marbin) [ 11 ] represents the largest single collection of georeferenced antarctic marine biodiversity data ever compiled, from over 270, 000 locations south of the polar front (pf) [ 10 ]. over 70% of all benthic records come from the continental shelf, highlighting the paucity of records from the slope and deep sea [ 12 ]. in recent decades scientific attention has moved towards the deeper regions of the so and has largely focussed on the weddell sea [ 13 ] .\nthe first publication to provide evidence for the lithodid ‘invasion’ hypothesis was a study by smith et al. [ 16 ]. based on a single rov dive at depths of > 850 m in the palmer deep (west antarctic peninsula), this paper set a minimum temperature tolerance of 1. 4°c for the lithodid crab neolithodes yaldwyni. it also predicted: 1) a ‘potential invasion’ of the surrounding shallower waters within one or two decades if current rates of warming in the area continued and 2) a detrimental impact upon the surrounding fauna by predation and also through changes to the local physical environment by the mixing of the surface sediments by the crabs [ 16 ]. here, we assess in detail evidence for this ‘invasion’ of the antarctic shelf by present day lithodid crabs by providing the first detailed examination of their modern and fossil record .\nmany samples are taken with grabs, box corers or sledges which are unlikely to catch crabs. garcía raso et al. [ 35 ] report a single munopsid in 25 agassiz trawl deployments, but none using a supra - benthic sled deployed in the same locations. unfortunately, no database currently exists for every deployment, gear and subsequent catches in the so, so it remains impossible to assess the true effectiveness of each gear type. it is likely that there is considerable variability in the efficacy of each gear type used to sample lithodids. large commercial - sized bottom trawls and baited traps and cameras are likely to be far more effective at assessing crab presence than small agassiz type trawls or non - baited cameras and rovs. as a result it is difficult to compare relative abundance between regions and depths where both the intensity of sampling and the range of gear used has been highly variable .\nalthough this study found little evidence for ongoing range expansion or polar emergence, these future scenarios cannot be ruled out given the current changes to the high antarctic shelf habitats. given that the so lithodidae show a preference for deeper water / slope habitats, one potential route for a range expansion would be longitudinally around the continental shelf margin into the weddell sea or east antarctica. at the present day the sub - zero abw (mostly formed in the weddell and ross seas) acts as a biogeographic barrier to the lithodids [ 29 ]. however, abw production is known to be changing around the continent including freshening and warming on decadal scales [ 109 ] – [ 113 ]. if significant long term changes to abw temperature and distributions were to occur then the lithodids could potentially expand their longitudinal ranges. the likelihood and timescale of any such changes are still uncertain and these massive oceanographic and temperature changes would be far more detrimental to the antarctic benthic ecosystem than the addition of a few crab species [ 5 ] – [ 8 ] .\nbars represent family ranges, colours show water depth of depositional unit in which the fossils were found. dotted lines are inferred ranges between occurrences. ? = inferred position for end of a range. red dashed line indicates the uncertainty of the fossil history of the lithodidae due to the complete lack of a fossil record. all known marine macrofossil sites are shown on the right hand side (grey bars). red letters indicate the sites in which crab fossils were found. references for ranges, unit water depths and fossil sites are given in appendix s1. infraorders labelled as; 1 = astacidea, 2 = glypheidea, 3 = axiidea, 4 = achelata, 5 = polychelida, 6 = anomura & 7 = brachyura. stratigraphic units labelled as; nordenskjöld formation = a, fossil bluff formation = b, santa marta formation = c, lópez de bertodano formation = d, snow hill island formation = e, sobral formation = f, la meseta formation = g, mcmurdo sound erratics = h, dsdp drill holes = i, polonez cove formation = j, destruction bay formation = k, cape melville formation = l, battye glacier formation = m, hobbs glacier formation = n, prospect mesa gravels = o, bull pass formation = q, scallop hill formation = r, cockburn island formation = s and weddell sea formation = t, sørsdal formation = p .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: griffiths hj, whittle rj, roberts sj, belchier m, linse k (2013) antarctic crabs: invasion or endurance? plos one 8 (7): e66981. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2013 griffiths et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this work was funded by the natural environment research council (uk) as a contribution to the british antarctic survey core project, environmental change and evolution. funding for mb was provided by the government of south georgia and the south sandwich islands. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nparts of antarctica are among the fastest warming areas on the planet. the rate of atmospheric temperature increase on the antarctic peninsula is increasing at several times the global mean leading to widespread retreat of glaciers on the antarctic peninsula [ 1 ] – [ 3 ]. increases in ocean surface temperatures have been detected to the west of the antarctic peninsula [ 4 ]. although small increases, they are possibly significant as many believe that the antarctic marine fauna is particularly sensitive to changes in temperature [ 5 ] – [ 8 ]. furthermore, recent increases in air temperatures coupled with ever - increasing human activity have allowed the recorded introduction of many non - native species of terrestrial plants and animals in parts of antarctica and the sub - antarctic [ 9 ] .\nduring recent years there has been much speculation and interest following the discovery of lithodid crabs in the deeper water around antarctica (fig. 1), centred on the hypothesis that these crabs might be poised to invade the antarctic shelf with warming seas, potentially decimating its native fauna [ 14 ] – [ 16 ] .\nthe assumptions upon which the ‘invasion hypothesis’ are based are potentially flawed, primarily because they rely on a geographically and spatially poor fossil record for antarctic decapods with many significant temporal gaps and few ice - free fossiliforous rock outcrops [ 17 ]. the fossil record of decapods in antarctica ranges from the jurassic [ 17 ] (fig. 2). seven different infraorders have been identified, but, overall, the fossil record of decapods does not reflect the distribution pattern of recent decapods in antarctica. the global fossil history of lithodidae is extremely poor, consisting of only two occurrences, one from the middle miocene of new zealand and a broken claw from the miocene of japan [ 18 ] – [ 19 ]. this may indicate a very low preservation potential for the group as a whole, or a preference for deep water habitats [ 18 ]. lithodid fossils are completely absent from the antarctic fossil record (fig. 2), but lithodid crabs are common in modern antarctic seas. conversely, brachyuran crabs are virtually absent from present day high - antarctic shelves [ 20 ], but the brachyura has the greatest diversity of any infraorder within the antarctic fossil record (fig. 2), with specimens found at several localities in units that were deposited in all water depths, from shallow to deep .\nthe first crabs to be labelled as ‘invasive’ in antarctic waters were two individuals of hyas araneus found at the south shetland islands [ 30 ]. tavares and de melo [ 30 ] postulated that these brachyuran crabs, usually found in the north atlantic and arctic oceans, entered the antarctic either on ships’ sea - chests or through ballast water. the first study to suggest that lithodids were potentially ‘recolonising’ or ‘invading’ the antarctic shelf as result of climate change was thatje et al. [ 14 ]. this was also the first study to suggest that adult lithodid crabs crossing the deep sea was the most likely route for any invasion, although others had suggested a longer scale recolonistation of the antarctic through the deep sea by the eurybathic genus neolithodes from regions further north [ 31 ]. as well as the ‘invasion hypothesis’, thatje et al. , [ 14 ] suggested a direct detrimental impact as a result of this invasion on the native benthic fauna of antarctica. apart from more descriptive and biogeographic works (e. g. , [ 32 ]), almost every subsequent publication which includes records of so lithodids mentions the ‘invasion hypothesis’ [ 15 ], [ 29 ], [ 33 ] – [ 37 ]. perhaps the strongest proponent of the lithodid ‘invasion’ hypothesis to date was a study by aronson et al. [ 33 ], which stated that the lithodidae may have been absent from antarctic shelf waters for more than 14 million years (myr) .\nin this study, we examined both fossil records and a database of recent crabs and lobsters from the southern hemisphere .\nfossil data was compiled from all available published sources and from the british antarctic survey fossil collection in cambridge (appendix s1). the antarctic fossil decapod record covers the jurassic to the pliocene (approximately 150 my) but lacks data for many time periods (fig. 2). the dataset includes 31 genera from 23 families representing seven infraorders (astacidea, glypheidea, axiidea, achelata, polychelida, anomura and brachyura) of decapod crustaceans .\nthe term southern ocean (so) is used when referring to the antarctic and the sub - antarctic islands, outside, but close to and influenced by, the pf, e. g. the prince edward islands, crozet islands and kerguelen islands [ 43 ]. antarctic waters are defined as being those south of 60°s [ 29 ]. the antarctic shelf break was defined as 1, 000 m [ 44 ]. samples were defined as coming from the antarctic slope / shelf by using a gis to select for those < 50 km north of the 1, 000 m bathymetric contour of the antarctic continent .\nthe available decapod fossil record reveals large gaps in knowledge during part of the cretaceous due to a lack of suitable marine deposits in antarctica. the late cretaceous through to the end of the eocene shows the highest diversity at family level and most fossil records across all infraorders (fig. 2). although there are marine fossil sites for the oligocene through to the pleistocene they are generally made up of drill holes or short stratigraphic sequences. only two families from the decapod fossil record exist south of 60°s at the present day, the nephropidae and the galatheidae. both are known from single living records found in deep water. there is no antarctic fossil record for the most abundant family of recent crabs, the lithodidae (fig. 2) .\nto date 22 species of crabs and lobsters are recorded from the so (table 1). the known distributions of all recent lithodidae in the so are constrained by temperature with no records from areas where water temperatures are lower than 0°c (fig. 1) .\nclassification and distribution of recent southern ocean crabs and lobsters. classification taken from de grave\nthere are six species of lithodidae found south of 60°s (fig. 3), representing 137 animals from 61 separate locations. two species of lithodids have only ever been found south of 60°s, n. yaldwyni and p. stevensi. a single record of m. albatrossae exists from the slope of the antarctic peninsula in the bellingshausen sea (fig. 3). the brachyura are represented by three species south of 60°s. a single record of h. planatus is known from the south orkney islands [ 22 ]. most records of this species come from south america and the sub - antarctic (fig. 4). two further species of brachyura have been recorded from the south shetland islands, r. gracilipes (usually found in south american waters) and h. araneus (a north atlantic species) [ 45 ], [ 30 ] (fig. 4). none of these brachyuran species have been collected in the region since. other species with records south of 60°s are an undescribed kiwa sp. and the lobster t. nilenta, but samples were taken from the scotia arc just south of 60°s, well away from the continent itself (fig. 5) .\nneolithodes yaldwyni (a), paralomis stevensi (b), paralomis birsteini (c), neolithodes capensis (d), neolithodes diomedeae (e), lithodes murrayi (f – red circle) and munidopsis albatrossae (f – blue square). red line = mean position of polar front (moore et al. , 1999) .\nred circle = halicarcinus planatus =, blue square = hyas araneus and yellow triangle = rochinia gracilipes. red line = mean position of polar front (moore et al. , 1999) .\nsouthern ocean crabs and lobsters with distributions south of the sub - antarctic front .\nparalomis anamerae (a – red circle), lithodes macquariae (a – blue square), kiwa sp. (b – red circle), paralomis elongata (b – blue square), thymopsis nilenta (c), thymopides grobovi (d – green triangle), paralomis aculeata (d – blue squares) and neolithodes duhameli (d – red circle). red line = mean position of polar front (moore et al. , 1999) .\nthere are nine recorded encounters with lithodids (observations or specimens captured) on or near to the antarctic shelf / slope (< 50 km from the 1000 m bathymetric contour). these nine encounters represent 62 individuals from four species (44 n. yaldwyni, 16 p. birsteini, 1 n. capensis and 1 p. stevensi) (fig. 3). these records range from 850 m to 1947 m deep and occur from the slope of the ross sea through to the north west end of the antarctic peninsula (64. 9°s–75. 5°s & 178. 7°w - 64. 3°w). no records of lithodids exist for the antarctic shelf / slope beyond the ross, amundsen and bellingshausen seas .\nother so species restricted to south of the sub - antarctic front or near to the pf include five species of lithodidae (l. macquariae, p. anamerae, p. elongata, p. aculeata and n. duhameli), one species of kiwaidae and two species of nephropidae (t. nilenta and t. grobovi) (fig. 5). a further two species of lobster, t. takedai and t. birsteini, and two lithodids, p. formosa and p. spinosissima have been found to span the drake passage with records in southern south america and south georgia (fig. 6) .\nthymops takedai (a – blue square), thymops birsteini (a – red circle), paralomis formosa (b) and paralomis spinosissima (c). red line = mean position of polar front (moore et al. , 1999) .\ndifferent geographic regions displayed differing numbers of taxa and different species compositions. in addition to the antarctic slope / shelf (already discussed), regional diversity within the pf included three lithodid species from peter i island (l. murrayi, n. diomedeae and p. birsteini), three lithodid species from the balleny islands and neighbouring seamounts (n. yaldwyni, p. birsteini and p. stevensi) and five species from the scotia arc (the hydrothermal vent kiwa sp. , the brachyuran h. planatus, the nephropid t. nilenta and two species of lithodid, p. birsteini and p. formosa). spiess seamount near bouvet island has a single, endemic species of lithodid, p. elongata. the best sampled and most speciose region within the pf is the south georgia / shag rocks region. this region has three species of nephropidae (t. birsteini, t. nilenta and the recently described t. takedai) and four species of lithodidae (n. diomedeae, p. anamerae, p. formosa and p. spinosissima). the sub - antarctic islands and plateaus of the southern indian ocean are home to a single, endemic, species of nephropid (t. grobovi), one species of brachyuran (h. planatus) and six species of lithodid (l. murrayi, n. capensis, n. duhameli, p. aculeata, p. anamerae and p. birsteini). macquarie island waters have records for h. planatus, l. macquariae and p. birsteini .\nthe majority of species examined in this study (13 out of 21) can be considered to be highly eurybathic, with depth ranges exceeding 1, 000 m (fig. 7). none of the brachyura displayed depth ranges greater than ∼400 m. the species with the smallest depth ranges included those with only very few records e. g. newly discovered kiwa sp. , known from two locations in the scotia sea [ 46 ], and p. elongata, which is also recorded from two locations near bouvet island. in general, the nephropid lobsters displayed wide depth ranges e. g. t. nilenta with a depth range of 2, 218 m. the lithodid genus paralomis had the greatest number of species (5 species) with depth ranges wider than 1, 000 m. the widest depth range examined belonged to the lithodid n. capensis with a depth range of 2, 540 m (660–3, 200 m) .\nthick black vertical bars = mean depth of records, horizontal bars indicate standard deviation from that mean. grey circles = all records from the southern ocean and neighbouring regions, black dots = records from south of 60°s, red dots = records from the antarctic shelf / slope .\nthe depths of samples taken from antarctic waters (south of 60°s) and from the slope / shelf of the antarctic continent tended to sit within the normal depth range of the species (fig. 7). all antarctic slope / shelf records, other than a single record for p. birsteini (1, 947 m), are within the standard deviation of each species’ depth range. the only known record of p. stevensi from the antarctic slope / shelf is lacking a depth record at its location (ahyong, 2010), but bathymetric data suggest an approximate depth of 1, 000 m, making it the shallowest known record for this species. the single record of m. albatrossae is the only record of this species in the so and is its shallowest record to date (1, 920 m) .\nthe deepest records from antarctic waters belonged to the kiwa sp. (2, 400 m), with t. nilenta second deepest at 2, 068 m. all other antarctic records are from depths shallower than 2, 000 m. the brachyurans found south of 60°s have all been found shallower than 100 m .\nsince the lithodidae had far more records available for analysis and a wider latitudinal range that the other taxa, we performed a biogeographic analysis of only this family. six distinct geographic groupings were evident using a cut - off point of 35% similarity (fig. 8a). these groupings were then mapped with seafloor temperature and the mean positions of oceanographic fronts for comparison (fig. 8b). the most southerly grouping (blue) was made up of the continental margin regions south of the southern antarctic circumpolar current boundary (saccb), the west antarctic slope / shelf and the balleny islands. the waters north of the saccb but south of the sub - antarctic front included four of the biogeographic groupings. the smallest grouping was that of the bouvet island region, which is comprised of a single geographic region with a single endemic species. the widest longitudinal range of any grouping is the southern indian ocean islands, plateaus and peter i island group. the third grouping within the antarctic circumpolar current (acc) was that of macquarie island and the scotia arc. the fourth grouping to cross these frontal boundaries is the only one which connects antarctic waters to more temperate ones (south georgia and south america). the fifth grouping is comprised of new zealand and the sub - antarctic islands of new zealand, including 13 species not recorded in any of the other regions .\ndendrogram of faunal similarity for southern ocean regions from bray - curtis similarities using complete linkage clustering. coloured boxes represent biogeographic groupings at a 35% faunal similarity cut off value. map of the geographic locations of the clusters. black dotted line = polar front, purple solid line = sub - antarctic front, orange solid line = southern antarctic circumpolar current boundary (saccb), grey = seafloor temperature < 0°c .\nthere are many controls on the preservation of decapods which make interpreting their evolutionary history difficult. a large percentage (99. 7 %) of the antarctic continent is covered by snow and ice [ 47 ], restricting the exposure area in which fossils can be found, and resulting in an intermittent record. most decapods come from geological units that span long time intervals. these are normally the sites which have the best exposures, i. e. the largest exposed surface (e. g. , seymour island). deep sea drilling program (dsdp) drill holes have a long time range but no decapod fossil record (fig. 2), most likely because exposure is restricted to the drill width, but also because fossil decapods are rare in neogene antarctica fossil sites [ 48 ] .\npreservation (taphonomy) also needs to be considered when interpreting the decapod fossil record. fossil arthropods in the record are largely a result of exceptional preservation conditions [ 49 ], and a substantial loss of arthropods has been noted during the preservation of communities [ 50 ] – [ 51 ]. experimental taphonomy has shown that crabs have a high susceptibility to decay early in the post mortem history [ 52 ]. this may explain the lack of evidence, in antarctica and globally, for fossil lithodids. as taphonomic controls on the preservation of decapods are so important, changes in the depositional environment could be a major controlling factor on the presence of decapods in the fossil record. the greatest diversity in antarctic fossil crabs is seen in sites, such as those on seymour island, of shallow and medium depth water (fig. 2) .\nthe la meseta formation on seymour island is the most diverse unit for fossil decapods [ 53 ], and an important site for investigating possible relationships between cooling temperatures and an associated decline in predation pressure from taxa such as decapods. dense monospecific assemblages of ophiuroids and crinoids in the upper few meters of the formation show little evidence for predation [ 54 ] – [ 55 ]. aronson and blake [ 56 ] stated that the position of the echinoderm assemblages puts them ‘close to the end of the la meseta time when crabs and sharks had essentially disappeared and teleosts may well have been in decline’. this has been used to support the theory that the late eocene / early oligocene cooling was the cause of the decrease and disappearance of decapods in antarctica [ 55 ] .\nhowever, feldmann et al. [ 57 ] note that decapod diversity is actually greatest in the lower and upper parts of the la meseta formation. despite the observed decrease in sub lethal predation, decapod diversity still remained high in the final unit of the formation (feldmann et al. [ 57 ]). therefore, the suggested reduction and elimination of decapods in antarctica, which is proposed to have originated with cooling in the eocene to oligocene [ 33 ], [ 55 ], may not have occurred until a much later time period, when cooling was even greater. decapods are recorded from two other localities at a time when temperature was lower than the eocene to early oligocene. decapods form a dominant part of the early miocene cape melville formation (cmf) community [ 17 ]. there is also a record of a lobster from the pliocene .\nwhen discussing the fossil history of the so decapods, the fossil record of the la meseta formation on seymour island is often regarded as documenting the decline (and in some papers, the extinction) of large decapods in antarctica [ 33 ], [ 54 ] – [ 56 ]. this fossil record is composed entirely of the brachyura and nephropidae, and does not include any lithodidae. we consider that la meseta formation should not be regarded as an analogue for the anomuran lithodidae because they display very different recent distribution patterns to the modern day brachyura [ 28 ] .\nin summary, virtually nothing is known of the history of lithodidae from the fossil record (fig. 2), although some conclusions on the global origins of the group have been drawn through molecular methods and recent depth distribution patterns [ 36 ] .\nalthough the fossil record is of little use for comparing past and present day distributions of anomuran lithodidae, large areas of ice free and relatively undisturbed slope and shelf have been available for colonisation around antarctica and the sub - antarctic islands as ice sheets retreated after the last glacial maximum (lgm; c. 18, 000–20, 000 years ago) .\non the western antarctic peninsula, shelf habitats similar to the present day could have existed in northern areas since the onset of post - lgm glacial retreat, c. 18, 000 - 17, 000 years ago [ 58 ] – [ 62 ]. further south, the marguerite bay ice stream retreated rapidly from the outer shelf region from about 14, 000 years ago, possibly associated with rapid sea level rise during meltwater pulse 1 - a (mwp 1 - a), before stabilising, and then retreating further from the mid - shelf sometime prior to c. 10, 500 - 9, 500 years ago [ 62 ] – [ 66 ]. the inner - shelf area has been deglaciated since at least 9, 500 - 7, 500 years ago [ 58 ], [ 61 ] – [ 62 ] when the ice stream thinned rapidly and isostatic rebound caused relative sea levels to fall rapidly in the marguerite bay area from c. 41 m above present, sometime after c. 9, 000 years ago, to c. 19 m above present by c. 7, 000 years ago [ 67 ] .\nintrusion of relatively warm (> 1°c) circumpolar deep water (cdw) flooding onto the continental shelf, up to a depth of 200 m, has been suggested as a possible casual mechanism for the final phase of ice retreat in marguerite bay during the early holocene [ 61 ] – [ 62 ], [ 65 ]. intrusion of cdw has also been linked to :\nsouthwards retreat of the george vi ice shelf from marguerite bay to at least the ablation point area between 9, 600 - 7, 500 years ago [ 68 ] – [ 70 ] .\ndeglaciation of the inner shelf area of the bellingshausen sea, which occurred as early as c. 14, 000 years ago [ 71 ] .\npresent day and past retreat of the pine island glacier in the amundsen sea [ 72 ] .\nin the western amundsen sea region, deglaciation from the outer shelf could have begun as early as c. 22, 000 years ago [ 73 ], likely reaching the mid - shelf area through a series of ‘episodic’ phases of grounding line retreat between 16, 400 - 12, 200 years ago, which have also been associated with the rapidly rising sea levels of mwp 1 - a [ 72 ]. ice from the western and eastern amundsen sea areas coalesced into a single amundsen sea ice - shelf, which briefly stabilised on the inner shelf area 12, 200 - 10, 600 years ago, before rapidly collapsing sometime after 10, 600 years ago. deglaciation from the outer to inner pine island bay area was driven initially by intrusion of cdw 7, 800 - 7, 000 years ago, with further retreat during the last 7000 years caused by increased input of subglacial water to the bottom of the ice shelf [ 72 ] .\nperiodic intrusion of cdw onto some parts the west antarctic shelf has probably occurred since the early holocene, but is likely to have occurred during ‘warmer’ phases of the mid - late holocene. for example, bentley et al. [ 74 ] suggested that southwards shifts in the southern hemisphere westerlies could have led to an intensification of the acc during the mid holocene hypsithermal (4500 - 2800 years ago), which was sufficient to drive cdw onto the western shelf of the antarctic peninsula .\nin summary, a significant and increasingly larger area of the outer to inner shelf from the tip of the antarctic peninsula to the amundsen sea has become available for colonisation over the last c. 20, 000 years. shelf areas have remained largely ice - free and relatively undisturbed by ice near, or shortly after, the end of the early holocene climate optimum 9, 500 years ago, and likely experienced episodic intrusions of cdw since, which could have lasted for significant periods of time .\nin comparison, the extent and timing of glacier expansion on south georgia at the lgm remains largely unknown because none of the moraines on the inner and outer shelf have been numerically dated. decreased moisture availability associated with the advance of sea ice limits and changes in the intensity of, and / or a latitudinal shift in, the southern westerlies could have resulted in a relatively limited expansion of lgm ice. however, geomorphological evidence exists for a more extensive ice sheet characterised by ice streams flowing from the central highlands through fjords, which are connected to large cross - shelf troughs [ 75 ] – [ 82 ]. onshore and terrestrial data suggests that present day shelf habitats in northern coastal areas around cumberland bay became ice - free c. 11, 000 years ago, with a few protected areas located within glacial troughs becoming ice - free as early as c. 17, 000 years ago [ 83 ]. significant disturbance of outer and inner shelf habitats is, therefore, unlikely during the last c. 11, 000 years because glacier activity on the northern coast has been restricted to fjords and inland coastal and mountain areas since the early holocene climate optimum (11, 000 - 9500 years ago) [ 74 ], [ 76 ], [ 78 ], [ 80 ], [ 83 ] – [ 86 ] .\neven around south georgia, where considerable directed and non - directed sampling effort for crabs has been carried out for over two decades [ 37 ] there remain areas for which information on lithodid distribution remains limited. scientific observations show that lithodid crabs are rare if not absent in the very shallow waters (< 100 m) [ 92 ]. regular demersal fish surveys sample depths between 100–350 m whilst exploratory pot fisheries for crabs have operated at depths of < 1000 m, however, depths between 400 m and 1, 000 m remain relatively poorly sampled [ 37 ]. lithodid distribution records therefore must be considered in light of the degree and type of sampling carried out in a particular location .\nthe distribution of l. murrayi in antarctic waters is restricted to the seafloor around peter i island (fig. 3f), most likely peter i island is located in an oceanographically favourable position, in the currents of the acc, north of saccb. the acc is rich in warm cdw [ 93 ], and klages et al. [ 24 ] recorded in situ temperatures of 1. 8°c at the seafloor locations where the l. murrayi were observed. the other two species recorded from peter i island, n. diomedeae and p. birsteini, are only found at greater depths (621–1129 m) where temperatures are cold, but remain > 1°c down to depths exceeding 1, 500 m [ 24 ]. this southerly limit for l. murrayi could represent its thermal tolerance limit as its range does not extend onto the antarctic shelf or slope. no regions of the seafloor of the west antarctic peninsula reach temperatures of 1. 8°c [ 41 ]. although hall and thatje [ 29 ] give a lower temperature limit for l. murrayi of ∼1°c, this possibly reflects the one degree precision of gridding in the southern ocean atlas [ 94 ], which would not be able to adequately resolve small area represented by the peter i island shelf at the warmer temperatures .\nthe so crabs and lobsters examined show some typical distribution patterns similar to those observed in other benthic species such as the pycnogonida and porifera [ 95 ] – [ 96 ]. the main difference in the distribution of these decapods is that they are not found in the cold (< 0°c) regions of the continental margin. the presence of two endemic species, n. yaldwyni and p. stevensi, and an antarctic centred distribution for p. birsteini implies a regionally distinct fauna and localised speciation .\ngiven that the antarctic shelf / slope has only had nine recorded lithodid encounters, dating back to 1998, it is somewhat surprising that it shows a higher diversity of lithodid species than the better sampled scotia arc (2 species), balleny islands (3 species) and peter i island (3 species) and equalling the diversity of the extensively sampled south georgia (4 species from 3, 325 records). this relatively high diversity from a low number of samples, including two endemic species, suggests a community that has had more than a few centuries or millennia to develop .\nother than l. murrayi and the brachyura, all other species found south of 60°s showed predominantly deep water distributions and the antarctic shelf / slope specimens were all from depths of around 1000 m or deeper. these distributions are relatively normal for lithodids outside of the northern pacific [ 36 ], with very few southern hemisphere species having shallow water records. the deepest records of most southern hemisphere lithodids do not extend beyond ∼2, 500 m [ 36 ], however, this study found records of n. capensis at depths of 3, 200 m off the coast of south africa. this deep water preference of the lithodids, especially those from beyond the northern pacific (hall & thatje, 2009) implies that these species are unlikely to rapidly spread into shallower water over a short timescale .\nexcluding l. murrayi (discussed previously), the lithodids with normal depth distributions which extended into shelf depths (< 500 m) were all north of 60°s, l. macquariae, p. aculeata, p. elongata and p. spinosissima. the vast majority of records from south of 60°s are deeper than 500 m, only two individuals of n. yaldwyni and p. birsteini have been found shallower than this depth .\nthe absence of shallower dwelling species from shelf areas south of 60°s [ 29 ] (other than at the unusually warm peter i island), contrasts sharply with their presence on the sub - antarctic slope and shelf environments. in the sub - antarctic and around south georgia, a limited expansion of independent ice caps during the lgm might not have covered the entire shelf area, allowing shallower water species to persist. in contrast lgm ice covered most of the antarctic shelf, likely eradicating any shallow dwelling antarctic lithodids and suitable habitats. nevertheless, shallower habitats along the entire west antarctic shelf have been deglaciated for at least 9, 000 years, with periodic intrusion of cdw onto the shelf area likely providing them with habitable (> 0°c) conditions. the antarctic lithodids have had sufficient time to colonise the deglaciated west antarctic shelf, but have not done so, even when oceanographic conditions during some ‘warmer’ phases of the last 9000 years (e. g. , mid holocene hypsithermal (mhh) 4500 - 2800 years ago; [ 74 ]) are thought to have been similar, in some areas, to those of the present day [ 74 ]. instead, the antarctic lithodids have remained in the deeper water (> 1, 000 m) of the slope or shelf basins (fig. 7) .\nprevious studies [ 27 ] – [ 28 ] considered the decapoda as a whole and did not distinguish between benthic and pelagic taxa in their biogeographic classifications. the study by hall & thatje [ 29 ] compared bathymetric, geographic and temperature ranges for so lithodids, but did not define any biogeographic regions from their analyses." ]

{ "text": [ "the great spider crab , hyas araneus , is a species of crab found in northeast atlantic waters and the north sea , usually below the tidal zone .", "in 1986 , two specimens were captured at the south shetland islands off the antarctic peninsula , apparently transported by human agency .", "it has been feared that the species would have an adverse effect on the native fauna , but there have been no further captures from the region since the 1986 specimens .", "the great spider crab can moult and get rid of their outer shell/skin .", "the spider crab will pull is self of its outer layer .", "this can take some time but it lets them grow to great size .", "after they moult they are very vulnerable to predators because of a very soft exoskeleton . " ], "topic": [ 18, 5, 17, 4, 18, 0, 10 ] }

[ "the great spider crab, hyas araneus, is a species of crab found in northeast atlantic waters and the north sea, usually below the tidal zone. in 1986, two specimens were captured at the south shetland islands off the antarctic peninsula, apparently transported by human agency. it has been feared that the species would have an adverse effect on the native fauna, but there have been no further captures from the region since the 1986 specimens. the great spider crab can moult and get rid of their outer shell/skin. the spider crab will pull is self of its outer layer. this can take some time but it lets them grow to great size. after they moult they are very vulnerable to predators because of a very soft exoskeleton." ]

[ "an untomia albistrigella in prince george' s co. , maryland (7 / 4 / 2007). photo by bob patterson. (mbp list )\nan untomia albistrigella in frederick co. , maryland (7 / 4 / 2017). determined by kyhl austin. photo by mark etheridge. (mbp list )\nan untomia albistrigella in anne arundel co. , maryland (7 / 8 / 2016). identification verified by roger downer / bamona. photo by timothy reichard. (mbp list )\nan untomia albistrigella in anne arundel co. , maryland (7 / 12 / 2016). identification verified by roger downer / bamona. photo by timothy reichard. (mbp list )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nspecific epithet from latin meaning\nwhite - streaked ,\nfor the\nsmall oblique white costal streak .\nmicro - lepidoptera. vactor tousey chambers. 1872. the canadian entomologist 4 (1 - 12): 7 - 12, 25 - 29, 41 - 44, 65 - 69, 88 - 92, 106 - 108, 126 - 133, 146 - 150, 169 - 175, 191 - 195, 206 - 209, 221 - 226 .\nthe lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states william t. m. forbes. 1923. cornell university, ithaca, new york; memoir 68 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nthe order lepidoptera, which means' scaly wings', is one of the most well known and easily recognizable orders of insects. this group includes moths and butterflies. below are the main characteristics :\n2 pairs of membranous wings that are covered in tiny scales which overlap like shingles on a roof. a few moths are wingless\nantennae present. antennae are long and slender in female moths and generally feathery in male moths. butterflies have clubbed antennae\nthe larvae are typically known as caterpillars and have a sclerotised head with chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts, 3 pairs of thoracic legs and often short, unsegmented prolegs on the abdomen .\nthese insects undergo complete metamorphosis, that is, the young go through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. the larval stage does most of the eating and growing, with the adults often staying alive just long enough to mate and lay eggs. many species have one generation per year; others may have from two to several generations; a few species take more than one year to develop. adult lifespan ranges from as short as a few days up to several months .\nin some families sexual dimorphism is quite common, whereas females and males from other families look more or less the same - at least with respect to their wing patterning. however, even in families with no apparent sexual dimorphism, female and male moths or butterflies can be distinguished. usually, females have a bigger abdomen that is filled with eggs. moreover, in several moth families the antennae of the male moths are enlarged and feathery to allow sensing of pheromones released by the female moths of the respective species who have more threadlike antennae .\ndepending on species, larvae may feed on all parts of herbaceous plants, roots / twigs / stems / leaves of trees and shrubs, fungi, lichens, dead or decaying plant material, stored food products, fabrics made of cotton or wool, or generally any organic material; many species are very host - specific, and can be identified by the plant they are feeding on. larvae of a few species are known to eat other caterpillars, and a few other species eat soft - bodied insects such as aphids. most adults feed mainly on nectar from flowers of a great variety of woody and herbaceous plants; secondary foods include sugary secretions (honeydew) from insects, juices of decaying fruit, tree sap, and manure liquids. some adult moths in several families have either no mouthparts or non - functional mouthparts, and therefore do not feed as adults .\nlarvae may be found anywhere on their host plant, on all plant parts including flowers, seeds, leaves, fruit, bark, wood and roots. adults are generally found near the larval host plant. moths are mostly nocturnal and may be attracted to lights at night or observed during the day resting in dark crevices or camouflaged on surrounding surfaces .\nlarvae browse certain parts of plants, including seeds and flowers, influencing the plants’ shape .\nmoths, and particularly their caterpillars, are a major agricultural pest in many parts of the world. the caterpillar of the gypsy moth causes severe damage to forests in the northeast united states, where it is an invasive species. several moths in the family tineidae are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from wool or silk. on the other hand, some moths are farmed. the most notable of these is the silkworm, the larva of the domesticated moth bombyx mori. it is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. there are several species of saturniidae that are also farmed for their silk. the mopane worm from the family saturniidae is considered a significant food resource in southern africa .\nthis page was last modified on 5 december 2012, at 16: 54." ]

{ "text": [ "untomia albistrigella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by chambers in 1872 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , louisiana , maryland , mississippi , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , south carolina , tennessee , texas and west virginia .", "adults are dark brown in some lights , faintly tinged with purple , green , or bronze .", "there is a small oblique white costal streak just before , and a few indistinct whitish scales or small spots in the apex , near the dorsal ciliae .", "the ciliae are pale fuscous , with a dark brown hindmarginal line before their middle . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "untomia albistrigella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by chambers in 1872. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, ohio, oklahoma, ontario, pennsylvania, south carolina, tennessee, texas and west virginia. adults are dark brown in some lights, faintly tinged with purple, green, or bronze. there is a small oblique white costal streak just before, and a few indistinct whitish scales or small spots in the apex, near the dorsal ciliae. the ciliae are pale fuscous, with a dark brown hindmarginal line before their middle." ]

[ "the distribution and avian hosts of carnus hemapterus (diptera: milichiidae) in north america .\nthe distribution and avian hosts of carnus hemapterus (diptera: milichiidae) in north america. - pubmed - ncbi\nty - jour ti - carnus hemapterus nitzsch on a screech owl in arizona (diptera) t2 - psyche. vl - 58 ur - urltoken pb - cambridge entomological club cy - cambridge, mass. : py - 1951 sp - 157 ep - 157 do - 10. 1155 / 1951 / 21263 sn - 0033 - 2615 au - bequaert, j er -\n@ article { bhlpart181917, title = { carnus hemapterus nitzsch on a screech owl in arizona (diptera) }, journal = { psyche. }, volume = { 58 }, copyright = { public domain. the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection. }, url = urltoken publisher = { cambridge, mass. : cambridge entomological club1874 - }, author = { bequaert, j }, year = { 1951 }, pages = { 157 - - 157 }, }\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > carnus hemapterus nitzsch on a screech owl in arizona (diptera) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > bequaert, j < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 58 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > psyche. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> cambridge, mass. : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > cambridge entomological club < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 58 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 157 < / start > < end > 157 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1951 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10. 1155 / 1951 / 21263 < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> public domain. the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nthis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\npublic domain. the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "carnus hemapterus is a dipteran insect , a small-bodied and mostly black-coloured carnid fly .", "in general , larvae of most carnid flies are detritivores , while the imagines are often seen feeding on carcasses , faeces , or umbelliferous flowers .", "however , imagines of the genus carnus are blood-sucking ectoparasites of nestling birds .", "within this genus , carnus hemapterus is the only species widespread across europe and the northern and temperate regions of asia and america .", "female body length is about 1.5 mm , males are smaller .", "it typically occurs in the nests of medium - to large-bodied birds , provided that the nest is not on the ground .", "it is particularly common on the chicks of owls , falcons , rollers , bee-eaters and starlings .", "females give birth to larvae that live within the nest and feed on organic debris and the pupae also overwinter there .", "the emergence of imagines is synchronized to the hatch of host nestlings in the subsequent year .", "they prefer larger chicks within the nest .", "adult flies have a winged and an unwinged variety , the latter being much commoner .", "in fact , unwinged flies still carry the basal part of their wings , but the majority of the wing is broken off ( see a close view of the above photo ) .", "flies live only on the nestlings before and during the development of the plumage , and disappear later on .", "infestations by carnus hemapterus appear to be rather harmless for the host chicks .", "in spite of that , barn owl females advertise their resistance genes by the dark spots on their breast and belly ; nestlings of heavily spotted females tend to be more resistant .", "in this study , potential environmental confounding effects were controlled for by cross-fostering chicks .", "the spots on the eggs of spotless starlings also predict nestling resistance against carnus infestations , although the adaptive value of this phenomenon is not clear . " ], "topic": [ 12, 8, 4, 26, 9, 28, 10, 8, 28, 28, 8, 1, 28, 4, 10, 4, 17 ] }

[ "carnus hemapterus is a dipteran insect, a small-bodied and mostly black-coloured carnid fly. in general, larvae of most carnid flies are detritivores, while the imagines are often seen feeding on carcasses, faeces, or umbelliferous flowers. however, imagines of the genus carnus are blood-sucking ectoparasites of nestling birds. within this genus, carnus hemapterus is the only species widespread across europe and the northern and temperate regions of asia and america. female body length is about 1.5 mm, males are smaller. it typically occurs in the nests of medium - to large-bodied birds, provided that the nest is not on the ground. it is particularly common on the chicks of owls, falcons, rollers, bee-eaters and starlings. females give birth to larvae that live within the nest and feed on organic debris and the pupae also overwinter there. the emergence of imagines is synchronized to the hatch of host nestlings in the subsequent year. they prefer larger chicks within the nest. adult flies have a winged and an unwinged variety, the latter being much commoner. in fact, unwinged flies still carry the basal part of their wings, but the majority of the wing is broken off (see a close view of the above photo). flies live only on the nestlings before and during the development of the plumage, and disappear later on. infestations by carnus hemapterus appear to be rather harmless for the host chicks. in spite of that, barn owl females advertise their resistance genes by the dark spots on their breast and belly; nestlings of heavily spotted females tend to be more resistant. in this study, potential environmental confounding effects were controlled for by cross-fostering chicks. the spots on the eggs of spotless starlings also predict nestling resistance against carnus infestations, although the adaptive value of this phenomenon is not clear." ]

[ "tiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier). illustration courtesy fao, species identification and biodata\ngaleocerdo andkogo in mexicoone of the most well - known cruising - buddy yachts in the global fleet has got to be the ultra fast wally motor yacht galeocerdo and her fren ...\ngaleocerdo - motor - yacht - wally - power - 118 - 2003 - 36m - bow .\ntiger shark galeocerdo cuvier with baitfish - permission and photograph by dr. paddy ryan (ryan photographic )\ngaleocerdo is currently not available for charter on superyachts. com. click here to view similar yachts available for charter .\n2010 .\ntiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier )\n( on - line). accessed october 14, 2010 at urltoken .\nwhitney, n. , g. crow. 2007. reproductive biology of the tiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier) in hawaii .\n2010 .\ntiger shark: galeocerdo cuvier\n( on - line). national geographic. accessed september 23, 2010 at urltoken .\nwhat made you want to look up galeocerdo? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\n(\ntiger shark: galeocerdo cuvier\n, 2010; heithaus, et al. , 2007; pratt, jr. , 1988; read, 2010 )\n(\ntiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier )\n, 2010; heithaus, et al. , 2002; heithaus, et al. , 2006; simpfendorfer, 2005 )\nholland, k. , b. wetherbee, c. lowe, c. meyer. 1999. movements of tiger sharks (galeocerdo cuvier) in coastal hawaiian waters .\nsimpfendorfer, c. 2005 .\ngaleocerdo cuvier\n( on - line). the iucn red list of threatened species. accessed september 23, 2010 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: draper, k. 2011 .\ngaleocerdo cuvier\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nheithaus, m. , l. dill, g. marshall, b. buhleier. 2002. habitat use and foraging behavior of tiger sharks (galeocerdo cuvier) in a seagrass ecosystem .\nheithaus, m. 2001. the biology of tiger sharks, galeocerdo cuvier, in shark bay, western australia: sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates .\nread, t. 2010. mark - recapture of tiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier) in new caledonia: a photo - identification approach. coral reef initiatives for the pacific: 2 - 23 .\nwirsing, a. , m. heithaus, l. dill. 2007. fear factor: do dugongs (dugong dugon) trade food for safety from tiger sharks (galeocerdo cuvier)? .\ntang, d. , d. newbound. 2004. a new species of copepod (siphonostomatoida: caligidae) parasitic on the tiger shark galeocerdo cuvier (péron & lesueur) from western australian waters .\nwirsing, a. , m. heithaus, l. dill. 2006. tiger shark (galeocerdo cuvier) abundance and growth in a subtropical embayment: evidence from 7 years of standardized fishing effort .\nscientific synonyms and common names galeocerdo cuvieri (peron & lesueur, 1822) synonyms: sometimes spelt g. cuvier galeocerdo cuvier (péron & lesueur, 1822) squalus cuvier peron & lesueur, 1822 in lesueur, j. acad. nat. sci. philad. , 2: 351 (terre de witt, new holland). type: unknown. squalus arcticus faber, 1829, naturgesch. fische islands: 17 (iceland). type: unknown. galeocerdo arcticus: müller & henle, 1841: 60 krøyer, 1852: 933 fowler, 1936, 1: 56 dollfus, 1955: 19. galeocerdo cuvier: bigelow & schroeder, 1948: 271, fig. 44 wheeler, 1969: 58, fig. 23 - 24. common names: tiger shark [ en ] requin tigre commun [ fr ] tintorera [ es ]\na) upper and lower teeth of galeocerdo cuvier, and b) juvenile tiger shark showing dentition. illustration courtesy casey (1964) bur. sport fish. & wildl circ. 179 and photo © george burgess\n( of galeocerdo obtusus klunzinger, 1871) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngudger, e. w. , 1949. natural history notes on tiger sharks, galeocerdo tigrinus, caught at key west, florida, with emphasis on food and feeding habits. copeia, 1949: 39 - 47\nsarangdhar, p. n. 1943. tiger shark - galeocerdo tigrinus muller and henle. feeding and breeding habits. j. bcmbay nat. hist. soc. , 44 (1): 102 - 110 .\n( of galeocerdo fasciatus van kampen, 1907) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of galeocerdo arcticus (faber, 1829) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of galeocerdo rayneri macdonald & barron, 1868) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of galeocerdo tigrinus müller & henle, 1839) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkneebone, j. , l. natanson, a. andrews, w. howell. 2008. using bomb radiocarbon analyses to validate age and growth estimates for the tiger shark, galeocerdo cuvier, in the western north atlantic .\nbranstetter, s. , j. musick, j. colvocoresses. 1987. a comparison of the age and growth of the tiger shark, galeocerdo - cuvieri, from off virginia and from the northwestern gulf - of - mexico .\n( of galeocerdo cuvieri (péron & lesueur, 1822) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkauffman, d. e. , 1950. notes on the biology of the tiger shark (galeocerdo arcticus) from philippine waters. res. rep. u. s. fish wildl. serv. , (16): 10 p .\nkauffman, d. e. 1950. notes on the biology of the tiger shark (galeocerdo arcticus) from philippine waters. res. rep. u. s. fish wildl. serv. , 16: 10 p. , 5 fig .\ndriggers iii, w. , g. ingram jr. , m. grace, c. gledhill, t. henwood, c. horton, c. jones. 2008. pupping areas and mortality rates of young tiger sharks galeocerdo cuvier in the western north atlantic ocean .\nthe tiger shark, galeocerdo genus, made its first appearance in the eocene as g. latidens. g. latidens was a smaller tiger shark with a proportionately wider root than other tiger species. by the oligocene, g. aduncus became the main tiger shark. this species became extinct in the late miocene. it is replaced by g. cuvier in the pliocene. g. cuvier is now the only extant tiger species .\ngaleocerdo aduncus g. aduncus is and extinct species that appeared in the oligocene and became extinct in the late miocene. this species of tiger shark probably looked like a miniature, but less robust version of g. cuvier. the serrations on the teeth are simple, whereas the serrations on g. cuvier are complex (the serrations are serrated). below is a diagram of a g. aduncus tooth. g. aduncus are very common along the calvert cliffs of md .\ngreek, galeos = a shark + latin, cerdus = the hard hairs of pigs (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; benthopelagic; oceanodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 800 m (ref. 96339), usually 0 - 140 m (ref. 26938). subtropical; 62°n - 44°s, 180°w - 180°e\ncircumglobal in tropical and temperate seas. western atlantic: massachusetts, usa to uruguay, including gulf of mexico and the caribbean. eastern atlantic: iceland to angola. indo - pacific: persian gulf (ref. 68964), red sea and east africa to hawaii and tahiti, north to southern japan, south to new zealand. eastern pacific: southern california, usa to peru, including the revillagigedo, cocos, and galapagos islands. highly migratory species, annex i of the 1982 convention on the law of the sea (ref. 26139) .\nmaturity: l m? , range 210 - 350 cm max length: 750 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 58784); common length: 500 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2683); max. published weight: 807. 4 kg (ref. 4699); max. reported age: 50 years (ref. 4827 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 0. a huge, vertical tiger - striped shark with a broad, bluntly rounded snout, long upper labial furrows, and a big mouth with large, saw - edged, cockscomb - shaped teeth; spiracles present; caudal keels low (ref. 5578). grey above with vertical dark grey to black bars and spots which appear faded in adults, white below (ref. 5578) .\novoviviparous (ref. 4805, 6871) with 10 - 82 in a litter (ref. 26346). mating takes place even before gravid females have given birth (ref. 244). distinct pairing with embrace (ref. 205). gestation period: 13 - 16 months. size at birth between 51 (ref. 244) and 104 (ref. 9997) cm tl; born at about 51 - 76 cm tl (ref. 58048) .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1984. fao species catalogue. vol. 4. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. part 2 - carcharhiniformes. fao fish. synop. 125 (4 / 2): 251 - 655. rome: fao. (ref. 244 )\n): 15. 8 - 28. 9, mean 26. 4 (based on 6872 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00372 (0. 00241 - 0. 00574), b = 3. 16 (3. 04 - 3. 28), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (tm = 4 - 11; tmax = 50; fec = 10) .\nprior r = 0. 12, 2 sd range = 0. 02 - 0. 65, log (r) = - 2. 12, sd log (r) = 0. 83, based on: 2 k, 9 tgen, 1 tmax, 2 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (64 of 100) .\nsign up to our mailing list for the latest boat international & events news .\nthe general data protection regulation (gdpr) which came in to effect on the 25th may might mean that you’ve stopped receiving emails from us. to make sure you don’t miss out on any more emails from boat international update your email preferences now .\nset up a boat international account to purchase boat international magazine subscriptions, digital edition subscriptions, and boat pro licenses .\nand delivered in 2003. her top speed is 65. 0kn and she boasts a maximum cruising range of 1500. 0nm at 45. 0kn with power coming from three 5600. 0hp vericor tf - 50 codag engines. she can accommodate up to 6 people with 6 crew members waiting on their every need .\nfew men who come to the islands leave them; they grow grey where they alighted; the palm shades and the trade - wind fans them till they die, perhaps cherishing to the last the fancy of a visit home, which is rarely made, more rarely enjoyed, and yet more rarely repeated .\nno part of the world exerts the same attractive power upon the visitor, and the task before me is to communicate to fireside travellers some sense of its seduction .\nthe first experience can never be repeated. the first love, the first sunrise, the first south sea island, are memories apart and touched a virginity of sense .\nthe whole specs of this yacht are available to boat pro subscribers only. please login or subscribe to boat pro to access them .\nyour account at boat international doesn' t include a boat pro subscription. please subscribe to boat pro in order to unlock this content .\nthis website uses cookies for analytics, marketing, advertising and functional purposes, in line with our privacy policy. to change your cookie settings or find out more, click here. if you continue browsing our website, you accept these cookies .\nthe monaco - based yachting brand wally together with german shipyard nobiskrug and british design studio winch design have announced a new partnership in the developmen ...\ndutch builder amels has successfully delivered its latest superyacht, volpini 2, its first hybrid - powered vessel. the 57. 7 - metre limited edition yacht is the first del ...\nsuperyacht times is pleased to announce the return of its annual social event, the superyacht times party. taking place on 14 november, we are excited to announce that ...\ncontinuing with our exclusive coverage of the delivery of the 116 - metre explorer superyacht ulysses, we bring you these first scenes of the impressive world voyager on ...\na loyal, hard - working and dedicated crew is vital to ensure smooth cruising as well as the daily operations of a superyacht. however, keeping crew members challenged a ...\nluxury motor yacht wallypower 118 was built in 2002 by italian shipyard rodriquez intermarine. with a composite hull and superstructure, she features naval architecture by wally and intermarine, and exterior and interior design by lazzarini pickering and wally. this three waterjet and twin screw propulsion yacht measures 36 metres and can accommodate up to six guests cruising and sleeping .\nmotor yacht wallypower 118 is easily one of the most distinctive vessels on the water with her unique and striking exterior design. capable of reaching high cruising speeds, her design was the result of extensive development and research that included exhausting testing. she has a steeply angled v - shaped and a stand - out deckhouse that crowns the super yacht .\nher hull colour can be likened to that of a chameleon; it’s dark green tone changes with alterations in the outside landscape and light. her glass - sided deckhouse hides a generous saloon aft dressed in white and wood that creates somewhat of a beach house feel. here also lies a dining table for 14, relaxing nooks and entertainment areas .\nher interior is of minimalist design, and instead of showy extras, the majority of her features serve a purpose; towards weight minimisation, speed enhancement or must - have comfort. however she also boasts her share of soft furnishings that give the interior a look not far from a new york style loft .\namongst her three cabins are an indulgent owner’s stateroom, and two queen - size guest cabins. the owner’s stateroom features an en suite with his and hers shower and large tub, while each guest cabin also features an en suite. the crew’s quarters on the lower deck includes three lower cabins that sleep six and include en suite facilities .\nluxury yacht wallypower 118 is powered by three ddc tf50 gas turbines and two cummins 370 horsepower engines; a combination quite common on smaller warships but not so on super yachts. she can achieve a range of 380 nautical miles while cruising at a speed of 60 knots or 1, 500 nautical miles at nine knots .\nfeaturing a dedicated crew, wallypower 118 is an excellent charter yacht for luxury vacations. the yacht cruises comfortably at 60 knots while her crew of six ensure the needs of every guest are met. the luxury vessel has been built to r. i. n. a classification .\ndisclamer: information about dubai yacht details, photos and specification of the custom built yacht from platinum yachts are displayed in good faith. if you charter or purchase a motor yacht, all details will be confirmed during the yacht charter booking or yacht purchase process. please contact us if there is any additional information you think we should include .\nwith an acutely pointed tip, and characteristic dark, vertical tiger - stripe markings, faded or obsolete in adults .\nsurface of body, bold in young but fading out in adults. gigantic sharks, up to 6 and possibly 7. 5 m .\n: massachusetts, usa to uruguay, including gulf of mexico and caribbean islands. eastern north\n), morocco and canary islands, senegal, gambia, guinea, ivory coast, and ghana, but probably more wide - ranging in the area, from morocco to angola. indo - west pacific: south africa north to the\nand east to pakistan, india, sri lanka, thailand, viet nam, southern china (including taiwan province), japan, the philippines, indonesia, australia (northern, western and southern australia, new south wales), new zealand, new caledonia. western central pacific: palau east to solomon, marshall and hawaiian islands, as well as tahiti (french polynesia). eastern pacific: southern california to peru, cocos, galapagos, revillagigedo islands .\nto possibly 140 m. it seems to prefer turbid areas in continental waters, large island groups or high volcanic islands where high runoff of fresh water may contribute to a high density of prey organisms. it often occurs in river estuaries, close inshore off wharves and jetties in harbours, and in coral atolls and lagoons. it is also known to make excursions far\nareas sometimes barely deep enough to swim in. by day the sharks retreat to deeper water off reefs and in deeper areas of bays and lagoons where they remain until nightfall. during the day, smaller tiger sharks may be more active, less timid in light, and less reluctant to approach the surface than large ones, though all sizes come to the surface at night. although tiger sharks may form aggregations, especially when feeding, the\nislands, with movement by some individuals into or out of the area. with depletion of a resident\nor fleeing it becomes highly active, and is capable of bursts of high - speed swimming. it can be kept in aquaria, but usually does not last more than a few months .\ncarcharhinid, but it is uncertain whether ovovivipary is primitive in the tiger shark or due to loss of the vitelline placenta. the related hemigaleidae, the apparent sister group of the carcharhinidae, has vivipary (placentovivipary), suggesting that the condition in the tiger shark is secondary. pupping is reported in spring and early summer, april to june in the northern hemisphere, and probably november to january in the southern. size of litters very large, 10 to 82. the\nperiod may be slightly over a year. in the northern hemisphere, mating may occur in the spring. this\nat between 4 to 6 years old and live to at least 12 years .\nthe tiger shark is perhaps the least specialized of sharks as far as feeding is concerned. it eats a wide variety of\nand all manner of inedible objects. the tiger shark is a' sea hyena', a potent\n- so les, flatheads, flying gurnards, batfish, triggerfish, porcupine fishes, boxfish, and puffers. elasmobranch prey includes many other\ndogfish, sawsharks, angel sharks, bullhead sharks, grey sharks, sharpnose sharks, hammerheads, and even other tiger sharks, as well as guitarfishes, skates, whiptail and round stingrays, butterfly rays, mantas and spotted eagle rays. it is thought by at least one writer (s. springer) that large tiger sharks cannot readily take uninjured small sharks and\n, and frequently preys on sea turtles (green, loggerhead and ridley turtles) and is one of the most important predators on sea snakes. presumably galapagos\niguanas are eaten by the tiger shark, and in one instance a large green iguana was found in a tiger shark' s stomach. sea birds, including shearwaters, frigate birds, cormorants and pelicans, are taken, along with\nis commonly devoured, including that from dead chickens, rats, pigs, cattles, sheep, donkeys, dogs, hyenas, monkeys, and humans. apart from people definitely known to be killed and eaten by tiger sharks, some of the other\n. these may become vulnerable to tiger sharks when they swim across estuaries or other bodies of water inhabited by these sharks, or when they fall or are tossed off of ships. the tiger shark is famed for swallowing an incredible variety of floating and bottom junk of human activity and natural sources, including leather, fabrics, pieces of coal and wood, seeds and other vegetable material, feathers, plastic bags, burlap bags, small barrels, cans, pieces of metal, etc .\nthan all other sharks except the great white shark. because most shark attacks occur in the tropics, where this\nand other dangerous requiem sharks abound, this and other dangerous carcharhinids may actually be responsible for many more attacks than the far more notorious white shark. the tiger shark can be inquisitive and aggressive underwater, and may approach humans closely. in more than one instance tiger sharks have attacked divers while they were spearfishing or attracting sharks for photography, and had to be dissuaded by prompt aggressive action. an underwater encounter with this shark may not necessarily result in an\nshould be regarded with extreme caution because of its broad prey spectrum and lack of reluctance in eating unusual items. certainly the tiger shark has the worst reputation as a man - eater amongst\nsharks, and in part this may be deserved. in the west indies and french polynesia the tiger shark is considered the most dangerous of local sharks .\nmaximum reputed to be about 9. 1 m, but this cannot be confirmed. most tiger sharks are smaller than 5 m, with only a few large females reaching over 5. 5 m. males\nbetween 250 and 350 cm and reaching over 55 m, though most do not exceed 4. 3 m; one gigantic\nas well as other gear. its meat is utilized fresh, fresh frozen, dried salted and smoked for human consumption; its hide is of high quality and is used for leather and other products; its fins are used for shark\n; and its liver, which often has a high vitamin potency, is processed for vitamin oil. this shark is fished by sports anglers and caught with rod and reel; it is one of the sharks recognized as a biggame\nbeebe, w. and j. tee - van, 1941. eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society. 25. fishes from the tropical eastern pacific. part 2. sharks. zoologica, n. y. , 26 (2): 93 - 122\nfowler, h. w. , 1941. the fishes of the groups elasmobranchii, holocephali, isospondyli, and ostariophysi obtained by us bureau of fishing steamer albatross. bull. u. s. natl. mus. , 100 (13): 879 p .\nbaughman, j. l. , and s. springer, 1950. biological and economic notes on the sharks of the gulf of mexico, with especial reference to those of texas, and with a key for their identification. am. midl. nat. , 44 (1): 96 - 152\ncadenat, j. , 1957. notes d' ichtyologie ouest - africaine. 17. biologie, régime alimentaire. bull. inst. fond. afr. noire (a. sci. nat .), 19 (1): 274 - 94\nfourmanoir, p. , 1961. requins de la cote ouest de madagascar. mem. inst. sci. madagascar (ser. f), 4: 1 - 81\ngarrick, j. a. f. and l. p. schultz, 1963. a guide to the kinds of potentially dangerous sharks. in sharks and survival, edited by p. w. gilbert, j. a. f. garrick and l. p. schultz. boston, d. c. heath and company, pp. 3 - 60\nrandall, j. e. , 1963. dangerous sharks of the western atlantic. in sharks and survival, edited by p. w. gilbert, j. a. f. garrick and l. p. schultz. boston, d. c. heath and co. , pp. 339 - 61\ngohar, h. a. f. and f. m. mazhar, 1964. the elasmobranchs of the north - western red sea. publ. mar. biol. stn. al - ghardaga, (13): 3 - 144\nspringer, s. , 1960. natural history of the sandbar shark, eulamia milberti. fish. bull. u. s. fish wildl. serv. , 61: 1 - 38\nspringer, s. , 1963. field observations on large sharks of the florida - caribbean region. in sharks and survival, edited by p. w. gilbert, j. a. f. garrick and l. p. schultz. boston, c. heath and co. , pp. 93 - 113\nclark, e. and k. von schmidt, 1965. sharks of the central gulf coast of florida. bull. mar. sci. , 15 (1): 13 - 83\nbass, a. j. , j. d. d' aubrey and n. kistnasamy, 1975b. sharks of the east coast of southern africa. 4. the families odontaspididae, scapanorhyn chidae, isuridae, cetorhinidae, alopiidae, orectolobidae and rhiniodontidae. invest. rep. oceanoar. res. inst. , durban, (39): 102 p .\njohnson, r. h. , 1978. sharks of tropical and temperate seas. papeete, tahiti, les editions du pacifique, 170 p .\ncompagno, l. j. v. and r. vergara r. , triakidae. 1978. in fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes. western central atlantic. fishing area 31, edited by w. fischer. fao, rome, vol. 5: pag. var .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1979. carcharhinoid sharks: morphology, systematics and phylogeny. unpublished ph. d. thesis, stanford university, 932 p. available from university microfilms international, ann arbor, michigan\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1981. legend versus reality: the jaws image and shark diversity. oceanus, 24 (4): 5 - 16\ncadenat, j. and j. blache, 1981. requins de mediterranee et d' atlantique. faune trop. orstom, 21: 330 p .\nvan der elst, r. , 1981. a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa. capetown, c. struik, 367 p .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ntiger sharks are found in many subtropical and tropical waters, primarily from 45°n to 32°s. tiger sharks have been sighted from the eastern coast of north america to the eastern coast of brazil. this includes the coasts of southern north america, mexico, and latin america along the gulf of mexico. tiger sharks also populate the coasts of china, india, africa, japan, and many islands of the pacific ocean .\n( driggers iii, et al. , 2008; kneebone, et al. , 2008; simpfendorfer, 2005; wirsing, et al. , 2007 )\ntiger sharks are a saltwater species. although they prefer the sea grass ecosystems of the costal areas, they occasionally inhabit other areas due to prey availability. tiger sharks spend approximately 36% of their time in shallow coastlne habitats (heithaus et al. , 2002), generally at depths of 2. 5 to 145 m. this species, however, has been documented several kilometers from the shallow areas and at depths up to 350 m. females are observed in shallow areas more often than males. tiger sharks have also been documented in river estuaries and harbors\ntiger sharks are one of the largest carnivores in the ocean. juveniles have tiger - like stripes, which fade as they grow older. tiger sharks are blue or green in color with a light yellow or white under - belly. this speices has a large blunt nose on the end of a wedge - shaped head. tiger sharks have serrated teeth, making it easy to tear flesh and crack the bones and shells of their prey. they have a heterocercal tail, meaning the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the ventral lobe. adults range from 3. 25 to 4. 25 m in length, although tiger sharks of 6 to 7. 5 m in length have been documented. female tiger sharks are on average 2. 92 m in length and are smaller than males, which are on average 3. 20 m in length. adult tiger sharks typically weigh 385 to 635 kg, with largest sharks reaching 862 kg .\nembryos of tiger sharks are fertilized internally. a yolk sac forms around the embryos to provide necessary nutrients during the 13 to 16 month gestation period. as the yolk begins to run out near the end of the gestation period, the embryo draws nutrients directly from the mother. at birth, tiger sharks are fully developed and independent. they are born with tiger - like stripes on their back and a lightly colored yellow or white belly which allows them to blend in with the environment. these stripes fade as the juveniles reach adulthood, which is around 6 to 8 years. males reach maturity earlier than females .\ntiger sharks are polygynandrous, meaning males and females have multiple mates; they do not pair - bond at any time. not much is known regarding the the behaviors of finding, attracting, and defending mates of tiger sharks .\n( gruber and myrberg, jr. , 1977; pratt, jr. , 1988; whitney and crow, 2007 )\nmale tiger sharks reach sexual maturity when they reach an average length of 292 cm, whereas females reach sexual maturity when 330 to 345 cm in length. females mate once every three years. breeding seasons differ in the northern and southern hemispheres. in the northern hemisphere, females delay fertilization until march or may in order to give birth between may and june of the following year. in the southern hemisphere, females delay mating until november or january in order to give birth between february and march of the following year. tiger sharks are one of the few species that are ovoviviparous. females give birth to 10 to 80 pups per litter after a gestation period of 16 months. many of these pups will not survive to adulthood. pups weigh 3 to 6 kg at birth .\nmale tiger sharks have diametric testes, which are capable of synthesizing a larger amount of sperm than radial or compound testes. the females have external ovaries that appear on the epigonal organ, which is a primary lymphoid tissue in elasmobranchs .\nbreeding season northern hemisphere: march - may to april - june of following year. southern hemisphere: november - december\nfemale tiger sharks typically gives birth in a nursery, which provides protection during birth and to the young directly after birth. tiger sharks are born independent, and mothers do not help their pups to find food, shelter or to survive. males play no role in the lives of their offspring. pups, however, are born with traits that help them survive without parents, including camouflage patterning, teeth to help capture prey, and speed to avoid predators .\nthe average lifespan of tiger sharks in the wild is 27 years, though some may live to 50 years of age. tiger sharks in captivity do not live as long, a maximum of 17 to 20 years. in captivity, this species tends to die of starvation rather than old age, as food that is already dead is less appealing to tiger sharks .\n( branstetter, et al. , 1987; garcia, et al. , 2008; kneebone, et al. , 2008 )\ntiger sharks are a nocturnal predators and are solitary except during the mating seasons or while communally feeding on large carcasses. during these group feedings, tiger sharks have a loose social hierarchy where larger sharks feed first. smaller sharks circle around the carcass until the larger sharks are full, then move in to feed. violence is minimal during these scavenging feasts. in tiger sharks, the heterocercal tail, or caudal fin, is the primary source of propulsion. the caudal fin produces a downward thrust of water behind the center of balance in a shark, which should cause its head to turn upwards. however, because the tail also moves side to side, it keeps the head from turning upwards. because of this, tiger sharks move in an s - shaped fashion .\n( essapian, 1962; gruber and myrberg, jr. , 1977; heithaus, 2001; tang and newbound, 2004; thomson and simanek, 1977 )\ntiger sharks have very large home ranges. individuals attached with transmitters swam up to 16 km in a single day and did not return to that area for close to a year. tiger sharks have large territories of about 23 square kilometers .\n( gruber and myrberg, jr. , 1977; holland, et al. , 1999; thomson and simanek, 1977 )\n( kalmijn, 2000; kneebone, et al. , 2008; plessis, 2010; tang and newbound, 2004 )\n, and large tiger sharks can survive several weeks without feeding. this species most likely relies on stealth rather than strength and speed to catch prey. they are well camouflaged, allowing them to get within striking range of prey. if prey flee, tiger sharks may back off, not taking part in high - speed pursuits. however, tiger sharks are capable of short bursts of speed once their prey are within range .\ntiger sharks are some of the largest predators in the ocean and have few species feed on them. some juvenile tiger sharks, however, fall prey to other sharks. female tiger sharks gives birth in a nursery, which provides protection during the birthing process and to pups in the absence of parents. the coloration of tiger sharks provides camouflage against predators as well .\n( cressey and lachner, 1970; driggers iii, et al. , 2008; tang and newbound, 2004 )\nas top predators in their ecosystem, it is possible that tiger sharks control populations of prey species, although this has not been verified. tiger sharks also serve as a host for\n, which are small suckerfish. tiger sharks and remoras share a commensal relationship: remoras attach to tiger sharks near the underbelly, and use the shark for transportation and protection. remoras also feed on materials dropped by tiger sharks. recently, copepods, specifically\n( dill, et al. , 2003; heithaus, et al. , 2002; heithaus, et al. , 2006; wirsing, et al. , 2007 )\ntiger sharks are a popular gamefish, which are typically captured and released for sport. they are very strong, fast and perform aerial acts when hooked. fishing for these sharks is tiring, as tiger sharks are not quickly or easily exhausted. in some states, permits such as a saltwater fishing license allow fishermen to collect the shark as a trophy .\nalthough very unlikely, tiger sharks enter shallow, populated areas of coast and attack humans on rare occasions .\n( gruber and myrberg, jr. , 1977; heithaus, et al. , 2006 )\ncurrently, the total number of tiger sharks worldwide is unknown. however, they are listed as near threatened on the iucn red list. one major initiative to protect this species has been the limitation of the number of sharks taken by fisherman (i. e. , one per vessel with a specific license) .\nkyah draper (author), radford university, karen powers (editor), radford university, gail mccormick (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a worldwide distribution. found on all continents (except maybe antarctica) and in all biogeographic provinces; or in all the major oceans (atlantic, indian, and pacific .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\na substantial delay (longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg) takes place between copulation and fertilization, used to describe female sperm storage .\n( as perception channel keyword). this animal has a special ability to detect the earth' s magnetic fields .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\ngenerally wanders from place to place, usually within a well - defined range .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone) .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\n2010 .\nfishing for shark in the florida keys\n( on - line). accessed november 12, 2010 at urltoken .\n2010 .\nrecreational fishing regulations for virginia' s marine waters\n( on - line). accessed december 01, 2010 at urltoken .\ncressey, r. ,. lachner. 1970. the parasitic copepod diet and life history of diskfishes (echeneidae) .\ndill, l. , m. heithaus, c. walters. 2003. behaviorally mediated indirect interactions in marine communities and their conservation implications .\nessapian, f. 1962. notes on the behavior of sharks in captivity .\ngarcia, v. , l. lucifora, r. myers. 2008. the importance of habitat and life history to extinction risk in sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras .\ngruber, s. , a. myrberg, jr. . 1977. approaches to the study of the behavior of sharks .\nheithaus, m. , l. dill. 2002. food availability and tiger shark predation risk influence bottlenose dolphin habitat use .\nheithaus, m. , a. frid, a. wirsing, l. dill, j. fourqurean, d. burkholder, j. thomson, l. bejder. 2007. state - dependent risk - taking by green sea turtles mediates top - down effects of tiger shark intimidation in a marine ecosystem .\nheithaus, m. , i. hamilton, a. wirsing, l. dill. 2006. validation of a randomization procedure to assess animal habitat preferences: microhabitat use of tiger sharks in a seagrass ecosystem .\nkalmijn, a. 2000. detection and processing of electromagnetic and near - field acoustic signals in elasmobranch fishes .\nplessis, a. 2010 .\nsharks - electroreception\n( on - line). accessed september 23, 2010 at urltoken .\npratt, jr. , h. 1988. elasmobranch gonad structure: a description and survey .\nthomson, k. , d. simanek. 1977. body form and locomotion in sharks .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthe tiger shark is a large potentially dangerous species that is usually found in coastal, tropical marine waters .\nthe tiger shark can be recognised by its blunt head, serrated cocks - comb - shaped teeth and its colouration. small juveniles are grey with dark reticulations, which change to vertical bars in fish up to 3 m in length. the bars may be faint or lacking in individuals longer than 3 m .\nin australia the tiger shark is known from south - western western australia around the tropical north and south to the southern coast of new south wales coast .\nit is a scavenger that will eat a wide range of prey and even indigestible objects. turtles and fishes are common prey items and perhaps surprisingly also oceanic pufferfishes (bonnie holmes, pers comm. 2011 )\nits large size, scavenging nature and shallow - water feeding result in it being dangerous to people .\nallen, g. r. 1997. marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia. western australian museum. pp. 292 .\nallen, g. r. & r. swainston. 1988. the marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers. western australian museum. pp. 201 .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180 .\nkuiter, r. h. 2000. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. gary allen. pp. 437 .\nlast, p. r. & j. d. stevens. 1994 sharks and rays of australia. csiro. pp. 513 .\npaxton, j. r. 2003. shark nets in the spotlight. nature australia. spring. 27 (10): 84 .\nrandall, j. e. , allen, g. r. & r. c. steene. 1997. fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea. crawford house press. pp. 557 .\nspringer, v. g. & j. p. gold. 1989. sharks in question: the smithsonian answer book. smithsonian institution. pp. 187 .\na juvenile tiger shark caught off nelson bay view full size photographer: l. kristian © l. kristian\none of the most dangerous sharks for number of attacks and fatalities attributed to it, tiger sharks can grow longer than 16 feet, and weigh more than 1, 400 pounds. it is curious and aggressive in contact with humans, and an indiscriminate omnivore that is known to eat most marine animals, terrestrial animals, and even manmade garbage floating at sea. despite the size of this slow moving requiem shark, it is a highly successful hunter because of its color pattern and speed bursts .\ntiger shark caught during a fishing derby off jacksonville, florida in 1981. photo © flmnh\nalthough not targeted directly by the commercial fishery in the us, the tiger shark is routinely harvested for its fins and flesh. in addition, its liver, which tends to have a very high vitamin a content, is used to produce vitamin oil while its thick, tough skin makes for quality leather. beside its significance to the commercial fishery, the tiger shark is a highly sought after big game fish .\nthe tiger shark is second only to the white shark in number of reported attacks on humans. its large size and voraciousness make it a formidable predator in the ocean. tiger sharks can be curious and aggressive towards humans in the water and must be considered with a great deal of respect .\nboth commercial and recreational fishing catch rates for this species in the mid - atlantic region have declined since the mid - 1980' s, indicating that fishing pressure has adversely affected the size of the population. in contrast, relative abundance and catch rates for this species noted by commercial fisheries observers, especially for juveniles, are much higher than in previous fishery - independent and fishery - dependent surveys .\nthe world conservation union (iucn) presently lists the tiger shark as\nnear threatened\nthroughout its range .\nthe iucn is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nthe tiger shark is found throughout the world' s temperate and tropical waters, with the exception of the mediterranean sea. it is a wide - ranging species that is at home both in the open ocean as well as shallow coastal waters. reports of individuals from as far north as iceland and the united kingdom have been confirmed but are probably a result of roaming sharks following the warmer gulf stream north across the atlantic .\ntiger sharks undergo seasonal migrations. it is well known that they move into temperate waters from the tropics for the warmer months and return during the winter. these sharks also make long oceanic migrations between islands and are capable of traveling long distances in a short amount of time .\n1. dorsal surface of juveniles have blotched coloration that fuse together to form tiger - like stripes as the shark grows. (this coloration fades and the stripes become less distinct in mature adults )\nprobably the most easy to recognize of the requiem sharks, the tiger gets its name from dark black spots and vertical bars which run the length of the body. the anterior portion of the body is stout but becomes increasingly slender posterior to the abdomen. the tiger shark has a robust head with large eyes and a very blunt snout. the mouth itself is large with long labial furrows. the broad first dorsal fin originates posterior to the pectoral axil. the much smaller second dorsal fin initiates anterior to the origin of the strongly recurved anal fin. a ridge is present along the back between the dorsal fins. a low longitudinal keel is present on the caudal peduncle and the upper lobe of the caudal fin is long and thin with a subterminal notch .\nbluish - green to dark gray or black dorsal surface with a yellowish - white to stark white underbelly. the characteristic dark spots and stripes are most prominent in young sharks and fade as the shark matures .\nthe tiger shark has very distinct dentition. the jaws house large teeth with curved cusps and finely serrated edges. each tooth has a deep notch on the outer margin lined with numerous cusplets. upper and lower teeth are similar in shape and size and decrease in measurement as they move back toward the mouth' s corners .\nsize, age, and growth one of the largest sharks, the tiger shark commonly reaches a length of 325 - 425 cm (10 - 14 ft) and weighs over 385 - 635 kg (850 - 1400 lbs). length at birth varies from 51 - 76 cm (1 - 1. 5 ft). males reach sexual maturity at 226 - 290 cm (7 - 9 ft), while females become mature at 250 - 325 cm (8 - 10 ft). the largest specimens are believed to attain a length of over 5. 5 m (17 ft) and weigh over 900 kg (2000 lbs) .\nfemale tiger shark with mating scars from bites of male during mating attempts. photo © doug perrine\nthe tiger shark is the only species of its family that is ovoviviparous. the gestation period ranges from 14 - 16 months, at which time a female can give birth to anywhere from 10 to 80 pups. in the northern hemisphere, mating takes place between march and may and the young are born between april and june of the following year. in the southern hemisphere, it is believed that pupping occurs in november to january. it is believed by some scientists that because of the large size of the young at birth, uterine nutrition is supplemented by' uterine milk' secreted by the lining of the uterus." ]

{ "text": [ "galeocerdo is a genus of requiem sharks that have lived since the eocene epoch .", "while formerly diverse , only galeocerdo cuvier ( the modern tiger shark ) survives today . " ], "topic": [ 15, 15 ] }

[ "galeocerdo is a genus of requiem sharks that have lived since the eocene epoch. while formerly diverse, only galeocerdo cuvier (the modern tiger shark) survives today." ]

[ "what type of species is sapphirina darwinii? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the sapphirina darwinii species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of sapphirina darwinii species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species sapphirina darwinii .\nhow to identify sapphirina darwinii marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species sapphirina darwinii. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species sapphirina darwinii are marked in green .\nwhere is sapphirina darwinii found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species sapphirina darwinii can be found .\nknown data sets that contain (sapphirina darwinii). this may include sibling taxa data sources .\n( of cyanomma darwinii haeckel, 1864) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht, 1891) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadult male of s. ovatolanceolata. iridescence of this species seems to be somewhat weak compered with s. darwinii and s. opalina .\n( of sapphiridina darwinii (haeckel, 1864) ) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvalidity lehnhofer (1929, p. 295) considers this form as a variation of sapphirina opalina, position followed by boxshall & halsey (2004, p. 653). [ details ]\n( of sapphirina darwini haeckel, 1864) boxshall, g. (2001). copepoda (excl. harpacticoida), in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 252 - 268 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nwalter, t. c. & boxshall, g. (2018). world of copepods database .\nwalter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nadult male of sapphirna species exhibit species specific iridescence. in contrast, adult females do not exhibit iridescence, while they have relatively larger twin lens - eyes compared with the males. this means that the females find and choice the iridescent males during daytime .\nnew * no limits * build update for kodi 18 & 17. 6 - get no limits back in 2018 - fastest install\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nin the upper map above, the red dots indicate locations of quantitative data (~ 10 obs globally), while gray dots indicate locations of\npresence / absence\n( non - quantitative) observation data. blue stars show locations of any time series reporting this taxa or group (~ 0 sites globally). in the lower map, the blue - shaded regions represent temperature - salinity realms that match the conditions where the taxa were observed. the dark - to - light shading indicates\ntheoretical niches\ncorresponding to temperature - salinity ranges that were associated with 75% / 90% / 95% / 99% of the original taxa observations .\n[ biometrics ] (open below as a full browser window) these data are a collaborative contribution of the ices working group on zooplankton ecology (wgze). you can also download a csv version of the length - weight or individual - size or individual - mass compilations .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password." ]

{ "text": [ "sapphirina darwinii is a species of parasitic copepod .", "it is widespread and common in the indian ocean , and reaches a maximum length of 2.8 millimetres ( 0.11 in ) . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0 ] }

[ "sapphirina darwinii is a species of parasitic copepod. it is widespread and common in the indian ocean, and reaches a maximum length of 2.8 millimetres (0.11 in)." ]

[ "( mongala, uele, ituri, tshopo, tshuapa, kasai and sankuru) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 16 / 2014. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\ncopyright © new earth online. content from external sites are the property of their respective owners where stated .\nconservation status where available has been identified by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorbet as, pendlebury hm, and eliot jn. 1992. the butterflies of the malay peninsula. malayan nature society, kuala lumpur .\nvane - wright ri, and de jong r. 2003. the butterflies of sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. zoologische verhandelingen 343: 1 - 267 .\nthis image is licensed under the attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 2. 0 creative commons license. source: flickr: img _ 1676a1\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2. 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "ariadne personata is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo ( mongala , uele , ituri , tshopo , tshuapa , kasai and sankuru ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "ariadne personata is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo (mongala, uele, ituri, tshopo, tshuapa, kasai and sankuru)." ]

[ "leaf mine of coptodisca diospyriella in baltimore city, maryland (7 / 8 / 2014). determined by charley eiseman / bugguide. photo by thomas wilson. (mbp list )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na taxonomic revision of the species of alloclemensia n. gen. (lepidoptera: incurvarioidea )\nregier, jerome c. , charles mitter, niels p. kristensen, donald r. davis, erik j. van nieukerken, jadranka rota, thomas j. simonsen, kim t. mitter, akito y. kawahara, shen - horn yen, michael p. cummings, and andreas zwick .\na molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life - history evolution .\nsystematic entomology 40. 4 (2015): 671 - 704. web .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 16 april, 2013 - 5: 39pm\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 11 june, 2018 - 10: 34pm\ndognin' s\nnew moths of south america\nwas published in french in two dozen fascicles over the period 1910 to 1923. an online and downloadable volume of the original fascicles is available from biodiversity heritage library starting here. the higher taxonomy (genera, families) is long out of date and there is apparently no index to species .\nart. iii - descriptions of new tineina from texas, and others from more northern localities .\nchambers, v. t. , 1878. art. iii - descriptions of new tineina from texas, and others from more northern localities. bulletin of the united states geological and geographical survey of the territories 4: 79 - 106 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "coptodisca diospyriella is a moth of the family heliozelidae .", "it was described by chambers in 1874 .", "it is found in north america , including florida , kentucky and ohio .", "the larvae feed on diospyros species .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 11 ] }

[ "coptodisca diospyriella is a moth of the family heliozelidae. it was described by chambers in 1874. it is found in north america, including florida, kentucky and ohio. the larvae feed on diospyros species. they mine the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "have a fact about halone ophiodes? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for halone ophiodes? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhalone ophiodes is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1886. it is found in australia .\nhalone ophiodes; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 277, pl. 26, f. 8; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nmosoda ophiodes meyrick, 1886; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 729; tl: victoria\nhalone is a genus of moth in the family arctiidae from southern asia and australia .\nhalone ariadna bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nhalone bifornica bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nhalone dissimulata bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nhalone oblimarea bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nhalone pillea bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nhalone epiopsis turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 82\nhalone prosenes turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 84\n= halone sobria; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 278\nhalone sejuncta; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 277; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nhalone sinuata; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 278, f. 195; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nhalone coryphoea; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 588, pl. 31, f. 14; [ aucl ]\nhalone flavinigra hampson, 1907; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 19 (111): 232; tl: s. india, palni hills, 6000'\nhalone ebaea hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 589, pl. 31, f. 16; tl: queensland, geraldton\nhalone furcifascia; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 588, pl. 31, f. 13; [ nhm card ]\nhalone servilis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 279, pl. 26, f. 11; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nhalone sobria; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 278, pl. 26, f. 23; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ afromoths ]\nhalone furcifascia hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 588, pl. 31, f. 13; tl: br. n. guinea, mambare r. , biagi\nhalone flavescens; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 276, f. 194; [ nhm card ]; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 38\nhalone diffusifascia; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 279, pl. 26, f. 12; [ nhm card ]; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 38\nhalone flavinigra; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 588, pl. 31, f. 15; [ nhm card ]; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 38\nthe adult moths of this species have forewings that have a complex pattern of shades of grey and brown. the hindwings are each yellow with brown markings, including a spot at the wingtip. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nseries 2, volume 1, part 3 (1886), pp. 729 - 730 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick, e. 1886 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera. i\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, ser. 2 - n. s. , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 687 - 802\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5d25b49e - aa09 - 4a3d - 9e59 - 5bc8f8202497\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 822bd111 - 24f0 - 4364 - 9032 - c19e19a651b5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 27aba09d - ad7b - 424a - b69f - 85f772e1e9c9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 474573\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n: queensland, warwick; n. s. w, tenterfield, glenn innes, ebor, bathurst, mt kosciusko (4700ft )\naemene diffusifascia swinhoe, 1896; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 17 (101): 362; tl: shillong\naemene flavescens hampson, 1898; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 11 (3): 439; tl: assam\nsorocostia interspersa lucas, 1890; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 4 (4): 1076; tl: brisbane\neurypepla pteridaula turner, 1922; proc. r. soc. victoria 35: 31; tl: macintyre range, queensland national park\npitane sejuncta felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 140, f. 24\naustralia (queensland, new south wales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nmosoda servilis meyrick, 1886; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 731; tl: new south wales, sydney\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nthe moths of india. supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india\n. part i - ii\nwallengren, 1860 lepidopterologische mittheilungen (1 - 3) wien ent. monats. 4 (2): 33 - 46, 4 (6): 161 - 176 (1860), 7 (5): 137 - 151 (1863 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncould not connect: can' t connect to local mysql server through socket' / var / run / mysqld / mysqld. sock' (111 )" ]

{ "text": [ "halone ophiodes is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1886 .", "it is found in australia .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings have a complex pattern of shades of grey and brown .", "the hindwings are yellow with brown markings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "halone ophiodes is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1886. it is found in australia. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings have a complex pattern of shades of grey and brown. the hindwings are yellow with brown markings." ]

[ "this is the place for meiliensis definition. you find here meiliensis meaning, synonyms of meiliensis and images for meiliensis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nchoose one > thitarodes albipictus > thitarodes armoricanus > thitarodes baimaensis > thitarodes baqingensis > thitarodes callinivalis > thitarodes cingulatus > thitarodes damxungensis > thitarodes dongyuensis > thitarodes ferrugineus > thitarodes gonggaensis > thitarodes jiachaensis > thitarodes jialangensis > thitarodes jinshaensis > thitarodes kangdingroides > thitarodes litangensis > thitarodes meiliensis > thitarodes oblifurcus > thitarodes pratensis > thitarodes pui > thitarodes renzhiensis > thitarodes sejilaensis > thitarodes sp. ql > thitarodes sp. xk - 2016 > thitarodes xunhuaensis > thitarodes zaliensis all lower taxonomy nodes (25 )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word meiliensis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word meiliensis and, of course, meiliensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word meiliensis .\nthitarodes meiliensis (liang in liang et al. , 1998). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nhepialus meiliensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 420, 425; tl: yunnan, deqin county, meili snow mtn\nthitarodes meiliensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes anomopterus (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes callinivalis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jianchuanensis (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jinshanensis (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes litangensis (liang, 1995). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yeriensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yulongensis (liang, 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jialangensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes nebulosus (alpheraky, 1889). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes varians (staudinger, 1896). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zaliensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes kangdingensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes menyuanicus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes oblifurcus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes sichuanus (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunglongensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baqingensis (yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes pratensis yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes renzhiensis (yang et al. , 1991). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xizangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhayuensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nhave a fact about thitarodes xunhuaensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thitarodes xunhuaensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthitarodes ferrugineus (li, yang and shen, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunnanensis (yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baimaensis (liang in liang et al. , 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes damxungensis (yang in yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes markamensis (li, yang and shen, 1992). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes cingulatus (yang and zhang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes gonggaensis (fu and huang in fu et al. , 1991). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes luquensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xunhuaensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes arizanus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes richthofeni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes malaisei; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sinarabesca; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes nebulosus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varius; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varians; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes luteus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes maculatum ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 72; tl: nepal, chungbu khola (14500ft )\nthitarodes harutai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, laam pokhari, 2850m\nthitarodes kishidai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 81; tl: nepal, lete nr nilgiri (2400m )\nthitarodes limbui ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, khambachen (3950m )\nthitarodes bibelteus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes hainanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes namensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xigazeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yongshengensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes dinggyeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes nanmlinensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pui; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yadongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yulongensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sichuanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes xizangensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes variabilis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis ueda, 1996; bull. kitakyushu mus. nat. hist. 15: 35; tl: japan, shirakawadani, izumimura, kumanoto pref .\nthitarodes kingdonwardi ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 84; tl: se. tibet, tsangpo valley, nyima la (14000ft )\nthitarodes quadrata jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016; shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374; tl: china, sichuan, xiaojin\nthitarodes deqingensis [ sic, recte deqinensis? ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nzou, liu & zhang, 2011 two new species of thitarodes (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 106 - 113\nthitarodes sejilaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 107; tl: mt sejila, linzhi county, tibet, 4500m, 29°36' n, 94°35' e\nthitarodes dierli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes eberti; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74\nthitarodes danieli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 71; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes jiachaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 110; tl: jiancha county, tibet, 535m, 29°26. 714' n, 94°42. 888' e\nthitarodes namnai maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 43; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes caligophilus maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 47; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes damxungensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes jinshaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes litangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes callinivalis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes jialangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes baqingensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes ferrugineus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes markamensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zaliensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yeriensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pratensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes cingulatus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xunhuaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes armoricanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes baimaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes oblifurcus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes gonggaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhangmoensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingroides; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes renzhiensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes (hepialidae); [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\neight species, including 1 hepialiscus, 4 hepialus, 1 thitarodes and 2 triodia species (table 1), are considered as indeterminate hosts of ophiocordyceps sinensis. while the distribution ranges of these species are within that of ophiocordyceps sinensis, they lack an altitude record and require further confirmation before being considered as potential hosts of ophiocordyceps sinensis, e. g. , hepialus yadongensis, triodia sylvina, etc .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neastern asia between nepal in the west, and taiwan, and japan in the east, and an isolated record in northwestern china (grehan, 2011) .\nthe males of many species have metatibial androconia that are sometimes prominent and almost extend the length of the abdomen .\nmost species occur in alpine or high latitude meadows and grasslands, but lowland forest habitats are also inhabited (maczey et al. , 2011) .\nthe high concentration of species in the tibetan plateau may be the result of this region’s high geomorphic and ecological diversity (zou et al. , 2012) .\n( maczey et al. , 2011; wang & yao, 2011; zou et al. , 2012 )\nmating pair. from zou et al. (2011). image © zhiwen zou .\nde son voyage de 1884 - 1885. in romanoff, n. m. (ed .) mémoires sur les\ncannon, p. f. , hywel - jones, n. l. , maczey, n. , norbu, l. , tshitila, samdup, t. ,\nmaczey, n. , dhendup, k. , cannon, p. , hywel - jones, n. &\nbiology and life cycle (ed. by) k. pourali and v. n. raad) ,\nmale. canadian national collection. identification courtesy of kyoichiro ueda. image: jane hyland (cmnh )\nm ale. photo courtesy of nan jiang. ©institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences\nhitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\n=; jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nahamus zou & zhang, 2010; j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116; ts: hepialus jianchuanensis yang\narizanus (matsumura, 1931) (hepialus); 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1022; tl: japan\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nhepialus albipictus yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 184; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , renzhi snow mtn (28°52' n, 99°14' e, 4600 - 4780m )\nhepialus jinshaensis yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 185; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , baima, (28°34' n, 99°18' e, 4600m )\nhepialus deqinensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, jiawu snow mtn\nhepialus litangensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 210, 212; tl: litang, sichuan\nhepialus baimaensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baimae\nhepialus callinivalis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 209, 212; tl: meili snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus jialangensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 6, 10; tl: xizang, zogang county, meili snow mtn (4000 - 4600m )\nhepialus xiaojinensis tu, ma & zhang, 2009; entomotaxonomia 31: 123, 126; tl: xiaojin co. (30°54' n, 102°18' e, 4300 - 4800m, sichuan\ndierli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 132; tl: nepal\neberti viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 130; tl: thodung, nepal\ndanieli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 128; tl: nepal\nahamus yushuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus altaicola; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus zhayuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus lijiangensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus jianchuanensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 5, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, 2900 - 3100m\nahamus jianchuanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus anomopterus yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, (2800 - 3100m )\nahamus anomopterus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus yunnanensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 245, 249; tl: yunnan, laojun mtn, 26°45' n, 99°51' e\nahamus yunnanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus yunlongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus yulongensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 421, 425; tl: yunnan, lijiang, yulong snow mtn\n? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic, recte menyuanicus ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus ferrugineus li, yang & shen, 1993; acta ent. sinica 36 (4): 495, 496; tl: yunnan, baima snow mountain, 4200 - 4500m\nhepialus gonggaensis fu & huang, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (3): 362; tl: sichuan\nhepialus markamensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 246, 249; tl: xizang, markam county, nimasha snow mtn, 28°59' n 98°46' e\nhepialus zaliensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: xizang, markam county, zhali snow mtn, 28°58' n 98°48' e, 4600 - 4900m\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nsinarabesca (bryk, 1942) (hepialus); ent. tidskr. 63: 153; tl: kansu\nhepialus nebulosus alphéraky, 1889; in romanoff, mém. lép. 5: 85; tl: ne. tibet\nhepialus variabilis bremer, 1861; bull. acad. imp. sci. st. petersb. 3: 478\nhepialus renzhiensis yang, shen, yang, liang, dong, chun, lu & sinaduji, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (2): 218, 224; tl: yunnan\nhepialus zhongzhiensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: renzhi snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus yeriensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: yeri snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus pratensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 247, 250; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baima snow mtn, 28°23' n 99°01' e\nhepialus cingulatus yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, wenxian county, 3200m\nhepialus luquensis yang, yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, luqu county, 34°13' n, 102°24' e, 4276m\nahamus luquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 359, 362; tl: qinghai, xunhua county, (35°38' n, 102°42' e), 3800m\nhepialus bibelteus shen & zhou, 1997; acta ent. sinica 40 (2): 198, 200; tl: meidu (28°22' n, 90°01' e), baima snow mountain, deqing county, 4500m, yunnan\nhepialus biruensis fu, 2002; acta ent. sinica 45 (suppl .): 56; tl: xizang, biru county, 4400 - 4700m\nhepialus biruens [ sic, recte biruensis ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nahamus zadoiensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus gangcaensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus maquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\ndongyuensis (yang et al. , 1996) (hepialus); (nom. nud. )\ndongyuensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (nom. nud. )\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n. m. przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,\nneue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm. nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition (1927 - 1930 )\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india. lepidoptera: fam. notodontidae stephens, cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0. dtd\nstate key laboratory of mycology, institute of microbiology, chinese academy of sciences, p. o. box 2714, beijing 100101, p. r. china\ngraduate university of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, p. r. china\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nrecently, a global inventory of the suborder exoporia, comprising mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea, was presented by nielsen et al. (2000), in which the systematic position of many taxa was checked and adjusted. nielsen et al. ’s classification system for hepialidae is adopted in this study .\nfifty - seven species are considered here as recognizable potential host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis, whilst eight as indeterminate hosts and 26 as non - hosts. the recorded altitude ranges of the recognized potential host insects were found to vary from 2800 to 5100 m. the distribution areas of these species covered 26 provinces in china and more than 12 other countries. three of the recognizable potential host names are invalid (nomen nudum) .\nfujian, guangdong, guangxi, hainan, hebei, he’nan, hubei, hu’nan, jiangxi, shandong, shanxi, sichuan, yunnan and zhejiang provinces; shanghai municipality; d. p. r. korea; india; japan; sri lanka\nchu and wang 1985b, wang et al. 1996, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998, chu et al. 2004, karsholt and nieukerken 2010\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, chu et al. 2004\nyan 2001b; yan 2001c, li et al. 2002, li and li 2004, zhang et al. 2009\nchu 1965, chen et al. 1973, yang et al. 1987, chu et al. 2004\nyang et al. 1992b, yang et al. 1996, hu and zha 2010\nyang et al. 1992b, li et al. 1993, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, yang et al. 1991b, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998, chu et al. 2004\nyang et al. 1992a, b, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998\nchu and wang 1985a, yang et al. 1991b, yang 1998, ma et al. 1995\nchu and wang 1985a, chu et al. 2004, karsholt and nieukerken 2010\nthrough an extensive literature survey, all the hepialidae species reported from china were listed and analyzed using detailed information on their geographic distribution, altitude and nomenclature. the relationships between the insect species and ophiocordyceps sinensis were clarified based on available information. the data provided here serve as a foundation for further investigations on the conservation biology of this endangered fungal species and its insect hosts .\nnatural production of ophiocordyceps sinensis has been declining significantly over the last few decades while the market demands on the fungus have increased sharply in recent years. clarification of the host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis will provide basic information for management of the insect resources and for the conservation and sustainable use of the fungus. this work has gathered the available information on the host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis and will lay a foundation for further studies of the relationship between the fungus and its hosts, especially their co - evolution (an ongoing research project based on dna sequence analyses in this laboratory), and also for the cultivation of this valuable fungus for massive production .\nthis work is supported by the national science and technology supporting projects operated by the ministry of science and technology of the people’s republic of china (2007bai32b03), the key research project of innovation programmes (kscx2 - yw - g - 076, kscx2 - yw - g - 074 - 04, kscx2 - sw - 101c) and the scheme of introduction of overseas outstanding talents operated by the chinese academy of sciences, and the national science funds for distinguished young scholars from the national natural science foundation of china (30025002) .\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) in shanghai. in: cheng zm (eds) science and technology innovation and green plant protection. agricultural science and technology press, beijing, 303–305. 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[ in chinese ]\nthe list of the wild plants under the state emphasized protection. urltoken [ see also: cites management authority of china and china customers (2000) announcement of adjustment for catalogue of exporting and importing wild animals and plants. beijing: cites management authority of china and china customers. ] [ in chinese ]\nand the clavicipitaceous fungi. studies in mycology 57: 5–59. doi: 10. 3114 / sim. 2007. 57. 01 .\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from china. entomotaxonomia 31 (2): 123–126. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nspecies: ecology, cultivation and application. science and technology reference press, beijing, 307 pp. [ in chinese ]\nfrom china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 44 (3): 348–349. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\ni. confirmations of chinese name and the insect - hosts. supplement to the journal of sun yatsen university (2): 50–54. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from chongqing, china. entomotaxonomia 14 (1): 55–56. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\non cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice. phytotherapy research 20 (8): 646–652. doi: 10. 1002 / ptr. 1921 .\n( reproduced in 1958) renewed materia medica. science, technology and health press, shanghai, 377 pp. [ in chinese ]\nand the environment. entomological journal of east china 16 (2): 92–95. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\na new genus and two new species of the hepialidae (lepidoptera) from qinghai, china. journal of qinghai university 18 (5): 1–6. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nlarva (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from qinghai. journal of qinghai university 19 (1): 5–8. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nyan in qinghai province. jiangsu agricultural sciences (5): 66–68. [ in chinese ]\nfrom yunnan, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta zootaxonomica sinica 18 (2): 184–187. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan and xizang, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). zoological research 15 (3): 5–11. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. in: yang gh (eds) utilization and industrialization of insect resources in china. china agriculture press, beijing, 68–80. [ in chinese ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from north xizang, china. entomotaxonomia 17 (3): 215–218. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan and xizang, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). zoological research 13 (3): 245–250. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nmoths distribution. southwest china journal of agricultural sciences 5 (2): 68–73. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nand their geographical distribution. entomologica sinica 39 (4): 413–422. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nresearch on the ecology of yunnan hepialids i. regional and ecogeographical distribution. zoological research 8 (1): 1–11. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan, china. acta entomologica sinica 34 (2): 218–224. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\ncomparative study of 4 hepialids and their fungal pathogens. in: botanical society of china (eds) study and application of entomogenous fungi in china. china agricultural science and technology press, beijing, 69–73. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom qinghai and gansu, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 38 (3): 359–362. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. special wild economic animal and plant research (3): 28–31. [ in chinese ]\n( fr .) link. in: northwest institute of plateau biology (eds) acta biologica plateau sinica 6. science press, beijing, 1–24. [ in chinese ]\n. journal of fungal research 2 (2): 42–46. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nin streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats. applied microbiology and biotechnology 72 (6): 1152–1156. doi: 10. 1007 / s00253 - 006 - 0411 - 9 .\n( lepidoptera, hepialidae) from china. acta zootaxonomica sinica 32 (2): 473–476. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nin qinghai. special wild economic animal and plant research 31 (1): 19–22. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( lepidoptera, hepialidae) currently adopted in china. journal of hunan university of science & technology (natural science edition) 25 (1): 114–120. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n- morc * * * * a (pezizales, morc * * * * aceae) from china\n. mycotaxon. 95: 319–22. morc * * * * a\nat 1, 000 to 1, 300 m (3, 300 to 4, 300 ft) elevation..." ]

{ "text": [ "thitarodes meiliensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "it was described by liang in 1988 , and is known from yunnan , china . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "thitarodes meiliensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae. it was described by liang in 1988, and is known from yunnan, china." ]

[ "a giant koala jaw from a 53 thousand year deposit, in front of a modern koala skull. image: university of queensland\n[ creature: giant _ koala ] [ copy _ tags _ from: koala ] [ apply _ creature _ variation: giant ] [ cv _ remove _ tag: change _ body _ size _ perc ] [ apply _ current _ creature _ variation ] [ go _ to _ end ] [ select _ caste: all ] [ change _ body _ size _ perc: 2705 ] [ go _ to _ start ] [ name: giant koala: giant koalas: giant koala ] [ caste _ name: giant koala: giant koalas: giant koala ] general _ child _ name: giant koala joey: giant koala joeys ] [ description: a large koala - shaped monster. ] [ population _ number: 15: 30 ] [ creature _ tile:' k' ] [ color: 7: 0: 0 ] [ pet _ exotic ] [ petvalue: 500 ] [ mount _ exotic ] [ go _ to _ end ] [ prefstring: adorable appearance ]\nthe giant koala (phascolarctos stirtoni) is a animal from the zoo tycoon 2: awesome australia expansion pack .\ndadswells bridge' s rob and julie - anne mcpherson are finding a new gum tree after selling the giant koala .\nit was announced in late 2009 that the giant koala would be renamed in memory of the world - famous sam the koala in an effort to raise awareness of australia’s declining koala population .\ncompleted in 1989 at the end of the boom decades for the building of big things, the giant koala in victoria, australia, stands 14 meters tall. made of bronze set on top of a steel frame, the giant koala weighs 12 tons .\n“this contrasts with the previous idea that the modern koala originated only after the loss of the giant koala, following the megafauna extinction event some 30 to 50 000 years ago .\nkoalas are disappearing. loss of koala habitat and koala food trees (eucalyptus leaves) is the leading koala threat. our cuddly koalas are loved around the world. often called a koala bear, they are actually marsupials not koala bears. please help koalas by supporting the australian koala foundation. find koala information here - save the koala !\n“on the one hand we have a 20 - 30kg giant koala, the largest tree - dwelling marsupial ever to have lived, ” he said .\non the western highway in the grampians, between melbourne and adelaide, the giant koala is 27 km northwest of stawell in the small township of dadswells bridge .\n[ creature: giant _ koala ] [ copy _ tags _ from: koala ] [ apply _ creature _ variation: giant ] [ cv _ remove _ tag: change _ body _ size _ perc ] [ apply _ current _ creature _ variation ] [ go _ to _ end ] [ select _ caste: all ] [ change _ body _ size _ perc: 2705 ] [ go _ to _ start ] [ name: giant koala: giant koalas: giant koala ] [ caste _ name: giant koala: giant koalas: giant koala ] general _ child _ name: giant koala joey: giant koala joeys ] [ description: a large koala - shaped monster. ] [ population _ number: 15: 30 ] [ creature _ tile:' k' ] [ color: 7: 0: 0 ] [ pet _ exotic ] [ petvalue: 500 ] [ mount _ exotic ] [ go _ to _ end ] [ prefstring: adorable appearance ] [ apply _ creature _ variation: standard _ walking _ gaits: 1945: 1504: 1062: 548: 3100: 4500 ] 16 kph [ apply _ creature _ variation: standard _ climbing _ gaits: 9000: 8900: 8825: 8775: 9500: 9900 ] 1 kph [ apply _ creature _ variation: standard _ swimming _ gaits: 9000: 8900: 8825: 8775: 9500: 9900 ] 1 kph [ apply _ creature _ variation: standard _ crawling _ gaits: 9000: 8900: 8825: 8775: 9500: 9900 ]\n“also there are distinct differences in the appearance of both forms, other than simply size. together these results suggest the two forms are distinct species and the modern koala is not a dwarf descendent of the giant koala. ”\nthe giant koala, a 5 star animal is my best animal so far, a large koala species from the ice age that every visitor loves! the skin is from a painting of a southern koala in an australian field guide and is a great improvement over the typical zt2 koala skin. [ [ category: extinct animals\nthe akf wants a koala protection act. the epbc act, is incapable of protecting the koala .\ncreated by the sculptor ben van zetton who was hired in 1988 to design and construct the piece, visitors can enter the giant koala to purchase the traditional tourist - trap goods .\nfor years, the giant koala has been the\nguardian of the grampians\n, not only a tourist - luring landmark, but a cafe, souvenir shop and wildlife sanctuary .\nposed quietly by a country road at dadswells bridge in the state & apos; s west, the giant koala stands 14. 9m high and is among the nation & apos; s\nbig\ntourist attractions .\nthe whole complex looks like it hasn’t seen any maintenance for a decade. giant koala particularly looks very neglected with both ears just bits of rio sticking out. extremely limited selection in the cafe. could be so much better .\npalaeontologist dr gilbert price, from uq' s centre for microscopy & microanalysis, said there was a long - held view modern koalas were a dwarf version of a giant koala that lived between 30 000 and 700 000 years ago .\nthere were once several different kinds of koala - all but one of which had died out. the earliest known member of the koala family was a browser, which lived 15 millions years ago. evidence of a' giant' koala, twice the size of its modern descendant, exists in fossils dating back more than 40, 000 years. the sequence of koalas in the fossil record :\naustralia zoo staff volunteer wherever possible on research projects involving the local koala populations .\nstopped here for a photo opportunity with the kids and a couple of coffees and hot chocolate for the road. kids obviously loved the giant koala, gift shop was not very appealing. very bland needs a brighten up. cafe was fine, staff were nice however ...\nstopped over on a road trip from adelaide to melbourne. a little over half way, this is a must stop (especially if you have kids). the giant koala, a coffee, an ice - cream and a stretch of the legs. the staff were particularly friendly and helpful .\nthe giant koala (phascolarctos stirtoni) is an extinct genus of arboreal marsupial from pleistocene australia. it was an early ancestor to the modern - day koala, only bigger. it was about a third larger than a modern koala and weighed twice as much. just like its modern day descendent, it is believed that it ate solely eucalyptus leaves, making it a folivore (an animal who only eats leaves) it even coexisted with the modern koala for a short time before becoming extinct 50, 000 years ago. it is the largest tree - dwelling marsupial that ever lived .\nreally cute and soft, well made for the price. the kid wedged his movie tickets into the koalas arms, and the koala proudly displays them. this koala is a hit !\n1803, august 21: the first detailed account of a koala was published in sydney gazette .\nthe iucn (the international union for conservation of nature) lists the koala as ‘potentially vulnerable’. this relatively low listing is influenced by victoria’s\napparently\nstable official koala conservation status. however, the australian koala foundation does not agree with the victorian government’s assessment of that state’s current situation .\nit was good fun building it up - we built the zoo and rebuilt the koala .\njackson, s, 2007. koala: origins of an icon. allen and unwin, sydney .\nalthough not listed as endangered by any australian state, the koala population has been devastated over the last hundred years and is currently under great threat due to urbanisation and massive, uncontrolled habitat destruction. the australian koala foundation estimates that upwards of 80 percent of original koala habitat in australia has been cleared since european settlement .\n“the results beg the question, where on earth did the modern koala come from? ” he said .\n1798, january 26: the 1st record of a koala being seen by an european, named john price .\nthe nsw koala population is listed as vulnerable under federal laws, the epbc act. this occurred in may 2012 .\n“and then we have the modern koala weighing in at 10kg, so there would have been quite a contrast. ”\n“a lack of well - dated fossil records means determining the true ancestor of the modern koala is most difficult. ”\nthe new south wales government has never implemented a koala recovery plan, written at least 10 years ago and is now, as a result of a chief scientists report looking to protect the koala. the akf does not believe that nsw koalas are safe .\nin their history of the koala, tom iredale and gilbert whitley (1934) suggest that the common name\nkoala\nwas derived from an aboriginal dialect of eastern new south wales. ronald strahan (1978) lists cullewine, koolewong, colo, colah, koolah, kaola and koala as published dialectal variations of the name in that region ,\ncomplicated by problems of transliteration and printers\nerrors .\nadvised the akf in writing that it intended to upgrade the koala’s listing to ‘vulnerable’ by the end of 1996. this did not happen .\nnimiokoala greystanesi was a small koala from the early miocene of northern australia. it had a longer snout than the living koala but was only about a third of its size. nimiokoala is represented by a well preserved skull, a significant discovery since koalas are rare in the fossil record. nimiokoala would have fed on the leaves of forest trees although it is not known whether it specialized on the leaves of eucalypts, as the living koala does .\nthe nsw government first listed the koala as ‘rare and vulnerable’ in 1992 and this status was later reaffirmed as ‘vulnerable’ within the threatened species conservation act 1995. in recognition of the continuing decline of koalas and koala habitat in nsw, in early 1995, the nsw government introduced state environment planning policy no 44 - koala habitat protection (sepp 44). this is the first state - wide species - specific planning policy introduced by any government in australia .\nthe koala was listed as vulnerable under the epbc act in may 2012. a recovery plan was supposed to have been written and finished by december 2014 .\nbut he said study left some unanswered questions about the evolution of the koala how it had adapted to life in australia over hundreds of thousands of years .\nstirton, r. 1957b. a new koala from the pliocene palankarinna fauna of south australia. records of the south australian museum 13, 71 - 81 .\nin 2000, the koala was listed as ‘threatened’ under the united states endangered species act by the us fish & wildlife service. this is one category below ‘endangered’ .\nthe diet of nimiokoala is unknown, other than it browsed on the leaves of forest trees. perhaps, like the living koala, it ate the leaves of gum trees (relatively rare in miocene forests). alternatively, as an early member of the koala family and therefore less specialised, nimiokoala may have fed on a variety of leaves .\nin march 2004, the queensland government upgraded the koala' s conservation status from' common' to ‘vulnerable’ throughout the south east queensland bio - region, under the nature conservation act 1992. this area stretches from gladstone, south to the queensland / new south wales border and as far west as toowoomba. the decision was based on evidence supplied to the scientific advisory committee, including: koala mortality rates; rates of habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation; koala population estimates; modelled koala population decline and extinction risks; and projected human population growth. among other things, the upgrade from ‘common’ to ‘vulnerable’ should afford koalas in the south east queensland bioregion a higher level of protection from habitat clearing and other threatening processes than was previously the case .\nlocal government is where most day to day decisions are made about what happens to koala habitat but where there is often the least amount of resources and expertise in wildlife management or habitat assessment .\nthough often called the koala “bear, ” this cuddly animal is not a bear at all; it is a marsupial, or pouched mammal. after giving birth, a female koala carries her baby in her pouch for about six months. when the infant emerges, it rides on its mother' s back or clings to her belly, accompanying her everywhere until it is about a year old .\nthe new owners would be schooled in how to run the cafe and care for the centre & apos; s real native residents - wallabies, emus, a talking cockatoo and a koala among them .\nunder the federal epbc act in new south wales, the act and queensland. victoria and south australia were excluded from the listing. the akf believes that the koala should have been listed in all states .\nthe late oligocene fossil koala madokoala and the late oligocene - early miocene perikoala are closer to the stem of the koala family tree than is nimiokoala. nimiokoala is presently considered the primitive sister taxon to a group that includes the fossil koalas litokoala and phascolarctos (the genus to which the living koala phascolarctos cinereus belongs). the genus phascolarctos first appears in the late miocene / early pliocene, with at least two other species known (the huge p. yorkensis from the late miocene to pleistocene of south australia and new south wales); and p. maris and / or p. stirtoni from the early pliocene of south australia .\ndespite the mammal’s name, thylacoleo doesn’t hold much leonine resemblance. the carnivore’s skull is a modified version of a koala’s or wombat’s, just with cleaver - like shearing teeth at the cheek instead of grinders. that fits given that thylacoleo belonged to the group of marsupial mammals called the diprotodonts, which includes kangaroos, wombats, koalas, and possums today. thylacoleo was closer to being a carnivorous koala than a pouched cat .\nalthough koalas obtain most of their water from leaves - - the name koala is thought to mean\nno drink\nin several native aboriginal tongues - - they do occasionally drink water at the edges of streams .\nthe living koala has a very specialized lifestyle and is restricted to feeding on the leaves of eucalypts. nimiokoala was almost certainly arboreal, but its diet is unknown other than the leaves of trees. nimiokoala lived alongside at least one other species of koala, litokoala kutjamarpensis, during the early miocene. since we know little else about nimiokoala and have not yet recovered skeletal material, we can make few other assumptions about its life history .\nlegislation that effectively and / or consistently protects koala habitat anywhere within australia, not necessarily because the legislation does not exist, but because there is not always the political will to adequately resource, implement, police and enforce such legislation .\nin september 2003, the australian koala foundation and other koala scientists were invited to make submissions to the queensland government and the scientific advisory committee concerning the current status of koalas in queensland. the akf nomination recommended that koalas be immediately listed as ‘vulnerable’ throughout the south east queensland bio - region, and that consideration be given to listing koalas throughout queensland on precautionary principles. (a precautionary approach entails caution, or care - taking, anticipatory action to prevent harm, even if the cause and effect are not fully established scientifically at that time .) failing the latter, it was recommended that the conservation status of koala populations in other key bio - regions be assessed as a matter of urgent priority .\n“it' s absolutely critical that we can find the answers to such questions, and that we find them soon as it' ll go a long way in the planning of management strategies to conserve the modern koala well into the future. ”\nin may 1998, the queensland premier advised the akf that it was proposed to add a class of wildlife called\nmanagement dependent wildlife\nto the nature conservation act 1992. he indicated that the koala was expected to be scheduled in this new class of protected wildlife .\nsam, who recovered from third - degree burns and lung damage at the southern ash wildlife shelter, became a worldwide symbol after devastating bushfires destroyed a large region inhabited by koalas. he eventually died due to complications relating to chlamydia, which impacts half of the wild koala population .\nworst place in all of victoria. run down outdated complex. rude staff with zero customer service. apparently you can pay $ 5 to see a live koala but giving the state of the whole place i would not reccomend. try your luck hiking the grampians to ...\nrelated to: nimiokoala is most closely related to a possible second species of nimiokoala from the late oligocene frome basin, south australia (still undescribed). nimiokoala is also closely related to the fossil koalas litokoala and to the genus phascolarctos, to which the living koala phascolarctos cinereus belongs .\nthis could be a gold mine! ! however, it is not very welcoming. big sign up to say toilets only for paying customers. trying to get served was hard. all too much trouble. would love to donate a can of paint to them, koala in need ...\nthe fur of the koala in southern region is thick and woolly and is thicker and longer on the back than on the belly. koalas in northern region have a short coat; this gives them a naked appearnace. the color and pattern of the coat varies considerably between individuals and with age .\nas a marsupial, nimiokoala would have had tiny young at birth that continued development in a pouch until ready for weaning. it probably had a backward - opening pouch, as in living koalas and wombats (an unlikely development for an arboreal animal, retained from the koala' s burrowing ancestors) .\nlouys, j. , black, k. , archer, m. , hand, s. j. and godthelp, h. 2007. descriptions of koala fossils from the miocene of riversleigh, northwestern queensland and implications for litokoala (marsupialia, phascolarctidae). alcheringa 31, 99 - 110 .\nkoalas are in serious decline suffering from the effects of habitat destruction, domestic dog attacks, bushfires and road accidents. the australian koala foundation estimates that there are less than 100, 000 koalas left in the wild, possibly as few as 43, 000. you can see how we determined those figures\n1816: the french naturalist de blainwill gave the koala its scientific name, phascolarctos, from the greek words for' leather pouch' and' bear'. later, the german naturalist goldfuss gave it the specific name cinereus, meaning' ash - coloured', after the color of the original specimen .\nthe eucalyptus forests and woodlands of australia’s east coast are disappearing quickly, with a significant loss occurring throughout our local area. australia zoo has identified the koala, an icon of this dwindling habitat, as an important conservation species. we believe the wild population of koalas is critically threatened and in need of our protection .\nwhen not asleep a koala feeds on eucalyptus leaves, especially at night. koalas do not drink much water and they get most of their moisture from these leaves. each animal eats a tremendous amount for its size—about two and a half pounds of leaves a day. koalas even store snacks of leaves in pouches in their cheeks .\nin addition to bushfires, habitat clearing, dog attacks and road accidents, between 2. 5 and 3 million koalas were shot to supply the fur trade in america and europe from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. in contrast to these astounding numbers, the current koala population is believed to be between 40, 000 to 100, 000 animals .\nin parts of south east queensland, the decline of koala habitat is of major concern e. g. as a result of clearing and deterioration of poplar box woodlands. many koala populations are thought to have disappeared or to be in serious decline. often members of the public are surprised to learn that the precautionary approach is not taken in practice by authorities. if the precautionary principle were followed, a population might be considered under threat until demonstrated to be common. instead, it is presumed to be common unless proven otherwise. scientific studies of status are not undertaken for all species. they are only undertaken for a small minority. the collection and interpretation of sufficient data requires considerable resources. public perceptions and political will also play a role in whether or not applications are successful .\napart from the direct impact of displacing and killing koalas, habitat clearing increases pressure on remaining populations and disrupts the demographic structure as displaced animals try to establish new home ranges. this often leads to the demise of all populations. continued clearing eventually leads to koala populations being isolated in small, fragmented parcels of land, totally cut off from other populations and extremely vulnerable to dog attacks and motor vehicle accidents .\nthe early settlers referred to koalas as sloths, monkeys, bears, and even monkey bears, adopting the unfortunate practice of transposing the names of animals which were already familiar to europeans to australian lookalikes. the virtual absence of a tail, together with their stocky build and their relatively long legs, gives the koalas a bear - like appearance, and undoubtedly led to their being referred to as ,\nkoala bears\n, or ,\nnative bears\n.\nthe first arboreal koalas probably evolved from a terrestrial wombat - like ancestor, perhaps to take advantage of a food resource not being utilized by others. koalas were once much more widespread across australia: fossil koala species are known from southern, western and central australia when rainforest was more widespread across these parts of the continent. there are now six genera and at least 18 species of fossil koalas (some species are not yet described). all are from either south australia or queensland (riversleigh) .\nthe koala is not on the official threatened species list in victoria and therefore the state government is not prompted to make any hard management decisions. some islands and some isolated victorian mainland habitats have so - called ‘overpopulation’ problems. these are predominantly on small offshore islands that fall outside of the koala’s natural range (ie the area inhabited by koalas before white settlers arrived) and in isolated, inbred populations on the mainland. koalas were deliberately introduced to these islands and then re - introduced to mainland areas where original populations had disappeared, in large part due to the fur trade. in victoria, the shifting of koalas to different areas began 80 years ago and continues up to the present day. these actions have created unusual' zoo' like situations which, among other things, support populations with reduced genetic diversity and vigour. land use, management and ecological histories are highly complicated at these locations and although factors such as edge effects, insect attack, weed spread and salinity affect forest health, koalas are often solely accused of causing dieback through ‘over browsing’ .\nif you ever go on a camping trip to australia, you might be told to beware the dreaded drop bear. there won’t be a chase. you’ll just be walking along, minding your own business, when a dark shape plummets onto you from above, pinning you down before your realize that you’re being eaten alive by an overgrown koala. the only way to protect yourself, the locals will advise, is to slather yourself in vegemite and speak in an australian accent. the efficacy of changing your name to bruce is unknown .\nto ensure the survival of koalas in the wild, we have purchased and will continue to purchase the largest tracts of land possible. we strongly recommend anyone with acreage or grazing properties to please protect eucalypt woodlands or plant eucalypts before it’s too late. our own field studies show that koalas can easily exist on grazing land with the presence of a few trees; these remaining trees do not affect the grazing quality of the land. it is estimated that more than 80 percent of the remaining koala population occurs on private land that is not protected .\ni' m a truck driver. my girlfriend told me she likes koala bears, and that she wants to travel to australia someday. she has a big brown bear in her room. i found this bear and ordered it for her. i told her she will have someone to hug when i am out on the road, and he will keep her company. i got to see it, and i even hugged it while watching a movie with her. my girlfriend kept looking at me and smiling. it is very cute and cuddly if i do say so. she works from home, and he sits on that couch with her .\nkoalas were re - introduced to south australia from victoria after the species was driven to extinction in sa during the fur trade of the 1920s. subsequently, a population was established on kangaroo island where koalas had never occurred naturally before, relocating animals from victorian islands, and there is now concern about “over - abundance” of koalas on the island. many of the same problems which affect victoria’s now - isolated populations apply to the kangaroo island population. (see information about isolated koala populations above) the problems on kangaroo island are man - made and require well - considered scientific management. koalas have also been re - introduced to a few areas of mainland south australia .\nnimiokoala is exceptionally rare in being represented by a well - preserved skull with dentition. lower jaws and isolated teeth have also been found, and the entire dentition has now been recovered. nimiokoala had a longer snout than the living koala, phascolarctos cinereus, which has an exceptionally short face. nimiokoala is distinguished from other koalas by the following' short list' of dental features: the paraconule and metaconule on m1 - 4 / are well - developed and crescentic; the neometaconule is double - cusped on more posterior molars; and the m4 / has comparatively reduced metacone and metaconule, with a more rounded posterior margin (see black and archer 1997 for further description) .\ngavin j. prideaux, richard g. roberts, dirk megirian, kira e. westaway, john c. hellstrom, jon m. olley; mammalian responses to pleistocene climate change in southeastern australia. geology; 35 (1): 33–36. doi: urltoken\nresolving faunal responses to pleistocene climate change is vital for differentiating human impacts from other drivers of ecological change. while 90% of australia' s large mammals were extinct by ca. 45 ka, their responses to glacial - interglacial cycling have remained unknown, due to a lack of rigorous biostratigraphic studies and the rarity of terrestrial climatic records that can be related directly to faunal records. we present an analysis of faunal data from the naracoorte caves in southeastern australia, which are unique not only because of the species richness and time - depth of the assemblages that they contain, but also because this faunal record is directly comparable with a 500 k. y. speleothem - based record of local effective moisture. our data reveal that, despite significant population fluctuations driven by glacial - interglacial cycling, the species composition of the mammal fauna was essentially stable for 500 k. y. before the late pleistocene extinctions. larger species declined during a drier interval between 270 and 220 ka, likely reflecting range contractions away from naracoorte, but they then recovered locally, persisting well into the late pleistocene. because the speleothem record and prior faunal response imply that local conditions should have been favorable for megafauna until at least 30 ka, climate change is unlikely to have been the principal cause of the extinctions .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\nplease separate multiple addresses with commas. we won' t share addresses with third parties .\nsign up for our newsletter and get the best of atlas obscura in your inbox .\na statue erected in honor of the toadish nickname given to jersey residents by the french .\na statue in the texas town that proudly calls itself the killer bee capital of the world .\na hidden garden of stones engraved with scriptures, a joseph smith sphynx, and all carved by one man .\nthese naturally occurring but rare geological formations are each about the size of a small house .\nthis franklinford, australia site was once home to one of the remotest churches of its faith according to the parallel world of the kcymaerxthaere .\nlargest buddha carved from gemstone - quality jade in the world, on a world tour through 2011 .\nfollow us on twitter to get the latest on the world' s hidden wonders .\nlike us on facebook to get the latest on the world' s hidden wonders .\nsign up for our daily newsletter and enter to win a copy of our book, atlas obscura: an explorer’s guide to the world’s hidden wonders .\nno purchase necessary. winner will be selected at random on 08 / 01 / 2018. offer available only in the u. s. (including puerto rico). offer subject to change without notice. see contest rules for full details .\nevery weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you .\nlike atlas obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your facebook feed .\natlas obscura and our trusted partners use technology such as cookies on our website to personalise ads, support social media features, and analyse our traffic. please click below to consent to the use of this technology while browsing our site. to learn more or withdraw consent, please visit our privacy policy .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\ncalled in as it was the only place in dadswells bridge that seemed to offer toilet facilities. signs everywhere demanding we buy something or donate to a local charity. when i went in and mentioned toilets, all i got was a one word reply .\ndonation\n...\nstopped for everyone to use the bathroom but there was a big sign saying they were only for paying customers. put off by having to deal with a confrontation before our 2yo wet himself we went 4km up the road and used the highway rest ...\nif you are looking for sub standard food, served by miserable unhelpful people in a dingy environment then this is the place to go. if running a business makes you that unhappy and rude the don' t do it. this place relies on passing trade because ...\nthe woman was very rude. we ordered an iced coffee on the menu for $ 7. 00 was rudely told they don' t make them get one from the fridge. my sister had asked for a decaf cappaccino, was told they don' t do decaf. we decided to leave ...\ndriven by so many times and never stopped. worth a break. quaint and so typical of big is best. glowing eyes a bit scary\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nmr mcpherson said after six years of working seven days a week for 15 hours, it was time to move on .\nwe' ve already bought another place in wartook doing bed and breakfast and wedding receptions ,\nhe said .\nthe mcphersons will have their work cut out for them, after the property was damaged in the grampians bushfire in january .\nthe house was saved but we lost sheds and gardens, so there' s a bit of work to do ,\nmr mcpherson said .\nmr mcpherson nominated the filming of the 2009 movie charlie and boots and the bigpond commercials as highlights during his ownership .\ni enjoyed meeting a lot of different people and characters ,\nhe said .\nplease note: all comments made or shown here are bound by the online discussion terms & conditions .\nthis is all nonsense, of course. there are no carnivorous koalas with a taste for tourists hanging around the eucalyptus trees of australia. yet, despite the fact that the drop bear is a modern hoax, i’m still tickled by the fact that the mythical animal’s description closely matches a very real animal that prowled australia during the last ice age. paleontologists and fossil fans know this beast as thylacoleo carnifex, the “marsupial lion. ”\nthe kinship of thylacoleo is only half of the drop bear equation, though. the other has to do with its hunting habits. back in 2010, paleontologist roderick wells and colleagues found that the paws of this marsupial predator would have been just as useful for climbing trees as grappling with the large prey of its era. now samuel arman and gavin prideaux have forwarded even more evidence that thylacoleo was a skilled climber: thousands of scratch marks in the lair of australia’s real drop bear .\nsouthwestern australia’s tight entrance cave yielded the essential clues. in addition to a bonebed cradling the bones of both living and extinct marsupial species, the main chamber of the cavern is marked here and there by v - shaped scratch marks. only one animal in the cave matches the size and anatomy required to make the largest scratches: thylacoleo. and while arman and prideaux concede that some of the smaller scratches could have been made by other animals trying to find their way out of the cave, from possums to tasmanian tigers, their preferred interpretation is that most of the smaller scratches were left by thylacoleo joeys who were reared in the safety of the cave .\nscratches likely made by thylacoleo in tight entrance cave. from arman and prideaux, 2016 .\nthe nature of the bones in tight entrance cave bolsters this vision of thylacoleo hunkering down in the dark. relatively few of the bones in the cave show bite marks. this means that the cave was not the habitat of bone - eaters, like tasmanian devils, and might indicate that thylacoleo was much like a cat in primarily dining on flesh and viscera, leaving bones mostly intact .\nat different times, off and on between 140, 000 and 51, 000 years ago, thylacoleo apparently used the cave as a refuge. and from where the claws marks are situated among the inclines and boulders, it seems that these predators had qualms about taking difficult routes through the dark. “many claw marks within tec are located on steep surfaces, despite more gradual inclines being available on other sides of the central rock pile and boulder, ” arman and prideaux write, and the entrance to the cave itself appears to have been a steep deadfall for other creatures. this suggests that thylacoleo was a skilled and confident climber, clambering in and out of a cave that trapped other species. and if thylacoleo could haul itself around rocky caves, it could almost certainly scale trees .\nhumans undoubtedly saw thylacoleo. the mammal was still very much alive when people arrived on australia around 50, 000 years ago, and there may even be pleistocene art of the mammal. the mythical drop bear, however, didn’t appear as a tall tale until the 20th century, so there’s no link between what people actually saw and stories used to make tourists shudder at the sound of a creaking branch in the night. it’s convergence, but it’s a wonderful sort of convergence. so much of prehistoric life was so strange that we could have never imagined those species if we hadn’t come across their remains. the drop bear is a rare case when our species, in jest, stumbled upon something real and just as scary as our imaginations can muster .\nbonus: in response to a piece i wrote for slate about real creatures that could inspire hollywood monsters, artist ted rechlin made this wonderful poster for a drop bear movie starring thylacoleo .\n@ twilightbeasts @ tetzoo any time i see thylacoleo in my feed, i feel compelled to share this. death from above! urltoken\narman, s. , prideaux, g. 2016. behaviour of the pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern australian cave. scientific reports. doi: 10. 1038 / srep21372\ncaring for australian native animals isn' t easy. there are the dietary demands, scratches and screeches in the night .\nunless you are rob and julie - anne mcpherson, who need only a ladder to take care of one of victoria & apos; s most loved marsupials .\nlocals will tell you it is a big deal, and it & apos; s for sale .\nfor the true - blue price a smidge under half a million dollars, this piece of australiana is all yours .\nthe mcphersons are hitting the road with a new venture and want to leave it in the capable hands of somebody who is good with people and animals .\nthere is still plenty of potential ,\nmr mcpherson said .\nsome people still haven & apos; t heard of it .\nthe landmark was recently rated ahead of the big blue heeler and the big beer can as the most quintessential\nbig\naussie icon .\nballarat real estate & apos; s colin mcintosh has sold a few unique properties in his time, but nothing like this .\nwe have been surprised by the diversity of interest ,\nmr mcintosh said. turnover and profit. it would be a tremendous lifestyle change .\nhmas tobruk dive site: ship lands on its side in hervey bay, ...\nprivate holiday island in the caribbean now for rent, but it ...\na note about relevant advertising: we collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. find out more about our policy and your choices, including how to opt - out .\nnews limited copyright © 2018. all times aest (gmt + 10) .\nrambro the angry ram celebrating the new zealand all blacks recent crushing win over the australians at the 2015 rugby world cup .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\ni love this bear! ! it is so soft and cuddly, just right. it has beans or some such thing in the paws and seat which allows it to sit up on its own. the only thing i' m worried about is that it seems to be a little too interesting to my big dog who is always looking for some new toy. this bear makes great gift for any age and the price is right too .\ni bought this for my friend' s kid. it' s super cute and very soft. the light pink color is great for a girl. the quality is great too. definitely recommended to anyone looking for a cute toy for the little one .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music, movies, tv shows, original audio series, and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nthis page was last modified on 22 december 2014, at 23: 01 .\nthis page was last modified on 8 april 2013, at 20: 36 .\nkoalas are marsupials, females having a pouch in which their young first develop. their pouch faces the rear and has a drawstringlike muscle that the mother can tighten. they are the sole member of the family\nsize is larger in the southern regions. head - body length in the south average 30. 7 in. / 78 cm for males and 28 in. / 72 cm for females .\naverage 26 lbs / 11. 8 kg for southern males and 17. 4 lbs / 7. 9 kg for southern females. in the north, males average 14. 3 lbs / 6. 5 kg; females 11. 2 lbs / 5. 1 kg. at birth young weighs only 0. 5 gm. (this is no typo; it is amazing how small they are at birth, about the size of a bee. )\nthickest of the marsupials. gray to tawny: white on the chin, chest, and forelimbs. rump consists of tougher connective tissue dappled with white patches. fluffy ears with longer white hairs. coat is shorter and lighter in color toward northern regions .\ntheir life span today varies considerably due to stress factors, probably averaging 13 - 18 years .\nat birth, the young is about 19 mm in length and weighs about 0. 5 g .\nat 7 weeks, the young has a head length of about 26 mm. the head is large in proportion to the rest of the body .\nby 13 weeks, the young has attained a body weight of about 50 g and a head length of 50 mm .\nat about 22 weeks of age, the eyes open and the young begins to poke its head out of the pouch for the first time .\nby 24 weeks of age, the cub is fully furred and the first teeth erupt .\nat 30 weeks, the cub weighs about 0. 5 kg and has a head length of 70 mm. it now spends most of the time out of the pouch clinging to the mother' s belly .\nsome 6 weeks later, the cub weighs 1 kg and no longer enters the pouch. it spends much of the time sitting on the mother' s back, but returns to the mother' s belly in cold, wet weather and to sleep .\nat 37 weeks, the cub moves from contact with the mother; the excursions were brief and quickly terminated if the mother moved .\nat 44 weeks, the cub still ventures less than a meter from the mother .\nby 48 weeks, the cub is more adventurous and no longer squeaked when the mother was removed. at this age, mother and cub are often seen sleeping back to back .\nthe cub remains with the mother until about 12 months of age when it weighs a little over 2 kg .\nunlike bears or seals, koalas do not rely on a layer of fat below the skin as a form of insulation .\nblood flow to extremities in cold weather, as in humans, can be reduced, resulting in the conservation of heat .\nshivering has also been observed in cold climes as a means of creating heat through rapid contractions of certain muscles. this seems to occur when outdoor temperatures drop below 10 degrees centigrade .\nwhen temperatures exceed 25 - 30 degrees centigrade, koalas use evaporative cooling in their airways to regulate body temperature by increasing respiration rates. they can simultaneously reduce water loss by decreasing the amount of water in their urine .\nkoalas sleep as long as 18 hours a day and have a low - energy diet of eucalyptus leaves .\nkoalas live in eastern australia, where the eucalyptus trees they love are most plentiful. in fact, they rarely leave these trees, and their sharp claws and opposable digits easily keep them aloft. during the day they doze, tucked into forks or nooks in the trees, sleeping for up to 18 hours .\na special digestive system—a long gut—allows koalas to break down the tough eucalyptus leaves and remain unharmed by their poison. koalas eat so many of these leaves that they take on a distinctive odor from their oil, reminiscent of cough drops .\nthese plump, fuzzy mammals were widely hunted during the 1920s and 1930s, and their populations plunged. helped by reintroduction, they have reappeared over much of their former range, but their populations are smaller and scattered. koalas need a lot of space—about a hundred trees per animal—a pressing problem as australia' s woodlands continue to shrink .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkoalas are stocky, arboreal marsupials with long arms, short legs with syndactylous (joined) second and third toes, and a backwardly - facing pouch (an inheritance from burrowing ancestors). they have two forwardly directed lower incisors, and are thus included in the order diprotodontia. the molar teeth of koalas are complex and selenodont, with w - shaped lophs or blades on each tooth that cut leafy vegetation like a pair of pinking shears. fossil koalas are distinguished mainly by differences in cusps and crests on molars. all koalas lack first and second premolar teeth although they have retained a third premolar. they also have canine teeth on the upper jaw although the lower jaw has lost its canine .\nnimiokoala greystanesi is known only from the riversleigh world heritage fossil site in northwestern queensland .\nriversleigh from the early to middle miocene was mainly forested, with more open areas near the forest edges and freshwater streams or lakes in a karst (limestone) environment .\nnimiokoala greystanesi is known from a partial skull with teeth (i1 / to m2 /), several lower jaws and a number of isolated teeth. the entire dentition has now been recovered. nimiokoala was found at the riversleigh world heritage fossil site (system b; neville' s garden). material is held by the queensland museum, brisbane .\nkoalas are most closely related to wombats, having shared a common ancestor in the oligocene or earlier. both are members of the suborder vombatiformes (order diprotodontia). diprotodontoids (large, herbivorous marsupials whose best known member is the massive diprotodon) are also included in vombatiformes. most scientists believe that vombatiforms are at the base of the diprotodontian radiation (vombatiforms, possums and kangaroos). one study of marsupial relationships based on molecular evidence places vombatiformes at the base of the diprotodontia,' up the tree' from microbiotheres (south american marsupials closely related to australian marsupials) and other non - diprotodontian, generally carnivorous marsupials (kirsch et al. 1997) .\narcher, m. , hand, s. j. and godthelp, h. 1994. riversleigh: the story of animals in ancient rainforests of inland australia. reed books, chatswood .\nlong, j. a. et al. 2002. prehistoric mammals of australia and new guinea: one hundred million years of evolution. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, 240 pp .\nblack, k. and archer, m. 1997a. nimiokoala gen. nov. (marsupialia, phascolarctidae) from riversleigh, northwestern queensland, with a revision of litokoala. memoirs of the queensland museum 41, 209 - 228 .\nstirton, r. a. , tedford, r. h. and woodburne, m. o. 1967. a new tertiary formation and fauna from the tirari desert, south australia. records of the south australian museum 15, 427 - 461 .\nwoodburne, m. o. , tedford, r. h. , archer, m. and pledge, n. s. 1987a. madokoala, a new genus and two species of miocene koalas (marsupialia: phascolarctidae) from south australia, and a new species of perikoala. pp. 293 - 17 in archer, m. (ed) possums and opossums: studies in evolution. surrey beatty & sons, chipping norton." ]

{ "text": [ "the giant koala ( phascolarctos stirtoni ) is an extinct arboreal marsupial which existed in australia during the pleistocene epoch .", "phascolarctos stirtoni was about one third larger than the contemporary koala , p. cinereus , and has had an estimated weight of 29 lb ( 13 kg ) , which is the same weight as a large contemporary male koala .", "although considered a part of the australian megafauna , its body mass excludes it from most formal definitions of megafauna .", "it is better described as a more robust koala , rather than a \" giant \" ; in contrast , a number of australian megafauna , such as diprotodon and procoptodon goliah , were unambiguously giants.the two koala species co-existed during the pleistocene , occupying the same arboreal niche .", "the reason for the extinction of the larger of the two about 50,000 years ago is unknown , although there are various hypotheses for the extinction . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 0, 26, 17 ] }

[ "the giant koala (phascolarctos stirtoni) is an extinct arboreal marsupial which existed in australia during the pleistocene epoch. phascolarctos stirtoni was about one third larger than the contemporary koala, p. cinereus, and has had an estimated weight of 29 lb (13 kg), which is the same weight as a large contemporary male koala. although considered a part of the australian megafauna, its body mass excludes it from most formal definitions of megafauna. it is better described as a more robust koala, rather than a \" giant \"; in contrast, a number of australian megafauna, such as diprotodon and procoptodon goliah, were unambiguously giants.the two koala species co-existed during the pleistocene, occupying the same arboreal niche. the reason for the extinction of the larger of the two about 50,000 years ago is unknown, although there are various hypotheses for the extinction." ]

[ "the red - legged pademelon is active through the day and night in rainforest .\nkangaroo in a zoo. red - legged pademelon (forest kangaroo) stands near its feeder looking surprised\ncloseup head of wild australian pademelon, aka rufous - bellied pademelon, aka red - bellied pademelon - thylogale billardierii - sun bathing in scrub .\nthylogale billardierii - tasmanian pademelon also known as the rufous - bellied pademelon or red - bellied pademelon, in the tasmanian rain forest, near cradle mountain .\nthe red - legged pademelon is an herbivore. most of its diet consists of fruit. it also eats leaves and seeds .\nchambers wildlife rainforest lodges, 2005 .\nred - legged pademelon - thylogale stigmatica\n( on - line). pademelon. accessed march 15, 2006 at urltoken .\ndense rainforest habitat fringing lake barrine where red - legged pademelons are found in their northern range .\nthe red - necked pademelon is active through the day and night in temperate rainforest .\nred - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica). found in rainforest and wet eucalypt forests of north - eastern new south wales and queensland, australia\nagar, n. , p. spencer. 1993. levels of glycolytic enzymes and metabolites in the red blood cells of the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica (macropodidae: marsupialia) .\nred - legged pademelons may venture onto pasture near forest edge in late evening returning to cover at dawn .\nthe red - legged pademelon is found in north and east australia as well as in the south of new guinea. it inhabits mostly rainforests and open woodlands .\nfemale red - legged pademelon eating bread near kuranda on the atherton tableland in tropical north queensland, australia. bread of any sort is not healthy for these animals .\nthe red - necked pademelon is brown - grey above, cream below with reddish neck and shoulders .\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis) - juvenile. coffs harbour, new south wales, australia\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis) - juvenile. coffs harbour, new south wales, australia\nred - legged pademelon with large joey in pouch near kuranda in tropical north queensland, australia. a foot and the tail are all that is visible of the joey .\ndavid, a. , a. diane. 2005 .\nred - legged pademelon - thylogale stigmatica\n( on - line). accessed march 15, 2006 at urltoken .\nthe iucn red list currently lists dusky pademelons as vulnerable; however, the data has not be evaluated since 1996. the australian government is taking measures to protect its red - bellied, red - necked, and red - legged pademelon populations. establishment of parks and nature reserves is playing an important role in conservation efforts and hunting of pademelons is now prohibited .\nvernes k (1995) the diet of the red - legged pademelon thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropodidae) in frgamented tropical rainforest, north queensland. mammalia 59, 517 - 525 .\nchambers wildlife rainforest lodges, 2005 .\n! red - legged pademelon! tropical rainforest, far north queensland australia\n( on - line). accessed march 01, 2006 at urltoken .\nthe diet of the red - necked pademelon is many short grasses and herbs but they will browse from some shrubs .\ndavid, a. , a. diane. 2005 .\nred - legged pademelon (joey) - thylogale stigmatica\n( on - line). accessed march 08, 2006 at urltoken .\njohnson, p. , k. vernes. 1994. reproduction in the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropodidae), and age estimation and development of pouch young .\nvernes, k. , h. marsh, j. winter. 1995. home - range characteristics and movement patterns of the red - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical rainforest .\ngeographic distribution of the red - legged pademelon (in australia, also found in new guinea) represented by coverage of 1: 250, 000 map sheets of australia (see urltoken for australian maps) .\nagar, n. , p. spencer. 1993. levels of glycolytic enzymes and metabolites in the red blood cells of the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica (macropodidae: marsupialia). comp. biochem. physiol. , 105b / 1: 199 - 202 .\nfostercare of australians unique native animals, 2004 .\nred legged pademelons\n( on - line). accessed march 15, 2006 at urltoken .\njohnson pm, vernes k (1994) reproduction in the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropdodidae) and age estimation and development of pouch young. wildlife research 21, 553 - 558 .\nvernes, k. 1995. the diet of the red - legged pademelon thylogale stigmatica (gould) (marsupialia: macropodidae) in fragmented tropical rainforest, north queensland, australia. mammalia 59: 517 - 525 .\nvernes k, marsh h, winter j (1995) home - range characteristics and movement patterns of the red - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical forest. wildlife research 22, 699 - 708 .\nsimilar to red - necked pademelon but less frequently seen because of its tendency to use the thickest parts of a forest rather than the edges .\nthe red - legged pademelon is classified as least concern on the iucn (international union of conservation of nature and natural resources) red list of threatened species. this classification is the lowest and means the species has a large widespread, population and no current threats that would likely decrease its population in the foreseeable future .\njohnson, p. , k. vernes. 1994. reproduction in the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia: macropodidae), and age estimation and development of pouch young. wildlife research, 21: 553 - 558 .\nvernes, k. , h. marsh, j. winter. 1995. home - range characteristics and movement patterns of the red - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical rainforest. wildlife research, 22: 699 - 708 .\nvernes, k. , h. marsh, and j. winter. 1995. home - range characteristics and movement patterns of the red - legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) in a fragmented tropical rainforest. wildlife research 22: 699 - 708 .\nred - legged pademelons are herbivores (folivores and frugivore), they mainly consume fruits and fallen leaves, complementing their diet with bark, fresh leaves, fungus and cicadas .\ngeographic distribution of the red - necked pademelon represented by coverage of 1: 250, 000 map sheets of australia (see urltoken for australian maps) .\njohnson, p. m. , and k. vernes. 1994. reproduction in the red - legged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould (marsupialia, macropodidae), and age estimation and development of pouch young. wildlife research 21: 553 - 558 .\nred - legged pademelons are usually shy and solitary but associate in loosely organized groups. they are active all day, but are least active from midday to early afternoon and midnight .\n, or red - legged pademelon, is found in australia and new guinea. in australia, they can be found between the tip of cape york to the southern portion of tamworth. in new guinea, they are located in the southern fly river area .\n319 pademelon stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\na baby tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii) in narawntapu national park, tasmania .\n998 - 252 - kenwood gardens red flash. hampstead heath, london, uk\nloss in the form of deforestation has caused the pademelon population numbers to decline. in other areas, pademelon are most commonly preyed upon by canines including foxes ,\nrose rw, mccartney dj (1982) reproduction of the red - bellied pademelon, thylogale billiardieri (marsupialia). australian wildlife research 9, 27 - 32 .\nreddish coloured fur is something of a theme with red - bellied, red - necked and red - legged in the species common names. they emerge from forest cover at night to eat succulent grasses and take some browse. they have remained common over much of their geographic range but the tasmanian pademelon was once found in south - eastern south australia and victoria. dense thickets of vegetation are required for shelter and so habitat fragmentation and clearing reduce the viability of populations .\nthe pademelon is a marsupial meaning that the female pademelon has a pouch on her belly where she nurses her young. after mating the infant pademelon will be born just 30 days later, when it has to make its own way into its mother' s pouch .\na one - of - a - kind rainforest wallaby with rust coloured limbs, the red - legged pademelon is a spirited creature that communicates via hard thumps in the ground. the males also make a harsh, rasping sound after romantic rejection, and a soft clucking sound during sensual success .\ntasmanian pademelon (a type of small, kangaroo - like marsupial) feeding on grass .\na pademelon has typical macropod legs, although they are obscured by fur in this image .\nmeaning that the pademelon, spends the light daytime hours resting, and goes foraging for food during the cooler cover of night. the pademelon is most commonly found inhabiting coastal regions of\nbody length 48 cm; tail length 42 cm; weight 5 kg. very small, brownish wallaby with brightly coloured rust - red legs and face. no red on neck .\nthe red - legged pademelon has suffered a reduction in numbers, as rainforest clearing has reduced their habitat. however, its strong family network and speed and agility have protected it from feral animals, while making sure their numbers have remained steady and the ominous ‘endangered’ title has stayed at a safe distance .\nthe red - legged pademelon is found in rainforest adjacent to wet sclerophyll forest with dense under story & grassy areas it occurs in nsw, queensland and and new guinea. fur is extremely soft, grey –brown above, cream below. cheeks, forehead, forearms, hips and hind legs are russet brown .\nthe red - necked pademelon prefers the ecotone between forest and grassy patches or pasture. the rest and forage in the forest and then follow well - defined pads out to adjacent grasslands to forage mainly at night. they rarely emerge more than about 100 m from the forest edge but may penetrate the forest to 500 m or more. in the northern part of its range it is sympatric with red - legged pademelons .\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis). found inhabiting rainforests and wet eucalypt forests of south - eastern qld and eastern nsw, australia. photo taken lamington national park, queensland, australia .\ninterestingly, the red - legged pademelon feeds under the control of one dominant member, who controls the feeding area and determines the distance apart at which food must be taken. this feeding is done deep in the rainforest, during late afternoon, evening and early morning, at 30 – 50 metres distance from each other .\nthe red - necked pademelon lives in rainforest and eucalypt forest, often on the edge of the forest hiding in the thicker part and coming out to feed on lush grasses in the cover of darkness .\nthe undersides are yellow with a red tinge, and the area around the cloaca is brightly coloured .\nthe red - legged pademelon also has an extremely efficient reproductive system, as the female can become pregnant shortly after giving birth. if she becomes pregnant whilst carrying a baby in her pouch, the new embryo is placed on pause, in a type of suspended animation. here it will remain until the older sibling leaves the pouch .\naccording to iucn, the ref - legged pademelon is locally common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. currently, this species is classified as least concern (lc), although its numbers are decreasing .\njohnson, k. a. , 1980. spatial and temporal use of habitat by the red - necked pademelon, thylogale thetis (marsupialia: macropodidae). australian wildlife research 7, 157 - 166 .\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis) - juvenile. found inhabiting rainforests and wet eucalypt forests of south - eastern qld and eastern nsw, australia. photo taken lamington national park, queensland, australia .\nthe red - legged pademelon prefers tropical and sub - tropical rainforest but can be found in other moist habitat like wet sclerophyll forest, vine thickets and areas around swampland. it has a broad latitudinal range from northern nsw to cape york and lowland rainforest in new guinea. the geographic ranges are disjunct and this separation has lead to genetic divergence and sub - speciation. in the southern part of its range it is sympatric with red - necked pademelons .\n1054 - 46 - green hills and mountains with red roof traditional house. pas valley, santander, spain\nthe tasmanian pademelon is the largest of the genus and has thick fur suited to the cool temperate climate .\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis) - mother with joey. found inhabiting rainforests and wet eucalypt forests of south - eastern qld and eastern nsw, australia. photo taken lamington national park, queensland, australia .\na tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii) cleaning itself in the sunlight in mt. field national park, tasmania .\npademelons are quite small wallabies with short tails. the compact body of this animal allows it to move through the dense rainforest understorey with incredible agility. the unique taxonomic position of these animals suggests that they probably have been the ancestors of tree - kangaroos and rock - wallabies a few million years ago. the red - legged pademelon is a motley wallaby, exhibiting grey upper body, whitish underbelly as well as rufous red legs and face with a white colored band on the cheeks .\nred - legged pademelons are endemic to australia and new guinea (indonesia and papua new guinea). in new guinea, these animals are found throughout the southern fly river area, where they inhabit lowland rainforests and low mixed savanna thickets near swamps. the australian population of this species occupies the area between the tip of cape york to the southern portion of tamworth. red - legged pademelons also occur in rainforests, wet sclerophyll forests, and dry vine scrub forests on the eastern coast of australia. southern populations of pademelon live almost exclusively at the forest edge, while northern populations may also occur in inner parts of the forest .\nred - necked pademelon (thylogale thetis) - mother with joey in pouch. found inhabiting rainforests and wet eucalypt forests of south - eastern qld and eastern nsw, australia. photo taken lamington national park, queensland, australia .\nle mar k, mcarthur c, statham m (2003) home ranges of sympatric red - necked wallabies, red - bellied pademelons and common brushtail possums in a temperate eucalypt forestry environment. australian mammalogy 25, 183 - 191 .\nmales to 6. 8 kg (average 5. 1 kg) and females to 4. 2 kg (average 4. 1 kg). the red - legged pademelon has a slender body covered in short, soft fur giving it a sleek appearance. the primary colour is red - grey on the back, with the grey dominating the forequarters and a red - brown colour on the lower back. the face likewise becomes redder towards the top of the head starting with a grey muzzle through to a rust - red colour on the cheeks and bases of the ears. there is a pale indistinct cheek stripe highlighted by a red bar below it. the backs of the ears and head, and the neck are brown with a faint dark dorsal stripe. the sides are a rich red bleeding into a white abdomen. the hip is marked by a yellow stripe. the species gets its common name from the brilliant rust - red colour on the outsides of the legs. the arms are red - brown, the hands and feet are red - grey, and the digits dark brown. the short thick tail is a uniform grey - brown above and lighter below. there is some variation in colour amongst the sub - species with a grey abdomen in southern populations. rainforest inhabiting populations also tend to be darker .\nthe diet of the red - legged pademelon is diverse and includes little grass in the northern part of its range where it consumes other climbing monocotyledons, ferns and various dicotyledons including herbs and leaves taken from the plant or on the ground. they also eat seeds and fruit like figs and burdekin plum (pleiogynium timorense). in the north, the diet is supplied within the rainforest whereas in the south where they overlap with red - necked pademelons they may graze grasses, native and introduced, out from the forest edge .\nred - legged pademelons give birth year round in captivity. in the wild, births usually occur between october and june and result in one young. postpartum mating usually occurs 2 to 12 hours after giving birth. as the young reaches the blastocyst phase of development, embryonic diapause occurs .\nthe word' pademelon' derived from' paddymalla', meaning' small kangaroo from the forest' in the aboriginal language .\nthe diet of red - legged pademelons is primarily composed of fallen leaves and fruits. they have also been known to eat fresh leaves. some of the leaves they consume are known to be poisonous. to combat this, they use an enzyme called gst. one of the favorite foods of\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the pademelon article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nit is believed that predation by non - native red foxes was the primary reason for the extinction of the dusky pademelon on mainland australia. natural predators of pademelons include feral cats, dingoes, wedge - tailed eagles, red foxes, the tasmanian devil, and spotted - tailed quolls. human activities that have impacted pademelon populations include roadkill; loss of natural habitats from clearing and fragmentation of forests for management, agricultural purposes, and urban development. hunting them in grasslands and pastures where they are considered to be pests has also decreased the populations .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nred kangaroo showing pentapedal locomotion while grazing: the forelimbs and tail take the animal' s weight while the hind legs are brought forward .\nmale red - legged pademelons looking for mates make a clucking noise. females may reject males by making a harsh rasping sound. breeding season occurs from october until june. pregnancy or gestation lasts about twenty eight to thirty days. the female gives birth to only a single young who immediately latches onto the mothers teat or nipple and stays there for about one hundred and eighty four days. fourty four to one hundred and eleven days later the young will be completely weaned. females become sexually mature at three hundred and seven to four hundred and twelve days while the males do not become sexually mature until four hundred and fifty one to five hundred and fifty two days. the maximum recorder lifespan for the red - legged pademelon in the wild is nine point seven years .\nthe red - legged pademelon is a solitary creature spending most of its life alone, with no contact with other individuals of its species. occasionally, however many well gather at a tree that has born a lot of fruit, to share the food. it is also diurnal. this means that it may be active at day or at night. it does not specifically sleep during the day or during the night but may do so during either or both .\nmales to 9. 1 kg (average 7. 0 kg) and females to 4. 3 kg (average 3. 8 kg). the red - necked pademelon has moderate build between the slender red - legged pademelon and the robust tasmanian pademelon. the medium length fur is thick and soft; the underfur is long and grey. the overall colour is a grizzled grey, but the species derives its common name from the red - brown on the shoulders. the head is a uniform grizzled grey colour and lacks a dark dorsal stripe. the ears are long and their backs are grey with brown or black edge. some individuals express a faint white hip stripe but it is usually lacking. the undersides (the chin, chest and abdomen) are white, and well - defined from the upper body colour. the arms and legs vary from grey to red, and the hands and feet are pale brown. the base of the tail is grey, like the back, but the rest is brown above and white below. the tail is held like a stiff rod when hopping unlike the parma wallaby that can be found in the same habitat .\nwahungu, g. m. , catterall, c. p. , olsen, m. f. , 2001. predator avoidance, feeding and habitat use in the red - necked pademelon, thylogale thetis, at rainforest edges. australian journal of zoology 49, 45 - 48 .\nbaby pademelon then spend the next 6 months or so growing and developing inside the pouch and eventually begin to venture out into the outside world .\ngeographic distribution of the tasmanian pademelon represented by coverage of 1: 250, 000 map sheets of australia (see urltoken for australian maps) .\ntasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii). found in a variety of forest habitats in tasmania and islands of bass strait. now extinct on mainland australia\nred - necked pademelons in the lamington national park in queensland, australia. they are smaller than kangaroos and wallabies but have the same body shape .\nthe red - legged pademelon measures fifteen to twenty three inches long and weighs around five and half to fifteen pounds. its tail is nearly as long as its body measuring twelve to eighteen and a half inches. it has a very skinny head but a stout body. its tail is quite thick. it is a type of small wallaby. its color varies from brown gray to a pale fawn. the individuals in the open woodland tend to be lighter in color then those in rainforests .\nred - legged pademelons thylogale stigmatica are small wallabies mostly found within rainforests. in the early morning and late afternoon, they are likely to be seen feeding on native herbs and grasses at the forest’s edge. from mid - morning to afternoon, you may spot one sleeping with its tail between its legs, leaning forward with its head resting on the ground .\nmeans\nprickled (pattern) pouched - weasel\n. the name pademelon comes from the aboriginal word\npaddymalla\nwhich means small kangaroo from the forest .\nthe nose is usually specked pink and black. face is pointed compared to the red - necked pademelon, it' s tail is short 30 - 44 cm, stumpy with fine sparse fur. weight– males 3 - 9kg (7kg) males continue growing throughout life reaching up to 9 kg. and are larger and more muscular in the forelimbs and chest than females that weigh from2 - 4. 2 kg. sexual maturity is reached at 11 - 18 months for both sexes. the red - legged pademelon is a shy animal, it is solitary, but may congregate to browse on grasses, ferns such as fishbone fern, herbs, fungi, shrubs, soft plants, leaves and fruits of the forest floor, they will also eat insects. they are active from late afternoon through the night to early morning returning to shelter by dawn .\nred - legged pademelons have thick, soft fur and a short stout tail. they also have round ears, a naked nose, and red - brown markings on their cheeks, thighs and forearms. pademelons that live in dark forest regions have dark grey - brown coats and cream colored bellies. populations that live in open areas have pale grey - brown coats and pale grey bellies. their hindfeet have no first digit, while the second and third digits are fused (a condition called syndactyly, common to all members of the family\na pademelon eating a slice of sweet potato: although usually grazing directly from the ground with their mouth, macropods may also use their front paws to assist in grazing .\npademelon at cradle mountain with sinister' evil twin' lurking in the shadows. pademelons are small marsupials of the genus thylogale. they are usually found in forests. tasmania, australia\nred - legged pademelons communicate mainly through sound. the soft clucking sound used by a mother to call her young is similar to the sound that is made by a male trying to court a female. when frightened, they give an alarm thump, which is created with their hindfeet to alert surrounding pademelons. it is at this time that they use the pre - made runways in the forest to quickly retreat .\nthe park has a rich macropod fauna that also includes the long - nosed potoroo, parma wallaby, red - necked wallaby, swamp wallaby, brush - tailed rock wallaby, eastern grey kangaroo .\nred - legged pademelons are polygynous animals. males fight to defend their mating rights. during these confrontations, rivals stand upright on their hind legs and hold their heads back in order to protect their eyes. each one tries to swing its claws at the opponent and knock it down, after which the winner will kick its rival in the abdomen. red - legged pademelons breed year - round. after a gestation period of 28 to 30 days, a single joey is born. at 22 - 26 weeks old, young begin to come out of the pouch, leaving it permanently by 26–28 weeks. meanwhile, they still feed upon maternal milk. the mother continues to protect her offspring, teaching them foraging skills and. then, about 66 days after they leave the pouch, young pademelons start eating food. sexual maturity is reached at 48 weeks old in females and by 66 weeks old - in males .\nthe tasmanian pademelon occupies a diversity of habitats provided there are dense, moist thickets for daytime shelter. thus it is found in wet sclerophyll forest, temperate rainforest, tea - tree scrub, and dry sclerophyll forest with an open, grassy understorey. it is often in sympatry with red - necked wallabies and shares foraging areas at night but is likely to be in thicker cover during the day. crypsis rather than flight protects it from predators whereas the larger wallaby tends to flee. the use of open grasslands for forages brings the pademelon into conflict with agriculture and it is poisoned and shot in some areas .\nmales to 12 kg (average 7. 0 kg) and females to 10 kg (average 3. 9 kg). the tasmanian pademelon is the largest of the pademelons and reasonably stocky in appearance .\nour reserve is what is known as an\necological island\n, meaning there are no vegetation paths or habitat links between mary cairncross and other nearby forest remnants. while independent assessments have shown that our plant life is in good health, less is known about our animals. it seems that some terrestrial animals that were once present in the reserve have now departed including the long - nosed potoroo and rufous bettong. other animals may become threatened over time including the red - legged pademelon. the bird population is diverse due to nearby habitat but once again they may be threatened by further habitat fragmentation. our management plan aims to protect the reserve and its biodiversity for future generations to enjoy, and includes the following objectives :\nkoala gardens really is a mini, mini wildlife sanctuary. if you stopped for 5 minutes at each exhibit you' d spend about 30 minutes in total. however we spent time really looking at the animals, reading about them etc. it' s very clean and when hubby got a photo of him holding a python (yuk! and it was a bit pricey - $ 20 but he loved it !), there was a decent size lizard wandering around we got to feed kangaroos and a very small red legged pademelon who was just gorgeous! we spent over an hour here and both really enjoyed it (except for one pushy, obnoxious tourist couple who made a rude comment about us because we were australian .\nthey detect predators by spreading out when foraging. each pademelon can watch for predators in its vicinity. if a predator is seen, a warning to others in the area is spread by a thumping sound made with the hind legs .\nthey will rarely venture more than 30 - 100meters out from the forest edge at nightfall. breeding in the north is continuous with birth peaks in the autumn and spring. pademelon’s thump their back foot in alarm warning others of danger .\nthe name, pademelon, is derived from an aboriginal or native australian term for ‘small kangaroo from the forest’. pademelons, petite members of the kangaroo and wallaby family, are marsupials, that is, females have an abdominal pouch .\n979 - 9402 - red and green algae - covered snow on petermann island, antarctica, southern ocean. more info the island was discovered by the german antarctic expedition of 1873 - 74, and named after the geographer august petermann .\nred - legged pademelons are active during the daytime hours, while period of least activity is midnight as well as midday to early afternoon. they are generally solitary and tend to feed alone, but are known to form loose groups. during the night, they feed in these groups on the edge of the forest. they also socialize during the winter when sunbathing, gathering together in order to conserve heat. they usually use recesses in the ground as resting and sleeping spots. feeding groups have a dominant pademelon, which controls the feeding process and makes sure that individuals feed at an equal distance from each other (typically 30 - 50 meters). when a feeding group is threatened, they flee to their shelters through special paths, which they make beforehand in order to easily escape predators .\nradford, s. l. , croft, d. b. , moss, g. l. , 1997. mate choice in female red - necked pademelons, thylogale thetis (marsupialia: macropodoidea). ethology 104, 217 - 231 .\na rainforest wallaby, the pademelon is an ecological specialist with particular diet and habitat needs. listed as vulnerable in nsw, extensive clearing has destroyed habitat throughout its range and predators such as dogs have reduced populations. this reserve provides a refuge, helping to secure its status .\nthe pademelons are small, compact, short - tailed wallabies that typically inhabit wet sclerophyll and rainforests from tasmania to new guinea. the genus is equally diverse in new guinea (4 species) and australia (3 species) with one of the latter, the red - legged pademelon (t. stigmatica), in both regions. the pademelons occupy an interesting taxonomic position and may have been the ancestors of both tree - kangaroos and rock - wallabies a few million years ago. given the absence of rock - wallabies from new guinea but presence of pademelons in both australia and new guinea, tree - kangaroos likely evolved first, probably in new guinea, and two species entered the far north through cape york. rock - wallabies evolved later in australia, probably on the east coast where pademelons are found, and when no suitable habitat breached the torres strait or bass strait given their absence from tasmania .\nthe reproductive physiology of the red - necked pademelon is less well studied than the other pademelons. breeding is continuous with birth peaks in the autumn and spring. the pouch life is around 6 months. the length of gestation is not currently known and there is a suggestion that oestrus may not be post - partum oestrus with an interval up to 7 days between birth and the next fertilisation. embryonic diapause has not yet been determined. young are weaned at about 9 months. females mature at 12 months in captivity but more like 17 months in the wild .\nwhile gm, mcarthur c (2005) foraging in a risky environment: a comparison of bennett' s wallabies macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus (marsupialia: macropodidae) and red - bellied pademelons thylogale billiardierii (marsupialia: macropodidae) in open habitats. austral ecology 30, 756 - 764 .\nthe diet of the red - legged pademelon thylogale stigmatica has previously been described as comprising a range of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, rainforest fruits, seeds, and some fungi. we collected t. stigmatica faecal samples from a rainforest - open forest ecotone in northeastern australia and analysed them for the presence of fungal spores. of the 20 samples collected, 12 contained spores of several types of hypogeous fungi, with the number of spore types per sample ranging from 1 - 7, with a mean of 5. twenty fungal spore types were recognised in total; seven of these could be attributed to hypogeous (‘truffle - like’) ectomycorrhizal genera, and most others had spore morphologies suggestive of a hypogeous habit. this is the first report of consumption of ectomycorrhizal hypogeous fungi by the genus thylogale, and as such, adds important new information on the role these forest - dwelling wallabies might play in dispersing hypogeous fungi across the dynamic interface between rainforest and open forest in eastern australia .\nlush subtropical rainforest, featuring large red cedar trees and strangler figs, thrives in the witches falls section. eucalypt forest and open forests of banksia trees grow in the poorer nutrient soils where conditions are generally drier. after heavy rain, seasonal lagoons at the witches falls section fill with water and spring to life .\nthe estrus cycle generally lasts 31 days and is followed by a gestation period of 28 to 30 days. when the young is born, the infant climbs into the pouch of the mother pademelon with its well - developed forelimbs, as is true of all marsupials. the infant stays in the pouch for 184 days .\nblumstein, d. t. , daniel, j. c. , schnell, m. r. , ardron, j. g. , evans, c. s. , 2002. antipredator behaviour of red - necked pademelons: a factor contributing to species survival? animal conservation 5, 325 - 331 .\nthe shape of the hind foot varies greatly between species depending upon the type of habitat in which they live. species that live in grassland areas, such as the grey kangaroo and red kangaroo, have a long, narrow hind foot. species that live in rocky habitats have a broader and generally shorter hind foot .\nas pademelons feed in the forest, they are equally spaced (30 - 50 m). the spacing and area of feeding is controlled by a dominant pademelon. when feeding on the edge of the forest and frightened, they use cleared paths that have been made to quickly make an escape into the forest for cover .\nthis pademelon is one of the smallest of the macropods, standing 40 - 55 cm when upright. their small, compact bodies make them well adapted to movement through the dense rainforest understorey. disguised by a thick grey / brown fur and creamy / pale underbelly, their name refers to the rusty colouration of the limbs, cheeks and tail .\nmy hunny and i are beginner bird watchers and we traveled to cairn' s to explore the beautiful wild life, exotic animals, and majestic birds, keeping a special eye out for parrots as we are' parrot people.' note: parrots are hard to track on a short time and several guides declined our request for a half day parrot tour. patrick, took the challenge and must have magical bird powers because we spotted double eye fig parrots, pale headed rosellas, red wing parrots and red tail black cocaktoos, along with a variety of finches and fairy wrens. patrick is amazing and is truly passionate on wildlife. i was left inspired on continuing birdwatching and preserving wildlife. thank you patrick !\nthe home range of pademelons is separated into two regions: the inner portion of the forest during the day and the forest edge during the night. their home range is between 10, 000 to 40, 000 square meters, with the diurnal range being larger than the nocturnal range. within the diurnal and nocturnal ranges, red - legged pademelons move slowly, but when traveling between the two regions, they moves swiftly. overall, they are more active in the forest during the early morning and late afternoon when searching for favored food items like dicots. the nocturnal region of their habitat is associated with more sedentary behavior and intensive grazing. while grazing at night, pademelons do not stray more than 70 meters from the forest edge. if frightened, they use the runways they have cleared to quickly move into the forest to take cover .\nduring the day, shy red - necked pademelons thylogale thetis use the dense rainforest to hide from predators while feeding on leaves and fruits from the forest floor. if disturbed, pademelons make a loud thumping noise with their hind feet, sending out a warning as they flee to safety. after dark, these cautious creatures venture to the more open forest edge to feed on grasses .\nto make the most of our time in the atherton tablelands, my husband and i hired patrick for both a nocturnal spotlighting trip and a half - day naturalist tour the next day. he picked us up at our hotel in yungaburra, having scoped out locations just before. walking though the forest at night with flashlights in three different locations, we spotted northern leaf - tailed gecko. sooty owl (heard + nest hollow), green ringtail. lemuroid ringtail possum, common brushtail possum, yellow - bellied glider herbert ringtail possum. , and red - legged pademelon. patrick was also able to light the trees for us to take some good photos. the next morning we searched unsuccessfully for the duck - billed platypus, but we found them at patrick' s recommended location later in the day. the amazing find on patrick' s tour was a lumholt tree kangaroo with a joey peering out of her pouch. we also saw spotted catbird, laughing kookaburra, the bower of the golden bowerbird, brush turkey, and other birds along the way. we were curious about a strange bat - like bird we saw, and patrick helped us identify it as a spectacled flying fox. our time with patrick was definitely one of the top highlights of our australian trip .\neven when leaving the mother’s pouch, a pademelon will return to suckle on some milk. here it only uses the teat it fed on during its time in care, allowing the mother to supply two different types of milk, the other more appropriate to the newborn. this is known as embryonic diapause, and allows for immediate replacement of an offspring in the advent of a juvenile’s death .\npademelons are active most of the day and night, resting during the afternoon. they forage for food by day in the forest and after dusk move to feeding sites on the forest edge. they have a peculiar habit of resting against a favourite rock or tree, head drooped, and tail between their legs. mostly solitary, this pademelon can feed in small pods and, if disturbed, it thumps the ground with hind feet to warn others .\nthe park has diverse wildlife including the tasmanian sub - species of eastern grey kangaroo and red - necked wallaby. other mammals include wombats, tasmanian devils, brush - tailed possums and echidnas. bird life is diverse with species from heath, shore and sea given the coastal location. there are large grassy areas from former livestock grazing that have remained open through the foraging of native herbivores. this makes for ideal viewing of macropods, especially around dawn and dusk .\nthe diet of the tasmanian pademelon is primarily short green grasses and broad - leafed herbs (forbs). it will browse on the seedlings of woody plants bringing it into conflict with forestry where tree seedlings are planted out near cover. the graze down grasses and reduce the growth of eucalypt seedlings but much of this damage is indirect through encouraging more insect damage. the effect is short - term and mainly during the first 15 weeks of planting out seedlings. damage also lessens the further from cover with less foraging activity as distance from the forest edge increases .\nwhile it is in the pouch, an infant' s sex is distinguishable even after 21 to 28 days. vibrissae appear 56 to 70 days after birth. the pinnae become erect after 105 to 126 days, and teat detachment occurs 91 to 126 days after birth. the hair becomes visible after 133 to 147 days, and the eyes open after 112 to 126 days. emergence from the pouch is measured by the condition of the feet of the pademelon, which become dirty once it leaves the pouch. emergence occurs between 133 to 182 days after birth .\nwith the newborn youngster relying on the pouch for up to 7 months, it is not a good strategy to give birth again so soon. instead, the new embryo or blastocyst is put on hold - the youngster suckling at a teat causes the blastocyst to remain in a state of suspended animation until the juvenile is ready to vacate the pouch. development then resumes and another pademelon is born a few weeks later. in this way, the mother has three dependants - a young at foot, a pouch baby, and a stalled embryo in her womb .\nat cedar creek section, tall, sun - drenched gum trees burst with vibrant flowers and brush box, iron barks, bloodwoods and forest red gums are well suited to the ancient and nutrient - poor soil. the fragrant, open eucalypt forest gives way to dry rainforest where fragile orchids and ferns decorate the forest floor. fertile soil washed downstream from the mountain top supports patches of dry rainforest growing along cedar creek. trees such as grey myrtle backhousia myrtifolia and smooth tuckeroo cupaniopsis serrata reach towards the sky and form a canopy, sheltering delicate rainforest plants in the understorey .\ncassunema exigua n. g. , n. sp. , monilonema lacunosa n. g. , n. sp. and foliostoma macropodis n. g. , n. sp. are described from the stomach of the redlegged pademelon, thylogale stigmatica gould, 1860 (marsupialia: macropodidae), from north queensland, australia. all three genera belong to the subfamily cloacininae stossich, 1899 and to the tribe macropostrongylinea lichtenfels, 1980. the genus cassunema is characterized by a poorly sclerotized buccal capsule with longitudinal ridges formed by the lining of the anterior part of the capsule. the genus monilonema is characterized by a leaf - crown like flange at the mouth opening, a bulbous cervical collar, and paired dorsal and ventral tubular structures running internally and posteriorly from the collar. the genus foliostoma is characterized by a leaf crown of tiny elements at the mouth opening, and oesophagus with short narrow anterior part, wide posterior part, bulb narrower than corpus and a heavily sclerotized ring between buccal capsule and oesophagus. a revised definition of the tribe macropostrongylinea is given together with a key to the genera. ac ] 19810101\nhome ranges are relatively large at 5 - 30 ha and include distinct daytime areas in the forest and smaller night - time areas on pasture at the forest edge. the pademelons stay in or close to cover at all times and rarely venture more than 100 m from the forest edge. they are hunted by dingoes and foxes. individuals are usually solitary in the forest but may aggregate in loose intermingling groups of 10 or more at night when in open habitat. group size increases with distance from the forest edge and thereby individual pademelons do not increase their vigilance. vigilance and foraging are negatively correlated and vigilance increases as a function of perceived risk; i. e. greater in small groups and longer distances from cover. alarmed individuals foot thump and groups scatter back into the forest. red - necked pademelons when presented with a synthetic dog urine spent time inspecting the site rather than avoiding it. this contrasted to parma wallabies that live within the forest and who avoided sites with the urine analogue. thus pademelons may assess risk by the decay in odours from potential predators on venturing into open habitat whereas parma wallabies avoid any risk and forage elsewhere in the forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *" ]

{ "text": [ "the red-legged pademelon ( thylogale stigmatica ) is a species of small macropod found on the northeastern coast of australia and in new guinea .", "in australia it has a scattered distribution from the tip of cape york peninsula in queensland to around tamworth in new south wales .", "in new guinea it is found in south central lowlands .", "the red-legged pademelon is usually solitary but may group together when feeding .", "it is found mostly in rainforests , where it is rarely seen , but it is not considered threatened .", "in new south wales , however , it is considered to be vulnerable .", "it feeds on fallen fruit , leaves and grasses .", "it weighs 2.5 to 7 kg and is 38 – 58 cm long with a 30 – 47 cm tail .", "there are four subspecies of the red-legged pademelon : t. s. stigmatica , found in the cairns region of queensland ; t. s. coxenii , found in cape york peninsula ; t. s. orimo , found in new guinea ; t. s. wilcoxi , found in southern queensland and new south wales ." ], "topic": [ 20, 1, 20, 8, 17, 5, 8, 0, 20 ] }

[ "the red-legged pademelon (thylogale stigmatica) is a species of small macropod found on the northeastern coast of australia and in new guinea. in australia it has a scattered distribution from the tip of cape york peninsula in queensland to around tamworth in new south wales. in new guinea it is found in south central lowlands. the red-legged pademelon is usually solitary but may group together when feeding. it is found mostly in rainforests, where it is rarely seen, but it is not considered threatened. in new south wales, however, it is considered to be vulnerable. it feeds on fallen fruit, leaves and grasses. it weighs 2.5 to 7 kg and is 38 – 58 cm long with a 30 – 47 cm tail. there are four subspecies of the red-legged pademelon: t. s. stigmatica, found in the cairns region of queensland; t. s. coxenii, found in cape york peninsula; t. s. orimo, found in new guinea; t. s. wilcoxi, found in southern queensland and new south wales." ]

[ "species harpago rugosus (sowerby ii, 1842) accepted as harpago chiragra rugosus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1842 )\nspecies harpago rugosa [ sic ] accepted as harpago chiragra rugosus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1842) (incorrect gender ending )\ncampograptus harpago (törnquist): loydell & maletz, 2009, lk. 290, joon .\ncampograptus harpago (törnquist): loydell et al. , 2003, lk. 210, joon. 5r\nharpago is often treated as subgenus of lambis. following kronenberg, 2008 it is treated here as separate genus .\nmonograptus lobiferus harpago (törnquist, 1899): bjerreskov, 1975, lk. 67, joon. 10: e\n' harpago chiragra'. hardy' s internet guide to marine gastropods. accessed on jan 27, 2013. url: urltoken\ncampograptus harpago (törnquist, 1899): chopey - jones et al. , 2003, lk. 83, joon. 1l, m\nmörch, 1852 cites\nharpago kl .\n, which is a reference to klein, 1753, a pre - linnean work. mörch defines harpago as being a subgenus of pterocera lamarck. he includes 3 species in this group: pterocera chiragra, pterocera arthritica and pterocera pseudoscorpio .\nwhat made you want to look up harpago? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nkirby, w. f. 1914. fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. orthoptera (acrididae) 23 > > scelimena harpago\nin general harpago chiragra and harpago rugosus do not occur in the same area here in queensland but both have been recorded from helix reef which is far offshore from townsville, so they could potentially occur together. i have also never come across a specimens that could not be readily identified as h. chiragra or h. rugosus. in general harpago chiragra occurs on the great barrier reef and harpago rugosus on the coral sea reefs but there are some isolated reefs which could have both together. they differ a bit in their behaviour and habitat as well. harpago chiragra usually occurs on the seaward margin in shallow water on the hard platform of reefs in the great barrier reef, conversely harpago rugosus appears to be a lagoon dwelling shell and is from somewhat deeper habitats. harpago chiragra is conchologically sexually dimorphic whereas h. rugosus is much less dimorphic and males and females can be hard to distinguish. together they are very interesting species as they both have quite a different capsize behaviour to other spider shells .\nharpago chiragra. (2012, september 29). in wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. retrieved 20: 17, january 28, 2013, from urltoken\na. meredith, 2013. the harpago complex: a collector' s guide; american conchologist, vol. 41 (4), p. 10 - 16\nserville. 1838 [ 1839 ]. histoire naturelle des insectes. orthoptères 763 > > tetrix harpago urn: lsid: orthoptera. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 70530\n' < i > harpago chiragra < / i >'. hardy' s internet guide to marine gastropods. accessed on jan 27, 2013. url: urltoken\ncampograptus lobiferus harpago törnquist, 1899: šorch, 1998, lk. 244, joon. 10: 1; 12: 6; text fig. 10: 7\nbolívar, i. 1887. ann. soc. entom. belgique 31: 216 > > scelimena harpago urn: lsid: orthoptera. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 70531\nbhalerao, naidu & paranjape. 1987. proc. indian acad. sci. (anim. sci .) 96 (3): 323 - 327 > > euscelimena harpago\nbouchet, p. (2012). harpago chiragra (linnaeus, 1758). accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2013 - 01 - 28 .\ngupta, s. k. & k. chandra. 2018. munis entomology & zoology 13 (1): 45 > > note: comparison with e. hardi > > euscelimena harpago\n< i > harpago chiragra < / i >. (2012, september 29). in wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. retrieved 20: 17, january 28, 2013, from urltoken\nbolívar, i. 1902 [ 1901 ]. ann. soc. ent. fr. 70: 581 > > scelhymena harpago urn: lsid: orthoptera. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 70532\nbouchet, p. (2012). < i > harpago chiragra < / i > (linnaeus, 1758). accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2013 - 01 - 28 .\ndescribed as the fang of a giant fossil snake, but shown by quenstedt [ in kuhn, 1939, fossilium catalogus, i, pars 86: 25 ] to be a finger - like process of harpago chiragra .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). harpago chiragra (linnaeus, 1758). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\n( of lambis (harpago) chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) zhang s. - p. [ suping ]. (2016). fauna sinica. invertebrata 56. mollusca: gastropoda: strombacea and naticacea. beijing: science press. 317 pp. , 10 pls. [ details ]\n( of pterocera (harpago) mörch, 1852) mörch o. a. l. (1852). catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d. alphonso d’aguirra & gadea, comes de yoldi 1, cephalophora. l. klein, hafniae [ copenhagen ], 170 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 60 [ details ]\n( of harpago chiragra chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) liverani v. (2014) the superfamily stromboidea. addenda and corrigenda. in: g. t. poppe, k. groh & c. renker (eds), a conchological iconography. pp. 1 - 54, pls 131 - 164. harxheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\nthe flowering season of harpago varies widely depending on where you are. harvesting for medicinal purposes concern the secondary roots, and these must be present in dried and fragmented irregular circular pieces. the suber has a reddish - brown, with longitudinal wrinkles. the british pharmacopoeia also requires that the root is presented without adulteration and other requirements in terms of form, color, uniformity and texture. being an inaccessible floor, gathering almost always performed by qualified personnel .\nthe harpago is a native plant from the kalahari desert and surrounding regions. the natives of the place it has always been used by his fiery anti - inflammatory properties. it is a herbaceous, perennial that grows crawling on the floor, with alternate leaves and solitary flowers serrated edge tubular, red, lying in the leaf axils. the fruit, in capsule form, has many thorns. its thick roots are looking at soil depth of this low humidity, and secondary roots have shaped tuber is the drug that we shall see .\nliverani v. (2014) the superfamily stromboidea. addenda and corrigenda. in: g. t. poppe, k. groh & c. renker (eds), a conchological iconography. pp. 1 - 54, pls 131 - 164. harxheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 29 april 2018, at 20: 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\npowder. the powdered drug in the form of fine powder, capsule or tablet may be administered at a rate of 3 - 4 g. day .\ninfusion. from 2 to 4 g. of the plant are added to a cup of boiling water can take up to three cups a day. it is best to do it in capsule form to avoid the bitter taste. when preparing the infusion can lose up to 25% of active - flavor besides that it is indeed disgusting .\nimportant: the use of information on medicinal plants, without the minimum knowledge in dosage and descriptions can cause problems or side effects. you should always talk to a doctor, pharmacist or qualified personnel before taking herbs or medicinal plants. take the texts and information such as single orientation for subsequent verification contrast and medical professionals. world topic assumes no liability in connection with the material on the web .\ncollaborate · recommend · contact · terms · privacy acreditación: © mundo tema medicinal plants (www. mtplantas. com )\n( of strombus chiragra linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pterocera kochii freyer, 1855) albano p. & de mattia w. (2010). rediscovery of the holotype of pterocera kochii freyer 1855 (gastropoda: strombidae). journal of conchology. 40 (2): 163 - 167. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of lambis chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of lambis chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) walls, j. g. (1980). conchs, tibias and harps. a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae. t. f. h. publications ltd, hong kong. [ details ]\n( of lambis chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pterocera chiragra (linnaeus, 1758) ) walls, j. g. (1980). conchs, tibias and harps. a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae. t. f. h. publications ltd, hong kong. [ details ]\ndekkers a. m. (2012) a new genus related to the genus lambis röding, 1798 (gastropoda: strombidae) from the indian ocean. gloria maris 51 (2 - 3): 68 - 74. [ 8 april 2012; title page erroneously dated 11 march ] [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n§. 252. ab uncis dicitur trocho. conus, labiosus, torosus, tympanosus, in sex murices acutos & aduncos fissus. ultimus ad mucronem longissimus; duo sequentes & fibi oppositi sunt recurvi, inflar cornu bovini; reliqui tres breviores, valde adunci. testa ab extra alba; maculis fuscis picta. pentadactylus, plinii. vpf - vinger - krab / bootshaak / duivelsklaauw / belg .\nbouchet, p. (2014). bothrodon pridii kerr, 1926. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 05 - 16\nklein, 1753; tentamen methodi ostracologicæ, sive dispositio naturalis cochlidum et concharum in suas classes, genera et species, iconibus singolorum generum aeri incisis illustrata: accedit lucubratiuncula de formatione, cremento et coloribus testarum quæ sunt cochlidum et concharum. tum commentariolum in... , apud g. j. wishoff, conr. fil. , 1753, pp. 237\nmörch, o. a. l. 1852. catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d. alphonso d' aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi. fasciculus primus. [ vi ] + 170 pp. hafniae. fulltext\northoptera species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nshell very thick, robust and heavy with a distinct anterior notch; lirate columella and aperture; flaring, thick outer lip and canals with six long and curved marginal digitations. females usually larger than males .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon; e. g body plan, shape and color of external features, typical postures. may be referred to as or include habit, defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment, particularly for plants. comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation. example: tree, shrubs, herbs. may also be referred to include anatomy .\nsummary of general nature of feeding interactions. for example, basic mode of nutrient uptake (autotrophy, heterotrophy, coprophagy, saprophagy), position in food network (top predator, primary producer, consumer), diet categorization (detritovore, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore). specific taxa are treated under associations (specifying predators or prey) and associatedtaxa .\nmarine: coral reefs, in littoral and sublittoral zones, in tidal pools and low tide levels to a depth of around 25 m .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nlisted in cites: no. listed in wildlife (protection) act: yes. schedule: 1 appendix: part iv (b) mollusca\nlegal regulations or statutes relating to the taxon - international, national or regional. this could include proposed or existing laws or a group of laws .\nlocally collected for human consumption. industrially used in lime production. also sold as decorative items .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans, at a direct economic level, as instruments of education, prospecting, eco - tourism, etc. it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others. in any event, the source must be explicitly quoted. can include ecosystem services. however, benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement (what happens when the organism is removed )\n' protected species of mollusca'. malacology division, zoological survey of india, kolkatta, west bengal, india. url: urltoken\non the molluscan fauna of lakshadweep included in various schedules of wildlife (protection) act of in ...\nout of the 24 species of marine molluscs included in schedule i and iv of the wildlife (protecti ...\nthis species is protected under schedule iv of wildlife protection act 1972 and not under schedule i part iv b .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nmonograptus knockensis? elles et wood, 1913: rickards, 1970, lk. 72, joon. 6: 6\nmonograptus lobiferus (mcoy, 1850): hutt, 1975, lk. 95, joon. 18: 1\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence." ]

{ "text": [ "harpago is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family strombidae , the true conchs .", "harpago ( ' grappling iron ' ) is also a term used in insect morphology for the distal end of a genital clasper . " ], "topic": [ 2, 23 ] }

[ "harpago is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family strombidae, the true conchs. harpago (' grappling iron') is also a term used in insect morphology for the distal end of a genital clasper." ]

[ "maggie whitson selected\nlethocerus americanus\nto show in overview on\nlethocerus americanus (leidy, 1847 )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\ngiant water bug\nas trusted on the\nlethocerus americanus\npage .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\ntoe biter\nto\nlethocerus americanus (leidy, 1847 )\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nelectric light bug\nto\nlethocerus americanus (leidy, 1847 )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\nlethocerus americanus (leidy, 1847 )\n.\ndubois rb, rackouski ml. 1992. seasonal drift of lethocerus americanus (hemiptera: belostomatidae) in a lake superior tributary. great lakes entomologist 25: 85 - 89 .\nan american giant water bug (lethocerus americanus) snuggles a leaf petiole. cute and cuddly? or vicious predator? creative commons the high fin sperm whale. click image for license and source .\nfigure 3. giant water bug eggs, lethocerus spp. photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\nfigure 4. giant water bug nymph, lethocerus spp. photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\n6. middle and hind legs not banded, or only faintly so; interocular space equal to width of an eye; costal margins feebly but conspicuously curved... .. lethocerus americanus (leidy) 6'. middle and hind legs distinctly banded (see figure 6, below); interocular space not over three - fourths width of an eye; costal margin almost straight (see figure 7, below) and subparallel... .. lethocerus uhleri (montandon )\nfigure 7. dorsal view of an adult lethocerus uhleri (montandon). photograph by p. m. choate, university of florida .\nfigure 1. dorsal view of an adult giant water bug, lethocerus sp. photograph by p. m. choate, university of florida .\n3. lethocerus americanus, giant water bug this is probably canada’s biggest insect (exclusive of wings). also known as toe - biters and alligator ticks, this aquatic insect can reach lengths rivaling some of the largest beetles in the world. they are aquatic and feed on other insects but also small fish, tadpoles and there is record of one eating a small snake .\nabedus immaculatus (say) - florida, georgia, and mississippi; belostoma flumineum say - quebec and new england, west to manitoba and colorado, southwest to florida, louisiana, and arizona; belostoma lutarium (stål) - massachusetts southwest to louisiana and texas; kansas; belstoma testaceum (leidy) - new york west to michigan and southwest to florida and texas; lethocerus griseus (say) - massachusetts west to michigan; south to florida and texas; mexico to guatemala, west indies; lethocerus uhleri (montandon) - massachusetts, west to ontario, south to texas; mexico; lethocerus annulipes (herrich - schaeffer) - florida? south america, west indies; reported from palm beach, florida. lethocerus americanus (leidy) - newfoundland, maine to british columbia, south to utah and nevada, mexico, florida ?\nthe habitat of giant water bugs in manitoba includes ponds, marshes, lakes and slow moving rivers and streams. lethocerus americanus is widely distributed in north america, but as with many creatures, its exact range in this province isn' t known. they are certainly found throughout most of the southern half of the province. if you northern manitobans have any information on the subject, please let us know .\nichikawa n. 1988. male brooding behavior of the giant water bug lethocerus deyrollei vuillefroy (hemiptera: belostomatidae). journal of ethology 6: 121 - 128 .\nichikawa n. 1995. male counterstrategy against infanticide of the female giant water bug lethocerus deyrollei (hemiptera: belostomatidae). journal of insect behavior 8: 181 - 188 .\nfigure 6. ventral view of an adult lethocerus uhleri (montandon). (note banded middle and hind legs). photograph by p. m. choate, university of florida .\nfigure 2. ventral view of the head of an adult lethocerus sp. , a giant water bug. showing the beak. photograph by p. m. choate, university of florida .\n5. anterior femur with deep narrow groove for reception of the tibia... .. 6 5'. anterior femur not grooved for reception of tibia... .. lethocerus (benacus) griseus (say )\nsmith rl, larsen e. 1993. egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bug lethocerus medius (guerin) in the field (heteroptera: belostomatidae). journal of insect behavior 6: 93 - 106 .\n... few studies have examined macroinvertebrate drift throughout the year, drift densities of all other taxa were invariably lowest during winter in northerly regions of the temperate zone (waters 1969, stoneburner and smock 1979). life history information for l. americanus is sketchy and no information is available on sex ratios or sexual dimorphism. hoffman (1924), hungerford (1919, 1925), and rankin (1935) described various aspects of their biology and life history, and hilsenhoff (1984) reported that in wisconsin, l. americanus over - winter in deep lentic habitats or fly from summer breeding ponds to overwinter in streams. our study extends current knowledge about this insect by describing sex ...\nthe giant water bug that had the good fortune to be rescued by me, rather than being left to get run over on the road turned out to be a specimen of lethocerus americanus. this is probably the most common species of giant water bug found in manitoba, although information about them is spotty. i wasn' t able to track down exactly how many species we have, but there' s likely at least two. giant water bugs belong to the family: belostomatidae and fall within the order: hemiptera (the bugs), of the class: insecta (insects). there are perhaps 150 species of giant water bugs worldwide with the largest being up to 150 mm long (6 inches) !\nmales of the giant water bug lethocerus medius (guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily belostomatinae. exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. lethocerus medius males apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. this behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. male l. medius brood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. egg attendance / brooding by l. medius and other lethocerus species may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back - brooding evolved in the belostomatinae .\ngiant water bugs breathe underwater by taking their air supply with them: like many other aquatic insects, many belostomatids breathe underwater from air bubbles they trap on their body. lethocerus has a small space under its wings where it can trap air and breathe air through its spiracles. it' s the insect equivalent of a scuba system .\nin some areas belostomatids are considered a delicacy, and can be found for sale in markets. this is mainly in southeast asia involving the species lethocerus indicus. they are often collected for this purpose using large floating traps on ponds, set with black lights to attract the bugs. adults fly at night, like many aquatic insects, and are attracted to lights during the breeding season .\nthis species, lethocerus patruelis, is europe' s largest true bug and largest water insect. a recent paper in zookeys (whose authors filmed the video above) documented the northern advance of l. patruelis in bulgaria, which the authors interpret as the likely result of climate change. they also found that the giant water bug possesses an unusual (for a true bug) form of sexual cell division .\nthe greatest diversity of species occurs in the americas. it includes the largest true bugs with species reaching a length of over 11 centimetres (4. 3 in). lethocerus sp. are distinguished from other genera in the lethocerinae (benacus and kirkaldyia) by two symmetrical furrows in the inner pad of setae on the fore femur, the external borders of parasternites ii and iii narrowed and nearly straight, and with the setae of the tarsomeres following the line of the tibial setae .\neggs of lethocerus are deposited above water on vegetation and other objects. eggs of abedus and belostoma are glued onto males' backs by females. egg carrying by males is a unique feature in these two genera. curiously, kraus (1985) reported that in the absence of sufficient size males, eggs will also be laid on backs of females. eggs hatch in one to two weeks, with total development time ranging from one to two months. adults may overwinter in the mud .\n... the belostomatids are predacious water bugs and contain 136 species belonging to seven genera (smith 1997). they are general predators, attacking moving small creatures, including invertebrates, þsh, and amphibians (hoffman 1924, rankin 1935, cullen 1969, tawþc 1969, hirai and hidaka 2002). the genus lethocerus (belostomatidae) is cosmopolitan and its species live in freshwater habitats, including ponds, lakes, and rivers (cullen 1969, menke 1979, dubois and rackouski 1992)... .\nbelostomatids show paternal care and these aspects have been studied extensively, among others involving the north american belostoma flumineum and the east asian lethocerus (kirkaldyia) deyrollei. in species of the subfamily belostomatinae, the eggs are typically laid on the male' s wings and carried until they hatch. the male cannot mate during this period. the males invest considerable time and energy in reproduction and females take the role of actively finding males to mate. this role reversal matches the predictions of r. l. trivers' parental investment theory. in the subfamily lethocerinae, the eggs are laid on emergent vegetation and guarded by the male .\nthough fierce predators, this group of insects has a surprisingly sensitive side. electric light bugs practice an unusual form of parenting for the animal world: daddy day care. in most belostomatids, the female deposits eggs on the male' s back. he duly trundles around with them, keeping them moist and clean and safe from predators. in the true giant water bugs (lethocerus), like the guy we saw above, the female merely deposits them on a plant just above the water' s surface. there, the male guards and keeps them moist until they hatch, and may even remain aloft on his stem or grass blade to prevent nymphicide by a desperate female looking for a mate. once they hatch, the little nymphs are on their own .\n... although the giant water bug, lethocerus deyrollei, one of the top predators in the system, was also common in most regions of central japan, it is now listed as a vulnerable species (japan environmental agency 2000). there are many studies on the life cycle (ichikawa 1993a; numata and hashizume 1997; hidaka 2000) and behavior (e. g. hoffman 1924; hungerford 1925; cullen 1969; menke 1979; ichikawa 1988ichikawa, 1989ichikawa, 1990ichikawa, 1991aichikawa, 1991bichikawa, 1993bichikawa, 1995smith and larsen 1993; hirai and hidaka 2002) of this species and congeneric species in the field and laboratory. to conserve l. deyrollei and its habitats in rice cultivation areas, it was necessary that the population dynamics should be studied in the field in detail... .\nthe heteropteran family belostomatidae contains the giant water bugs. these large, predatory, aquatic insects have the largest body size among the heteroptera. adults of some south american species reach 4 inches in length. individuals occur in ponds and ditches where they suspend below the surface, respiring through two abdominal appendages which act as siphons. during mating season they fly from pond to pond or pool of water. it is during these flights that these insects fly to lights in large numbers, earning their other common name ,\nelectric light bugs\n. individuals are capable of inflicting a painful bite with their strong beak, and may also pinch with their front legs. individuals prey on aquatic insects, small fish, frogs, tadpoles, small birds, and other organisms they are able to capture. powerful enzymes are injected into prey to kill them. adults of lethocerus are considered a delicacy in asia, and are eaten both fresh and cooked .\nthis page is designed to be viewed by a browser which supports netscape' s frames extension. this text will be shown by browsers which do not support the frames extension .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na knock at the side door was an all too welcome excuse to push back from the keyboard in my basement office. from the foot of the stairs, i could see who it was through the aluminum door .\nhi, rita ,\ni said. it was a neighbour from across the street .\nhi, doug ,\nshe answered .\nthere' s this huge insect, like a giant cockroach on the road. i thought you might want to see it .\n( that, of course, was something that rita already new. as the\ncritter guy\nin the neighbourhood, she knew i' d want to investigate anything! )\nyou bet ,\ni said .\nis it still alive ?\ni asked as we headed down the sidewalk towards the front street .\nyeah, it was crawling around ,\nshe replied .\nit' s really big .\nshe pointed to the spot where she' d seen it, but the motion on the asphalt had already caught my eye. and my initial suspicions were confirmed .\noh, cool, it' s a giant water bug !\ni exclaimed as i broke into a trot, then stooped down and grabbed the creature before it could fly away or get run over. i held it up for rita to see .\nit' s a nice big one. wow, that' s got to be over 5 cm long .\nshe came a little closer for a better look .\nthey get their other common name :\ntoe - biter\n, as they have been know to deliver a painful bite to the odd lower appendage being dangled off a dock .\nooh, weird... oh, i think i' ve seen those before ,\nshe said. and she probably had. giant water bugs are quite common and it' s not out of the ordinary for one to be crawling around on dry land. i explained to her that although this was an aquatic insect, it had wings and was a powerful flyer. they are frequently attracted to lights at night, hence another one of their common names :\nelectric light bug\n. in so doing they often become disoriented and it' s not uncommon to find them in cities along roads or parking lots, having been drawn to street lights. over the years, i' ve found many a giant water bug crawling along a stretch of concrete, or schmooshed on it. and i' ve only ever come across one live one in a pond .\nso what are you going to do with it ?\nshe asked .\nturn it into a summer issue bug feature on naturenorth !\ni replied. and here it is .\nadult giant water bugs are most often encountered by people when they are out of their natural element, the water. adults often fly around, perhaps searching for other water bodies to colonize or for mates. they fly mainly at night and it' s thought that they use light sources (before humans this was the moon or stars) as beacons to orient their flight. with the advent of electric lights, giant water bugs, and a lot of other insects, (moths for example) faced a hitherto unknown situation, light sources that were not at a fixed point in the sky. these light sources were close enough that they appear to move as the insect flies, unlike the distant moon or stars. the net result of trying to navigate using a point of light that you think should stay fixed, but which in fact isn' t, tends to be flight that spirals in toward the light. water bugs and other insects may not be\nattracted\nto lights as much as they are disoriented by them and once too near the light can' t find any other beacon to navigate by. in the end they become exhausted from aimlessly flying around the light and end up lying on the ground below street lights on roads or parking lots .\nin late spring or early summer the adult bugs mate and the female glues her eggs on the stems of emergent vegetation or other structures just above the water' s surface. the male remains nearby to protect them and to keep them moist by periodically crawling out of the water and over top of the eggs. the young are called nymphs and hatch in about 2 weeks. the nymphs resemble the adults and go through 5 developmental stages, shedding their skin to move from one stage to the next. this is known as\nsimple\nmetamorphosis. in the\ncomplete\nmetamorphosis of butterflies and other insects, larvae don' t resemble the adults and there is a resting or pupal stage prior to emergence of the fully formed adult. adult water bugs overwinter in water bodies. (i wasn' t able to find out when the last moult from nymph to adult occurs in manitoba. does anybody out there know? if so, please drop us a line. )\nas larvae, giant water bugs obtain oxygen through their cuticle (skin), but the adults must breath air directly. they do this, and remain under water, by means of a snorkel - like appendage at the base of their abdomens. this tube allows for the exchange of air from the atmosphere to a bubble of air trapped under the wings. air enters the insect' s body through holes, called spiracles, in the abdomen .\ngiant water bugs, and their nymphs, are fierce predators feeding on small fish, tadpoles, salamanders, even small frogs. they usually hunt by lying - in - ambush clutching a submerged plant or rock with only their breathing tube sticking above the surface. any passing motion can trigger a rapid\nlunge and grab\nwith the hook - tipped front legs. (my captive bug would even lunge and grab the net or anything else i stuck into the aquarium. i had been warned not to stick my fingers in front of its face and i willingly complied .) if prey is successfully grasped it is quickly dispatched with a pierce from the bug' s needle - like rostrum (fused mouth parts) and an injection of toxic enzymes. these enzymes poison the prey and begin to digest it at the same time. once the enzymes have completed their job the bug again uses its rostrum, but this time sucks out the pre - digested soup that was its prey, leaving a limp bag of skin. if this critter sounds like some kind of mini - monster, don' t despair. in the orient, giant water bugs are renowned as a great delicacy, so, as always, critters seem to have more to fear from us than we from them .\nthe bug' s hunting technique is not limited to lying in wait. it will actively swim after prey that is a ways off or that it has missed on its first lunge. the hind legs are paddle - shaped and equipped with long hairs that fan out as the leg is stroked to increase its effective surface area. giant water bugs can swim, or scull, through the water rapidly in search of prey or to evade becoming prey themselves .\nif you are lucky enough to find a live giant water bug, they are easy to maintain in captivity. all you need is a small aquarium and some form of live food to offer. motion triggers their attack so they will only eat live, moving or wriggling prey. set up the aquarium with a\nbubbler\nto keep the water oxygenated. place some sticks or other structures into the aquarium for the bug to hold onto, while it\nlies - in - wait for prey\n. and make sure you have a lid on the aquarium; remember, these guys can fly !\nyou can feed it tadpoles, small fish or worms, about once every 4 or 5 days if the food items are quite large, compared to the bug. if the food items are small then feed it more often. watch carefully when you add the\nprey\nas it may be caught and paralyzed almost instantly. if you don' t have any live food available you could still keep the bug for several days, but then release it back into a pond or creek. a few days in captivity won' t harm it. and its probably better off to have been rescued by you than to have laid around on the road where you found it !\nyou can help naturenorth produce more great articles with a secure donation through paypal. our google adsense ads pay our server costs, but that' s about it. to learn more follow this link: support naturenorth. thank - you !\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nduring spring and early summer, eggs are laid near or in water attached to aquatic plants, stones, leaves or rotting branches. the eggs are brownish - gray, 4 - 5 mm long, laid in rows. usually 100 are found in each group, hatching in about 2 weeks. the nymphs look similar to adults but lack wings and are much smaller; they molt 5 times .\ntaxonomic revision of the subfamily lethocerinae lauck & menke (heteroptera: belostomatidae) perez - goodwyn p. j. 2006. stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, serie a (biologie) 695: 1–71 .\ncontributed by robin mcleod on 26 march, 2005 - 11: 21pm additional contributions by chuck entz, mike quinn, ben coulter, ron m. , v belov last updated 19 march, 2018 - 6: 17pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors. range and date information may be incomplete, overinclusive, or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted. log in to make states, months and boxes clickable .\ndetailing the physical features, habits, territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the giant water bug .\nthe mammoth giant water bug looks fierce for good reason. the amphibious insect can bite and pinch prey and anything that threatens it .\nthis is a large insect species with equally large and very noticeable foreleg pincers. they are used to catch underwater prey like small fish, frogs and sometimes snakes. its body is mostly flat and oval shaped with dark brown ,\ndead leaf\ncoloring. the giant water bug is known to play dead in order to escape predators. it is also able to deliver a painful bite when disturbed or threatened by people (it carries the the nickname of\ntoe - biter\n). unsuspecting swimmers may get a toe pinched by one if they step too closely. they make their homes at the bottom of muddy waters or surrounding vegetation. they are drawn to light sources at night and, therefore, often find themselves in or around backyard pools. females may aggressively defend their eggs, which they lay at the edge of waterlines. their hairy legs help them swim though they can often be found in mud, or hiding at the bottom of ponds .\nan insect' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas, regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors (such as climate change), available food supplies and mating patterns. grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory. u. s. states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nthe map below showcases (in red) the states and territories of north america where the giant water bug may be found (but is not limited to). this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species' given lifespan. some species are naturally confined by environment, weather, mating habits, food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most, or all, of north america .\nsite disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken • content ©2005 - urltoken • all rights reserved • site contact email: insectidentification at gmail. com. the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws. written content, illustrations and photography is unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse in any form. material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice (regarding bites, etc ...). please consult licensed, degreed professionals for such information. by submitting images to us (urltoken) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to\nuser - submitted content\n. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .\nin the creeks and ponds of the world — including america — lives an insect that can reach four inches long and bears a pair of giant pincers and a beak for injective digestive enzymes into its victim .\nin the creeks and ponds of the world - - including america - - lives an insect that can reach four inches long and bears a pair of giant pincers and a beak for injective digestive enzymes into its victim. it goes by the name giant water bug. this is what it does for a living .\nwhat you just saw was the ambush hunting strategy of giant water bugs. once they seize their prey, they inject their poisonous digestive juices, wait a few minutes, and then suck up the resulting slurry. they don' t just grab small fish and crustaceans; they' ve also been caught nabbing snakes, baby turtles, and the occasional human toe (it reportedly hurts like hell). they are crafty, and have even been known to play dead when startled by a much larger predator like a human. they ooze fluid from their anus to enhance the effect, but this is only a feint; they may then suddenly come to life and sting. their overall hunting and feeding strategy is one put to good use elsewhere by most of the spiders of the world. but of course, the giant water bug does all this underwater. it doesn' t have gills - - so how does it breathe while patiently waiting for prey to blunder along ?\nthe giant water bugs are the largest true bugs - - formally called hemipterans - - in the world. the true bugs can often be recognized by their characteristic proboscis or\nrostrum\n, which they usually use for piercing and sucking. it' s a trait put to good use on plants, to the chagrin of the farmers of the world, and, probably, said plants. others, like the water bug, target animals. the family within the true bugs to which giant water bugs belong, the belostomatidae, also goes by\ntoe - biters\nor electric light bugs (elb). they get this name not for their fusion of beatles - esque pop, classical sounds, and sci - fi album covers, but for the fact you can catch them at night with lights .\nwhich brings us back to their underwater hunting and diving abilities. how does an air - breathing insect stay submerged so long? insects don' t have lungs in the sense that vertebrates do. instead, they breathe through tiny pores called spiracles spread over their body; the spiracles open onto a series of finely divided tunnels called tracheae that deliver oxygen directly to all the tissues of the body. this differs a great deal from our system, where air is delivered only to the lungs, which supply oxygen to the blood. our circulatory system then distributes oxygen to all the tissues of the body .\ni' ll leave you with this quiet roundup of hunting giant water bugs. at: 14, you can see the proboscis injecting its destructive payload. if you look carefully, you can see a thin filament extending into the dragonfly larva' s translucent body. at: 18 is the rather macabre sight of the dragonfly nymph starting to bleed from its head. then, if you look very carefully at the back of the water bug' s body at around 1: 42 - 3, i think you can catch a glimpse of the air tank under the water bug' s wings. finally, at 2: 06, you get a zapruder film - like frame - by - frame of the action. enjoy .\nthe views expressed are those of the author (s) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\njennifer frazer is a aaas science journalism award - winning science writer. she has degrees in biology, plant pathology / mycology, and science writing, and has spent many happy hours studying life in situ .\ndiscover world - changing science. explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at urltoken). scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, ser. a (biologie), no. 695\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n. the largest species have also been found to capture and feed on baby turtles and water snakes .\nthey often lie motionless at the bottom of a body of water, attached to various objects, where they wait for prey to come near. they then strike, injecting a powerful digestive\n, and sucking out the liquefied remains. their bite is considered one of the most painful that can be inflicted by any insect; however, though excruciatingly painful, it is of no medical significance. adults cannot breathe under water, and must surface periodically for air .\noccasionally when encountered by a larger predator, such as a human, they have been known to\nplay dead\nand emit a fluid from their anus .\ndue to this they are assumed dead by humans only to later\ncome alive\nwith painful results .\nbbc nature - giant water bug photographed devouring baby turtle\n. bbc nature .\np. j. perez - goodwyn (2006) .\ntaxonomic revision of the subfamily lethocerinae lauck & menke (heteroptera: belostomatidae )\n. stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, serie a (biologie) 695: 1–71 .\nd. r. lauck (1962) .\na monograph of the genus belostoma (hemiptera), part i. introduction and b. dentatum and subspinosum groups\n. bulletin of the chicago academy of sciences 11 (3): 34–81 .\nd. r. lauck (1963) .\na monograph of the genus belostoma (hemiptera), part ii. b. aurivillianum, testaceopallidium, dilatatum, and discretum groups\n. bulletin of the chicago academy of sciences 11 (4): 82–101 .\nd. r. lauck (1964) .\na monograph of the genus belostoma (hemiptera, part iii. b. triangulum, bergi, minor, bifoveolatum, and flumineum groups\n. bulletin of the chicago academy of sciences 11 (5): 102–154 .\na. s. menke (1960) .\na taxonomic study of the genus abedus stål (hemiptera, belostomatidae )\n. university of california publications in entomology 16 (8): 393–440 .\nr. l. smith (1974) .\nlife history of abedus herberti in central arizona\n( pdf). psyche 81 (2): 272–283. doi: 10. 1155 / 1974 / 83959 .\nr. t. schuh & j. a. slater (1995) .\ntrue bugs of the world (hemiptera: heteroptera): classification and natural history\n. cornell university press .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nseven genera and approximately 60 species occur worldwide, with three genera and approximately 20 species found in north america. the following three genera containing eight species of belostomatidae are known to occur in florida (henry and froeschner 1988) :\n1. metasternum with a strong midventral keel, membrane of front wing reduced... .. abedus immaculatus (say) 1'. metasternum without midventral keel, membrane of front wing not reduced... .. 2\n2. basal segment of beak longer than the second, less than 30 mm long (see figure 5, below)... .. 3 2'. basal segment of beak shorter than second, 35 mm or longer... .. 5\nfigure 5. dorsal view of an adult abedus lutarium (stål). photograph by p. m. choate, university of florida .\n3. length 20 mm or greater in length; color dark; head variable; tylus variable... .. 4 3'. length less than 20 mm; tylus not prominent; color pale brown or testaceous; head only slightly longer than front lobe of pronotum... .. belostoma testaceum (leidy )\n4. head slightly longer than frontal lobe of pronotum; tylus less convex, not prominent; claval commissure distinctly shorter than scutellum; form narrow, less tapering behind middle of hemelytra... .. belostoma flumineum say 4'. head as long as middle of pronotum; tylus more convex, very prominent; claval commissure equal to or longer than scutellum; form broadly oval, strongly tapering behind middle of hemelytra... .. belostoma lutarium (stål )\nblatchley ws. 1926. heteroptera of eastern north america with especial reference to the faunas of indiana and florida. nature publishing company, indianapolis, indiana. 1116 p .\nbobb ml. 1974. the insects of virginia: no. 7. the aquatic and semi - aquatic hemiptera of virginia. research division bulletin 87. virginia polytechnic institute and state university, blacksburg, virginia. 196 p .\nflosi jw, hart er. 1987. endocuticular growth rings as an indicator of age structure in belostoma flumineum say (hemiptera: belostomatidae). iowa state journal of research 62: 189 - 198 .\nhenry tj, froeschner rc (eds .). 1988. catalog of the heteroptera, or true bugs, of canada and the continental united states. e. j. brill, new york. 958 p .\nhungerford hb. 1920. the biology and ecology of aquatic and semiaquatic hemiptera. kansas university science bulletin xi: 1 - 256 .\nhussey rf, herring jl. 1950a. a remarkable new belostomatidae (hemiptera) from florida and georgia. florida entomologist 33: 84 - 89 .\nhussey rf, herring jl. 1950b. rediscovery of a belostomatidae named by thomas say (hemiptera). florida entomologist 33: 154 - 156 .\nichikawa n. 1989. breeding strategy of the male brooding water bug, diplonychus major esaki (heteroptera: belostomatidae): is male back space limiting? journal of ethology 7: 133 - 140 .\nkeffer sl, mcpherson je. 1988. descriptions of nymphal instars of abedus breviceps (hemiptera: belostomatidae). great lakes entomologist 21: 169 - 174 .\nkehr ai, schnack ja. 1991. predator - prey relationship between giant water bugs (belostoma oxyurum) and larval anurans (bufo arenarum). alytes 9: 61 - 69 .\nkight sl, sprague j, kruse kc, johnson l. 1995. are egg - bearing male water bugs belostoma flumineum say (hemiptera: belostomatidae), impaired swimmers? journal of the kansas entomological society 68: 468 - 470 .\nkraus b. 1985. oviposition on the backs of female giant water bugs, abedus indentatus: the consequences of a shortage in male back space? (hemiptera: belostomatidae) pan - pacific entomologist 61: 54 - 57 .\nkraus wf. 1989. surface wave communication during courtship in the giant water bug, abedus indentatus (heteroptera: belostomatidae). journal of the kansas entomological society 62: 316 - 328 .\nkraus wf, gonzales mj, vehrencamp sl. 1989. egg development and an evaluation of some of the costs and benefits for paternal care in the belostomatidae, abedus indentatus (heteroptera: belostomatidae). journal of the kansas entomological society 62: 548 - 562 .\nkruse kc, leffler tr. 1984. females of the giant water bug, belostoma flumineum (hemiptera: heteroptera: belostomatidae), captured carrying eggs. annals of the entomological society of america 77: 20 .\nlauck dr, menke as. 1961. the higher classification of the belostomatidae (hemiptera). annals of the entomological society of america 54: 644 - 657 .\nleidy j. 1847. history and anatomy of the hemipterous genus belostoma. journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia (2) i: 57 - 57 .\nmcpherson je, packauskas rj. 1986. life history and laboratory rearing of belostoma lutarium (heteroptera: belostomatidae) with descriptions of immature stages. journal of the new york entomological society 94: 154 - 162 .\nmenke as. 1960. a taxonomic study of the genus abedus stal (hemiptera: belostomatidae). univ. california publications entomology 16: 393 - 439 .\nneedham jg. 1907. the eggs of benacus and their hatching. entomological news 18: 113 - 116. pennak, r. w. 1953. fresh - water invertebrates of the united states. ronald press company, new york. 769p .\nsmith rl. 1979. paternity assurance and altered roles in the mating behavior of a giant water bug, abedus herberti (heteroptera: belostomatidae). animal behaviour 27: 716 - 725 .\nsmith rl, horton c. 1998. fish predation on giant water bug (heteroptera: belostomatidae) eggs in an arizona stream. great basin naturalist. 58: 292 - 293 .\nvenkatesan p, d' sylva t. 1990. influence of prey size on choice by the water bug, diplonychus indicus venk. and rao (hemiptera: belostomatidae). journal of entomological research 14: 130 - 138 .\nvenkatesan p. 1983. male brooding behavior of diplonychus indicus (hemiptera: heteroptera: belostomatidae). journal of the kansas entomological society 56: 80 - 87 .\nwilcox rs. 1995. ripple communication in aquatic and semiaquatic insects. ecoscience 2: 109 - 115 .\npublication date: july 2003. latest revision: october 2003. reviewed: may 2016 .\nbragg, a. n. (1955). in quest of the spadefoots .\nevolutionary trends in heteroptera, part i. eggs, architecture of the shell, gross embryology and eclosion\ncullen, m. j. (1969). the biology of the giant water bugs (hemiptera: belostomatidae) in trinidad .\nde carlo, j. m. (1962). consideraciones sobre la biologia de\nheyer, r. w. , and belin, m. s. (1973). ecological notes on five sympatric\nheyer, r. w. , mcdiarmid, r. w. , and weigmann, d. l. (1975). tadpoles, predation, and pond habits in the tropics .\nhungerford, h. b. (1925). notes on the giant water bugs .\njawale, s. m. , and ranade, d. r. (1988). observations on the parental care in\nkraus, w. f. , gonzales, m. j. , and vehrencamp, s. l. (1989). egg development and an evaluation of some of the costs and benefits of paternal care in the belostomatid\nlauck, d. r. , and menke, a. s. (1961). the higher classification of the belostomatidae (hemiptera) .\nmaynard smith, j. (1977). parental investment: a prospective analysis .\nmenke, a. s. (1979a). introduction. in menke, a. s. (ed .) ,\n, bulletin california insect survey, vol. 21, university of california press, berkeley, pp. 1–15 .\nmenke, a. s. (1979b). family belostomatidae—giant water bugs, electric light bugs, toe biters. in menke, a. s. (ed .) ,\n, bull. calif. insect surv. , vol. 21, university of california press, berkeley .\nscaphiopus multiplicatus, ph. d. thesis, university of california, riverside .\npopov, y. a. (1971). historical development of the hemipterous infraorder nepomorpha .\n), ph. d. , dissertation, arizona state university, tempe .\nsmith, r. l. (1979b). repeated copulation and sperm precedence: paternity assurance for a male brooding water bug .\nsmith, r. l. (1980). evolution of exclusive postcopulatory paternal care in the insects .\nsokal, r. r. , and rohlf, f. j. (1981) .\ntorre bueno, j. r. de la (1906). life histories of north american water bugs. i. life history of\ntrivers, r. l. (1972). parental investment and sexual selection. in. campbell, b. g. (ed. )\nmayr (belostomatidae, hemiptera) als beitrag zur kenntnis von natürlichen feinden tropischer süsswasserschnecken .\nwittenberger, j. f. (1979). the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals in marler, p. , and vandenbergh, j. (eds .) ,\n, plenum press, new york, vol. 3, pp. 271–349 .\nxia, x. (1992). uncertainty of paternity can select against paternal care .\nzeh, d. w. , and smith, r. l. (1985). paternal investment by terrestrial arthropods .\nsmith, r. l. & larsen, e. j insect behav (1993) 6: 93. urltoken\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\nunlike giant water bugs in the subfamily belostomatinae, females do not lay the eggs on the backs of males. instead, after copulation (often multiple sessions) the eggs are laid on emergent vegetation (rarely on man - made structures) high enough above the waterline that the eggs will not be permanently submerged. the male will then guard the eggs from predators and periodically bring water to the eggs to prevent their desiccation. adults breathe air through a snorkel - like breathing tube at the tip of the abdomen and tend to float at the surface or hide in shallow areas within reach of the surface. like most predatory bugs, these have a very painful bite. if you' re wading or swimming in their habitat, closed - toe footwear is a good idea just in case you step on one .\nbody elongate; front legs raptorial, twice as thick as other legs, usually held in front of head, and used for grasping prey; middle and hind legs point toward rear and are used for swimming; forewings brown, leathery, held flat against abdomen. forewings cover all of abdomen except for two tube - like appendages at posterior end that function in breathing atmospheric air which is then stored in a bubble beneath the wings while swimming underwater. they are the largest in the order hemiptera .\nponds and shallow margins of lakes containing submerged or emergent vegetation. adults are attracted to light and are sometimes found on the ground under streetlights. during the breeding season, when the adults fly around looking for mates and for places to breed, they often get disoriented by electric lights and end up circling them in large numbers. this can lead to mass invasions of artificially lit outdoor spaces near water .\nany animal small enough to grab with their front legs: aquatic arthropods, snails, small fish, tadpoles, frogs, small birds. once they have a hold on their prey, they inject enzymes with their strong beaks that kill the prey and start the digestion process. once the insides are broken down, they suck the liquid out with their beaks .\nduring spring and early summer, eggs are laid near or in water attached to aquatic plants, stones, leaves or rotting branches. the eggs are brownish - gray, 4 - 5 mm long, laid in rows. usually 100 are found in each group, hatching in about 2 weeks. the nymphs look very similar to adults but lack wings and are much smaller; they molt 5 times before becoming adults. overwinters as an adult in mud at bottom of pond or lake margin .\nthe giant water bug is one of the largest insects in alberta, reaching 50 mm in length. because it often turns up under street lights and porch lights, it is also one of the most asked about insects in alberta. it is commonly mistaken for a beetle or even a cockroach, but is a true bug. alternate names include toe biter because they can deliver a nasty bite, and electric light bug because they are attracted to lights .\nlike all true bugs, the giant water bug has piercing, sucking mouth parts, the short, pointed beak on the underside of the head. the other distinguishing characteristic is the fact that the wings overlap at the hind end of the abdomen, forming an x like pattern. other than that, the sheer size of the insect and the unusual shape of the front legs help identify it .\nthe giant water bug is found throughout the whole province wherever there is standing or gently running water .\ngiant water bugs are active all year, but are most commonly seen in the late summer and early fall. at this time of year the adults are leaving the shallow ponds at night to look for deeper bodies of water where they can remain active throughout the winter under the ice. while thus searching, they are often attracted to lights such as porch lights, where people find them the following morning." ]

{ "text": [ "lethocerus americanus is a giant water bug in the family belostomatidae , native to southern canada and the united states ( north of 35 ° n ; other lethocerus species are found southwards ) .", "it typically has a length around 5 – 6 cm ( 2.0 – 2.4 in ) .", "it was originally classified as a species in genus belostoma . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 26 ] }

[ "lethocerus americanus is a giant water bug in the family belostomatidae, native to southern canada and the united states (north of 35 ° n; other lethocerus species are found southwards). it typically has a length around 5 – 6 cm (2.0 – 2.4 in). it was originally classified as a species in genus belostoma." ]

[ "like the other golden moles, stuhlmann' s golden mole eats mainly soil invertebrates including worms, grubs, and beetles .\nstuhlmann' s golden mole - chrysochloris stuhlmanni stuhlmann' s golden mole is found in cameroon, the democratic republic of the congo, kenya, rwanda, tanzania, and uganda. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ngunning' s golden mole - neamblysomus gunningi gunning' s golden mole is found in south africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\njuliana' s golden mole - neamblysomus julianae juliana' s golden mole is found in south africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ngrant' s golden mole - eremitalpa granti grant' s golden mole is found in namibia and south africa. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nsclater' s golden mole - chlorotalpa sclateri sclater' s golden mole is found in lesotho and south africa. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthree species (congo golden mole, calcochloris leucorhinus; somali golden mole, calcochloris tytonis; visagie’s golden mole, chrysochloris visagiei) are listed as data deficient as so little is known about these species that their conservation status cannot be objectively assessed .\nstuhlmann' s golden moles usually live at high elevations in mountainous areas. they burrow just below the ground sometimes near vegetation. they are sometimes found in gardens .\nnamib desert golden mole, eremitalpa granti namibensis. photo by g. rathbun .\ngiant golden mole - chrysospalax trevelyani the giant golden mole is found in south africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nrobust golden mole - amblysomus robustus the robust golden mole is found in south africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nrough - haired golden mole - chrysospalax villosus the rough - haired golden mole is found in south africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ngiant golden mole - chrysospalax trevelyani the giant golden mole is around 7. 8 inches in length. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nhottentot golden mole - amblysomus hottentotus the hottentot golden mole is found in south africa, swaziland, and southern mozambique. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nschoeman, s. , bennett, n. c. , van der merwe, m & schoeman, a. s. 2004 .\nreproduction in the hottentot golden mole, amblysomus hottentotus (afrosoricida: chrysochloridae). african zoology 39: 41 - 46 .\nkuyper, m. a. 1985. the ecology of the golden mole amblysomus hottentotus. mammal review 15: 3 - 12 .\nmost species are solitary and territorial. they spend most of their time in tunnels underground. some species come to the surface. the giant golden mole forages in forest leaf litter for food and the rough - haired golden mole will often come to the surface of grasslands after rain to look for food .\nthe giant golden mole is the only species showing any indication of sociality (hickman 1990), based on an unconfirmed report of several adult individuals dug out of the same nest in midwinter, which suggests that small groups may hibernate together. duncan & wrangham (1971) reported that burrow systems of stuhlmann’s golden mole are used by more than one individual, since two golden - moles were caught in one trap in a burrow that showed signs of renewed use a week later. these two individuals, however, may have been a mother and her near - adult youngster, or the later capture could reflect colonization of the vacant burrow system by another individual .\nwithers, p. c. 1978. bioenergetics of a “primitive” mammal, the cape golden mole. south african journal of science 74: 347 - 348 .\nstuhlmann' s golden mole tends to be solitary and is active any time of the day. they spend most of their time burrowing close to the surface in search of food. on nights after rain storms they often come out of their burrows and root around for worms or other invertebrates at the surface, a behavior that might be due to flooded tunnels. golden moles are very sensitive to vibrations and use this sense to detect predators and other possible approaching danger. they can be territorial, especially when food sources are limited .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nseymour, r. s. , withers, p. c. & weathers, w. w. 1998. energetics of burrowing, running and free - living in the namib desert golden mole (eremitalpa namibensis). journal of zoology, london 244: 107 - 117 .\nbronner, g. n. 2000. new species and subspecies of golden mole (chrysochloridae: amblysomus) from mpumalanga, south africa. mammalia 64: 41 - 54 .\ngolden moles golden moles are found in sub - saharan africa. source: iucn afrotheria specialist group intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nparker, sybil p. 1990. grzimek' s encyclopedia of mammals, vol 1. mcgraw hill inc. pg 475 .\nbronner, g. n. 1995b. systematic revision of the golden mole genera amblysomus, chlorotalpa and calcochloris (insectivora: chrysochloromorpha; chrysochloridae). ph. d. thesis, university of natal, durban .\nbennett, n. c. & spinks, a. c. 1995. thermoregulation and metabolism in the cape golden mole (insectivora: chrysochloris asiatica). journal of zoology, london 236: 521 - 529 .\nsimonetta, a. m. 1968. a new golden mole from somalia with an appendix on the taxonomy of the family chrysochloridae (mammalia: insectivora). monitore zoologici italiana, supplement 2: 27 - 55 .\nnowak, ronald m. 1991. walker' s mammals of the world, 5th edition. the johns hopkins university press. pgs 137 - 141 .\nwilli, u. b. , bronner, g. n. & narins p. m. 2005b. middle ear dynamics in response to seismic stimuli in the cape golden mole (chrysochloris asiatica). journal of experimental biology 209: 302 - 313\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nfielden, l. j. , perrin, m. r. & hickman, g. c. 1990. feeding ecology and foraging behaviour of the namib desert golden mole, eremitalpa granti namibensis (chrysochloridae). journal of zoology, london 220: 367 - 389 .\nbroom, r. 1941. on two pleistocene golden moles. annals of the transvaal museum 20: 215 - 216 .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe very limited reproductive data available (for only a few species) suggest that golden moles breed throughout the year, perhaps with a peak in the wetter months when prey is more abundant, and may be polyoestrous (bernard et al. 1994; schoeman et al. 2004). litter sizes are small (usually 2) and post - natal development is extended, reaching up to 45 days in the cape golden mole .\nwilli, u. b. , bronner, g. n. & narins p. m. 2005a. ossicular differentiation of airborne and seismic stimuli in the cape golden mole (chrysochloris asiatica). journal of comparative physiology a: sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 192 (3): 267 - 277 .\nspringer m. s. , stanhope m. j. , madsen o. & de jong w. w. 2004. molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree. trends in ecology and evolution 19: 430–438 .\nbernard, r. t. f, bronner, g. n. , taylor, p. j. , bojarski, c. & tsita, j. n. 1994. aseasonal reproduction in the hottentot golden mole, amblysomus hottentotus, from the summer rainfall region of south africa. south african journal of science 90: 547 - 549 .\nbronner, g. n. 1995a. cytogenetic properties of nine species of golden moles (insectivora: chrysochloridae). journal of mammalogy 76: 957 - 971 .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nthere are about 21 species in this family. they are found in southern africa. golden moles are 3 - 7 inches long and have thick fur, small ears, short tails, and skin - covered eyes. while they are called golden moles, not all members of this family are gold. they can vary in color from black to yellow .\nmacphee, r. d. e. & novacek, m. j. 1993. definition and relationships of lipotyphla. pp. 13 - 31. in mammal phylogeny: placentals (f. s. szalay, ed .). springer verlag, new york .\nthey have a thick - skinned nose that they use to burrow into the ground and short, powerful front legs with strong front claws with an extra long third claw that they use for digging into the ground. golden moles have five toes on their webbed hind feet that help them push away dirt as they tunnel underground. golden moles live underground. they eat earthworns, millipedes, termites and other insects .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nbronner, g. n. , jonres e. & coetzer, d. j. 1990. hyoid - dentary articulations in golden moles (mammalia: insectivora; chrysochloridae). zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 55: 11 - 15 .\ndivergence between golden - moles and tenrecs probably occurred about 50 million years ago, with the result that they share few morphological synapomorphies, warranting their allocation to distinct suborders (for which the names tenrecomorpha and chrysochloridea should be used) .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nlinnaeus first documented the existence of golden moles (family chrysochloridae) nearly 250 years ago, yet current knowledge of these blind, subterranean small mammals is still limited, and based largely on a few more common and widespread species. this can be attributed to several factors :\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\noccurs in well - drained soils at high - altitudes, from 1, 700 - 3, 500 m a. s. l. widespread in montane grasslands, bamboo thickets and ericaceous vegetation, as well as podocarpus and hagenia / hypericum woodlands. prefer light soils with sparse vegetation cover. less common in heavily grazed grasslands above 3, 000 m; avoids exotic plantations (duncan and wrangham 1971, bronner 2013) .\nstanhope, m. j. , waddell, v. g. , madsen, o, de jong, w. , blair hedges, s. , cleven, g. c. , kao, d. , & springer, m. 1998. molecular evidence for multiple origins of insectivora and for a new order of endemic african insectivore mammals. proceedings of the national academy of science, usa 95: 9967 - 9972 .\ngolden moles show many anatomical characteristics common to other fossorial mammals, these similarities being the result of ecological convergence rather than ancestry. the eyes are vestigial and covered by skin, and the optic nerve is reportedly degenerate (though there is some debate as to whether or not this is indeed so), a common tendency in animals living underground where sight is of little use. the external ear pinnae are absent (though there are small ear openings covered by dense fur), the external tail is lost, and the body has a streamlined shape to facilitate movement through the dense substratum .\nwhen maintaining golden moles in captivity, room temperature is acceptable in moderate climates, but it is advisable to keep them in a temperature - controlled room if daily room temperatures drop below 15c or rise above 30c. as a general rule of thumb, a temperature of 15 - 25c is recommended; this range does not disrupt their endogenous daily torpor rhythms, and this torpor considerably reduces the amount of food they consume. moles in torpor should not be handled excessively, as this awakens them, and seems to result in considerable stress, in extreme cases leading to the cessation of eating and physiological decline of the individual .\nhead and body = 90 - 140 mm with no tail. the fur is dense, short, and soft, usually light underneath and brown or dark green above. if looked at from different angles the fur seems iridescent and almost purple. the fur is also water - repellent and very insulating. the skin on the head is especially thick and forms a tough pad that covers the nostrils. this limbs are very short yet powerful. there are two very long, thick claws on the forlimbs, the hind feet are webbed and have smaller, sharp claws. the ears are very small and the eyes are covered with hairy skin. the upper teeth of the golden moles are longer than the lower teeth. females have four mammae. members of this genus have a temporal bullae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nlundholm (1955) created the subgenus kilimatalpa within chlorotalpa for this species, whereas simonetta (1968) placed it in the genus carpitalpa, but assigned one subspecies (tropicalis) to the genus chlorotalpa. meester (1974) included stuhlmanni in chrysochloris, an arrangement followed by bronner (1995) who assigned it to the subgenus kilimatalpa. recent (but still unpublished) phylogenetic analyses support elevation of kilimatalpa to generic rank. there are four recognized subspecies, at least one of which, balsaci from cameroon, may be a distinct species (bronner and jenkins 2005) .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because human population densities are low throughout much of its range, so anthropogenic threats are probably negligible and highly localized to the vicinity of urban areas .\nlocally common but no quantitative data. given its wide range, the global population is presumed to be large .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\ncentral and eastern africa including parts of cameroon, zaire, uganda, kenya, and tanzania .\nthe breeding season seems to be during the rainy season, april - july. this could be due to the fact that the moles are out of their burrows more at night (see behavior) and the chances of meeting others of their species are higher. after breeding, moles construct a circular nest layered with grass in their tunnel systems. the female gives birth here and suckles the 1 - 3 young for two - three months. after this time the young are fully grown and are evicted form the burrow .\nit is possible that this species removes insect pests, aerates the soil, and fertilizes (w / fecal matter) gardens .\nit is also possible that this species causes damage to plants root systems in gardens, but direct crop damage is unlikely because of their insectivorous diet .\nthe skins of this species are used as charms or talismans by the bakiga tribe in kigezi .\neric j. ellis (author), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nmacdonald, dr. david [ editor ]. 1984. the encyclopedia of mammals. equinox (oxford) ltd. pgs 764 - 765 .\nto cite this page: ellis, e. 1999 .\nchrysochloris stuhlmanni\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because human population densities are low throughout much of its range, so anthropogenic threats are probably negligible and highly localized to the vicinity of urban areas .\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\n( 3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 78 - 79 .\nbronner, g. (2008). chrysochloris stuhlmanni. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. retrieved 29 december 2008 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ncomments: subgenus kilimatalpa, which lundholm (1955a) included in chlorotalpa. simonetta (1968: 31) treated it as a subgenus of carpitalpa (including stuhlmanni and fosteri) but referred tropicalis to chlorotalpa. meester (1974) placed stuhlmanni in chrysochloris based on malleus morphology, a treatment followed by bronner (1995a) who argued that subgeneric distinction from chrysochloris is warranted by anagenetic divergence in cranial shape. validity and limits of subspecies are uncertain owing to t ...\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\na historical tendency to focus biological attention on the larger, charismatic mammals while overlooking smaller - sized mammalian groups that are more diverse, ancient and often more deserving of conservation concern .\nmost of the species listed in threatened categories have restricted or fragmented distributions where populations are being subjected to increasing habitat degradation as a result of human activities, most notably mining, urbanization, agriculture and the poor management of indigenous forests .\nbronner, g. n. , hoffman, m. , taylor, p. j. , chimimba, c. t. , best, p. b. , mathee c. a. , & robinson t. j. 2003. a revised systematic checklist of the extant mammals of the southern african subregion. durban museum novitates 28: 56 - 106 .\nbronner, g. n. and p. d. jenkins. 2005. order afrosoricida. pp. 70 - 81. in mammal species of the world, 3rd edition. wilson, d. e. and d. m. reeder (eds .). johns hopkins university press, baltimore. 2142 pp .\nbroom, r. 1915. on the organ of jacobsen and its relations in the\ninsectivora\n. part ii. talpa, centetes and chrysochloris. proceedings of the zoological society of london 25: 347 - 354 .\nbroom, r. 1916. some observations on the dentition of chrysochloris, and on the tritubercular theory. annals of the natal museum 2: 129 - 140 .\nbutler, p. m. & hopwood, a. t. 1957. insectivora and chiroptera from the miocene rocks of kenya colony. fossil mammals of africa 13: 1 - 35 .\nde graaff, g. 1957. a new chrysochlorid from makapansgat. palaeontologia africana 5: 21 - 27 .\nduncan, p. & wrangham, r. w. 1971. on the ecology and distribution of subterranean insectivores in kenya. journal of zoology, london 164: 149 - 163 .\nhickman, g. c. 1990. the chrysochloridae: studies toward a broader perspective of adaptation in subterranean mammals. in: evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (eds. e. nevo & o. a. reig). wiley - liss, new york. pp. 23 - 48 .\nmaddock, a. h. 1986. an unknown and rare mammal endemic to southern africa .\nmason, m. j. & narins, p. m. 2001. seismic signal use by fossorial mammals. american zoologist 41: 1171 - 1184 .\nnarins, p. m. , lewis, e. r. , jarvis j. & o’riain j. 1998. the use of seismic signals by fossorial southern african mammals: a neuroethological gold mine. brain research bulletin 44: 641 - 646 .\nroberts, a. 1951. the mammals of south africa. trustees of the “mammals of south africa” book fund, pretoria. 700 pp." ]

{ "text": [ "stuhlmann 's golden mole ( chrysochloris stuhlmanni ) is a species of mammal in the family chrysochloridae .", "it is found in cameroon , democratic republic of the congo , kenya , tanzania , and uganda .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland , mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation , subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , arable land , and pastureland . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "stuhlmann's golden mole (chrysochloris stuhlmanni) is a species of mammal in the family chrysochloridae. it is found in cameroon, democratic republic of the congo, kenya, tanzania, and uganda. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, arable land, and pastureland." ]

[ "subspecies uca (paraleptuca) chlorophthalmus chlorophthalmus (h. milne edwards, 1837) accepted as uca (paraleptuca) chlorophthalmus (h. milne edwards, 1837) accepted as paraleptuca chlorophthalmus (h. milne edwards, 1837 )\nworms - world register of marine species - uca (paraleptuca) chlorophthalmus (h. milne edwards, 1837 )\necological notes: least heat tolerant of kenyan uca (edney, 1965), therefore in shaded areas. prefers areas lower on the shore, with moderate organic matter (gillikin, 2000) .\nicely, jd and da jones, 1978. factors affecting the distribution of the genus uca (crustacea: ocypodidae) on an east african shore .\nestuarine and coastal marine science 6: 315 - 325 .\nedney, e. b. , 1961 .\nthe water and heat relationships of fiddler crabs (uca spp .) .\ntrans. roy. soc. afr. vol. xxxvi, part 2, march 1961, p71 - 91 .\nng, p. k. l. ; guinot, d. ; davie, p. j. f. (2008). systema brachyurorum: part i. an annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world. the raffles bulletin of zoology. 17: 1 - 286. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhartnoll, r. g. (1975). the grapsidae and ocypodidae (decapoda: brachyura) of tanzania. j. zool. london 177, 305 - 328 [ details ]\ncrosnier, a. (1965). crustaces decapodes. grapsidae et ocypodidae. faune madagascar 18: 1 - 143 [ details ]\nbouvier, e. l. (1915). decapodes marcheurs (reptantia) et stomatopodes recueillis a l' ile maurice par m. paul carie. bull. scient. fr. belg. 3 (48): 178 - 318. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmaunsell. (1998). feasibility study for pak shek kok development area. eia report submitted to territory development department, hong kong government. agreement no. ce 90 / 96. [ details ]\nzone: equally in rhizophora mucronata, ceriops tagal and mixed zones (hartnoll, 1975; gillikin, 2000) .\ndistinguishing characteristics: claw bright red or orange; broad front; moderate tuberculate ridge on palm and a triangular depression at the external base of the immobile finger (often filled with mud, a very distinguishing characteristic; seen as dark spot on photo just above water line) (carapace width about 1. 5 cm )\ncannicci, s. , f. dahdouh - guebas and l. montemagno, 1993 .\nfield keys for kenyan mangrove crabs .\nmuseo zoologico\nla specola\n, dipartimento di biologia animale e genetica dell' universitą degli studi di firenze, via romana 17, i - 50125 firenze, italia .\ngillikin, d. p. , 2000. factors controlling the distribution of kenyan brachyuran mangrove crabs: salinity tolerance and ecophysiology of two kenyan neosarmatium species. m. sc. thesis, free university of brussels, brussels, belgium .\nhartnoll, r. g. , 1975 .\nthe grapsidae and ocypodidae (decapoda: brachyura) of tanzania .\nj. zool. lond. 177: 305 - 328 .\nmacnae, w. , 1968 .\na general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the indo - west - pacific region .\nadvanced marine biology 6: 73 - 270 .\nvannini, m. and p. valmori, 1981. researchers on the coast of somalia. the shore and the dune of sar uanle. 31. ocypodidae and gecarcinidae (crustacea brachyura). monitore zoologico italiano 14: 199 - 226 .\nalcock (1900), barnard (1950), beinlich & von hagen (2006), boone (1934), bott (1973), bouvier (1915), cano (1889), crane (1958), crane (1966), crane (1967), crane (1975), crosnier (1965), day (1969), day & morgans (1956), de haan (1833 - 1850), de man (1887 - 1888), de man (1891), de man (1902), doflein (1899), edney (1961), edney (1962), forest & guinot (1961), fourmanoir (1953), gordon (1958), gordon (1934), guérin - méneville (1829 - 1845), hartnoll (1975), herklots (1851), herklots (1861), hilgendorf (1869), hilgendorf (1878), hodgson (1987), hoffmann (1874), jansen (1970), kalik (1958), kalik (1958), kensley (1981), kingsley (1880), krauss (1843), latreille (1837), maccagno (1928), macleay (1838), macnae (1963), macnae (1968), macnae & kalk (1958), macnae & kalk (1962), milne edwards (1837), milne edwards (1852), milne edwards (1854), milne - edwards (1862), mohrherr (1984), naderloo et al. (2010), neethling & jubb (1972), ng et al. (2008), nobili (1899), nobili (1907), ortmann (1894), ortmann (1897), peer et al. (2014), pocock (1903), poupin (1996), poupin (2010), rathbun (1918), richmond (1997), rosenberg (2000), rosenberg (2001), rosenberg (2002), schöne & schöne (1963), shih et al. (2018), shih et al. (2013), shih et al. (2016), stebbing (1910), tesch (1918), tweedie (1950), vannini et al. (2001), vatova (1943), von hagen (1970), von hagen (1970), ward (1942), warner (1969), white (1847), wilkens & fingerman (1965), zehntner (1894 )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbouvier, e. l. (1915). decapodes marcheurs (reptantia) et stomatopodes recueillis a l' ile maurice par m. paul carie. bull. scient. fr. belg. 3 (48): 178 - 318 .\ncrosnier, a. (1965). crustaces decapodes. grapsidae et ocypodidae. faune madagascar 18: 1 - 143\nhartnoll, r. g. (1975). the grapsidae and ocypodidae (decapoda: brachyura) of tanzania. j. zool. london 177, 305 - 328\nng, p. k. l. ; guinot, d. ; davie, p. j. f. (2008). systema brachyurorum: part i. an annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world. < em > the raffles bulletin of zoology. < / em > 17: 1 - 286 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages." ]

{ "text": [ "uca chlorophthalmus , is a common fiddler crab found in the mangroves of east africa , from somalia to south africa , as well as madagascar and mauritius .", "marsh fiddlers dig burrows in the muddy or sandy banks of salt marshes , which they use to protect themselves from predators , high tide and extreme temperatures .", "they feed by filtering detritus out of mud , and defend their burrows against other fiddler crabs .", "u. chlorophthalmus is characterised by its red pereiopods and blue and black markings on its carapace . " ], "topic": [ 20, 28, 28, 23 ] }

[ "uca chlorophthalmus, is a common fiddler crab found in the mangroves of east africa, from somalia to south africa, as well as madagascar and mauritius. marsh fiddlers dig burrows in the muddy or sandy banks of salt marshes, which they use to protect themselves from predators, high tide and extreme temperatures. they feed by filtering detritus out of mud, and defend their burrows against other fiddler crabs. u. chlorophthalmus is characterised by its red pereiopods and blue and black markings on its carapace." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkeltanunnakääriäinen\nto\nhedya ochroleucana frölich 1828\n.\nhedya ochroleucana (buff - tipped marble) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nwingspan 16 to 21 mm. rather similar in appearance to some of the other hedya species, this moth can usually be distinguished by the relatively clean - looking creamy outer part of the forewing .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngilligan, wright & gibson, 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states: p. 81. 87. (out of print )\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 14. 31m; p. 131. book review and ordering\nspecies, this moth can usually be distinguished by the relatively clean - looking creamy outer part of the forewing .\na fairly common species in southern england and wales, becoming scarcer further north, and rare in scotland; scarce in ireland .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 07 19: 16: 40 page render time: 0. 2400s total w / procache: 0. 2836s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napprox length (c. 10. 5mm) wingspan (16 - 21mm )\n( outer part) part of the forewing is diagnostic and should rule other similar species .\na fairly common species in gardens, woodlands and hedgerows in southern england and wales, becoming scarcer further north .\nnote: in photographing this species, depending on the lighting and the camera settings, the ochreous tones can easily be washed out leading to confusion .\nrecorded in 43 (62 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nthe larva feeds on rose species including cultivated varieties, and apple spinning the leaves together .\na fairly common species in southern england and wales, becoming scarcer further north, and rare in scotland; scarce in ireland. in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\nfairly frequent but not common in leicestershire and rutland. l & r moth group status = b (scarce resident or restricted distribution or regular migrant) .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 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2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\n§1 romansleigh, devon; 25 / 06 / 2016; male; fw 10. 2mm; to light §2 romansleigh, devon; 28 / 06 / 2016; male; fw 9. 4mm; to light all images © chris lewis\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "hedya ochroleucana , the buff-tipped marble or long-cloaked marble , is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in most of europe , except part of the balkan peninsula and ukraine .", "it is also present in most of north america .", "the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm .", "adults are on wing in june and july in western europe .", "the larvae feed on rosa ( including cultivated varieties ) and malus species .", "they spin the leaves together . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 0, 9, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "hedya ochroleucana, the buff-tipped marble or long-cloaked marble, is a moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in most of europe, except part of the balkan peninsula and ukraine. it is also present in most of north america. the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm. adults are on wing in june and july in western europe. the larvae feed on rosa (including cultivated varieties) and malus species. they spin the leaves together." ]

[ "nassarius kraussianus shell beads from blombos cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the middle stone age .\nnassarius kraussianus shell beads from blombos cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the middle s ...\nnassarius kraussianus shell beads from blombos cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the middle stone age. - pubmed - ncbi\npalmer cg. grahamstown: rhodes university; 1980. some aspects of the biology of nassarius kraussianus (dunker) (gastropoda: prosobranchia: nasseridae) in the bushmans river estuary with particular reference to recolonization after floods. m. sc. thesis .\n( of nassarius (plicarcularia) kraussianus (dunker, 1846) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\ncolour plays an eminent role in beadwork. colour modifications are reported on early shell beads from middle stone age sites. however, identifying the colouring agent and demonstrating the intentional nature of the colouring process is not straightforward. here, we provide analytical data on colour and structural modifications observed on nassarius kraussianus (nk) collected in modern... [ show full abstract ]\nhere we report on newly identified beads recovered from four middle stone age levels at blombos cave and, in particular, on a cluster of 24 perforated nassarius kraussianus shells that probably originate from a single beadwork. contextual information, morphometric, technological and use - wear analysis of the 68 published beads and those recently found, coupled with experimental reproduction of... [ show full abstract ]\nthe southern african tick shell, nassarius kraussianus (dunker, 1846), has been identified as being the earliest known ornamental object used by human beings. shell beads dated from ∼75, 000 years ago (pleistocene era) were found in a cave located on south africa' s south coast. beads made from n. kraussianus shells have also been found in deposits in this region dating from the beginning of the holocene era (< 10, 000 years ago). these younger shells were significantly smaller, a phenomenon that has been attributed to a change in human preference .\nsampling localities (a–j) from which specimens of nassarius kraussianus were collected. the sample sizes were: a = 350, b = 104, c = 132, d = 112, e = 47, f = 183, g = 83, h = 54, i = 71, j = 94. blue circles indicate localities dominated by haplotypes present in the western range of the species' distribution, and red circles indicate sites where haplotypes of the eastern lineage were mostly found. the location of blombos cave (where n. kraussianus fossils were found that were worn as beads by human beings during the middle and late stone age) is indicated .\nthe decrease in fossil shell size from pleistocene to holocene was likely due to increased temperatures as a result of climate change at the beginning of the present interglacial period. we hypothesise that the sizes of n. kraussianus fossil shells can therefore serve as indicators of the climatic conditions that were prevalent in a particular region at the time when they were deposited. moreover, n. kraussianus could serve as a biomonitor to study the impacts of future climate change on coastal biota in southern africa .\nwe investigated two alternative hypotheses explaining the difference in shell size: a) n. kraussianus comprises at least two genetic lineages that differ in size; b) the difference in shell size is due to phenotypic plasticity and is a function of environmental conditions. to test these hypotheses, we first reconstructed the species' phylogeographic history, and second, we measured the shell sizes of extant individuals throughout south africa. although two genetic lineages were identified, the sharing of haplotypes between these suggests that there is no genetic basis for the size differences. extant individuals from the cool temperate west coast had significantly larger shells than populations in the remainder of the country, suggesting that n. kraussianus grows to a larger size in colder water .\n... furthermore, in a few cases manufacturing signs are observed and some shell beads have traces of ochre on them (bouzzouggar et al. , 2007; d' errico et al. , 2009). the total number of nassarius beads published to date from middle palaeolithic and middle stone age sites is 166 (bouzzouggar et al. , 2007; d' errico et al. , 2009; dibble et al. , 2012; vanhaeren et al. , 2013), by comparison the number of other species of ornamental shells in the mp and msa is negligible. it is unclear why, of all shells present on the beach, nassarius was the preferred species, and moreover why this was so in sites along both the mediterranean and south african coasts? ...\nshell sizes of the middle stone age (msa) specimens of n. kraussianus from blombos cave [ 2 ] and the largest 75% of the shells of each of ten extant south african populations (a–j). vertical bars represent means and whiskers are upper 95% confidence limits. horizontal lines represent the shell size of the largest individual from each population. the insert shows how shell size was measured .\n... morocco - of special importance for the emergence of modern social behaviour is the appearance of explicitly symbolic objects (d' errico et al. , 2009; vanhaeren et al. , 2013). in moroccan middle palaeolithic contexts, ornaments such as shell beads (nassarius sp .) have been recorded at seven different sites: grotte des contrebandiers (dibble et al. 2012), el mnasra (campmas et al. , 2015, campmas et al. , 2016), el har stoetzel et al. , 2014), dar es - soltan 1 (stoetzel et al. , 2014), ifri n' ammar (eiwanger et al. , 2012), taforalt (bouzouggar et al. , 2007) and bizmoune (kuhn et al. , 2015)... .\nthe mismatch distribution of the n. kraussianus sequences did not depart from the expectations of the spatial expansion model (ssd = 0. 003, p = 0. 2), thus supporting the result from the nested clade analysis. a spatial expansion time parameter τ of 1. 35 (95% c. i. = 0. 94–2. 72) was found, and the scaled divergence time t calculated for the divergence of the south - eastern and south - western lineages was 0. 47 (95% c. i. = 0. 26–1. 21). using a rate of 0. 7% per million years for the combined coi and 16s rdna fragments, it was estimated that the range expansion from south - east to south - west took place ∼89 000 years ago (95% c. i. = 62–179 000 years ago), and that the two regional lineages then diverged ∼62 000 years ago (95% c. i. = 34–160 000 years ago) .\nbranch, g. m. et al. (2002). two oceans. 5th impression. david philip, cate town & johannesburg. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of alectrion kraussiana dunker, 1846) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of buccinum kraussianum dunker, 1846) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa kuesteri krauss, 1848) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa orbiculata a. adams, 1852) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of buccinum (nassa) kraussianum dunker, 1846) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa (eione) orbiculata a. adams, 1852) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa kraussiana (dunker, 1846) ) macnae, w. & m. kalk (eds). (1958). a natural history of inhaca island, mozambique. witwatersrand univ. press, johannesburg. i - iv, 163 pp. [ details ]\n( of nassa kraussiana (dunker, 1846) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nd' errico f 1, henshilwood c, vanhaeren m, van niekerk k .\ncnrs umr 5199 pacea, institut de préhistoire et de géologie du quaternaire, avenue des facultés, f - 33405 talence cedex, france. f. derrico @ urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthirty - one beads were found in four groups of five to twelve beads, each group being recovered in a single square or in two adjacent sub - squares during a single excavation day. within a group, shells display a similar shade, use - wear pattern and perforation size suggesting their provenance from the same beadwork item, lost or disposed during a single event. the likely symbolic significance of these finds suggests levels of cognitively modern behaviour not previously associated with msa people .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 303 seconds. )\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncommunicated by erik trinkaus, washington university, st. louis, mo, december 5, 2009 (received for review october 16, 2009 )\nitems of body decoration—perforated and pigment - stained shells of marine mollusks—are a feature of the middle stone age (msa) of southern africa and the middle paleolithic (mp) of the maghreb and near east (1, 2). dated to 70–120 ka calendar (cal) b. p. , these finds are widely accepted as evidence of symbolic thinking among the earliest anatomically modern humans of africa and adjacent regions of southwest asia (3) .\nan absence of similar finds from the coeval archeological record of europe has supported the notion that neandertals were devoid of symbolism, their cognitive inferiority explaining why modern humans dispersing out of africa eventually replaced them across the entire continent approximately 40 ka cal b. p. (4, 5). in this view, claimed instances of neandertal symbolism are disregarded on different grounds—e. g. , as coming from old excavations and too ill - recorded to be certain or of ambiguous interpretation and in any case too scant to be meaningful. a case in point is the mousterian cemetery of la ferrassie (6), for which regional culture - stratigraphy indicates an age of approximately 65–70 ka cal b. p. (7) and where the burial pit of an adult male contained a bone fragment decorated with four sets of parallel incisions, whereas that of a 3 - to 5 - year - old child was covered by a cupule - decorated limestone slab .\nin this context, the presence of body ornaments (namely, pierced and grooved animal teeth) in neandertal - associated archeological cultures (such as the châtelperronian of france) has been variously explained by stratigraphic mixing, acculturation, “imitation without understanding, ” or independent neandertal innovation (8 – 14). as this evidence comes from near the time of contact with modern humans in europe, unresolved issues of dating and taphonomy impacting the broader paleoanthropological problem explain the persistence of the debate (15 – 18) .\nantón (22) is a large rockshelter excavated by the mula river, which runs through an interior basin located approximately 60 km from the present shore line. the mp occupations are preserved in a more than 4 - m - thick sequence of low - energy flood deposits overlain by silts accumulated during recent episodes of inundation by a dam reservoir (si appendix, section ii, table s3, figs. s11 and s12). the levels are artifact - rich and organized around hearth features in the lower part of the sequence, but occupation remains are scarce toward the top, reflecting sporadic and ephemeral incursions. the uppermost fertile units are levels ii - l and i - k, for which the ages indicated by radiocarbon dating are, respectively, greater than 43. 5 and approximately 37. 4 ka cal b. p. (si appendix, section iii, table s5, figs. s13 and s14) .\nthe remaining 4. 0% are infra - and circalittoral genera with variably abraded and bioeroded surfaces, reflecting beach collection of the shells of dead animals (si appendix, section i, figs. s8 – s10). the chama, laevicardium, charonia, and thais material is too broken to assess original condition, and the one trunculariopsis trunculus is a complete specimen with an irregular, probably postdepositional perforation of the body whorl in an area where the shell is very thin .\nof the three acanthocardia tuberculata, one is complete, another bears an excavation break with loss of the umbo area, the third is a conjoin of two fragments with an ancient, postdepositional break, and all must have been collected and introduced to the site as whole valves. the smaller, from level ii, is umbo - perforated (fig. 1, 1) .\nthe perforated shells from level ii of cueva de los aviones (after cleaning): (1) acanthocardia tuberculata; (2 – 3). glycymeris insubrica (maximum internal diameter of the perforations: 4. 2, 9. 5, and 6. 8 mm, respectively). see also si appendix, sections i and iv, figs. s6, s7, s15, and s16 .\nof the glycymeris insubrica, four are complete, ten are ventral margin fragments, and four are small fragments of the middle of the shell; although excavation breaks are apparent in a few, most feature ancient breaks only. two complete specimens from level ii are umbo - perforated (fig. 1, 2 – 3), and residues of a red colorant, identified as hematite (si appendix, section iv figs. s15 and s16), were found while cleaning the carbonate coating around the perforation of the larger shell. as argued for the comparable modern human - associated material from near eastern sites of the mp and early upper paleolithic (up) (qafzeh, ksar ’akil, üçağizli), the parsimonious interpretation of glycymeris shells, even in the absence of pigment residues and irrespective of the origin of the perforation, is that they are personal ornaments (23, 24) .\n( left) excavation - broken upper valve of spondylus gaederopus from cueva de los aviones (the pigment residue is indicated); (right) close - up view of the pigment residue. see also si appendix, section iv, figs. s17 – s19 .\norange pigment was also observed on the tip of an unmodified ancillary metatarsal of equus sp. from level iii, but its composition could not be established, due to the extensive carbonate coating and attendant high fluorescence of the specimen (fig. 3; si appendix, section iv, fig. s20). this naturally pointed bone may have been used as a stiletto for the preparation or application of mineral dyes or as a pin or awl to perforate soft materials (e. g. , hides) that were themselves colored with such dyes .\ndifferent views of an ancillary metatarsal of horse with an excavation break from cueva de los aviones (left) and binocular microscope close - ups of its pigment - dotted tip (center and right). see also si appendix, section iv, fig. s20 .\nlumps of red and yellow colorants were noted and sampled at the time of excavation (25) (si appendix, section v, table s7, figs. s21 – s23). x - ray diffraction showed the reddish material to be siderite, goethite, hematite, and nontronite, and the yellow to be siderite and natrojarosite. these pigments can only be manuports because both the cave and the catchment of its sedimentary fill are in mesozoic limestone and dolomite bedrock, where the identified minerals either do not exist or do not occur as masses of macroscopic size (in the region, such masses formed as a result of volcanism and hydrothermalism processes of neogene age; si appendix, section v) .\nsources for the red colorants can be found 3–5 km to the northwest, in the mining district of la unión, exploited for gold, silver and base metals since antiquity. for the yellow natrojarosite, the purity of the level iii sample—a large (23 g) and homogeneous accumulation of prisms, granules, and powder, probably the contents of a small purse made of perishable material—constrains potential sources to a limited number of localities, the closest lying approximately 7 km to the east (si appendix, section v, figs. s22 and s24) .\nk19 - 3, a perforated upper half - valve of pecten maximus from level i - k at cueva antón (height: 120 mm). (upper) the internal, naturally red side (left) and the external, whitish side that was painted with an orange colorant made of goethite and hematite (right). (lower) binocular microscope close - ups on pigment masses and pigment stains around the perforation. see also si appendix, section vi, figs. s25 and s26 .\nthe pigment—a mix of yellow goethite and red hematite for which potential sources exist within approximately 5 km from the site—is ubiquitously preserved but on the shell’s external, discolored side only, suggesting that it may have been deliberately painted, either to regain the original appearance or to make it the same color as the internal side, which remained its natural red (si appendix, section vi, figs. s25 and s26). the ephemeral nature of the occupation of level i - k argues against on - site tool production or tool maintenance tasks and strengthens the case for the interpretation of this shell as an item of body decoration. the alternatives—use as a container or palette—could hold for a lower valve color - stained on the inner, concave surface or if the perforation was postdepositional, but neither is the case .\nin the natural collection, umbo - perforated shells occur frequently (45. 4 %) in the case of glycymeris, less so in the case of acanthocardia (2. 7 %). both the occurrence and the size of the perforations correlate positively with discrete indicators of weathering such as decalcification / exfoliation, sponge holes, and abrasion (table 2). thus, in the absence of production tool - marks, perforations can be presumed anthropogenic only if the umbo holes are large but the shell is fresh or only lightly weathered. conversely, as umbo perforations occur in 90% of the modern glycymeris that feature advanced weathering, a natural origin must be presumed for archeological glycymeris in similar condition. based on these uniformitarian criteria, the perforations in the mp glycymeris from qafzeh and aviones, as well as in those from the up and the early neolithic of mediterranean spain that we examined, are natural, and so too are those in all of the acanthocardia and cerastoderma shells from the same sites .\nthe archeological glycymeris, however, were not gathered completely at random. when our three collections (mp, up, and neolithic) are considered together, a pattern of selection based on perforation size emerges—irrespective of height, shells with holes in the 4. 5–6. 5 mm interval were targeted (si appendix, section viii, fig. s31). these observations suggest that the pattern is cross - cultural and determined by threading constraints, with color, shine, and overall surface appearance being of secondary importance—explaining why all of this material features advanced weathering, despite lightly weathered shells (that preserve more of the original color but lack a perforation or only have a very small one) being rather easy to find in nature too .\nthe “origin of perforation” argument is therefore not valid. our findings suggest that naturally perforated marine shells were extensively used at the time of emergence of the european mp and african mp / msa traditions of body decoration and continued to be very much in fashion even as the repertoire of ornament types expanded to include more elaborated items .\nalthough, at aviones, mineral colorants were present in the deposits, the residues observed on the finds discussed here are not incidental or postdepositional contamination. if so, one would expect pigment to be randomly distributed across the different find categories. this expectation was not met for a sample of 50 shells of different species examined with a 10× hand magnifier after cleaning in an ultrasound vat (examination of the totality of the assemblage was not possible due to the extensive carbonate coating of the surfaces): no pigment was found on the food shells, and, of the nonfood ones, only the one spondylus discussed above (in addition to one of the two perforated glycymeris) had any. moreover, all of the lumps of red pigment sampled during excavation feature in their composition siderite, a mineral that was not identified in the pigment residues of either the spondylus or the glycymeris (si appendix, sections iv and v, tables s6 and s7, figs. s16 – s19, s22, and s23); therefore, these residues cannot be accidentally derived from pigments present in the shells’ immediate burial environment .\nit has been argued that “ochre” does not necessarily equate with symbolism, as its manipulation may relate to technology, e. g. , the preparation of mastics for hafting (29), and we cannot exclude that the aviones pigments are in part related to such tasks. however, no pigment residues were observed in the aviones stone tools (20), and no tool production or tool maintenance tasks were carried out at antón, so such activities cannot provide a functional context for the pigment - stained shells found at both sites .\nmoreover, the limited capacity (approximately 5 cm 3) of s. gaederopus upper valves argues against their use for the processing or storage of material related to routine tooling activities. the addition to the pigmentatious mass of ground bits of hematite and pyrite (which, when fresh, have a brilliant black, reflective appearance) is also inconsistent with that function, and suggests instead the kind of inclusion “for effect” that one would expect in a cosmetic preparation. the use of spondylus shells for such a particular purpose may relate to their attention - grabbing crimson, red, or violet color and exuberant sculpture, which have led to their symbolic - or ritual - related collection in a variety of archeological contexts worldwide, namely neolithic europe and pre - columbian america (30, 31) .\nthe pecten from antón and higueral de valleja relate to the very end of the period of late persistence of neandertals in iberian regions to the south of the ebro drainage (in the andalucian site, the find comes from undated deposits capping a thick mp sequence, a chronostratigraphic position akin to antón’s and suggesting a similar age) (35). therefore, they cannot be disentangled from the controversies surrounding the interpretation of “contact period” ornaments found elsewhere in europe (8 – 18). the aviones material, however, comes from the approximately 50 ka cal b. p. brecciated remnant of a site fill entirely of mp age and where the notion of later intrusions is an oxymoron—the association of this material with the neandertals is, literally, rock - solid .\nthe symbolic implications of body painting and of the ornamental use of pigment - stained and perforated marine shells are uncontroversial in up and later prehistoric contexts but, as shown by the evidence from africa, the near east and now iberia, both behaviors first occur in the mp / msa. their emergence in two continents, among two different lineages and, in the time scale of human evolution, at about the same time, is inconsistent with cognitive - genetic explanations and implies that these innovations were fulfilling a need—aiding in the personal or social identification of people—that did not exist in the preceding two million years of human evolution .\nour findings therefore support models of the emergence of behavioral modernity as caused by technological progress, demographic increase, and social complexification and show that there is no biunivocal correlation between “modern” anatomy and “modern” behavior (13, 36 – 38). this much is also implied by the north african beads, which are from a time when the region was inhabited by the dar - es - soltan people, who, anatomically, were nonmodern (39, 40). where the personal ornaments of the châtelperronian and coeval “transitional” cultures of europe are concerned, a final corollary of our results is that neandertal authorship is the null hypothesis .\nauthor contributions: j. zilhão and j. zapata designed research; j. zilhão, d. e. a. , e. b. - g. , f. d. , f. d. , l. d. , k. d. , t. f. g. h. , m. j. m. - s. , r. m. - b. , s. m. - m. , c. p. - s. , c. r. - g. , m. v. , v. v. , r. w. , and j. zapata performed research; j. zilhão, d. e. a. , e. b. - g. , f. d. , f. d. , l. d. , k. d. , t. f. g. h. , m. j. m. - s. , s. m. - m. , c. p. - s. , c. r. - g. , m. v. , v. v. , r. w. , and j. zapata analyzed data; and j. zilhão, d. e. a. , e. b. - g. , f. d. , f. d. , l. d. , k. d. , t. f. g. h. , m. j. m. - s. , s. m. - m. , c. p. - s. , c. r. - g. , m. v. , v. v. , r. w. , and j. zapata wrote the paper .\nla cueva de los aviones. un yacimiento del paleolítico medio (cartagena, spain )\nthe history of beads. from 30, 000 b. c. to the present\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nlate neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at fumane cave 44 ky b. p. , italy\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california, and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81% mortality and allele shifts, according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4, 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status, negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves, whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ndunker, g. 1846 ,\ndiagnoses molluscorum novorum\n, zeitschrift für malakozoologie, vol. 3, pp. 108 - 112\nadams, a. 1852 ,\ncatalogue of the species of nassa, a genus of gasteropodous mollusca, belonging to the family buccinidae, in the collection of hugh cuming, esq. , with the description of some new species\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 1851, no. 19, pp. 94 - 112\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6b5dbcd3 - 0b6e - 4703 - 9b1b - bd93c5829a70\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 540606\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nf + +, nice globose species, ex. coll. bunnie cook w / o\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... their various asso - ciations and their display on the body contribute to negotiating identities and unifying or distinguishing communities [ 28, 71 ]. because the primary role of personal ornamentation is to be seen in order to transmit symbolic messages, the most important characteristics of beads are those whose modification will distort their visual impact [ 34, [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ]... .\n... one expected evidence would be visual and / or compositional alteration of burned shells. depending on the temperature range and degree of shell surface exposure to fire, thermal alteration can result in visible physical (crazing, cracking, etc .) and color modifications (d' errico et al. 2013; march 1999a; march et al. 2014; villagran 2014a; villagran et al. 2011a). more pronounce changes can occur at the molecular level due to temperature induced mineralogical transformations of calcium carbonate polymorphs (gaffey et al. 1991; toffolo and boaretto 2014; weiner 2010; yoshioka and kitano 1985)... .\n... e - mail address: baryosef @ urltoken stone age (msa) site of blombos cave (henshilwood et al. , 2004; vanhaeren et al. , 2013). since these shell were collected by humans from the beach; they were perforated (either naturally or artificially); and some have use wear on them, including, sometimes, ochre stains, i readily accept their use as beads by ancient modern humans... .\nthe small mammal sequence from the c. 76 – 72 ka still bay levels at blombos cave, south africa – taphonomic and palaeoecological implications for human behaviour\nto modify hexagonal boron nitride using ion implantation with an aim of nucleating a hard cubic boron nitride phase .\nthinking strings: additional evidence for personal ornament use in the middle stone age at blombos c ...\nhenshilwood, c. & d’errico, f. 2011. middle stone age engravings and their significance to the debat ...\nthere are two competing models for the emergence of modern human behavior: first, a late emergence in africa or eurasia at ∼50 to 40 thousand years ago (ka), and second, a gradual transition in africa between 250 to 50 ka ([ 1 ] [ 1 ]). in both models, personal ornaments and art are unquestioned\nthe ∼100 ka middle stone age levels at blombos cave, southern cape, south africa, contain numerous rock hyrax (procavia capensis) remains. it is often ambiguous to interpret rock hyrax remains from archaeological deposits deriving from cave and shelter sites in southern africa as the agent or agents of accumulation may be difficult to establish. in this paper, the different taphonomic... [ show full abstract ]\n... southern african middle stone age (msa) sites that date to marine isotope stages (mis) 6e3 have featured prominently in discussions about the emergence of modern human behavior and morphology. in large measure, these sites have been emphasized because of the archaeological debris that they contain (e. g. , deacon, 1992deacon, , 2001klein, 2001; henshilwood et al. , 2002henshilwood et al. ,, 2011henshilwood and marean, 2003; klein et al. , 2004; marean et al. , 2007; conard, 2008; wurz, 2008; wadley et al. , 2009; texier et al. , 2010; vanhaeren et al. , 2013; marean, 2015). although 15 sites from within this temporal span preserve human remains, these are largely in the form of isolated teeth and small cranial and / or postcranial fragments (table 1) (grine, 2016)... .\n... the use of beads and, to a lesser extent, the use of pigments, represent the most compelling archaeological evidence that humans decorated their bodies and used them to convey complex social messages. early evidence for bead use is documented as far back as ca. 100 ka in the levant and north africa, and 75 ka in southern africa (henshilwood et al. 2004; d' errico et al. 2005; vanhaeren et al. , 2013 bouzzougar et al. 2007). what is less known about early personal ornaments is their regular association with pigment residues... .\n... regarding bead studies, it is of particular interest to evaluate both intra - and inter - site diversity in terms of ornamental traditions. hence, it might allow one to discuss the social status of a buried individual or the organization of a group on the one hand (see vanhaeren and d' errico 2003errico, 2005), and to distinguish possible ethnic groups across a wide area (vanhaeren and d' errico 2006; rigaud 2011) and changes through time (vanhaeren et al. 2013) on the other. two elements that might explain the scarcity of interpretation of bead and residue associations at the social scale are (1) the apparent uniformity of beads in the studied assemblages, and (2) the rarity of detailed analyses of the coloured residues... .\n... use - wear analysis was also conducted on marine shell beads. we used a similar methodology to the one proposed by d' errico et al. (2005) and vanhaeren et al. (2013). striated, smoothed and lustrous areas were recorded and reported on drawings made from the pictures of the beads... .\n... et 2011). l' analyse porte sur les 511 pièces provenant des ensembles clairement attribués à l' une des phases d' occupation du gisement et provenant de structures ayant eu, pour certaines, une fonction domestique et, pour d' autres, une fonction rituelle (guilaine et al. , 2011, 1993; dupont, 2006; vanhaeren et al. , 2013; rigaud et al. , 2014). l' enregistrement comprend le degré de fracturation – traduit par les altérations structurelles de la forme de la coquille, telles que l' absence d' apex sur les gastéropodes, des fractures sur le bord de l' aperture ou une modification de la forme de la coquille résultant des ressacs (barusseau, 1973; taborin, 1992; lozouet et vigne, 1994; gorzelak et al. , 2013) – et les traces de prédation (dietl et kelley, 2006; rigaud et al. , 2014). un microscope motic smz - 168 équipé d' une caméra digitale jenoptik progres - ct3 a été utilisé pour documenter les modifications à la surface des coquilles... .\n... small - sized tools and the presence of refits), they are the result of very long knapping cycles on flint, and at san quirce, the initial selection of small - sized quartzite. the possible presence of string at san quirce would add to the previously documented cases in the upper palaeolithic and postulations by blombos and maras (hardy et al. , 2013; vanhaeren et al. , 2013) in the middle palaeolithic. maras suggests the probable seasonal nature of this activity on account of the need for the most suitable plants which had to be harvested at the end of spring or in summer (hurcombe, 2008). the only open air sites in the vicinity of san quirce with middle palaeolithic assemblages in stratigraphic positions are those in the sierra de atapuerca area and valdecampa ~ na 4 (olivares de duero, palencia)... .\nsan quirce (palencia, spain). a neanderthal open air campsite with short term - occupation patterns\n... humans with modern physical characteristics first appeared in east africa ~ 190 - 150 ka [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]. evidence for behaviors linked to modern behavioral capacities - symbolism, complex tools, sophisticated foraging strategies - first begin appearing in south africa at about the same time ~ 160 ka [ 11, 12 ], but become more common and widespread starting ~ 100 ka [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ]. the latter part of the evolution of our species witnessed three major glacial cycles; marine isotope stages (mis) 6 (191 ka - 130 ka), mis 4 (74 or 71 ka - 57 ka), and mis 2 (29 ka - 14 ka) [ 33, 34 ]... .\n... of marine shells, ostrich eggshell, and stone, many with wear patterns of stringing and some with traces of ochre, have been found at several dozen middle stone age sites throughout africa and the near east (covered in detail in the chapter wynn, overmann, coolidge, & janulis), most famously at blombos cave in south africa, where they have been dated to approximately 77, 000 years ago (d' errico, henshilwood, vanhaeren, & van niekerk, 2005; henshilwood, d' errico, vanhaeren, van niekerk, & jacobs, 2004; vanhaeren, d' errico, van niekerk, henshilwood, & erasmus, 2013). this ubiquity is consistent with the prevalence of beads in existing cultures, as most cultures make beads... .\n... of marine shells, ostrich eggshell, and stone, many with wear patterns of stringing and some with traces of ochre, have been found at several dozen middle stone age sites throughout africa and the near east (covered in detail in the chapter wynn, overmann, coolidge, & janulis), most famously at blombos cave in south africa, where they have been dated to approximately 77, 000 years ago (d' errico, henshilwood, vanhaeren, & van niekerk, 2005; henshilwood, d' errico, vanhaeren, van niekerk, & jacobs, 2004; vanhaeren, d' errico, van niekerk, henshilwood, & erasmus, 2013). this ubiquity is consistent with the prevalence of beads in existing cultures, as most cultures make beads... .\n... our choice of beads as a primary example stems from a confluence of evidence and interpretations that emerged during investigations into the evolution of working memory capacity. the south african middle stone age (msa) boasts a number of sites that have presented the paleoanthropological community with the earliest evidence for a number of posited components of modern culture: bow - and - arrow at sibudu (lombard & haidle, 2012), engravings at diepkloof and blombos cave (d' errico, henshilwood, & nilssen, 2001; henshilwood, 2007), and, most famous of all, beads at blombos cave (d' errico, henshilwood, vanhaeren, & van niekerk, 2005; marean, 2010; vanhaeren, d' errico, niekerk, henshilwood, & erasmus, 2013). at blombos, evidence clearly indicates that the beads were strung (vanhaeren et al. , 2013)... .\n... at present, the oldest evidence of the use of shells for non - utilitarian purposes is in java, indonesia, where a pseudodon shell e a fossil freshwater mussel e was found, showing geometric engravings on the central part of the left valve, and dated at approximately 400 ky (joordens et al. , 2014). the use of perforated shells as ornaments has been described since the late pleistocene in south africa (e. g. , ambrose, 1998; d & apos; errico et al. , 2005; cain, 2006; vanhaeren et al. , 2013), in the eastern mediterranean basin (israel, lebanon and turkey; kuhn et al. , 2001; güleç et al. , 2002; vanhaeren et al. , 2006), in the european upper palaeolithic, and during the holocene (taborin, 1993; dupont, 2006; vanhaeren and d' errico, 2006; perl es and vanhaeren, 2010; stiner, 2010; pappa and veropoulidou, 2011; cristiani et al. , 2014, among others)... .\n... at present, the oldest evidence of the use of shells for non - utilitarian purposes is in java, indonesia, where a pseudodon shell e a fossil freshwater mussel e was found, showing geometric engravings on the central part of the left valve, and dated at approximately 400 ky (joordens et al. , 2014). the use of perforated shells as ornaments has been described since the late pleistocene in south africa (e. g. , ambrose, 1998; d' errico et al. , 2005; cain, 2006; vanhaeren et al. , 2013), in the eastern mediterranean basin (israel, lebanon and turkey; kuhn et al. , 2001; güleç et al. , 2002 ;), in the european upper palaeolithic, and during the holocene (taborin, 1993; dupont, 2006; vanhaeren and d' errico, 2006; perl es and stiner, 2010; pappa and veropoulidou, 2011; cristiani et al. , 2014, among others). during prehistory, shells were also used as raw material to manufacture functional tools... .\nevaluating the performance of the cutting edge of neanderthal shell tools: a new experimental approach. use, mode of operation, and strength of callista chione from a behavioural, quina perspective\n... experimental perforations attest to the fact that careful and controlled actions would have been required for this practice (d' errico et al. 2005, 18). stringing the beads would have also been an elaborate affair, whose form evidently changed over time (vanhaeren et al. 2013). the vast majority of these beads demonstrate use - wear typical of regular contact ...\nassessing the accidental versus deliberate colour modification of shell beads: case study on perfora ...\nfrom the origin of language to the diversification of language. what can archaeology and palaeoanthr ...\nin this paper we recall the arguments put forward in an attempt to link language origins and specific elements of the fossil record (pigment burial practices, personal ornaments, production of depictions and musical traditions, various anatomical features), and summarise the scenarios proposed by palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists to account for the emergence of modern behavioral traits... . [ show full abstract ]\nsince 1991, excavations at blombos cave have yielded a well - preserved sample of faunal and cultural material in middle stone age (msa) levels. the uppermost msa phase, m1, is dated to c. 75 ka by optically stimulated luminescence (osl) and thermoluminescence, and the middle m2 phase to a provisional c. 78 ka. artefacts unusual in a msa context from these phases include bifacial points, bone... [ show full abstract ]\npeter r. teske, 1, * isabelle papadopoulos, 1 christopher d. mcquaid, 2 brent k. newman, 3 and nigel p. barker 1\n* to whom correspondence should be addressed. e - mail: az. ca. ur @ ekset. p\nconceived and designed the experiments: pt. performed the experiments: pt ip. analyzed the data: pt. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: nb pt ip cm bn. wrote the paper: nb pt ip cm bn .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nare absent from south - west african deposits of the pliocene (1. 8–5. 3 million years ago ;\nconcluded that msa humans had selected only exceptionally large shells for their necklaces, whereas during the lsa, shells were collected randomly. we question this interpretation for two reasons: firstly, while several of the 29 msa shells were more than 10 mm in length, none of the 2 098 lsa shells and none of the similarly sized 2 587 modern shells that were measured exceeded 10 mm. the effort of finding shells that exceeded 10 mm would thus have been exceptional during the lsa. secondly, not all of the msa shells were exceptionally large, but they rather comprised a size range from 6. 83 to 10. 42 mm. this could indicate that instead of a change in human preference, the sizes of shells in the region decreased. we tested two alternative hypotheses, both of which assume that shell sizes of\ncomprises at least two distinct genetic units and b) the difference in shell size is due to phenotypic plasticity responding to changing environmental conditions .\n, it is possible that this species may comprise several regional phylogeographic units that differ in shell size, e. g. a large - bodied lineage adapted to cooler water temperature and a small - bodied lineage present in warmer water. their distributions may have shifted as a result of climate change, with the small - bodied lineage having replaced the large - bodied lineage on the south coast. alternatively, the larger lineage may have become extinct (e. g. during the last glacial maximum ∼15–25 000 years ago) and been replaced by the smaller lineage throughout its range (e. g. at the beginning of the present interglacial, < 10 000 years ago). the two lineage - hypothesis is rejected if a) no genetically distinct lineages of\nare found that differ in shell size and b) expansion events from south - eastern to south - western africa evident in the genetic data do not significantly postdate the msa .\nmorphological differentiation in molluscs is often the result of phenotypic plasticity rather than genetics [ 19 ]. the fact that both homeotherms and poikilotherms grow larger at colder temperatures [ 20 ], [ 21 ] may account for a change in shell size as a result of an increase in water temperatures on the south coast from the msa to the lsa. this hypothesis is rejected if tick shells in different biogeographic provinces do not differ in shell size .\n). ten specimens from each sampling locality were randomly selected for genetic analyses. genomic dna was isolated following the chelex\n. gaps were treated as missing data. relationships between groups of haplotypes (nested clades) and geography were established with the program\nwas used to infer the most likely evolutionary scenario that may have resulted in the observed phylogeographic patterns. as gene flow along the coast is essentially one - dimensional, along - coast distances between sampling localities were specified rather than the geographic coordinates .\n. the time at which this event had taken place was determined by converting the expansion time parameter τ to time in years using the formula τ = 2ut, where u is the mutation rate per nucleotide per year multiplied by sequence length (i. e. number of nucleotides), and t is the time since population expansion in years. ninety - five percent bootstrap confidence intervals of τ were calculated using 100 000 coalescent simulations in" ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius kraussianus , common name the tick shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nassarius kraussianus, common name the tick shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks." ]

[ "racotis boarmiaria; [ mob11 ]: 194, f. 408, pl. 10\nracotis moore, [ 1887 ]; lepid. ceylon 3 (4): 418; ts: hypochroma boarmiaria guenée\ngenus: racotis moore, 1887. lepid. ceylon 3: 418. [ bhl ]\ntype - species: hypochroma boarmiaria guenée, 1857. hist. nat. ins. 9: 282. [ bhl ]\nparsons et al. (1999) included 21 species and 9 subspecies (inc. nominates) in the genus racotis .\nracotis quadripunctata holloway, 1993; [ mob11 ]: 194, f. 406, pl. 10; tl: sarawak, gunung mulu nat. park\nracotis inconclusa; holloway, 1976, moths of borneo with special reference to mt. kinabalu: 80; [ mob11 ]: 195, f. 410, pl. 10\nthis and r. . inconclusa are difficult to separate on external features, the most useful characteristics being on the underside. in inconclusa the submarginal dark border is blacker, more clearly defined, particularly in relation to the marginal pale zone. the basal pale zone mostly lacks the irregular speckling seen in boarmiaria, and the discal spots are crisper. the male genitalia are distinctive, as illustrated .\nthe species was most frequent in the lower montane zone (900 - 1000m) during the mulu survey, but was taken as high as 1790m on g. mulu. on g. kinabalu it ranged from 1050 - 2110m, being abundant at sites at 1620m and 1930m .\nthe typical subspecies has been reared in hong kong by m. j. bascombe (pers. comm .). the larva (above) is bright green, marked with black dorsally, extending laterally in triangles, and with white lineation and areas of rather leprous white suffusion. the larva of the japanese subspecies has been illustrated by sato (1984 a) and sugi (1987). it is brownish green, with diffuse, darker triangular patches on some segments dorsolaterally that extend to a lateral line that is diffuse dorsally, delineated sharply ventrally. host - plant records (sato, 1984a) are from lindera, neolitsea, parabenzoin, and, in hong kong, litsea cubeba, (lauraceae) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nguenée a. m. 1858a. in: boisduval, j. a. b. & guenée, a. histoire naturelle des insectes. spécies général des lépidoptères. ix. uranides et phalénites. tome i. - — 9: 1—xxxvii, 1—514 .\nmeyrick e. 1902a. lepidoptera. — in: gardiner, j. s. (ed .) the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelago. being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900. - — 1 (2): 123—126 .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\nn. india, burma, s. china, formosa, japan. see [ maps ]\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. volume 9. uranides et phalénites\n( uranides & phalenides): pl. 1 - 10, (uranides) pl. 1 (1858) ,\n( uranides, phalenides, siculides): pl. 12 - 22, (1858) pl .\nwarren, 1896 new geometridae in the tring museum novit. zool. 3: 99 - 148\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nnew version of the portal has been deployed, some features are still under development and may not work temporarily .\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place. we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens: syntypes - 2 males china: ? locality, (bmnh, london). . type - locality stated doubtfully to be indonesia (indes orientales ?). the series of this species in the bmnh includes specimens from n. india, burma, s. china and formosa\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7. 0 supports all the cnki file formats; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nliuqiang; zhengleyi (innermongolia normal univ .) (nankai univ .) nonnajzab (inner mongolia normal univ .); the classification and faunal analyses of rhopalidae (hemiptera) in china [ j ]; journal of arid land resources and environment; 1994 - 03\nsun lingfeng zhou chuanjun peng chunyun (dept. of chem. , jiangxi normal university, nanchang 330027); studies on extraction and analysis of the essential oil fromthe stem and leaf of the cinnamomum camphora (l .) presl [ j ]; journal of jiangxi normal university (natural sciences edition); 1995 - 04\nliu xin 1; chen yongquanl; lin rigao 1; huang zuolie1; fu deping 2; wang changyou2 (1 dept. of biology, south china agr. univ, guangzhou, 5l0642; 2 guangzhou forestry bureau); study of volatile aromatic substances ofcamphor tree with gas adsorption method [ j ]; journal of south china agricultural university; 1994 - 03\ndeng xianqiong guo lizhong (hunan forestry technical college, hengyang, 421005); research on camphortree canker ⅳ. ways through which canker bacterium enter camphortree and its prevention and cure [ j ]; journal of hunan agricultural university; 1998 - 04\ngu jingwen, liu liding and zhang yisa (biological resources institute, jiangxi academy of sciences, nanchang, 330029, prc); studies on the essential oils from the fruits of three types cinnamomum camphora (l .) presl [ j ]; jiangxi science; 1990 - 02\n©2006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co. , ltd. (beijing) (ttkn) all rights reserved\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nanonymous (1995) report on air quality in malaysia as monitored by the malaysia meteorological service, 1994. malaysian meteorological service, technical note 55 .\nbarlow, h. s. & woiwod, i. p. (1989) moth diversity of tropical forest in peninsular malaysia. j. trop. ecol. 5: 37–50 .\nbrown, k. s. jr. (1991) conservation of neotropical environments: insects as indicators. in collins, n. m. & thomas, j. a. (eds). the conservation of insects and their habitats, london: academic press, pp. 349–404 .\nchey, v. k. (1994) comparison of biodiversity between rain forest and plantations in sabah, using moths as indicators. ph. d diss. , oxford university (unpubl .) .\nchey, v. k. , holloway, j. d. & speight, m. r. (1997) diversity of moths in forest plantation and natural forests in sabah. bull. entomol. res. 87: 371–385 .\ncolwell, r. k. & coddington, j. a. (1994) estimating terrestrial biodiversity by extrapolation. philos. trans. r. soc. london ser. b 345: 101–118 .\ncommon, i. f. b. (1990) moths of australia. melbourne university press .\nfisher, r. a. , corbet, a. s. & williams, c. b. (1943) the relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. j. anim. ecol. 12: 42–58 .\nhammond, p. m. (1990) insect abundance and diversity in the dumoga - bone national park, n. sulawesi, with special reference to the beetle fauna of lowland rainforest in the toraut region. in knight, w. j. & holloway, j. d. (eds). insects and the rain forests of south east asia (wallacea), london, royal entomological society, pp. 197–254 .\nhammond, p. m. (1994) practical approaches to the estimation of the extent of biodiversity in speciose groups. philos. trans. r. soc. london ser. b 345: 119–136 .\nholloway, j. d. (1983) insect surveys - an approach to environmental monitoring. atti xii congresso nazionale italiano di entomologia, roma, 1980: 239–261 .\nholloway, j. d. (1984) the larger moths of gunung mulu national park; a preliminary assessment of their distribution, ecology and potential as environmental indicators. in jermy, a. c. & kavanagh, k. p. (eds). gunung mulu national park, sarawak, part ii, sarawak museum journal 30, special issue 2, pp. 149–190 .\nholloway, j. d. (1985) moths as indicator organisms for categorising rain forest and monitoring changes and regenerating processes. in chadwick, a. c. & sutton, s. l. (eds). tropical rain - forest, the leeds symposium, special publication, leeds philosophical and literary society, pp. 235–242 .\nholloway, j. d. (1986) lepidoptera faunas of high mountains in the indo - australian tropics. in vuilleumier, f. & monasterio, m. (eds). high altitude tropical biogeography, oxford university press, new york, pp. 533–556 .\nholloway, j. d. (1993 [ 1994 ]) the moths of borneo: family geometridae, subfamily ennominae. malay. nat. j. 47: 1–309 .\nholloway, j. d. (1996) the moths of borneo: family geometridae, subfamilies oenochrominae, desmobathrinae and geometrinae. malay. nat. j. 49: 147–326 .\nholloway, j. d. (1997) the moths of borneo: family geometridae, subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae. malay. nat. j. 51: 1–242 .\nholloway, j. d. & jardine, n. (1968) two approaches to zoogeography: a study based on the distributions of butterflies, birds and bats in the indo - australian area. proc. linn. soc. london 179: 153–188 .\nholloway, j. d. & stork, n. e. (1991) the dimensions of biodiversity: the use of invertebrates as indicators of man’s impact. in hawksworth, d. l. (eds). the biodiversity of microorganisms and invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture, cab international, wallingford, pp. 37–62 .\nholloway, j. d. , kibby, g & peggie, d. (2001) the families of malesian moths and butterflies. fauna malesiana handbook 3 .\nleiden: e. j. brill, holloway, j. d. , kirk - spriggs, a. h. & chey, v. k. (1992) the response of some rain forest insect groups to logging and conversion to plantation. philos. trans. r. soc. london ser. b 335: 425–436 .\nintachat, j. (1995) assessment of moth diversity in natural and managed forests in peninsular malaysia. ph. d diss. , oxford university (unpubl .) .\nintachat, j. & holloway, j. d. (2000) is there stratification in diversity or preferred flight height of geometroid moths in malaysian tropical lowland forest? biodiversity conserv. 9: 1417–1439 .\nintachat, j. & woiwod, i. p. (1999) trap design for monitoring moth biodiversity in tropical rainforests. bull. entomol. res. 89: 153–163 .\nintachat, j. , holloway, j. d. & speight, m. r. (1997) the effects of forest management practices on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in peninsular malaysia. j. trop. for. sei. 9: 411–430 .\nintachat, j. , holloway, j. d. & speight, m. r. (1999a) the impact of logging on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in lowland forests of peninsular malay. j. trop. for. sei. 11: 61–78 .\nintachat, j. , chey, v. k. , holloway, j. d. & speight, m. r. (1999b) the impact of forest plantation development on the population and diversity of geometrid moths (lepidoptera: geometridae) in malaysia. j. trop. for. sei. 11: 329–336 .\nintachat, j. , holloway, j. d. & staines, h. (2001) effects of climate and phenology on the abundance and diversity of geometroid moths within a malaysian natural tropical rainforest environment. j. trop. ecol. 17: 411–429 .\nintachat, j. , holloway, j. d. & speight, m. r. (in press) the diversity of geometroid moths with in different types of rain forest in peninsular malaysia. malay. nat. j. manokaran, n. , lafrankie, j. v. , kochummen, k. m. , quah, e. s. , klahn, j. e. , ashton, p. s. & hubbell, s. p. (1992) stand table and distribution of species in the 50 ha research plot at pasoh forest reserve. frim research data no. 1, forest research institute malaysia, kepong, pp. 210–211 .\nnew, t. r. (1998) invertebrate surveys for conservation. oxford university press. pearson, d. l. (1994) selecting indicator taxa for the qualitative assessment of biodiversity. philos. trans. r. soc. london ser. b 345: 75–79 .\nrobinson, g. s. & tuck, k. r. (1993) diversity and faunistics of small moths (microlepidoptera) in bornean rainforest. ecol. entomol. 18: 385–393 .\nrobinson, h. s. & robinson, p. j. m. (1950) some notes on the observed behaviour of lepidoptera in flight in the vicinity of light sources together with description of a light - trap designed to take entomological samples. entomologists’ gazette 1: 3–15 .\nscoble, m. j. (1992) the lepidoptera, form, function and diversity. oxford university press, oxford .\nscoble, m. j. (ed). (1999) geometrid moths of the world, a catalogue. melbourne: csiro press .\nsüssenbach, d. & fiedler, k. (1999) noctuid moths attracted to fruit baits: testing models and methods of estimating species diversity. nota lepidopterologica 22: 115–154 .\ntaylor, l. r. & french, r. a. (1974) effects of light - trap design and illumination on samples of moths in an english woodland. bull. entomol. res. 63: 583–594 .\ntaylor, l. r. , kempton, r. a. & woiwod, i. p. (1976) diversity statistics and the log - series model. j. anim. ecol. 45: 255–271 .\nwilliams, c. b. (1948) the rothamsted light - trap. proc. r. entomol. soc. london ser. a23: 80–85 .\nwillott, s. j. (1999) the effects of selective logging on the distribution of moths in a bornean rainforest. philos. trans. r. soc. london ser. b 354: 1783–1790 .\nholloway j. d. , intachat j. (2003) aspects of the diversity of geometridae (lepidoptera) in pasoh forest reserve. in: okuda t. , manokaran n. , matsumoto y. , niiyama k. , thomas s. c. , ashton p. s. (eds) pasoh. springer, tokyo" ]

{ "text": [ "racotis boarmiaria is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "it is found in india , sri lanka , maldives , myanmar , china , japan , taiwan , indonesia , bhutan and malaysia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "racotis boarmiaria is a species of moth of the family geometridae. it is found in india, sri lanka, maldives, myanmar, china, japan, taiwan, indonesia, bhutan and malaysia." ]

[ "have a fact about psorosticha neglecta? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for psorosticha neglecta? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npsorosticha neglecta diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 187; tl: philippines, luzon, los baños\npsorosticha melanocrepida clarke, 1962; ent. news 73: 91; tl: japan, kyusyu, oita\nfigures 286 - 290. —genitalia of oecophoridae and glyphipterygidae: 286, psorosticha neglecta, new species, cf, holotype, below, aedcagus; 287, 9, allotype with ovipositor; 288, signum; 289, imma auranliaca (semper), c ^, paratype, slide no. 4722; 290, imma albifasciella (pagenstecher), 9. slide no. 5108, bursa copulatrix in background .\nfigures 657 - 664. —oecophoridae and glyphipterygidae: 657, tonica argessa, new species, 9, holotype; 658, t. citrantha, new species, ?, holotype; 659, t. lagaropis meyrick, 9; 660, d ^; 661, psorosticha neglecta, new species, cf, holotype; 662, 9, allotype; 663, phycodes minor moore, cf; 664, sagalassa eubrachycera, new species, cf, holotype .\npsorosticha is a moth genus of the superfamily gelechioidea. it is included in the family depressariidae, which is sometimes – particularly in older treatments – considered a subfamily of the oecophoridae or included in the elachistidae .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nstainton, 1859 descriptions of twenty - five species of indian micro - lepidoptera trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 5: 111 - 126\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nauthors: united states national museum; smithsonian institution; united states. dept. of the interior\npublisher: washington: smithsonian institution press, [ etc. ]; for sale by the supt. of docs. , u. s. govt print. off .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "psorosticha neglecta is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .", "it is found in the philippines ( luzon ) .", "the wingspan is about 19 mm for males and 20 mm for females .", "the forewings are pale fulvous pinkish , strewn with blackish-grey scales and blackish-grey raised tufts .", "there is a wedge-shaped basal patch and two small dark tufts in an oblique row , as well as a more oblique series of some five points from below the first tuft to the fold well beyond the second tuft .", "there are two larger transverse tufts in a series from about three-fifths of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum and a group of minute raised scales on the dorsum .", "there is a series of narrow black marginal marks along the terminal edge .", "the hindwings are glossy , pale grey bronze . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "psorosticha neglecta is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968. it is found in the philippines (luzon). the wingspan is about 19 mm for males and 20 mm for females. the forewings are pale fulvous pinkish, strewn with blackish-grey scales and blackish-grey raised tufts. there is a wedge-shaped basal patch and two small dark tufts in an oblique row, as well as a more oblique series of some five points from below the first tuft to the fold well beyond the second tuft. there are two larger transverse tufts in a series from about three-fifths of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum and a group of minute raised scales on the dorsum. there is a series of narrow black marginal marks along the terminal edge. the hindwings are glossy, pale grey bronze." ]

[ "phrases that include maimed: maimed snake eel words similar to maimed: maim, mutilated, wounded, hurt, more ...\nthe maimed snake eel (muraenichthys schultzei, also known as the aimed snake eel, the bleeker' s worm - eel, or the schultz' s worm eel) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm / snake eels) .\nthe maimed right hand twisted and clutched - p. b. kyne\nthe ordinary snake eel (myrophis microchir) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm / snake eels). it was described by pieter bleeker in 1864, originally under the genus echelus. it is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the indo - western pacific, including vietnam, japan, fiji, the marshall islands, and australia. it inhabits sandy sediments. males can reach a maximum total length of 39 centimetres (15 in) .\nlatin, muraena = morey eel + greek, ichtys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nmaimed\nis defined .\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 1 - 19 m (ref. 86942). tropical; 30°n - 15°s\nindo - pacific: persian gulf (ref. 68964), red sea (ref. 33390) and east africa to samoa, north to the ryukyu islands, south to australia; caroline and marshall islands in micronesia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 24. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 1602); common length: 8. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 30573 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 0 .\nfound in reef flats and lagoons to at least 13 m. burrows in soft bottoms (ref. 30573). benthic (ref. 58302). caught in bags or nets, or by digging (ref. 30573). used as shark bait (ref. 30573) .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 26. 9 - 29. 3, mean 28. 7 (based on 2639 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00076 (0. 00029 - 0. 00198), b = 3. 06 (2. 83 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 9 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nenglish french online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options." ]

{ "text": [ "the maimed snake eel ( muraenichthys schultzei , also known as the aimed snake eel , the bleeker 's worm-eel , or the schultz 's worm eel ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .", "it was described by pieter bleeker in 1857 .", "it is a marine , tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific , including the red sea , east africa , samoa , the ryukyu islands , australia , and micronesia .", "it dwells at a depth range of 1 to 13 metres ( 3.3 to 42.7 ft ) , and inhabits coral reefs and lagoons , where it forms burrows in soft benthic sediments .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 24 centimetres ( 9.4 in ) , but more commonly reach a tl of 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) .", "the maimed snake eel is of minor commercial interest to fisheries .", "it is usually bagged , netted or dug out , and sold for shark bait . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 16, 18, 0, 16, 15 ] }

[ "the maimed snake eel (muraenichthys schultzei, also known as the aimed snake eel, the bleeker's worm-eel, or the schultz's worm eel) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). it was described by pieter bleeker in 1857. it is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific, including the red sea, east africa, samoa, the ryukyu islands, australia, and micronesia. it dwells at a depth range of 1 to 13 metres (3.3 to 42.7 ft), and inhabits coral reefs and lagoons, where it forms burrows in soft benthic sediments. males can reach a maximum total length of 24 centimetres (9.4 in), but more commonly reach a tl of 8 centimetres (3.1 in). the maimed snake eel is of minor commercial interest to fisheries. it is usually bagged, netted or dug out, and sold for shark bait." ]

[ "apatelodes cerrita is a moth in the bombycidae family. it is found in minas gerais, brazil .\napatelodes auduboni (david l. wagner & edward c. knudson, 2014 )\nhave a fact about apatelodes hiantha? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for apatelodes hiantha? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about apatelodes olaus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for apatelodes olaus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "apatelodes cerrita is a moth in the bombycidae family .", "it is found in minas gerais , brazil .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on eucalyptus urophylla . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8 ] }

[ "apatelodes cerrita is a moth in the bombycidae family. it is found in minas gerais, brazil. the larvae have been recorded feeding on eucalyptus urophylla." ]

[ "diagnosis davidaster with usually no more than 20 arms; pinnules beaded pale and dark or with black tips. [ details ]\nspecimen count 1 record last modified 9 oct 2014 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. common name crinoids taxonomy animalia echinodermata crinoidea comatulida comasteridae collector f. jeal ocean / sea / gulf north atlantic ocean, caribbean sea preparation dry see more items in echinoderms invertebrate zoology place off north central coast, jamaica, north atlantic ocean collection date 1986 accession number 406048 usnm number e42722 published name davidaster discoideus (carpenter, 1888 )\n( of davidaster discoidea (carpenter, 1888) ) hoggett ak, rowe fwe (1986) a reappraisal of the family comasteridae a. h. clark, 1908 (echinodermata: crinoidea), with the description of a new subfamily and a new genus. zoological journal of the linnean society 88: 103 - 142. [ details ]\nmany ecological studies of living crinoids have been descriptions of feeding postures and strategies, because the food - gathering apparatus of arms and pinnules comprises such a large proportion of the animal' s structure. however, in the comatulids and stalked isocrinids, which account for almost 90% of living species, arms and pinnules also function in locomotion, a dual obligation that requires a skeleton rigid enough to stand erect against a passing current, yet flexible enough to permit movement (lawrence 1987, messing & dearborn 1990). the muscular articulations of arms and pinnules fit this requirement as follows: crinoid ligaments consist of mutable\n1988). contraction of muscles on the ambulacral side of the fulcral ridge curls or rolls an arm inward toward the mouth and flexes pinnules toward the arm axis. when the muscles relax, the elasticity of the large antagonistic ligament on the aboral side of the ridge extends arms and pinnules outward. once extended, stiffened ligaments allow the arm and pinnules to maintain an extended posture passively against a current for food gathering. individual articulations have limited scope but an arm of over 200 segments or a pinnule with more than 50 may have great flexibility (see also baumiller 1997) .\ncomatulids are the most mobile of extant crinoids and are active arm crawlers, in many cases creeping from cryptic daytime retreats to exposed nocturnal feeding perches (meyer et al. 1984a, lawrence 1987, vail 1987). also, at least some colobometrids, antedonids ,\ncan swim with graceful and coordinated arm undulations although they appear to do so only rarely (macurda 1973, macurda & meyer 1983, shaw & fontaine 1990). such mobility likely contributed to the shallow - water survival of comatulids in the face of the late - mesozoic radiation of\npredators that drove stalked crinoids into deeper water (meyer & macurda 1977, meyer 1985, schneider 1988, oji 1996) (see\npredation\nbelow) .\nthe basic feeding mechanism is well known although few species have been closely examined and several significant details remain to be worked out. much of the following is taken from meyerís (1982a) and lawrence ís (1987) thorough discussions of crinoid feeding plus information published subsequently. baumiller (1997) provides a thorough review of feeding and filtration from a biomechanical standpoint .\n. in the photo at left, only the primary podia are visible, as rows of fine short threads along the pinnules. a similar arrangement across five families examined so far suggests that the arrangement is common to all comatulids, and probably to all living crinoids (nichols 1960, meyer 1979, byrne & fontaine 1981\n1985, holland et al. 1986). the primary podia, 0. 43 - 0. 85 mm in length (meyer 1979, byrne & fontaine 1981), alternate with flap - like\nalong the ambulacral margin and, when extended, project almost at right angles outward from the central groove. the bases of secondary podia are fused to the inner surface of the lappets; their contraction pulls the lappets inward, covering the groove. in\n, they project upward from the groove (holland et al. 1986). the short\nextend vertically from the groove margins. like ophiuroids, but unlike most other extant echinoderms, crinoid tube feet lack a terminal sucker. they bear papillae tipped with cilia (ostensibly sensory) and containing mucus - producing cells (holland 1969, mckenzie 1992) .\nflicks, bends or curls rapidly inward, forcing the particle into the food groove. the shorter podia and lappets vary somewhat in function among species. in\nperform all\nconspicuous small - scale feeding acts\nunassisted by secondary podia (holland et al. , 1986). byrne & fontaine (1981), holland et al. (1986) and leonard (1989) also describe the coordinated activity of multiple adjacent podia associated with capture of larger or mobile particles .\nthe primary podia at least are adhesive, but the role of mucus in food capture apparently varies among species. several authors (magnus 1963 ,\n1969, nichols 1960) describe food capture via entanglement in mucous threads and strands. nichols (1960) describes the podia of a. bifida as forcibly ejecting mucous strands when contacted by a food particle (not a preformed mucous web), but la\n( personal communication in byrne & fontaine 1981, p. 17) .\nproduces mucous threads, but does not shoot them out upon particle contact. although byrne & fontaine (1981) suggest that food collection via threads could be an important resource, perhaps during dense plankton blooms, they consider that direct impingement of particles on adhesive primary podia is the typical collection method, a conclusion also reached by meyer (1982a) and holland et al. (1986) for all comatulids. the latter authors found no mucous threads in\n1985, lawrence 1987). holland et al. (1986) discuss three possible mechanisms of particle transport via\naction. pinnule grooves run into arm grooves which converge like tributary rivers on the mouth .\n) converging on the central mouth (m) and with the anal papilla (ap) off to one side .\npp. 45 - 68. in: waters, j. a. & maples, c. g. (eds. )\nfunctional morphology of the podia and ambulacral grooves of the comatulid crinoid antedon bifida (echinodermata) .\n) (echinodermata: crinoidea): the interaction of prey concentration and current velocity on a passive suspension - feeder .\nmagnus, d. b. e. 1963. der federstern heterometra savignyi im roten meer .\npp. 3 - 30 in: waters, j. a. & maples, c. g. (eds. )\nmarine flora and fauna of the northeastern united states, echinodermata: crinoidea. noaa technical report nmfs 91 .\nfeeding behavior and ecology of shallow - water unstalked crinoids (echinodermata) in the caribbean sea .\nlength and spacing of the tube feet in crinoids (echinodermata) and their role in suspension - feeding .\nmeyer, d. l. and macurda, d. b. , jr. 1977 .\ntime - lapse cinematography of feather stars (echinodermata: crinoidea) on the great barrier reef, australia: demonstrations of posture changes, locomotion, spawning and possible predation by fish. marine biology 78: 179 - 184 .\n, t. 1985. catch connective tissue: the connective tissue with adjustable mechanical properties, pp. 69 - 73 .\nin keegan, b. f. and oíconnor, b. d. s. (eds .) echinodermata .\npp. 531 - 538. in: burke, r. d. ,\n, p. v. , lambert, p. and parsley, r. l. (eds. )\npp. 311 - 330. in: paul, c. r. c. and smith, a. b. (eds. )\n( of actinometra discoidea carpenter, 1888) carpenter ph (1888) report on the crinoidea collected during the voyage of h. m. s. challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. part ii. the comatulae. report on the scientific results of the voyage of h. m. s. challenger, zoology 26, x + 402, 70 pls. [ details ]\ndistribution se florida and bahamas to colombia, curaçao and bonaire, including caribbean central america and antillean arc; depth range ...\ndistribution se florida and bahamas to colombia, curaçao and bonaire, including caribbean central america and antillean arc; depth range: 0. 6 - (?) 150 m (deeper records likely erroneous) [ details ]\n( of nemaster insolitus ah clark, 1917) clark ah (1917) four new echinoderms from the west indies. proc. biol. soc. washington 30: 63 - 70. [ details ]\npawson, d. l. , d. j. vance, c. g. messing, f. a. solis - marin & c. l. mah. (2009). echinodermata of the gulf of mexico. pp. 1177–1204 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college s. [ details ]\n( of nemaster discoidea (carpenter, 1888) ) clark ah (1921) report on the crinoids collected by the barbados - antigua expedition from the university of iowa in 1918. univ. iowa studies in nat. hist. 9 (5): 1 - 28. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nemaster discoidea (carpenter, 1888) ) clark ah (1931) a monograph of the existing crinoids. 1 (3) superfamily comasterida. bulletin of the united states national museum 82. viii + 816 pp. , 82 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nemaster discoidea (carpenter, 1888) ) meyer dl, messing cg, macurda db (1978) zoogeography of tropical western atlantic crinoidea (echinodermata). bull. marine sci. 28: 412 - 441 [ details ]\n( of nemaster insolitus ah clark, 1917) clark ah (1931) a monograph of the existing crinoids. 1 (3) superfamily comasterida. bulletin of the united states national museum 82. viii + 816 pp. , 82 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark ah (1909) revision of the crinoid family comasteridae, with descriptions of new genera and species. proc. us nat. mus. 36 (1685), 493 - 507. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark ah (1931) a monograph of the existing crinoids. 1 (3) superfamily comasterida. bulletin of the united states national museum 82. viii + 816 pp. , 82 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nse florida and bahamas to colombia, curaçao and bonaire, including caribbean central america and antillean arc; depth range: 0. 6 - (?) 150 m (deeper records likely erroneous )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nhumann, p. , 1992. reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhoggett ak, rowe fwe (1986) a reappraisal of the family comasteridae a. h. clark, 1908 (echinodermata: crinoidea), with the description of a new subfamily and a new genus. zoological journal of the linnean society 88: 103 - 142 .\npawson, d. l. , d. j. vance, c. g. messing, f. a. solis - marin & c. l. mah. (2009). echinodermata of the gulf of mexico. < em > pp. 1177–1204 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. < / em > biodiversity. texas a & m press, college s .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\npanamá posee una diversa fauna de equinodermos con 414 especies registradas. estas están comprendidas en 21 especies de crinoideos, 130 especies de ofiuroideos, 83 especies de asteroideos, 78 especies de equinoideos y 102 especies de holoturoideos. con la excepción de los crinoideos, la diversidad de equinodermos en panamá es mayor en el pacífico (270 especies) que en el caribe (154 especies). esto contrasta con otros grupos de invertebrados (e. g. corales, esponjas y briozoarios), donde diferentes tasas de especiación, extinción y migración han dado como resultado una mayor diversidad en el caribe que el pacífico. el primer artículo publicado que incluye información de equinodermos de panamá proviene de addison emery verrill, donde él describe nuevos géneros y especies en 1867. a partir de ese trabajo comienza un periodo de exploración durante el cual la mayoría de las especies de equinodermos de panamá fueron descritas. desde su establecimiento en 1961, el programa marino del instituto smithsonian de investigaciones tropicales en panamá ha generado una extensa investigación ecológica y evolutiva en equinodermos. esto incluye trabajos de distribución de especies, tamaños poblacionales, organismos asociados, bioerosión, y mortandades de especies. la mayoría de los estudios moleculares filogeográficos en panamá se han enfocado en equinoideos, con solo unos pocos estudios moleculares en asteroideos y ofiuroideos, y ninguno en crinoideos o holoturoideos. la acuicultura sustentable de equinodermos no se ha desarrollado en panamá, mientras que la extracción ilegal de pepinos de mar continúa poniendo presión en las poblaciones de holoturoideos .\nsimon coppard thanks senacyt (la secretaría nacional de educación superior ciencia tecnología e innovación) (panama) who helped fund this project as part of project col08 - 002 and david m. rubenstein who funded simon through a smithsonian rubenstein fellowship. juan josé alvarado thanks consejo nacional de ciencia y tecnología (conacyt; mexico) and consejo nacional para investigaciones científicas y tecnológicas (conicit; costa rica). we are grateful to edgardo ochoa, juan sánchez, angel chiriboga and dave pawson for providing us with photographs. we appreciate the comments made by j. cortés, j. lawrence and h. a. lessios that improved this paper .\nagassiz a (1892) reports on an exploration off the west coast of mexico, central and south america, and off galápagos island, in charge of alexander agassiz by the u. s. fish commission steamer “\n” during 1891, lieut. commander tanner zl, u. s. n. commanding. i .\nagassiz a new stalked crinoid. with notes on the apical system and the homologies of echinoderms. mem mus comp zool harvard coll 17: 1–95\nagassiz a (1898) preliminary report on the echini. dredging operations of the albatross. bull mus comp zool 32: 71–86\nagassiz a (1904) the panamic deep sea echini. report xxxii on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico, central and south america, and off the galapagos islands. mem mus comp zool harvard coll 31: 1–243\nalvarado jj, solis - marin fa, ahearn c (2008) equinodermos (echinodermata) del caribe centroamericano. rev biol trop 56 (suppl 3): 37–55\nalvarado jj, solis - marin fa, ahearn c (2010) echinoderms (echinodermata) diversity off central america pacific. mar biodiv 40: 45–56\namador ja, alfaro ej, lizano og, magaña vo (2006) atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical pacific: a review. prog oceanogr 69 (2–4): 101–142\nberggren wa, hollister cd (1974) paleogeography, paleobiogeograph and the history of circulation in the atlantic ocean, in studies in paleo - oceanography. soc econ paleontol mineral spec publ 20: 126–186\nbermingham e, lessios ha (1993) rate variation of protein and mitochondrial dna evolution as revealed by sea urchins separated by the isthmus of panama. proc nat acad sci usa 90: 2734–2738\nboone l (1928) echinoderms from the gulf of california and the perlas islands. bull bingham oceanogr coll yale univ 2: 1–14\n) indicates a recent invasion from the indian ocean. j hered 97: 1–12\nbudd af (2000) diversity and extinction in the cenozoic history of caribbean reefs. coral reefs 19: 25–35\nburton kw, ling hf, o’nions rk (1997) closure of the central american isthmus and its effect on deepwater formation in the north atlantic. nature 386: 382–385\ncheetham ah, jackson jbc, sanner j (2001) evolutionary significance of sexual and asexual modes of propagation in neogene species of the bryozoan metrarabdotos in tropical america. j paleontol 75: 564–577\nchesher rh (1972) the status of knowledge of panamanian echinoids, 1971, with comments on other echinoderms. bull biol soc wash 2: 139–157\nns) collected on the presidential cruise of 1938. smithson miscell collec 98: 1–22\n” to the tropical pacific 1899–1900 and 1904–1905. bull mus comp zool harvard univ 61: 429–453\nclark hl (1940) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society. xxi. notes on echinoderms from the west coast of central america. zoology 25: 331–352\nof the warmer eastern pacific, based on the collections of the velero iii. allan hancock pac exp 8: 225–352\ncoates ag, mcneill df, aubry mp, berggren wa, collins ls (2005) an introduction to the geology of the bocas del toro archipelago, panama. carib j sci 41: 374–391\nchesher rh (1968) the systematics of sympatric species in west indian spatangoids. studies tropic oceanogr 7: 1−168, pls 1–35\n( echinoidea: spatangoida) and a description of a new species from panama. bull marine sci 20: 731–761\nclark hl (1925) a catalogue of the recent sea urchins (echinoidea) in the collection of the british museum (natural history). oxford univ. press, london. 250 p\ncollin r, d’croz l, gondola p, del rosario jb (2009) climate and hydrological factors affecting variation in chlorophyll concentration and water clarity in the bahia almirante, panama. smith contr mar sci 38: 323–334\ncollins ls (1999) the miocene to recent diversity of caribbean benthic foraminifera from the central american isthmus. bull am paleontol 357: 91–107\ncortés j (1993) comparison between caribbean and eastern pacific coral reefs. rev biol trop 41: 19–21\ncruz lg (2000) campaña de educación ambiental para la conservación y protección del pepino de mar (echinodermata: holothuroidea) en 15 comunidades del archipiélago de bocas del toro y península valiente. msc thesis, universidad santa maría la antigüa, panama\ncubit jd, windsor dm, thompson rc, burgett jm (1986) water - level fluctuations, emersion regimes, and variations of echinoid populations on a caribbean reef flat. estuar coast shelf sci 22: 719–737\nd’croz l, robertson r (1997) coastal oceanographic conditions affecting coral reefs on both sides of the isthmus of panama. proceedings of 8th international coral reef symposium, panama 2: 2053–2058\nd’croz l, del rosario jb, gómez ja (1991) upwelling and phytoplankton in the bay of panama. rev biol trop 39: 233–241\nd’croz l, del rosario jb, góndola p (2005) the effect of fresh water runoff on the distribution and dissolved inorganic nutrients and plankton in the bocas del toro archipelago, caribbean panama. carib j sci 41: 414–429\ncollected by the velero iii during the years 1932–1938. part i. dendrochirota. allan hancock pac exp 8: 61–195\ncollected by thevelero iii and iv during the years 1932 to 1954. part ii aspidochirota. allan hancock pac exp 11: 253–349\ndöderlein l (1917) die asteriden der siboga - expedition. i. die gattung astropecten und ihre stammesgeschichte. in: brill ej (ed )\neakin cm (1991) the damselfish - 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(eds) echinoderm research and diversity in latin america. springer, berlin, heidelberg\nen este capítulo se ofrece una perspectiva histórica de las investigaciones sobre los equinodermos de cuba, desde su comienzo a mediados del siglo xix, hasta nuestros días. se subrayan los cruceros de investigación realizados en aguas cubanas, así como otros estudios que han permitido acumular el presente conocimiento sobre esta fauna. se da información sobre las características geomorfológicas y oceanográficas las cuales están relacionadas a los diferentes tipos de ecosistemas y biotopos marinos que existen en el archipiélago cubano, así como también sobre las diferentes especies de equinodermos que habitan en esas regiones. en cuba se han registrado hasta el momento 356 especies, de las cuales, la clase crinoidea está representada por 34 especies, la clase asteroidea por 76 especies, la clase ophiuroidea por 162 especies, la clase echinoidea por 63, y finalmente la clase holothuroidea con 51 especies. todas estas especies se encuentran representadas en los biotopos principales del ecosistema marino cubano: arrecifes de coral y sustratos duros no consolidados, arena, fango, vegetación sumergida (pastos marinos y macroalgas), manglares, lagunas costeras y estuarios, costas rocosas bajas o con acantilados y playas; donde están distribuidos desde la zona intermareal hasta 5, 850 m de profundad, en la que fue hallado el erizo pourtalesia miranda. se hace referencia sobre el estado de recuperación que han tenido las poblaciones del erizo negro diadema antillarum. se brinda información sobre la explotación comercial del pepino de mar isostichopus badionotus. también se insiste en la necesidad de continuar el estudio de este importante grupo y se recomienda abrir nuevas líneas de investigación. entre las amenazas a la que están sometidos los equinodermos se encuentra la destrucción de sus hábitats, causada principalmente por el desarrollo costero. se comenta acerca de la necesidad de cuidar y conservar este grupo, mediante su uso racional .\nwe want to express our gratitude to †cynthia ahearn and david pawson (united states national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution) and gordon hendler (los angeles county museum) for they support and for always enriching our minds with their wise knowledge. we also thank the department and laboratories of the oceanology institute of la havana, cuba (oceanology department and laboratory), for their unconditional support during all these years. without them this work would have been impossible .\ncomo indicador de la contaminación por metales pesados. cuba. aquat liv res 3: 113–120\nabreu - 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84\nagassiz a (1888) characteristic deep - sea types. - echinoderms. three cruises of the united states coast and geodetic survey steamer “\n” in the gulf of mexico in the caribbean sea, and along the atlantic coast of the united states, from 1877 to 1880. the riverside press, cambrige 2: 84–127\naguayo c (1945) zoografía de invertebrados. clave para equinodermos. cooperativa estudiantil, la habana\nalcolado pm (1990) aspectos ecológicos de la macrolaguna del golfo de batabanó, con especial referencia al bentos. el bentos de la macrolaguna del golfo de batabanó. ed. academia, la habana, in, pp 129–157\nalcolado pm (2007) diversidad, utilidad y estado de conservación de los biotopos marinos. in: claro r (ed) la biodiversidad marina de cuba. inst oceanología, ministerio de ciencia, tecnología y medio ambiente, la habana, cuba\nalcolado pm, espinosa j, martínez - estalella n, ibarzábal d, del valle r, martínez - iglesias jc, abreu - pérez m, hernández - zanuy a (1998) prospección del megazoobentos de los fondos blandos del archipiélago sabana - 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canada, environmental defense, centro nacional de áreas protegidas, la habana\ncomo organismo indicador de la contaminación por petróleo. rev inst invest trans 11: 45–56\nboone l (1933) scientific results of cruises of the yachts “eagle” and “ara“, 1921–1928, willian k. vanderbilt commanding. coelenterata, echinodermata and mollusca. bull vanderbilt mar mus 4: 1−217\nboone l (1935) scientific results of the world cruise of the yacht “alva”, 1931, william k. vanderbilt commanding. bull vanderbilt mar mus 6: 241–264\ncaballero h, gonzález - ferrer s, cobián d, alvarez s, alcolado pm (2007) evaluación agrra del bentos en diez sitios de buceo de “maría la gorda”, bahía de corrientes, cuba. rev inv mar 28: 131−138\ncastellanos - iglesias s, lopeztegui castillo a, de la guardia - llansó e (2004) monitoreo reef check en el arrecife coralino “rincón de guanabo”, cuba. rev invest mar 25: 219−230\nclark ah (1917) four new echinoderms from the west indies. proc biol soc wash 30: 63–70\nclark ah (1931) a monograph of the existing crinoids. vol 1. the comatulids. part 3. superfamily comasterida. us nat mus bull 82: 1–816\nclark ah (1940) the family antedonidae in the west tropical atlantic. mem soc cub hist nat 14: 139–160\nclark ah (1947) a monograph of the existing crinoids. vol 1. the comatulids. part 4b. superfamily mariametrida (concluded. the family colobometridae) and superfamily tropiometrida (excep the families thalassometridae and charitometridae). us nat mus bull 82: 1–473\nclark ah (1950) a monograph of the existing crinoids. vol. 1. the comatulids. part 4c. superfamily tropiometrid (the families thalassometridae and charitometridae). us nat mus bull 82: 1–383\nclark am, me downey (1992) seastares of the atlantic. nat hist mus pub. identification guide 3. chapman and hall, london\nclark hl (1919) the distribution of the littoral echinoderms of the west indies. publ dept mar biol carnegie inst wash 13: 49–74\nclark hl (1933) a handbook of the littoral echinoderms of porto rico and the other west indian islands. scientific survey of porto rico and the virgin islands 16: 1–147\n” expedition to the west indies, under the joint auspices of the university of havana and harvard university. the echinoderms (other than holothurian). mem soc cubana hist nat “felipe poey” 15: 1−154\nclaro r (2007) la biodiversidad marina de cuba. inst oceanología, ministerio de ciencia, tecnología y medio ambiente, la habana\ncorvea a (1986) nuevos registros de holoturoideos neríticos (echinodermata) para cuba. poeyana 322: 1–5\ncorvea a (1990) nuevo registro de holoturoideo (echinodermata) para cuba. poeyana 392: 1–6\ncorvea a, abreu - pérez m, pm alcolado (1990) características de las comunidades de equinodermos de la macrolaguna del golfo de batabanó. in: alcolado pm (ed) el bentos de la macrolaguna del golfo de batabanó. ed academia, la habana, pp 90−99\ndeichmann e (1930) the holothurians of the western part of the atlantic ocean. bull mus comp zool harvard coll 71: 43–226\ndeichmann e (1940) report of the holothurians, collected by the harvard - havana expeditions 1938 - 1939, with a revision of the molpadonia of atlantic ocean. mem soc cub hist nat “felipe poey” 11: 183−240\ndeichmann e (1954) the holothurians of the gulf of mexico. us fish wildlife bull 89: 381–410\ndeichmann e (1963) shallow water holothurians known from the caribbean waters. stud fauna curacao carib islands 14: 1–100\nde la guardia e, gonzález - sansón g, aguilar c (2003) biodiversidad marina en la laguna costera el guanal, cayo largo, cuba. rev inv mar 24: 111−116\nde la guardia e, angulo j, gonzález - sansón g, aguilar c, gonzález - díaz p (2004) biodiversidad en la zona de buceo del parque nacional de punta francés, isla de la juventud, cuba. rev inv mar 25: 90−102\ndelgado - núñez e (1917) contribución al estudio del erizo de mar centecrinus antillarum. mem soc cubana hist nat 2: 251–280\ndel valle r, abreu - pérez m (1998) equinodermos. in: vales ma, alvarez l, montes l, avila a (eds) estudio nacional sobre la diversidad biológica en la república de cuba. programa de naciones unidas para el medio ambiente, centro nacional de biodiversidad, instituto de ecología y sistemática, citma, la habana\ndel valle r, abreu - pérez m (2004) equinodermos. in: gonzález - ferrer s (ed) corales pétreos. jardines sumergidos de cuba, edit acad, cuba, pp 216–217\ndel valle r, abreu - pérez m (2007) diversidad de organismos: equinodermos–filo echinodermata in: claro r (ed) la biodiversidad marina de cuba. inst oceanol, minist cien, tecnol y medio amb, la habana, cuba, pp 136−140\ndel valle r, barreras - rodríguez r (2006) registro nuevo de holoturoideo (echinodermata) para el archipiélago cubano. cocuyo 16: 18\n( pourtalès, 1851) (echinodermata: holothuroidea), en aguas del archipiélago cubano. avicennia 12–13: 137\ndel valle r, solís - marín fa, abreu - pérez m, laguarda - figueras a, durán. - gonzález a (2005) catálogo de los equinodermos (echinodermata: crinoidea, echinoidea y holothuroidea) nerítico - bentónicos del archipiélago cubano. rev biol trop 53 (suppl 3): 9−28\ndel valle r, abreu - pérez m, rodríguez r, f a solís - marín, laguarda - figueras a, durán - gonzález a (2008). equinodermos (echinodermata) del occidente del archipiélago sabana - camagüey, cuba. rev biol trop 56 (suppl 3): 19−35\ndel valle r, cano lm, martínez - daranas b, espinosa j, marcos z, díaz - larrea j, hernández - zanuy a, lópez - cánovas c, cantelar k, alcolado pm, muiñas rr, gonzález - ferrer s, martínez jc, abreu - pérez m, esquivel m, hernández jl, pérez - zayas dm, hernández m (2003) informe final del “inventario de la flora y la fauna marina del archipiélagosabana - camagüey (norte de matanzas, sancti spiritus, villa clara, ciego de avila y camagüey) ”. archivo científico del proyecto pnud / gef cub / 98 / g32, la habana\ndowney me (1973) seastares from the caribbean and the gulf of mexico. smith contrib zool 126: 1–158\nelyakov gb, kuznetsova ta, stonik va, levin vs, albores r (1975) glycosides of marine invertebrates iv. a comparative study of the glycosides from cuban sublittoral holothurians. comp biochem physiol 52b: 413–417\nemilsson i, tápanes j (1971) contribución a la hidrología de la plataforma sur de cuba. ser cub invest pesq 6: 16–35\n( echinodermata: asteroidea) dos importantes depredadores de bivalvos. poeyana 249: 1–12\nespinosa j, abreu - 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{ "text": [ "davidaster discoideus or the beaded crinoid is a species of feather star in the family comasteridae .", "it was previously known as nemaster discoidea but the world register of marine species has determined that the valid name is davidaster discoideus .", "it is found on reefs in the caribbean sea and northern coast of south america . " ], "topic": [ 3, 3, 20 ] }

[ "davidaster discoideus or the beaded crinoid is a species of feather star in the family comasteridae. it was previously known as nemaster discoidea but the world register of marine species has determined that the valid name is davidaster discoideus. it is found on reefs in the caribbean sea and northern coast of south america." ]

[ "crambidia dusca barnes & mcdunnough, 1913; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (3): 101, pl. 4, f. 7; tl: san diego, california\ncrambidia dusca; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 477, pl. 26, f. 20; [ nacl ], # 8047; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia packard, 1864; proc. ent. soc. philad. 3: 99; ts: crambidia pallida packard\n= crambidia casta; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 127\ncrambidia (lithosiina); scott, zaspel, chialvo & weller, 2014, syst. ent. 39: 288\ncrambidia lithosioides dyar, 1898; j. n. y. ent. soc. 6: 33; tl: texas\ncrambidia myrlosea dyar, 1917; ins. insc. menstr. 5 (4 - 6): 67; tl: kerrvile, texas\ncrambidia roberto dyar, 1907; j. n. y. ent. soc. 15: 227; tl: mexico city, mexico\ncrambidia uniformis dyar, 1898; j. n. y. ent. soc. 6: 33; tl: washington d. c .\ncrambidia cinnica schaus, 1924; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 65 (2520): 20; tl: tampico, mexico\ncrambidia pallida packard, 1864; proc. ent. soc. philad. 3: 99; tl: mass [ achusetts ] and m [ aine ], brunswick\ncrambidia scoteola hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 127, pl. 21, f. 25; tl: bolivia, corvico\ncrambidia roberto; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 476, pl. 26, f. 18; [ nhm card ]\ncrambidia suffusa barnes & mcdunnough, 1912; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 1 (5): 3, pl. 2, f. 16; tl: san diego, california\ncrambidia impura barnes & mcdunnough, 1913; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (3): 101, pl. 4, f. 4; tl: palmerlee; white mtns, arizona\ncrambidia casta; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 127, f. 73; [ nacl ], # 8051; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia cephalica; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 476; [ nacl ], # 8053; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia pura barnes & mcdunnough, 1913; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (3): 101, pl. 4, f. 5 - 6; tl: southern pines, n. c .\ncrambidia pallida; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 126, f. 72; [ nacl ], # 8045. 1; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia lithosioides; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 126, pl. 21, f. 23; [ nacl ], # 8045; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia uniformis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 127, pl. 21, f. 24; [ nacl ], # 8046; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia impura; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 477, pl. 26, f. 20; [ nacl ], # 8050; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia pura; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 477, pl. 26, f. 19; [ nacl ], # 8052; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\ncrambidia suffusa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 476, pl. 26, f. 17; [ nacl ], # 8049; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 5\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 46. 36m; p. 266. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npowell & opler (2009) listed the forewing length 12 - 14 mm .\nbarnes & mcdunnough (1913) original description is available online in the print references .\npowell & opler (2009) reported two flights of april to june; september .\nbarnes, w. & j. h. mcdunnough, 1913. contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 2. the review press, p. 101; pl. 4, fig. 7 .\n. university of california press, p. 266; pl. 46, fig. 36 .\njames halliday mcdunnough (1877 - 1962) a biographical obituary and bibliography douglas c. ferguson. 1962. journal of the lepidopterists' society, 16 (4): 209 - 228 .\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea (insecta, lepidoptera) of north america north of mexico. donald j. lafontaine, b. christian schmidt. 2010. zookeys 40: 1–239 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 7 may, 2014 - 8: 38pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nscott, zaspel, chialvo & weller, 2014 a preliminary molecular phylogenetic assessment of the lichen moths (lepidoptera: erebidae: arctiinae: lithosiini) with comments on palatability and chemical sequestration syst. ent. 39: 286 - 303\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "crambidia dusca is a moth of the family erebidae .", "it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1913 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and ontario .", "the wingspan is about 27 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "crambidia dusca is a moth of the family erebidae. it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1913. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california and ontario. the wingspan is about 27 mm." ]

[ "choctaw bean species profile\n. u. s. fish and wildlife service. may 22, 2013 .\nwinner type: national class: bean variety name: choctaw wax year: 1958 common name: bean type: vegetables breeder: dr. john campbell, mississippi a. e. s .\nthe choctaw bean is known from large creeks and rivers with moderate current over sand to silty - sand substrates (deyrup and franz, 1994; williams and butler, 1994) .\ncomments: the choctaw bean is known from large creeks and rivers with moderate current over sand to silty - sand substrates (deyrup and franz, 1994; williams and butler, 1994) .\nendangered status for the alabama pearlshell, round ebonyshell, southern sandshell, southern kidneyshell, and choctaw bean, and threatened status for the tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, and fuzzy pigtoe; with critical habitat: proposed rule .\nendangered status for the alabama pearlshell, round ebonyshell, southern sandshell, southern kidneyshell, and choctaw bean, and threatened status for the tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, and fuzzy pigtoe; with critical habitat: proposed rule; reopening of comment period .\ndetermination of endangered species status for the alabama pearlshell, round ebonyshell, southern kidneyshell, and choctaw bean, and threatened species status for the tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, southern sandshell, and fuzzy pigtoe, and designation of critical habitat: final rule .\nglobal range: (5000 - 20, 000 square km (about 2000 - 8000 square miles) ) the choctaw bean was originally thought to be endemic to the escambia, yellow, and choctawhatchee river drainages in alabama and florida (williams and butler, 1994; johnson, 1967). due to recent status surveys the historical range of the choctaw bean has been expanded (williams et al. , 2000; blalock - herod et al. , 2005). the species is restricted to gulf coast drainages from the choctawhatchee river west to the escambia river in southeastern alabama and western florida (williams et al. , 2008) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 2011i. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; endangered status for the alabama pearlshell, round ebonyshell, southern sandshell, southern kidneyshell, and choctaw bean, and threatened status for the tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, and fuzzy pigtoe; with critical habitat. federal register 76 (192): 61482 - 61529 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 2012f. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; endangered species status for the alabama pearlshell, round ebonyshell, southern kidneyshell, and choctaw bean, and threatened species status for the tapered pigtoe, narrow pigtoe, southern sandshell, and fuzzy pigtoe; and designation of critical habitat; final rule. federal register 77 (196): 61664 - 61719 .\nan average of 2 individuals was found live per site (fide williams et al. , unpublished data; blalock - herod et al. , 2005). two gravid individuals have been detected, but recent recruitment has not been confirmed (fide williams et al. , 2000). pilarczyk et al. (2006) recorded recent collections (in 2004) of this species following surveys of 24 sites at three sites in alabama including west fork choctawhatchee river, pea creek, and east fork choctawhatchee river compared to patsaliga creek, yellow river, pea river, pea creek, west fork choctawhatchee river, judy creek, and east fork choctawhatchee river in surveys of the same sites in the 1990s. the long - term viability of the choctaw bean is questionable (see usfws, 2003) .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis taxon was presumably confused with pleurobema strodeanum (wright 1898) by clench and turner (1956). the entire genus is in need of thorough genetic studies to determine taxonomic validation of the many described and undescribed forms. a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site (graf and cummings 2011) .\nrichman, n. , dyer, e. , soulsby, a. - m. , whitton, f. , kasthala, g. , mcguinness, s. , milligan, ht, de silva, r. , herdson, r. , thorley, j. , mcmillan, k. , collins, a. , offord, s. & duncan, c .\nthis species is endemic to the escambia, yellow, and choctawhatchee river drainages in alabama and florida (williams and butler 1994, johnson 1967). due to recent status surveys, its historical range has been expanded (williams\n( 2005) listed it in six historical (found in 2 of 3 recently resurveyed) and 20 new sites in the choctawhatchee river drainage of alabama (mostly) and florida .\nthis species is known from large creeks and rivers with moderate current over sand to silty - sand substrates (deyrup and franz 1994, williams and butler 1994) .\ndirect life - history data are not available for this species. freshwater mussels are highly variable in their longevity from species to species (e. g. haag and rypel 2011). studies in other species of the genus\n: average of 8 - 9 years; haag and rypel 2011). assuming a similar longevity for\n, and conservatively assuming age of maturity to be somewhere between 2 and 9 years (average of 5 - 6 years; haag and staton 2003), we estimate a generation length (estimated as the average age of a parent in the population) of around 4 to 11 years, with three generations spanning around 11 to 33 years. however, this is likely to represent an underestimate of generation length, as it has been suggested that growth ring counts may underestimate age by a factor of between three and ten (anthony\nthis species has been listed as a federal candidate species for endangered species status in the u. s. (usfws 2003). conservation activities have been limited to working with landowners in west alabama and south florida to limit the effects of agricultural practices on populations. this species has probably been negatively affected the greatest by poor land use practices resulting in habitat destruction and leading to decline and imperilment. there are probably no protected occurrences of this species, although at least one occurrence may border the conecuh national forest. monitoring of the populations is recommended in case declines continue or worsen .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthis species, although still maintaining much of its original range extent, has a limited distribution, restricted habitat, decreasing numbers of extant occurrences, questionable viability of certain extant occurrences, and overall deteriorating habitat and water quality .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthe species is restricted to gulf coast drainages from the choctawhatchee river west to the escambia river in southeastern alabama and western florida (williams et al. , 2008) .\neleven per hour were collected in 1988 at the best known site at the time. it is generally known from fair numbers from most sites represented in museum lots, including several series of paratypes. it was considered rare in the choctawhatchee river (florida) by heard (1975); recent surveys in that area by pilarczyk et al. (2006) recorded recent collections (in 2004) of this species following surveys of 24 sites at three sites in alabama including west fork choctawhatchee river (31 live), pea creek (10 live), and east fork choctawhatchee river (3 live) compared to patsaliga creek, yellow river, pea river, pea creek, west fork choctawhatchee river, judy creek, and east fork choctawhatchee river in surveys of the same sites in the 1990s (with an average of 2 individuals found live per site (blalock - herod et al. , 2005) .\nfreshwater mussels are inherently vulnerable to threats from siltation, pollution, eutrophication, channelization, impoundment, collection, drought and water withdrawal, competiton from invasive non - native mussels, and changes to larval host fish populations. potential disappearance of host fish is a potential problem, as is extreme habitat fragmentation that hinders dispersal ability .\ndetermine status of extant populations, re - survey historic sites, search for new ones by conducting intensive surveys in all sizable tributaries throughout its range, particularly in alabama and the choctawhatchee river system in florida; inventory potential habitat for future reintroduction of cultured stock / transplants .\n( 5000 - 20, 000 square km (about 2000 - 8000 square miles) ) the species is restricted to gulf coast drainages from the choctawhatchee river west to the escambia river in southeastern alabama and western florida (williams et al. , 2008) .\nsmall size, subelliptical outline, low rounded posterior ridge, brownish with some fine green rays on the umbone, females truncate, males evenly rounded posteriorly .\nprobably tachytictic (short - term brooder) as are other, more northerly members of the genus .\nfound in sometimes difficult - to - collect larger streams, which probably accounts for its relatively recent discovery. it has one of the most restricted ranges of any member of the genus .\nadults are essentially sessile. about the only voluntary movement they make is to burrow deeper into the substrate although some passive movement downstream may occur during high flows. dispersal occurs while the glochidia are encysted on their host (probably a fish) .\npresumably fine particulate organic matter, primarily detritus, and / or zooplankton, and / or phytoplankton (fuller, 1974). larvae (glochidia) of freshwater mussels generally are parasitic on fish and there may be a specificity among some species .\nthis species has been listed as a federal candidate species for endangered species status in the u. s. (usfws, 2003). conservation activities have been limited to working with landowners in west alabama and south florida to limit the effects of agricultural practices on populations. this species has probably been negatively affected greatest by poor land use practices resulting in habitat destruction and leading to decline and imperilment .\ndetermine reproductive biology (i. e. , host fish (es); propagation techniques; consider federal protection; determine life history, fecundity, viability of extant populations, microhabitat requirements, sensitivity to silt, excessive nutrients, and pollutants; determine competitive interactions with corbicula .\nseparation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance (see separation distance - suitable, below). separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections, natural barriers such as upland habitat, absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts, water depth greater than 10 meters (cvancara, 1972; moyle and bacon, 1969) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .\ncontact jay cordeiro (jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve. org) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\njackson, d. r. (2014); cordeiro, j. (2011); brim box, j. (2000); butler, r. s. (1992 )\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nathearn, h. d. 1964. three new unionids from alabama and florida and a note on lampsilis jonesi. the nautilus, 77 (4): 134 - 139 .\nblalock - herod, h. n. , j. j. herod, j. d. williams, b. n. wilson, and s. w. mcgregor. 2005. a historical and current perspective of the freshwater mussel fauna (bivalvia: unionidae) from the choctawhatchee river drainage in alabama and florida. bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history 24: 1 - 26 .\nblalock - herod, h. n. , j. j. herod, j. d. williams, b. n. wilson, and s. w. mcgregor. 2005. a historical and current perspective of the freshwater mussel fauna (bivalvia: unionidae) from the choctawhatchee river drainage in alabama and florida. bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history, 24: 1 - 26 .\nbrim box, j. and j. mossa. 1999. sediment, land use, and freshwater mussels: prospects and problems. journal of the north american benthological society, 18 (1): 99 - 117 .\nclench, w. j. and r. d. turner. 1956. freshwater mollusks of alabama, georgia, and florida from the escambia to the suwanee river. bulletin of the florida state museum biological sciences, 1 (3): 97 - 239 .\ndennis, s. d. 1984. distributional analysis of the freshwater mussel fauna of the tennessee river system, with special reference to possible limiting effects of siltation. ph. d. thesis. virginia polytechnic institute and state university, blacksburg, virginia. 247 pp .\ndeyrup, m. and r. franz. 1994. rare and endangered biota of florida, volume iv. invertebrates. university press of florida: gainesville, florida. 798 pp .\ndeyrup, m. , and r. franz. 1994. rare and endangered biota of florida, volume iv: invertebrates. university press of florida, gainesville. 798 pp .\nellis, m. m. 1936. erosion silt as a factor in aquatic environments. ecology, 17: 29 - 42 .\nfuller, s. l. h. 1974. chapter 8: clams and mussels (mollusca: bivalvia). pages 215 - 273 in: c. w. hart, jr. and s. l. h. fuller (eds .) pollution ecology of freshwater invertebrates. academic press: new york. 389 pp .\ngangloff, m. m. and p. w. hartfield. 2009. seven populations of the southern kidneyshell (ptychobranchus jonesi) discovered in the choctawhatachee river basin, alabama. southeastern naturalist 8 (2): 245 - 254 .\ngarner, j. t. , h. n. blalock - herod, a. e. bogan, r. s. butler, w. r. haag, p. d. hartfield, j. j. herod, p. d. johnson, s. w. mcgregor, and j. d. williams. in review. freshwater mussels and snails. alabama non - game symposium. university of auburn press .\nheard, w. h. 1975. determination of the endangered status of freshwater clams of the gulf and southeastern states. report for the office of endangered species, bureau of fisheries and wildlife, u. s. department of the interior. washington, d. c. 31 pp .\nheard, w. h. 1979. identification manual of the fresh water clams of florida. state of florida, department of environmental regulation, technical series, 4 (2): 1 - 82 .\nhoward, a. d. 1915. some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae. the nautilus 29: 4 - 11 .\njohnson, r. i. 1967a. additions to the unionid fauna of the gulf drainage of alabama, georgia and florida (mollusca: bivalvia). breviora 270: 1 - 21 .\nlefevre, g. and w. t. curtis. 1912. studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels. bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30: 102 - 201 .\nmirarchi, r. e. , j. t. garner, m. f. mettee, and p. e. o' neil. 2004b. alabama wildlife. volume 2. imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. xii + 255 pp .\nmoyle, p. and j. bacon. 1969. distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment. journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 (2 / 3): 82 - 85 .\nnegus, c. l. 1966. a quantitative study of growth and production of unionid mussels in the river thames at reading. journal of animal ecology, 35: 513 - 532 .\nneves, r. j. , a. e. bogan, j. d. williams, s. a. ahlstedt, and p. w. hartfield. 1997. status of aquatic mollusks in the southeastern united states: a downward spiral of diversity. pages 43 - 85 in g. w. benz and d. e. collins (eds .) aquatic fauna in peril: the southeastern perspective. special publication 1, southeast aquatic research institute, chattanooga, tennessee .\nstrayer, d. 1983. the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel (bivalvia, unionidae) distribution in southeastern michigan, u. s. a. freshwater biology 13: 253 - 264 .\nstrayer, d. l. 1999a. use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers. journal of the north american benthological society 18 (4): 468 - 476 .\nstrayer, d. l. and j. ralley. 1993. microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans (bivalvia) including two rare species of alasmidonta. journal of the north american benthological society 12 (3): 247 - 258 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 2003. candidate and listing priority assignment form: fusconaia rotulata, ptychobranchus jonesi, fusconaia escambia, lampsilis australis, pleurobema strodeanum, villosa choctawensis, quincuncina burkei. u. s. fish and wildlife service, panama city field office, panama. 20 pp .\nvan der schalie, h. 1938a. the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan. miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology, university of michigan 40: 7 - 78 .\nwatters, g. t. 1992a. unionids, fishes, and the species - area curve. journal of biogeography 19: 481 - 490 .\nwilliams, j. d. , a. e. bogan, and j. t garner. 2008. freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia, mississippi, & tennessee. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. 908 pages .\nwilliams, j. d. , a. e. bogan, and j. t. garner. 2008. freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia, mississippi and tennessee. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. 908 pp .\nwilliams, j. d. , r. s. butler, g. l. warren, and n. a. johnson. 2014. freshwater mussels of florida. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa. 498 pp .\nwilliams, j. d. , r. s. butler, g. l. warren, and n. a. johnson. 2014a. freshwater mussels of florida. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. 498 pp .\nwilliams, j. d. and r. s. butler. 1994. class bivalvia, order unionoida, freshwater bivalves. pages 53 - 128, 740 - 742 in m. deyrup and r. frantz (eds .) rare and endangered biota of florida. volume 4. invertebrates. university press of florida, gainesville, florida. 798 pp .\nwilliams, j. d. , h. n. blalock, a. benson, and d. n. shelton. 2000. distribution of the freshwater mussel fauna (bivalvia: margaritiferidae and unionidae) in the escambia and yellow river drainages in southern alabama and western florida. final report for the u. s. fish and wildlife service, jacksonville, florida. 61 pp .\nwilliams, j. d. , m. l. warren, jr. , k. s. cummings, j. l. harris, and r. j. neves. 1993b. conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada. fisheries 18 (9): 6 - 22 .\nwilliams, j. d. , r. s. butler, and j. m. wisniewski. 2011. annotated synonymy of the recent freshwater mussel taxa of the families margaritiferidae and unionidae described from florida and drainages contiguous with alabama and georgia. bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 51 (1): 1 - 84 .\nwilliams, james d. , robert s. butler, and jason m. wisniewski. 2011. annotate synonymy of the recent freshwater mussel taxa of the families margaritiferidae and unionidae described from florida and drainages contiguous with alabama and georgia. bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 51: 1 - 84 .\nbiological resources division, usgs. 1997. database of museum records of aquatic species. compiled by j. williams (usgs - brd, gainesville, fl) .\nbutler, r. s. 1989. distributional records for freshwater mussels (bivalvia: unionidae) in florida and south alabama, with zoogeographic and taxonomic notes. walkerana, 3 (10): 239 - 261 .\npilarczyk, m. m. , p. m. stewart, d. n. shelton, h. n. blalock - herod, and j. d. williams. 2006. current and recent historical freshwater mussel assemblages in the gulf coastal plains. southeastern naturalist, 5 (2): 205 - 226 .\nwilliams, j. d. , a. e. bogan, and j. t. garner. 2008. freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia, mississippi & tennessee. university of alabama press: tuscaloosa, alabama. 908 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnon - migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments: presumably fine particulate organic matter, primarily detritus, and / or zooplankton, and / or phytoplankton (fuller, 1974). larvae (glochidia) of freshwater mussels generally are parasitic on fish and there may be a specificity among some species .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: eleven per hour were collected in 1988 at the best known site at the time. it is generally known from fair numbers from most sites represented in museum lots, including several series of paratypes. it was considered rare in the choctawhatchee river (florida) by heard (1975); and recent surveys in that area by pilarczyk et al. (2006) recorded recent collections (in 2004) of this species following surveys of 24 sites at three sites in alabama including west fork choctawhatchee river (31 live), pea creek (10 live), and east fork choctawhatchee river (3 live) compared to patsaliga creek, yellow river, pea river, pea creek, west fork choctawhatchee river, judy creek, and east fork choctawhatchee river in surveys of the same sites in the 1990s (with an average of 2 individuals found live per site (blalock - herod et al. , 2005) .\nreasons: this species, although still maintaining the same range extent, this species has a limited distribution, restricted habitat, decreasing numbers of extant occurrences, questionable viability of certain extant occurrences and overall deteriorating habitat and water quality .\ncomments: thought to be fairly sensitive to siltation and habitat modifications; typical liabilities of filter - feeders (e. g. , to pollutants, eutrophication, etc .); disappearance of host fish a potential problem as is the extreme habitat fragmentation hindering dispersal capability .\nother considerations: considering its small size and affinity for large stream channels, this species may have been overlooked in past collections. considered threatened throughout its range (williams et al. , 1993), threatened in florida (deyrup and franz, 1994), and endangered in the escambia and yellow river systems (williams et al. , 2000) .\nthis species has been listed as a federal candidate species for endangered species status in the u. s. (usfws 2003). conservation activities have been limited to working with landowners in west alabama and south florida to limit the effects of agricultural practices on populations. this species has probably been negatively affected the greatest by poor land use practices resulting in habitat destruction and leading to decline and imperilment. there are probably no protected occurrences of this species, although at least one occurrence may border the conecuh national forest. monitoring of the populations is recommended in case declines continue or worsen .\nbiological research needs: determine reproductive biology (i. e. , host fish (s) ); propagation techniques; consider federal protection; determine life history, fecundity, viability of extant populations, microhabitat requirements, sensitivity to silt, excessive nutrients, and pollutants; determine competitive interactions with corbicula .\ncomments: there are probably no protected occurrences of this species, although at least one occurrence may border the conecuh national forest .\nneeds: protect species by federal listing, acquisitions and easements by working with government agencies and conservation organizations; establish buffers and streamside management zones for all agricultural, silvicultural, mining, and developmental activities; propagate for reintroduction into restored habitats; maintain high water and benthic habitat quality; control / eradicate corbicula populations. conservation activities have been limited to working with private landowners in south alabama and west florida to encourage the use of best management practices to reduce the effects of agriculture and silviculture. (see u. s. fish and wildlife service, 2003 )\nstewardship overview: this species has been listed as a federal candidate species for endangered species status in the u. s. (usfws, 2003). conservation activities have been limited to working with landowners in west alabama and south florida to limit the effects of agricultural practices on populations. this species has probably been negatively affected greatest by poor land use practices resulting in habitat destruction and leading to decline and imperilment .\ncomments: this taxon was presumably confused with pleurobema strodeanum (wright, 1898) by clench and turner (1956). the entire genus is in need of thorough genetic studies to determine taxonomic validation of the many described and undescribed forms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nall - america selections encourages the use of these images of aas winners by the media and garden communicators. please credit all - america selections and use the variety name. to download images for digital use, simply right click on the image of choice and select “save image as…” to download high - resolution images, left click on the photo of choice which will open the image in a new tab / window. saving that image will result in a high - resolution image. please note: images with the aas logo are not high res. need additional help? please contact the aas staff .\nto promote new garden varieties with superior garden performance judged in impartial trials in north america .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected)." ]

{ "text": [ "the choctaw bean , scientific name villosa choctawensis , is a species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family unionidae .", "this species is found in the southeastern united states and is currently on the endangered species list .", "the species epithet and the common name are based on the name of the choctaw people , native americans who were originally from the southeastern united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 17, 25 ] }

[ "the choctaw bean, scientific name villosa choctawensis, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family unionidae. this species is found in the southeastern united states and is currently on the endangered species list. the species epithet and the common name are based on the name of the choctaw people, native americans who were originally from the southeastern united states." ]