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{ "contexts": [ "To establish the significance of chromosome 17 aberrations in the biology of neuroblastomas, the fresh-frozen material of 53 primary neuroblastomas (average patient age: 20.8 months; stage 1 or 2: n = 10; stage 3: n = 10; stage 4: n = 10; stage 4s: n = 23) was studied by means of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Follow-up data were available for 52 of 53 cases studied (average follow-up period: 26.4 months). Except for one, all cases had previously been analyzed for MYCN status (semiquantitative Southern blot analysis). Studies of LOH 1p36 (VNTR-PCR) had been performed on 28 of 53 cases.", "Chromosome 17 gains were detected in 46 of 53 (86.8%) cases. Whole chromosome gains were mostly restricted to localized tumors (stage 1 or 2: 9 of 10 cases; stage 4s:19 of 23; stage 3: 2 of 10; stage 4:0 of 10 cases), whereas distal 17 gains were significantly associated with clinically advanced tumor stages and patients aged over 1 year at diagnosis. Univariate analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation of distal 17q gains with overall survival (P< 0.01, MYCN amplification: P< 0.01; 1p deletion: P< 0.01) and an elevated recurrency rate (17q: P= 0.02, MYCN amplification: P = 0.05; 1p deletion P= 0.3). There was a strong coincidence of distal 17q gains and 1p deletion or MYCN amplification (P < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gene Amplification", "Genes, myc", "Humans", "Infant", "Life Tables", "Neoplasm Staging", "Neuroblastoma", "Nucleic Acid Hybridization", "Prognosis", "Survival Analysis", "Trisomy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gyrate atrophy (GA) is a rare hereditary disease that causes retinal destruction. Retinal damage in GA and other heredodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) releases sequestered antigens and may trigger immune response to these molecules. Here, we studied the immune response to retinal antigens in patients with GA and RP and compared it with that of patients with inactive posterior uveitis and normal volunteers.", "Peripheral blood was collected from 24 patients with RP, 10 patients with GA, 10 patients with inactive posterior uveitis, and 16 normal volunteers. Cell-mediated immune responses to human S-antigen (HS-Ag), bovine S-antigen (BS-Ag), and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were investigated by lymphocyte proliferation assay. In addition, serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were studied by ELISA. Immunologic data were correlated with clinical and electrophysiological findings.", "Patients with GA or RP responded to HS-Ag and BS-Ag more vigorously than patients with uveitis or healthy controls, as shown by higher mean stimulation indices and larger proportions of responders. Unlike S-Ag, IRBP stimulated low lymphocyte responses in only a small proportion of RP patients. The mean sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in the sera from patients with GA than in that from normal controls." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Arrestin", "Autoantigens", "Child", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Eye Proteins", "Female", "Gyrate Atrophy", "Humans", "Immunity, Cellular", "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retina", "Retinitis Pigmentosa", "Retinol-Binding Proteins", "Uveitis, Posterior", "Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "CD40 is expressed on a number of antigen-presenting cells and also on vascular endothelium. It has been shown that engagement of CD40 on vascular endothelium by CD154 on platelets and CD154-bearing cell lines leads to the induction of adhesion molecule expression. Having cloned porcine CD40, and shown that it is capable of binding human CD154, we investigate whether human CD154 can activate porcine endothelial cells (EC) through CD40 ligation.", "Human Jurkat clone D1.1 (CD154+), or clone E6.1 (CD154-), were co-cultured with EC from pig aorta and human aorta and umbilical vein for various times in the presence or absence of blocking antibody to CD154.", "Human and pig EC were shown to express CD40 by flow cytometry by using soluble human CD154 (CD154Ckappa). Co-culture of pig EC with CD154-expressing Jurkat D1.1 cells led to the induction of E-selectin by 6 hr (peak 24 hr) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by 6 hr (peak 48 hr). Similar results were also observed with human EC. Porcine EC were induced to up-regulate major histocompatibility complex class II at 24 hr by co-culture with Jurkat D1.1 cells through a CD40-dependent mechanism. In contrast, no up-regulation was observed on human EC." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aorta", "CD40 Antigens", "CD40 Ligand", "Cells, Cultured", "Coculture Techniques", "E-Selectin", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Histocompatibility Antigens Class II", "Humans", "Jurkat Cells", "Species Specificity", "Swine", "Time Factors", "Umbilical Veins", "Up-Regulation", "Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The preincisional use of ketamine combined with local tissue infiltration with Ropivacaine may reduce noxious input during surgery. The goal of this study was to examine whether this combination improves postoperative pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.", "A total of 55 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 received placebos preincisional. Group 2 received preincisional saline IV and local infiltration with 20 ml ropivacaine (10 mg/ml). Group 3 received preincisional ketamine 1 mg/kg IV and local infiltration with 20 ml ropivacaine (10 mg/ml). Postoperative pain was rated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively by visual analogue scale scores (VAS). Cumulative analgesic consumption and time until first analgesic medication request were recorded.", "Group 3 experienced significantly (p < 0.05) less pain than group 2 at 6 h and 12 h postoperatively. Groups 2 and 3 did not differ significantly by VAS at 0 h, 3 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Group 1 had significantly higher VAS scores than groups 2 and 3 at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h postoperatively. The consumption of analgesics was significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Although the consumption of analgesics was higher in group 3 than in group 2, this difference did not reach statistical significance. The time to first request for analgesics was significantly longer in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1, with no statistical difference between groups 2 and 3." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Amides", "Analgesics", "Anesthetics, Local", "Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic", "Cholelithiasis", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Female", "Humans", "Ketamine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nausea", "Pain Measurement", "Pain, Postoperative", "Postoperative Complications", "Prospective Studies", "Ropivacaine", "Vomiting" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ligand 'receptor activator of NF-kB ligand' (RANKL) are important regulators of bone metabolism. RANKL, expressed in osteoblasts, activates osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast function by binding the 'receptor activator of NF-kB' (RANK), expressed in ostoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts. The effect is prevented by OPG, a soluble receptor of RANKL. In vitro studies have suggested that estrogen stimulates OPG, whereas parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits OPG expression and stimulates the expression of RANKL.", "In the present study, we examined the relationship between the menopause, serum PTH and the expression of OPG and RANKL in human bone tissue in vivo.", "To address this question, we established a 5'-nuclease assay to quantify the mRNA copies of human OPG and RANKL, normalized to the number of copies of beta-actin mRNA in 169 women (mean age: 52.4+/-11.6 years), who underwent surgery for early breast cancer. Intact serum PTH was measured by chemoluminescence in 61 women.", "We found no significant difference in the expression of OPG and RANKL between postmenopausal women and premenopausal women. Also, the ratio of RANKL to OPG was unchanged in relation to the menopausal status. Serum PTH was negatively associated with the expression of OPG (r=-0.33, P=0.01), but also, surprisingly, with the expression of RANKL (r=-0.28, P=0.03)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biopsy", "Bone and Bones", "Carrier Proteins", "Female", "Glycoproteins", "Humans", "Membrane Glycoproteins", "Menopause", "Middle Aged", "Osteoprotegerin", "Parathyroid Hormone", "RANK Ligand", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B", "Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Sequence Analysis, DNA" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Endothelial damage is an early step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its improvement through physical training can contribute to the known reduction of cardiovascular risk associated with exercise. An increase in some endothelium-dependent haemostatic parameters, considered as markers of endothelial damage, has been observed in diabetic patients.", "The effect of a three-month physical exercise programme on thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor, tissue-type plasminogen activator and von-Willebrand factor was evaluated in 14 well-controlled patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 13 patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (HbA1c 6.5 +/- 0.8 and 7.4 +/- 0.8%, respectively). A matched control group was also studied.", "Thrombomodulin at baseline was higher in both Type I and Type II diabetic patients than in their respective matched control subjects (50.0 +/- 16 vs 31.1 +/- 8.7 microg/l, p < 0.05; 51.0 +/- 10 vs 28.5 +/- 11 microg/l, p <0.05, respectively). After the exercise programme, thrombomodulin plasma concentrations had decreased (p < 0.05) in both groups of patients, with final thrombomodulin values being similar to those observed in their control groups (38.2 +/- 11 microg/l for Type I and 34.6 +/- 12 microg/l for Type II patients). The thrombomodulin decrement correlated with baseline thrombomodulin and VO2max increase in Type I diabetic patients. A decrease in tissue factor pathway inhibitor was also observed in Type II diabetic patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Anthropometry", "Biomarkers", "Blood Coagulation", "Blood Glucose", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Exercise", "Female", "Humans", "Lipids", "Lipoproteins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Physical Education and Training", "Physical Fitness", "Thrombomodulin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Local recurrence of rectal cancer after curative resection remains a difficult clinical problem. The aim of this study was to elucidate prognostic risk factors after resection of recurrent cancer.", "Between January 1983 and December 1999, 83 patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer were studied retrospectively for survival benefit by re-resection. Sixty patients underwent resection for recurrent cancer, including total pelvic exenteration in 30 patients and sacrectomy in 23 patients. The extent of locally recurrent tumour was classified by the pattern of pelvic invasion as follows: localized, sacral invasion and lateral invasion.", "Multivariate analysis showed that the pattern of pelvic invasion was a significant prognostic factor which independently influenced survival after resection of recurrent cancer (P < 0.001). The 5-year survival rates were 38 per cent in the localized type (n = 27), 10 per cent in the sacral invasive type (n = 16) and zero in the lateral invasive type (n = 17)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Pelvic Exenteration", "Pelvic Neoplasms", "Prognosis", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Rectal Neoplasms", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Survival Analysis", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of gene transfer of uteroglobin, a potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent, via adenoviral mediated gene transfer to the adventitia in the mouse carotid ligation injury model and also to investigate the efficacy of uteroglobin in reducing neointimal hyperplasia.", "Forty-five C57bl/6NHSD mice were anesthetized and left common carotid artery ligation was performed. Adenoviral vector encoding the uteroglobin gene (Ad.UG; 15 microl of 1.35 x 10(11) pfu/mL) was applied to the adventitia of the injured artery in 16 mice. In our control groups, 16 mice received adenoviral vector encoding the beta-galactosidase reporter gene (Ad.lacZ; 15 microl of 1.0 x 10(11) pfu/mL) and 13 mice received PBS only. Six mice from each group were sacrificed at 4 days for carotid artery protein extraction and Western blot analysis. The remainder were harvested at 30 days for histologic and morphometric analysis. The intima/media area ratios were calculated for each artery. The results were analyzed and compared using ANOVA and Bonferroni/Dunn post hoc testing.", "Two mice from the LacZ group and one from the PBS group died before the 30-day endpoint. Uteroglobin expression was demonstrated in the Ad.UG treated arteries by Western blot analysis. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the intima/media area ratio of Ad.UG treated carotids compared to controls. There was a reduction of intima/media ratio with Ad. UG treatment of 68% compared to Ad.lacZ treatment (P < 0.0001) and 62% compared to PBS treatment (P = 0.0006). There was no statistical difference between the control groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoviridae", "Animals", "Carotid Artery Injuries", "Fibroblasts", "Gene Transfer Techniques", "Genetic Therapy", "Hyperplasia", "Lac Operon", "Ligation", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Tunica Intima", "Uteroglobin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, Lexipafant, has been used in experimental models and clinical trials to treat severe acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of this study was to determine whether Lexipafant reduces the local and systemic components of AP in a murine model of mild, edematous AP.", "Forty-eight female Swiss-Webster mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 received 50 microl of saline ip every hour for 6 h (sham). Group 2 received saline treatment, plus Lexipafant (25 mg/kg dose ip, every 3 h starting 1 h after the first saline injection) (sham/Lex). Group 3 received cerulein (50 microg/kg dose ip, every hour for 6 h) (AP). Group 4 received AP, plus therapeutic treatment with Lexipafant (AP/Lex). Animals were sacrificed 3 h after the last injection. Serum cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Standard assays were performed for serum amylase activity and lung myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). Histology was scored by two blinded investigators.", "Serum cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta), lung MPO, and serum amylase activity were reduced by PAF antagonism. Histology showed a trend toward improvement with Lexipafant, but did not reach statistical significance." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Amylases", "Animals", "Disease Models, Animal", "Female", "Imidazoles", "Interleukin-1", "Leucine", "Lung", "Mice", "Pancreatitis", "Peroxidase", "Platelet Activating Factor", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the correlation between inflammatory activity in extraocular muscles measured with serial short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and clinical disease activity in thyroid eye disease.", "In this retrospective study, 22 patients with thyroid eye disease who had undergone serial MRI scans using the STIR sequence were assessed. The signal intensity ratio (SIR) of the most inflamed extraocular muscle was compared with the Mourits score (a clinical measure of thyroid eye disease activity).", "The SIR value has previously been shown to correlate with clinical activity of thyroid eye disease. In a particular patient the SIR value increases in proportion with the clinical features of the disease as assessed by the Mourits rating system. When the change in STIR sequence MRI is compared with the change in Mourits score rating for a given patient the correlation is highly significant (p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Graves Disease", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Myositis", "Oculomotor Muscles", "Retrospective Studies", "Severity of Illness Index" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer is partly due to resistance to a broad spectrum of apoptotic stimuli. To identify intact proapoptotic pathways of potential clinical relevance, we characterised the effects of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on growth and survival in human pancreatic cancer cells.", "IFN-gamma receptor expression and signal transduction were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoprecipitation, western blot analysis, and transactivation assays. Effects on cell growth and survival were evaluated in terms of cell numbers, colony formation, cell cycle analysis, DNA fragmentation, and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.", "All four pancreatic cancer cell lines examined expressed functional IFN-gamma receptors and downstream effectors, including the putative tumour suppressor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). IFN-gamma treatment profoundly inhibited anchorage dependent and independent growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell cycle analyses revealed subdiploid cells suggesting apoptosis, which was confirmed by demonstration of DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage. Time and dose dependency of apoptosis induction and growth inhibition correlated closely, identifying apoptosis as the main, if not exclusive, mechanism responsible for growth inhibition. Apoptosis was preceded by upregulation of procaspase-1 and accompanied by proteolytic activation. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk completely prevented IFN-gamma mediated apoptosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Apoptosis", "Blotting, Western", "Caspase 1", "Cell Count", "Cell Division", "Cell Survival", "DNA Fragmentation", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Humans", "Interferon-gamma", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Precipitin Tests", "Receptors, Interferon", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Signal Transduction", "Transcriptional Activation", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Conflicting reports have been published with regard to the relationship between the efficacy of p53 gene therapy and the p53 status of gliomas. In this study, we evaluated whether U-87MG glioma cells harboring wild-type p53 and U251 and U-373MG glioma cells harboring mutated p53 demonstrate different sensitivities to p53-induced apoptosis. In addition, we tested whether transduction of Bax or caspase-9, which are downstream components of p53-induced apoptosis, can override the resistance mechanism of U-87MG cells to apoptosis.", "We transduced U-87MG, U251, and U-373MG glioma cells with p53, Bax, or caspase-9 genes via adenovirus (Adv) vectors, to induce the same level of respective proteins, and evaluated the degree of apoptosis.", "U-87MG cells were highly resistant to Adv for p53 (Adv-p53)-mediated apoptosis, whereas U251 and U-373 cells underwent extensive apoptosis after Adv-p53 infection. In U-87MG cells, the elevation of Bax and Fas was not as marked as that observed in U251 and U-373MG cells after Adv-p53 infection. Endogenous expression of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 in U-87MG cells was greater than that in U251 and U-373MG cells. U-87MG cells were more resistant to Bax-mediated apoptosis than were U251 or U-373MG cells. In contrast, U-87MG cells were more sensitive to caspase-9-mediated apoptosis than were U251 or U-373MG cells, suggesting that transduction of caspase-9 may override the resistance mechanism of U-87MG to p53-mediated apoptosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Caspase 9", "Caspases", "Drug Resistance", "Gene Transfer Techniques", "Glioma", "Mutation", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Tumor Suppressor Protein p53", "bcl-2-Associated X Protein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Small animals with scald covering 50% of their total body surface area (TBSA) have been used to study the hypermetabolic burn response. In the 50% TBSA burn rat model, the area of normal skin that is available for animal instrumentation is restricted and the mortality rate has been high. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a smaller burn size can induce a similar hypermetabolic response with mortality rates lower than those of the 50% TBSA model.", "Rats were randomly divided into four groups to receive a 0% (sham nonburned), 30%, 40%, or 50% TBSA third-degree scald burn. The hypermetabolic response was determined by measuring changes in body weight and oxygen consumption at ambient temperatures of 21, 26, and 31 degrees C for each burn size. Weight measurements were made daily while oxygen consumption was measured 7, 11, and 14 days after thermal injury.", "All thermally injured rats lost body weight; however, there were no significant differences between the 30, 40, and 50% TBSA burn groups. Burn induced a hypermetabolic response as indicated by an increase in oxygen consumption from 130 to 200% that of sham nonburned rats. No significant difference in oxygen consumption could be shown over the study period between the three burn sizes at different ambient temperatures. Mortality was 0% in the sham and 30% group, 10% for the 40% group, and 50% for the 50% TBSA burn group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Basal Metabolism", "Body Surface Area", "Body Weight", "Burns", "Energy Metabolism", "Male", "Oxygen Consumption", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Temperature" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objectives were to determine the extent and mechanism of action by which propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and intracellular pH (pHi) in ventricular myocytes.", "Freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were used for the study. Cardiac myofibrils were extracted for assessment of myofibrillar actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Myocyte shortening (video edge detection) and pHi (2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6')-carboxyfluorescein, 500/440 ratio) were monitored simultaneously in individual cells field-stimulated (0.3 Hz) and superfused with HEPES-buffered solution (pH 7.4, 30 degrees C).", "Propofol (100 microM) reduced the Ca2+ concentration required for activation of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase from pCa 5.7 +/- 0.01 to 6.6 +/- 0.01. Increasing pHi (7.05 +/- 0.03 to 7.39 +/- 0.04) with NH4Cl increased myocyte shortening by 35 +/- 12%. Washout of NH4Cl decreased pHi to 6.82 +/- 0.03 and decreased myocyte shortening to 52 +/- 10% of control. Propofol caused a dose-dependent increase in pHi but reduced myocyte shortening. The propofol-induced increase in pHi was attenuated, whereas the decrease in myocyte shortening was enhanced after pretreatment with ethylisopropyl amiloride, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, or bisindolylmaleimide I, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Propofol also attenuated the NH4Cl-induced intracellular acidosis, increased the rate of recovery from acidosis, and attenuated the associated decrease in myocyte shortening. Propofol caused a leftward shift in the extracellular Ca2+-shortening relation, and this effect was attenuated by ethylisopropyl amiloride." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Actin Cytoskeleton", "Amiloride", "Ammonium Chloride", "Anesthetics, Intravenous", "Animals", "Biotransformation", "Calcium", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Heart Ventricles", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "In Vitro Techniques", "Myocardial Contraction", "Myocardium", "Myosins", "Neuroprotective Agents", "Propofol", "Protein Kinase C", "Rats", "Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers", "Spectrometry, Fluorescence" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "BDNF, a noncovalent homodimer, was modified by covalently attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) with an average molecular weight of 20kDa to the N-terminal methionine. Stability of modified BDNF (PEG-BDNF) in aqueous solution was compared to BDNF after storage at elevated temperature in the presence and absence of NaCl.", "SDS-PAGE. Light Scattering and Size Exclusion Chromatography were used to assess conformational stability and chemical degradation. In addition, CD spectroscopy was used to follow changes in secondary and tertiary structures upon thermal stress of the protein.", "NaCl containing formulations are more stable than NaCl-free formulations. In NaCl-free formulations, the main degradation product of BDNF and PEG-BDNF had a molecular weight of monomer that was more chemically degraded than the dimer. Additionally, the degradation of PEG-BDNF occurred at an accelerated rate compared to BDNF in NaCl-free environments." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor", "Circular Dichroism", "Drug Stability", "Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel", "Excipients", "Kinetics", "Molecular Conformation", "Molecular Weight", "Polyethylene Glycols", "Protein Conformation", "Scattering, Radiation", "Sodium Chloride" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "CD137 (ILA/4-1BB), a member of the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily, has previously been suggested to be involved in T-cell activation and differentiation.", "The aim of this study was to investigate expression and potential function of CD137 in eosinophils.", "Eosinophils were isolated from normal control subjects as well as from patients with bronchial asthma, patients with atopic dermatitis, and patients with idiopathic eosinophilia. CD137 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The in situ expression of CD137 on eosinophils in nasal polyp and skin tissues was analyzed through use of immunohistochemistry. To examine whether CD137 regulates eosinophil death and apoptosis, cells were stimulated with a plate-bound anti-CD137 antibody in the presence or absence of survival cytokines. Cell death was measured by means of an ethidium bromide exclusion test. Apoptosis was determined by analyzing phosphatidylserine surface exposure.", "Blood and tissue eosinophils from patients with IgE-mediated allergic responses (atopic dermatitis, extrinsic asthma) express CD137. In contrast, eosinophils from normal control individuals and patients with non-IgE-mediated eosinophilic inflammatory responses (intrinsic asthma, idiopathic eosinophilia) express neither detectable levels of mRNA nor protein for CD137. Expression of CD137 in eosinophils was induced in vitro by stimulating the cells with supernatants derived from in vivo- or in vitro-activated T cells, suggesting that a soluble T cell-derived factor might be responsible for the observed phenomenon. Although CD137 expression was associated with increased IgE levels, IL-4 and IL-13 did not induce CD137 gene expression in eosinophils. Activation of CD137 abrogated both GM-CSF-mediated and IL-5-mediated antiapoptosis in CD137-expressing eosinophils but not in CD137-deficient eosinophils. In contrast, the survival effect of IFN-gamma was not affected by anti-CD137 treatment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antigens, CD", "Apoptosis", "Asthma", "Cells, Cultured", "Dermatitis, Atopic", "Eosinophilia", "Eosinophils", "Female", "Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor", "Humans", "Hypersensitivity, Immediate", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-5", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Male", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "T-Lymphocytes", "Transcription, Genetic", "Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The role of nitric oxide in the development of selenite-induced cataracts in rats was examined using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors.", "Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite was used to induce cataracts in rats, with or without pretreatment with NOS inhibitors. The anterior eye segment analysis system (EAS-1000, Nidek) was used to measure lens opacity. The glutathione content of the lenses was determined by an HPLC method and the Ca2+ content by atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide, was determined fluorometrically. NADPH-diaphorase activity staining and Western blot analysis were used to determine NOS levels.", "Administration of the NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), inhibited lens opacification in selenite-treated rats. NG-nitro-d-arginine methyl ester, an inactive enantiomer of l-NAME, had no effect. Aminoguanidine, another NOS inhibitor, also inhibited the development of cataracts in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, L-arginine, a substrate of NOS, accelerated the development of cataracts. Although the opacification of the lenses was apparent approximately 3 days after selenite injection, the nitrite level was increased within one day. In addition, NOS was induced in the eye within one day of selenite injection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blotting, Western", "Calcium", "Cataract", "Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Fluorometry", "Glutathione", "Guanidines", "Lens, Crystalline", "NADPH Dehydrogenase", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitrites", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Sodium Selenite", "Spectrophotometry, Atomic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a physiological mediator of oxidative stress induces apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.", "To demonstrate that oxidatively stressed retinal pigment epithelial cells undergo apoptosis consequential to mitochondrial dysfunction, biochemical parameters of apoptosis were determined in cultured cells after treatment with 50-200 mM H2O2 for different times. Caspase-3 protease activity was determined from hydrolysis of DEVD-rho-nitroanilide. Expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, bcl-2 and the pro-apoptotic proteins p53 and p21 were analyzed by western blotting.", "Caspase-3 activity significantly increased in cells exposed to H2O2. Also, the expression of bcl-2 in cells treated with 200 microM H2O2 was diminished, whereas expression of p53 and p21waf-1 was increased compared to the controls." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Blotting, Western", "Caspase 3", "Caspases", "Cells, Cultured", "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21", "Cyclins", "Humans", "Hydrogen Peroxide", "Male", "Oxidative Stress", "Pigment Epithelium of Eye", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Time Factors", "Tumor Suppressor Protein p53" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the influence of a previous erosion in the fellow eye on the proliferative response during healing of a central corneal erosion.", "A corneal abrasion was made on the right eye of 20 rats. After 1 week a corneal erosion was made in the left eye of the pre-treated animals and in 20 previously untreated animals. Cell kinetic methods were used to estimate the labelling index (LI) and the mitotic rate (MR) after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 days.", "After 24 hours the corneal erosions were covered by epithelial cells in 3 of 4 animals in both groups. The LI and the MR were significantly higher in the pre-treated group on the 2nd day after erosion." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Epithelium, Corneal", "Female", "Mitosis", "Mitotic Index", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the determinants of fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels such as cystatin C, serum creatinine (SCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from Cockroft-Gault equation, albumin, plasma folate, vitamin B12, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) among Korean renal transplant recipients (RTR) with normal SCr levels (< or =1.4 mg/dL).", "Cross-sectional study.", "Nephrology and Transplant Service, Catholic University Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.", "Fifty-one chronic stable Korean RTR with normal SCr levels (< or =1.4 mg/dL) 6 months or more following transplantation.", "Medical record review, anthropometric measurements, and overnight (10 to 14 hours) fasting blood samples for measurement of plasma tHcy, folate, vitamin B12, PLP, SCr, albumin, and cystatin C.", "General linear regression model including age, gender, vitamin status, and measurements of renal function showed that cystatin C and folate were independent predictors of tHcy levels. The partial regression coefficient for folate was -0.444 (P <.01) and for cystatin C, it was +0.334 (P <.05). SCr, estimated GFR, vitamin B12, PLP, age, and gender were not independent predictors of tHcy levels in this model." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Biomarkers", "Creatinine", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Cystatin C", "Cystatins", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Glomerular Filtration Rate", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Hyperhomocysteinemia", "Kidney Transplantation", "Korea", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Regression Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pivalic acid (PVA) forms conjugates with endogenous carnitine and enhances its excretion. The purpose of this study is to determine whether tissue carnitine levels decrease in parallel with plasma levels in carnitine deficiency induced by PVA.", "PVA was orally administered to rats for 5 days. Carnitine levels in plasma, liver, kidney, muscle, and heart were monitored. The tissue uptake clearance (CLuptake) was determined in vivo by the integration plot method. Hepatocytes were prepared from control and PVA-treated rats, and the uptake of L-carnitine was determined.", "Plasma concentrations of L-carnitine decreased as a result of the enhanced carnitine elimination as pivaloylcarnitine (PCN) when rats were treated with PVA. However, L-carnitine concentrations in liver, muscle, and heart remained relatively constant during the study. period. CLuptake increased in liver and muscle and, thus, the rate of carnitine uptake from plasma into these tissues did not change even at low plasma concentrations. This helps maintain carnitine levels in these tissues. Up-regulation of carnitine transporters is suggested to be a mechanism for the increased CLuptake." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Carnitine", "Carrier Proteins", "Injections, Intra-Arterial", "Injections, Intravenous", "Male", "Organic Cation Transport Proteins", "Pentanoic Acids", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5", "Tissue Distribution", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hemodialysis monitors represent a frequent site for bacterial contamination.", "Two different disinfection protocols on a new device (Formula(R), Bellco) have been compared: only chemical or chemical plus heat disinfection by means of CFU, and LAL test. The endotoxin removing capacity of ultrafilter was tested with varying lipopolysaccharide concentrations.", "Similar results were obtained with heat disinfection compared to chemical disinfection (CFU and LAL test). The LAL test (chromogenic and gel-clot) showed that the ultrafilter performance decreased with use and was significant after 200 operating hours." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Bacterial Infections", "Disinfection", "Equipment Contamination", "Humans", "Micropore Filters", "Renal Dialysis", "Ultrafiltration" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Smooth muscle fibers can be stimulated with an electrical field, high potassium or carbachol. We studied the effect of combined, supramaximal stimulation on the isometric force and the maximum shortening velocity of the pig urinary bladder.", "After determining the dose response curve of each stimulation type, we stimulated 8 fibers with cumulative addition of supramaximal stimuli.", "The isometric force elicited with either potassium, carbachol or electrical field stimulation alone was the same for each stimulus. After addition of a second or third different supramaximal stimulus, the force further increased to a value that was on average 40% higher." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Electric Stimulation", "Muscle Contraction", "Muscle, Smooth", "Swine", "Urinary Bladder" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a proposed risk factor for developing laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers. No controlled study has examined this association.", "A case-control-study was performed using the computerized hospitalization and outpatient databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. All patients, who were veterans, had been identified as being hospitalized with laryngeal or pharyngeal during 1991 to 1997. In addition, all persons diagnosed with laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer in 1999 in the outpatient files were identified. From the same patient populations, four nonmatched control subjects were randomly assigned for each case. The medical history for cases and controls was retrospectively searched for GERD diagnoses, tobacco use, and alcohol dependence. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the risk factors for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers.", "A total of 8,228 hospitalized patients with laryngeal cancers and 1,912 with pharyngeal cancers were compared to 32,912 and 7,648 hospitalized controls, while 9,292 outpatients with laryngeal cancer and 2,769 outpatients with pharyngeal cancer were compared with 37,168 and 11,076 outpatient controls without cancer. Among hospitalized persons, the prevalence of GERD was higher among patients with laryngeal cancer (8.9 vs 4.0%, p < 0.0001) and pharyngeal cancer (6.2 vs 3.8%, p < 0.0001). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis that was controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, and alcohol, GERD was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.40 for laryngeal cancer among hospitalized patients (95% CI 2.15-2.69, p < 0.0001) and an adjusted OR of 2.38 (95% CI 1.87-3.02, p < 0.0001) for pharyngeal cancer. For outpatients, GERD was associated with an adjusted OR = 2.31 (95% CI 2.10-2.53) for laryngeal cancer and adjusted OR = 1.92 (95% CI 1.72-2.15)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Gastroesophageal Reflux", "Humans", "Laryngeal Neoplasms", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pharyngeal Neoplasms", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Veterans" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended in the treatment of asthmatic patients. They have been said to be efficacious in the treatment of asthma in respect to cortisol and bone metabolism.", "The effects of the two inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide (BUD) and fluticasone propionate (FP) on bone metabolism, morning cortisol and their effects on the clinical parameters (FEV1, diurnal variation of peak expiratory flow rate = PEFR and log PC20) were examined in a group of 16 asthmatic patients. Eight patients used 800 micrograms/daily BUD and 8,400 micrograms/daily FP during 6 months period.", "Both BUD and FP improved clinical parameters as determined by FEV1 (p < 0.05) and PEFR (p < 0.01). There was no difference in respect to log PC20 values in either group (p > 0.05). Both treatments didn't change morning cortisol (p < 0.05). Both FP and BUD didn't change any indices of bone formation as determined by serum alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen and bone resorption as determined by urinary calcium and deoxypyridinoline (p > 0.05). In addition there was no significant effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism (serum calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Inhalation", "Adult", "Alkaline Phosphatase", "Amino Acids", "Androstadienes", "Anti-Asthmatic Agents", "Asthma", "Biomarkers", "Bone Resorption", "Bone and Bones", "Bronchial Provocation Tests", "Budesonide", "Calcium", "Female", "Fluticasone", "Forced Expiratory Volume", "Histamine", "Humans", "Hydrocortisone", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osteocalcin", "Osteoporosis", "Parathyroid Hormone", "Peak Expiratory Flow Rate", "Phosphates" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We aimed to ascertain whether triggered intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) can predict functional recovery in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to determine the optimal triggering interval in this setting.", "Detection of myocardial viability early after AMI has both therapeutic and prognostic implications. Myocardial contrast echocardiography using intracoronary injections of contrast can detect viable myocardium, but there is little data on the use of recently developed intravenous MCE techniques for this purpose.", "Ninety-six patients with recent AMI (4.8 +/- 1.7 days) underwent echocardiography at baseline and six months later or three months after revascularization to determine regional function (score 1 = normal to 3 = akinetic). Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed at baseline using intravenous injections of Optison. Triggering intervals of 1:1 (early) and 1:10 (delayed) cardiac cycles were used. Segments were deemed viable if they demonstrated homogeneous contrast opacification.", "Of 400 akinetic segments at baseline, 109 (27%) improved during the follow-up period, and 375 (94%) were adequately visualized with MCE, of which 59 (16%) were homogeneously opacified by early and 125 (33%) by delayed MCE (negative predictive value for recovery of contractile function 74% and 84%, positive predictive value 29% and 47%, respectively). Independent predictors of functional recovery were delayed MCE (odds ratio [OR]: 4.0, p < 0.001), revascularization (OR: 6.0, p < 0.001), and log creatine kinase (OR: 0.5, p = 0.03). However, the presence or absence of >90% stenosis of the infarct-related artery did not influence the ability of triggered MCE to predict functional recovery." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Albumins", "Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary", "Contrast Media", "Female", "Fluorocarbons", "Humans", "Male", "Microspheres", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Recovery of Function", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Ultrasonography", "Ventricular Function" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to determine whether the benefit of training for vasodilation in the skeletal muscle vasculature of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is likely to be caused at the molecular level primarily by increased nitric oxide (NO) production or decreased inactivation of NO.", "Physical training reverses endothelium dysfunction in patients with CHF, mediated by increased NO bioactivity. Some animal studies support a mechanism whereby training results in increased vascular NO levels by sustained transcriptional activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene, presumably due to shear stress. The mechanism has not been addressed in patients with CHF.", "The steady state transcript levels for eNOS and two other shear stress regulated genes (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] and prostacyclin synthase [PGI2S]) were measured in samples of skeletal muscle from patients with CHF before and after 12 weeks of training. Transcript levels were measured in the same samples for two genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Untrained patients served as controls.", "As expected, training significantly enhanced peak oxygen uptake in the patients with CHF. Training did not increase steady-state transcript levels for eNOS, ACE or PGI2S. In striking contrast, training increased the expression of the antioxidative enzyme genes by approximately 100%." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Exercise Therapy", "Heart Failure", "Humans", "Intramolecular Oxidoreductases", "Middle Aged", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III", "Oxidative Stress", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transcription, Genetic", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The goal of this study was to assess the prognostic power of the pulse pressure-to-stroke index (PP-to-SVi) ratio for cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with uncomplicated hypertension.", "The prognostic significance of pulse pressure (PP) has been studied repeatedly, but few data are available on the PP-to-SVi ratio.", "Invasive hemodynamic measurements, including brachial intra-arterial pressure and stroke index by the direct oxygen Fick method, were performed in the period 1972 to 1982 in 192 patients with uncomplicated hypertension; their outcome was ascertained in 1994.", "Age at baseline averaged 37 +/- 12 years; brachial artery pressure was 165 mm Hg +/- 30/89 +/- 17 mm Hg; PP averaged 76 mm Hg +/- 18 mm Hg, and the PP-to-SVi ratio was 1.67 mm Hg/(ml/m2) +/- 0.73 mm Hg/(ml/m2). During 3,057 patient years of follow-up, 19 patients died, and 44 experienced at least one fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event. Cox regression analysis revealed that the PP-to-SVi ratio was a significant predictor of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events and of all-cause mortality after control for age and gender (p < 0.01). Its predictive power persisted after additional adjustment for mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Each 0.75-mm Hg/(ml/m2) increase in the PP-to-SVi ratio was independently associated with a 79% increase in the risk of a cardiovascular event (p = 0.01) and a 2.05-fold greater risk of all-cause mortality (p = 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Blood Pressure", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Heart Rate", "Hemodynamics", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To report plasma concentrations of the adhesion cell molecule P-selectin during pregnancy to determine the effect of subsequent development of hypertension and pre-eclampsia.", "A longitudinal study.", "A longitudinal study involving 70 women followed up from early pregnancy; 20 who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia were compared with 24 who developed gestational hypertension and 26 normotensive women with normal obstetric outcome. The determination of citrate plasma soluble P-selectin levels throughout pregnancy was performed using a commercial quantitative sandwich immunoassay kit. The temporal course of plasma P-selectin in the three groups of subjects was analysed.", "There was no significant difference in mean plasma P-selectin concentration between normotensive and gestational hypertensive subjects at any stage of pregnancy. Using a cutoff level of 60 ng/mL, P-selectin concentration at 10-14 weeks had a negative predictive value for pre-eclampsia of almost 99%. Mean plasma P-selectin concentrations were significantly elevated by 10-14 weeks in women who later developed pre-eclampsia (P < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Biomarkers", "Case-Control Studies", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Longitudinal Studies", "P-Selectin", "Pre-Eclampsia", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular", "Pregnancy Trimester, First" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The limits to surfactant loading of proniosomes were determined and a rationale developed for the observed relationship between the composition of proniosomes and the quality of reconstituted niosome suspension.", "A novel method for producing proniosomes with a maltodextrin carrier was recently developed, which provides for rapid reconstitution of niosomes with minimal residual carrier. A slurry of maltodextrin and surfactant was dried to form a free-flowing powder which could be rehydrated by addition of warm water. This method provided facile production of a wide range of proniosome compositions, and thus, allowed us to examine rehydration behavior for similar concentrations of surfactant over a wide range of film thickness. SEM images of proniosomes with various degrees of surfactant loading and images of pure surfactant were compared. Direct observation and particle size measurements by laser light scattering provided characterization of the final niosome preparations.", "Successful rehydration of surfactant to produce niosomes from dried film requires that the film be as thin as possible to avoid the clumping and precipitation that occurs when pure, granular surfactant is hydrated directly. The appearance of a coarse, broken surface on the proniosomes correlates with inefficient rehydration and occurrence of aggregation and precipitate in the final niosome suspension." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Light", "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "Microspheres", "Particle Size", "Polysaccharides", "Powders", "Quality Control", "Scattering, Radiation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This work examines whether ion-pairing contributes to the apparent lipophilicity of cations, which is seen by a shake-flask or titrimetic method to be influenced by the nature and concentration of counter-ions.", "To solve this problem, the lipophilicity of several quaternary ammonium drugs was measured by cyclic voltammetry in the 1,2-dichloroethane/water system. The standard ionic partition coefficient values so obtained (log Pdce(o,C)) were correlated with log Poct values calculated by the CLOGP algorithm for the respective neutral molecules.", "The standard (i.e., intrinsic) lipophilicity values are shown to depend on a, the structure of the ion (nature, volume, charge), and b, on the Galvani potential difference at the ITIES (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Chemical Phenomena", "Chemistry, Physical", "Electrochemistry", "Ethylene Dichlorides", "Indicators and Reagents", "Lipids", "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds", "Water" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled immune response to one or more normally occurring gut constituents.", "Given the effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) on both the immune system and extracellular matrix, we postulated that alterations in TGF-beta signalling in intestinal epithelial cells may play an important role in the development of IBD.", "TGF-beta signalling was inactivated in mouse intestine by expressing a dominant negative mutant form of the TGF-beta type II receptor under the control of the mouse intestinal trefoil peptide (ITF)/TFF3 promoter. Transgenic mice (ITF-dnRII) developed spontaneous colitis presenting with diarrhoea, haematochezia, and anal prolapse when not maintained under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. Under SPF conditions we induced colitis by mixing dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in drinking water to examine the significance of loss of TGF-beta signalling in the pathogenesis of IBD.", "Transgenic mice showed increased susceptibility to DSS induced IBD, and elicited increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, generation of autoantibodies against intestinal goblet cells, and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase in intestinal epithelial cells compared with wild-type littermates challenged with DSS." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Autoantibodies", "Blotting, Western", "Cell Communication", "Genes, MHC Class II", "Germ-Free Life", "Goblet Cells", "Humans", "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "Luminescent Measurements", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 2", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 3", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 9", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Mucins", "Muscle Proteins", "Peptides", "Proteins", "Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Trefoil Factor-3" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Erythropoietin (Epo) receptors are present on enterocytes of fetal and neonatal small bowel but the role of Epo in the bowel is not known.", "We tested the following hypotheses: (1) enterally dosed Epo is absorbed from the intestines of neonatal rats, (2) Epo acts as a trophic factor in developing small bowel, and (3) the trophic effects of Epo are dependent on the route of administration.", "The dose dependent effects of enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo 0--1000 U/kg/day) were studied in artificially raised rat pups and compared with dam raised controls and dam raised pups given rEpo in rat milk. After one week, reticulocyte counts, haematocrits, and plasma Epo concentrations were measured, and calibrated morphometric measurements of villi were performed. The effects of route of rEpo administration (enteral v parenteral) on erythropoiesis, bowel growth, and disaccharidase activity were studied in nursing pups treated for one and two weeks.", "Serum Epo concentrations ranged from undetectable (<0.6 mU/ml) to 8.4 mU/ml in control and enterally dosed pups (median 1.8 mU/ml), and from 4.9 to 82.3 mU/ml (median 20.4 mU/ml) in parenterally dosed animals. No increase in haematocrit or reticulocyte count was noted in enterally treated pups compared with controls after up to two weeks of treatment. Small bowel length was greater in rEpo treated pups, and a dose dependent increase in villus surface area which was independent of the route of dosing and associated with increased BrdU uptake was found." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Animals, Newborn", "Bromodeoxyuridine", "Disaccharidases", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Erythropoiesis", "Erythropoietin", "Hematocrit", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Intestinal Absorption", "Intestines", "Linear Models", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Recombinant Proteins", "Reticulocyte Count" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although behavioural treatment (biofeedback) successfully treats the pelvic floor abnormalities in patients with idiopathic constipation, many patients also normalise their impaired bowel frequency. We postulated that a response may be associated with altered cerebral outflow via extrinsic autonomic nerves to the gut. We investigated whether treatment changes extrinsic innervation, using mucosal laser Doppler flowmetry, whether autonomic changes are gut specific, and whether it changes gut transit.", "Forty nine patients (44 female, mean age 39 years) with idiopathic constipation were studied before and after biofeedback treatment (mean five sessions). Rectal mucosal blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry to assess direct extrinsic gut nerve autonomic activity. To assess general autonomic activity, RR (interval between successive R waves on the electrocardiogram) variability, Valsalva ratio, orthostatic adjustment ratio, and phase II:IV blood pressure ratio (II:IV) of the Valsalva manoeuvre were measured. All autonomic tests were compared with those of 26 healthy volunteers (19 female, mean age 37 years).", "Twenty nine of 49 patients were symptomatically improved. Treatment reduced those with < or =3 bowel actions per week (27 v 9, pre v post), need to strain (26 v 9), and laxative or suppository use (34 v 9). Biofeedback reduced retained markers by 32% in those with slow transit and by 20% in those with normal transit. Twenty two had slow transit before treatment-14 felt symptomatic improvement of whom 13 developed normal transit. There was a significantly greater increase in rectal mucosal blood flow in patients who subjectively improved compared with those who did not (29% v 7%; p<0.03) and in those with improved bowel frequency (33% v 9%, increased v unchanged bowel frequency; p<0.05). Thirty five patients had abnormal RR variability and 33 an abnormal Valsalva ratio; one had an abnormal orthostatic adjustment ratio and one an abnormal II:IV ratio. None of the general cardiorespiratory autonomic reflexes was changed by treatment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Autonomic Nervous System", "Biofeedback, Psychology", "Blood Pressure", "Case-Control Studies", "Constipation", "Electrocardiography", "Electromyography", "Female", "Gastrointestinal Transit", "Humans", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Intestines", "Laser-Doppler Flowmetry", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Normal Distribution", "Prospective Studies", "Tilt-Table Test", "Treatment Outcome", "Valsalva Maneuver" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The primary pathology of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a congenital absence of ganglion cells in the caudal most gut. The spastic aganglionic bowel is often innervated by a network of hypertrophied nerve fibres. Recently, mutations of SOX10 have been identified in patients with HD but only in those with Waardenburg-Shah syndrome.", "To understand the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of HD we intended to determine the specific cell lineages in the enteric nervous system which normally express SOX10 but are affected in disease conditions.", "We studied colon biopsies from 10 non-syndromic HD patients, aged three months to four years, and 10 age matched patients without HD as normal controls. The absence of mutation in the SOX10 gene of HD patients was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Expression and cellular distribution of SOX10 in bowel segments of normal and HD infants were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation.", "We found that in normal infants and normoganglionic bowel segments of HD patients, SOX10 was expressed in both neurones and glia of the enteric plexuses and in the nerves among the musculature in normal colon. In the aganglionic bowel segments of patients, SOX10 expression was consistently lower and was found to be associated with the hypertrophic nerve trunks in the muscle and extrinsic nerves in the serosa." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Case-Control Studies", "Child, Preschool", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Enteric Nervous System", "Female", "High Mobility Group Proteins", "Hirschsprung Disease", "Humans", "In Situ Hybridization", "Infant", "Male", "Neuroglia", "Neurons", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "SOXE Transcription Factors", "Sequence Analysis, DNA", "Transcription Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the ciliary body and peripheral retina in degenerative retinoschisis associated with pars plana cysts using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).", "18 eyes of 12 patients with degenerative retinoschisis associated with pars plana cysts were selected through binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and Goldmann three mirror lens examination, both with scleral depression. These patients were studied in detail with UBM.", "Study of the ciliary body with UBM showed pars plana cysts of different size and uneven shape. In cross sections the morphology of pars plana cysts in detail and the close relation of the cysts with the oral region and the peripheral retina, where areas of cystoid degeneration and retinoschisis were present, were observed. In transverse sections three main morphological aspects of pars plana cysts could be differentiated (\"isolated,\" \"confluent,\" and \"clustered\" cysts). Furthermore, ultrabiomicroscopy allowed differential diagnosis between retinoschisis and associated retinal detachment in six eyes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Ciliary Body", "Cysts", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retina", "Retinal Degeneration", "Retinal Detachment", "Ultrasonography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gangliosicle GD2 is abundant on human neuroblastoma (NB). Monoclonal antibody 3F8 targeted to GD2 may have imaging and therapeutic potential. Antigen-negative clones can escape immune-mediated attack leading to clinical resistance or recurrence.", "Among 95 evaluable patients treated intravenously with 3F8 (94 Stage 4, 1 Stage 3), 66 received nonradiolabeled 3F8, 11 received 131-iodine-labeled-3F8 (8-28 mCi/kg) with autologous bone marrow rescue, and 18 received both forms of treatment. Prior to treatment, 90 patients tested positive for GD2 reactivity by bone marrow immunofluorescence (n = 68), tumor immunohistochemistry (n = 20), or diagnostic radioimmunoscintigraphy (n = 2).", "Of 62 patients who had refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma following 3F8 treatment, 61 (98%) tested positive for GD2 reactivity by bone marrow immunofluorescence (n = 51) or tumor immunohistochemistry (n = 10). The sole tumor that lost GD2 expression underwent phenotypic transformation into a pheochromocytoma-like tumor." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antibody Specificity", "Antigens, Neoplasm", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Bone Marrow Transplantation", "Cell Lineage", "Child, Preschool", "Combined Modality Therapy", "Fatal Outcome", "Female", "Ganglioneuroblastoma", "Gangliosides", "Humans", "Immunization, Passive", "Immunoconjugates", "Immunoglobulin G", "Iodine Radioisotopes", "Male", "Neoplasm Metastasis", "Neuroblastoma", "Radioimmunodetection", "Radioimmunotherapy", "Remission Induction", "Retrospective Studies", "Transplantation, Autologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There is a strong association between hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Studies of the treatment of hypertension have shown that some pharmacological agents are capable of inducing regression of the vascular structure during treatment. We determined whether penile vascular structure is as susceptible as other vascular beds to regression during antihypertensive drug treatment.", "Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated for 1 or 2 weeks with 30 mg./kg. enalapril daily, or for 2 weeks with 45 mg./kg. hydralazine daily. Structurally based vascular resistance was determined in isolated penile and skeletal muscle vascular beds perfused with Tyrode-dextran. A cumulative alpha1-adrenoceptor concentration constrictor response curve to 1 to 100 microg./ml. methoxamine was constructed and the maximum constrictor response (vasopressin, methoxamine and angiotensin II) indicating the tissue yield point (that is the average medial bulk of vascular smooth muscle) was determined. The hearts were excised and the ventricles were separated and weighed.", "Enalapril treatment progressively regressed cardiac and vascular structure during the 1 and 2-week treatment periods with a mean tissue yield point plus or minus standard deviation of -5.91% +/- 5.1% (p <0.05) and -12.1% +/- 6.0% (p <0.05), and a mean left ventricle mass of -11.8% +/- 2.2% (p <0.05) and -13.6% +/- 3.2% (p <0.05), respectively. Hydralazine treatment for 2 weeks was less effective on vascular regression with a mean yield of -7.3% +/- 2.9% (p <0.05) and it did not alter left ventricle hypertrophy compared with controls (3.7% +/- 5.0%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensin II", "Animals", "Antihypertensive Agents", "Enalapril", "Hydralazine", "Male", "Methoxamine", "Penis", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred SHR", "Renin-Angiotensin System", "Vascular Resistance", "Vasoconstrictor Agents", "Vasodilator Agents", "Vasopressins", "Ventricular Remodeling" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We studied the methylation status of E-cadherin gene promoter in prostate cancer and its relationship with E-cadherin inactivation in prostate cancer.", "Seven human prostate cell lines and 35 microdissected prostate cancer specimens were analyzed for E-cadherin promoter methylation using the bisulfite genome sequencing technique. E-cadherin messenger (m)RNA expression and protein expression were also studied in prostate cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in prostate cancer specimens by immunostaining, respectively.", "The overall methylation of E-cadherin promoter was evident in 14 of 20 grades III to V (70%) and in 5 of 15 grades I to II (33%) prostate cancer samples. It correlated with absent or reduced E-cadherin immunostaining. Methylation in low grade tumors was present mainly in the exon region, whereas in high grade tumors methylation was also present in the promoter region. Methylation was noted in 2 of 6 prostate cancer cell lines (33%) and correlated well with decreased E-cadherin mRNA in these cell lines. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored E-cadherin mRNA levels in the E-cadherin negative prostate cancer cell lines TSUPr1 and DuPro." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cadherins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Methylation", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The influence of propofol on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil is poorly understood. The authors therefore studied the effect of a pseudo-steady state concentration of propofol on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil.", "The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil was studied on two occasions in eight male volunteers in a randomized crossover manner with a 3-week interval. While breathing 30% O2 in air, 12.5 microg/kg intravenous alfentanil was given in 2 min, followed by 25 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) for 58 min (sessions A and B). During session B, a target controlled infusion of propofol (target concentration, 1.5 microg/ml) was given from 10 min before the start until 6 h after termination of the alfentanil infusion. Blood pressure, cardiac output, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were monitored. Venous blood samples for determination of the plasma alfentanil concentration were collected until 6 h after termination of the alfentanil infusion. Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models examining the influence of propofol and mean arterial pressure were constructed.", "A three-compartment model, including a lag time accounting for the venous blood sampling, adequately described the concentration-time curves of alfentanil Propofol decreased the elimination clearance of alfentanil by 15%, rapid distribution clearance by 68%, slow distribution clearance by 51%, and lag time by 62%. Mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly lower in the presence of propofol. Scaling the pharmacokinetic parameters to the mean arterial pressure instead of propofol improved the model." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alfentanil", "Algorithms", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Anesthetics, Intravenous", "Computer Simulation", "Drug Interactions", "Hemodynamics", "Humans", "Male", "Models, Biological", "Propofol" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the aqueous humor of eyes with glaucoma compared with control eyes with cataract only.", "Concentrations of HGF were measured in aqueous humor aspirates taken during anterior segment surgery from 84 patients, of whom 72 had glaucoma (38 cases of primary open-angle glaucoma, 17 angle-closure glaucoma, and 17 exfoliative glaucoma) and 12 had cataract only, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.", "Hepatocyte growth factor was detected in all samples. The concentration in eyes with cataract only was 563.3 +/- 178.8 pg/mL (mean +/- standard deviation), which was significantly lower than that in eyes with glaucoma (967.1 +/- 514.7 pg/mL, P < 0.01). Eyes with exfoliative glaucoma had significantly higher HGF concentrations (1,425.5 +/- 586.7 pg/mL) than did eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (855.0 +/- 341.5 pg/mL) and angle-closure glaucoma (759.4 +/- 511.4 pg/mL) (P < 0.01). There was no effect of age, sex, or history of medical, laser, or surgical treatment on the aqueous humor HGF concentration (P > 0.05). Aqueous humor and plasma HGF concentrations were measured and compared in 28 patients. The aqueous humor HGF concentration (908 +/- 586.2 pg/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the plasma concentration (521.3 +/- 183.1 pg/mL). No significant correlation could be found between aqueous humor and plasma HGF concentrations." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aqueous Humor", "Cataract", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Exfoliation Syndrome", "Eye Proteins", "Female", "Glaucoma, Angle-Closure", "Glaucoma, Open-Angle", "Hepatocyte Growth Factor", "Humans", "Male" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Metabolic bone disease, hepatic abnormalities, splenic insufficiency, and nephropathy have been associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We determined the heavy-metal contamination in TPN solutions and investigated whether it was associated with organ deposition and pathologic organ damage.", "Five representative TPN solutions (two adult standard solutions, one renal solution, and one standard pediatric solution to reflect clinical practice) and 28 TPN components were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Twenty-six male Fisher 344 rats were assigned to two groups (chow/NaCl = 8 and TPN = 18). TPN or NaCl was infused at a rate of 50 mL/d. After 14 d, serum, femurs, spine, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, and testes were analyzed for heavy-metal deposition by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tissues were fixed in formalin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, and Masson's trichrome stain. Kidneys were fixed in gluteraldehyde for ultrastructural examination with scanning electron microscopy.", "The predominant sources of contaminants in TPN were amino acids (Al, As, Cr, Ge, Pb, Sn), dextrose (As, Ba, Cr, Sn), Ca gluconate (Al), K2PO4 (Al), lipid emulsion (As, Sn), and vitamins (As). Significant variations in the level of contamination depended on TPN formulation and brand of constituents. In the kidney, Pb, Cr, and Mn concentrations were greater than in controls, although there was no correlation with serum creatinine. Hepatic Cr and Pb concentrations were greater in TPN rats, although there was no correlation with serum aspartate aminotransferase or total bilirubin. Splenic Ba, Cr, Ge, Pb, Mn, and Sn concentrations were greater in TPN rats. Only serum Cr concentration was significantly correlated with splenic concentration (r = 0.46, P = 0.04). Brain and serum Ba concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.60, P = 0.007). No significant correlations were observed between any other metal in serum and that metal's respective organ concentration. No increase in heavy-metal accumulation was seen in the femur, spine, or testis. There were no significant depositions of As, Cd, Hg, St, or V in any of the organs examined. Serum Al and Cr concentrations were significantly increased in TPN rats, although there was no correlation with tissue concentrations. No significant increases in heavy-metal concentrations in tissue or plasma were observed for any of the other metals measurable by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Histologically in the TPN group, 50% of the rats had mild to moderate hepatic steatosis and 33% to 50% developed renal morphologic abnormalities; brains and spleens remained histologically normal." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain", "Drug Contamination", "Femur", "Kidney", "Liver", "Male", "Mass Spectrometry", "Metals, Heavy", "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "Parenteral Nutrition, Total", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred F344", "Solutions", "Spine", "Spleen", "Testis", "Tissue Distribution" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Arsenic compounds have been found to be effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia through the downregulation of bcl-2 expression. Resistant ovarian cancer cells often overexpress bcl-2 or p53 proteins or both. We hypothesized that arsenic compounds, such as As2O3 and As2S3, could also be active against gynecological cancers resistant to conventional chemotherapy.", "We investigated the effects of these two arsenic compounds in vitro on ovarian cancer cell lines sensitive (OVCAR, GG, JAM) and resistant (CI80-13S) to cisplatin (CDDP) and on human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) in comparison with their effects on human fibroblasts (HF). A fluorometric assay based on measurements of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in cells was used to determine cell viability. Apoptosis was assessed in terms of cell morphology, by flow cytometry and by a DNA fragmentation assay.", "Treatment of each cell line with the As2O3 or As2S3 led to a marked dose-dependent decrease in cell growth. The IC50 of the two compounds indicated a significantly greater cytotoxic effect against all the cancer cells tested than against the normal HF. At a clinically achievable concentration (2 microM), As2O3 selectively inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in CI80-13S, OVCAR and HeLa cells but had no significant apoptotic effect on GG or JAM cells or HF. Following treatment with 5 microM As2S3, the CI80-13S, OVCAR and HeLa cells also exhibited growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antineoplastic Agents", "Apoptosis", "Arsenic Trioxide", "Arsenicals", "Cell Size", "Cisplatin", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm", "Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor", "Female", "HeLa Cells", "Humans", "Ovarian Neoplasms", "Oxides", "Sulfides", "Time Factors", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although age is associated with increasing blood pressure, there is a substantial heterogeneity within a certain birth cohort. Whether increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure is related to pulmonary function is largely unknown.", "To study blood pressure elevation between 55 and 68 years of age in relation to vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) at 55.", "Population-based cohort study.", "A total of 375 men without antihypertensive medication at baseline.", "Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over 13 years.", "Blood pressure increase between 55 and 68 years was highest among men who at 55 years had low vital capacity. Average increase in systolic blood pressure for men with vital capacity in the first, second, third and fourth quartile was 20.4, 18.7, 16.5 and 11.1 mmHg, respectively (P for trend = 0.005). Average increase in diastolic blood pressure was 10.6, 9.9, 9.0 and 6.3 mmHg, respectively (P= 0.02). The trends remained statistically significant after adjustments for baseline blood pressure, tobacco consumption, smoking cessation between 55 and 68, weight change between 55 and 68, physical activity and diabetes. Further analysis showed that the relationships could be found among men with blood pressures < or = 140/ 90 mmHg at baseline, whereas no significant association was found for men whose baseline SBP or DBP exceeded 140/90 mmHg. FEV1.0 showed similar associations with change in blood pressure." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aging", "Blood Pressure", "Cohort Studies", "Forced Expiratory Volume", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Longitudinal Studies", "Lung", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Vital Capacity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Little is known about the causal factors which induce the typical structural changes accompanying cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation in vivo such as in chronic hibernating myocardium. For identifying important factors involved in cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, as seen in chronic hibernation, an in vitro model mimicking those morphological changes, would be extremely helpful.", "Adult rabbit cardiomyocytes were co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts. The typical changes induced by this culturing paradigm were investigated using morphometry, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of several structural proteins, which were used as dedifferentiation markers, i.e., titin, desmin, cardiotin and alpha-smooth muscle actin.", "Close apposition of fibroblasts with adult rabbit cardiomyocytes induced hibernation-like dedifferentiation, similar to the typical changes seen in chronic hibernation in vivo. Both changes in ultrastructure and in the protein expression pattern of dedifferentiation markers as seen in chronic hibernating myocardium were seen in the co-cultured cardiomyocytes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Actins", "Animals", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Size", "Coculture Techniques", "Fibroblasts", "Microscopy, Electron", "Microscopy, Phase-Contrast", "Mitochondria, Heart", "Models, Animal", "Myocardial Stunning", "Myocardium", "Rabbits", "Sarcomeres" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Adrenomedullin is a potent hypotensive, natriuretic and diuretic peptide that is coexpressed in the heart with its receptor, suggesting that it may have localized actions as a modulator of cardiac function. Although expression of adrenomedullin is upregulated in the pathological heart, its cardiac function has not been clearly elucidated and it is not known whether this represents a common feature of cardiac hypertrophy, nor whether this is restricted to cardiac myocytes. We have determined the direct effects of hypertrophic agents on cardiomyocyte adrenomedullin gene expression and peptide secretion and have examined the effects of adrenomedullin on biochemical markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.", "Regulation of adrenomedullin expression and its effects on the hypertrophic response were studied in cultured rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes.", "Incubation with phenylephrine or endothelin for 48 h led to a hypertrophic response with an associated fivefold stimulation of ANP gene expression. In contrast, adrenomedullin mRNA was inhibited by 30-50% in response to phenylephrine or endothelin-mediated hypertrophy, and this was associated with a 35-45% reduction in secretion of immunoreactive adrenomedullin. Phorbol ester mediated activation of protein kinase C and increasing intracellular Ca(2+) with ionomycin led to significant downregulation of adrenomedullin gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Co-incubation with 100 nM adrenomedullin for 48 h inhibited phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as determined by protein:DNA ratio. Adrenomedullin partially blocked phenylephrine-mediated transcriptional activation of ANP and MLC-2 reporter gene expression in cardiomyocytes and this effect was mimicked by 2 microM forskolin, suggesting that this response was mediated via the activation of adenylate cyclase." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenylyl Cyclases", "Adrenomedullin", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Atrial Natriuretic Factor", "Calcium", "Cardiomegaly", "Cells, Cultured", "Colforsin", "Endothelin-1", "Enzyme Activation", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Myocardium", "Peptides", "Phenylephrine", "Protein Kinase C", "RNA, Messenger", "Radioimmunoassay", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transcription, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recently, an association between the homozygous C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in infants with congenital neural tube defects or congenital oral clefts has been shown. However, no data are available so far with respect to the MTHFR 677TT genotype in children with underlying structural congenital heart disease (CHD).", "We investigated the MTHFR genotype in 114 Caucasian CHD patients aged newborn to 16 years (median 0.6 years; 53% male) and in 228 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.", "In childhood patients with CHD the homozygous MTHFR 677TT genotype was found in 21 out of 114 subjects (18.4%) compared with 21 out of 228 controls (9.2%; odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95%-confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.3; P=0.027). In patients with pulmonary valve stenosis, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation of the aorta, aortic valve stenosis or subaortic stenosis the frequency of the TT genotype varied between 38 and 67% with corresponding ORs from 6.1 (CI, 1.4-27.5; P=0.034) to 20.4 (CI, 1.8-235.0; P=0.025), whereas in other structural CHD the frequency of this genotype was not significantly different from the controls." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Aortic Coarctation", "Aortic Valve Stenosis", "Case-Control Studies", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Discrete Subaortic Stenosis", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Genotype", "Heart Defects, Congenital", "Humans", "Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome", "Infant", "Infant, Newborn", "Male", "Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)", "Odds Ratio", "Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors", "Pulmonary Valve Stenosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Increased interleukin-5 (IL-5) levels have been reported in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP); however, it still remains to be determined whether IL-5 is responsible for the eosinophil accumulation in the lung.", "We examined the effect of antibodies against cytokines on eosinophil chemotaxis induced by BALF from AEP patients to identify factors responsible for eosinophil accumulation.", "We measured a series of specific cytokines, including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha and eotaxin, in the BALF from 4 patients with AEP. BALF from 4 patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) and 13 patients with non-eosinophilic interstitial lung diseases (ILD) were examined as controls. The eosinophil chemotactic activity in the BALF was examined using tissue culture insert furnished with a polycarbonate membrane.", "The total protein content in BALF from patients with AEP was extremely elevated. Even after standardization with protein concentration, IL-5 levels in AEP patients were significantly higher than those in CEP and ILD. IL-3 and chemokines were rather lower in the AEP group than in the CEP and ILD groups. In AEP BALF, anti-IL-5 neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited eosinophil chemotaxis. Antibodies against IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-8 did not affect the eosinophil migration." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid", "Chemotaxis", "Eosinophilia", "Female", "Humans", "Interleukin-5", "Male", "Pneumonia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the effect of a continuous combined oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on basal and post-methionine load homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women.", "Twenty-two postmenopausal women (PMW) were randomly allocated to receive either continuous combined oral HRT (2 mg of estradiol plus 1 mg of norethisterone acetate; n = 11) or no treatment (controls, n = 11) for 6 months. A methionine oral load (0.1 g/kg body weight) was performed in each subject at time 0 and after 6 months. Serum homocysteine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in samples collected at time 0 and at 4, 8, and 24 h after the methionine load, while levels of vitamin B6 (by high-performance liquid chromatography) and B12 and folate (both by ELISA) were assayed in samples collected at time 0.", "Serum levels of glucose and body mass index increased in treated PMW, whereas folate decreased in controls. In treated PMW, basal homocysteine tended to decrease (10.6 +/- 3.3 micromol/L vs. 9.62 +/- 2.8 micromol/L, p = 0.062), whereas in controls it significantly increased (10.7 +/- 2.65 micromol/L vs. 12.17 +/- 3.89 micromol/L, p < 0.05). This increase was not significant after correction for vitamin status (p = 0.072). Homocysteine values 4 h (31.9 +/- 13.53 micromol/L vs. 39.83 +/- 22.53 micromol/L, p < 0.05) and 8 h (35.1 +/- 13.13 vs. 43.34 +/- 22.15 micromol/L) after methionine, and integrated homocysteine response to methionine (392.5 +/- 133.8 micromol/24 h vs. 458.8 +/- 104.8 micromol/24 h; p < 0.05), were significantly reduced in HRT-treated, but not in untreated, PMW." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Blood Glucose", "Body Mass Index", "Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid", "Estradiol", "Estrogen Replacement Therapy", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Methionine", "Middle Aged", "Norethindrone", "Postmenopause", "Progesterone Congeners", "Pyridoxine", "Treatment Outcome", "Vitamin B 12" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Despite widespread acknowledgement that strain injuries do occur to surgeons, ergonomic assessments in minimally invasive surgery are comparatively rare. Current assessment techniques rely on labor-intensive manual recording techniques, so there is a need for an automated system.", "We used an optoelectronic measurement system to make postural measurements at frequencies of ~5 Hz and then converted these measurements to ergonomic stress scores using a modified Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method.", "We successfully recorded postures at least once per second during 96% of the time the surgeon was performing tissue manipulation tasks. We found that the ergonomic stress scores were comparatively high throughout the procedure, particularly for the wrist." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomechanical Phenomena", "Ergonomics", "Extremities", "Feasibility Studies", "General Surgery", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Pilot Projects", "Posture", "Stress, Physiological", "Video Recording" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A prospective descriptive study to determine the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an aid in diagnosing (chronic) exertional compartment syndrome.", "MRI was performed in 21 patients (41 anterior compartments) with chronic compartment syndrome at rest and following physical exercise. Median (T2-weighted) signal intensity on the MRI scan was determined in the anterior and the (superficial) posterior compartment of the lower leg before and after exercise. Postexercise increases in the signal intensity in these two compartments were compared. After fasciotomy, a second MRI scan was performed in 13 patients (25 anterior compartments) on the basis of the same protocol. MR studies were performed in 12 normal controls (24 anterior muscle compartments) on the basis of the same protocol.", "T2-weighted signal intensity increased by 27.5% (range 13.6-38.6%) following exercise in the anterior compartment of patients with a chronic compartment syndrome. In the posterior compartment this increase amounted to 4.25% (range 0-10.2%). Following fasciotomy, the increase in the anterior compartment was 4.1% (range 1.0-5.2%), while the increase in the posterior compartment amounted to 5.6% (range 0-11.0%), In normal controls, the increase in the anterior compartment was 7.6% (range 0-9. 1%), while in the posterior compartment it was 4.0% (range 0-7.2%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Anterior Compartment Syndrome", "Chronic Disease", "Female", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of MTHFR gene mutations C677T and A1298C implicated in vascular disease, in patients with abruptio placentae and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).", "DNA was extracted from blood samples of 54 patients with placental vasculopathy (18 patients with abruptio placentae and 36 with IUGR) and 114 control patients and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting fragments were subjected to restriction enzyme analysis and resolved by gel electrophoresis.", "A significant association could be demonstrated between mutation A1298C and both abruptio placentae and IUGR. Combined heterozygosity for mutations C677T and A1298C was detected in 22.2% of abruptio placentae cases." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abruptio Placentae", "DNA Mutational Analysis", "Female", "Fetal Growth Retardation", "Gene Frequency", "Heterozygote", "Humans", "Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)", "Mutation", "Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors", "Placenta", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length", "Pregnancy", "Vascular Diseases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The influence of shifting the work-sleep cycle on the circadian rhythm of cardiac autonomic activity was investigated by the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV).", "The subjects were 10 healthy Japanese female nurses aged 33+/-3 (S.D.) years. The subjects underwent ambulatory 24-h electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings on the days of day shift (working from 08:00 to 17:00 h) and night shift (working from 21:40 to 08:40 h). Variables of the frequency domain of HRV were calculated for three activity states (work, awake but not working, and sleep).", "The mean values of HRV variables over 24 h were not different between day shift and night shift. For both shifts, variables related to the sympathetic control (low frequency component in normalized units and low/high frequency component ratio) were the largest during the work period and the smallest during the sleep period, while an opposite order was present for variables related to the vagal control (high frequency component in absolute value and normalized units). HRV variables in each activity state were not different between the two shifts." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Autonomic Nervous System", "Circadian Rhythm", "Electrocardiography, Ambulatory", "Female", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Japan", "Middle Aged", "Nursing Staff, Hospital", "Personnel Staffing and Scheduling", "Risk Factors", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recent studies have found decreased serotonin (5-HT) transmission within the nucleus accumbens following withdrawal from chronic cocaine.", "We sought to investigate whether increasing brain 5-HT levels would decrease behavioral responses that occur following cocaine withdrawal, namely increased preference for a cocaine environment and anxiety.", "The conditioned place preference and the defensive burying paradigms were used to measure the behavioral responses that occur 1 week following cocaine withdrawal.", "We show that pharmacological agents that increase 5-HT transmission (sertraline or 5-hydoxytryptophan, 5-HTP) abolish the preference of subchronically cocaine-treated, abstinent rats for a cocaine-associated environment. Similar results were seen when sertraline was microinjected into the nucleus accumbens. Conversely, rats acutely conditioned with cocaine showed an increased preference for a cocaine-associated environment when pretreated with these drugs. Sertraline also decreased the heightened anxiety-like behaviors found in subchronically treated cocaine rats." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "5-Hydroxytryptophan", "Animals", "Behavior, Addictive", "Cocaine", "Conditioning (Psychology)", "Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors", "Environment", "Male", "Motor Activity", "Nucleus Accumbens", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Serotonin", "Substance Withdrawal Syndrome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To facilitate allergen removal from indoor environments, it would be helpful to have household cleaning products that modified allergenic activity. Because NaOCl dissolves proteins in high concentrations and is both capable of killing bacteria and viruses and inactivating viral antigens at somewhat lower concentrations, we explored its effects on Mus m 1 and other indoor allergens.", "To examine the ability of NaOCl to reduce the allergenicity of Mus m 1 and other indoor allergens.", "Using purified mouse urinary allergen, we examined the effect on protein measured by Coomassie protein assay and on Mus m 1 measured by ELISA. We also examined the effects using SDS/PAGE and Western blots probed with sheep anti-Mus m 1 and with allergic human serum.", "When NaOCl and Mus m 1 were combined in a molar ratio of 100 : 1, IgE binding to Mus m 1 on Western blot was significantly reduced. At higher NaOCl concentrations the protein appeared to fragment and eventually became undetectable. Fragmentation appeared to be random in that peptides of a wide range of apparent molecular weight were produced. The reaction was complete within 1-2 min at OCl : pr ratios of greater than 200 : 1 and was optimal at pH 7.4. Immunological activity of other allergens (Fel d 1, Bla g 1, Der p 1) was decreased in vitro and dried allergen extracts were removed from surfaces. Adding an extraneous protein, BSA, to NaOCl:Mus m 1 solutions decreased the effect of NaOCl on the allergen." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Allergens", "Animals", "Antigens, Dermatophagoides", "Antigens, Plant", "Chlorine", "Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel", "Glycoproteins", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Kinetics", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Peptide Fragments", "Proteins", "Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate", "Sodium Hypochlorite" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although patients with intractable otitis media associated with bronchial asthma have extensive accumulation of eosinophils in the middle ear mucosa and middle ear effusion, systematic histological and immunohistochemical studies have not been performed.", "To clarify the pathogenesis of middle ear diseases, we carried out immunohistochemical studies on middle ear specimens, particularly focusing on the characteristics of accumulated eosinophils.", "Middle ear specimens obtained from eight adult patients and from 17 controls were immunohistochemically stained using monoclonal antibodies against EG1, EG2, mast cell tryptase, IgA and IgE. The concentration of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in middle ear effusion samples was also measured.", "In the asthmatic patients, severe round-cell infiltration was observed in the submucosa and most of the EG1-positive cells were also EG2-positive. In the control patients, the mucosa showed a fibrotic change with a few inflammatory cells, and EG1- or EG2-positive cells were quite few. The expression of IgE was found not only on the surface of mast cells but also within the plasma cells in the asthmatic patients, and the number of IgE-positive cells was about twice as high as that of mast cells. A significantly higher concentration of ECP was noted in middle ear effusion obtained from the asthmatic patients than that from the control patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Asthma", "Blood Proteins", "Cell Degranulation", "Chronic Disease", "Ear, Middle", "Eosinophil Granule Proteins", "Eosinophils", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mucous Membrane", "Otitis Media with Effusion", "Ribonucleases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Spreading depression (SD) is known to go along with temporary breakdown of ion gradients and cell swelling which spontaneously normalizes. Here, the effects of SD at reduced flow conditions as encountered in the ischemic penumbra are examined.", "In rats the right carotid artery was permanently occluded. MABP was lowered to 50 mmHg for 30 min. This is sufficient to reduce CBF to penumbra-like conditions in the right hemisphere. The following parameters were assessed: rCBF, DC potential, and tissue impedance. 5 or 15 min after onset of flow reduction one SD wave was initiated by microinjection of KCl. Histology was performed after 7 days.", "In animals with hypotension there was depolarization resembling anoxic depolarization after SD induction and an uncoupling of CBF and metabolism only in the right hemisphere. Impedance increased with SD but did not recover spontaneously as long as rCBF remained reduced. 15 min of SD-induced cell swelling was tolerated without permanent damage, whereas 25 min were followed by severe neuron loss in the affected cortex after 7 days." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain Edema", "Cerebral Cortex", "Cerebral Infarction", "Cortical Spreading Depression", "Extracellular Space", "Intracellular Fluid", "Ion Channels", "Male", "Neurons", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important signaling factor in the vascular proliferation and contraction, the two features of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. We studied the possible involvement of MAPK in hemolysate-induced signal transduction and contraction in rabbit basilar artery.", "Isometric tension was used to record the contractile response of rabbit basilar artery to hemolysate. Western blots using antibodies for MAPK were conducted. 1) Hemolysate produced a concentration-dependent contraction of rabbit basilar artery. Pre-incubation of arteries with MAPK kinase inhibitor PD-98059 markedly reduced the contraction induced by hemolysate. PD-98059 also relaxed, in a concentration-dependent fashion, the sustained contraction induced by hemolysate (10%). 2) Hemolysate produced a time-dependent elevation of MAPK immunoreactivity in Western blot in rabbit basilar artery. MAPK was enhanced 3 min after hemolysate exposure and the effect reached maximum at 5 min. The immunoreactivity of MAPK decayed slowly with time, but the level of MAPK was still higher than the basal level even at two hours after exposure to hemolysate. 3) Pre-incubation of arteries with MAPK kinase inhibitor PD-98059 abolished the effect of hemolysate on MAPK immunoreactivity." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Basilar Artery", "Culture Techniques", "Enzyme Activation", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Rabbits", "Vasoconstriction", "Vasospasm, Intracranial" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There is no technique in general use that reliably predicts the outcome of manual aspiration of spontaneous pneumothorax. We have hypothesised that the absence of a pleural leak at the time of aspiration will identify a group of patients in whom immediate discharge is unlikely to be complicated by early lung re-collapse and have tested this hypothesis by using a simple bedside tracer gas technique.", "Eighty four episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 35 episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax were studied prospectively. Patients breathed air containing a tracer (propellant gas from a pressurised metered dose inhaler) while the pneumothorax was aspirated percutaneously. Tracer gas in the aspirate was detected at the bedside using a portable flame ioniser and episodes were categorised as tracer gas positive (>1 part per million of tracer gas) or negative. The presence of tracer gas was taken to imply a persistent pleural leak. Failure of manual aspiration and the need for a further intervention was based on chest radiographic appearances showing either failure of the lung to re-expand or re-collapse following initial re-expansion.", "A negative tracer gas test alone implied that manual aspiration would be successful in the treatment of 93% of episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (p<0.001) and in 86% of episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (p=0.01). A positive test implied that manual aspiration would either fail to re-expand the lung or that early re-collapse would occur despite initial re-expansion in 66% of episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 71% of episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Lung re-inflation on the chest radiograph taken immediately after aspiration was a poor predictor of successful aspiration, with lung re-collapse occurring in 34% of episodes by the following day such that a further intervention was required." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aerosol Propellants", "Clinical Protocols", "Drainage", "Female", "Humans", "Hydrocarbons", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Patient Discharge", "Pneumothorax", "Point-of-Care Systems", "Prospective Studies", "Recurrence", "Sensitivity and Specificity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Since the introduction of MRI, including imaging of the hepato-pancreatic duct system (MRCP) and 3D-MR angiography (3D-MRA), new pancreatic diagnostic procedures have been developed.", "We report on 143 patients with benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, who only received MRI preoperatively. All radiologic findings were confirmed intraoperatively.", "For resectability, MRI obtained sensitivity of 96.0% and specificity of 89.5% and for classification sensitivity of 99.1% and specificity of 95.2%." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Contrast Media", "Echo-Planar Imaging", "Equipment Design", "Gadolinium DTPA", "Humans", "Image Enhancement", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "Magnetic Resonance Angiography", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Pancreas", "Pancreatectomy", "Pancreatic Diseases", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Prognosis", "Reproducibility of Results", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the expression of the angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, also known as vascular permeability factor, VPF) in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).", "Expression of VEGF protein from the synovial tissue of 10 patients with RA was monitored by ELISA and visualized by immunocytochemistry, and by double-staining with the VEGFR-1/flt-1. VEGF mRNA and its splice variants were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).", "VEGF protein was strongly increased in rheumatoid synovium and localized at the synovial surface, whereas the VEGF receptor flt-1 (VEGFR-1) was visualized on microvessels in close vicinity. In synovial tissues from all 10 patients with RA, VEGF121 and VEGF165 were identified at the mRNA level as the only VEGF splice forms expressed." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alternative Splicing", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Gene Expression", "Glioma", "Humans", "Lymphokines", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "Synovial Membrane", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "When a computed tomography (CT) scan on a patient from the emergency department is completed at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-University Hospital, a non-picture archiving and communication system (PACS) environment, formal diagnostic review cannot begin until the images are printed and transported to the on-call radiology resident. The time to reach a final diagnosis has been significantly reduced by the introduction of a single workstation in the on-call reading room.", "Five radiology residents were studied. Each read 10 CT studies on film and 10 on a workstation. After a training period to familiarize the residents with the workstation, measurements were taken of the time required to read the examination and the time required for printing and transporting or networking the images.", "The average time required to transmit the images was reduced from approximately 40 minutes to 16 minutes. Interpretation times between the workstation and film were comparable." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Emergency Service, Hospital", "Humans", "Radiology Information Systems", "Time Factors", "Trauma Centers" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Areas of dense inflammation are commonly removed during Mohs micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma because of the concern that they may mask areas of tumor.", "Our purpose was to determine whether inflammation masks tumor during Mohs surgery for primary basal cell carcinoma.", "Twenty-five consecutive cases of primary basal cell carcinoma with areas of dense inflammation encountered during Mohs surgery were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Ber-EP4.", "In no cases did the dense inflammation mask residual tumor." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antigens, Surface", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Carcinoma, Basal Cell", "Coloring Agents", "Diagnostic Errors", "Eosine Yellowish-(YS)", "Hematoxylin", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Inflammation", "Mohs Surgery", "Neoplasm, Residual", "Skin", "Skin Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate whether mycophenolate mofetil, a new immunosuppressive agent, is effective for treating moderate-severe atopic dermatitis (AD).", "In an open-label pilot study, mycophenolate mofetil, 1 g, was given orally twice daily for 4 weeks. At week 5, the dosage was reduced to 500 mg twice daily until study end (week 8). Patients were followed up for 20 weeks.", "University hospital dermatology department.", "Ten consecutive patients with moderate-severe AD nonresponsive to standard therapy.", "Severity of AD as measured using the subjective SCORAD [SCORing Atopic Dermatitis] index.", "Clinical efficacy was measured every 2 weeks using the subjective SCORAD index. Treatment with mycophenolate notably reduced the severity of AD within 4 weeks in all patients (P<.05), and after 8 weeks the mean +/- SD SCORAD index dropped from the pretreatment value of 49.2 +/- 13.8 to 21.9 +/- 26.5 (P<.01). One patient had to discontinue mycophenolate therapy after 4 weeks because of the development of herpes retinitis. Except for this event, mycophenolate was tolerated well in all patients. Six of 7 patients who had responded to mycophenolate monotherapy had no relapse of disease during 20-week follow-up. In the 7 patients who finished the study, the SCORAD index was reduced by 74%, from 44.0 +/- 7.8 before treatment to 11.4 +/- 5.9 at 20-week follow-up." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Aged", "Dermatitis, Atopic", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mycophenolic Acid", "Pilot Projects", "Remission Induction", "Retinitis", "Severity of Illness Index", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was performed to investigate the difference in the serum-cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering activities between phytosterols dissolved in diacylglycerol (PS/DG) and dispersed in triacylglycerol (PS/TG). The effects of the solvent on the concentrations of serum beta-sitosterol and campesterol were examined.", "The study had a randomised crossover design.", "Twelve healthy normocholesterolemic or moderately hypercholesterolemic men aged 29-50 y participated in this study.", "For 2 weeks before the test period (designated as the control period), all subjects consumed control mayonnaise (PS free) daily with supper and were randomly assigned to two groups for the 2 week test period; one group was given mayonnaise containing PS (500 mg/day) dissolved in DG (10 g/day), and the other mayonnaise containing PS (500 mg/day) dispersed in TG (10 g/day). After a wash out period consuming control PS-free mayonnaise for 4 weeks, the groups were reversed for 2 weeks.", "PS/TG feeding had no effect on the serum cholesterol level. In contrast, PS/DG feeding significantly reduced the total and LDL cholesterol levels from the initial value of 5.57 to 5.31 mmol/l (4.7%; P<0.05) and from 3.69 to 3.39 mmol/l (7.6%; P<0.05), respectively. Moreover, the degree of total cholesterol reduction induced by PS/DG feeding in the test period was significantly greater than that induced by PS/TG feeding (P<0.05). In addition, the serum beta-sitosterol and campesterol concentrations did not change during the PS/TG or PS/DG feeding periods." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cholesterol", "Cholesterol, LDL", "Cross-Over Studies", "Diglycerides", "Humans", "Hypercholesterolemia", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Phytosterols", "Sitosterols", "Solubility", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "While nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator already in the nM range, a cGMP-independent negative inotropic effect is observed at higher concentrations. Since inhibition of creatine kinase (CK) by NO-induced nitrosylation has been proposed as a possible mechanism of action, we measured the flux through CK in the intact heart.", "In saline perfused, paced guinea pig hearts 31P NMR spectroscopy was employed to directly assess the cardiac energy status, i.e. free energy of ATP hydrolysis (DeltaG(ATP)) and flux through CK using magnetization transfer in absence and presence of NO.", "NO (50 microM) doubled coronary flow and induced a rapid drop in left ventricular developed pressure (39+/-10 vs. 81+/-10 mmHg) and MVO(2) (1.3+/-0.8 vs. 3.7+/-0.5 micromol/min/g) (n=7). This effect was associated with an immediate decrease in phosphocreatine (PCr) (-69%) and DeltaG(ATP). During the subsequent 35 min of NO infusion cardiac function and MVO(2) remained depressed, while PCr partially recovered. NO had no effect on the unidirectional forward flux through CK (98 +/- 21 vs. 99 +/- 20 micromol/min/g, n=7) which was 5- to 10-fold greater than the rate of ATP turnover. Upon cessation of NO infusion both cardiac function and PCr rapidly returned to baseline values. The NO-induced fall in the myocardial energy status was associated with an increase in mitochondrial NADH (n=7) as assessed by surface fluorescence. The observed change in fluorescence was similar to that observed with short term ischemia." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Creatine Kinase", "Energy Metabolism", "Guinea Pigs", "Heart", "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", "Microscopy, Fluorescence", "Mitochondria, Heart", "NADH Dehydrogenase", "Nitric Oxide", "Oxidative Phosphorylation", "Perfusion" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Does carbachol (CCh) require NO/cGMP for inhibition of L-type calcium current (I(Ca(L))) when either adenylyl cyclase activation or phosphodiesterase suppression is used to raise cAMP?", "The effects of the NO donor SIN-1 (3-morpholino-sydnonimine), CCh and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were evaluated when I(Ca(L)) had been stimulated by isoproterenol (ISO) or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in guinea pig isolated ventricular myocytes (35 degrees C).", "Carbachol, SIN-1 or ANP did not affect basal I(Ca(L)); each inhibited IBMX-stimulated I(Ca(L)). Dialyzed (30-100 microM) ODQ (1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one), a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inactivator, blocked inhibition of IBMX-stimulated I(Ca(L)) by SIN-1 (10 microM) but not by CCh (1-100 microM) or ANP (100 nM). Dialysis with 3 microM LY83583 (6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione), a particulate (pGC) and sGC inactivator, opposed muscarinic-, ANP- and SIN-1-induced inhibition of IBMX-stimulated I(Ca(L)). Thus CCh can increase cGMP synthesis via pGC. Even with 100 microM [LY83583](pip), CCh inhibited ISO-stimulated I(Ca(L)), an effect referable to suppression of adenylyl cyclase activity. However, 3 microM [LY83583](pip) prevented inhibition of ISO-stimulated I(Ca(L)) by ANP. [LY83583](pip) did not affect inhibition by 8 bromo-cGMP (100 microM) of ISO- or IBMX-stimulated I(Ca(L)). The observations indicate that: (1) myocytes have ODQ-sensitive sGC activated by NO and LY8353-sensitive pGC activated by ANP, (2) CCh does not inhibit I(Ca(L)) via NO, (3) the mechanism for muscarinic inhibition depends upon the cAMP-elevating agent and (4) LY83583 distinguishes between two pathways for muscarinic inhibition." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine", "Aminoquinolines", "Animals", "Atrial Natriuretic Factor", "Calcium Channels, L-Type", "Carbachol", "Cyclic AMP", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Guinea Pigs", "Molsidomine", "Muscarinic Agonists", "Myocardium", "Nitric Oxide Donors", "Oxadiazoles", "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "Second Messenger Systems" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The present study was to examine whether endogenous nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the regulation of vascular stiffness.", "Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was determined as the time delay between the foot of pressure waves recorded simultaneously at the aortic arch and abdominal aorta (just above the bifurcation) in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. A decrease in vascular compliance results in an increase in PWV.", "A bolus injection of a NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (30 mg/kg), significantly increased PWV, accompanied by an increase in blood pressure. Since changes in blood pressure are known to affect PWV, phenylephrine (PE) was administered to mimic the blood pressure changes induced by L-NAME, thus compensating for the pressure-dependent component of the PWV changes. At each given level of mean arterial pressure (MAP), PWV was significantly higher with L-NAME than with PE treatment, suggesting that acute withdrawal of endogenous NO reduces aortic compliance independent of changes in MAP. In rats chronically treated with L-NAME (0.5 g/l in drinking water) for 3 weeks, PWV was even higher than those acutely treated with L-NAME (at MAP=150 mmHg). This additional increase in vascular stiffness may be due to the remodeling of the vascular wall as a result of chronic NOS inhibition and hypertension." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Aorta, Abdominal", "Aorta, Thoracic", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Male", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Phenylephrine", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Vascular Resistance", "Vasoconstrictor Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The preferred management for women with stage II or locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pathologic response to chemotherapy has been shown to be an excellent predictor of outcome. Surrogates that can predict pathologic response and outcome will fuel future changes in management. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates that patients with LABC have distinct tumor patterns. We investigated whether or not these patterns predict response to therapy.", "Thirty-three women who received neoadjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for 4 cycles and serial breast MRI scans before and after therapy were evaluated for this study. Response to therapy was measured by change in the longest diameter on the MRI.", "Five distinct imaging patterns were identified: circumscribed mass, nodular tissue infiltration diffuse tissue infiltration, patchy enhancement, and septal spread. The likelihood of a partial or complete response as measured by change in longest diameter was 77%, 37.5%, 20%, and 25%, respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Breast Neoplasms", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Cyclophosphamide", "Doxorubicin", "Female", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Middle Aged", "Neoadjuvant Therapy", "Neoplasm Staging", "Patient Selection", "Phenotype", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Currently, the use of adjuvant therapy specifically in Dukes' B colon cancers is controversial, emphasizing the importance of identifying prognostic markers to select patients for such therapy. Bcl-2 plays an important role in apoptosis regulation of solid tumors, such as colon and breast cancer, and is normally expressed in the base of the colonic crypts. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not bcl-2 expression can be used to predict survival in Dukes' B colon cancer patients.", "Charts of 76 patients operated on at the Royal Victoria Hospital from 1986 to 1992 were reviewed. Bcl-2 staining was done with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method using commercially available monoclonal bcl-2 antibodies. Two pathologists graded the intensity of bcl-2 staining on a scale of 0-3 and estimated the percentage of tumor cells staining positively (T-percent). Univariate and multiple regression of factors on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was done with a Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival curves.", "The mean age was 71.2 years, with 41 female and 35 male patients. Mean tumor size was 5.4 cm with tumor grades of 19 well, 52 moderate, and 5 poorly differentiated. Tumors expressing bcl-2 had a similar DFS (P = .14) but a significantly improved OS (P = .04) compared with the bcl-2 negative tumors. The risk ratio for DFS was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.19-1.26) and for OS was 0.35 (95% CI, 0.13-0.94)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Apoptosis", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Colonic Neoplasms", "Female", "Humans", "Immunoenzyme Techniques", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Statistics as Topic", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There are no data regarding the prolonged effect of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists on ventricular collagen content and coronary hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). This study, therefore, was designed to determine the effects of chronic treatment with the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor inhibitor doxazosin on SHR systemic and regional (especially coronary) hemodynamics, cardiovascular mass, and ventricular collagen. The effects of the combination of doxazosin with low-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor were studied versus the alpha-1 antagonist alone. These effects were compared with those of a beta-1 adrenergic receptor inhibitor.", "Systemic and regional hemodynamics (radionuclide-labeled microspheres), left and right ventricular weight, hydroxyproline concentration, and aortic weight were measured at age 35 weeks. Doxazosin reduced arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance without changing left ventricular mass and collagen content, whereas monotherapies with the beta-1 antagonist metoprolol or a subdepressor dose of the ACE inhibitor enalapril were effective in reducing left ventricular mass and hydroxyproline without altering pressure. Doxazosin combined with the same low-dose ACE inhibitor reduced left ventricular mass and hydroxyproline without potentiating the hypotensive effect of doxazosin. By contrast, the combination of beta-1 antagonist with the low-dose ACE inhibitor reduced pressure, unlike either agent alone. Aortic weight index was significantly reduced only by doxazosin whether when used alone or with the ACE inhibitor. Low-dose ACE inhibitor with doxazosin or the beta-1 receptor antagonist as well as doxazosin alone decreased renal vascular resistance." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists", "Adrenergic beta-Antagonists", "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors", "Animals", "Collagen", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Doxazosin", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Fibrosis", "Heart Ventricles", "Hemodynamics", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Kidney", "Male", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred SHR", "Vascular Resistance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The response in levels of very-low-density (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins varies substantially among hyperlipidemic patients during treatment with HMGCoA reductase inhibitors. Apolipoprotein E genotype and gender are known to contribute to the regulation of steady state levels of plasma lipoproteins. This study explores the effect of these and other potential determinants of the response of VLDL and LDL to treatment with reductase inhibitors.", "Using mixed linear statistical models, the response of lipoprotein lipid values was studied in 142 hyperlipidemic individuals who were treated with reductase inhibitors. Patients received one or more of the following drugs individually for a total of 623 treatment observations: lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, or atorvastatin. For evaluation of the effects of treatment in the aggregate, actual doses were expressed as equivalent doses of atorvastatin, using factors based on random assignment comparisons in 16 reported studies. The analysis factors considered were apolipoprotein E genotype, baseline average triglycerides >170 mg/dL (vs less), and gender.", "Presence of an apo epsilon4 allele was associated with a trend toward greater reduction of triglyceride levels and a diminished ability of the reductase inhibitors to reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Gender had only minimal effect on the response of either LDL cholesterol or triglycerides. However, the effect of elevated baseline triglycerides on the response of both triglycerides and LDL cholesterol was striking and was exerted in opposite directions. The triglyceride-lowering effect of reductase inhibitors was greater in patients with initial triglyceride levels above 170 mg/dL (P=0.0001). The effect was even greater in patients with initial triglyceride levels over 250 mg/dL (P=0.015). Conversely, for LDL cholesterol levels, elevated baseline triglycerides were associated with a significantly decreased response to the drugs (P=0.0015)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apolipoproteins E", "Cholesterol, LDL", "Cholesterol, VLDL", "Female", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Hyperlipidemias", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Phenotype", "Retrospective Studies", "Sex Factors", "Treatment Outcome", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Programmed cell death via the Fas receptor/Fas Ligand and DR4, DR5/TRAIL plays a major role in tumor escape and elimination mechanisms. It also promises to be an effective therapy alternative for aggressive tumors, as has been recently shown for colon, breast, and lung cancer cells. We attempted to clarify the role of these molecules in aggressivity of pancreatic carcinomas and to identify possible pathways as targets for therapy.", "Five pancreatic cell lines were investigated for the expression of FasL/Fas, DcR3, DR4, DR5/TRAIL, DcR1, DcR2, and other death pathways related molecules such as Bax, bcl-xL, bcl-2, FADD, and caspase-3 by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and RT/PCR, both semiquantitative and real time (TaqMan). The susceptibility of these cell lines to apoptosis mediated by recombinant TRAIL was investigated. The effect of therapeutic agents (gemcitabine) on their susceptibility to TRAIL induced apoptosis was studied as well.", "Pancreatic adenocarcinomas expressed high levels of apoptosis-inducing receptors and ligands. They showed differential susceptibility to cell death induced by TRAIL, despite expressing intact receptors and signaling machineries. Treatment with commonly used therapeutic agents did not augment their susceptibility to apoptosis. This could be explained by the fact that they expressed differentially high levels of decoy receptors, as well as molecules known as inhibitors of apoptosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic", "Apoptosis", "Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins", "Arabidopsis Proteins", "Blotting, Western", "Caspase 3", "Caspases", "Computer Systems", "Deoxycytidine", "Fas Ligand Protein", "Fatty Acid Desaturases", "Flow Cytometry", "GPI-Linked Proteins", "HeLa Cells", "Humans", "Jurkat Cells", "Membrane Glycoproteins", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b", "Recombinant Proteins", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "bcl-2-Associated X Protein", "bcl-X Protein", "fas Receptor" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the effectiveness of vitrectomy in eyes with diabetic macular oedema without evident traction from a thickened vitreous membrane.", "Twenty-one consecutive eyes from 19 patients with diabetic macular oedema that had undergone vitrectomy were analysed retrospectively. All eyes had an attached posterior hyaloid membrane in the macular region, but without thickening and without evident traction on the macula. A standard pars plana vitrectomy with the creation of a posterior vitreous detachment was performed.", "Median duration of macular oedema at the time of vitrectomy was approximately 11.0 months (range 2-36 months). The median preoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 0.08 (range hand motions/0.003 to 0.4), improved by 5 lines to a median final postoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 0.25 (range 0.025-0.5) (P = 0.001). Seven eyes without preoperative macular photocoagulation had a median visual acuity improvement of 77%, range 32-400%, while 12 eyes with preoperative macular laser treatment had a median visual acuity improvement of 14.8%, range 0-66.1% (P = 0.02, CI 95%, after multivariate regression analysis). In all 21 eyes, macular oedema was no longer visible on microscopic examination after a median period of 3.0 months (range 1-9 months) after vitrectomy." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Diabetic Retinopathy", "Female", "Humans", "Macular Edema", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies", "Treatment Outcome", "Visual Acuity", "Vitrectomy", "Vitreous Body" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Vitamin D has been shown to exert manifold immunomodulatory effects. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is regarded to be immune-mediated and vitamin D prevents the development of diabetes in the NOD mouse. We studied the association between T1DM and the initiation codon polymorphism in exon 2 of the vitamin D receptor gene in a Japanese population. We also investigated associations between the vitamin D receptor polymorphism and GAD65-antibody (Ab) positivity. We carried out polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 110 Japanese T1DM patients and 250 control subjects. GAD65 antibodies were assessed in 78 patients with T1DM.", "We found a significantly higher prevalence of the F allele / the FF genotype in the patients compared to the controls (P = 0.0069 and P = 0.014, respectively). Genotype and allele frequencies differed significantly between GAD65-Ab-positive patients and controls (P = 0.017 and P = 0.012, respectively), but neither between GAD65-Ab-negative patients and controls (P = 0.68 and P = 0.66, respectively) nor between GAD65-Ab-positive and -negative patients (P = 0.19 and P = 0.16, respectively)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is a rare complication of cholelithiasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and risk of complications when the laparoscopic approach is applied in patients with CF.", "A questionnaire was mailed to all surgeons with experience of >100 cholecystectomies working in Naples, Italy, and the neighboring area.", "Between February 1990 and May 1999, 34 patients presented with cholecystoenteric fistula (0.2% of >15,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in the same period). These patients were allocated into two groups: the LT group (those who underwent laparotomic conversion after the diagnosis of CF), which consisted of 20 patients, four men and 16 women, with a mean age of 66.5 +/- 9.3 years (range, 46-85) and the LS group (laparoscopically treated patients), which consisted of 14 patients, three men and 11 women, with a mean age of 65.6 +/- 8.8 years (range, 51-74). They types of CF observed were as follows: in the former group of patients, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 11, 55%), cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 5, 25%), cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 3, 15%), and cholecystogastric fistulas (n = 1, 5%); in the latter group, cholecystoduodenal fistulas (n = 8, 5.1%), and cholecystocolic fistulas (n = 4, 28.6) and cholecystojejunal fistulas (n = 2, 14.3%). Stapler closure of CF was done in four LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula; it was also done in three LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystocolic fistula. Hand-sutured fistulectomy was performed in six LT patients and three LS patients with cholecystoduodenal fistula, in two LT patients with cholecystocolic fistula, and in all patients with cholecystojejunal or cholecystogastric fistula. There were no deaths or intraoperative complications in either group. One patient in the LT group developed a bronchopneumonia postoperatively. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in LT patients-17 +/- 4 vs 3+/-1 days (p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde", "Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic", "Cholelithiasis", "Comorbidity", "Contraindications", "Duodenal Diseases", "Feasibility Studies", "Female", "Fistula", "Gallbladder Diseases", "Gastric Fistula", "Humans", "Intestinal Fistula", "Italy", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Attempts to maximise diagnostic accuracy and reduce unnecessary surgery have led to the hospital observation of children with suspected appendicitis but unconvincing physical signs. However, morbidity associated with perforation necessitates the prompt management of acute appendicitis and increases anxiety concerning prolonged preoperative observation.", "To assess the preoperative delay and subsequent complications associated with active observation of appendicitis, we reviewed the records of 378 children who had an appendicectomy performed at the Women's and Children's Hospital during a 4-year period.", "Active observation was associated with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 93%. The mean preoperative hospital time was 12 h. The incidence of gangrene or perforation was 32%, with a mean preoperative hospital time in this group of 7 h. In view of the short preoperative waiting time in this group, we do not believe perforation in hospital to have been a frequent occurrence. The overall incidence of postoperative infective complications was 4%, with an incidence of 12% following perforation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Appendicitis", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Humans", "Incidence", "Infant", "Intestinal Perforation", "Morbidity", "Observation", "Postoperative Complications", "Retrospective Studies", "Rupture, Spontaneous", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cholesteatoma is traditionally diagnosed by otoscopic examination and treated by explorative surgery. The need for imaging in an uncomplicated case is contentious. This study assesses the usefulness of a pre-operative high-resolution CT scan in depicting the status of the middle ear structures in the presence of cholesteatoma.", "The surgical findings of 36 ears with cholesteatoma operated on by the first author were retrospectively compared with the CT findings reported on by the second author. The following were analysed: diagnostic features of cholesteatoma on CT, status of the middle ear structures (ossicles, facial nerve canal, semicircular canals and tegmen tympani), and presence of any anatomical variations and disease complications.", "All cases had at least 1, and 30 cases (83.3%) had all, of the following radiological features: (a) a non-dependent tissue mass, (b) a location typical for cholesteatoma and (c) bony erosion. The radiosurgical agreement was excellent for the malleus (kappa statistics, k=0.83), stapes (0.94) and semicircular canals (0.8), good for the incus (0.62) and tegmen (0.65), but poor for the facial nerve canal (0.3). Potential surgical hazards detected by the scans included: low lying dura, high jugular bulb, anterior lying sigmoid sinus, facial nerve dehiscence and other situations brought about by the destructive nature of the lesion." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear", "Ear, Middle", "Humans", "Retrospective Studies", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), a cytokine produced at inflammatory sites and in adipose tissue, is known primarily for its detrimental effects on insulin action. There is evidence to suggest that TNFalpha may also influence beta-cell function. Leptin is another adipose tissue-derived hormone that might also act on beta-cells.", "We explored the independent and combined effects of TNFalpha and leptin upon basal and glucose-stimulated insulin transcription and secretion in the HIT-T15 pancreatic beta cell line.", "Cells were cultured for 40 h in the presence of near-normal basal (7 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose and treated with either TNFalpha (1, 10 and 50 ng/ml) or leptin (10, 50 and 100 ng/ml) or both together. Insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Insulin mRNA levels were evaluated by a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, after normalization with beta-actin mRNA.", "TNFalpha significantly suppressed basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and proinsulin mRNA transcription in a dose-dependent manner, an effect that was more powerful in the presence of high glucose. Leptin also inhibited dose-dependent insulin mRNA and protein at both glucose concentrations, but did not appear to further potentiate the suppressive effects of TNFalpha." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Line", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Glucose", "Insulin", "Islets of Langerhans", "Leptin", "RNA, Messenger", "Radioimmunoassay", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transcription, Genetic", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Coronary artery angioplasty triggers healing that causes constrictive remodeling. Because collagen accumulation correlates with constrictive remodeling and aldosterone has been implicated in collagen accumulation, we examined how aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone affect remodeling and collagen in porcine coronary and iliac arteries after angioplasty.", "Twenty-four pigs were allocated into 4 treatment groups: oral eplerenone (100 mg/d), oral spironolactone (200 mg/d), subcutaneous aldosterone (400 microgram/d), or no treatment. Twenty-eight days after angioplasty of the coronary arteries, eplerenone increased total vessel area by 30% (P<0.05) and luminal area by nearly 60% (P<0.05) compared with the no-treatment group, without affecting neointima size. These effects were accompanied by a 65% reduction in neointimal and medial collagen density (both P<0.05). Spironolactone was less effective, and aldosterone tended to exert opposite effects on coronary artery structure after angioplasty. These effects were not observed in angioplastied iliac arteries." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aldosterone", "Angioplasty, Balloon", "Animals", "Collagen", "Constriction, Pathologic", "Coronary Disease", "Coronary Vessels", "Elastin", "Eplerenone", "Iliac Artery", "Male", "Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists", "Spironolactone", "Swine", "Swine, Miniature", "Tunica Intima" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity are clinical features of the definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). These clinical complications are also associated with the presence of inherited thrombophilias. Interactions between acquired and genetic risk factors are becoming increasingly related to a higher thrombotic risk. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of four common gene polymorphisms in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL).", "A series of 105 consecutive unselected patients with aPL grouped as having APS (n= 69) and not having APS (n= 36) was studied. A control group of 200 healthy subjects was also investigated for the presence of factor V Leiden (FVL), the 20210A allele of the prothrombin (PT-20210A) gene, the thermolabile variant (677TT) of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and the 4G/4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) promoter.", "Two patients who belong to the APS group carried the FVL while PT-20210A was found in 6 patients with APS (8.7%) and in 1 of the non-APS group (2.8%). The prevalence of FVL was similar to that found in the control group whereas PT-20210A was significantly more frequent in APS patients than in normal controls (2.0%, p=0.02). The MTHFR-677TT was found in 22.0%, 15.1% and 13.0%, and the PAI-1 (4G/4G) in 27.5%, 22.8% and 23.5% of APS, non-APS patients and normal controls, respectively. Furthermore, combinations of PT-20210A or FVL with PAI-1 (4G/4G) were significantly more frequent in APS patients (5.8%) than in normal controls (0.5%, p=0.016). This difference was not found between non-APS patients and normal subjects." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Antibodies, Antiphospholipid", "Antiphospholipid Syndrome", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Genotype", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pregnancy", "Prevalence", "Thrombophilia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objective of this study was to explore the relation between the application of a mixture of lidocaine/prilocaine cream (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics [EMLA]) before intravenous cannula insertion and perceived pain in the pediatric patient.", "Double-blind placebo-controlled trial.", "A general inpatient pediatric ward.", "We examined 26 male and 31 female patients between the ages of 4 and 12 years who required intravenous cannula insertion. Intravenous insertion was performed on 57 patients, with 29 patients in the placebo group (mean age, 8.1 years) and 28 in the EMLA group (mean age, 8.0 years).", "Application of either EMLA cream or placebo 45 minutes before intravenous cannulation.", "Pain was scored by the patients using a 0- to 10-cm visual analogue scale combined with a Faces pain scale as well as visual observation by a nurse. Adverse side effects were recorded in a separate table.", "Data collected and the differences between the placebo and treated groups were tested using a Mann-Whitney U test. Those children in the EMLA group (mean pain score, 1.25) experienced less pain than those in the placebo group (mean, 8.39). There was no statistical significance between age, sex, and race." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Cutaneous", "Anesthetics, Local", "Catheterization, Peripheral", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Combinations", "Female", "Humans", "Infusions, Intravenous", "Lidocaine", "Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination", "Male", "Pain", "Pain Measurement", "Prilocaine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "City of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.", "To explore the relationship between positivity to tuberculin and other environmental mycobacteria sensitins, according to a range of criteria and presence of BCG scar.", "Dual skin testing with tuberculin and four mycobacterial sensitins, and BCG scar recording of 1070 schoolchildren aged 7-14. Four criteria for positivity were used: simple and dominant, with 5 and 10 mm cut-off points.", "The standardised prevalence of reactions > or = 5 mm for BCG scar negative children was 58.3% for Mycobacterium avium, 54.2% for M. scrofulaceum, 26.8% for M. fortuitum, 17.9% for M. tuberculosis and 7.6% for M. kansasii. Correlations between tuberculin and each sensitin, for BCG scar negative children, were 0.47 for M. avium, 0.53 for M. scrofulaceum, 0.60 for M. kansasii and 0.22 for M. fortuitum (all with P < 0.01). BCG effect was particularly significant for tuberculin (odds ratio = 3.44 for reactions > or = 5 mm, P < 0.001) and influenced the balance between dominant/non-dominant reactions for all sensitins." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Antigens, Bacterial", "BCG Vaccine", "Child", "Cross Reactions", "Epitopes", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Mycobacterium", "Mycobacterium avium", "Mycobacterium fortuitum", "Mycobacterium kansasii", "Mycobacterium scrofulaceum", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Skin Tests" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To the authors' knowledge, the incidence of brain metastases at the time of diagnosis in children with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) arising outside the head and neck region is unknown, and routine imaging to identify metastatic brain involvement is costly.", "The authors retrospectively reviewed the results of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the head, which was mandated by protocol, in patients with metastatic RMS arising outside the head and neck region who were enrolled on the fourth Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS-IV; 1991--1997).", "Of 100 eligible patients with metastatic RMS arising outside the head and neck region, 56 (56%) underwent head CT (n = 51) and/or MRI (n = 11) scans. Seven of these 56 patients (12.5%) had abnormal scans. Three patients with physical findings suggesting head or neck pathology underwent imaging that confirmed the presence of metastases in bone (one patient), orbit (one patient), or lymph nodes (one patient). One patient who presented with seizures had imaging findings consistent with cerebral embolic infarctions. Of three asymptomatic patients, one had bone metastases that also were identified on skeletal survey and one had bone metastases in the base of the skull that were not identified on bone scan. The remaining asymptomatic patient had a retroperitoneal paraspinal tumor with spinal canal extension and subsequently developed leptomeningeal disease dissemination." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brain Neoplasms", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Female", "Head and Neck Neoplasms", "Humans", "Infant", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Neoplasm Metastasis", "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To the authors' knowledge, national-level population-based data regarding prostate carcinoma incidence and detection currently are not available. The availability of such data could identify those regions with a disproportionately high cancer incidence as well as the population-level association between prostate carcinoma detection and incidence.", "Inpatient, hospital outpatient, and physician/supplier Medicare claims from 1997 were used to identify incident cases of prostate carcinoma in men age > or = 65 years and to calculate state and county-level incidence rates. The 1991 and 1997 claims data were used to determine small area rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and prostate biopsy and to determine their correlation with incidence.", "The calculated incidence rates for 1997 were 890 per 100,000 and 1196 per 100,000, respectively, in white males and African-American males and varied substantially between counties (i.e., 25--75th percentile, 676--1124 per 100,000). Rates of PSA and prostate biopsy increased markedly from 1991 to 1997 in both white men (1580 per 100,000 to 24,286 per 100,000) and African-American men (1277 per 100,000 to 15,190 per 100,000), and considerable variation in detection between counties was observed. Counties that had higher rates of prostate biopsy also had higher age-adjusted incidence rates, and county-level PSA testing was found to be associated with incidence in African-American patients, but not in white patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Geography", "Humans", "Incidence", "Local Government", "Male", "Medicare", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) of the lung is an aggressive epithelial neoplasm composed of giant and/or spindle tumor cells and associated with short survival. Most patients are cigarette smokers. The tumor susceptibility gene P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is involved in the activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene, producing DNA-damaging epoxides that lead to G:C-->T:A point mutations. Isoleucine (Ile)-valine (Val) and Val-Val genotypes of the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism are associated with an increased risk for lung cancer in certain populations.", "We sought to determine whether 25 archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PC samples had a modified CYP1A1 gene profile at exon 7 using allele-specific PCR amplification. KRAS mutation status was available for all samples. Previous investigations have shown 0.88 Ile-Ile, 0.12 Ile-Val, and rarely, Val-Val as normal baseline population frequencies. Conversely, the markedly different PC CYP1A1 population frequencies were more likely to have the heterozygote variant alleles: 0.24 (six cases, Ile-Ile) and 0.76 (19 cases, Ile-Val; P <.001). CYP1A1 genotypes were found to be similar in both tumor and nontumor samples in a given case. All KRAS-mutated cases were Ile-Val heterozygotes." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Benzo(a)pyrene", "Carcinogens", "Carcinoma", "Carcinoma, Giant Cell", "Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1", "Exons", "Genotype", "Heterozygote", "Humans", "Lung Neoplasms", "Models, Chemical", "Mutation", "Phenotype", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)", "Smoking", "ras Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the effect of anti-TNFalpha on the Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients with spondyloarthropathy (SpA).", "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 20 patients with active SpA treated with infliximab (5 mg/kg). For comparison, PBMC were also obtained from 15 healthy controls and 19 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). After stimulation with PMA/ionomycin, the intracellular cytokines interleukin (IL)2, IL4, IL10, and interferon (IFN)gamma were determined in CD3+ T cells and in CD3+/CD56+ natural killer (NK) T cells by flow cytometry.", "At baseline the percentage of T cells positive for IFNgamma (p=0.020) and IL2 (p=0.046) was decreased in patients with SpA compared with healthy controls, while IL10 (p=0.001) was increased. This cytokine profile, confirmed by the mean fluorescence intensities (MFI), was more pronounced in CD3+/CD8- cells and contrasted with higher IL2 production in RA. NK T cells, characterised by high IL4 and IL10 numbers, were also increased in patients with SpA (p=0.017). Treatment with infliximab induced a significant and persistent increase in IFNgamma and IL2 in patients with SpA. Moreover, there was a transient decrease in IL10 and NK T cells in patients with high baseline values, resulting in values comparable with those of healthy controls. This switch in cytokine profile was seen in both the CD3+/CD8- and CD3+/CD8+ subsets." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antirheumatic Agents", "Arthritis", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Case-Control Studies", "Cytokines", "Female", "Flow Cytometry", "Humans", "Infliximab", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-10", "Interleukin-2", "Interleukin-4", "Killer Cells, Natural", "Leukocytes, Mononuclear", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Spinal Diseases", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "T-Lymphocytes", "Th1 Cells", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Poor prognosis in childhood neuroblastoma is associated with deletions of chromosome region 1p36 and di/tetraploid DNA content.", "Forty-six patients with histopathologically proven neuroblastoma were investigated for in vivo expression of somatostatin receptors (SR) by 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy. All tumors were analyzed for cytometric DNA content and chromosome 1p36 integrity.", "SR expression was detected in 28 tumors (61%) and correlated with young age, localized clinical stage, and favorable outcome. Fourteen tumors showed deletion at chromosome 1p36, thirteen of which did not show SR expression (P< 0.001). A triploid DNA content was correlated with the presence of SR (23 of 25, P< 0.001). No tumor with deletion of chromosome 1p36 and di/tetra DNA content showed SR expression (chi2 = 29.88, d.o.f. = 2, P < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Age Factors", "Aneuploidy", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chromosome Deletion", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1", "DNA, Neoplasm", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence", "Indium Radioisotopes", "Infant", "Loss of Heterozygosity", "Male", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Neoplasm Staging", "Neuroblastoma", "Prognosis", "Radionuclide Imaging", "Receptors, Somatostatin", "Somatostatin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recently, it was shown that glycogen supercompensation tended (P = 0.06) to be greater if creatine and glycogen were loaded simultaneously. Because the authors suggested that creatine loading increased cell volumes and, therefore, enhanced glycogen supercompensation, we decided to determine whether an enhanced glycogen supercompensation could be realized if the glycogen loading protocol was preceded by a 5-d creatine load.", "Twelve men (19-28 yr) performed two standard glycogen loading protocols interspersed with a standard creatine load of 20 g.d(-1) for 5 d. The vastus lateralis muscle was biopsied before and after each loading protocol.", "The initial glycogen loading protocol showed a significant 4% increase (P < 0.05) in muscle glycogen (Delta upward arrow 164 +/- 87 mmol.kg(-1) d.m.), and no change (P > 0.05) in total muscle creatine. Biopsies pre- and post-creatine loading showed significant increases in total muscle creatine levels in both the left leg (Delta upward arrow 41.1 +/- 31.1 mmol.kg(-1) d.m.) and the right leg (Delta upward arrow 36.6 +/- 19.8 mmol.kg(-1) d.m.), with no change in either leg's muscle glycogen content. After the final glycogen loading, a significant 53% increase in muscle glycogen (Delta upward arrow 241 +/- 150 mmol.kg-1 d.m.) was detected. Finally, the postcreatine load total glycogen content (694 +/- 156 mmol.kg(-1) d.m.) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the precreatine load total glycogen content (597 +/- 142 mmol.kg(-1) d.m.)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Biopsy, Needle", "Creatine", "Glycogen", "Humans", "Leg", "Male", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Reference Values", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The benzazepine and \"selective\" dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 [(R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzazepine-7-ol], shows significant affinity at native serotonin (5-HT)2C receptors.", "We examined its functional actions at cloned human (h)5-HT2C receptors (VSV isoform) stably expressed in CHO cells.", "Since 5-HT2C receptors are positively coupled to phospholipase C (PLC), their activation was determined by depletion of membrane-bound pools of pre-labelled [3H]phosphotidylinositol ([3H]PI).", "SCH23390 showed high affinity (Ki, 9.3 nM) at h5-HT2C sites and depleted [3H]PI with an EC50 of 2.6 nM. Its efficacy was equivalent to that of 5-HT. [3H]PI depletion elicited by SCH23390 was concentration-dependently abolished by the selective 5-HT2C antagonist, SB242,084, with a K(B) of 0.55 nM. Further, in the presence of a fixed concentration of SB242,084 (10 nM), the concentration-response curve for SCH23390 was shifted to the right without loss of maximal effect, yielding a K(B) of 0.57 nM." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Benzazepines", "Binding, Competitive", "CHO Cells", "Cricetinae", "Dopamine Agonists", "Dopamine Antagonists", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Humans", "Rats", "Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C", "Receptors, Dopamine D1", "Receptors, Serotonin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are involved in the growth and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. In all biological fluids, they are non-covalently bound to high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) which modulate their bioavailability. We previously showed that IGFBP-6 expression is linked to the arrest of growth in neuroblastoma cells, whereas IGFBP-2 is associated with proliferation.", "To study the role of IGFBP-6 in cell growth, we stably IGR-N-91 neuroblastoma cells with a plasmid containing sequences coding for IGFBP-6 under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.", "The incidence and size of tumors generated by injecting IGFBP-6-expressing cells into nude mice were reduced by factors of 2 and 5, respectively, as compared with those generated by injection by control cells. Northern blot analyses if xenografts revealed weaker expression of IGF-II, type 2 IGF receptor and IGFBP-2 mRNAs in IGFBP-6-expressing cthan in control xenografts. IGFBP-6 may therefore reduce the expression of IGF-II (which induces tumour development) at a transcriptional level. Conversely, containing IGFBP-2 cDNA under the control of CMV promoter grew three to four times as fast as normal control xenografts. Northern blot analyses revealed weaker expression of intact IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-1 in IGFBP-2-expressing than in control xenografts." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Biological Availability", "Cytomegalovirus", "Genes, Synthetic", "Graft Survival", "Humans", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor II", "KB Cells", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Mitosis", "Neoplasm Transplantation", "Neuroblastoma", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Transfection", "Transgenes", "Transplantation, Heterologous", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Blunted nocturnal decline in blood pressure (BP) is associated with increased risk of stroke. Mean day-night BP difference (dipping) and cusums-derived circadian alteration magnitude (CDCAM) of BP are the common measures of diurnal BP variation. Although a significant number of clinical trials have demonstrated that dipping is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events, the clinical value of CDCAM of BP is unknown. We evaluated the association between dipping and CDCAM of BP and the risk of stroke.", "We analyzed 24-h ambulatory BP recordings of 110 control subjects and 91 stroke survivors enrolled in a case-control stroke study. Nondipping was defined as nocturnal drop of < 10 mm Hg in systolic BP. The associations between nondipping, CDCAM of BP, and risk of stroke were calculated in the same sample.", "There were significantly fewer nondippers in the control group as compared with those among the stroke survivors. The odds ratio for stroke of nondippers was 2.3. By contrast, there was no significant difference in CDCAM of systolic BP between the control and stroke survivor groups. This finding could not be explained by the presence of reverse dippers in both groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Stroke" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of the study was to determine the medium term intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects and the potential complications of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and collagen implant (DSCI) surgery in glaucoma patients.", "54 eyes of 52 patients with medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma with advanced field loss underwent DSCI under topical anaesthesia. Follow-up period was 24 months.", "The mean preoperative IOP was 24.7 +/- 6.2 mmHg and decreased to 15.1 +/- 4.0 mmHg at 24 months (p = 0.0068). During the follow- up period, 36 of 54 eyes (66%) received no topical antiglaucomatous medications. In 18 eyes, monotherapy with topical beta blockers (Betaxolol HCl) was added to the regimen. At last visit, only two patients (3.8%) had IOP greater than 18 mmHg. We did not detect any additional optic disc changes, visual field or visual acuity defects postoperatively. Detailed slit-lamp examination revealed no anterior segment complications regarding the probable complications of trabeculectomy. None of the patients developed surgery related cataract. As a complication, we diagnosed one case of self-limited, shallow choroidal detachment." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Anesthesia, Local", "Collagen", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Glaucoma, Open-Angle", "Humans", "Intraocular Pressure", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies", "Prosthesis Implantation", "Sclerostomy", "Treatment Outcome", "Vision Disorders", "Visual Fields" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The psoas compartment block is used to produce analgesia of the lumbar plexus mainly for hip and knee surgery. It has also been used for the management of a long-standing pain due to hip joint degeneration.", "A 55-year-old woman with severe left hip pain received repetitive psoas compartment blocks over 18 months. The blocks provided her with effective pain control. The quality and duration of the block was improved by the addition of opioid to the local anesthetic." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Anesthesia, Conduction", "Female", "Hip", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Pain Management" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is frequently found in hyperinsulinemic subjects, such as patients with diabetes or abdominal obesity. Here, the question has been posed as to whether hyperinsulinemia increases HPA secretory activity.", "We performed paired-euglycemic and stepwise hypoglycemic (76-66-56-46 mg/dl)-clamp experiments in two groups (each of 15 healthy men) at different insulin infusions rates, ie, 1.5 mU/min/kg (low-insulin condition) and 15.0 mU/min/kg (high-insulin condition).", "During the euglycemic clamp, the high rate insulin infusion increased plasma ACTH levels, whereas plasma ACTH levels remained essentially unchanged during the low-insulin condition (condition by time interaction, P=0.008). Likewise, serum cortisol levels were higher during the high- vs low-insulin condition (condition by time interaction, P=0.004). During the hypoglycemic clamp, plasma ACTH levels did not differ between the low- vs high-insulin condition, while serum cortisol levels were higher during the high- vs low-insulin condition at the beginning of the clamp (plasma glucose approximately 76 mg/dl; P=0.032)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone", "Adult", "Glucose Clamp Technique", "Humans", "Hydrocortisone", "Hyperinsulinism", "Hypoglycemia", "Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System", "Insulin", "Male", "Pituitary-Adrenal System" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To analyse the neuropathological changes behind clinically defined dementia with Lewy bodies (clinDLB) compared with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (clinAD).", "The prevalence of neuropathological findings in 48 clinDLB and 45 clinAD cases was compared. Sixteen clinDLB and 10 clinAD cases were reassessed with alpha-synuclein staining for Lewy bodies (LB).", "Alzheimer pathology was found in 81% of the clinDLB and 93% of the clinAD cases. The clinDLB group had a higher prevalence of frontal white matter pathology, mostly of ischemic type, and a more severe degeneration of the substantia nigra compared with the clinAD group. In hematoxylin-eosin staining, LBs were identified in seven (15%) of the clinDLB and in four (9%) of the clinAD group. In alpha-synuclein staining, 38% of the clinDLB and 40% of the clinAD cases exhibited LBs. The cases without LBs, in the clinDLB group, had AD pathology in combination with frontal white matter disease. Vascular pathology of significant degree was prevalent in more than 40% of all the cases with verified LBs regardless of clinical diagnosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alzheimer Disease", "Brain", "Coloring Agents", "Dementia", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Humans", "Lewy Bodies", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Phosphoproteins", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Severity of Illness Index", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Synucleins", "alpha-Synuclein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The impact of off-pump median sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting procedures on risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity was evaluated versus on-pump procedures.", "Using the Department of Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program records from October 1997 through March 1999, nine centers were designated as having experience (with at least 8% coronary artery bypass grafting procedures performed off-pump). Using all other 34 Veterans Affairs cardiac surgery programs, baseline logistic regression models were built to predict risk of 30-day operative mortality and morbidity. These models were then used to predict outcomes for patients at the nine study centers. A final model evaluated the impact of the off-pump approach within these nine centers adjusting for preoperative risk.", "Patients treated off-pump (n = 680) versus on-pump (n = 1,733) had lower complication rates (8.8% versus 14.0%) and lower mortality (2.7% versus 4.0%). Risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality were also improved for these patients (0.52 and 0.56 multivariable odds ratios for off-pump versus on-pump, respectively, p < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angina Pectoris", "Cardiopulmonary Bypass", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Coronary Disease", "Heart Failure", "Hospital Mortality", "Hospitals, Veterans", "Humans", "Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures", "Postoperative Complications", "Risk", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Retinols seem to be of clinical importance in ameliorating the clinical consequences of septic shock. These beneficial effects of retinols are suggested to be due to an antioxidant property. The present study was undertaken in order to confirm or rule out such an effect of retinol palmitate (RP) in experimental septic shock by measuring F2-isoprostanes and a major prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite as indicators of oxidative injury and inflammatory response, respectively.", "Fourteen anaesthetised pigs were randomly given an injection of RP (2.300 IU x kg-1) or the corresponding volume of vehicle. All pigs received a continuous infusion of E. coli endotoxin (10 micrograms x kg-1 x h-1). Blood samples were analysed for lipid peroxidation products (8-iso-PGF2 alpha), indicating free radical induced oxidative injury and 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2 alpha indicating cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammatory response).", "Significantly elevated levels of 8-iso-PGF2 alpha were seen at 3, 5 and 6 hours of endotoxaemia in the vehicle + endotoxin group as compared to RP + endotoxin group. Endotoxin induced cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammatory response was not affected by RP." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Dinoprost", "Disease Models, Animal", "Endotoxins", "Escherichia coli Infections", "F2-Isoprostanes", "Female", "Inflammation", "Lipid Peroxidation", "Male", "Oxidative Stress", "Radioimmunoassay", "Random Allocation", "Shock, Septic", "Swine", "Vitamin A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the role of vascular response in the castration-induced regression of benign and malignant human prostate tissue, as recent studies show that castration rapidly decreases blood flow and induces endothelial cell death, which may be important for subsequent epithelial cell death and involution of the glandular tissue of the prostate.", "The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors was analysed using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in benign and tumour areas of core biopsies taken before, and approximately 1 week after castration therapy. The castration-induced VEGF response was related to therapy-induced changes in tumour cell apoptotic index and subsequent response in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In another set of patients, serum VEGF was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before, and at 3--6 months after castration therapy.", "VEGF mRNA was down-regulated after castration in benign prostate tissue (P < or = 0.05), whereas in tumour tissue, VEGF levels were reduced in some of the patients but unchanged or increased in others. In most patients whose tumour tissue responded with VEGF reduction, there was a corresponding increase in tumour cell apoptosis. Serum VEGF levels were not significantly changed after castration. Almost all patients responded with a substantial reduction in serum PSA after castration." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Biopsy", "Castration", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Humans", "Lymphokines", "Male", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "RNA, Messenger", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was undertaken to determine whether levetiracetam (Keppra) affected the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profile of digoxin in healthy adults.", "Seven men and four women (19-48 years old) completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Each received digoxin 0.25 mg once daily (0.5 mg on day 1) during the 1-week run-in period, followed by two 1-week periods of coadministration of digoxin with levetiracetam (2000 mg/day) or placebo in a two-way crossover design. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin and levetiracetam were assessed by analysis of blood samples. ECG recordings were taken to monitor effects of levetiracetam on digoxin pharmacodynamics.", "The ratios of geometric means, using a 90% confidence interval, between coadministration of digoxin with levetiracetam or placebo were 103.96% (99.18%, 108.95%) for AUC(ss), 100.87% (89.52%, 113.66%) for C(max), 97.67% (82.76%, 115.26%) for PTF, and 99.04% (90.98%, 109.00%) for C(min). Although digoxin produced predictable changes in ECG, its pharmacodynamic parameters did not differ significantly between levetiracetam and placebo administration. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam were not altered in the presence of digoxin. Co-administration of levetiracetam and digoxin was well tolerated." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anticonvulsants", "Cross-Over Studies", "Digoxin", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Female", "Homeostasis", "Humans", "Levetiracetam", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Piracetam", "Reference Values", "Safety" ] }