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{ "contexts": [ "To compare transcutaneous near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) measured liver tissue oxygenation with hepatic vein oxygen saturation (SvhO2) in children undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "A NIRS optode (containing an emitter and a receiver of near-infrared light) was placed directly below the right costal arch above the palpable liver in 40 children aged 0.02 to 7.28 yr (median: 1.8 yr). Spatially resolved spectroscopic measured tissue oxygenation index (TOI) was recorded using the NIRO-300. Paired blood samples from the hepatic vein were taken under radiological control for determination of SvhO2 in a co-oxymeter. TOI values were compared with hepatic vein oxygenation, with simultaneously obtained arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), inferior vena cava SO2 and hemoglobin concentration using simple linear and multi-regression analysis.", "TOI values ranged from 35% to 73% (58.6 +/- 8.4%); SvhO2 from 32% to 80% (58.4 +/- 14.4%), and arterial SO2 from 54% to 100% (90.0 +/- 11.4%). TOI and hepatic vein oxygen saturation failed to correlate (r = 0.052/P = 0.752). A regression model containing arterial saturation (Delta R2 = 0.177) and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic resistance (Delta R2 = 0.095) explained 27.3% of the observed variance in TOI. In this model, hepatic vein oxygen saturation was no longer significant; explaining only 3.4% of the variance. No other variable retained a significant association." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Female", "Hepatic Veins", "Humans", "Infant", "Liver", "Male", "Oxygen", "Skin", "Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Early feeding is well tolerated after Cesarean delivery. However, patient wellbeing and nurses' attitudes toward implementation of early feeding have rarely been investigated.", "A quality-assurance program of 18 months duration was implemented because evaluation of traditional practice demonstrated significant deficiencies (phase I). Drinking was then allowed within one hour and feeding within six to eight hours after delivery. Gradual dietary expansion followed according to a detailed program. Three consecutive evaluations (phase II-IV) were performed: 1) to measure implementation by the ward nurses; 2) to record the type of food and the volume of water effectively received; 3) to evaluate patients' gastrointestinal tolerance and patients' levels of hunger and thirst and patients' overall satisfaction.", "In phase I, 60% of patients received nothing by mouth and 28% received only water on the day of surgery (D0). Moderate or severe hunger and thirst were seen in a large portion of these patients (D0, hunger: 38%, thirst: 63%, D1, hunger: 40%, thirst: 28%). Introduction of the program significantly improved patient wellbeing as well as patient satisfaction. No side effects were encountered." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cesarean Section", "Drinking", "Eating", "Female", "Humans", "Hunger", "Medical Audit", "Patient Satisfaction", "Postoperative Care", "Pregnancy", "Thirst", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To explore the possibility of evaluating the short-term therapeulic effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in cancer treatment by positron emission tomography.", "The radioactivity intensity of the tumor was detected by PET before and after RFA.", "Radioactivity blank was observed in all 33 cases with 54 lesions, indicating the elimination of the tumor was destroyed." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Catheter Ablation", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasms", "Tomography, Emission-Computed", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study aimed to clarify the role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in the no-reflow phenomenon and in its extension by hypercholesterolemia.", "The no-reflow phenomenon is an important target of therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but its mechanism remains unclear.", "The left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 30 or 60 min and reperfused in rabbit hearts in situ. The no-reflow zone, area at risk, and infarct size were determined by thioflavin-S, Evans blue, and tetrazolium staining, respectively. No-reflow zone size was expressed as a percentage of infarct size (%NR/IS). Hypercholesterolemia was induced by two weeks of cholesterol-enriched diet.", "A K(ATP) channel blocker, glibenclamide (0.3 mg/kg), increased %NR/IS after 30-min ischemia/90-min reperfusion from 33.6 +/- 1.9% to 45.9 +/- 1.6% and %NR/IS after 60-min ischemia/90-min reperfusion from 32.8 +/- 3.4% to 46.1 +/- 1.7%. However, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and nicorandil, a hybrid of K(ATP) channel opener and nitrate, failed to significantly modify %NR/IS. Hypercholesterolemia increased %NR/IS to 61.6 +/- 0.6%, which was not further enlarged by glibenclamide, and delayed infarct healing during the subsequent five days of reperfusion. These effects of hypercholesterolemia were significantly suppressed by nicorandil. Neither glibenclamide, L-NMMA, nicorandil, nor hypercholesterolemia modified infarct size." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine Triphosphate", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Chronic Disease", "Coronary Circulation", "Disease Models, Animal", "Glyburide", "Hemodynamics", "Hypercholesterolemia", "Male", "Myocardial Infarction", "Nicorandil", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Potassium Channel Blockers", "Potassium Channels", "Rabbits", "Vasodilator Agents", "omega-N-Methylarginine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The goal of this study was to explore the efficacy of oral tolerance with heat shock protein (HSP) 65 in two apparently non-overlapping models of murine atherosclerosis.", "Atherosclerosis is considered to be a chronic inflammatory process. Autoimmune mechanisms have been shown to influence atherogenesis in experimental animal models. Heat shock protein 65 is a candidate antigen thought to drive a proatherogenic immune-mediated response. Mucosal tolerance is a therapeutic means of accomplishing immune unresponsiveness toward a given antigen by feeding it before active induction of the disorder.", "Low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice were fed with different doses of HSP65 every other day for 10 days. Feeding with either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) served as control. One day after the last feeding, mice were challenged either by immunization with heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis or by a high fat diet.", "Lymphocyte reactivity from mice fed with HSP65 and immunized either against HSP65 or M. tuberculosis was significantly reduced in comparison with BSA-fed mice. Moreover, co-incubation of splenocytes-from mice with tolerance induced with HSP65 but not BSA-with HSP65-reactive lymphocytes resulted in the suppression of HSP65 reactivity by the latter cells. Interleukin-4 production by HSP65-fed and immunized mice was increased upon priming with respective protein. Early atherosclerosis was attenuated in HSP65-fed mice, compared with either BSA- or PBS-fed mice, regardless of the method employed to induce fatty streaks (M. tuberculosis immunization or high-fat diet)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Arteriosclerosis", "Autoimmune Diseases", "Bacterial Proteins", "Chaperonin 60", "Chaperonins", "Clonal Anergy", "Diet, Atherogenic", "Disease Models, Animal", "Female", "Immune Tolerance", "Immunity, Mucosal", "Immunohistochemistry", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred Strains", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Receptors, LDL", "Th2 Cells" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been implicated in the growth control of colorectal cancer, where PBR-specific ligand-binding is increased 3-4-fold. However, the prognostic relevance of PBR (over) expression has not yet been evaluated in colorectal cancer.", "A 5-year follow-up was performed in 116 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer with regional or distant metastases [Union International Contre le Cancer (UICC) stage III, 59 patients; UICC stage IV, 57 patients]. The monoclonal anti-PBR antibody 8 D7 was used for immunohistochemical examination of paraffin-embedded sections. PBR-specific staining was compared in cancer tissues and normal mucosa. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated.", "Twenty-eight % of the colorectal cancers strongly overexpressed PBR. The mean survival of patients with stage III cancer was 56.2 +/- 9.2 months with and 86.8 +/- 6.6 months without high overexpression of PBR (P = 0.006). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high PBR overexpression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in stage III colorectal cancer. In stage IV, however, the PBR status did not correlate with different survival times." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Case-Control Studies", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Disease-Free Survival", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Immunoenzyme Techniques", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Prognosis", "Receptors, GABA-A", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II and their principle receptor, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), are frequently expressed in human colon cancers and play a role in preventing apoptosis, enhancing cell proliferation, and inducing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To elucidate the in vitro and in vivo effects of IGF-IR in human colon cancer growth and angiogenesis, HT29 cells were transfected with a truncated dominant-negative (DN) form of IGF-IR or vector alone.", "IGF-I increased VEGF expression in parental and vector-transfected cells, whereas IGF-I induction of VEGF mRNA and protein was abrogated in IGF-IR DN cells. The IGF-IR DN cells demonstrated inhibited growth in both monolayer culture and soft agar (P < 0.05). s.c. injections of IGF-IR DN cells in nude mice led to significantly decreased tumor growth (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that IGF-I DN tumors demonstrated decreased tumor cell proliferation, VEGF expression, and vessel count and increased tumor cell apoptosis (P < 0.05 for all parameters compared with controls). Furthermore, IGF-IR DN-transfected cells yielded significantly decreased tumorigenicity and growth in the liver." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Cell Division", "Colonic Neoplasms", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Genes, Dominant", "Humans", "Immunoenzyme Techniques", "In Situ Nick-End Labeling", "In Vitro Techniques", "Injections, Subcutaneous", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Liver Neoplasms", "Lymphokines", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Phosphorylation", "Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1", "Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptor, IGF Type 1", "Transfection", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Giardia lamblia infection is often asymptomatic. Its main, but not well understood, symptom is diarrhea. An outbreak of giardiasis in our town allowed us to test the hypothesis that patients with symptomatic infection are, actually, patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) exacerbated by giardiasis.", "We studied 100 patients with symptomatic giardiasis. Eighty-two of them were also affected by IBS, according to the \"Rome 1992 Criteria\". They were randomized in four groups, two of which (A and B), made up of 41 patients each, included the subjects with giardiasis and IBS, whereas the remaining two (C and D), made of up of 9 patients each, included subjects with giardiasis only. The groups A and C were treated with metronidazole, whereas groups B and D were treated with drugs commonly used for IBS, but inactive against the parasite.", "According to a single blind protocol, the treatment with metronidazole was ineffective in the groups with giardiasis and IBS. Instead, the treatment for IBS ameliorated the symptoms in these patients. On the contrary, the groups without IBS improved only with metronidazole." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Animals", "Colonic Diseases, Functional", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Diarrhea", "Female", "Giardia lamblia", "Giardiasis", "Humans", "Male", "Metronidazole", "Middle Aged", "Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The baroreflex sensitivity and the distensibility of the carotid artery were measured during normotensive pregnancy to test the hypothesis that changes in baroreflex sensitivity are related to carotid artery stiffening.", "Data were obtained from pregnant subjects during each trimester (T1, T2, T3; n = 23) and postpartum (n = 11). End-diastolic diameter and pulsatile distension of the carotid artery were measured with an ultrasound wall-tracking system, and the distensibility coefficient was calculated. Spontaneous fluctuations in cardiac interval and systolic pressure were used to determine baroreflex sensitivity.", "Both distensibility coefficient and baroreflex sensitivity were reduced from T1 to T3 (5.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.9 10(-3)/mmHg and 10.1 +/- 2.9 vs. 5.7 +/- 1.8 ms/mmHg, respectively). Baroreflex sensitivity and carotid distensibility coefficient were linearly related in each subject (r = 0.62 +/- 0.12). Augmentation index and return time changes indicated a global increase in arterial distensibility." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Baroreflex", "Carotid Arteries", "Elasticity", "Female", "Humans", "Postpartum Period", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Trimester, First", "Pregnancy Trimester, Second", "Pregnancy Trimester, Third", "Ultrasonography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bladder neck invasion by prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens is uncommon and, thus, its influence on disease recurrence has not been well defined. Consequently the classification of bladder neck invasion in the TNM staging system is controversial. We studied our cohort of patients with stage pT4 disease and bladder neck invasion to clarify the true clinical behavior and prognostic significance of bladder neck invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens.", "The study group consisted of 4,090 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy at one of our institutions between 1983 and 2001. Median followup was 53.1 months (range 1 to 189). After excluding from analysis patients treated with neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal or preoperative irradiation 72 of the remaining 2,571 (2.8%) with bladder neck invasion were classified with stage pT4 disease and their specimens were reviewed. Progression-free probability was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Using the Cox proportional hazards model the independent prognostic significance of bladder neck invasion was assessed after controlling for pretreatment prostate specific antigen, final Gleason sum, extracapsular extension, surgical margins status, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement.", "Of the 72 patients categorized with stage pT4 disease 14 (19%) had poorly differentiated Gleason sum 8 to 10 cancer, 38 (53%) had established extracapsular extension, 24 (33%) had seminal vesicle invasion and 8 (11%) had lymph node involvement. However, 26 patients (36%) had cancer confined to the prostate and 28 (39%) had negative surgical margins except for the bladder neck site. The mean 5-year progression-free probability plus or minus SD in all stage pT4 cases was 68% +/- 7%, which was better than in cases of seminal vesicle invasion (52% +/- 5%, log rank test p = 0.0156) but worse than in those of extracapsular extension (84% +/- 4.1%). Univariate analysis of the stage pT4 cohort revealed that higher prostatectomy Gleason sum, more extensive extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion were significantly associated with an adverse prognosis. However, in a multivariate model that included all radical prostatectomy cases the finding of bladder neck invasion or stage pT4 disease did not independently predict prostate specific antigen recurrence." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Disease-Free Survival", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Staging", "Prognosis", "Prostatectomy", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Urethra", "Urinary Bladder", "Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a membrane-derived phospholipid mediator that has biological effects on a variety of cells and tissues. A variety of stimuli, including those producing inflammation, promote the synthesis and release of PAF from various cell types. Evidence suggests that PAF exerts cellular actions through a plasma membrane receptor as well as via intracellular (microsomal) PAF binding sites.", "The present study was designed to: 1) investigate the role of PAF in a model of inflammatory nociception in rats (i.e. the formalin test), and 2) localize PAF's site(s) of action in nociception. To do this, we assessed the effect of administering two PAF antagonists (BN 52021 and BN 50730, which are selective for cell surface and intracellular PAF binding sites, respectively) on formalin-induced nociceptive responses.", "Forty minutes prior to formalin injection into the rat hindpaw, male Sprague-Dawley rats received systemic injections of BN 52021 (10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg), BN 50730 (10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg), or vehicle (45% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in distilled water, HBC) and the effects of the drugs on nociceptive behavioral responses were measured.", "Rats receiving systemic BN 52021 or BN 50730 displayed a significant reduction of nociceptive responses in the late, but not early, phase of formalin-induced nociception." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Azepines", "Diterpenes", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Formaldehyde", "Ginkgolides", "Inflammation", "Lactones", "Male", "Pain", "Platelet Activating Factor", "Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Thienopyridines", "Time Factors", "Triazoles" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Chronic hepatitis B virus carriers receiving chemotherapy develop a high hepatitis B virus reactivation rate (38-53%) with a high mortality (37-60%). Few studies have characterized the efficacy of lamivudine in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation.", "To determine whether lamivudine prophylaxis reduces chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation and mortality.", "The medical records of all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients with malignancy treated with chemotherapy since 1995 at the National University Hospital of Singapore were identified, and divided into those who received lamivudine prophylaxis before chemotherapy (P) and those who did not (NP). The parameters examined included gender, age, malignancy type, steroid usage, number of chemotherapy courses and regimens, follow-up duration and hepatitis B virus status. The outcome measures were hepatitis B virus reactivation (abrupt rise of serum alanine aminotransferase to > 200 IU/L) and reactivation death. Patients with primary hepatoma or liver metastasis were excluded.", "Thirty-five patients were identified: 16 in the P group and 19 in the NP group. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. Seven of the 19 patients in the NP group and none of the 16 patients in the P group developed reactivation (36.8% vs. 0%, P=0.009). Six of the seven patients in the NP group who developed reactivation received lamivudine at that time, but five died (mortality, 71.4%), whilst no patient in the P group died from reactivation (P=0.064)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Antiviral Agents", "Carrier State", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Hepatitis B virus", "Hepatitis B, Chronic", "Humans", "Lamivudine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies", "Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors", "Survival Rate", "Virus Activation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The effect of a variety of hypoxic conditions on lipid accumulation in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was studied in an arterial wall coculture and monocultivation model.", "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was loaded under various levels of oxygen tension. Oil red O staining of rabbit and human SMCs revealed that lipid accumulation was greater under lower oxygen tension. Cholesterol esters were shown to accumulate in an oxygen tension-dependent manner by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Autoradiograms using radiolabeled LDL indicated that LDL uptake was more pronounced under hypoxia. This result holds in the case of LDL receptor-deficient rabbit SMCs. However, cholesterol biosynthesis and cellular cholesterol release were unaffected by oxygen tension." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arteries", "Arteriosclerosis", "Autoradiography", "Blotting, Northern", "Carbon Radioisotopes", "Cell Culture Techniques", "Cell Hypoxia", "Cells, Cultured", "Cholesterol", "Cholesterol Esters", "DNA, Complementary", "Humans", "Lipid Metabolism", "Lipoproteins, LDL", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "Oxygen", "Rabbits", "Receptors, LDL", "Signal Transduction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cholesterolemic responses to dietary lipids are known to be heritable, but the genes that may affect this response have yet to be identified. Using segregation analysis, we previously detected a potential quantitative trait locus (QTL) in baboons that influenced low density lipoprotein cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol. We performed linkage analyses to locate this QTL by using data on the baboon genetic linkage map.", "We obtained evidence for linkage of this potential QTL to the same locus (D6S311) on the baboon homologue of human chromosome 6 by using variance components and parametric linkage analysis methods (2-point lod scores 4.17 [genomic probability value 0.008] and 2.81 [genomic P=0.10], respectively). Linkage analyses of serum levels of apolipoprotein B dietary response, a correlated trait, also gave weak suggestive evidence of linkage to this chromosomal region (maximum 2-point lod score 1.91). Although the LPA locus is nearby, we found no evidence of linkage with LPA." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apolipoproteins B", "Cholesterol, Dietary", "Cholesterol, LDL", "Chromosome Mapping", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6", "Female", "Genes, Regulator", "Genetic Linkage", "Genetic Markers", "Genetic Variation", "Genotype", "Humans", "Lod Score", "Male", "Papio", "Pedigree", "Phenotype", "Quantitative Trait, Heritable", "Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recent developments of MR imaging equipment enabled high-quality steady state-free-precession (Balanced FFE, True-FISP) MR-imaging with a substantial 'T2 like' contrast, resulting in a high signal intensity of the blood-pool without the application of exogenous contrast agents. It is hypothesized that Balanced-FFE may be valuable for contrast enhancement in 3D free-breathing coronary MRA.", "Navigator-gated free-breathing cardiac triggered coronary MRA was performed in 10 healthy adult subjects and three patients with radiograph defined coronary artery disease using a segmented k-space 3D Balanced FFE imaging sequence.", "High contrast-to-noise ratio between the blood-pool and the myocardium (29 +/- 8) and long segment visualization of both coronary arteries could be obtained in about 5 minutes during free breathing using the present navigator-gated Balanced-FFE coronary MRA approach. First patient results demonstrated successful display of coronary artery stenoses." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Coronary Disease", "Female", "Humans", "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "Magnetic Resonance Angiography", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the effect of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 on peritoneal dissemination of colon cancer in nude mice.", "The MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of TNP-470 on human colon cancer cell line Lovo. Lovo cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of BABL/C nu/nu mice and the models of peritoneal dissemination were developed. Thirty nude mice were randomly divided into control and TNP-470-treated group. In TNP-470-treated group, TNP-470 was injected subcutaneously every other day from day 1 until sacrifice or death (30 mg x kg(-1)). The control group received a sham injection of the same volume saline solution.", "In vitro, TNP-470 inhibited the growth of Lovo cells, with its IC50 at 2.14 X 10(2) microg x L(-1). In vitro, TNP-470 demonstrated growth inhibition of tumors. Mice body weight and abdominal circumferences were significantly different between TNP-470-treated group (24.5+/-3.2 g, 7.0+/-1.1 cm) and control group (29.5+/-2.1 g, 10.3+/-1.5 cm), P=0.005 and P=0.001. The number of disseminated foci was significantly different between the control group (92.1+/-20.6) and the TNP-470-treated group (40.3+/-12.3), P<0.001. The maximal size of foci was significantly smaller in TNP-470-treated group (3.3+/-0.7 mm) than that of control (7.3+/-2.3 mm), P=0.004. Mean survival time was significantly longer in TNP-470-treated group(98.00+/-12.06 d) than that in control group (41.86+/-9.51 d), P<0.001." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Angiogenesis Inhibitors", "Animals", "Cell Division", "Colonic Neoplasms", "Cyclohexanes", "Female", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Mice, Nude", "O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol", "Peritoneum", "Sesquiterpenes", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a biochemical marker that has been shown to be sensitive in detecting heavy drinking in men, but studies examining CDT in women have been inconsistent because of small sample sizes and failure to consider hormonal status. In healthy female subjects, CDT levels are significantly higher in premenopausal women with higher estradiol (E2) levels (>30 pg/ml) and those taking exogenous estrogens (oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy) compared with men and postmenopausal women. This study examined the relationship between drinking behavior and CDT levels in a large sample of alcohol-dependent women and contrasted findings in a comparison group of alcohol-dependent men. The study also examined the extent that E2 levels mediated the relationship between CDT levels and heavy drinking in the alcohol-dependent women.", "This study examined the association between CDT level at treatment entry and alcohol consumption the month before initiating treatment in 96 women with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of alcohol dependence, as compared with similar data in 123 male alcoholics. To explore the relationship between E2 and CDT, E2 was measured in women at the time of CDT sampling. Linear regression was used to examine whether patterns of alcohol consumption in the 28 days before the CDT blood sampling predicted the CDT level in women and men presenting for treatment for alcohol dependence.", "CDT levels were higher in women than men and were related to quantitative alcohol consumption (total standard drinks, percentage of days drinking, percentage of days of heavy drinking) in the month before initiating treatment, irrespective of E2 levels in women." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alcohol Drinking", "Alcoholism", "Chi-Square Distribution", "Female", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Transferrin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The incidence of perinatal morbidity arising from birth hypoxia or asphyxia has not changed significantly in recent years despite marked improvements in labor management. Perinatal mortality in these circumstances may therefore reflect antenatal compromise and subsequent alteration of the fetal capacity to respond to episodes of hypoxia that may occur during labor. Hence, we have investigated the effects of fetal pre-exposure to a period of adverse intrauterine conditions on the mechanisms mediating the fetal defense response to a subsequent episode of acute hypoxia in sheep.", "Sixteen fetal sheep were chronically instrumented at 118+/-2 days for recording of blood pressure, heart rate, and femoral and umbilical blood flows. In 8 of these fetuses, umbilical blood flow was reduced by 30% for 3 days (between days 125 and 128). The remaining 8 fetuses acted as sham-operated controls. Between 2 and 7 days after umbilical cord/sham compression, all fetuses were exposed to 2 episodes of acute hypoxemia on separate days during infusion with either saline or treatment with a combination of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and sodium nitroprusside. We show that previous fetal exposure to a period of adverse intrauterine conditions, such as that induced by compression of the umbilical cord, elevates nitric oxide activity and results in a markedly diminished cardiovascular defense response to subsequent acute hypoxia." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arteries", "Carbon Dioxide", "Female", "Fetus", "Heart", "Hemodynamics", "Hypoxia", "Models, Theoretical", "Nitric Oxide", "Oxygen", "Phenylephrine", "Pregnancy", "Sheep", "Sodium Chloride", "Umbilical Cord", "Uterus", "Vasoconstriction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It has been widely reported that the VO(2) slow component is reduced in the second of two bouts of heavy exercise. It has also been shown that an increase in muscle temperature (Tm) produced by wearing hot-water-perfused pants causes a reduction in the VO(2) slow component. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the effect of prior heavy exercise on the VO(2) slow component of subsequent heavy exercise is related to the warming-up of the exercising limbs.", "Six male subjects completed an exercise protocol consisting of two constant-load exercise bouts (EX-1 and EX-2) at 90% VO(2peak), separated by 6 min of rest. The Tm of the m. vastus lateralis was measured with an indwelling thermistor. Seven days later, the subjects completed a second exercise protocol consisting of a passive warming-up of the upper legs until the same Tm was reached as after EX-1, followed by a constant-load work bout (EX-3) identical to EX-1 and EX-2.", "Tm reached comparable levels at the start of EX-2 and EX-3 (37.3 +/- 0.6 degrees C and 37.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively). The VO(2) slow component (measured as deltaVO(2)(6-2 min)) was reduced by 57% after prior heavy exercise ( < 0.05), whereas no significant reduction was observed after prior passive warming-up." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Physiological", "Adult", "Bicycling", "Body Temperature", "Exercise Tolerance", "Humans", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Oxygen Consumption", "Rest" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated the effects of intrathecal application of nerve growth factor (NGF) antibodies (Ab) on bladder hyperreflexia in chronic spinalized rats.", "In adult female rats an intrathecal catheter was implanted at the level of the L6 to S1 spinal cord, followed by complete transection of the Th8 to 9 spinal cord. At 10 days after spinalization the intrathecal catheter was connected to an osmotic pump for continuous delivery of vehicle or NGF Ab (10 microg daily) for 2 weeks. Awake cystometry was then performed. NGF levels in the L5 to S1 dorsal root ganglia, L6 spinal cord and bladder were also measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "The number of uninhibited bladder contractions per voiding cycle, maximal pressure of uninhibited bladder contraction and maximal voiding pressure were significantly decreased in NGF Ab treated versus vehicle treated spinalized rats. Intercontraction interval, baseline intravesical pressure, pressure threshold for voiding and voiding efficiency were not significantly changed by NGF Ab treatment. NGF levels in the bladder, L6 spinal cord and L5 to S1 dorsal root ganglia of vehicle treated spinalized rats was 1.6 to 4.8 times higher than in spinal cord intact rats. After intrathecal NGF Ab treatment NGF levels were significantly lower in the L6 to S1 dorsal root ganglia (30% to 35%) and L6 spinal cord (53%) but not in the bladder or L5 dorsal root ganglia compared with levels in vehicle treated spinalized rats." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Afferent Pathways", "Animals", "Female", "Ganglia, Spinal", "Muscle Hypertonia", "Nerve Growth Factor", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Spinal Cord Injuries", "Urinary Bladder", "Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bladder augmentation is most commonly performed with ileum. However, porcine small intestinal submucosa has been reported as a substitute for bowel for incorporation into the urinary tract. We assessed the feasibility and long-term 12-month results of laparoscopic bladder augmentation with ileum or multilayered small intestinal submucosa (Cook Biotech, Spencer, Indiana) in a porcine model.", "We performed laparoscopically assisted hemicystectomy and bladder augmentation in 24 female Yucatan mini-pigs using an ileal segment (12) or multilayered small intestinal submucosa (12). The followup protocol included anesthetic bladder capacity, renal ultrasonography and serum chemistry. At 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively, 4 animals per group were scheduled for sacrifice and pathological analysis.", "Despite longer anastomotic time in the multilayered small intestinal submucosa group (120 versus 91 minutes, p = 0.026) total operative time was similar in the 2 groups. In each group bladder capacity increased with time but by 12 months bladder capacity was significantly better in the bowel than in the small intestinal submucosa group (825 versus 431 cc, p = 0.016). At 3 months pathological evaluation revealed that the multilayered regenerated bladder patch had shrunken and by 6 months it was replaced by dense calcified scar tissue. Long-term 6 and 12-month bladder capacity in the small intestinal submucosa group was the result of the regeneration of native bladder with exclusion of the whole multilayered patch in the majority of cases." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Feasibility Studies", "Ileum", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Laparoscopy", "Swine", "Transplantation, Autologous", "Urinary Bladder", "Urodynamics", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Intentional total spinal anesthesia (TSA) has been used for intractable pain treatment. However, the long-term effect of pain-relief is controversial. We investigate the short- and long-term effects of pain-relief by TSA.", "Twelve patients with intractable pain participated in a crossover study. All participants received two different treatments in random order at a 30-day interval: i.v. infusion with 300 mg of lidocaine (i.v.-Lido), and TSA with 20 mL of 1.5% lidocaine (TSA-Lido). Pain level at rest was scored with the visual analogue scale (VAS: 0-100), and blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and at two hours, 24 hr, seven days, and 30 days after treatment. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were measured at 0.5, one, and two hours.", "Heart rate and mean arterial pressure during or after TSA-Lido were similar to those before TSA-Lido. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were similar between the two treatments. No significant difference in any value occurred in the i.v.-Lido treatment. VAS were similar before both treatments (87 +/- 6 for TSA-Lido; 86 +/- 7 for i.v.-Lido). After TSA-Lido, VAS decreased significantly until day seven (two hours, 17 +/- 22, P < 0.01; 24 hr, 43 +/- 20, P < 0.01; seven days, 66 +/- 16, P < 0.01). However, VAS returned to the pre-block values 30 days after TSA-Lido." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Anesthesia, Spinal", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pain Measurement", "Pain, Intractable" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare three anxiety scales; the anxiety visual analogue scale (VAS), the anxiety component of the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS), and the state portion of the Spielburger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), for assessment of preoperative anxiety levels in same day admission patients.", "Patients completed the three anxiety assessment scales both before and after seeing the anesthesiologist preoperatively. The scales used were the STAI, the six-question APAIS, and the VAS. APAIS was further subdivided to assess anxiety about anesthesia (sum A), anxiety about surgery (sum S) and a combined anxiety total (i.e., sum C = sum A + sum S). These scales were compared to one another. Pearson's correlation (pair-wise deletion) was used for validity testing. Cronbach's alpha analysis was used to test internal validity of the various components of the APAIS scale. A correlation co-efficient (r) > or = 0.6 and P < 0.05 were considered significant.", "Four hundred and sixty three scale sets were completed by 197 patients. There was significant and positive correlation between VAS and STAI r = 0.64, P < 0.001), VAS and APAIS r = 0.6, P < 0.001), sum C and STAI r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and between VAS and sum C r = 0.61, P < 0.001). Sum C and STAI r value were consistent with repeated administration. Cronbach's alpha-levels for the anxiety components of the APAIS (sum C) and desire for information were 0.84 and 0.77 respectively." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Anxiety", "Communication", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pain Measurement", "Surgical Procedures, Operative" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of the work was to investigate the effects of adenovirus(Ad)-mediated IFN gamma gene transfer on human mesothelioma (HM) cell proliferation in vitro and growth in nude mice.", "We constructed an E1E3-deleted replication-defective recombinant Ad carrying the human IFN gamma gene (Ad-IFN gamma) and tested its activity in vitro on HM cell lines established in our laboratory and in a nude mice model.", "In vitro, infection of HM cells with Ad-IFN gamma led to a prolonged production of an active cytokine in the 10 HM cell lines tested and also led to an antiproliferative effect on the HM cells previously demonstrated as responsive to exogenous recombinant human IFN gamma. In nude mice, s.c. inoculation of HM cells from one responsive HM cell line previously infected with Ad-IFN gamma resulted in a delay in tumor development, and injection of Ad-IFN gamma in preestablished tumors restrained tumor development." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoviridae", "Animals", "Cell Division", "Female", "Gene Expression", "Gene Transfer Techniques", "Genetic Therapy", "Genetic Vectors", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Interferon-gamma", "Mesothelioma", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Neoplasm Transplantation", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The generation of reactive oxygen species by activated Kupffer cells (KC) may contribute to reperfusion injury of the liver during liver transplantation or resection. The aim of our present studies was to investigate (1) prevention of hepatic reperfusion injury after warm ischemia by administration of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and (2) whether GSH confers protection through influences on KC toxicity.", "Isolated perfused rat livers were subjected to 1 h of warm ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion without (n = 5) or with GSH or catalase (n = 4-5 each). Selective KC activation by zymosan (150 micro g/ml) in continuously perfused rat livers was used to investigate KC-related liver injury.", "Postischemic infusion of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM GSH, but not 0.05 mM GSH prevented reperfusion injury after warm ischemia as indicated by a marked reduction of sinusoidal LDH efflux by up to 83 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD; p < 0.05) and a concomitant significant improvement of postischemic bile flow by 58 +/- 27% (p < 0.05). A similar protection was conveyed by KC blockade with gadolinium chloride indicating prevention of KC-related reperfusion injury by postischemic GSH treatment. Postischemic treatment with catalase (150 U/ml) resulted in a reduction of LDH efflux by 40 +/- 9% (p < 0.05). Accordingly, catalase as well as GSH (0.1-2.0 mM) nearly completely prevented the increase in LDH efflux following selective KC activation by zymosan in continously perfused rat livers." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Glutathione", "Kupffer Cells", "Liver", "Male", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Reperfusion Injury", "Zymosan" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Reflux of bile to the oesophagus has been shown to be of importance in the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. This study aims to assess oesophageal motility patterns in relation to acid and bile reflux to the oesophagus.", "Forty-nine subjects with and without reflux disease underwent 24-hour ambulatory recordings of oesophageal pH, bile and 3-channel manometry. Gastroscopy was performed to assess severity of oesophagitis. The percentage of effective peristaltic contractions (oesophageal contractions with a peristaltic pattern and a pressure >30 mm Hg) were correlated to the degree of acid and bile reflux. Ten subjects were re-evaluated within 2 years post-fundoplication.", "Acid and bile reflux were associated with fewer effective contractions (R(2) = 0.07, p = 0.06 and R(2) = 0.21, p = 0.008, respectively). However, in a multivariate model including acid, bile, age and gender dependency, only bile could show a systematic effect on the variation in percentage of effective peristaltic contractions (R(2) = 0.22, p = 0.001). One year after laparoscopic fundoplication, 24-hour oesophageal motility was unchanged." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Bile Reflux", "Esophagus", "Female", "Fundoplication", "Gastroesophageal Reflux", "Humans", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Male", "Manometry", "Middle Aged", "Monitoring, Ambulatory", "Peristalsis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare postoperative morphine use, analgesic efficacy, and side effect profiles in patients following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) and liver resection (LR).", "Retrospective study.", "Liver transplant and liver resection surgery at a university hospital.", "25 ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients undergoing OLTx or liver resection.", "Morphine use was significantly decreased in the OLTx patients at 6,12, 24, 48, and 72 hours following commencement of patient-controlled analgesia. After commencement of patient-controlled analgesia, pain scores were significantly reduced in the OLTx group compared with those in the liver resection group at 6 and 12 hours." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Analgesia, Patient-Controlled", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Hepatectomy", "Humans", "Liver Transplantation", "Middle Aged", "Morphine", "Pain Measurement", "Pain, Postoperative", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The morphogenetic process underlying the remodelling of the embryonic mammalian pharyngeal arch artery system is unknown. Within this process, the right sixth, carotid ducts and the distal part of the dorsal aorta (right alpha-segment) regress. In order to unravel the underlying mechanism we studied the role of apoptosis in the normal regression of pharyngeal arch artery segments and in a mouse model that develops aortic arch malformations.", "Normal remodelling was studied in wild-type Swiss (CPBS) and altered remodelling in the Tgfbeta2-/- compared to the Tgfbeta2+/+ (Swiss/Bl6) strain using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis.", "During normal remodelling, apoptosis occurs in the mesenchyme surrounding pharyngeal arch arteries before regression starts. With the onset of regression, apoptosis spreads from the mesenchyme to the media. Morphometric evaluation confirms the increase in apoptosis in the actin-positive media of the disappearing segments. In Tgfbeta2-/-, aberrant apoptosis was found in both fourth arch arteries, whereas the right dorsal aorta lacks apoptosis associated with normal regression. Fourth arch hypoplasia is the main arch abnormality. In the most severe case, the fourth arch is interrupted and the right dorsal aorta alpha-segment persists, giving rise to aortic arch interruption type-B and an aberrant right subclavian artery." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aorta, Thoracic", "Apoptosis", "Branchial Region", "In Situ Nick-End Labeling", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Morphogenesis", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transforming Growth Factor beta2" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Our purpose was to determine whether improved preterm lung function caused by intraamniotic endotoxin treatment requires endotoxin entry into the respiratory tract.", "We assessed lung inflammation 2 days after intra-amniotic endotoxin (10 mg, Escherichia coli 055:B5) or saline solution in preterm lambs (123 days' gestation) that had undergone surgery to isolate the gastrointestinal or respiratory systems from the amniotic sac. In other sheep longer-term effects were assessed 7 days after we isolated the fetal respiratory tract and gave endotoxin or saline solution directly to the lungs or into the amniotic sac. We measured pulmonary inflammation, lung function, and surfactant 1 week after treatment (approximately 125 days).", "Pulmonary inflammation was present after intra-amniotic endotoxin only if there was communication between the respiratory tract and the amniotic sac. Lung function was improved and surfactant was increased only in preterm lambs that received direct pulmonary endotoxin." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amnion", "Animals", "Embryonic and Fetal Development", "Endotoxins", "Escherichia coli", "Female", "Fetal Organ Maturity", "Fetus", "Injections", "Lung", "Pneumonia", "Pregnancy", "Pulmonary Surfactants", "Respiratory System", "Sheep" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The clinical relevance of distinguishing two types of glomerulonephritis (GN) with non-amyloid organized immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits-fibrillary GN (FGN) and immunotactoid (microtubular) GN (IT/MTGN)-on the basis of ultrastructural organization, is debated.", "Twenty-three patients with organized glomerular Ig deposits were classified into two groups based on the fibrillar or microtubular ultrastructural appearance of the deposits. Kidney biopsy samples were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy, using anti-light chain conjugates (all cases) and anti-IgG subclass conjugates (13 patients). In each group, we studied clinicopathological features, associated monoclonal gammapathy (detected by immunoelectrophoresis and/or immunoblot) or B-cell lymphoproliferative disease, effects of chemotherapy and long-term renal outcome.", "In 14 IT/MTGN and 9 FGN patients, clinical symptoms [hypertension, nephrotic syndrome (NS) and hematuria] and the mean diameters of the substructures were similar. In 13 IT/MTGN patients, glomerular (IgG1, 2 or 3) deposits were monotypic (kappa, 7 cases; lambda, 6 cases). Glomerular deposits were associated with a monoclonal Ig of the same isotype in eight patients, detected in the serum (5 cases), and/or in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes (4 cases), and with lymphoproliferative disease in seven patients. The ultrastructural features of monoclonal Ig inclusions in lymphocytes were similar to those of glomerular microtubular deposits. In contrast, none of the FGN patients presented lymphoplasmocytic proliferation or paraproteinemia. Glomerular Ig deposits were polyclonal in eight cases and contained IgG4 in all three cases studied. Although patient and renal survival did not differ significantly between the two groups, chemotherapy led to remission of NS in ten IT/MTGN patients, with parallel improvement in hematological parameters." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenal Cortex Hormones", "Adult", "Aged", "Antibodies, Antinuclear", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Biopsy", "Female", "Glomerulonephritis", "Hepatitis B Antibodies", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin G", "Immunohistochemistry", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell", "Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin", "Male", "Microtubules", "Middle Aged", "Paraproteinemias", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) improves early ligament healing.", "Experimental, controlled study of medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) in rabbits' knees.", "Research laboratory.", "Sixteen skeletally mature, New Zealand White female rabbits.", "Ten rabbits had a standardized gap injury made in the MCL of both knees. Three weeks later, a second operation was performed to inject 7 microg of TGF-beta1 in a carrier solution into the right knee MCL, while the left knee MCL was injected with carrier alone. The rabbits were killed 3 weeks after the injection of TGF-beta1 (6 weeks after the original injury). Six of the rabbits (12 knees) had no operation on the MCL and served as external normal controls.", "Biomechanical measures of the femur-MCL-tibia complex. Histologic evaluation of MCL cell and matrix organization. Transmission electron microscopy measures of MCL fibril diameters.", "There were no statistically significant differences in the biomechanical measures, fibril diameter distributions and histologic evaluation of the injured MCLs treated with TGF-beta1 or carrier alone. Both groups of injured MCLs were significantly different from normal MCLs." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Biomechanical Phenomena", "Cicatrix", "Collagen", "Injections, Intra-Articular", "Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee", "Models, Animal", "Rabbits", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transforming Growth Factor beta1", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was (1) to correlate amniotic fluid lamellar body counts with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the presence of phosphatidylglycerol in pregnancies that were complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus and (2) to determine a lamellar body count value that maximizes sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of fetal lung maturity.", "We reviewed our prospectively collected perinatal database from November 1992 through October 1999 to identify pregnancies that were complicated by diabetes mellitus for which fetal lung maturity studies had been performed within 72 hours of delivery. Lamellar body counts were correlated with lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol values. The sensitivities and specificities of various lamellar body count cutoff values were calculated with the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol values as indicators of fetal lung maturity. Receiver operating curves were used to determine the lamellar body count that indicated fetal lung maturity. Our neonatal database was reviewed for this same time period to obtain all cases of respiratory distress syndrome. The maternal data were compared with the neonatal data to determine whether distress syndrome had developed in an infant who had undergone fetal lung maturity testing respiratory.", "Lamellar body counts were correlated with lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (r = 0.51, P <.001) and phosphatidylglycerol values (r = 0.57, P <.001) in 90 diabetic pregnant patients. A lamellar body count of 37,000/microL was found to have a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 100% in the prediction of fetal lung maturity by standardized methods of phospholipid analysis. There were no cases of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in this study population." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amniotic Fluid", "Female", "Fetal Organ Maturity", "Forecasting", "Humans", "Incidence", "Infant, Newborn", "Lung", "Phosphatidylcholines", "Phosphatidylglycerols", "Phospholipids", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy in Diabetics", "Prospective Studies", "Pulmonary Surfactants", "ROC Curve", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Sphingomyelins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Catheter-based cryoablation has been shown to produce punctate and effective cardiac lesions to treat focal targets. However, sequential applications are required to produce a continuous linear lesion needed to cure macroreentrant arrhythmias with large critical isthmuses. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast linear cardiac lesions produced with sequential applications using a novel cryoablation system to those produced using radiofrequency (RF) energy.", "Seven mongrel dogs were prepared for femoral venous insertion of the ablation catheter (either a 10-French, 6-mm tipped, bipolar cryoablation catheter (N = 5, cryo group) or a 7-French, 4-mm tipped, bipolar RF ablation catheter (N = 2, RF group)). Ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus was performed by delivering applications at sequential locations across the isthmus. The cryo group received 6 to 10 (mean 8 +/- 1.4), 5-minute applications at 3 to 5 separate sites with a mean nadir temperature of -74.5 +/- 1.6 degrees C. Each dog in the RF group received 9, 90-second applications with a mean temperature and power of 62 +/- 0 degrees C and 32 +/- 3.6 W. No acute or chronic complications were associated with either form of ablation. Immediately and six weeks after the index procedure, electroanatomical mapping showed the presence of bidirectional isthmus conduction block in all dogs. Gross and histopathologic examination revealed the presence of linear lesions, which were continuous and transmural." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Catheter Ablation", "Cryosurgery", "Dogs", "Feasibility Studies", "Female", "Heart Conduction System", "Male", "Tricuspid Valve", "Venae Cavae" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) have hemodynamic changes, which impair endothelial cell function resulting in decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. The aim of this work was to assess endothelial function in AF patients before and at various time points after cardioversion.", "Forty-two patients with AF and 21 normal and age-adjusted healthy controls were studied. Nitrites and nitrates (NO(x)) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) concentrations were measured on blood samples taken just before cardioversion and over a 30 day period after the procedure.", "Plasma levels of NO(x) in AF were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001), but after cardioversion gradually increased to approach to those of the healthy controls by the end of the first month of sustained sinus rhythm (p = 0.004). Interestingly plasma levels of NO(x) were negatively correlated to left atrial volume measured by ultrasonography (r = -0.34, p < 0.05). Plasma levels of vWf in AF patients were significantly higher compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.01) but with sustained sinus rhythm decreased (p = 0.02)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Atrial Fibrillation", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chronic Disease", "Electric Countershock", "Female", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Infant", "Male", "Nitrates", "Nitrites", "von Willebrand Factor" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Evidence indicates that urinary protein is associated with tubulointerstitial damage and thus it is an aggravating factor for chronic renal disease. As free fatty acids (FFAs) are bound to serum albumin, we hypothesized that FFAs were overloaded to the proximal tubule in massive proteinuria and thus caused tubulointerstitial damage. To test this hypothesis, massive proteinuria was provoked in mice and the renal damage examined.", "Mice were intraperitoneally injected with bovine serum albumin (BSA) replete with FFAs (r-BSA group, N = 10), FFA-depleted BSA (d-BSA group, N = 10), or saline (saline group, N = 9) for 14 days.", "The kidneys of the r-BSA group showed severe tubulointerstitial damage and those of the d-BSA group showed mild tubulointerstitial damage. Urinary excretion of both total protein and mouse albumin were significantly higher in the r-BSA group than in the d-BSA group. To examine the proximal tubular uptake of albumin, the BSA content in the cultured mouse proximal tubules was measured by ELISA after 90 minutes of incubation with each BSA. In terms of the BSA content in the proximal tubules, there was no significant difference between the r-BSA and the d-BSA groups. These results indicate that r-BSA and d-BSA were similarly reabsorbed into the proximal tubule and that r-BSA causes severe tubulointerstitial damage." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Albuminuria", "Animals", "Antibodies", "Blood Pressure", "Body Weight", "Cells, Cultured", "Endotoxins", "Fatty Acids, Nonesterified", "Female", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Kidney Tubules, Proximal", "Macrophages", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Serum Albumin", "Serum Albumin, Bovine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The continuous physical and chemical irritation of the peritoneum in peritoneal dialysis patients can result in a nonbacterial serositis with increased fibrin deposition, thus promoting peritoneal fibrosis and adhesion development. By expressing the fibrinolytic enzyme tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its specific inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMC) play an important role in regulating peritoneal fibrinolysis.", "Cultured HMC were used to examine the effect of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, on the expression of t-PA and PAI-1. Antigen concentrations in the cell supernatants were measured by ELISA and Northern blot analysis was conducted for mRNA expression.", "Simvastatin time- and concentration-dependently increased t-PA and decreased PAI-1 synthesis, reaching maximal effects after 48 hours, when simvastatin (1 micromol/L) increased t-PA levels 5.1 +/- 0.1-fold and suppressed PAI-1 levels 2.6 +/- 0.2-fold. This was accompanied by a twofold increase in mesothelial cell-associated t-PA activity. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in cultured human endothelial cells, but the effects were less pronounced and required higher simvastatin concentrations. Northern blot analysis revealed that the action of simvastatin on t-PA and PAI-1 expression in HMC can be explained by parallel changes in t-PA and PAI-1 mRNA. The effects of simvastatin were prevented in the presence of mevalonate and geranylgeraniol, suggesting that the effect of simvastatin on t-PA and PAI-1 synthesis is mediated through geranylgeranyl-modified intermediates. Experiments using specific inhibitors of geranylgeranylated Rho GTPases excluded a role of members of this family of small GTP-binding proteins in simvastatin action in HMC. The effects of simvastatin on t-PA and PAI-1 expression as well as on cell shape were completely mimicked by cytochalasin D, a disrupter of cellular actin filaments, but not by colchicine, a disrupter of microtubules." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cells, Cultured", "Cholesterol", "Cytoskeleton", "Diterpenes", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Epithelial Cells", "Epithelium", "Fibrinolysis", "Gene Expression", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Omentum", "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1", "Simvastatin", "Tissue Plasminogen Activator", "Umbilical Veins", "rho GTP-Binding Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The endocytic receptor megalin constitutes the major pathway for clearance of low-molecular weight plasma proteins from the glomerular filtrate into the renal proximal tubules. Furthermore, the receptor has been implicated in a number of other functions in the kidney including uptake and activation of 25-(OH) vitamin D3, calcium and sodium reabsorption as well as signal transduction.", "We used genome-wide expression profiling by microarray technology to detect changes in the gene expression pattern in megalin knockout mouse kidneys and to uncover some of the renal pathways affected by megalin deficiency.", "Alterations were identified in several (patho)physiologic processes in megalin-deficient kidneys including the renal vitamin D metabolism, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 signal transduction, lipid transport and heavy metal detoxification. Most importantly, changes were detected in the mRNA levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D-24-hydroxylase and 25-(OH) vitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase as well as strong up-regulation of TGF-beta1 target genes. Both findings indicate plasma vitamin D deficiency and lack of vitamin D signaling in renal tissues." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cholecalciferol", "Collagen Type III", "Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System", "Endocytosis", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Kidney", "Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Steroid Hydroxylases", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transforming Growth Factor beta1", "Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although extracellular nucleotides have been shown to confer mitogenic effects in cultured rat mesangial cells through activation of purinergic P2 receptors (P2Y receptors), thus far the in vivo relevance of these findings is unclear. Virtually all cells and in particular the dense granules of platelets contain high levels of nucleotides that are released upon cell injury or platelet aggregation. In experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat (anti-Thy1 model), mesangiolysis and glomerular platelet aggregation are followed by a pronounced mesangial cell (MC) proliferative response leading to glomerular hypercellularity. Therefore, we examined the role of extracellular nucleotides and their corresponding receptors in nucleotide-stimulated cultured mesangial cells and in inflammatory glomerular disease using the P2 receptor antagonist PPADS.", "The effects of PPADS on nucleotide- or fetal calf serum (FCS)-stimulated proliferation of cultured MC were measured by cell counting and [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. After induction of the anti-Thy1 model, rats received injections of the P2-receptor antagonist PPADS at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg BW). Proliferating mesangial and non-mesangial cells, mesangial cell activation, matrix accumulation, influx of inflammatory cells, mesangiolysis, microaneurysm formation, and renal functional parameters were assessed during anti-Thy1 disease. P2Y-mRNA and protein expression was assessed using RT-PCR and real time PCR, Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry.", "In cultured mesangial cells, PPADS inhibited nucleotide, but not FCS-stimulated proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In the anti-Thy1 model, PPADS specifically and dose-dependently reduced early (day 3), but not late (day 8), glomerular mesangial cell proliferation as well as phenotypic activation of the mesangium and slightly matrix expansion. While no consistent effect was obtained in regard to the degree of mesangiolysis, influx of inflammatory cells, proteinuria or blood pressure, PPADS treatment increased serum creatinine and urea in anti-Thy1 rats. P2Y receptor expression (P2Y2 and P2Y6) was detected in cultured MC and isolated glomeruli, and demonstrated a transient marked increase during anti-Thy1 disease." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Actins", "Animals", "Blood Platelets", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Extracellular Matrix", "Gene Expression", "Glomerular Mesangium", "Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative", "Immunohistochemistry", "In Vitro Techniques", "Macrophages", "Male", "Monocytes", "Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors", "Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists", "Pyridoxal Phosphate", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Receptors, Purinergic P2", "Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2", "Thy-1 Antigens", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Two mechanisms exist for inducing renal proximal tubule hypertrophy. One is characterized by regulation of the G1 cell cycle kinase (cell cycle-dependent mechanism), while the other mechanism involves an imbalance between rates of protein synthesis and degradation, and occurs independently of cell cycle kinase regulation (cell cycle-independent mechanism). The present studies examined whether the compensatory proximal tubule growth following uninephrectomy is mediated by the cell cycle-dependent or -independent mechanism.", "Studies were done in both rats and C57Bl6 mice on tissue harvested from sham-operated or uninephrectomized animals. The magnitude of BrdU incorporation was used as the hyperplasia marker, while the proximal tubule protein: DNA ratio was used as the hypertrophy marker. Cdk4/cyclin D and cdk2/cyclin E kinase activities were assayed on renal cortex (rat studies) or isolated proximal tubules (mouse studies) using an in vitro kinase assay.", "In both rats and mice, compensatory proximal tubule growth was hypertrophic, not hyperplastic, evidenced by an increase in the protein:DNA ratio without a change in BrdU incorporation. In mice, cdk4/cyclin D kinase activity progressively increased between days 4 and 7, while cdk2/cyclin E kinase activity was decreased at both 4 and 7 days. In rats the development of hypertrophy was associated with an increase in cdk4/cyclin D kinase at days 4, 7, and 10, and an increase in cdk2/cyclin E kinase activity at days 2, 4, and 7. Roscovitine, a cdk2/cyclin E kinase inhibitor, inhibited cdk2/cyclin E kinase activity in both sham and nephrectomized rats; however, it did not prevent the development of proximal tubule hypertrophy." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Physiological", "Animals", "Cell Cycle", "Cyclin D", "Cyclin E", "Cyclins", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "G1 Phase", "Hypertrophy", "Kidney Tubules, Proximal", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Nephrectomy", "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "Protein Kinases", "Purines", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Roscovitine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The significance of the association of amino terminal polymorphisms in beta2-adrenoreceptor (ADRB2) with obesity and type 2 diabetes is controversial and differs among ethnic groups. In this study, the association of ADRB2 with risk and age of onset of type 2 diabetes has been examined in a Taiwanese population.", "The study design is a case-control study to investigate the impact of the two amino acid polymorphisms in ADRB2.", "This study includes 130 patients with type 2 diabetes [female : male = 1 : 1, age: 52.4 +/- 10.0 years; body mass index (BMI): 24.2 +/- 2.9 kg/m2; mean +/- SD] and 130 controlled subjects matched for gender, age and BMI with normal glucose tolerance (female : male = 1 : 1, age: 51.7 +/- 10.6 years; BMI: 23.9 +/- 2.7 kg/m2). The Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms of ADRB2 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. The genotypic and allelic frequencies between two groups were compared and the relationship between the genotypes and clinical phenotypes was examined.", "A difference in genotypic frequency in the Arg16Gly polymorphism was noted between groups in this gender-, age- and BMI-matched case-control study (P = 0.039). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the Arg16Gly polymorphism was the only independent factor for development of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.021). In addition, we utilized the log-rank test to compare the differences in age of onset between wild-type and nonwild-type polymorphisms. The Arg16Gly polymorphism was independently associated with age of onset in type 2 diabetes (P = 0.017). There was no difference in the Gln27Glu polymorphism between diabetic and control groups in this study." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age of Onset", "Case-Control Studies", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Female", "Homozygote", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Odds Ratio", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2", "Taiwan" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The present study was performed to determine whether the risk of bleeding after transbronchial lung biopsy is increased in patients taking aspirin.", "Prospective cohort study.", "After excluding patients with other coagulation problems, 1,217 patients who had undergone transbronchial lung biopsy during a prospective 1.5-year study period were included in this study. The use of aspirin was not discontinued before the procedure. Two hundred eighty-five patients (23%) had consumed aspirin within 24 h of the procedure, and most of them (82%) used aspirin on a daily basis. Transbronchial biopsies were performed, and the bleeding incidence was compared between the groups.", "A total of 57 patients (4.7%) experienced procedure-related bleeding. Minor bleeding occurred in 5 of 285 patients (1.8%) taking aspirin and in 27 of 932 control patients (2.9%; not significant). Moderate bleeding was seen in 3 of 285 patients (1.1%) in the aspirin group and in 13 of 932 patients (1.4%) in the control group (not significant). Major bleeding occurred in only 9 patients, 2 of 285 (0.9%) in the aspirin group and 7 of 932 (0.8%) in the control group (not significant). All bleeding was controlled by endoscopic means, and there were no fatalities and no need for blood transfusions." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal", "Aspirin", "Biopsy, Needle", "Bronchoscopy", "Case-Control Studies", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Hemorrhage", "Humans", "Incidence", "Lung Diseases", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Probability", "Prospective Studies", "Reference Values", "Risk Assessment", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We compared the myocardial lesions caused by the long-term inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis with those associated with renovascular hypertension (two-kidney, one-clip model [2K-1C]) and superimposed streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM).", "Prospective trial.", "University laboratory.", "Male Wistar rats were classified into the following groups: (1) a control group; (2) the L-NAME group (treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME], 75 micro mol per rat per day, orally); (3) the 2K-1C group (renovascular hypertension); (4) the DM group (treatment with streptozotocin, 60 mg/kg via intraperitoneal route); and (5) the 2K-1C plus DM group (renovascular hypertension and streptozotocin-induced DM). Arterial BP was measured by a tail-cuff method for 3 weeks, after which histologic and stereological analysis of the heart was done and cardiac NO synthase type 3 (NOS3) levels were assessed by Western blotting. The circulating levels of nitrates/nitrites and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2), the stable metabolite of thromboxane A(2)) were also measured.", "In DM and 2K-1C rats, the myocardial lesions consisted mainly of recent myocardial infarcts, which were more severe in the 2K-1C plus DM group. In L-NAME-treated rats, multiple foci of reparative fibrosis and fresh myocardial necrosis resembled the severe lesions found in the 2K-1C plus DM group. Although NOS3 protein expression increased (19 to 44%; p < 0.05) in all treated groups, serum nitrate/nitrite levels decreased only in the L-NAME group and the 2K-1C plus DM group. These two groups also showed a more pronounced increase in TXB(2) concentrations." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Blotting, Western", "Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic", "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental", "Disease Models, Animal", "Hypertension, Renovascular", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Myocardium", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Organ Size", "Probability", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Streptozocin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Vitamin A plays an important role in airways epithelial repair and differentiation. Allergen challenge induces epithelial damage and shedding, which cause an increase in repair activity.", "To examine whether repeated allergen challenges could increase vitamin A consumption in a rat model.", "Allergic bronchitis was induced in 12 animals, and 12 rats remained naive. After 14 days, repeated allergen inhalation challenges were performed in the sensitized rats for 2 weeks. On day 16, allergen challenge was performed and bronchoconstriction was measured in all 24 rats. On day 30, all rats were killed. BAL was performed and ex vivo tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in the lavage cells. Liver, lung tissue, and serum were collected for measurement of vitamin A concentration.", "The study rats showed severe bronchoconstriction after allergen challenge compared to the naive rats, and ex vivo TNF-alpha and NO production was significantly higher in the sensitized rats. Serum and lung concentrations of vitamin A were not different among the two groups. However, the vitamin A liver concentration in the study rats was significantly lower compared to the naive rats." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Allergens", "Animals", "Bronchial Hyperreactivity", "Bronchial Provocation Tests", "Bronchitis", "Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid", "Bronchoconstriction", "Disease Models, Animal", "Probability", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred BN", "Reference Values", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "Vitamin A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We determined if Lactobacillus species has growth inhibitory effects in human bladder cancer cell lines and how this effect compares with the known effects of Mycobacterium bovis, that is bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).", "The growth of MGH and RT112 cells were determined by cell counts after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to L. casei strain Shirota (Yakult, Singapore) or L. rhamnosus strain GG (National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Ltd., Aberdeen, Scotland) (1 x 10 and 1 x 10 cfu) or BCG (1 x 10 cfu) in the presence and absence of streptomycin. Annexin-V was used to monitor the presence of pre-apoptotic cells.", "L. rhamnosus GG inhibited MGH proliferation and it was cytotoxic to RT112 cells (p <0.05). L. casei Shirota was cytotoxic to the 2 cell lines (p <0.05). BCG had a similar cytotoxic effect in MGH cells as Lactobacillus species but was not as effective in RT112 cells. Streptomycin abrogated the cytotoxic effect of Lactobacillus species but not that of BCG. Cytotoxic activity was not found in Lactobacilli culture supernates but it was induced in the presence of mammalian cells. L. rhamnosus GG induced apoptosis in RT112 but not in MGH cells. No apoptotic cells were detected after treatment with L. casei Shirota." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "BCG Vaccine", "Cell Division", "Cell Survival", "Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic", "Humans", "Lactobacillus casei", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hyperglycemia aggravates ischemic brain damage. Since catecholamines increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, resulting in hyperglycemia, we investigated whether norepinephrine and dopamine elevate arterial blood glucose, thereby increasing pericontusional cortical glucose and lactate concentrations and brain edema in brain-injured rats.", "Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study.", "Male Sprague Dawley rats.", "Physiological saline solution, norepinephrine, or dopamine were infused intravenously for 90 min beginning 4.5 h after inducing a focal cortical contusion. Blood glucose, lactate, and pericontusional cortical extracellular glucose and lactate were determined before, during and up to 60 min after the infusion period. Thereafter brains were removed to assess hemispheric water content.", "Continuous norepinephrine and dopamine infusion significantly increased pericontusional glucose concentrations, being mostly sustained by norepinephrine (NaCl: 1.3+/-0.2, dopamine: 2.7+/-0.2, norepinephrine: 4.8+/-1.1 mM). While arterial blood glucose was only significantly elevated in norepinephrine-treated rats from 8.6+/-0.6 to 12.6+/-1.6 mM, the extracellular to blood glucose ratio was significantly increased in dopamine- and norepinephrine-treated rats (0.28+/-0.01 and 0.38+/-0.05 vs. 0.17+/-0.01). Plasma and pericontusional lactate remained unchanged, and brain edema was similar in all groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Gas Analysis", "Blood Glucose", "Blood Pressure", "Brain Injuries", "Cerebral Cortex", "Extracellular Space", "Hyperglycemia", "Lactates", "Male", "Norepinephrine", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether early surfactant administration is superior to selective delayed treatment in terms of improving survival and/or reducing chronic lung disease in extremely premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV).", "Prospective randomized clinical trial.", "Tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the Perinatology Center of Prague.", "Forty-three extremely premature infants who needed artificial ventilation within 3 h after delivery.", "Patients were randomly assigned to either early ( n=21) or delayed (n=22) administration of surfactant. All were ventilated by HFOV as the primary mode of ventilation using the high volume strategy aimed at optimizing lung volume. Curosurf at a dose of 100 mg/kg was given as a single bolus via the endotracheal tube within 1 min immediately after intubation in the early group (EARL), or during HFOV only when defined criteria were reached in the delayed (DEL) group.", "No differences were noted in demographic data between the two groups. Fewer infants randomized to the EARL group required oxygen use or died at 36 weeks (combined outcome 29% vs 64%, p=0.021), and there was a lower incidence of any intraventricular hemorrhage in this group (43 vs 82%, p=0.008)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Chronic Disease", "Czech Republic", "High-Frequency Ventilation", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Premature", "Intensive Care Units, Neonatal", "Premedication", "Prospective Studies", "Pulmonary Surfactants", "Regression Analysis", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It is well known that the IgE-mediated allergic reaction in various extravascular tissues is induced by the mutual interaction of IgE, target cells (mast cells, MCs) and allergens. However, so far little has been known about the detailed mechanism whereby IgE in the circulating blood is transferred to the extravascular tissue. To examine whether or not MCs are involved in the permeability of IgE across rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) in vitro, we determined the permeability constant (PC) of dinitrophenyl-specific rat IgE (IgE FE-3) using a dual chamber system.", "Isolated RAECs obtained by a primary explant technique were seeded on a collagen-coated membrane in the upper chamber. MCs were collected from the peritoneal cavity of Wistar rats and suspended in the lower chamber. The time-dependent changes in concentration of IgE FE-3 (IgE) in the upper and lower chambers were measured by IgE capture ELISA after addition of IgE (10 microg/ml) to the upper chamber.", "The cultured medium of IgE-stimulated MCs significantly increased the PC of IgE (9.86 +/- 0.46 x 10(-6) cm/s), as compared to the value to which calcium ionophore A 23187-stimulated MCs increased the PC of IgE (7.97 +/- 0.21 x 10(-6) cm/s). The increase of PC by IgE-stimulated MCs was most strongly inhibited by suramin (92.3% +/- 1.89), and was weakly inhibited by tranexamic acid, cimetidine and diphenhydramine. In addition, the PC of IgE was increased with the increase in the MC-derived vascular endothelial growth factor/permeability factor (VEGF)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aorta", "Blotting, Western", "Calcimycin", "Cells, Cultured", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Immunoglobulin E", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Lymphokines", "Mast Cells", "Permeability", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Time Factors", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) appears to play a role in the cachexia and diabetes seen in patients with cancers. However, increased TNF-alpha is seen in some, but not all, of the cancer patients.", "The mRNA transcripts of TNF-alpha and its receptors (TNF-RI and TNF-RII) were quantified in blood cells of pancreatic cancer patients, using competitive quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Plasma TNF-alpha was also quantified in these patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Control blood came from healthy subjects.", "The TNF-alpha mRNA transcripts (per microgram of total RNA) were increased in pancreatic cancer patients (6.8 +/- 2.1 x 10(6), n = 10), compared to control (1.2 +/- 0.2 x 10(6), n = 9, p < 0.05). After the tumour was removed, the TNF-alpha mRNA transcripts were reduced to a level (2.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(6)) similar to the control. In the cancer patients, no significant changes were found in TNF-RI and TNF-RII gene transcription, compared to the controls." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Base Sequence", "DNA Primers", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "RNA, Messenger", "Reference Values", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transcription, Genetic", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence in developed countries and is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. In this study we evaluated in-hospital evolution of diabetic patients admitted to a cardiac care unit with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation.", "We analyzed a population of 176 consecutive patients, 36 (21%) with diabetes, admitted with chest pain at rest, elevated biological markers for myocardial necrosis and/or ST segment/T wave changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia.", "The groups were similar in terms of age, sex, presence of other risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), past history of CAD or myocardial revascularization. There were no differences between the groups with respect to extent of CAD, left ventricular function or blood levels of biological markers. The comparison between the two groups did not show any statistical difference concerning the following in-hospital events: non-Q wave MI, Q-wave MI, PTCA and death. On the other hand, the diabetic patients had a worse outcome in term of congestive heart failure (25% and 11%, p = 0.04), CABG (25% and 10%, p = 0.02) and combination of death, congestive heart failure and Q-wave MI (42% and 23%, p = 0.02)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Coronary Disease", "Diabetes Complications", "Female", "Hospitalization", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Severity of Illness Index", "Syndrome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In in vitro studies, a high phosphate concentration has been shown to directly stimulate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in a normal calcium concentration and to reduce PTH suppression in a high calcium concentration. In hemodialysis patients during dialysis-induced hypercalcemia, the effect of hyperphosphatemia on PTH secretion was less than in vitro studies. Our goal was to determine whether hyperphosphatemia retards PTH suppression during calcitriol-induced hypercalcemia in azotemic rats with hyperparathyroidism.", "Rats underwent a two-stage 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operations. After surgery, rats received a high phosphate diet (P 1.2%, Ca 0.6%) for 4 weeks to induce hyperparathyroidism and then were placed on a normal diet (P 0.6%, Ca 0.6%) for two additional weeks to normalize serum calcium values in azotemic rats. At week 7, rats were divided into five groups and before sacrifice received at 24-hour intervals, three doses of calcitriol (CTR) or its vehicle. The five groups and dietary phosphate content were: group 1--normal renal function (NRF) + 0.6% P + vehicle; group 2--NRF + 0.6% P + CTR; group 3--renal failure (RF) + 0.6% P + vehicle; group 4--RF + 1.2% P + CTR; and group 5--RF + 0.6% P + CTR.", "In the two CTR-treated groups with marked hypercalcemia (groups 2 and 5), 15.52 +/- 0.26 and 15.12 +/- 0.13 mg/dl, respectively, stepwise regression showed that hyperphosphatemia retarded PTH suppression. When the two azotemic groups treated with CTR (groups 4 and 5) were combined to expand the range of serum calcium values, stepwise regression showed that hypercalcemia suppressed and hyperphosphatemia modestly retarded PTH suppression. Similarly, in groups 4 and 5 combined, correlations were present between PTH and both serum calcium (r = -0.70, p < 0.001) and serum phosphate (r = 0.64, p = 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Calcitriol", "Creatinine", "Diet", "Humans", "Hypercalcemia", "Hyperparathyroidism", "Male", "Nephrectomy", "Parathyroid Hormone", "Phosphates", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Statistics as Topic", "Uremia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Flexible sigmoidoscopy is currently recommended as a screening modality for colorectal cancer. However, a substantial number of patients experience discomfort because of the procedure. possibly limiting compliance and thus screening success. During endoscopy, air is commonly used to insufflate the bowel. Carbon dioxide rather than air insufflation has been shown to reduce procedure-related pain and discomfort in colonoscopy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether carbon dioxide insufflation reduces discomfort during and after flexible sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer screening.", "In a randomized, double-blinded design, 230 consecutive participants in a population-based flexible sigmoidoscopy colorectal cancer screening trial were assigned to have their examination performed with either carbon dioxide or air insufflation. Patients were asked to grade discomfort experienced both during and in the hours after the procedure on a visual analogue scale.", "Carbon dioxide insufflation significantly reduced the amount of discomfort at 1, 3 and 6 h after the sigmoidoscopy. One hour after the examination. 84% of patients in the CO2 group reported no discomfort, compared to 64% in the air group (P = 0.006). No differences between the groups were observed during the examination." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Carbon Dioxide", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Humans", "Insufflation", "Male", "Mass Screening", "Middle Aged", "Pain", "Pain Measurement", "Patient Satisfaction", "Sigmoidoscopy", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We compared analgesia after intrathecal sufentanil alone, sufentanil with epinephrine 200 microg and sufentanil with clonidine 30 microg in patients after total hip replacement, the endpoints being onset and duration of action.", "We performed a randomized double-blind study of 45 patients for elective total hip arthroplasty using continuous spinal anaesthesia. As soon as a pain score higher than 3 on a 10 cm visual analogue scale was reported, sufentanil 7.5 microg alone, sufentanil 7.5 microg + epinephrine 200 microg or sufentanil 7.5 microg + clonidine 30 micro g in 2 ml normal saline was given intrathecally. Pain scores, rescue analgesia (diclofenac and morphine) and adverse effects (respiratory depression, postoperative nausea and vomiting, itching) were observed for 24 h after surgery.", "Time to a pain score of <3 [6 (SD 1) vs 6 (1) vs 5 (1) min], time to the lowest pain score [7 (2) vs 8 (2) vs 8 (2) min] and time to the first dose of systemic analgesic for a pain score >3 [281 (36) vs 288 (23) vs 305 (30) min] were similar in all three groups. Adverse effects and analgesic requirements during the first 24 h were also similar." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Analgesics", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip", "Blood Pressure", "Clonidine", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Epinephrine", "Female", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Male", "Pain Measurement", "Pain, Postoperative", "Sufentanil" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Heat released from atherosclerotic plaques as a result of the local inflammatory process, may be measured in vivo by a thermography catheter. Statins seem to have an antiinflammatory effect which results in plaque stabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of statins on plaque temperature.", "The study population included 72 patients: 21 with effort angina, 32 with unstable angina and 19 with acute myocardial infarction. In the study group, 37 patients received statins for more than 4 weeks and 35 were not receiving statins. We measured the temperature difference (deltaT) between the atherosclerotic plaque and the proximal vessel wall (background temperature) using a thermography catheter. The statistical analysis showed that the mean value of deltaT was higher in the untreated group compared to the treated-with-statin, group (0.56+/-0.41 vs 0.29+/-0.33 degrees C, P<0.01). Moreover, a progressive increase in deltaT by type of clinical syndrome was observed in both groups (statin group; effort angina: 0.24+/-0.15, unstable angina: 0.26+/-0.26, acute myocardial infarction: 0.40+/-0.28, vs untreated group; effort angina: 0.41+/-0.26, unstable angina: 0.44+/-0.28, acute myocardial infarction: 0.84+/-0.52, P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that treatment with statins was an independent factor in temperature variation, after taking into account the effect of the clinical syndrome (P<0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Arteriosclerosis", "Coronary Vessels", "Female", "Hot Temperature", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Retrospective Studies", "Thermography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To present the anatomopathological characteristics of deep bladder endometriosis.", "Descriptive anatomapathological study.", "A university hospital department of gynecological surgery.", "Eleven consecutive patients complaining of pelvic pain and painful urinary functional symptoms.", "Laparoscopic partial cystectomy.", "Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of deep bladder endometriosis lesions.", "Deep bladder endometriosis lesions were extremely heterogeneous, not only in any one patient but also from one patient to another. Bladder muscularis propria presented three aspects: [1] hyperplasia of the fibromuscular tissue (4/11); [2] simple dissociation of the smooth muscle fiber bundles with no veritable \"disorganization\" (4/11); [3] simple thickening of the interstitial collagen network, or sclerosis (3/11). A histological adenomyotic nodule aspect was only observed in one patient (9%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Endometriosis", "Female", "Humans", "Hyperplasia", "Urinary Bladder Diseases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the effect of autologous peritoneal fluid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on proliferation of endometrial cells from women with endometriosis.", "Endometrial cells from eutopic and ectopic endometrium were cultured in vitro with peritoneal fluids or recombinant TNF-alpha for 72 hours before DNa synthesis determination by 3H-thymidine labeling and liquid scintillation counting.", "An institute for the study and treatment of endometriosis and university-based research laboratories.", "Thirty-five women with endometriosis and 17 controls without endometriosis.", "In vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine in endometrial cells was examined.", "Peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis enhanced proliferation of autologous and heterologous endometrial cell cultures from women with endometriosis. The soluble TNF-receptor etanercept blocked the ability of peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis to enhance proliferation of eutopic or ectopic endometrial cells. Recombinant TNF-alpha also enhanced proliferation of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. In contrast, autologous peritoneal fluid, heterologous peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis, and recombinant TNF-alpha failed to enhance, and often inhibited, the proliferation of eutopic endometrial cells from controls without endometriosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Ascitic Fluid", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "DNA", "Endometriosis", "Endometrium", "Female", "Humans", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "Recombinant Proteins", "Tritium", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Historically, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) have shown an approximately 20% decrement, and a correction factor is used to standardize multiples of the median (MOMs). With new laboratory methods and improved precision, we sought to re-evaluate the correctness of this approach.", "Consecutive biochemical screens were conducted among 60,287 nondiabetic patients and 307 patients with IDDM. Analyses were conducted in one laboratory, and comparisons were made with use of standard formula weight adjustments including a 20% correction factor for IDDM. Patients were then stratified according to maternal weight.", "Nondiabetic patients averaged 1.00 MOM, IDDM patients 0.91 MOM with no adjustments, 0.96 MOM adjusting for weight only, and 1.20 MOM adjusting for weight and diabetes status. To explain the \"overcorrection,\" analysis by maternal weight showed significant overrepresentation of IDDM patients at 175 pounds or above. In fact, the mean weight in pounds for nondiabetic subjects was 151 +/- 35 and for those with IDDM 174 +/- 52 (P <.001). With use of an upper limit weight cutoff of 200 pounds, results are within 4% of normal." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Body Weight", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Female", "Humans", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy in Diabetics", "Reference Values", "alpha-Fetoproteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to evaluate endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery and the plasma levels of endothelin-1 in postmenopausal women at risk for coronary artery disease before and after treatment with both estradiol and estradiol plus dydrogesterone.", "Sixteen postmenopausal women (PMW) (mean age 58+/-9 years) with more than two risk factors for coronary artery disease, were randomized to receive either oral estradiol (2 mg) for 28 days or oral estradiol (2 mg) for 14 days and oral estradiol (2 mg) and dydrogesterone (10 mg) for 14 days, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single cross-over study. Patients were crossed-over the complementary treatment 7 days after completing the first treatment. The study of forearm blood flow and the measurement of plasma endothelin-1 levels was carried out before and after each treatment.", "Estradiol significantly increased FMD as compared to baseline; the addition of dydrogesterone did not affect the effect of estradiol on FMD. Similarly reactive hyperemic flow increased after estradiol alone or in association with dydrogesterone compared to baseline. Plasma levels of endothelin-1 were significantly reduced by estradiol both when administered alone or in association with dydrogesterone." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Dydrogesterone", "Endothelin-1", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Estradiol", "Female", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Premenopause", "Progesterone Congeners", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the role of lamivudine in improving the efficiency of interferon for the treatment of mutant type chronic hepatitis B.", "Fifteen patients with mutant type chronic hepatitis B were prospectively studied. All patients had liver histology and serology to prove the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B. Each patient received 4.5 million units of interferon alpha-2a thrice weekly and 100 mg of oral lamivudine daily for 24 weeks. Patients were observed and tested for blood chemistry every week for the initial 4 weeks and every 2 weeks thereafter during the treatment until 24 weeks. After the end of treatment, patients were followed up at 4-week intervals for an additional 6 months. Serum HBV DNA levels were tested using the liquid phase molecular hybridization assay. Those with non-detectable HBV DNA were also tested using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. One patient, who did not finish treatment due to depression, was excluded.", "At the end of treatment, 7 (50 %) patients had serum ALT levels within normal limits; 12 (86 %) patients had serum HBV DNA levels <5 pg/mL using the liquid phase molecular hybridization assay, but only 8 (67%) were <20 copies/dL using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Six months after treatment, only two (14 %) patients had a sustained complete response to the combination therapy with serum ALT level <35 iu/L and undetectable serum HBV DNA levels." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antiviral Agents", "Drug Interactions", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Female", "Hepatitis B virus", "Hepatitis B, Chronic", "Humans", "Interferons", "Lamivudine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mutation", "Prospective Studies", "Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Occult infection accounts for up to 12% of pregnancy losses following genetic amniocentesis. Elevated serum and cervical fluid levels of ferritin, an acute-phase reactant, have been associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. We determined the association between amniotic fluid (AF) ferritin levels and post-amniocentesis pregnancy loss.", "We performed a case-control study involving 66 women with a non-anomalous fetus who had a spontaneous pregnancy loss within 30 days following genetic amniocentesis and 66 term controls matched for maternal age, gestational age, time of test and indication for amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid ferritin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured using commercially available kits.", "Mean (+/- SD) AF ferritin levels were similar between the cases (19.3 +/- 21.4 ng/ml) and the controls (19.8 +/- 22.7ng/ml) (p = 0.9). Mean (+/- SD) AF IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the women with post-amniocentesis pregnancy loss (4.0 +/- 13.1 ng/ml) than in controls (0.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) (p = 0.04). A significant proportion (12.1%, 8/66) of the women with post-amniocentesis pregnancy loss had elevated amniotic fluid IL-6 levels (> 3 SD, 2.5 ng/ml) indicating inflammation, as compared to none in the control group (p = 0.01). In this subgroup of women with pregnancy loss and elevated IL-6 levels, AF ferritin levels were significantly elevated (52.0 +/- 45.5 ng/ml) compared to the level in women who had a term delivery (19.8 +/- 22.7 ng/ml) (p = 0.002), and were strongly correlated with IL-6 levels among the cases (r = 0.67, p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abortion, Spontaneous", "Acute-Phase Reaction", "Adult", "Amniocentesis", "Amniotic Fluid", "Biomarkers", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Ferritins", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Complications, Infectious", "Pregnancy Outcome", "Pregnancy Trimester, Second" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional proteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of a large variety of cell types. Like other members of the transforming growth factor-beta family, BMPs elicit their cellular effects through activating specific combinations of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and their downstream effector proteins, which are termed Smads. In the present study, we investigated BMP receptor/Smad expression and signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and examined the effects of BMP on EC behavior.", "Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections of human colon and mouse heart and aorta showed that BMP receptors are expressed in ECs in vivo. Bovine aortic ECs and mouse embryonic ECs were found to express BMP receptors and their Smads. BMP receptor activation induced the phosphorylation of specific Smad proteins and promoted EC migration and tube formation. Id1 was identified as a BMP/Smad target in ECs. Ectopic expression of Id1 mimicked BMP-induced effects. Importantly, specific interference with Id1 expression blocked BMP-induced EC migration." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6", "Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors", "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins", "Cattle", "Cell Movement", "Cells, Cultured", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Humans", "Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1", "Mice", "Neovascularization, Physiologic", "Phosphoproteins", "Phosphorylation", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Receptors, Growth Factor", "Repressor Proteins", "Signal Transduction", "Smad5 Protein", "Trans-Activators", "Transcription Factors", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates neuron survival and differentiation. Implication in neovascularization is supported by statement of NGF and its high-affinity receptor at vascular level and by NGF property of stimulating vascular endothelial cell proliferation. The present study investigated the involvement of endogenous NGF in spontaneous reparative response to ischemia. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of NGF-induced neovascularization were examined.", "Unilateral limb ischemia was produced in CD1 mice by femoral artery resection. By ELISA and immunohistochemistry, we documented that statement of NGF and its high-affinity receptor is upregulated in ischemic muscles. The functional relevance of this phenomenon was assessed by means of NGF-neutralizing antibody. Chronic NGF blockade abrogated the spontaneous capillarization response to ischemia and augmented myocyte apoptosis. Then we tested whether NGF administration may exert curative effects. Repeated NGF injection into ischemic adductors increased capillary and arteriole density, reduced endothelial cell and myofiber apoptosis, and accelerated perfusion recovery, without altering systemic hemodynamics. In normoperfused muscles, NFG-induced capillarization was blocked by vascular endothelial growth factor-neutralizing antibodies, dominant-negative Akt, or NO synthase inhibition." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arteries", "Arterioles", "Capillaries", "Hemodynamics", "Hindlimb", "Ischemia", "Male", "Mice", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Neovascularization, Physiologic", "Nerve Growth Factor", "Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Standard morphological features of endomyocardial biopsy specimens do not necessarily correlate with the efficacy of immunotherapy or development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). We hypothesized that expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), a cytokine-inducible, calcium-binding protein associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, would be associated with allograft rejection and development of CAV.", "A total of 157 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 26 patients with heart transplants were examined for expression of AIF-1 mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A significant relation was found between the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation rejection grade and expression of AIF-1 (P<0.001). The calculated odds ratio indicates that a biopsy has 2.5 times the chance of AIF-1 expression per grade of rejection. The relative concentrations of AIF-1 and GAPDH mRNA were calculated and the resulting ratios indicated that the amount of AIF-1 mRNA expression is relative to the rejection grade (P<0.02). In grade 1 biopsy specimens, AIF-1 was localized to infiltrating immune cells. In grade 3 biopsy specimens, AIF-1 was observed in immune cells and myocytes. AIF-1 is expressed in vascular and immune cells in coronary arteries with CAV, and persistent expression of AIF-1 in the allograft correlates with development of CAV (P<0.002)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Calcium-Binding Proteins", "Coronary Vessels", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Graft Rejection", "Heart Transplantation", "Humans", "Myocardium", "RNA, Messenger", "Transcription, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a heterogeneous disease with no effective treatments or cure. Several factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. In the current study, we studied the dependence of CMML on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).", "We used in vitro colony assays in methylcellulose where CMML cells were tested in the presence or absence of the specific GM-CSF antagonist E21R. We also developed an in vivo model in which CMML cells were tested for their ability to engraft into immunodeficient mice transgenic for human GM-CSF.", "Bone marrow cells from seven of seven patients with CMML formed spontaneous colonies that were sensitive to E21R treatment, with reduction in colony growth by up to 92%. E21R also inhibited colony formation by CMML patient cells stimulated by exogenously added GM-CSF but not interleukin-3. In in vivo experiments we observed engraftment of CMML cells (but not normal cells) in immunodeficient mice transgenic for human GM-CSF. None engrafted in nontransgenic mice. Cell dose escalation showed that the optimal number was 0.5 to 1 x 10(8) peripheral blood mononuclear cells per mouse, which is equivalent to an infusion of 0.2 to 3.6 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells. Time course experiments showed that maximal engraftment occurred 6 weeks after injection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Animals", "Blast Crisis", "Cell Division", "DNA Primers", "Female", "Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor", "Humans", "Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred NOD", "Mice, SCID", "Mice, Transgenic", "Transplantation, Heterologous", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hematopoietic stress responses involve increases in leukocyte and platelet counts, implying the existence of stress responsive factors that modulate hematopoiesis. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is expressed in mammalian neurons and hematopoietic cells. In brain, it responds to stress by mRNA overexpression and alternative splicing, yielding the rare stress-associated \"readthrough\" AChE-R variant protein. This led us to explore the hematopoietic involvement of AChE-R and its cleavable C-terminal peptide ARP.", "AChE mRNA variants were labeled in CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells by in situ hybridization. ARP expression was detected by multicolor flow cytometry. Bromo-deoxyuracil incorporation and viable cell counts served to evaluate the proliferative effects of ARP and suppressive effects of the AChE antisense oligonucleotide AS1 on CD34(+) cells.", "The distal enhancer, proximal promoter, and first intron of the human AChE gene include consensus binding sites for hematopoietically active and stress-induced transcription factors. CD34(+) cells from human cord blood were found to express all three variant AChE mRNAs, having different intracellular distributions. ARP was found in 5 to 15% of adult peripheral blood, bone marrow, and fetal CD34(+) cells (both committed CD38(+) and uncommitted CD38(-)) and in acute myeloid leukemia blasts. Externally supplied ARP by itself facilitated the proliferation of CD34(+) cells in an antisense suppressible manner. When combined with early-acting cytokines, ARP enhanced survival and expansion of CD34(+) cells up to 28 days in culture." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcholinesterase", "Adult", "Antigens, CD", "Antigens, CD34", "Cell Division", "Fetal Blood", "Fetus", "Flow Cytometry", "Genetic Variation", "Growth Substances", "Hematopoietic Stem Cells", "Humans", "Immunophenotyping", "In Situ Hybridization", "Infant, Newborn", "Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense", "Peptide Fragments", "Stress, Physiological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Determinants of balance have not been well studied in women with osteoporosis yet falls are the major cause of fracture in this population.", "To describe the associations among knee extension strength, medication history, medical history, physical activity and both static and dynamic balance in women diagnosed with osteoporosis.", "We assessed health history, current medication and quality of life by questionnaire in 97 community-dwelling women with osteoporosis. Static balance was measured by computerized dynamic posturography (Equitest), dynamic balance by timed figure-eight run, and knee extension strength by dynamometry.", "The 97 participants (mean (SD) age 69 (3.2) years) had a mean lumbar spine BMD of T = -3.3 (0.7) and total hip BMD of -2.9 (0.4). In stepwise linear regression, the significant determinants of static balance that explained 18% of total variance were knee extension strength (10%, p < 0.001), age (5%, p < 0.01) and tobacco use (3%, p < 0.05). The significant predictors of dynamic balance were knee extension strength (26%, p < 0.001), medications (6%, p < 0.05), age (4%, p < 0.05), height (4%, p < 0.001), as well as years of estrogen use (2%), tobacco use (2%) and weight (2%) (all p < 0.05). Knee extension strength was also associated with quality of life (r(2) = 0.12, p < 0.001). Based on these models, a 1 kg/cm ( approximately 3%) increase in mean knee extension strength was associated with 1.2, 2.4 and 3.4% greater static balance, dynamic balance and quality of life, respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Accidental Falls", "Aged", "Female", "Health Status", "Humans", "Knee Joint", "Linear Models", "Muscle Contraction", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal", "Postural Balance", "Posture", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Quality of Life", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The keynote event of prostate ductal development is the formation of epithelial buds that invade the urogenital sinus mesenchyma. Studies in mice have shown that budding requires the signaling peptide, which is expressed in the epithelium of the prostatic anlagen. We report our characterization of (SHH) expression in the human fetal prostate.", "Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed in fetal prostate RNA isolated at 15.5 and 18 weeks of gestation, respectively. Immunostaining was performed on sections from 7 male fetuses at 9.5 to 34 and in 4 female fetuses at 9 to 18 weeks of gestation.", "Weak staining for was seen in the prostatic urethra at 9.5 weeks. Intense staining was seen at 11.5 and 13 weeks in the prostatic urothelium and nascent prostatic buds. Staining was slightly diminished at 16.5, further diminished at 18 to 20 and absent at 34 weeks. expression at 15.5 and 18 weeks was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of freshly isolated prostate tissue. Comparative immunostaining in the female showed urothelial staining at 9 and 12 weeks with staining greatest above the entrance of the müllerian ducts. Staining diminished earlier in the female (14 weeks) than in the male and was almost absent at 18 weeks." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Female", "Gene Expression", "Gestational Age", "Hedgehog Proteins", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Male", "Pregnancy", "Prostate", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Testosterone", "Trans-Activators", "Urothelium" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We hypothesized that over expression of c-myc and cyclin D1 genes is transcriptionally activated by beta-catenin mutation independent of gene amplification in bladder cancer. To test this hypothesis we investigated the relationship of beta-catenin mutation to c-myc and cyclin D1 mRNA with special reference to the changes in copy number of the 2 genes.", "Genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from 59 bladder cancer specimens and from 31 histologically normal specimens of bladder mucosa. We performed beta-catenin deletion screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers spanning exons 3 (including the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta consensus motif), 5 and 6. Mutational changes in beta-catenin in exons 3, 5 and 6 were detected by each PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. mRNA expression and copy numbers of c-myc and cyclin D1 were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and competitive genomic PCR.", "Missense mutations of beta-catenin found in grade 3 bladder cancer were involved in the consensus motif of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in exon 3. These cancers showed strong intracellular accumulation of beta-catenin and intense expression of c-myc and cyclin D1 mRNA compared with samples lacking the beta-catenin mutation. When grade 3 cancers were compared, expression levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 mRNA were still higher in those with versus without the beta-catenin mutation. In bladder cancers with beta-catenin mutations copy numbers of the c-myc and cyclin D1 genes did not amplify." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Carcinoma, Transitional Cell", "Cyclin D1", "Cytoskeletal Proteins", "DNA Mutational Analysis", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Mutation, Missense", "Neoplasm Staging", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc", "RNA, Messenger", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Trans-Activators", "Urinary Bladder", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms", "beta Catenin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ongoing clinical trials are investigating whether lowering plasma homocysteine reduces the risk of vascular disease. If so, food fortification with folic acid will be the likely result, and sub-optimal amounts are likely to be preferred, for safety reasons. Dose-finding studies are needed before the outcomes of these trials, to establish the benefits and risks of folic acid consumption over the widest intake range likely to be encountered.", "To find the lowest dose of folic acid that effectively reduces plasma homocysteine in premenopausal women.", "Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.", "Women of child-bearing age (n=95) were randomly allocated to 0, 100, 200, or 400 microg/day of folic acid. Red-cell folate and plasma homocysteine were measured at baseline and after 10 weeks supplementation.", "Median red cell folate levels increased significantly in the 200 microg(p=0.0001) and 400 microg(p=0.0001) groups; but not in the placebo (0 microg) (p=0.25) or the 100 microg (p=0.5) groups. Only the 200 microg and the 400 microg groups had significant decreases in plasma homocysteine, (p=0.04 and p=0.0008, respectively). However, when subjects whose initial plasma homocysteine was <8 micromol/l (already optimally low) were removed from the analysis, there were significant plasma homocysteine decreases in all three treatment groups, but not the placebo group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Hematinics", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Patient Selection", "Software Design", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A (CsA), as Sandimmun Neoral, and its main metabolites, M1, M9 and M4N, in renal transplant recipients.", "Ten renal transplant recipients, on CsA-based immunosuppressive therapy, were included in this open, randomized crossover study. Patients were given their individualized morning dose of CsA, administered with either 250 ml water or 250 ml grapefruit juice and 12-hour CsA pharmacokinetic investigations were performed. The 2 investigation days were separated by at least 7 days.", "Administration of CsA with grapefruit juice compared with water significantly increased the area under the whole blood concentration versus time curve in the interval from 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12)) of CsA, by an average of 25 +/- 19% (p = 0.002). Intake of grapefruit juice did not have any significant influence on maximum whole blood concentration (Cmax) or time to Cmax (tmax) of CsA. AUC(0-12) and Cmax of M9 decreased significantly with intake of grapefruit juice, on average 22 +/- 11% (p = 0.0007) and 36 +/- 6% (p = 0.0001), respectively. AUC(0-12) of M1, however, was on average 13 +/- 14% (p = 0.02) higher upon co-administration of CsA with grapefruit juice as compared with water. The level of M4N was below the limit of quantification in most samples, and an effect of co-administration of CsA with grapefruit juice could not be determined for this metabolite." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Area Under Curve", "Beverages", "Citrus paradisi", "Cross-Over Studies", "Cyclosporine", "Female", "Food-Drug Interactions", "Humans", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "Kidney Transplantation", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Time Factors", "Water" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have previously reported that advanced glycation end products are eliminated from the circulation mainly by scavenger receptor-mediated uptake in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Our experiments showed that the degradation of AGE-modified protein after endocytosis in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells occurs slowly compared with that of other scavenger receptor ligands. The aim of this study was to investigate further the mechanism whereby AGE-modified protein affects the important scavenger function of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.", "Primary cultures of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were pre-incubated with unlabelled ligand, unbound ligand was washed off, and the endocytic capacity was measured by addition of radiolabelled ligand, and immune electron microscopy.", "Pre-incubation with unlabelled AGE-modified bovine serum albumin reduced subsequent endocytosis of radiolabelled scavenger receptor ligands AGE-modified bovine serum albumin, formaldehyde-treated serum albumin, oxidized low density lipoprotein and acetylated low density lipoprotein by 50, 56, 32 and 20%, respectively. Non-scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis was not affected by pre-exposure to AGE-modified protein. Pre-incubation with a number of non-AGE-ligands did not affect subsequent endocytosis via any of the major endocytosis receptors in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Incubation in fresh medium for 6 h after pre-exposure to AGE-modified protein almost completely restored normal scavenger receptor-mediated endocytic activity. Quantitative immune electron microscopy showed that the amount of a newly described scavenger receptor for AGE-modified protein is reduced after pre-incubation with AGE-modified protein. Subcellular fractionation showed that pre-incubation with AGE-modified protein delays intracellular transport of scavenger receptor ligands." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Digitonin", "Endocytosis", "Endothelium", "Free Radical Scavengers", "Glycation End Products, Advanced", "Liver", "Male", "Microscopy, Immunoelectron", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Serum Albumin, Bovine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The concentration of asymmetrical dimethyl- L-arginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase, is increased in patients at risk or with cardiovascular disease. We have investigated ADMA concentrations in women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM), who could develop endothelial dysfunction and Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus after delivery, and in healthy control subjects.", "Previous GDM patients were grouped according to their BMI as obese (> or =25 kg/m(2), n=46) or non-adipose (<25 kg/m(2), n=31). Serum samples were taken 14 to 16 weeks after delivery and after 1 year. The control group comprised 17 healthy women (BMI<25 kg/m(2)). ADMA concentrations were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography.", "ADMA concentrations were comparable between obese and non-adipose GDM patients (0.58+/-0.02 and 0.57+/-0.02 micro mol/l, respectively), and higher than in the control group (0.47+/-0.03 micro mol/l; p<0.006). Insulin resistance as estimated by the insulin sensitivity index was more frequent among the obese than the non-adipose GDM women (p<0.05) and control subjects (p<0.05, both). No change in ADMA concentrations was found after 1 year in women with GDM. There was only a slight correlation between ADMA and BMI (r=0.26, p<0.02), triglycerides (r=0.29, p<0.004), or fasting plasma glucose (r=0.21, p<0.05), and not with the insulin sensitivity index or other parameters. In a multiple regression analysis ADMA serum concentrations were only associated with triglycerides." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Arginine", "Biomarkers", "Body Mass Index", "Diabetes, Gestational", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Postpartum Period", "Pregnancy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cytokeratin immunostaining is the most common method used to identify micrometastatic cancer cells from the lymph nodes. However, contamination with hyalinized cytokeratin particles, frequently observed in the lymph nodes of esophageal cancer patients, can lead to misinterpretation of cytokeratin immunostaining.", "Cytokeratin immunostaining (AE1/AE3) of surgically removed lymph nodes was performed for 41 cases of node-negative, but locally advanced (T3, T4), esophageal cancer patients. Cytokeratin immunoreactivity (CK) was classified as micrometastasis (MM) or cytokeratin deposit (CD) by the presence or absence of tumor nuclei in serial sections given hematoxylin-eosin staining.", "CK (+) was observed in 18 patients (44%), including 11 with MM (+) (27%) and 10 with CD (+) (24%). There was no correlation between MM and CD, and neither was associated with clinicopathological factors, except for a high incidence of preoperative chemotherapy in CD (+) patients. The presence of CK did not affect postoperative survival of esophageal cancer patients at this limited stage, showing a 5-year survival rate of 57% for CK (+) and 64% for CK (-) (P = 0.6064). Interestingly, patients with MM (+) showed poorer prognosis than MM (-) (5-year survival: 28% vs 79%, P = 0.0188), while CD (+) patients tended to display better prognosis than CD (-) ones (5-year survival: 78% vs 56%, P = 0.1860)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Esophageal Neoplasms", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Keratins", "Lymph Nodes", "Lymphatic Metastasis", "Prognosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We hypothesized that impaired stress-induced pressure natriuresis increases blood pressure (BP) load.", "The 118 African American youths were brought into similar levels of sodium balance. The protocol consisted of a 2-h baseline period, a 1-h stress period (competitive video games), and a 2-h recovery period.", "Normal pressure natriuresis (n = 80) resulted from a resistance-mediated (r = 0.23; P <.03) increase in BP (P <.001). In contrast, impaired pressure natriuresis (n = 38), leading to an extended period of elevated BP (P <.05), resulted from a volume-mediated (r = 0.55; P <.002) increase in BP (P <.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "African Continental Ancestry Group", "Blood Pressure", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Male", "Natriuresis", "Sodium", "Stress, Physiological", "Vascular Resistance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Prognostic parameters in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are important for guiding therapeutic options. Maximal oxygen uptake (O(2)max) is a widely used parameter for prognostic assessment in patients with CHF and correlates with exercise cardiac output; however, afterload is not taken into account.", "The concept of a noninvasive surrogate of cardiac power output combines exercise systolic BP (SBP), as an estimate of afterload, with O(2)max, as an estimate of exercise cardiac output neglecting preload. Thus, a variable termed exercise cardiac power (ECP) is defined as the product of O(2)max (expressed as a percent predicted value) and SBP (ECP, expressed as %mm Hg, is the product of O(2)max, expressed as percentage of predicted maximum, times systolic pressure. The prognostic value of ECP obtained during routine treadmill ergospirometry was assessed in patients referred to our heart failure clinic. Patients undergoing heart transplantation were censored at the time of transplantation.", "One hundred fifty-four patients were followed prospectively for a mean (+/- SE) duration of 625 +/- 32 days. Thirty-two patients (21%) died. ECP was the most powerful predictor of mortality, was the combined end point of mortality or hospitalization for worsening heart failure (all p < 0.001), and was an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. An ECP of < 5,000 %mm Hg indicated a poor prognosis with a 1-year mortality rate of 37%, whereas only 2% of the patients having an ECP of > 9,000 %mm Hg died during the first year." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Cardiac Output", "Cohort Studies", "Exercise", "Exercise Test", "Exercise Tolerance", "Female", "Heart Failure", "Heart Function Tests", "Humans", "Male", "Oxygen Consumption", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Prospective Studies", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Severity of Illness Index", "Stroke Volume", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The main treatment for choreatic movements associated to Huntington s disease are the neuroleptic drugs, however, its use causes long term troubles.", "We describe two patients with a predominantly choreic Huntington s disease, who experience improvement of choreatic movements after introduction of olanzapine to their treatment, being this drug well tolerated." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Benzodiazepines", "Chorea", "Dopamine Antagonists", "Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists", "Humans", "Huntington Disease", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Olanzapine", "Pirenzepine", "Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL; mycosis fungoides [MF] and Sézary syndrome [SS]) acquire immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections.", "We attempted to determine whether abnormalities of humoral immunoglobulin levels are present.", "A retrospective analysis of serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with CTCL at baseline evaluation at a cancer center was compared to levels in patients with leukemias and levels in healthy control subjects.", "A total of 254 of 650 patients with CTCL evaluated between 1987 and 2001 had baseline quantitative immunoglobulin levels. Mean IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were similar among all MF/SS patients versus controls. The percentages of MF/SS patients with elevated levels of each immunoglobulin class were higher than percentages in healthy controls, and elevated IgA levels occurred among late versus early patients (P =.043)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin A", "Immunoglobulins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mycosis Fungoides", "Retrospective Studies", "Sezary Syndrome", "Skin Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Nitric oxide (NO) is known as an important mediator of endothelial function. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of mediators of retinal pathology - vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) - on NO release from choroidal endothelial cells (CEC) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to elucidate the complex role of NO.", "Bovine CEC were stimulated using VEGF (1, 10, and 100 ng/ml), and RPE cells were exposed to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma 100 U/ml) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS 1 micro g/ml). NO release into the media was assessed by an amperometric NO sensor. The influence of AGEs (10 and 100 micro g/ml) on NO release from CEC and RPE cells was investigated. The competitive NO synthase inhibitor L(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 2 nmol) was used to pretreat the cells 2 h before NO measurement.", "Unstimulated CEC produced low basal levels of NO in vitro (39.1+/-13.9 nmol), and unstimulated RPE cells produced minimal basal levels of NO (15.7+/-7.0 nmol). Exposure of CEC to VEGF for 30 min resulted in a dose-dependent rise of NO in the medium, which was significantly inhibited by L-NAME. Stimulation of RPE cells with IFN-gamma and LPS resulted in a rise of NO in the bath to 125.9+/-18.5% of basal values. Basal NO release from CEC, and stimulated NO release from RPE cells, was significantly reduced by AGE treatment and L-NAME." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cattle", "Cells, Cultured", "Choroid", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Endothelium", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Glycation End Products, Advanced", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Interferon-gamma", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Lymphokines", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Nitric Oxide", "Pigment Epithelium of Eye", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients on chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis often develop an inflammatory state that causes morbidity and mortality. Cross-sectional studies of dialysis patients have determined that C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of morbidity. Little is known as to whether CRP, cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1beta that stimulate the synthesis of CRP, or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are markers of inflammation in patients on dialysis.", "We assayed by ELISA serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, IL-6 and CRP in healthy individuals and in patients with pre-end-stage renal disease (pESRD, n = 10), peritoneal dialysis (PD, n = 11), hemodialysis (HD, n = 17) and renal transplant (TX, n = 10).", "MMP-2 was significantly elevated before dialysis, perhaps indicative of progressive chronic renal sclerosis. MMP-3 was markedly elevated in hemodialysis patients but not in pESRD or PD patients, and may be related to the hemodialysis process and/or accelerated atherogenesis in these patients. IL-6 was significantly elevated in all patient groups, including pESRD patients. There were no statistically significant differences in CRP levels among the study groups. CRP correlated with IL-6, but not with MMP-2 or MMP-3." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers", "C-Reactive Protein", "Creatinine", "Female", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Kidney Transplantation", "Male", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 2", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 3", "Peritoneal Dialysis", "Renal Dialysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the possible role of mesothelial alpha(2)beta(1) and alpha(3)beta(1) integrins in the attachment of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and endometrial epithelial cells (EECs).", "In vitro study.", "University medical center.", "Women of reproductive age (n = 26).", "Mesothelial cells were grown on collagen IV. Endometrial stromal cells and EECs were plated on mesothelial cells for 1 hour. Before plating, mesothelial cells or endometrial cells were incubated with antibodies to alpha2, alpha3, and beta1 integrin subunits. The effect of these antibodies on ESC and EEC binding to collagen IV and collagen I was also examined. The expression of collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin by cultured ESCs and EECs was examined.", "The anti-integrin antibodies had no effect on endometrial binding to mesothelium. The beta1 integrin antibody decreased binding of ESCs and EECs to the collagen matrices. In culture, ESCs and EECs expressed collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin to varying degrees." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antibodies", "Cell Adhesion", "Cells, Cultured", "Collagen Type I", "Collagen Type IV", "Culture Media", "Endometrium", "Epithelium", "Female", "Fibronectins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Integrin alpha2beta1", "Integrin alpha3beta1", "Laminin", "Peritoneum" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Stenting-related myocardial injury has been recognized as a frequent and prognostically important event, the extent of which depends on microcirculatory impairment in association with platelet aggregation, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Recent studies underscored the non-lipid-lowering effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) with antithrombotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative aspects. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that preprocedural statin therapy is associated with a reduction in the extent of stenting-related myocardial injury.", "We stratified 296 consecutive patients who were undergoing stenting of a de novo stenosis according to the preprocedural status of statin therapy (229 statin-treated and 67 control patients). Incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury was assessed by analysis of creatine kinase (CK; upper limit of normal [ULN] 70 IU/L for women, 80 IU/L for men) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; bedside test; threshold 0.1 ng/mL) before and 6, 12, and 24 hours after the intervention. Relative to control patients, the incidence of CK elevation >3x ULN was more than 90% lower in statin-treated patients (0.4% versus 6.0%, P=0.01). Statin therapy was the only factor independently associated with a lower risk of CK elevation >3x ULN (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.75; P=0.03). The overall incidences of CK and cardiac troponin T elevation were slightly lower in statin-treated than in control patients (14.4% versus 20.9%, P=0.3, and 17.9% versus 22.4%, P=0.5, respectively)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers", "Cardiotonic Agents", "Coronary Stenosis", "Creatine Kinase", "Disease-Free Survival", "Electrocardiography", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Myocardium", "Stents", "Treatment Outcome", "Troponin T" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Striking similarities exist in the inflammatory and immunologic response in RA and atherosclerosis. Indeed, adhesion molecules and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in particular, are key mediators of joint inflammation and of vascular dysfunction and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of chronic antiinflammatory treatment with the anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab on disease activity and endothelial function in patients with active RA.", "Eleven RA patients (mean age 46+/-5 years; disease duration 9+/-2 years) with high disease activity despite treatment with stable doses of methotrexate (<or=25 mg/wk) and prednisone (<or=10 mg/d) were investigated. Clinical status and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the brachial artery as assessed by high-resolution ultrasound were measured before and after 12 weeks of infliximab therapy. Flow-mediated vasodilation improved from 3.2+/-0.4% to 4.1+/-0.5% (P=0.018), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation with nitroglycerin and baseline diameter remained unchanged (13.6+/-1.2% versus 12.8+/-1.4%, P=0.98, and 3.74+/-0.15 versus 3.66+/-0.11 mm, P=0.54, respectively). Disease activity score (DAS28) was significantly reduced, from 5.6+/-0.3 to 3.5+/-0.6 (P=0.002). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were lowered from 34+/-7 to 19+/-5 mm/h (P=0.04) and from 38+/-11 to 15+/-10 mg/L (P=0.08), respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antirheumatic Agents", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Brachial Artery", "C-Reactive Protein", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Female", "Humans", "Infliximab", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "Ultrasonography", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The scarce data on glucose transporter expression of leukocytes are contradictory and nothing is known about changes accompanying physiological leukocytosis during pregnancy, which imposes acute metabolic demands on the cells.", "Cytospin preparations of intravascular leukocytes were searched immunocytochemically for the high affinity glucose transporters GLUT1, 3 and 4. Pregnancy-associated quantitative changes in transporter expression were assessed by flow cytometry.", "Granulocytes and monocytes stained for GLUT1, 3 and 4. Major changes in cell surface transporter expression during pregnancy were a 36% (P < 0.05) down-regulation of granulocyte GLUT1 at term, and an increase in monocyte GLUT3 levels to 137% (P < 0.05), paralleled by a 24% (P < 0.05) decrease in GLUT4 content in second trimester. Apart from a minor subpopulation, lymphocytes were negative for these carriers." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Female", "Gene Expression", "Glucose", "Glucose Transporter Type 1", "Glucose Transporter Type 2", "Glucose Transporter Type 3", "Glucose Transporter Type 4", "Granulocytes", "Humans", "Monocytes", "Monosaccharide Transport Proteins", "Muscle Proteins", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Pregnancy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare the importance of issues of concern ranked by physicians and children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).", "An item list consisting of 96 items-of-concern, identified by individual interviews and focus group sessions with 81 children with IBD, was administered to a second group of children with IBD (n = 117) asking them to rate the importance of each item to their lives on a 7-point scale. Twenty-one pediatric gastroenterologists experienced with treating children with IBD were asked to mark on the same questionnaire how important they thought each item was to their patients.", "Of the top 10 most important items identified by children with IBD only two were ranked in the top 10 by physicians. Most striking was the item: \"having to take medication,\" which was scored number 3 by the children and did not appear in the top 50 of physicians. Physicians significantly overestimated the importance of four IBD symptoms (bothered by diarrhea, embarrassed by bad odor, worried about having accident in pants, and worries about passing gas) whereas they underestimated the importance of three other items (bothered by having to take medicines, worries about future health problems, and worries about weight)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Psychological", "Adolescent", "Attitude to Health", "Child", "Chronic Disease", "Cohort Studies", "Confidence Intervals", "Female", "Hospitals, Pediatric", "Humans", "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "Male", "Needs Assessment", "Ontario", "Pediatrics", "Physician-Patient Relations", "Quality of Life", "Sickness Impact Profile", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the effect of dopaminergic repletion on working memory in Parkinson's disease.", "The role of dopaminergic state on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease was determined using the Sternberg item recognition paradigm, a continuous performance task that dissociates the motor and cognitive components of response time. Ten patients with Parkinson's disease were tested in an \"on\" state (on dopaminergic drug treatment) and a practical \"off\" state in two sessions held one week apart in counterbalanced order; 10 controls matched for age and education were studied at the same time points.", "Patients with Parkinson's disease showed impaired working memory, independent of motor slowing. During session 1, the performance of the patients was worse than the controls, regardless of dopaminergic state. The patients showed a significant improvement in the cognitive component of task performance during the second session, such that they no longer differed from the controls. The performance of the control subjects remained stable over the two sessions." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Antiparkinson Agents", "Cognition Disorders", "Humans", "Levodopa", "Middle Aged", "Neuropsychological Tests", "Parkinson Disease", "Psychomotor Performance", "Random Allocation", "Reaction Time", "Severity of Illness Index" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Detection of human enteric viruses in foods and environmental samples requires concentration of viruses from complex matrices before application of molecular or cultural methods. Previous studies have described the use of zirconium hydroxide to concentrate bacteria from clinical, environmental, and food samples.", "Our study describes the application of zirconium hydroxide to concentrate human enteric viruses.", "Poliovirus type 1, hepatitis A virus (HAV) strain HM-175, and Norwalk virus (NV) were used as models. Virus recovery was evaluated both as loss to discarded supernatants and as recovery in the precipitated pellets.", "Poliovirus type 1, based on the plaque assay recoveries, ranged from 16 to 59% with minimal loss to the supernatant (1-5%). For both HAV and NV, RT-PCR amplicons of appropriate sizes were detected and confirmed in the pellet fraction with no visible amplicons from the supernatant." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Hepatitis A virus", "Humans", "Hydroxides", "Norwalk virus", "Poliovirus", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Virus Cultivation", "Zirconium" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the growth of three foodborne fungi and high-oxygen modified atmosphere.", "Petri dishes were incubated in a series of connected flasks, which were placed in a climatized room and flushed continuously with the desired gas atmosphere. A combination of 80% oxygen and 20% carbon dioxide resulted in reduced growth of Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium discolor compared with ambient atmosphere conditions. Combining 80% oxygen and 20% carbon dioxide at 10 degrees C arrested growth of B. cinerea for 17 d while an elevated carbon dioxide concentration only inhibited growth up to 11 d. In addition, the peroxidase activity was doubled at 80% oxygen and decreased when 10% carbon dioxide was present." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Atmosphere", "Botrytis", "Carbon Dioxide", "Food Microbiology", "Fungi", "Oxygen", "Penicillium", "Peroxidase", "Rhizopus" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "CD34 is a 90- to 120-kDa cell surface sialomucin that is widely used for the enrichment of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) because of its selective expression on progenitor cells and absence on mature hematopoietic cells. Recently we found that CD34 is the prototypic member of a family of three proteins with similar structure and gene organization. In light of this observation, we further examined the distribution of CD34 family members in the mouse.", "Hematopoietic cell lines and primary tissues were evaluated for CD34 mRNA expression by Northern blot and protein expression by cell surface immunofluorescence. To confirm specific reactivity of the CD34 antibody, cells from CD34-deficient mice were used as controls.", "Although CD34 mRNA was undetectable in all murine progenitor cell lines tested, high level expression was detected for bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Likewise, cell surface immunofluorescence confirmed that CD34 is expressed by BMMCs and by in vivo peritoneal mast cells. No protein expression was observed for CD34-deficient mast cells. In addition, our data show that mast cells highly express the stem cell antigen Sca-1 and the well-known stem cell and mast cell antigen c-kit." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antigens, CD34", "Biomarkers", "Bone Marrow Cells", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Line", "Cells, Cultured", "Flow Cytometry", "Hematopoietic Stem Cells", "Humans", "Mast Cells", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "RNA, Messenger", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Transcription, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It is widely held that tolerance develops to the effects of sustained caffeine consumption. This study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic, staggered caffeine ingestion on the responses of an acute caffeine challenge, during -euglycaemia.", "Twelve healthy volunteers were randomized using a double-blind, cross-over design to take either 200 mg caffeine (C-replete) or placebo (C-naïve) twice daily for 1 week. Following baseline measurements being made, the responses to 200 mg caffeine (blood-pressure, middle cerebral artery velocity, mood and cognitive performance) were examined over the subsequent 120 min. Blood glucose was not allowed to fall below 4.0 mmol l-1.", "After the caffeine challenge, middle cerebral artery blood velocity decreased in both conditions but was greater in the C-naïve condition (-8.0 [-10.0, -6.1] cm s-1 vs -4.9 [-6.8, -2.9] cm s-1 C-replete, P < 0.02). Systolic blood pressure rise was not significantly different in C-naïve, although this rise was more sustained over time (P < 0.04). Mood was adversely affected by regular caffeine consumption with tense aspect of mood significantly higher at baseline in C-replete 11.6 +/- 0.6 C-naïve vs 16.3 +/- 1.6 C-replete, P < 0.01). Cognitive performance was not affected by previous caffeine exposure." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Affect", "Blood Flow Velocity", "Blood Pressure", "Caffeine", "Central Nervous System Stimulants", "Cognition", "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Humans", "Middle Cerebral Artery", "Psychometrics" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Entacapone is a peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. To improve the benefits of oral L-dopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), entacapone is administered as a 200 mg dose with each daily dose of L-dopa. This study evaluated the effects of entacapone 200 mg on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of L-dopa given as standard release L-dopa/carbidopa.", "Six different doses of l-dopa/carbidopa were investigated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind (regarding entacapone), randomized, single-dose study in 46 young healthy males. The subjects were divided into three groups (n = 14-16). Two different L-dopa/carbidopa doses were administered to each subject (50/12.5 mg and 150/37.5 mg, or 100/10 mg and 100/25 mg, or 200/50 mg and 250/25 mg). Each dose was given on two occasions; simultaneously with entacapone or with placebo, in random order, on two consecutive study visits, separated by a washout period of at least 3 weeks (four-way crossover design). Serial blood samples were drawn before dosing and up to 24 h after the dose and pharmacokinetic parameters of L-dopa, its metabolites, carbidopa, and entacapone were determined.", "Entacapone increased the AUC(0,12 h) of L-dopa to a similar extent at all doses of L-dopa/carbidopa, that is by about 30-40% compared with placebo (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.15, 0.40). When evaluated as the ratio of geometric means, entacapone slightly decreased the mean C(max) values for L-dopa at all L-dopa/carbidopa doses compared with placebo. When given with entacapone, higher plasma concentrations of L-dopa were maintained for a longer period at all doses of L-dopa/carbidopa. Entacapone also decreased the peripheral formation of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) to about 55-60% of the placebo treatment level (P < 0.001, 95% CI -0.72, -0.35) and increased the mean AUC(0,12 h) of 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) 2-2.6-fold compared with placebo (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.60, 1.10). The mean AUC(0,12 h) of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (HVA) following entacapone was approximately 65-75% of that observed with placebo (P < 0.001-0.05, 95% CI -0.76, -0.01) at each L-dopa/carbidopa dose except the 50/12.5 mg dose (P > 0.05, 95% CI -0.59, 0.05). The metabolic ratios (MR, AUC metabolite/AUC L-dopa) also confirmed that entacapone significantly decreased the proportion of 3-OMD (P < 0.001, 95% CI -0.85, -0.68) and HVA (P < 0.001, 95% CI -1.01, -0.18) in plasma at each L-dopa/carbidopa dose, whereas the AUC DOPAC/AUC L-dopa ratio was increased again at all doses (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.26, 0.90). Entacapone did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of carbidopa at any of the doses, nor did L-dopa/carbidopa affect the pharmacokinetics of entacapone." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Analysis of Variance", "Antiparkinson Agents", "Biological Availability", "Catechols", "Cross-Over Studies", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Double-Blind Method", "Humans", "Levodopa", "Male", "Nitriles" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the ultrasound features of the endometrium and ovaries in women on etonogestrel implant, and to correlate these features with the bleeding pattern.", "Observational study including 188 consecutive women presenting for follow-up transvaginal ultrasound examination after insertion of an etonogestrel implant contraceptive device. Thirty women had more than one follow-up examination. The bleeding pattern was considered abnormal if, in the last 3 months, there were more than five episodes of vaginal bleeding, or there was prolonged bleeding exceeding 14 consecutive days.", "At first follow-up examination, the mean age was 29.7 years and 47% of women had an abnormal bleeding pattern. Most bleeding episodes were of less intensity than menses. The mean endometrial thickness (ET) on ultrasound was 2.9 mm (standard deviation, 2.0). Ovarian follicle growth exceeding 5 mm was observed in 60% of the cases. Ovulation was demonstrated in one woman. Univariate analysis showed a positive association (P < 0.01) between ET, bleeding pattern, and bleeding intensity. Follicle growth was positively associated (P < 0.01) with ET, bleeding pattern, and interval between insertion and examination. Multivariate analysis showed that the ET was on average 1.25 mm greater in women with abnormal bleeding (P = 0.0001). The odds of finding follicle growth were 2.8 times higher (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.2) in women presenting with a three-layer type of endometrial morphology. There was no association between the other patients' characteristics and the bleeding pattern." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Contraceptive Agents, Female", "Desogestrel", "Endometrium", "Female", "Humans", "Menstruation Disturbances", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Ovary", "Progesterone Congeners", "Prostheses and Implants", "Ultrasonography", "Vinyl Compounds" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Japanese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) usually have slightly elevated triglyceride levels but virtually normal low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels.", "Case-control study.", "To explore the atherogenecity of mild hypertriglyceridemia, we measured very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) composition and apolipoprotein (apo) B in VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), light LDL and dense LDL fractions separated by ultracentrifugation in 61 men with angiographically proven CHD and in 69 men without CHD. Apo B, E, C1 and C3 in VLDL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "Although total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were similar in CHD and control participants, triglyceride levels were significantly higher and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were lower in CHD patients. Triglyceride, cholesterol and apo C1 and E levels in VLDL were two-fold higher and VLDL-apo B level was three-fold higher in CHD than control patients. IDL-triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in CHD, but IDL-cholesterol level was not. Apo B levels of the dense LDL fraction were significantly elevated in CHD groups, but those of the light LDL fraction were not. These differences were constant when triglyceride levels matched between both groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the VLDL-apo B and VLDL-apo C1 levels were significantly associated with the incidence of CHD independent of the plasma triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol or apo B levels in dense LDL." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apolipoproteins B", "Asian Continental Ancestry Group", "Case-Control Studies", "Cholesterol", "Coronary Disease", "Humans", "Hypertriglyceridemia", "Japan", "Lipoproteins", "Lipoproteins, LDL", "Lipoproteins, VLDL", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Seroepidemiologic Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to examine how RU486 (mifepristone), a glucocorticoid antagonist, affects the regeneration process in a rabbit laryngeal wound-healing model.", "Eight rabbits underwent a cricoid-split operation with collagen sponge insertion. The animals were classified randomly into two groups (4 animals in each group): the RU486-treated group, with local administration of 3 mg RU486, and the control group, which was sham treated. The specimens were harvested seven days after surgery. Histomorphometric analysis was performed to evaluate the healing pattern of the larynx wound.", "Respiratory epithelium regeneration was delayed in the RU486-treated group. The proliferation of granulation tissue was also increased. Polyps were detected in 3 specimens from this group. No obvious differences with regard to inflammatory cell infiltration were found." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Glucocorticoids", "Hormone Antagonists", "Larynx", "Male", "Mifepristone", "Rabbits", "Random Allocation", "Respiratory Mucosa", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Oxidative stress is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Increasing dietary antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol, may prevent these diseases. However, in some pathologies, such as hypertension, oxidative stress is enhanced, thus alpha-tocopherol requirements may be raised.", "In eleven-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats, we investigated the effects of a four-week very high alpha-tocopherol dietary enrichment (1,200 mg/kg diet, VH) on blood pressure, resistance to free radical aggression, and VLDL+LDL resistance to lipid peroxidation. Platelet aggregation and plasma lipid profile were also investigated.", "With either diet, hypertensive rats were more protected against oxidative stress than normotensive rats. Their capacity to withstand free radical aggression was better, and their VLDL+LDL particles were less sensitive to lipid peroxidation. In either group, the VH diet did not modify blood pressure values when resistance to free radical aggression was increased, but not the resistance of VLDL+LDL to lipid peroxidation. With the control diet, platelet aggregation was faster and higher in hypertensive rats vs. normotensive rats. It was decreased with the VH diet in hypertensive rats but increased in normotensive rats, when compared to their respective controls. Whatever the diet, plasma triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were lower in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. Only cholesterol concentrations were diminished with the VH diet in hypertensive rats, but not in normotensive rats." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Blood Pressure", "Diet", "Free Radicals", "Hypertension", "Lipid Peroxidation", "Lipoproteins, HDL", "Lipoproteins, LDL", "Lipoproteins, VLDL", "Oxidative Stress", "Platelet Aggregation", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred SHR", "Rats, Inbred WKY", "Thrombophilia", "alpha-Tocopherol" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Clinical use of fluoxetine and similar medications is often associated with appetite suppression and weight loss that may warrant drug discontinuation. It is unclear, however, if fluoxetine-induced consummatory suppression may be influenced by factors such as dietary status and if appetite suppressant effects of fluoxetine may be pharmacologically attenuated.", "Fluoxetine (0.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to free-fed and 24 hr food-deprived adult male rats either 30 min or 4 hr prior to presentation of a sucrose solution (10% v/v). Further, amantadine (5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) were both administered either 30 min or 4 hr prior to sucrose solution presentation and intake of the solution was assessed after 2 hours of exposure.", "Fluoxetine (2-10 mg/kg) administration significantly reduced sucrose solution intake in both free-fed and food-deprived rats. However, a brief treatment-test interval (30 min) resulted in a greater suppression of intake and food-deprived rats were more resistant to the suppressant effects of fluoxetine than were sated rats. Finally, the suppressant effect of fluoxetine were reversed by acute administration of amantadine (8 mg/kg) prior to sucrose solution presentation, a dose producing no inherent stimulation of consumption." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amantadine", "Animals", "Dopamine Agents", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Drinking Behavior", "Fluoxetine", "Food Deprivation", "Male", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors", "Sucrose" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cellular receptors play a significant role in pathogenesis of viral infections. Previously, we demonstrated that TNFa receptor (TNFR1) rapidly disappeared from the cell surface upon poliovirus infection, whereas FAS was much more stable [1]. We suggested that the rate of decrease in receptor presentation on the surface of infected cells might reflect its turnover rate on uninfected cells.", "To test this hypothesis, we estimated by FACS analysis the turnover rates of receptors for TRAIL (TRAILR1 and TRAILR2), signal regulatory protein SIRPa, receptor for alpha/beta interferon (INFR1), and poliovirus receptor (CD155) on the surface of HeLa cells after the treatment with brefeldin A (to stop receptor replenishment through the Golgi-mediated trafficking) or poliovirus infection.", "A good correlation between turnover rates caused by the two interventions was observed, with the stability of receptor presentation changing in the following order: TRAILR1, TRAILR2, SIRPa (half-life on infected cells between 2-4 h) < INFR1 (4-6 h) < CD155 (>8 h, besides some early masking of the receptor by its binding of the virus)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Brefeldin A", "Cell Line", "Cell Separation", "Flow Cytometry", "HeLa Cells", "Humans", "Membrane Proteins", "Poliomyelitis", "Poliovirus", "Protein Synthesis Inhibitors", "Protein Transport", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "Receptors, Virus" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Maggot therapy (biosurgery) has received increasing interest for the debridement of chronic wounds and for the improvement of wound healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects, side-effects, and possible mechanisms of action of biosurgery.", "Biosurgery was used for debridement in 30 patients with chronic leg ulcers of mixed origin. The effect of a single application of maggots for 1-4 days was evaluated by a clinical wound score and contact-free spectroscopy. Side-effects were recorded.", "Debridement was rapid and selective. The wound secretion was temporarily increased. We observed a significant improvement of the wound score with a decrease from 13.5 +/- 1.8 to 6.3 +/- 2.7 (P < 0.001). The treatment was well tolerated in most patients. Twelve out of 30 patients reported temporary pain, but only two needed analgesic treatment. Other side-effects included venous bleeding in one patient. The remittance spectra showed an improvement of tissue oxygenation as revealed by the characteristic oxygen doublet peak (548 and 575 nm)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Animals", "Chronic Disease", "Debridement", "Female", "Granulation Tissue", "Humans", "Larva", "Leg Ulcer", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Radiography", "Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the relationship of the inflammatory parameters--leukocyte count and fibrinogen level--to the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery and the common femoral artery, as well as to a variety of risk factors within the metabolic syndrome in a risk population for diabetes.", "A total of 597 subjects were analyzed from the Risk factors in Impaired glucose tolerance for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes (RIAD) study, who were at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes. IMT of the common carotid and common femoral artery was determined by B-mode ultrasound. Leukocyte count and fibrinogen level, as well as various risk factors for atherosclerosis, were measured by established methods.", "In univariate analysis, leukocyte count and fibrinogen level correlated significantly to carotid and femoral IMT. Leukocyte count was significantly correlated to body mass index, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (inversely), fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and proinsulin, PAI(active), tPA and microalbuminuria, as well as to smoking and physical activity (inversely). Fibrinogen level was significantly correlated with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, PAI(active), tPA and von Willebrandt factor, as well as with smoking and low physical activity. In multivariate analysis, leukocyte count was an independent determinant of the maximal carotid IMT and fibrinogen level of femoral IMT." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Analysis of Variance", "Arteriosclerosis", "Carotid Artery, Common", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Diabetic Angiopathies", "Female", "Femoral Artery", "Fibrinogen", "Humans", "Leukocyte Count", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Risk Factors", "Tunica Intima", "Tunica Media" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Histamine H3 receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors are presynaptic receptors that modulate norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerves innervating the cardiovascular system. We previously showed that cardiac H3 receptors are activated in sepsis, and that this activation leads to a decrease in the adrenergic response (AR) [J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (1998) 1693-1701] H3-receptors and alpha2-receptors appear to be coupled to GTP binding regulatory proteins (G) that modulate transmitter release by reducing calcium current into the nerve terminals through neuronal calcium channels. There may also be interaction between H3-receptors and alpha2-receptors on AR that may occur either at the receptor or a more downstream level.", "In the present study, we examined the effect of septic plasma on AR in a canine ventricular preparation in which field stimulation was used to produce AR. We determined whether there was interaction between H(3)-receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors and tested whether H3 activation would attenuate the alpha2-agonist and alpha2-antagonist effects of clonidine and yohimbine, respectively. We also determined whether the mechanism by which septic plasma decreases the adrenergic response involves inactivation of an inhibitory G protein and used pertussis toxin (PTX) to assess this effect.", "We found that septic plasma attenuated AR produced by field stimulation, and that this decrease was mediated by a PTX sensitive inhibitory G protein. H3 activation also attenuated the alpha2-agonist and alpha2-antagonist effects on adrenergic activation as compared with nonseptic plasma." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists", "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Clonidine", "Culture Techniques", "Dogs", "GTP-Binding Proteins", "Heart", "Histamine", "Myocardial Contraction", "Pertussis Toxin", "Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2", "Receptors, Histamine H3", "Shock, Septic", "Sympathetic Nervous System", "Yohimbine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have previously shown that cardiac-directed expression of adenylycyclase type VI (AC(VI)) increases heart function in transgenic mice, and improves heart function and survival in murine cardiomyopathy. However, a potential problem of crossbreeding paradigms that use lines with two constitutively active transgenes is that results can be obfuscated by interactions between transgenes during growth and development.", "To develop a model that could be used subsequently to address this generic problem, transgenic mice with tetracycline (tet)-regulated cardiac-specific expression of AC(VI) were generated. In this transgenic strain, the expression of a tet-controlled transactivator (tTA) was under control of the rat alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter. Expression of the AC(VI) gene was driven by a tet-response element (TRE) and a minimal CMV promoter.", "Homogenates of hearts showed no change in AC(VI) protein content during tet suppression (doxycycline), confirming successful suppression of transgene expression. Removal of tet suppression for 10 days was associated with a 10-fold increase in cardiac AC(VI) protein content. A similar increase in mRNA was observed (Northern blot analysis). The estimated half-life of newly synthesized cardiac AC(VI) protein was 2-3 days. Isolated cardiac myocytes from animals that had tet-suppression removed for 10 days showed increased cAMP production in response to forskolin stimulation (Transgene Off: 15+/-6 fmol/microg; Transgene On: 39+/-14 fmol/microg; n=5 each group; P=0.004) and also to isoproterenol stimulation (Transgene Off: 20+/-5 fmol/microg; Transgene On: 31+/-12 fmol/microg; n=5 each group; P=0.035) and hearts isolated from these animals showed marked increased left ventricular peak dP/dt in response to dobutamine stimulation (P=0.009) indicating that inducible cardiac AC(VI) is functionally coupled and recruitable." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenylyl Cyclases", "Animals", "Cell Culture Techniques", "Cyclic AMP", "Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic", "Genetic Therapy", "Half-Life", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Myocardial Contraction", "Myocardium", "Myocytes, Cardiac", "Tetracycline", "Transgenes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Th1-dependent effector mechanisms may be responsible for allograft rejection. Recently, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to antagonize CD4+ T cells to effector Th2 cells and, in the process, differentiate them into Th1 cells.", "To assess the role of IL-6 in long-term allograft survival, 158 patients after first cadaveric kidney transplantation were analyzed for the biallelic -174G-->C promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene.", "Carriers of the -174C-allele (genotype GC/CC) had an inferior three-year graft survival (71/104 = 68.3%; P = 0.0059) with a 3.7-fold increased relative risk of graft loss compared to carriers of the -174GG-genotype (48/54 = 88.9%). The -174GC/CC-genotype retained its negative impact on graft survival when other established prognostic factors and further cytokine polymorphisms (-308TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 codon 10 & 25, -592/-819/-1082IL-10 and +874IFN-gamma) were considered simultaneously." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "European Continental Ancestry Group", "Female", "Graft Survival", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Kidney Transplantation", "Male", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Risk Factors", "Survival Rate", "Transplantation, Homologous" ] }