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{ "contexts": [ "To study the effect of melatonin on hydroxyl radical (.OH) contents during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.", "Ischemia was induced by occluding left lateral middle cerebral artery for 30 min following reperfusion. The salicylate trapping method coupled with ipsilateral striatal microdialysis for measurement of hydroxyl radicals generated during ischemia and reperfusion.", "The contents of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) were increased at 15 min after ischemia and remained high for 30 min after reperfusion. Melatonin (4 mg.kg-1, sc, 30 min before ischemia) decreased the production of DHBA during ischemia for 16-30 min and reperfusion for 1-30 min." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain Ischemia", "Free Radical Scavengers", "Gentisates", "Hydroxyl Radical", "Male", "Melatonin", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Reperfusion Injury" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Previous studies of transmyocardial laser revascularization have reported open channels after ultraviolet laser treatment and closed channels with infrared lasers. We speculated that differences in long-term channel patency were determined by the healing response to injury.", "Channels were made in rat hearts with a frequency-tripled neodymium:YAG laser, at 5 and 10 mJ per pulse, by advancing an optic fiber through the myocardium, from the epicardium to the ventricular cavity. Several months later, we challenged the ability of the channel to supply blood by arterial occlusion and examined the channel structure with polarized light microscopy.", "Low-pulse energy was associated with lower patency, more fibrosis, and larger infarcts than was the higher energy. Open channels were surrounded by collagen fibers aligned parallel to the channel; in closed channels, fibers were aligned perpendicular to the original channel direction." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cicatrix", "Coronary Circulation", "Female", "Fibrosis", "In Vitro Techniques", "Infrared Rays", "Laser Therapy", "Myocardial Ischemia", "Myocardial Revascularization", "Myocardium", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Ultraviolet Rays", "Vascular Patency", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The p205 autoantigen and interleukin-2 (IL-2) function synergistically to stimulate T lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and a p205-derived amino acid sequence is identical to an immunoglobulin sequence located within a domain that is reactive with rheumatoid factors (RF). This study was conducted to analyze in detail the T cell immune response against p205 and to investigate whether immunity to p205 may play a role in T cell-mediated immunopathology in active RA.", "Cibachron blue, protein A-Sepharose, and gel filtration on Sephacryl were used successively to enrich p205 from synovial fluid (SF). T lymphocytes from RA patients were isolated from the peripheral blood (PB), lymph nodes, and SF, and p205 and peptides derived from known sequences were assessed by T cell proliferation assays in the presence of IL-2.", "P205-specific proliferation of T cells was observed in PB as well as in SF. When p205 was isolated from RA SF, proliferation of RA T cells peaked on day 3. With p205 purified from SF from trauma patients, there was a significant shift of the maximum T cell proliferation to day 8. T cells were of CD4 or CD8 phenotype, and B cells did not proliferate to a significant degree. The T cell response to p205 was always higher for SF mononuclear cells (SFMC) compared with PBMC (P < 0.001). In 1 RA patient who underwent repeated leukapheresis, this led to a reproducible decline in p205-specific T cell proliferation to control levels. PB T cells specifically proliferating in response to p205 were detected in 20 of 32 RA patients (63%). Of 26 patients with other inflammatory rheumatic diseases, only 1 showed a minor response to p205, while normal donors did not demonstrate a significant T cell proliferation. A synthetic p205-derived peptide, with an amino acid sequence identical to an immunoglobulin sequence located in the area where RF binds, was reactive with T cells from RA patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antigen-Presenting Cells", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Autoantigens", "Epitopes", "Female", "HLA Antigens", "Humans", "Kinetics", "Leukocytes, Mononuclear", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neuropeptides", "Receptors for Activated C Kinase", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Synovial Fluid", "T-Lymphocytes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Genetic anticipation has been proposed to explain observed age differences at diagnosis of Crohn's disease in affected parents and offspring.", "To compare affected parent-child pairs with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with a control group of non-familial patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to quantify whether ascertainment bias could account for this effect.", "137 affected parent-child pairs from 96 families and 214 patients with sporadic IBD were studied. Age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were ascertained by interview and disease confirmed from clinical records.", "Of the 137 affected parent-child pairs, 50 had Crohn's disease only, 51 had ulcerative colitis only, and in 36, one had Crohn's disease and the other ulcerative colitis. The median age of parents at diagnosis was 17.5 years older, 16 years older, and 18 years older in the Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and mixed disease families respectively (p<0.001 in each case). These observed age differences were compatible with those predicted from the regression lines of years of birth against age at diagnosis for the non-familial IBD patients. No evidence was found for an effect of parental sex on age at diagnosis or disease extent in offspring." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Age of Onset", "Anticipation, Genetic", "Cohort Studies", "Colitis, Ulcerative", "Crohn Disease", "Genomic Imprinting", "Humans", "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "Parents", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We intend to analyze if additional treatment concepts are necessary in any case as a part of the standard therapy next to the well established principle of source control in the treatment of secondary peritonitis.", "A treatment concept with early intervention, source control and extensive intraoperative lavage (20-301) should be evaluated as a standard procedure in a prospective survey. Additional treatment concepts will be applied only for special reason (on demand).", "From 11/1993 to 9/1997 241 patients with diffuse peritonitis were treated with the concept mentioned above. Additional treatment concepts as continuous postoperative lavage (n = 20) and staged lavage (n = 4) were applied as primary treatment in 24 patients only (10%), mainly for impossibility of source control and evisceration. Source control at the initial operation was possible in 216 patients (90%). Due to secondary evisceration 3 patients had to undergo laparostomy for staged lavage later. Severity of peritonitis was determined according to the Mannheim Peritonitis Index (median 26, range 15-43). The primary causes of peritonitis were perforation, leakage and abscess after operation (n = 56), followed by diverticular (n = 42) and gastric or duodenal perforation (n = 39). The hospital mortality rate was 14% in the whole group, and the postoperative morbidity rate was 39%." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Humans", "Intraoperative Care", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Peritoneal Lavage", "Peritonitis", "Postoperative Care", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular collapse is a feared complication because of the difficulty in restoring stable circulation (1). Early recognition is important so that the injection of bupivacaine can be discontinued. We used an animal model of near-cardiac arrest from bupivacaine infusion to identify the sequence of hemodynamic events that precedes bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular collapse. Twelve pigs (23-25 kg) were sedated with ketamine and anesthetized with halothane. Arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were measured. Bupivacaine (3.75 mg/mL) was administered at a rate of 5.73 mL/min (approximately 1 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) through a central venous catheter until severe ventricular arrhythmia occurred. Blood pressure and heart rate were unchanged, but cardiac output decreased by 40% with increasing doses of bupivacaine. Calculated peripheral resistance increased by 54%. The QRS complex of the surface electrocardiogram widened, and the R-wave amplitude decreased 80%, together with the decrease in cardiac output. T-wave amplitude increased initially but returned toward baseline at the largest bupivacaine doses. The plasma concentration of bupivacaine after the infusion was 16+/-6.8 microg/mL." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED" ], "meshes": [ "Anesthetics, Local", "Animals", "Blood Pressure", "Bupivacaine", "Depression, Chemical", "Drug Overdose", "Electrocardiography", "Heart", "Male", "Swine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the effect of electric and chemical stimulation of locus coeruleus (LC) on arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve discharge activity (RSA).", "Electric stimulation of LC and microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu), morphine, and GABA into the LC of rabbits were made. The LC was destructed electrolytically. Arterial pressure and RSA were recorded.", "Both electric stimulation (150 microA, 50 Hz) of the LC and microinjection of L-Glu (0.5 mumol) into unilateral LC elicited increases in arterial pressure (13.5 +/- 0.3 vs 19.5 +/- 0.8 kPa, P < 0.01 and 13.8 +/- 0.4 vs 17.5 +/- 0.8 kPa, P < 0.01, respectively) and RSA (by 107 +/- 14%, P < 0.01, and 88 +/- 21%, P < 0.01, respectively). Microinjection of morphine or GABA did not induce any significant changes in the above two parameters. Electrolytic lesion of the LC eliminated the pressor response induced by microinjection of L-Glu." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Pressure", "Electric Stimulation", "Female", "Glutamic Acid", "Kidney", "Locus Coeruleus", "Male", "Rabbits", "Stimulation, Chemical", "Sympathetic Nervous System" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Diabetic patients are at increased risk of wound infection after major surgery, but the effect of perioperative glucose control on postoperative wound infection rates after surgery is uncertain. We tested the effect of an insulin infusion on perioperative neutrophil function in diabetic patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery. Participants (n = 26) were randomly allocated to receive either aggressive insulin therapy (AIT) or standard insulin therapy (SIT) during surgery. Blood was drawn for neutrophil testing before surgery, 1 h after the completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, and on the first postoperative day. Neutrophil phagocytic activity decreased to 75% of baseline activity in the AIT group and to 47% of baseline activity in the SIT group (P < 0.05 between groups). No important differences in neutrophil antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity were found. This study documents a potentially beneficial effect of continuous insulin therapy in diabetic patients who require major surgery." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Blood Glucose", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Female", "Humans", "Insulin", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neutrophils", "Phagocytosis", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To observe the effect of supplemented Sini San (SSNS) in treating chronic Brucellosis (CB).", "One hundred and twenty-seven patients were randomly divided into two groups, 76 cases in the treatment group were treated with SSNS and 51 cases in the control group treated with Dioscorea Nipponica Power. The effect of SSNS on mice model of CB was also observed simultaneously.", "The short-term effects were that the total effective rate and markedly effective rate of the treatment were 98.7% and 92.1%, which were better than those of the control group (82.4% and 41.2%) respectively, P < 0.01. The long-term follow-up result of the treatment group also showed its superiority to the control group, the total effective rates of the two groups were 98.7% and 51.0%, and the markedly effective rates were 90.8% and 21.6% respectively (P < 0.01). Animal experiments indicated SSNS has obvious effect of antibiotics and immunomodulation." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Animals", "Antibody Formation", "Brucellosis", "Chronic Disease", "Drugs, Chinese Herbal", "Female", "Hemolytic Plaque Technique", "Humans", "Male", "Mice", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to examine the vasoactive effects of rabbit isolated mononuclear leukocytes, and to identify the mediators responsible for those vasoactive effects.", "Mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) were isolated from New Zealand White rabbit whole blood, suspended at 5 x 10(7) cells/ml and incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C. This cell suspension, or the cell-free supernatant from this suspension, were then examined for vasoactive effects in rabbit isolated thoracic aorta.", "Both the MNL suspension and the cell-free supernatant from this suspension caused endothelium-independent contraction of aortic rings, both from resting tension and when pre-contracted. The MNL suspension caused a significantly greater contraction than the MNL supernatant under all conditions. The contractions to the MNL product were significantly inhibited by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.1 microM), but not by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10 microM). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the MNL supernatant contained serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) at an average concentration of 5 microM." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists", "Animals", "Aorta", "Cells, Cultured", "Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid", "Culture Media, Conditioned", "Female", "In Vitro Techniques", "Ketanserin", "Leukocytes, Mononuclear", "Male", "Prazosin", "Rabbits", "Serotonin", "Serotonin Antagonists", "Vasoconstriction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine whether middle (two months) and long-term (six months) isradipine sustained-release treatment improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in never treated hypertensive patients.", "The responses of the forearm vasculature to acetylcholine (7.5, 15 and 30 micrograms/min) and sodium nitroprusside (0.8, 1.6, 3.2 micrograms/min) were evaluated in 12 normotensive controls (seven men and five women, aged 25 to 49 years), and in 12 hypertensives (eight men and four women, aged 20 to 47 years) at baseline and after two and six months of isradipine sustained-release treatment. Drugs were infused into the brachial artery, and forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography.", "At baseline, the response to acetylcholine was significantly lower in hypertensives vs controls: at the highest dose (30 micrograms/min), forearm blood flow was 28.6 +/- 2.4 ml/100 ml of tissue per min in the controls vs 8.9 +/- 1.0 ml/100 ml of tissue per min in hypertensive (p < 0.0001). Similarly, vascular resistance was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in hypertensives: 4.8 +/- 0.5 units (controls) vs 15.1 +/- 1.7 units (hypertensives). After isradipine treatment, the forearm blood flow in hypertensive patients changed from 8.9 +/- 1.0 ml/100 ml of tissue per min to 16.0 +/- 1.2 ml/100 ml of tissue per min (two months; p < 0.0001) and 15.2 +/- 1.4 ml/100 ml of tissue per min (six months; p < 0.0001). Isradipine treatment did not modify the vasodilating effect of sodium nitroprusside." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcholine", "Adult", "Analysis of Variance", "Calcium Channel Blockers", "Case-Control Studies", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Female", "Forearm", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Isradipine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nitroprusside", "Regional Blood Flow", "Time Factors", "Vascular Resistance", "Vasodilation", "Vasodilator Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Within-session, within-subject comparison of 2 conditions.", "To determine the influence of application of a semirigid ankle brace on the excitability of the peroneus longus muscle motoneuron pool as measured by the H-reflex.", "The literature suggests that cutaneous mechanoreceptors can contribute to proprioception, especially during conditions in which skin experiences displacement. Further, skin displacement and stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreptors have been shown to increase motoneuron excitability.", "H-reflexes and M-waves of the peroneus longus muscle were acquired by stimulating the common peroneal nerve of 11 uninjured subjects during 2 randomly ordered conditions, with and without application of an Aircast Air-Stirrup. Five reflexes were collected at each of 12 stimulation voltages. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of the M-wave and H-reflex from each subject's ensemble-averaged data at each stimulation voltage was used to generate H-reflex and M-wave recruitment curves. The H-reflex amplitude was subsequently expressed as a percentage of the maximum M-wave amplitude.", "The normalized H-reflex amplitude increased by approximately 10% during the braced condition compared to the nonbraced condition. The peroneus longus H-reflex latency and M-wave amplitude were not affected by the bracing condition." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Ankle Injuries", "Ankle Joint", "Braces", "Electric Stimulation", "Electromyography", "Evoked Potentials, Motor", "Female", "H-Reflex", "Humans", "Male", "Mechanoreceptors", "Motor Neurons", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Neural Conduction", "Neurons, Afferent", "Peroneal Nerve", "Proprioception", "Reaction Time", "Recruitment, Neurophysiological", "Skin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The hypothesis that naloxone blockade of ischemic preconditioning (IP)-induced infarct limitation does not require central nervous system participation was evaluated using quaternary naloxone in anesthetized rabbits (Study I) and naloxone hydrochloride in isolated rabbit hearts (Study II).", "In Study I, rabbits underwent 30 min coronary artery occlusion and 180 min reperfusion. IP was elicited with a 5 min coronary artery occlusion beginning 15 min before the 30 min occlusion. Intravenous naloxone methiodide, 12.9 mg/kg, was bolused 10 or 1 min before IP. In Study II, rabbit hearts underwent 45 min coronary artery occlusion and 120 min reperfusion. IP was elicited with 2 cycles of 5 min coronary artery occlusion plus 5 min reperfusion, beginning 20 min before the 45 min occlusion. Naloxone hydrochloride, 1 mumol/L or 100 mumol/L, was added to the buffer perfusate for 25 min preceding the long coronary artery occlusion. In both studies, infarct size was assessed with tetrazolium, normalized to risk volume, and analyzed using ANOVA.", "In both studies, IP reduced infarct size compared to control (6.3 +/- 2.3 vs. 29.5 +/- 4.4, P = 0.007, Study I; 11.8 +/- 4.7 vs. 47.7 +/- 6.7, P = 0.03, Study II). In Study I, IP was not blocked when naloxone methiodide was given 10 min before IP (13.8 +/- 4.8 vs. 42.3 +/- 5.4, P = 0.004) but was blocked when given 1 min before IP (25.3 +/- 7.2 vs. 28.4 +/- 5.0, P = ns). In Study II, infarct size was intermediate in the 1 mumol/L naloxone hydrochloride + IP group (19.0 +/- 6.5 vs. 48.9 +/- 8.4, P = ns) but IP was blocked by 100 mumol/L naloxone hydrochloride (62.6 +/- 4.5 vs. 56.2 +/- 6.7, P = ns)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain", "Ischemic Preconditioning", "Male", "Myocardial Infarction", "Naloxone", "Narcotic Antagonists", "Opioid Peptides", "Rabbits" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with fixed mask pressure is the current standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Auto-CPAP devices apply at any time the minimally required pressure to normalise breathing and may improve patient comfort and compliance. We present an open descriptive study of auto-CPAP treatment at home in patients previously managed with conventional CPAP.", "Fifteen patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), previously treated for at least one year with standard CPAP, were followed prospectively for a two month period on auto-CPAP. Outcome measures were both subjective evaluation by the patients and objective (polysomnographic) data obtained at one and two months of follow up.", "The Epworth sleepiness score did not change significantly between baseline and follow up after one and two months and no systematic changes in CPAP related side effects were reported. Compared with the baseline polysomnographic values without treatment, a significant improvement in both respiratory and sleep parameters was observed during auto-CPAP. These results were not significantly different from those obtained with standard CPAP. A significant correlation was found between the effective CPAP pressure (Peff) and the amount of time spent below Peff during auto-CPAP treatment (r = 0.6, p = 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Home Care Services", "Humans", "Male", "Polysomnography", "Positive-Pressure Respiration", "Prospective Studies", "Sleep Apnea Syndromes", "Sleep, REM" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cross-sectional studies show a robust association between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders (comorbidity); however, this methodology does not allow for the testing of causal models. The authors attempted to overcome this limitation by examining comorbid relationships prospectively.", "Male and female college students were assessed as freshmen (year 1), and then again at years 4 and 7, for selected 12-month anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and social phobia or panic) diagnosed according to the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and DSM-III and for 12-month DIS/DSM-III alcohol use disorders (alcohol dependence alone and alcohol abuse or dependence).", "Cross-sectionally, the odds of having either an anxiety disorder or an alcohol use disorder were two- to fivefold greater when the other condition was present. Prospectively, the odds of developing a new alcohol dependence diagnosis at year 7 increased from 3.5 to five times for those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder at years 1 or 4. Conversely, the odds of developing a new anxiety disorder at year 7 increased by about four times for those diagnosed with alcohol dependence at years 1 or 4. When alcohol abuse and dependence were combined, the pattern of findings was similar, albeit weaker. Multivariate path models provide similar results and highlight the reciprocal influence of alcohol use disorders and anxiety disorders." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alcohol-Related Disorders", "Anxiety Disorders", "Causality", "Comorbidity", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Family", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Multivariate Analysis", "Odds Ratio", "Prevalence", "Prospective Studies", "Psychiatric Status Rating Scales", "Sex Factors", "Students", "Universities" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to radiosensitize some tumor cell lines. RA regulates gene expression through nuclear receptors that bind to retinoic acid response elements in gene promoters and that inhibit activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity.", "The aim of this study was to determine if the mechanism of radiosensitization of the CC-1 human cervical carcinoma cell line by 9-cis-RA (9cRA) involves repression of AP-1 activity.", "The CCA reporter cell line was established from CC-1 by permanent transfection with the ColCAT reporter plasmid which consists of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of the AP-1-responsive collagenase gene promoter. CCA cultures were treated with various combinations of 9cRA, 60Co radiation, and an AP-1 inducer called O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Cultures were then evaluated in parallel for CAT expression as a measure of AP-1 activity and for clonogenic survival as a measure of radiosensitization.", "The CCA reporter line exhibited a radiation dose-responsive induction of AP-1 activity that was decreased by 5 microM 9cRA and increased by 50 ng/ml TPA. Simultaneous treatment with TPA and 9cRA prevented 9cRA repression of AP-1 and resulted in AP-1 activity above basal level. The 9cRA radiosensitized CC-1 cultures with a dose modification factor of 1.5. The survival of cultures treated simultaneously with TPA and 9cRA was statistically identical to that of cultures treated with 9cRA alone." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alitretinoin", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Radiation-Sensitizing Agents", "Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate", "Transcription Factor AP-1", "Tretinoin", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The onset of differentiation-specific gene expression in skeletal muscle is coupled to permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle. The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein (pRb) is a critical regulator of this process, required for both cell-cycle arrest in G0 phase and high-level expression of late muscle-differentiation markers. Although the cell-cycle defects that are seen in pRb-deficient myocytes can be explained by the well-described function of pRb as a negative regulator of the transition from G1 to S phase, it remains unclear how pRb positively affects late muscle-gene expression.", "Here, we show that the myogenic defect in Rb-/- cells corresponds to a deficiency in the activity of the transcription factor MEF2. Without pRb, MyoD induces the accumulation of nuclear-localized MEF2 that is competent to bind DNA yet transcriptionally inert. When pRb is present, MyoD stimulates the function of the MEF2C transcriptional activation domain and the activity of endogenous MEF2-type factors. Co-transfection of MyoD together with an activated form of MEF2C containing the Herpesvirus VP16 transcriptional activation domain partially bypasses the requirement for pRb and induces late muscle-gene expression in replicating cells. This ectopic myogenesis is nevertheless significantly augmented by co-expression of an E2F1-pRb chimeric protein that blocks the cell cycle." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Binding Sites", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Nucleus", "Creatine Kinase", "DNA", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65", "MEF2 Transcription Factors", "Mice", "Muscle, Skeletal", "MyoD Protein", "Myogenic Regulatory Factors", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Resting Phase, Cell Cycle", "Retinoblastoma Protein", "Serine", "Transcription Factors", "Transcriptional Activation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Changes in acid-base balance caused by infusion of a 0.9% saline solution during anesthesia and surgery are poorly characterized. Therefore, the authors evaluated these phenomena in a dose-response study.", "Two groups of 12 patients each who were undergoing major intraabdominal gynecologic surgery were assigned randomly to receive 0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's solution in a dosage of 30 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1). The pH, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, and total protein were measured in 30-min intervals. The serum bicarbonate concentration was calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and also using the Stewart approach from the strong ion difference and the amount of weak plasma acid. The strong ion difference was calculated as serum sodium + serum potassium - serum chloride - serum lactate. The amount of weak plasma acid was calculated as the serum total protein concentration in g/dl x 2.43.", "Infusion of 0.9% saline, but not lactated Ringer's solution, caused a metabolic acidosis with hyperchloremia and a concomitant decrease in the strong ion difference. Calculating the serum bicarbonate concentration using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation or the Stewart approach produced equivalent results." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acidosis", "Adult", "Aged", "Bicarbonates", "Chlorides", "Female", "Humans", "Intraoperative Complications", "Isotonic Solutions", "Middle Aged", "Ringer's Lactate", "Sodium Chloride" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recovery from general anesthesia is governed by pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors. Gender has not previously been recognized as a factor influencing the time to emergence from general anesthesia.", "This multicenter study was originally designed to measure the effects of the bispectral index on intraoperative anesthetic management and patient recovery. We compared the wake-up and recovery times of 274 adults after propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to have the titration of propofol performed with or without the use of bispectral index monitoring. Specific guidelines were given for the titration of drugs. The aim in all cases was to provide a safe anesthetic with the fastest possible recovery.", "There was a significant reduction in propofol dose, time to eye opening, and response to verbal command when the anesthetic was titrated using the bispectral index. Unexpectedly, gender proved to be a highly significant independent predictor for recovery time. Women woke significantly faster than men: the time from end of anesthesia to eye opening was 7.05 versus 11.22 min, P < 0.05, and response to verbal command was 8.12 versus 11.67 min, P < 0.05. These differences were significant at all four study sites and in each treatment group. Men consistently had prolonged recovery times compared to women, P < 0.001. There was no difference in the dose of anesthetic used between gender." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alfentanil", "Anesthesia, General", "Anesthetics", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nitrous Oxide", "Propofol", "Sex Factors", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although the mu-opioid agonist morphine affects ventilatory control in men and women in different ways, no data exist regarding the influence of sex on the ventilatory effects of inhalational anesthetics. The authors compared the effect of sevoflurane on the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia in healthy young men and women.", "Breath-to-breath ventilatory responses to hypoxic steps (number of hypoxic steps, four-six; duration, 3 min; end-tidal oxygen tension, approximately 50 mmHg; end-tidal carbon dioxide tension clamped at approximately 4 mmHg above resting values) were assessed in nine men and nine women without and with low-dose sevoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 0.25%). The bispectral index of the electroencephalogram was measured concomitantly.", "Sevoflurane reduced the hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity significantly in both sexes (men: control, 0.62 +/- 0.17 vs. sevoflurane, 0.38 +/- 0.19 l x min(-1) x %(-1); women: control, 0.52 +/- 0.30 vs. sevoflurane, 0.34 +/- 0.15 l x min(-1) x %(-1)). Sevoflurane-induced reductions of the hypoxic responses were not different in the men and women. During sevoflurane inhalation, the bispectral index values decreased equally in men and women." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anesthetics, Inhalation", "Female", "Humans", "Hypoxia", "Male", "Methyl Ethers", "Respiration", "Sevoflurane", "Sex Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Used as the sole analgesic, clonidine produces analgesia after epidural, intrathecal, and intraarticular administration. We conducted this double-blinded study to determine whether clonidine has analgesic effects when administered into the brachial plexus sheath. At the conclusion of hand or forearm surgery, performed under axillary brachial plexus block, 45 patients were randomly divided into three groups of 15 each to receive, through an axillary catheter, 15 mL of saline (Group Saline), clonidine 150 microg in 15 mL of saline (Group Clonidine), or bupivacaine 15 mL (Group Bupivacaine). The analgesic effects of the three solutions were evaluated for 6 h. Times to onset of pain and to first analgesic request were longer, and the total dose of pain medication was smaller in Group Bupivacaine compared with the other groups. Visual analog scores were significantly lower in Group Bupivacaine. There was no significant difference in time to onset of pain, time to first analgesic request, total dose of pain medication, and visual analog scores between Group Saline and Group Clonidine at any time. We conclude that the administration of clonidine 150 microg into the brachial plexus sheath does not prolong the onset of postoperative pain." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Analgesics, Non-Narcotic", "Brachial Plexus", "Clonidine", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nerve Block", "Nerve Fibers", "Pain, Postoperative" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was designed to determine the role of adenosine in the hypoxic release of corticotropin in fetal sheep.", "The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline or the vehicle was infused intra-arterially to chronically catheterized fetal sheep (>0.8 term) during an hour of fetal hypoxemia (Pa O 2 congruent with 14 mm Hg). Control studies were also performed in which 8-phenyltheophylline or the vehicle was administered to normoxic fetuses.", "8-Phenyltheophylline abolished hypoxia-induced bradycardia and hypertension and produced a nearly 5-fold greater rise in fetal plasma concentrations of corticotropin and approximately a 3-fold greater increase in plasma cortisol levels. During normoxia 8-phenyltheophylline increased plasma cortisol concentrations by 2-fold without altering corticotropin levels, mean arterial blood pressure, or heart rate." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine", "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone", "Animals", "Blood Pressure", "Bradycardia", "Female", "Fetal Blood", "Fetal Hypoxia", "Heart Rate, Fetal", "Hydrocortisone", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hypertension", "Kinetics", "Oxygen", "Pregnancy", "Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists", "Sheep", "Theophylline" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The beta3-adrenergic receptor is involved in regulation of microvascular blood flow. A missense mutation (Trp64Arg) in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene has been suggested as a risk factor for proliferative retinopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of this polymorphism to the development of microangiopathic complications in Caucasian type 1 diabetic patients.", "We studied the relationship between the Trp64Arg polymorphism in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy (204 men/132 women, age 42.8 +/- 11.0 years, diabetes duration 28 +/- 9 years) and in type 1 diabetic patients with persistent normoalbuminuria (118 men/73 women, age 42.6 +/- 10.2 years, diabetes duration 27 +/- 8 years). Proliferative retinopathy was present in 254 patients (48%), while 66 patients (13%) had no diabetic retinopathy.", "There were no differences in Trp64Arg genotype distribution between type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and type 1 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria: 295 (88%)/38 (11%)/3 (1%) vs 161 (84%)/30 (16%)/- had Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg or Arg/Arg genotype respectively. Odds ratio (95% CI) of nephropathy in carriers of the mutation was 0.75 (0.45-1.25). No associations between the Trp64Arg polymorphism and simplex or proliferative retinopathy were revealed either. The frequency of the Arg-allele was 0.069 in patients with proliferative retinopathy, 0.066 in patients with simplex retinopathy and 0.090 in patients with no signs of diabetic retinopathy, NS." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Diabetic Angiopathies", "European Continental Ancestry Group", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Humans", "Male", "Microcirculation", "Middle Aged", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Receptors, Adrenergic, beta" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene appears to be an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy and an increased incidence and rate of progression of renal disease. The high incidence of renal disease and end-stage renal failure in the Australian Aboriginal population has prompted investigation of ACE genotypes in these people.", "ACE genotypes were determined in four groups: (i) normal Australian Caucasian blood donors (n = 100), (ii) Caucasian renal transplant recipients (n = 173), (iii) normal Australian Aboriginals from a single tribe (n = 184), and (iv) Australian Aboriginals included in the renal-transplant programme (n = 94).", "The D allele frequency in the normal Australian Caucasian (54.5%) and renal transplant groups (57.2%) was similar. However, the D allele frequency in the normal Australian Aboriginal (3%) and Aboriginal renal patient group (14.4%) was significantly lower than both Caucasian groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Australia", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Gene Frequency", "Genotype", "Humans", "Kidney Diseases", "Oceanic Ancestry Group", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A", "Polymorphism, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It has recently been reported that the risk of developing nephropathy in patients with insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with synergism between poor glycaemic control and carriage of the hypertension associated angiotensin II (type 1) receptor C1166 allele. The same report also revealed an increase in risk of nephropathy in diabetic patients carrying a specific angiotensin II (type 1) receptor haplotype, i.e. C1166/140-bp microsatellite allele (major allele).", "In order to replicate these findings we performed PCR-based genotyping for the A1166-->C DNA polymorphism and the CA repeat at the 3' end of the angiotensin II (type 1) receptor gene employing validated groups of type 1 diabetic patients with (cases, n = 95) and without (controls, n = 97) nephropathy. HbA1 values above the median (10.5) were used as an index of poor glycaemic control.", "The risk of nephropathy in carriers of the C1166 allele with HbA1 > 10.5 was 2.1 (95% CI 0.8-5.2) compared to 1.1 (95% CI 0.4-2.6) for non-carriers of the C1166 allele; however, these odds ratios were not significantly different. No difference in the frequency of the high-risk haplotype was found in cases compared to controls (12.4 vs 11.5%; chi2=0.0, P=0.938 with 1 df)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alleles", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Diabetic Nephropathies", "Glucose", "Haplotypes", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Receptors, Angiotensin", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Neutrophils (PMNs) contribute importantly to the tissue injury associated with ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of a vascular bed. The effects of a recombinant soluble human form of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (rsPSGL.Ig) on PMN-endothelial cell interactions were investigated in a well established model of feline myocardial-ischemia reperfusion injury.", "Cats were subjected to 90 min of myocardial ischemia followed by 270 min of reperfusion.", "Administration of rsPSGL.Ig (1 mg/kg) just prior to reperfusion resulted in a significant reduction in myocardial necrosis compared to that in cats administered a low affinity mutant form of rsPSGL.Ig (1 mg/kg) (16 +/- 3 vs. 42 +/- 7% of area-at-risk, P < 0.01). Cardioprotective effects were confirmed by significant (P < 0.05) reductions in plasma creatine kinase activity in cats treated with rsPSGL.Ig. Inhibition of PMN-endothelial cell interactions was evidenced by a significant attenuation in cardiac myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.01) and reduced PMN adherence to ischemic-reperfused coronary endothelium (P < 0.001). In addition, rsPSGL.Ig treatment significantly (P < 0.01) preserved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in ischemic-reperfused coronary arteries." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Biomarkers", "Cats", "Cell Adhesion", "Coronary Vessels", "Creatine Kinase", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Male", "Membrane Glycoproteins", "Myocardial Reperfusion Injury", "Neutrophils", "P-Selectin", "Peroxidase", "Recombinant Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The overall goal of this study was to investigate the role of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met pathway in the pathophysiology of invasive endometrial carcinoma. Our objectives were (1) to examine expression of HGF and Met in surgical endometrial carcinoma specimens and endometrial carcinoma cell lines, and (2) to determine if HGF would stimulate invasion of endometrial carcinoma cell lines in vitro.", "Using RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting, endometrial carcinoma specimens and the endometrial carcinoma cell lines KLE, HEC-1A, HEC-1B, and RL-95 were examined for expression of HGF and Met. A Boyden chamber invasion assay using collagen type I coated 8-microm porous membranes was then used to determine if HGF would stimulate cell invasion. Last, we assessed the capacity of endometrial stromal cells, isolated from normal human endometrium, to produce HGF as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and to stimulate invasion of the KLE cell line.", "All of the endometrial carcinoma tissue samples were found to express Met mRNA, and two of four samples expressed HGF mRNA. However, the endometrial carcinoma cell lines expressed only Met and not HGF mRNA. Both the endometrial carcinoma tissue specimens and the endometrial carcinoma cell lines expressed the 140-kDa Met protein. HGF induced the invasion of the KLE and HEC-1A cells through the collagen-coated membranes in a dose-dependent fashion. The optimal concentration of HGF was between 10 and 100 ng/ml. HGF (10 ng/ml) stimulated KLE invasion 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) and HEC-1A invasion 6.5-fold (P < 0.05). During exposure to endometrial stromal cell conditioned medium containing HGF as determined by ELISA, invasion of the KLE cell line was stimulated 2.5-fold (P < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Endometrial Neoplasms", "Female", "Hepatocyte Growth Factor", "Humans", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Due to the high variability of the epidemiology, genetics, morphology, and biologic behavior of gastric carcinoma, many classification systems are in use, e.g., the World Health Organization (WHO) classification; tumor differentiation; the criteria of Ming, Mulligan, and Laurén; and the recently introduced Goseki classification. In the authors' opinion, the TNM staging is the most valuable classification system, with a prognostic value for survival.", "To assess the reproducibility and usefulness of these systems in clinical practice, material from 285 gastric carcinoma patients entered in the Dutch Gastric Cancer Trial was analyzed by a panel of 5 experienced gastrointestinal pathologists. The presence of eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrates was analyzed in addition to the TNM staging.", "Of the analyzed classification systems, only TNM stage, tumor differentiation, eosinophilic infiltrate, and the Goseki system contained information associated with the survival of patients with gastric carcinoma. The reproducibility was perfect for tumor differentiation (Kappa 1.00), nearly perfect for the WHO and Goseki classifications (Kappa 0.86 and 0.87, respectively), reasonably good for Laurén and lymphocytic infiltrate (Kappa 0.70), and reasonably good for eosinophilic infiltrate (Kappa 0.42)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Staging", "Prognosis", "Reproducibility of Results", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gastric carcinoma invading the submucosa is often accompanied by lymph node metastasis. However, the relation between the depth of submucosal invasion and the status of metastasis has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to clarify the relation between lymph node status and the histologic features of gastric carcinoma invading the submucosa.", "The histopathology of 118 patients who underwent gastrectomy and lymph node dissection for gastric carcinoma invading the submucosa was examined. These pT1 tumors with invasion of the submucosa were confirmed by histologic examination of the resected specimens. Tumor size, depth of submucosal invasion, histologic type, and macroscopic type were investigated in association with presence or absence of and anatomic level of lymph node metastasis.", "Among the 118 patients, 16 (14%) had lymph node metastasis, and the status of metastasis significantly correlated with tumor size and depth of submucosal invasion. The frequency of metastasis to perigastric lymph nodes and extragastric lymph nodes was 0% and 0% for < or =1-cm tumors, 5% and 1% for 1- to 4-cm tumors, and 46% and 15% for >4-cm tumors, respectively. There was no lymph from a node metastasis in tumors with less than 300 microm of submucosal invasion. The frequency of lymph node metastasis for tumors with 300-1000 microm and >1000 microm of submucosal invasion were 19% and 14%, respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Humans", "Lymphatic Metastasis", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Staging", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Retrospective Studies", "Stomach Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Microchimeric cells have been identified in lesions and peripheral blood of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), and HLA-DQA1*0501 is a risk factor for these diseases in some populations. Furthermore, DQA1*0501 has been associated with T lymphocyte microchimerism in SSc. To better define the strength of this association, we assessed the relationship among DQA1 alleles and microchimerism.", "DNA from whole peripheral blood or magnetically sorted T cells was tested for microchimeric cells by polymerase chain reaction of the Y chromosome or of HLA-Cw in 87 SSc patients, 28 juvenile IIM patients, and 88 healthy controls. Thirty-seven mother-son pairs were also analyzed for microchimerism and DQA1*0501.", "We were unable to demonstrate that DQA1*0501 is associated with microchimerism in T lymphocytes or in whole peripheral blood DNA in patients with SSc or juvenile IIM or in healthy individuals. In the 37 mother-son pairs, we were unable to demonstrate an association of DQA1*0501 with microchimerism in peripheral blood DNA or T lymphocytes, and compatibility between the donor's and recipient's HLA alleles did not influence microchimerism in the recipient." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chimera", "Chromosomes, Human, Y", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "HLA-DQ Antigens", "HLA-DQ alpha-Chains", "Humans", "Male", "Maternal-Fetal Exchange", "Middle Aged", "Myositis", "Pregnancy", "Risk Factors", "Scleroderma, Systemic", "T-Lymphocytes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We tested the hypothesis that the inadequately perfused placenta increases production of leptin, which can be detected in maternal serum.", "Sprague-Dawley rats (n=13), on day 14 of gestation, had placement of clips on the aorta and the ovarian arteries providing 35 per cent occlusion of the vessels. Eight rats had sham surgery and 14 rats served as non-surgical controls. All animals were sacrificed on day 19 of gestation. Maternal serum was obtained, and pups and placentae were weighed.", "Both placental weights and pup weights were reduced due to reduced uterine perfusion and were negatively correlated with maternal serum leptin (P=0.018 and 0.028, respectively). Maternal serum leptin was increased in the treatment group (2.21 ng/ml+/-64 ng/ml) compared to controls (1.66 ng/ml+/-38 ng/ml) (P=0.031)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Animals, Newborn", "Body Weight", "Embryonic and Fetal Development", "Female", "Gestational Age", "Leptin", "Ligation", "Litter Size", "Maternal-Fetal Exchange", "Models, Animal", "Organ Size", "Perfusion", "Placenta", "Pregnancy", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), T cells infiltrate organs undergoing fibrotic changes and may participate in dysregulated production of collagen by fibroblasts. The objective of this study was to functionally characterize T cells infiltrating skin lesions in early SSc and investigate their capacity to affect production of type I collagen and interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) by dermal fibroblasts.", "Four-color cytometric analysis was used to characterize subset distribution and production of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in T cell lines generated from the skin of patients with SSc. T cell clones were generated, and their capacity to modulate collagen and MMP-1 production by fibroblasts derived from patients with SSc and from normal individuals was assessed. Neutralizing reagents were used to identify T cell mediators involved in fibroblast modulation.", "The skin of individuals with early-stage SSc contained T cells preferentially producing high levels of IL-4. Cloned CD4+ Th2-like cells inhibited collagen production by normal fibroblasts. Th2 cell-dependent inhibition was, at least in part, contact-dependent, was essentially mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and was dominant over the enhancement induced by profibrotic IL-4 and transforming growth factor beta cytokines. The simultaneous induction of MMP-1 production confirmed the specificity of these observations. To be inhibitory, Th2 cells required activation by CD3 ligation. Th2 cells were less potent than were Th1 cells in inhibiting collagen production by normal fibroblasts via cell-to-cell interaction, and SSc fibroblasts were resistant to inhibition." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cell Communication", "Cell Line", "Cell Membrane", "Collagen", "Dermis", "Female", "Fibroblasts", "Gene Expression", "Humans", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-4", "Male", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 1", "Middle Aged", "RNA, Messenger", "Scleroderma, Systemic", "T-Lymphocyte Subsets", "Th2 Cells", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the expression of activin A and its receptors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissues, and to determine the effect of activin A on cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).", "The localization of activin A and activin type II receptor (ARII) in synovial tissues of RA patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of activin A and activin receptors in human cultured FLS was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure activin A in culture supernatants. The cell growth of FLS was determined by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assay.", "Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the up-regulation of activin A in rheumatoid synovium as compared with osteoarthritis or normal joint tissues. CD68+ macrophage-lineage cells and vimentin-positive FLS were identified as activin-producing cells in rheumatoid synovium. Both cell types also expressed ARII. The expression of activin A and ARII on cultured FLS was confirmed at the protein and messenger RNA levels. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta activated FLS to secrete activin A. Recombinant activin A accelerated the proliferation of FLS, while follistatin, an endogenous activin antagonist, partially inhibited FLS proliferation induced by IL-1 beta." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Activin Receptors", "Activins", "Adult", "Aged", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Fibroblasts", "Growth Substances", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Inhibin-beta Subunits", "Middle Aged", "Synovial Membrane", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess whether improvement in knee pain biased the determination of the structure-modifying effect reported for glucosamine sulfate in two recent 3-year, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials, in which conventional standing antero-posterior full extension knee radiographs were used for the measurement of joint space narrowing, and in which pain relief might have improved knee full extension.", "Patients completing the 3-year treatment course were selected based on a WOMAC pain decrease at least equal to the mean improvement in the glucosamine sulfate arms in either of the original studies, irrespective of treatment with glucosamine sulfate or placebo (drug responders or placebo responders). In a second approach, 3-year completers were selected if their baseline standing knee pain (item #5 of the WOMAC pain scale) was 'severe' or 'extreme' and improved by any degree at the end of the trials. In both cases, changes in minimum joint space width were compared between treatment groups.", "Global knee pain was mild-to-moderate in the two study populations and in all patient subsets identified. There were obviously more pain improvers in the glucosamine sulfate subsets (N=76 in the two studies combined) than in the placebo subsets (N=57), but WOMAC pain scores improved to the same extent, which was as large as over 50% relative to baseline. Nevertheless, the placebo subsets in both studies underwent an evident mean (SD) joint space narrowing, which in the pooled analysis of both studies was -0.22 (0.80) mm, and was not observed with glucosamine sulfate: +0.15 (0.60) mm (P=0.003 vs placebo). Similar results were found in the smaller subsets with > or = severe baseline standing knee pain that improved after 3 years, with a joint space narrowing nevertheless of -0.28 (0.76) mm with placebo (N=26), not observed with glucosamine sulfate: +0.21 (0.68) mm (N=31; P=0.014 vs placebo)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Female", "Glucosamine", "Humans", "Knee Joint", "Male", "Osteoarthritis, Knee", "Pain", "Pain Measurement", "Radiography", "Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the frequency and clinical predictors of sacroiliitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a psoriatic arthritis (PsA) population.", "The studied comprised 103 patients with PsA. A careful clinical assessment for sacroiliitis was made from history and examination, and HLA-B27 testing was performed. Sixty-eight patients underwent tilted coronal fat-saturated T1-weighted and STIR MRI of the sacroiliac joints.", "Clinical features of moderate or severe sacroiliitis were found in 24/68 (35%) patients. MRI features of sacroiliitis were found in 26/68 (38%) patients. Clinical features of sacroiliitis were present in 14/42 (33%) with normal MRI scans and 10/26 (38%) with abnormal scans (normal vs abnormal scans, P = 0.7). The presence of sacroiliitis on MRI was associated with restricted spinal movements (P = 0.004) and the duration of PsA (P = 0.04). There was no correlation between HLA-B27 and sacroiliitis diagnosed by MRI." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Arthritis, Psoriatic", "Female", "HLA-B27 Antigen", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prevalence", "Sacroiliac Joint" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The gene DRD4, coding for dopamine receptor D4, was considered a candidate for association with schizophrenia based on its upregulation in postmortem schizophrenic brain and affinity for clozapine. Many studies sought allelic association of a 48-base-pair repeat in DRD4 exon 3 with schizophrenia, but found no strong evidence for a relationship. The present work sought to determine if this observation reflected the true absence of association or the low power of individual studies.", "We performed four meta-analyses, sequentially considering the two-, four-, and seven-repeat alleles as risk alleles, and then considering repeat length of the 48-base-pair segment as a risk factor. Each meta-analysis included at least 2,300 cases and 2,100 controls from 14-16 studies.", "The pooled odds ratio from each analysis approximated 1.0, and none were significant. Heterogeneity was not observed, although gender moderated the effects of repeat length and the seven-repeat allele." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Alleles", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Odds Ratio", "Receptors, Dopamine D2", "Receptors, Dopamine D4", "Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid", "Risk Factors", "Schizophrenia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is related to diabetic macular edema (DME) in subjects without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).", "Retrospective case-control study.", "Twenty-six subjects who had DME without PVD and 12 subjects who had nondiabetic ocular disease (the control group).", "Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitreoretinal surgery, and the IL-6 and VEGF levels in vitreous fluid and plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "Vitreous levels of IL-6 and VEGF in DME subjects without PVD.", "The vitreous levels of both IL-6 and VEGF were significantly higher in the subjects with DME than in control subjects (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively). The vitreous level of IL-6 was significantly correlated with that of VEGF (P<0.0001). Vitreous levels of both IL-6 and VEGF were significantly higher in subjects with hyperfluorescent DME than in those with minimally fluorescent DME (P = 0.0008 and P = 0.0038, respectively)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Blood-Retinal Barrier", "Capillary Permeability", "Diabetic Retinopathy", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Female", "Humans", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Interleukin-6", "Lymphokines", "Macular Edema", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors", "Vitrectomy", "Vitreous Body" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) in 2 mouse models of arthritis, antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).", "For AIA studies, monarticular AIA was induced by methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) priming of Vegfb gene knockout (Vegfb(-/-)) and wild-type (Vegfb(+/+)) mice, followed by intraarticular injection of mBSA or saline control 8 days later. CIA was induced in Vegfb(-/-) and Vegfb(+/+) mice by intradermal injection of chick type II collagen in adjuvant. Arthritis was monitored in both models using defined criteria (clinical and histologic). Angiogenesis was measured by synovial vessel density in diseased and control joints.", "In AIA studies, Vegfb(+/+) mice displayed significant knee joint swelling and synovial inflammation 7 days after intraarticular injection of antigen. Synovial inflammation was associated with angiogenesis, since vessel density in AIA synovium was significantly higher in arthritic than in control joints from the same animal. Knee joint swelling, synovial inflammation, and inflammation-associated vessel density in arthritic joints were reduced in Vegfb(-/-) mice compared with arthritic joints from Vegfb(+/+) mice. Similarly, in CIA, both disease incidence and mean clinical severity scores were significantly reduced in Vegfb(-/-) mice compared with Vegfb(+/+) mice. Mean histologic severity scores and mean synovial vessel density were reduced in diseased joints from Vegfb(-/-) mice when compared with diseased joints from Vegfb(+/+) mice." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiogenesis Inducing Agents", "Animals", "Antigens", "Arthritis, Experimental", "Bone and Bones", "Cartilage", "Knee Joint", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Synovial Membrane", "Synovitis", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recent experiences suggest that interferon may significantly decrease the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. We conducted a randomized study with interferon versus no therapy in hepatitis C virus Child A cirrhosis with abnormal alanine aminotransferase and HCV-RNA positive serum with the aim to investigate the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, worsening of cirrhosis's stage and death or orthotopic liver transplantation.", "A cohort of 122 patients prospectively followed was analyzed retrospectively to assess the effect of interferon therapy (mean follow-up: 96 +/- 18.3 months). We only chose patients with hepatitis C virus infection who had undergone blood transfusion before 1980. Hepatitis C virus serotype was determined by hepatitis C virus serotyping 1-6 assay (Murex Biothec Limited Temple Hill, Dartford, Kent, UK). HCV-RNA level was determined by bDNA, Chiron Corporation Emeryville, CA. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was made on the basis of the appearance of local lesions at periodic ultrasound examination of the liver and confirmed with spiral computed tomography. Fine needle biopsy under sonographic guidance was effected. Fifty-nine patients (mean age: 55.3 +/- 7) received interferon (3MU three times a week for 12 months), 8 stopped therapy for side effects, 71 did not receive interferon (mean age: 56.8 +/- 8). Baseline characteristics were similar.", "It emerges how interferon does not reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in compensated cirrhosis. In interferon treated patients an improvement in relation with worsening and death/orthotopic liver transplantation has been noted." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alanine Transaminase", "Antiviral Agents", "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular", "Chi-Square Distribution", "Female", "Hepatitis C, Chronic", "Humans", "Incidence", "Interferons", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Liver Neoplasms", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies", "RNA, Viral", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Human hepatoma-derived growth factor, purified from the conditioned medium of hepatoma-derived cell line, HuH-7, stimulates the growth of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and HuH-7 cells. To evaluate the role of hepatoma-derived growth factor on the growth of hepatoma cells, we investigated the effects of recombinant hepatoma-derived growth factor protein and hepatoma-derived growth factor antisense oligonucleotides on the proliferation of several hepatoma cell lines.", "We examined the effects of hepatoma-derived growth factor antisense oligonucleotides on the growth of hepatoma cells by cell growth assay.", "Hepatoma-derived growth factor stimulated the proliferation of some hepatoma cells (HuH-7, HLF, HepG2, AH66tc cells) about 15-70% over than the control. Hepatoma-derived growth factor antisense oligonucleotides, phosphorothioate-linked or encapsulated in liposome, can inhibit the growth of hepatoma cells. The ID50 of hepatoma-derived growth factor antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides for HuH-7 cells, in which hepatoma-derived growth factor expression was abundant, was 3 microM by the assay of cell proliferation and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Their ID50 for AH66tc cells, on which the effects of exogenous hepatoma-derived growth factor were weak, was higher than 10 microM. To omit the toxic effects due to phosphorothioate modification of oligonucleotides and keep the cellular uptake more without their destruction in the culture medium, we used oligonucleotides encapsulated in cationic liposome. Hepatoma-derived growth factor antisense oligonucleotides encapsulated in liposome suppressed the growth of hepatoma cells effectively (ID50:2.0 microM)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular", "Cell Division", "Humans", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Liposomes", "Liver Neoplasms", "Mice", "Oligonucleotides, Antisense", "Rats", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Buckwheat is becoming popular in many countries as a health food and the incidence of buckwheat allergy is increasing in Asia. The ingestion of small amounts sometimes provokes an anaphylactic reaction. However, it remains controversial which is the major allergen responsible for such reactions.", "The patients whose sera are positive for buckwheat-specific IgE antibody measured by the CAP system fluorescein-enzyme immunoassay (CAP-FEIA) were classified into two subgroups depending on the history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHR). Major buckwheat allergens were identified with immunoblotting, ELISA and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Various treatments such as pepsin digestion were added to characterize the proteins.", "We found that the 24-kD protein that had previously been reported to be a major allergen reacted to IgE antibodies present in sera from almost all subjects (19/20) regardless of symptoms. On the other hand, 16- and 19-kD proteins were bound with IgE antibodies present in sera from 9 of the 10 patients with IHR including 8 patients with anaphylaxis but not in sera from buckwheat-specific IgE-positive subjects without IHR. After pepsin treatment, the 16-kD protein but not the 19- and 24-kD proteins remained undigested and preserved the capacity of IgE binding. This pepsin-resistant 16-kD protein had no homology with the 24-kD protein by the N-terminal amino acid sequencing." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Amino Acid Sequence", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Fagopyrum", "Female", "Food Hypersensitivity", "Humans", "Hypersensitivity, Immediate", "Immunoglobulin E", "Male", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Molecular Weight", "Pepsin A", "Plant Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Our aim was to determine if the resonance intensity of choline-containing compounds (Cho) measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was increased in pre-lesional normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) relative to NAWM that remained stable in subsequent scans.", "The Cho peak in MR spectra is associated with membrane phospholipids and increases in acute MS plaques, possibly even before the appearance of MRI-visible MS lesions.", "Three combined proton MRI and MRS imaging examinations of the corpus callosum and adjacent periventricular white matter were performed on 12 MS patients at intervals of 6 months. Proton density (PD) images were visually matched across 3 time points and the lesion volume in each voxel of the volume of interest was determined. The voxels were subdivided into four groups based on the presence or absence of lesion at baseline and change or no change in lesion volume on the subsequent scan.", "We found a significantly higher baseline Cho/Creatine (Cr) ratio in NAWM voxels that displayed MRI visible lesions 6 months later than NAWM voxels that remained unchanged (1.57 +/- 0.30 and 1.37 +/- 0.33, respectively, p < 0.001). The 12-month interval data revealed similar pre-lesional elevated Cho/Cr, (1.51 +/- 0.29 versus 1.39 +/- 0.32, p = 0.009). Voxels that contained lesion at baseline and increased in lesion volume at 6 months also showed a significantly higher Cho/Cr ratio than those whose lesion volume did not change (1.60 +/- 0.32 and 1.49 +/- 0.36, respectively, p = 0.043)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Brain", "Choline", "Female", "Humans", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multiple Sclerosis", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the hip muscle strength and cross sectional area (CSA) in men with hip osteoarthritis (OA) compared to age and sex matched healthy controls.", "Based on the American College of Rheumatology criteria regarding classification of hip OA, 27 men (aged 47-64 yrs) with unilateral or bilateral hip OA and 30 age matched randomly selected healthy male controls were studied. The maximal isometric hip abductor, adductor, flexor, and extensor strength (Nm) at 0 degree of hip flexion in the supine position was determined with a dynamometer. The isokinetic hip flexion and extension strength (peak torque, Nm) was determined using angular velocities of 60 degrees /s and 120 degrees /s. The subjective severity of hip pain was rated by visual analog scale prior to the muscle strength test. CSA of the pelvic and thigh muscles was measured from magnetic resonance images.", "The reliability of intraclass correlation coefficients for repeated measures of muscle strength varied from 0.70 to 0.94 in controls and from 0.84 to 0.98 in subjects with OA. Hip isometric adductor and abductor strength was 25% and 31% lower (p < 0.001) in OA subjects than in controls, respectively. The hip isometric and isokinetic flexion strength was 18-22% lower (p < 0.01) in OA subjects than in controls, but extension strength did not differ between groups. In OA subjects, the hip flexion and extension isometric and isokinetic strength values were 13-22% lower (p < 0.05) on the more deteriorated side compared to the better side. CSA of the pelvic and thigh muscles did not differ between the groups. However, in OA subjects, the CSA of the pelvic and thigh muscles was 6-13% less (p < 0.05 to < 0.001) on the more severely affected hip compared to the better hip." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Anatomy, Cross-Sectional", "Hip", "Humans", "Isometric Contraction", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscle Weakness", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Osteoarthritis, Hip", "Pain", "Pain Measurement", "Pelvis", "Reproducibility of Results", "Thigh" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To understand the effects of subeschar tissue fluid (STF) on postburn damage of the hepatocytes.", "In vitro cultured hepatocytes from normal guinea pigs were incubated with STF collected from guinea pigs with burn injury covering 30% total body surface area. Stained with Annexin-V-Fluos (A-V) and propidium iodide(PI), the hepatocytes were examined by flow cytometry for apoptosis and necrosis at both 12 and 24 h after incubation. The activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium were also assayed.", "Incubation with STF induced apoptosis and necrosis of the hepatocytes and elevated activities of ALT and LDH in the culture medium." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alanine Transaminase", "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Body Fluids", "Burns", "Cells, Cultured", "Culture Media", "Female", "Guinea Pigs", "Hepatocytes", "L-Lactate Dehydrogenase", "Male", "Necrosis", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Understanding what motivates the preference for and selection of foods has important health implications. Research suggests that the phytochemicals present in green leafy vegetables contain anticarcinogenic properties. As a result of the bitter taste of phytochemical compounds, however, foods containing these are often not well accepted, particularly by children.", "We aimed to study the relation between sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiocuracil (PROP) and acceptance of bitter- and strong-tasting foods in 3-6-y-old children.", "Two independent procedures, a threshold detection and a suprathreshold intensity task, were used to measure individual sensitivity to PROP, and 3 independent tasks were used to assess food acceptance.", "Sensitivity to the bitter taste of PROP was positively correlated with dislike of the taste of raw spinach (P < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Child, Preschool", "Eating", "Female", "Food Preferences", "Forecasting", "Humans", "Male", "Spinacia oleracea", "Taste", "Taste Threshold", "Uracil" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Polyphenolic procyanidins are abundant flavonoid polymers in Western diets. In vitro biological activity has been reported for these compounds, but activity in vivo depends on the amount and chemical nature of the flavonoids reaching the gastrointestinal tract. Degradation of procyanidins under simulated gastric conditions at pH 2.0 has been reported in vitro.", "The objective was to examine whether depolymerization of procyanidins occurs in the stomach of human subjects in vivo.", "After an overnight fast, 6 healthy subjects (3 men and 3 women) consumed 500 mL of a cocoa beverage containing 733 mg procyanidin polymers and 351 mg structurally related flavanol monomers. With the use of a nasogastric tube, stomach contents were collected every 10 min after beverage ingestion until the stomach was emptied. Flavanols and procyanidins (up to pentamers) were quantified by normal and reversed-phase HPLC.", "In all subjects, gastric transit lasted approximately 50-60 min. No change in the HPLC profile of procyanidins was observed during this period, showing that procyanidins were remarkably stable in the stomach environment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Biflavonoids", "Cacao", "Catechin", "Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid", "Drug Stability", "Female", "Gastrointestinal Contents", "Gastrointestinal Transit", "Humans", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Male", "Proanthocyanidins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Oat bran contains soluble fibers, such as beta-glucan, that increase bile acid excretion and thus decrease serum cholesterol. Bile acid synthesis correlates with serum concentrations of the metabolite 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (alpha-HC).", "The objective was to investigate whether consumption of beta-glucan from oat bran increases bile acid synthesis, as measured by the serum alpha-HC concentration, within hours after consumption in response to the loss of bile acids from the liver.", "In a randomized, single-blind, wheat bran-controlled study with crossover design, 8 subjects were served a controlled diet during 2 periods of 3 d each, with an 11-d washout between the periods. Breakfast included either 75 g extruded oat bran, of which 11 g was beta-glucan, or 75 g wheat bran, of which 1 g was beta-glucan. Alpha-HC was measured by HPLC on each day at 0, 12, and 24 h after breakfast and also at 8 h after breakfast on the first day.", "After 8 and 12 h of the oat bran diet period, the serum alpha-HC concentration was 84% (P = 0.012) and 92% (P = 0.017) higher, respectively, than that before breakfast. Serum concentrations returned to the baseline value after 24 h. Wheat bran did not influence serum alpha-HC concentrations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Avena", "Bile Acids and Salts", "Cholestenones", "Cross-Over Studies", "Diet", "Dietary Fiber", "Glucans", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Osmolar Concentration", "Protein Isoforms", "Single-Blind Method", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There is evidence from case-control studies that aminosalicylate drugs can reduce colorectal cancer risk by 75-81% in patients with ulcerative colitis. Patients may fail to comply with long-term therapies, however, or may have been advised to discontinue treatment once in remission.", "To describe the usage of long-term aminosalicylate therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "A cross-sectional study was performed using data extracted from general practitioner clinical records on demographic features, extent and duration of disease, use of aminosalicylate therapy and specialist care.", "Three hundred and sixty-three people had ulcerative colitis and no history of colorectal surgery. Ninety-five of 175 (54%) patients with proctitis, 78 of 123 (63%) patients with left-sided colitis and 28 of 45 (62%) patients with extensive colitis were currently taking an aminosalicylate drug. Those doing so were more likely to be under specialist care than to be definitely or possibly discharged (odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-8.4). The likelihood of current aminosalicylate therapy was not related to gender or the extent of disease, but was negatively related to the duration of disease." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aminosalicylic Acids", "Anticarcinogenic Agents", "Colitis, Ulcerative", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Drug Utilization", "Family Practice", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To establish whether bone disease is present at diagnosis in inflammatory bowel disease and to identify contributory metabolic abnormalities.", "Newly diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (19 males, 15 females; mean age, 44 years; range, 17-79 years; 23 ulcerative colitis, 11 Crohn's disease) were compared against standard reference ranges and a control group with irritable bowel syndrome (eight males, 10 females; mean age, 40 years; range, 19-64 years). Bone mineral density (g/cm2, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: lumbar spine and femoral neck) and biochemical bone markers were measured.", "Femoral neck bone mineral density, T- and Z-scores (mean +/- s.d., respectively) were lower in inflammatory bowel disease patients than in irritable bowel syndrome controls (0.78 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.90 +/- 0.16, P = 0.0046; - 0.88 +/- 0.92 vs. 0.12 +/- 1.17, P = 0.0018; - 0.30 +/- 0.89 vs. 0.61 +/- 1.10, P = 0.0030). Lumbar spine bone mineral density and T-scores were also significantly lower in patients than controls (0.98 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.08 +/- 0.13, P = 0.0342; - 1.05 +/- 1.39 vs. - 0.14 +/- 1.19, P = 0.0304). Compared with controls, the urinary deoxypyridinoline : creatinine ratio was increased (7.66 vs. 5.70 nmol/mmol, P = 0.0163) and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D was decreased (18.7 vs. 28.5 micro g/L, P = 0.0016); plasma osteocalcin and serum parathyroid hormone did not differ (P > 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Biomarkers", "Bone Density", "Bone Diseases, Metabolic", "Case-Control Studies", "Colitis, Ulcerative", "Colonic Diseases, Functional", "Crohn Disease", "Female", "Femur Neck", "Humans", "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases", "Lumbar Vertebrae", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gelatin-specific cell-mediated immunity develops in subjects inoculated with gelatin containing DTaP vaccine. However, it is not yet known whether such established sensitization to gelatin disappears or persists with time.", "The aim of this study was to follow the patients with gelatin sensitization elicited by DTaP vaccination for their lymphocyte responsiveness and IgE, IgG antibody specific to gelatin over several years and to compare the activities with those at the time of enrollment into the study.", "We studied 28 subjects who developed positive lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) after receiving gelatin containing DTaP vaccine and eight subjects who had a negative LPT after inoculation of non-gelatin DTaP. Determination of IgE, IgG antibodies and specific lymphoproliferative response directed against gelatin were performed at enrollment and on follow up.", "None of the subjects had antibody to gelatin at enrollment and none developed gelatin IgE or IgG during follow-up. There was no significant difference in the SIs of the subjects receiving gelatin DTaP (P = 0.150, 95% CI, -0.198-0.032), whereas lymphocyte activity to gelatin increased between enrollment and follow-up in the subjects with non-gelatin DTaP (P = 0.011, 95% CI, 0.063-0.338)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines", "Drug Hypersensitivity", "Female", "Gelatin", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin E", "Immunoglobulin G", "Infant", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Lymphocyte Count", "Male", "Prospective Studies", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "MGr1-antigen (Ag) was previously reported as an upregulated protein in multidrug-resistant (MDR) gastric cancer cells. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of MGr1-Ag in the multidrug resistance of gastric cancer cells.", "Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), two-dimensional electrophoresis, and Western blot were used to detect MGr1-Ag in gastric cancer cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the MDR gastric cancer cells, SGC7901/VCR, to chemotherapeutic drugs. Adriamycin accumulation and retention in SGC7901/VCR cells were analyzed using flow cytometry.", "LSCM showed that MGr1-Ag localized mainly on the membrane and partly in the cytoplasm of SGC7901/VCR cells. Western blot showed that the expression level of MGr1-Ag in SGC7901/VCR cells was higher than that in its parental cells, SGC7901, and that the apparent molecular weight and isoelectric point of MGr1-Ag were 42 kDa and pH 4.8, respectively. After incubation with MGr1 antibody, SGC7901/VCR cells showed significantly decreased IC(50) values for adriamycin (from 0.887 +/- 0.081 mg/l to 0.607 +/- 0.084 mg/l; P, 0.05), vincristine (from 0.707 +/- 0.055 mg/l to 0.557 +/- 0.042 mg/l; P, 0.05), and 5-fluorouracil (from 4.367 +/- 0.407 mg/l to 2.630 +/- 0.644 mg/l; P, 0.05), as well as slightly increased IC(50) values for mitomycin (from 0.183 +/- 0.045 mg/l to 0.198 +/- 0.048 mg/l; P. 0.05). In addition, incubation with MGr1 significantly enhanced adriamycin accumulation and retention in SGC7901/VCR cells." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antigens", "Antigens, Neoplasm", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Blotting, Western", "Doxorubicin", "Drug Resistance, Multiple", "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm", "Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional", "Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel", "Fluorescence", "Humans", "Microbial Sensitivity Tests", "Microscopy, Confocal", "Phenotype", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Survival Rate", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ventilator-induced lung injury may be caused by overdistension of alveoli during high-pressure ventilation. In this study, we examined the effects of increasing inspiratory time on ventilator-induced lung injury.", "Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four different groups with ten animals per group. Each group was then ventilated for 30 mins with one of four ventilator strategies. All groups were ventilated with an Fio2 of 1.0 and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 0 cm H2O. Group LoP was the negative control group and was ventilated with low pressures (peak inspiratory pressure = 12 cm H2O, rate = 30, and inspiratory time = 0.5 secs). Groups iT = 0.5, iT = 1.0, and iT = 1.5 were the experimental groups and were ventilated with high pressures (peak inspiratory pressure = 45 cm H2O, rate = 10, and inspiratory times = 0.5 secs, iT = 1.0 sec, and iT = 1.5 secs, respectively). Outcome measures included lung compliance, Pao /Fio ratio, wet/dry lung weight, and dry lung/body weight.", "Final static lung compliance (p =.0002) and Pao2/Fio2 (p =.001) decreased as inspiratory time increased. Wet/dry lung weights (p <.0001) and dry lung/body weights (p <.0001) increased as inspiratory time increased. Light microscopy revealed evidence of intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhage in the iT = 1.0 and iT = 1.5 animals but not the LoP and iT = 0.5 animals." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Body Weight", "Lung", "Lung Compliance", "Lung Injury", "Male", "Organ Size", "Positive-Pressure Respiration", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Respiration, Artificial" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Antithrombin exerts direct effects on neutrophils by inhibiting chemokine-induced migration. This study examined the potency of different pharmaceutical antithrombin preparations in inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis toward interleukin 8.", "Cell migration was tested by the leading front assay in modified Boyden microchemotaxis chambers bearing nitrocellulose filters. Human neutrophils were incubated with six different antithrombin concentrates or an immunopurified antithrombin preparation at concentrations of 1 micro IUeth-5 IU/ml.", "All antithrombin concentrates irrespective of the pharmaceutical source deactivated neutrophil chemotaxis. At concentrations below 100 mIU/ml neutrophil chemotaxis toward interleukin 8 was decreased by the antithrombin preparations with varying potency, but at 1 mIU/ml no significant differences were observed." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antithrombins", "Austria", "Chemotaxis, Leukocyte", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Interleukin-8", "Neutrophils" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate whether abnormal T cell recognition may be generated by exposure to exogenous antigens presenting sequence homology with epitopes contained in self HLA alleles, and if such recognition may be part of the mechanisms that fuel inflammation in autoimmune diseases associated with certain HLA alleles.", "Cytotoxic responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 9-mer peptides derived from HLA molecules (DRB1*1101, DRB1*0801, or DPB1*0201) associated with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) or homologous peptides derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins (Bolf1 or Balf2) were analyzed in patients with oligoarticular JIA and in healthy controls matched for HLA-DRB1*1101, DRB1*0801, or DPB1*0201. Production of proinflammatory cytokines in culture supernatants was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "T cell cytotoxic responses and production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with self HLA-derived peptides were found only in patients with oligoarticular JIA, and not in controls. Patients with oligoarticular JIA, but none of the healthy controls, had EBV-self HLA cross-reactive T cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Arthritis, Juvenile", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Cross Reactions", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Epitopes", "HLA-DR Antigens", "HLA-DRB1 Chains", "Herpesvirus 4, Human", "Humans", "Molecular Mimicry", "Myosin Heavy Chains", "T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic", "Viral Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the relationship between leptin and unintentional weight loss in older adults.", "Prospective cohort study over 2 years.", "University-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center.", "The subjects were 105 community-dwelling male veterans aged 65 and older who had participated in a prospective cohort study on nutrition and health conducted at the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System from 1986 to 1989.", "Anthropometric data and fasting blood specimens were collected at baseline and annually for the subsequent 2 years. Stored blood specimens were analyzed for leptin, insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein, sex hormone binding globulin, and testosterone levels.", "Over 2 years, 75 men were weight stable (weight loss <4% of baseline) and 30 men had unintentional weight loss (weight loss>4% of baseline). The baseline body mass index (BMI) and leptin levels for the two groups were not statistically different. Positive correlations existed between leptin level and BMI at each time point for weight-stable and weight-loss subjects. Furthermore, a significant relationship existed between changes in leptin and changes in BMI over 1 year in multiple regression analysis (r =.436, P <.001 after the first year; and r =.630, P =.027 after the second year)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Blood Glucose", "Body Mass Index", "C-Reactive Protein", "Cohort Studies", "Humans", "Insulin", "Leptin", "Male", "Prospective Studies", "Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin", "Testosterone", "Weight Loss" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Toosendanin is a pre-synaptic blocker at the neuromuscular junction and its inhibitory effect is divided into an initial facilitative/stimulatory phase followed by a prolonged inhibitory phase. The present study investigated whether the subsequent inhibitory phase was due to exhaustion of the secretory machinery as a result of extensive stimulation during the initial facilitative phase. More specifically, this paper examined whether toosendanin could directly inhibit the secretory machinery in exocrine cells.", "Rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated by collagenase digestion. Secretion was assessed by measuring the amount of amylase released into the extracellular medium as a percentage of the total present in the cells before stimulation. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced increases in intracellular calcium in single cells were measured with fura-2 microfluorometry.", "Effects of toosendanin on CCK-induced amylase secretion and calcium oscillations were investigated. Toosendanin of 87-870 microM had no effect on 10 pM-100 nM CCK-stimulated amylase secretion, nor did 8.7-870 microM toosendanin inhibit 5 pM CCK-induced calcium oscillations. In contrast, 10 nM CCK(1) receptor antagonist FK 480 completely blocked 5 pM CCK-induced calcium oscillations." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amylases", "Animals", "Calcium Channels", "Calcium Signaling", "Cholecystokinin", "Drugs, Chinese Herbal", "In Vitro Techniques", "Male", "Pancreas", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Synaptic Transmission" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV) is a form of tracheal gas insufflation through a reverse thrust catheter that facilitates expiration and enhances CO2 removal. Tracheas of sheep mechanically ventilated for 3 days with gas delivered through the reverse-thrust catheter remained free of secretions, without suctioning. It was hypothesized that: 1) The expiratory flow from the lungs, combined with continuous cephalad flow from the reverse-thrust catheter keeps endotracheal tubes clean; and 2) tracheal mucus velocity is not impaired by ITPV.", "A model trachea connected to a test lung and to a ventilator, via an 8-mm endotracheal tube, was used. Inspiratory and expiratory peak flow velocities and the movement of mucus in the model trachea and in the endotracheal tube were measured during conventional mechanical ventilation and ITPV. Tracheal mucus velocity was measured radiographically, using tantalum discs as markers, in seven intubated sheep ventilated for one hour with volume-controlled ventilation, and with ITPV. One millilitre Evans Blue dye was introduced into the trachea, to visualize mucus transport into the endotracheal tube.", "Peak expiratory flow velocity exceeded peak inspiratory flow velocity by 100% during ITPV. During volume-controlled ventilation, flow velocities were equal. During ITPV, there was slow, then rapid cephalad movement of mucus in the model trachea, 0.5 cm distal to the tip of the endotracheal tube, the velocity increasing once mucus entered the endotracheal tube. During volume-controlled ventilation, no movement of mucus was found. Baseline tracheal mucus velocity was equal during volume-controlled ventilation and ITPV. Secretions stained with Evans Blue dye entered the endotracheal tube and were rapidly expelled from within the endotracheal tubes during ITPV; only traces of mucus were found in two sheep during volume-controlled ventilation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Gas Analysis", "Blood Glucose", "Coloring Agents", "Evans Blue", "Female", "In Vitro Techniques", "Intubation, Intratracheal", "Male", "Mucociliary Clearance", "Pulmonary Ventilation", "Respiration, Artificial", "Sheep", "Suction", "Tidal Volume", "Trachea" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To further elucidate the immunopathogenesis of immune restoration diseases (IRD) in HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy and determine whether IRD associated with different opportunistic pathogens involve distinct immunopathological mechanisms.", "DNA samples from patients with a range of IRD were typed for polymorphic loci in genes encoding immune-mediators.", "PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays were used to type loci in the and genes. Alleles of a microsatellite in the CD30 promoter were determined by capillary electrophoresis.", "Only 8% of patients with IRD associated with a herpesvirus infection carried IL12B-3'UTR*2, compared with 42-54% of patients with other or no IRD. Patients with IRD arising from mycobacterial infection rarely carried IL6-174*C (36% versus 61-71%) and never carried TNFA-308*2 (0% versus 23-52%). TNFA-308*2 was carried by 52% of patients who experienced IRD associated with a herpesvirus infection, as several patients with exacerbations of cytomegalovirus retinitis carried this as part of a HLA-A2,B44 haplotype. Polymorphisms in and showed no distinct patterns." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections", "Adult", "Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active", "Cytokines", "Cytomegalovirus Retinitis", "Encephalomyelitis", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "HIV Infections", "HIV-1", "Humans", "Immune System", "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection", "Polymorphism, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To test the hypothesis that low adiponectin is associated with low fat oxidation in humans.", "We measured plasma adiponectin concentrations in 75 healthy, nondiabetic Pima Indians (age, 28 +/- 7 years; 55 men and 20 women; body fat, 29.7 +/- 7.5%) and 18 whites [(age, 33 +/- 8 years; 14 men and 4 women; body fat, 28.2 +/- 10.8% (means +/- SD)] whose body composition was measured by DXA and 24-hour energy expenditure (24-hour EE) by a respiratory chamber. Respiratory quotient (an estimate of whole-body carbohydrate/lipid oxidation rate) was calculated over 24 hours (24-hour RQ).", "Before correlational analyses, waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR) and percentage of body fat (PFAT) were adjusted for age, sex, and race; 24-hour EE was adjusted for fat mass and fat-free mass, and 24-hour RQ were adjusted for energy balance. Plasma adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with WTR (r = -0.42, p < 0.0001) and PFAT (r = -0.46, p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between plasma adiponectin concentrations and 24-hour RQ, (r = 0.09, p = 0.36) before or after adjustment for PFAT (r = 0.001, p = 0.99, respectively, partial correlation), and no correlation was found between plasma adiponectin concentrations and 24-hour EE (r = -0.12, p = 0.27)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Absorptiometry, Photon", "Adiponectin", "Adipose Tissue", "Adult", "Blood Glucose", "Body Composition", "Calorimetry, Indirect", "Cohort Studies", "Energy Metabolism", "European Continental Ancestry Group", "Female", "Glucose Tolerance Test", "Humans", "Indians, North American", "Insulin", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Male", "Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Many women who have had breast or ovarian cancer who are undergoing tests for the presence of germline mutations in the genes will receive a result that is inconclusive. As this continuing uncertainty may have a detrimental effect on their psychological well-being and it is possible that such results will be misinterpreted as indicating that no mutation is present, studying their effect is important.", "Sixty-one women undergoing such tests completed questionnaires 2 weeks after their blood was taken and at 1 week and 6 months after receiving a preliminary \"inconclusive\" result, i.e., indicating that two thirds of the gene had been tested and no mutation had been found so far.", "Perceived likelihood of having a mutation and perceptions of cancer risk significantly decreased after receipt of the interim result. There were no changes in levels of psychological distress and worry about cancer, in intentions to have mammograms, to carry out breast self-examination, or to have prophylactic surgery." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "BRCA1 Protein", "Breast Neoplasms", "Female", "Genetic Counseling", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Genetic Testing", "Germ-Line Mutation", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Middle Aged", "Ovarian Neoplasms", "Perception", "Prospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Stress, Psychological", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process and is characterised by the presence of T-lymphocytes in the lesions. To study the role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) in this process and the effect of infection on T-cell influx, we infected Apo E3-Leiden mice with C. pneumoniae and investigated the effect on lesion development and T-cell influx in atherosclerotic lesions at different time points post infection (pi).", "Nine week old mice, fed an atherogenic diet, were either mock-infected or infected with C. pneumoniae and sacrificed at 1, 6 and 9 months pi. Longitudinal sections of the aortic arches of the mice were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for atherosclerotic lesion type and lesion area analysis, or with rabbit-anti-CD3(+) to detect the presence of T-cells in the atherosclerotic lesions. T-cell influx was expressed as number of T-lymphocytes/lesion area.", "At 1 month pi, type 1, 2 and 3 lesions were present. At other time points pi, more complex lesion types 4, 5a and 5b were also present. Although infection did not influence the total lesion number or area, we observed an effect of C. pneumoniae infection on lesion type. Infection resulted in a significant shift in lesion formation from type 3 to type 4 (P=0.022) at 6 months pi, and from type 4 to type 5a (P=0.002) at 9 months pi. T-cells were observed at every time point pi. At 1 month pi, a significant increase in T-cell influx in the C. pneumoniae-infected atherosclerotic lesions was observed (P=0.0005)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aortitis", "Arteriosclerosis", "Chlamydia Infections", "Chlamydophila pneumoniae", "Cholesterol", "Diet, Atherogenic", "Disease Progression", "Female", "Hypercholesterolemia", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Risk Factors", "T-Lymphocytes", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the effects of human intervertebral disc aggrecan on nerve growth and guidance, using in vitro techniques.", "Aggrecan extracted from human lumbar intervertebral discs was incorporated into tissue culture substrata for the culture of the human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, or explants of chick dorsal root ganglia. The effects on nerve growth of different concentrations of aggrecan extracted from the anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, and of these aggrecan preparations following enzymic deglycosylation, were compared.", "Disc aggrecan inhibited the growth of neurites from SH-SY5Y cells and induced growth cone turning of chick sensory neurites in a concentration-dependent manner. Aggrecan isolated from the anulus fibrosus was more inhibitory than that isolated from the nucleus pulposus, but enzymic pretreatments to reduce the glycosylation of both types of disc aggrecan partially abrogated their inhibitory effects." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aggrecans", "Animals", "Cell Division", "Chick Embryo", "Chondroitin ABC Lyase", "Extracellular Matrix Proteins", "Ganglia, Spinal", "Glycoside Hydrolases", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Intervertebral Disc", "Lectins, C-Type", "Neuroblastoma", "Neurons", "Proteoglycans", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "beta-Galactosidase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate in situ the relationship between 2 key mediators implicated in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage: nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-1-converting enzyme (ICE). Interleukin-18 (IL-18) was also studied and served as reference for the effects of ICE.", "An OA model was created in dogs by sectioning (stab wound) the anterior cruciate ligament of the right stifle joint. Three experimental groups were studied: unoperated untreated dogs, operated untreated dogs (OA), and OA dogs treated with oral N-iminoethyl-L-lysine (L-NIL), a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (10 mg/kg twice a day starting immediately after surgery). At 12 weeks after surgery, cartilage from the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus were processed for immunohistochemistry for ICE, IL-18, and protease inhibitor 9 (PI-9), a natural inhibitor of ICE, followed by morphometric analysis. Cartilage specimens from the femoral condyles of untreated OA dogs were dissected and incubated with specific inhibitors of different signaling pathways likely to be involved in the OA process: SB 202190 (10 microM; a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] inhibitor), PD 98059 (100 microM; a MAPK kinase 1/2 [MEK-1/2] inhibitor), NS-398 (10 ng/ml; a specific cyclooxygenase 2 [COX-2] inhibitor), and L-NIL (50 microM).", "Both ICE and IL-18 were present in situ in the canine cartilage, with a significant increase in the level of these 2 proteins in OA cartilage. In contrast, the level of PI-9 was lower in OA than in normal cartilage (difference not statistically significant). Compared with untreated OA cartilage, oral treatment with L-NIL significantly decreased ICE and IL-18 levels in cartilage from the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, to values similar to those in normal dogs. L-NIL also increased the PI-9 level in normal dogs compared with OA dogs, reaching statistical significance for femoral condyle cartilage. Interestingly, in vitro experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of ICE levels by p38, MEK-1/2, and COX-2 inhibitors, but not by the iNOS inhibitor." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cartilage", "Caspase 1", "Chondrocytes", "Dogs", "Enzyme Activation", "Interleukin-18", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II", "Osteoarthritis", "Serpins", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the prevalence of anti-high-density lipoprotein (anti-HDL) antibodies and to establish a possible relationship between anti-HDL, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I (anti-beta(2)GPI), and paraoxonase (PON) activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).", "Thirty-two patients with SLE and 36 with primary APS were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Twenty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were used as controls. Serum levels of IgG and IgM aCL, anti-beta(2)GPI, and antiprothrombin antibodies and IgG anti-HDL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HDL(2), and HDL(3) were determined by standard enzymatic techniques. PON activity was assessed by quantification of nitrophenol formation, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by chemiluminescence.", "Levels of total HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) were reduced in patients with SLE compared with controls (mean +/- SD 0.51 +/- 0.3, 0.37 +/- 0.3, and 0.14 +/- 0.1 mmoles/liter, respectively, versus 1.42 +/- 0.9, 1.01 +/- 0.7, and 0.40 +/- 0.2). Patients with SLE and primary APS had higher titers of anti-HDL antibodies and lower PON activity than controls. In the SLE population, PON activity was inversely correlated with IgG anti-HDL titers (r = -0.48, P = 0.005) whereas in the primary APS population, IgG anti-beta(2)GPI was the only independent predictor of PON activity (r = -0.483, P = 0.003). In the SLE group, anti-HDL was inversely correlated with TAC (r = -0.40, P < 0.02), and PON activity was positively correlated with TAC (r = 0.43, P < 0.02)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antibodies, Anticardiolipin", "Antioxidants", "Antiphospholipid Syndrome", "Arteriosclerosis", "Aryldialkylphosphatase", "Biomarkers", "Cholesterol", "Esterases", "Female", "Glycoproteins", "Humans", "Lipoproteins, HDL", "Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prothrombin", "Regression Analysis", "beta 2-Glycoprotein I" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Non-invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis by transit-time analysis of an ultrasound contrast agent has been reported, even though the mechanism by which contrast arrives to the hepatic vein earlier in cirrhosis than in normal controls is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess whether the earlier appearance of contrast in the hepatic vein depends on intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes.", "There were 15 participants: six volunteers, three patients with hepatitis, and six with cirrhosis. The contrast agent was given intravenously, and transit-time analysis of the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic vein was performed. The time-acoustic intensity curves in the three vessels were analyzed by an image and cineloop display and quantification software package.", "The hepatic artery and portal vein arrival times were not significantly different among the three groups. On the other hand, hepatic vein arrival times were significantly earlier in cirrhosis (median 18 seconds) compared with arrival times in hepatitis patients (median 30 seconds, P < 0.001) and in healthy volunteers (median 31 seconds, P < 0.001). These results give support to a previous pilot study and indicate that most of the time delay in hepatic vein arrival time between cirrhosis and the other groups originated from intrahepatic circulation abnormalities." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Contrast Media", "Female", "Hepatic Artery", "Hepatic Veins", "Humans", "Liver Circulation", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Portal Vein", "Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Rats with long-term cholestasis have reduced ketosis of unknown origin.", "Fatty acid metabolism was studied in starved rats with biliary obstruction for 4 weeks (bile duct ligated rats = BDL rats), and 3, 7, 14, 28 and 84 days after reversal of biliary obstruction by Roux-en-Y anastomosis (RY rats), and in sham-operated control rats.", "BDL rats had reduced beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in plasma (0.25 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.20 mmol/l) and liver (2.57 +/- 0.20 vs. 4.63 +/- 0.61 micromol/g) which increased after restoring bile flow. Hepatic expression and activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) or CPT II were unaffected or decreased in BDL rats, respectively, and increased after restoring bile flow. Oxidative metabolism of different substrates by isolated liver mitochondria and activation of palmitate were reduced in BDL rats and recovered 7-14 days after restoring bile flow. Ketogenesis was decreased in mitochondria from BDL rats and recovered 3 months after restoring bile flow. Both mRNA and protein expression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMG-CoA synthase), the rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis, was reduced in livers of BDL rats and increased after reversing biliary obstruction." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y", "Animals", "Bile Ducts", "Cholestasis, Extrahepatic", "Electron Transport", "Fatty Acids", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase", "Ketones", "Ligation", "Liver", "Male", "Mitochondria", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Thrombocytopenia can be found in patients with chronic hepatitis related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both hypersplenism and decreased liver production of thrombopoietin (TPO) have been hypothesized as mechanisms responsible for thrombocytopenia.", "To assess the presence of relationships among platelet count, spleen size, TPO serum levels, liver histology, and liver function in a group of patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis.", "Platelet count, TPO serum levels, and spleen size were assessed in 25 untreated HCV positive chronic hepatitis patients undergoing liver biopsy. These parameters were correlated to liver histology and liver function as evaluated by means of [(13)C]aminopyrine breath test (ABT).", "Both platelet counts (146 +/- 48 vs. 202 +/- 56 x 10(9)/1, P < 0.03) and TPO serum levels (103 +/- 24 vs. 158 +/- 7 1 pg/ml, P < 0.02) were lower among patients with high fibrosis scores as compared to patients with low fibrosis scores. Patients with thrombocytopenia as well as patients with high fibrosis scores had lower ABT results as compared to patients with normal platelet counts and patients with no or mild fibrosis, respectively. TPO serum levels were correlated to platelet count (r(s) = 0.493, P = 0.016), and negatively correlated to fibrosis stage (r(s) = -0.545, P = 0.008). Lastly, low TPO serum levels were associated to a decrease in liver function." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aminopyrine", "Breath Tests", "Carbon Isotopes", "Female", "Hepatitis C, Chronic", "Humans", "Liver", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Necrosis", "Platelet Count", "Spleen", "Thrombocytopenia", "Thrombopoietin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Organ transplant recipients currently require lifetime immunosuppressive therapy, with its accompanying side effects. Biological agents that block T-cell costimulatory pathways are important components of strategies being developed to induce transplantation tolerance. The aim of this study was to test the effect of a novel chimeric anti-human CD40 monoclonal antibody (Chi 220), either alone or in combination with CTLA4-Ig, on the survival of renal allografts in a nonhuman primate model.", "Captive-bred adolescent male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (4-10 kg) were used as recipients and donors. Four treatment protocols were tested: Chi220 monotherapy, CTLA4-Ig monotherapy, Chi220 combined with CTLA4-Ig, and H106 (anti-CD40L) combined with CTLA4-Ig. Control animals received human albumin. Recipients were followed for survival, renal allograft function as determined by measurement of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, chemistries (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate), complete blood cell count (CBC) with differential, and the development of donor-specific alloantibody.", "Treatment with Chi220 for 14 days prolonged renal allograft survival (MST 38.5 vs. 7 days in untreated controls). Notably, simultaneous blockade of the CD28/B7 pathway did not further augment graft survival but did suppress the development of donor-specific antibodies, an effect not achieved with Chi220 alone, despite peripheral B cell depletion. Finally, treatment with Chi220 suppressed the primary immune response to cytomegalovirus, resulting in severe systemic manifestations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abatacept", "Animals", "Antibodies", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antibody Formation", "Antigens, CD", "Antigens, Differentiation", "B-Lymphocytes", "CD28 Antigens", "CD40 Antigens", "CD40 Ligand", "CTLA-4 Antigen", "Cytomegalovirus Infections", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Graft Survival", "Immunoconjugates", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "Isoantibodies", "Kidney", "Kidney Transplantation", "Macaca mulatta", "Male", "Tissue Donors", "Transplantation, Homologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Little is known about how craniofacial bones that are distant from dental implants are loaded. Whether bone experiences different strain when implants of different diameters are loaded is unknown.", "This study was designed to (1) characterize bone strain both adjacent to and distant from dental implants and (2) compare bone strain in response to the same loads on small-diameter and large-diameter implants.", "On 4 edentulous, dry adult human skulls, the buccopalatal midpoint of the edentulous occlusal surface was marked unilaterally in the maxillary first molar area with a round bur. A hole for implant placement was prepared, and 2 self-tapping titanium implants (3.75 x 7 mm and 4 x 7 mm) were placed in the same location and at the same orientation, one after the other. A 4-mm-long titanium abutment was connected to the implant. Each implant was loaded 10 degrees lateral to its longitudinal axis, simulating a lateral occlusal force in 3 of the skulls. In skull 2, loading was along the longitudinal axis of the implant and simulated a vertical occlusal force. The magnitude of the ramp forces was 0 to 100 N. Uniaxial strain gages and/or 3-element strain rosettes were implanted in the supramolar cortical bone, the supraincisor cortical bone, the zygomaticomaxillary suture, and the zygomaticotemporal suture. All strain gages/rosettes were excited with 500 mV DC, and the output signals were recorded with a strain conditioner. Tensile strain was expressed as positive values and compressive strain as negative values. Student t tests were used to test for normal distribution of bone strain within each skull; Wilcoxon tests were applied for skewed distribution between small- and large-diameter implants and between 50-N and 100-N loads (P<or=.05).", "Bone strain both adjacent to and distant from the implants was complex: compressive strain in the buccal cortical bone superior to the implants; tensile strain in the ipsilateral supraincisor cortical bone but compressive strain in the contralateral supraincisor cortical bone; and tensile strain anterior to the zygomaticotemporal suture but compressive strain posterior to the suture. With the same applied loads, bone strain was higher for large-diameter implants than for small-diameter implants for all the above cortical locations (P<.01 to.001) except posterior to the zygomaticotemporal suture." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Bite Force", "Compressive Strength", "Cranial Sutures", "Dental Abutments", "Dental Implants", "Dental Prosthesis Design", "Dental Stress Analysis", "Facial Bones", "Frontal Bone", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Mouth, Edentulous", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Tensile Strength", "Zygoma" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early childhood has been associated with subsequent wheezing and atopy. The aim of this study was to test if severe RSV infection in early life was associated with an increase in type 2 cytokine production and atopy in Gambian children 5 years later.", "A cohort of children with severe RSV infection during the first year of life ('cases', n = 66) and without ('controls', n = 122) was followed-up at 5 years of age. Immediate hypersensitivity to common allergens, airway reactivity, serum IgE concentration and the production of IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13 by lymphocytes activated in vitro with RSV F-G or control antigens was determined.", "After adjustment for confounders, cases produced significantly higher concentrations of IL-13 in response to RSV F-G and of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to tuberculin. Cases were more likely to have presented with a wheezy lower respiratory tract infection in the first 3 years of life (adjusted odds ratio = 9.9; 95% CI 1.6-61.0), but not thereafter. Cases and controls had similar skin response to allergens, airway reactivity and serum IgE concentrations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Bronchial Hyperreactivity", "Case-Control Studies", "Child, Preschool", "Cytokines", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gambia", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin E", "Infant", "Interferon-gamma", "Interleukin-13", "Interleukin-5", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Lymphocytes", "Multivariate Analysis", "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections", "Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human", "Tuberculin Test" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Nonuniformity in suppression of spermatogenesis induced by various hormones or hormone combinations has impeded the development of an effective hormonal male contraceptive. The basis for this heterogeneity in response remained unresolved to date; however, the presence of ethnic differences points to an involvement of genetic factors.", "In a retrospective analysis we investigated the impact of a CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor and polymorphic sites in the oestrogen and FSH receptor genes on spermatogenic suppression in 85 Caucasian men treated with different regimens of hormonal contraception.", "Failure to reduce sperm concentrations below 3 million/ml was significantly associated with insufficient suppression of gonadotrophins. The extent of gonadotrophin suppression was not explained by any polymorphism but was primarily pharmacological, resulting from addition of gestagens to testosterone. When LH and FSH suppression was rapid and persistent none of the polymorphisms studied explained why some men failed to achieve azoospermia. In cases with incomplete gonadotrophin suppression the chances of becoming azoospermic were 2.5 times higher in men having more than 22 CAG repeats." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Chi-Square Distribution", "Contraceptive Agents, Male", "Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal", "Depression, Chemical", "Estrogen Receptor alpha", "Gonadotropins, Pituitary", "Humans", "Male", "Odds Ratio", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Receptors, Androgen", "Receptors, Estrogen", "Receptors, FSH", "Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid", "Retrospective Studies", "Sperm Count", "Spermatogenesis", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although almost inert chemically, xenon is not unreactive biologically. It interacts with receptors involved in the expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules. The effect of xenon on the immune function in whole blood has not been studied.", "We examined the effects of 70% xenon in oxygen on cytokine balance and expression of adhesion molecules in an isolated cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system, which simulates an evolving inflammatory response. Whole blood from 10 healthy male volunteers was circulated in a CBP system supplied with either 70% xenon in oxygen, or oxygen-enriched air - FO(2)=0.3 (control). We took samples of blood after 30, 60 and 90 min of simulated CBP. We measured interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra and TNF-sr-2 levels, and the expression of HLA-DR and the adhesion molecules L-selectin, CD18 and CD11b on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes.", "IL-8 concentrations were increased significantly, TNF-sr-2 concentrations decreased significantly and IL-10 levels decreased during bypass. There were no significant differences between the groups for any measured variable." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Anesthetics, Inhalation", "Cardiopulmonary Bypass", "Cell Adhesion Molecules", "Cytokines", "Granulocytes", "Humans", "Interleukin-10", "Interleukin-8", "Lymphocytes", "Male", "Monocytes", "Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor", "Xenon" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To characterize the effects of size, shape, and negative charge on the transport of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall by using the sieving curves (fractional clearance vs. solute molecular radii) of fluorescent polydispersed polysaccharide tracers.", "Glomerular fractional clearances (FC) were measured with fluorescent neutral [isoelectric point (pI) = 7.3 +/- 0.2] and negatively charged (pI = 3.5 +/- 0.4) dextrans (DEX) in comparison with negatively charged (pI = 4.8 +/- 0.3) hydroxy ethyl starch (HES) and (pI = 4.6 +/- 0.1) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats. FCs (n = 53) were measured by using the urinary clearance of (14)C-inulin to determine the glomerular filtration rate. The relative uptake of each fluorescent probe by endothelial and renal proximal tubule epithelial (LLC-PK(1)) cells, in vitro, was measured microscopically by using a cooled (-25 degrees C) CCD camera.", "The sieving curves for randomly coiled neutral and negatively charged DEX probes were identical. These FC values were 6-fold greater than those for HES and 200-fold above similarly sized fluorescent BSA. The polysaccharide probes did not show significant binding to serum proteins. The uptake of BSA by LLC-PK(1) cells was 20- to 100-fold greater than that for neutral or negatively charged macromolecules." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Anions", "Biological Transport", "Capillary Permeability", "Cell Line", "Dextrans", "Endothelium", "Epithelial Cells", "Fluorescent Dyes", "Glomerular Filtration Rate", "Inulin", "Isoelectric Point", "Kidney Glomerulus", "Male", "Molecular Conformation", "Polysaccharides", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred F344", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Serum Albumin, Bovine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension have a hyperkinetic systemic circulation. A number of circulating vasoactive peptides, including endothelin-1 (ET-1), are elevated and, recently, increased arterial compliance has been described in these patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate a potential relation between altered arterial compliance and arterial ET-1 in patients with cirrhosis. As ET-1 may be manipulated by somastostatin, the study includes infusion of octreotide in a subset of patients.", "A total of 67 patients with cirrhosis and 27 controls were studied during a haemodynamic investigation. Arterial ET-1 was determined by two different radioimmunoassays and arterial compliance was determined as the stroke volume/pulse pressure index.", "Arterial compliance was elevated by 32%-40% in the cirrhotic patients as compared to the controls (P < 0.005). Arterial ET-1 was elevated by 26%-170% in the cirrhotic patients (P<0.001). No significant relationships could be established between arterial compliance and arterial ET-1 (r = -0.15 to 0.23, ns). Intravenous bolus injection and infusion of octreotide (100 pg + 100 microg/h, n = 9) did not significantly change either arterial compliance or arterial ET-1." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Arteries", "Endothelin-1", "Female", "Hemodynamics", "Humans", "Hypertension, Portal", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Octreotide", "Vasoconstrictor Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to investigate whether microalbuminuria, a proposed marker of generalized vascular damage, enhances the prognostic value of ST-T segment changes for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population.", "ST-T segment changes on the rest electrocardiogram (ECG) predict mortality in the general population. However, the excess risk seems to be low, particularly in nonhospitalized populations with a low cardiovascular risk profile.", "In a population of 7,330 male and female subjects, a total of 89 deaths (1.2%) occurred during a median three-year follow-up. In 69 of these, the cause of death was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics: 25 subjects died of cardiovascular causes (36%). Using computerized Minnesota coding, ST-T segment changes were coded as 4.1-4 and 5.1-4. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg per 24 h.", "The combination of ST-T segment changes and microalbuminuria showed a higher hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality (HR 8.6 [95% confidence interval [CI] 4.8 to 15.2, p < 0.0001), as compared with ST-T segment changes in the absence of microalbuminuria (HR 1.3 [95% CI 0.7 to 2.5]), which was independent of other cardiovascular risk factors (HR 3.3 [95% CI 1.5 to 7.1], p = 0.002). The combination showed a higher HR when only cardiovascular deaths were taken into account, as compared with all-cause mortality (HR 24.5 [95% CI 7.9 to 76.0], p < 0.0001), which also counted for ST-T segment changes alone (HR 4.4 [95% CI 1.4 to 14.5], p = 0.02). After controlling for other risk factors, the HRs were 10.4 (95% CI 2.5 to 43.6, p = 0.001) for the combination and 2.7 (95% CI 0.6 to 12.3) for ST-T segment changes alone." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Albuminuria", "Electrocardiography", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Ischemia", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Risk Assessment", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to evaluate the efficacy of the antioxidant acetylcysteine in limiting the nephrotoxicity after coronary procedures.", "The increasingly frequent use of contrast-enhanced imaging for diagnosis or intervention in patients with coronary artery disease has generated concern about the avoidance of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN). Reactive oxygen species have been shown to cause CIN.", "We prospectively studied 121 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (mean [+/-SD] serum creatinine concentration 2.8 +/- 0.8 mg/dl) who underwent a coronary procedure. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either acetylcysteine (400 mg orally twice daily) and 0.45% saline intravenously, before and after injection of the contrast agent, or placebo and 0.45% saline. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were measured before, 48 h and 7 days after the coronary procedure.", "Seventeen (14%) of the 121 patients had an increase in their serum creatinine concentration of at least 0.5 mg/dl at 48 h after administration of the contrast agent: 2 (3.3%) of the 60 patients in the acetylcysteine group and 15 (24.6%) of the 61 patients in the control group (p < 0.001). In the acetylcysteine group, the mean serum creatinine concentration decreased significantly from 2.8 +/- 0.8 to 2.5 +/- 1.0 mg/dl (p < 0.01) at 48 h after injection of the contrast medium, whereas in the control group, the mean serum creatinine concentration increased significantly from 2.8 +/- 0.8 to 3.1 +/- 1.0 mg/dl (p < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcysteine", "Aged", "Comorbidity", "Contrast Media", "Coronary Angiography", "Coronary Disease", "Creatinine", "Female", "Free Radical Scavengers", "Humans", "Iopamidol", "Kidney", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the efficacy of brief couples support groups offered concurrently with in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.", "Couples in IVF treatment were given the option of participating in a biweekly support group at the IVF clinic at Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, Tex. At least 1 member of 26 couples participated in the brief couples support groups, and at least 1 member of 19 other couples completed the questionnaires but did not attend the support group sessions and so comprised the control group. Facilitators used cognitive behavioral techniques to help participants process their feelings and cognitions about their infertility. Emotional and cognitive factors were assessed both before and after group attendance by using the Beck Depression Inventory; the Beck Anxiety Inventory; the Life Orientation Test, which assesses optimism and pessimism; the Survey of Personal Views, which measures irrational beliefs; and the Social Provisions Scale, which measures social support.", "Women who attended group sessions were significantly less anxious after the IVF treatment than they were before the cycle (P < .001). Men who attended the group sessions were more optimistic than nongroup men or the women at the completion of the IVF cycle (P < .001) but endorsed greater numbers of irrational beliefs (P < .001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Analysis of Variance", "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy", "Female", "Fertilization in Vitro", "Humans", "Male", "Psychiatric Status Rating Scales", "Psychotherapy, Group", "Social Support", "Stress, Psychological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To analyse the lignan content of phloem powder enriched rye bread and to study the dose-response relationship of the effect of dietary plant lignans derived from phloem on intestinal production of enterolactone by measuring enterolactone concentration in serum.", "A randomized double-blind supplementation trial.", "Seventy-five non-smoking men recruited by newspaper advertisements.", "Subjects were randomized to three study groups receiving either rye bread high in phloem (HP, 14% of rye flour substituted with phloem powder), rye bread low in phloem (LP, 7% of rye flour substituted with phloem powder) or placebo rye bread. Participants consumed 70 g of study bread daily for 4 weeks and provided serum samples for enterolactone analysis at baseline and at the end of the intervention.", "There was a significant increase in serum enterolactone concentration in the LP and HP groups compared with the placebo group (P=0.009 and P=0.003, respectively). Considerable interindividual differences were observed in the response to dietary lignans within the study groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "4-Butyrolactone", "Adult", "Aged", "Bread", "Colon", "Dietary Fiber", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Double-Blind Method", "Fermentation", "Food, Fortified", "Humans", "Lignans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Secale", "Solubility" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the association of the FcgammaRIIIA gene with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in two genetically distinct groups: a white group from the United Kingdom and a northern Indian group.", "The distributions of the two alleles of the FcgammaRIIIA F158V polymorphism were determined in 398 white patients from the United Kingdom and 63 Indian patients with RA and compared with those from 289 United Kingdom and 93 Indian healthy controls, respectively.", "Among the Indian patients, the frequency of the rare 158V allele and the proportion of 158VV homozygotes were reduced (relative risk (RR)=0.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.1 to 1.1, p<0.06), reaching statistical significance for carrying the 158VV phenotype relative to 158FV or FF (RR=0.2, 95% CI 0.05-0.9, p<0.02). Conversely, no significant deviation in allelic frequencies was noted between the patients and controls from the United Kingdom." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Genotype", "Humans", "India", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Receptors, IgG", "United Kingdom" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine factors influencing pain or physical function in Asian patients with osteoarthritis (OA).", "126 consecutive Chinese (110), Malays (two), Indians (10), or other races (four) with knee or hip OA and a median age of 60.5 years were seen at a tertiary referral centre; 103 were women. Subjects underwent a structured assessment including the Short Form-36 (SF-36) bodily pain (BP) and physical functioning (PF) scales and assessing demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and other characteristics. Factors influencing BP or PF were identified using separate multiple linear regression models.", "The index joint (that is, the most symptomatic joint) was the knee in 118 (94%) and the hip in eight (6%) patients. The median duration of pain and limitation of normal activities were three years and one year, respectively. The mean BP and PF scores of 57.7 and 56.2 points for the patients were substantially lower than the expected scores of 79.3 and 80.8 points for the general Singapore population. Multiple regression analysis showed that less pain was associated with a younger age, shorter duration of symptoms, more years of education, working, and Chinese ethnicity. Better physical function was associated with more years of education, less learned helplessness, less bodily pain, and less severe OA." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Analysis of Variance", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Female", "Health Status Indicators", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osteoarthritis, Hip", "Osteoarthritis, Knee", "Pain", "Pain Measurement", "Risk Factors", "Singapore", "Socioeconomic Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The genetic background of hypertensive crisis is unknown. We examined the association of polymorphisms in genes involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system with hypertensive crisis.", "Population-based case-control study.", "Emergency department at a tertiary care university hospital.", "A total of 182 patients with essential hypertension who were admitted to an emergency department for treatment of hypertensive crisis and 182 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals.", "None.", "Analysis of polymorphisms in genes coding for angiotensinogen (AJT 704T-->C), angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1 1166A-->C), renin (REN 2646G-->A), renin-binding protein (RENBP 61T-->C), alpha-adducin (ADD1 1378G-->T), beta-2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2 46A-->G, 79C-->G), and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE I/D) was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. MAIN RESULTS Among patients, the ACE I/D polymorphism showed a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p =.01). In controls, all polymorphisms were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the DD genotype was increased in patients (n = 70, 38.5%) vs. controls (n = 51; 28.0%;p =.03; odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.50), which was due to the DD genotype in 40 male patients (44%) vs. 23 in male controls (25.3%;p =.004; odds ratio, 3.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.47-8.30). There were no differences in genotype distributions among other polymorphisms." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensinogen", "Calmodulin-Binding Proteins", "Carbohydrate Epimerases", "Carrier Proteins", "Case-Control Studies", "Emergencies", "Female", "Gene Frequency", "Genotype", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length", "Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1", "Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2", "Receptors, Angiotensin", "Renin", "Renin-Angiotensin System" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pyruvate, a natural energy-yielding fuel in myocardium, neutralizes peroxides by a direct decarboxylation reaction, and indirectly augments the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system by generating NADPH reducing power via citrate formation. The possibility that pyruvate's antioxidant actions could mediate its enhancement of contractile performance in prooxidant-challenged myocardium was investigated in isolated working guinea-pig hearts reversibly injured by hydrogen peroxide.", "Hearts were challenged by 10 min perfusion with 100 microM H(2)O(2), followed by 90 min H(2)O(2)-free perfusion. Metabolic and antioxidant treatments (each 5m M) were administered at 30-90 min post-H(2)O(2). Phosphocreatine phosphorylation state, GSH/glutathione disulfide redox potential (GSH/GSSG) and key enzyme activities were measured in snap-frozen myocardium.", "H(2)O(2) exposure depleted myocardial energy and antioxidant reserves and produced marked contractile impairment that persisted throughout the H(2)O(2) washout period. Relative to untreated post-H(2)O(2) myocardium, pyruvate restored contractile performance, increased GSH/GSSG 52% and maintained phosphocreatine phosphorylation state; in contrast, lactate lowered cardiac performance and phosphorylation state. Neither the pharmacological antioxidant N -acetylcysteine (NAC) nor the pyruvate analog alpha-ketobutyrate increased cardiac function; both treatments increased GSH/GSSG but lowered phosphocreatine potential. H(2)O(2) partially inactivated aconitase, creatine kinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), but all three enzymes spontaneously recovered during H(2)O(2) washout. Pyruvate did not further activate these enzymes and unexpectedly inhibited GAPDH by 60-70%." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Energy Metabolism", "Glutathione", "Glycolysis", "Guinea Pigs", "Hemodynamics", "Hydrogen Peroxide", "Male", "Myocardial Contraction", "Myocardium", "Oxidants", "Phosphocreatine", "Phosphorylation", "Pyruvic Acid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediates arachidonic acid (AA) release in MDCK cells. Although calcium and mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate cPLA2, the correlation of cPLA2 translocation and phosphorylation with MAPK activation and AA release is unclear.", "MEK1 inhibition by U0126 inhibited AA release in response to ATP and ionomycin. This directly correlated with inhibition of ERK activation but not with phosphorylation of cPLA2 on Ser505, which was only partially inhibited by ERK inhibition. Inhibition of AA release by U0126 was still observed when stoichiometric phosphorylation of cPLA2 on Ser505 was maintained by activating p38 with anisomycin. Translocation kinetics of wild-type cPLA2 and cPLA2 containing S505A or S727A mutations to Golgi were similar in response to ATP and ionomycin and were not affected by U0126." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine Triphosphate", "Animals", "Arachidonic Acid", "Binding Sites", "Biological Transport", "Butadienes", "Calcium", "Cell Line", "Cytosol", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Green Fluorescent Proteins", "Humans", "Ionomycin", "Luminescent Proteins", "MAP Kinase Kinase 1", "MAP Kinase Signaling System", "Microscopy, Fluorescence", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Mutation", "Nitriles", "Phospholipases A", "Phospholipases A2", "Phosphorylation", "Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although HIV protease inhibitors have been successfully used against HIV infection, many metabolic side effects and premature cardiovascular diseases are often associated with this therapy. The mechanisms of these complications are not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir on human endothelial cell cultures.", "By using nonradioactive cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, human endothelial cells treated with ritonavir showed a significant decrease in cell viability and an increase in cytotoxicity in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Mitochondrial DNA was also substantially damaged with ritonavir treatment by long polymerase chain reaction analysis. In contrast, ritonavir had a very limited effect on endothelial apoptosis, as assessed by analyses of DNA fragmentation and cellular caspase-3 activity." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Caspase 3", "Caspase Inhibitors", "Caspases", "Cell Death", "Cell Division", "Cell Line, Transformed", "Cell Survival", "Cells, Cultured", "DNA Damage", "DNA Fragmentation", "DNA, Mitochondrial", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Endothelium, Vascular", "HIV Protease Inhibitors", "Humans", "L-Lactate Dehydrogenase", "Ritonavir", "Skin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation within the intima is regulated by heparan sulfates. We studied a low molecular weight (LMW) fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweed) on SMC proliferation in vitro and intimal hyperplasia in vivo.", "In vitro study revealed that LMW fucoidan reduces rabbit SMC proliferation and is internalized in SMC perinuclear vesicles. On rabbit iliac arteries perfused in vivo with fluorolabeled LMW fucoidan after angioplasty, the labeling was mainly located on sites of injury. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that LMW fucoidan exhibited in rats an elimination half-life of 56+/-25 minutes (n=8) after intravenous administration and a constant plasma rate for > or =6 hours after intramuscular administration. After stent implantation in their iliac arteries, rabbits were also treated with LMW fucoidan (5 mg/kg IM twice a day). Histomorphometric analysis at day 14 indicated that LMW fucoidan reduced intimal hyperplasia by 59% (1.79+/-0.4 versus 0.73+/-0.2 mm2, P<0.0001) and luminal cross-sectional area narrowing by 58% (0.38+/-0.08 versus 0.16+/-0.04, P<0.0001). Blood samples showed no anticoagulant activity due to LMW fucoidan." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angioplasty, Balloon", "Animals", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Constriction, Pathologic", "Disease Models, Animal", "Fucose", "Hyperplasia", "Iliac Artery", "Male", "Molecular Weight", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "Polysaccharides", "Rabbits", "Recurrence", "Stents", "Tunica Intima" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) may be initiated by a number of underlying conditions such as acute pancreatitis. The association between the local inflammatory reaction, the systemic response, and potential concomitant dysfunction of remote organs is not quite clear.", "To evaluate whether severe acute pancreatitis in the rat affects energy metabolism in the pancreas and whether the focal inflammation also causes biochemical deterioration in remote organs such as the liver and intestine.", "With the patient under general anesthesia, microdialysis probes were inserted in the pancreas, liver, and small intestine. Two groups of eight rats each were studied: the sham (control) group and the pancreatitis group. Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraductal injection of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate, and the animals were studied for 3 hours thereafter. The microdialysis fluid was analyzed for glucose, lactate, and pyruvate.", "In the pancreatitis group we found significant increases in glucose concentration in the pancreas and lactate levels in the pancreas and intestinal wall, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio was significantly higher in the intestine than in the sham group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Area Under Curve", "Energy Metabolism", "Glucose", "Intestine, Small", "Lactic Acid", "Liver", "Male", "Microdialysis", "Pancreas", "Pancreatitis", "Pyruvic Acid", "Rats" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Both cerulein and cholecystokinin activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK1/2) in vivo and in isolated pancreatic acini.", "ERK1/2 in pancreas homogenates was activated in rats rendered pancreatitic by subcutaneous injections of cerulein (5 microg/kg per hour). To determine if blocking ERK1/2 activity might rescue cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, the \"MAP kinase kinase\" (also known as MEK1/2) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 were administered in vivo.", "In rats pretreated with PD98059 (10 mg/kg per i.v. injection) or U0126 (5 mg/kg per i.v. injection) 30 minutes before and then together with hourly cerulein injections for 3 hours, pancreatitis was significantly attenuated on the basis of pancreatic wet weight and histology. Serum amylase concentration was significantly reduced when PD98059 was administered intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg per intraperitoneal injection). PD98059 also ameliorated pancreatitis over a 6-hour cerulein time course. The phosphorylation of pancreatic ERK1/2 was attenuated in PD98059- and U0126-treated animals at both 30 minutes and 3 hours after cerulein injection. Rats rendered neutropenic with vinblastine and pretreated with U0126 still showed attenuated manifestations of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, a finding suggesting that pancreatic ERK1/2 is mostly responsible for the effect, rather than infiltrating neutrophils." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Animals", "Butadienes", "Ceruletide", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Flavonoids", "MAP Kinase Kinase 1", "MAP Kinase Kinase 2", "Male", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "Nitriles", "Pancreatitis", "Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the demographic, sexual, and other substance use risk correlates of amphetamine use among men in northern Thailand prior to the current epidemic of amphetamine use in the Kingdom.", "Cross-sectional quantitative behavioral questionnaires.", "Thai Ministry of Health STD and HIV Anonymous Test Sites in the upper northern provinces of Chiang Mai and Lamphun.", "Adult Thai men recruited at clinics for enrollment in an HIV seroincidence cohort study (The Thai HIVNET). All men were HIV negative at enrollment, and had at least one self-reported sexual risk for HIV infection (a recent STD, use of sex workers, multiple sexual partners, low or absent condom use, sex with men).", "Participants answered a structured questionnaire.", "Lifetime history of amphetamine use was reported by 133/914 men, 14.5%. Older age was protective for use (odds ratio (OR) 0.5) and use was associated with use of other substances; heroin (OR 7.1), thinner (OR 6.2), opium (OR 5.9), and marijuana (OR 5.7). Several STDs were associated with amphetamine use: gonorrhea (OR 2.3) and genital warts (OR 2.4), and any STD (OR 1.9). In multivariate analysis, use of heroin (OR 3.1), soft drugs (OR 4.9), and a history of gonorrhea (OR 2.0) were independently associated with amphetamine use in northern Thai men." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amphetamine-Related Disorders", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "HIV Seropositivity", "Humans", "Male", "Sexual Behavior", "Sexually Transmitted Diseases", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Thailand" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate whether alefacept (a fully human lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 [LFA-3]/IgG1 fusion protein that blocks the LFA-3/CD2 interaction) is able to reduce the signs and symptoms of joint inflammation in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).", "Eleven patients with active PsA were treated with alefacept for 12 weeks in an open-label and explorative study. Clinical joint assessment and laboratory assessments were performed at baseline and after 4, 9, 12, and 16 weeks of treatment. Serial synovial tissue (ST) biopsy specimens from an inflamed index joint (knee, ankle, wrist, or metacarpophalangeal joint) were obtained by arthroscopy at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment.", "At the completion of treatment, 6 of 11 patients (55%) fulfilled the Disease Activity Score (DAS) response criteria. Nine patients (82%) fulfilled the DAS response criteria at any point during the study. There was a statistically significant reduction in CD4+ lymphocytes (P < 0.05), CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.05), and CD68+ macrophages (P < 0.02) in the ST after 12 weeks of treatment compared with baseline. The ST and peripheral blood of those patients fulfilling the DAS response criteria contained more CD45RO+ cells at baseline and displayed a significant reduction in these cells compared with nonresponding patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Alefacept", "Arthritis, Psoriatic", "Arthroscopy", "CD4 Antigens", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Leukocyte Common Antigens", "Lymphocyte Count", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Synovial Membrane", "T-Lymphocytes", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "As compared to other chronic liver diseases, cholestatic disorders are associated with a better outcome of variceal bleeding and less blood loss at transplantation, suggesting the presence of a hypercoagulable state. We have assessed plasmatic coagulation and platelet function in patients with cholestatic and non-cholestatic liver disease.", "Thirty-seven patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)/primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)), 53 patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) or alcoholic cirrhosis (C2), and 62 healthy controls were studied.", "Thrombelastography revealed a hypercoagulable state in non-cirrhotic patients with PBC/PSC, but not in those with HCV (ma-value: 6.54[6.25-6.92, 95%CI] vs. 5.39[5.11-5.58], P < 0.05) possibly due to higher fibrinogen levels in PBC/PSC patients (369[329-418]mg/dl vs. 263[250-275]mg/dl, P < 0.05). PFA-100 closure time was prolonged in HCV/C2 patients with advanced cirrhosis, but not in cirrhotic patients with PBC/PSC (Child B; epinephrine stimulation: 192[161-229]s vs. 132[105-158]s, P < 0.05). Flow cytometric studies of platelet receptors and granules revealed a higher surface expression of CD42b (112[105-119]% vs. 100[95-104]%, P < 0.05) and LIBS-1 (261[184-348]% vs. 121[92-145]%, P < 0.05) in patients with PBC/PSC than in those with HCV/C2." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Bleeding Time", "Blood Platelets", "Cell Degranulation", "Cholangitis, Sclerosing", "Female", "Flow Cytometry", "Humans", "Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic", "Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Thrombelastography", "Thrombophilia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Early postnatal glucocorticoid exposure accelerates the maturation of the bowel mucosa but results in bowel wall thinning in the newborn mouse ileum and increases the risk of focal ileal perforation in extremely premature infants. We have previously demonstrated a redistribution of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) from the submucosa in control animals to the distal villi of those treated with early postnatal dexamethasone, implicating IGF-I as an important mediator of dexamethasone's capacity to alter tissue growth. To investigate the possibility that IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) might contribute to this process, we characterized the localization and abundance of IGFBP peptides and mRNAs in the same model.", "Newborn mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone (l microg/g) or phosphate-buffered saline and then were euthanized on day 3 of life. Their ileums were harvested and prepared for microscopy. Tissue sections of ileum from both treatment conditions were processed in parallel for immunolocalization of each of the six IGFBP peptides and for in situ hybridization of each of the six IGFBP transcripts.", "Transcripts for IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 were highly abundant and ubiquitous the ileal mucosa, whereas transcripts for IGFBP-4, -5, and -6 were less abundant in epithelial cells. There were no differences in abundance between control and dexamethasone-treated ileum with regard to mRNA localization or abundance for IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -6. In contrast, mRNA transcripts for IGFBP-4 and -5 were modestly increased with dexamethasone treatment (although only IGFBP-4 was significant). Strikingly different patterns of IGFBP immunolocalization were observed between control and dexamethasone-treated animals. IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -5 were not detected in control ileum, whereas IGFBP-4 and -6 were both present in the mucosa. In contrast, dexamethasone treatment resulted in dramatic mucosal increases in IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -5, paralleling the changing distribution of IGF-I that we previously reported." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Animals, Newborn", "Dexamethasone", "Disease Models, Animal", "Ileum", "Immunohistochemistry", "In Situ Hybridization", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Mice", "RNA, Messenger" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The 20S proteasome plays a leading immunologic role in the cytosolic generation of MHC class I restricted antigens, and it represents an abundant antigen in several autoimmune diseases. To investigate the effects of autoimmune inflammatory and perioperative traumatic cellular damage, we determined qualitative and quantitative properties of released proteasomes (circulating proteasomes, cProteasomes) from serum samples of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases.", "cProteasomes were analyzed from serum samples of 314 patients with several systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases and 85 healthy controls. The concentrations of cProteasomes were determined by sandwich ELISA using a monoclonal and a polyclonal proteasome-specific antibody. Followup analyses were performed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thoracoscopic thymectomy.", "Strongly increased levels of cProteasomes (> 1000 ng/ml) were detected in samples obtained from patients with autoimmune myositis, SLE, primary Sjögren's syndrome, RA, and autoimmune hepatitis. Significant differences were observed in the mean values of cProteasomes comparing systemic with organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Followup analyses revealed a close correlation of cProteasome with the autoimmune process as well as cellular damage. Moreover, cProteasomes were isolated in intact and native as well as in degraded or dissociated forms from the serum samples. The immuno-subunit LMP7 was found to be incorporated in the circulating protease complex." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Autoimmune Diseases", "Biomarkers", "Cysteine Endopeptidases", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Humans", "Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic", "Multienzyme Complexes", "Myasthenia Gravis", "Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex", "Thymectomy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Anti-Sa antibodies have been described to be a highly specific marker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We demonstrate the existence of 2 different subsets of anti-Sa antibodies, only one of which is specific for RA. Our objective was to purify the Sa antigen, and to achieve partial characterization of these proteins.", "Saline extract and mitochondrial extract from human placenta were used as antigenic sources. Antigens were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and studied by ELISA and immunoblotting.", "Three antigenically active bands of 68, 50, and 46 kDa were purified from the saline extract by immunoaffinity chromatography. Two other bands of 29 and 10 kDa that do not react with anti-Sa antibodies were obtained as well. The 68 kDa band was purified from a mitochondrial extract. These bands are not the same as other known mitochondrial autoantigens such as M2, M4, or M9. The amino terminal sequence of the 68 kDa Sa band is DEPKXEVP. The sequence of the 68 kDa Sa band is not compiled in the databases we searched, as either aminoterminal or internal sequence. Antibodies to 50/46 kDa anti-Sa bands detected by immunoblotting were highly specific for RA, while the 68 kDa antigen reacted in ELISA with sera from patients with RA and systemic lupus erythematosus, the latter showing a marked increase in features of RA. Antibodies directed against the 68 and 50/46 kDa Sa bands fluctuated with time, the 50/46 kDa anti-Sa antibodies present during the active period of the disease, and the 68 kDa anti-Sa antibodies during the remission period." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibody Specificity", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Autoantibodies", "Autoantigens", "Autoimmunity", "Biomarkers", "Chromatography, Affinity", "Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "HLA Antigens", "Humans", "Mitochondria", "Placenta" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the bioavailability of methotrexate (MTX) in the presence of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and vice versa, to determine a possible pharmacokinetic explanation for the observation that combination treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with MTX and HCQ has been shown, clinically, to be more potent than MTX used alone.", "In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy subjects received, on each of 5 dosing occasions, MTX alone as tablets or intravenous solution, HCQ alone as a tablet or oral solution, or a coadministered dose of MTX tablets with an HCQ tablet. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was determined for each subject, on each dosing occasion, for each compound.", "The mean AUC for MTX was increased (p = 0.005) and the maximum MTX concentration (Cmax) decreased (p = 0.025) when MTX was coadministered with HCQ, compared to MTX administered alone. The time to reach Cmax for MTX administration, tmax, was also increased during the coadministration with HCQ (p = 0.072). The AUC of HCQ showed no significant difference (p = 0.957) between any of the dosing occasions." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Antirheumatic Agents", "Area Under Curve", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Biological Availability", "Cross-Over Studies", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Female", "Humans", "Hydroxychloroquine", "Injections, Intravenous", "Male", "Methotrexate", "Middle Aged", "Tablets" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we examined whether methotrexate (MTX) and MTX polyglutamate accumulation in the liver correlated with clinical efficacy or clinical/laboratory toxicity. We also began preliminary examination of a new histologic index of liver histology (the Iowa Score) relative to the Roenigk grading system.", "Forty patients with RA participated in a prospective, double blind, 3.5 year study of MTX treatment. Liver biopsies, liver MTX and MTX polyglutamate concentrations, laboratory tests, evaluation of disease activity, and evaluation of adverse events were done prospectively at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3.5 years. Biopsies were examined using the Roenigk grading system and an additional histological scoring system. Radiochemical ligand binding assays and HPLC methods were used to measure MTX and MTX polyglutamates. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, linear regression, and logistic regression modeling.", "No significant changes in the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, or hemoglobin occurred. A significant percentage of patients had at least one abnormal alkaline phosphatase, AST, or ALT (25 to 52%), although most abnormalities were small and transient. Histological abnormalities did not progress using either the Roenigk or the Iowa score. The last abnormal AST, the number of abnormal AST and ALT, and female sex correlated with histological liver abnormalities (r2 = 0.41) using a new preliminary histologic scoring system (the Iowa Score). Amount of alcohol use correlated with fatty change, and the MTX dose at biopsy was associated with liver histological abnormalities (p = 0.03 and 0.049, respectively). Total liver MTX concentrations were stable from Year 1 to Year 3.5 and the percentage of higher order polyglutamates was relatively high (38 to 56%) relative to monoglutamates. No correlation of these concentrations with clinical response or toxicity, histology, or liver function tests could be documented." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antirheumatic Agents", "Arthritis, Rheumatoid", "Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Humans", "Liver", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Methotrexate", "Middle Aged", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pancreas transplantation (PTX) improves lipids in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, there are patients who have persistent abnormal lipids or develop new hyperlipidemia despite PTX. One factor that may influence the lipid profile is apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype. Apo E polymorphism, particularly E2 and E4 alleles, increases the risk of dyslipidemia. Apo E2 has also been found to increase risk of diabetic nephropathy and so may be more prevalent in PTX candidates.", "This study evaluated fasting-lipid profiles in type 1 diabetes patients who were pancreas transplant candidates to prospectively evaluate the impact of Apo E genotype on dyslipidemia before and after PTX.", "Presence of one or more E4 alleles resulted in higher triglycerides ( =0.0446), lower HDL ( =0.0247), and a higher cholesterol-to-HDL (C/H) ratio ( =0.0405) before PTX when compared with those with E3/3 genotype. After PTX, lipids improved so there was no longer a difference in fasting lipids between patients with an E4 allele and E3/3 genotype. Presence of an E2 allele had no significant impact on fasting lipids before or after PTX." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alleles", "Apolipoprotein E2", "Apolipoprotein E3", "Apolipoprotein E4", "Apolipoproteins E", "Cholesterol", "Cholesterol, HDL", "Female", "Genotype", "Homozygote", "Humans", "Hyperlipidemias", "Lipids", "Male", "Pancreas Transplantation", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Preoperative biopsy specimens obtained by means of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy are useful for planning curative resection of bile duct carcinoma in an effort to improve survival. However, tissue diagnosis is sometimes difficult. This study evaluated the usefulness of p53 immunostaining of cholangioscopic specimens for determination of tumor spread.", "A total of 107 biopsy specimens from 28 patients with bile duct carcinoma was selected. Before surgery, these specimens were diagnosed histopathologically (hematoxylin and eosin staining) as positive or negative for carcinoma. After definitive surgery, specimens were immunostained with anti-p53 antibody.", "Eighteen of 28 cases (64%) were positive for p53. Among these, 86% obtained from the main carcinomatous lesion or an area of superficial spread of the carcinoma exhibited a p53 labeling index (LI) over 25% as opposed to a p53 LI under 25% for all specimens obtained from noncarcinomatous lesions. Twelve specimens from 8 cases were classified before surgery as indeterminate (hematoxylin and eosin staining). The criterion of p53 LI over 25% was applicable in 11 of the 12 specimens." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Bile Duct Neoplasms", "Biopsy", "Endoscopy, Digestive System", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Staining and Labeling", "Tumor Suppressor Protein p53" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Distinguishing malignant from benign biliary strictures remains a challenge. This prospective study assessed intraductal US as an adjunct to endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and tissue sampling for diagnosis of malignant and benign biliary strictures.", "Sixty-two patients were enrolled who had biliary strictures suspected to be malignant but with negative tissue sampling by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, or suspected biliary strictures based on clinical manifestations and/or cross-sectional imaging. Intraductal US was performed with an over-the-wire 2.4-mm diameter 20 MHz catheter US probe. The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography plus tissue sampling with and without intraductal US was compared with surgical findings or clinical outcome at a 12-month follow-up (benign/malignant) in nonsurgical cases. Tissue sampling results were reported as malignant, suspicious for malignancy, atypical, or normal. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.", "Two patients (3%) were excluded from analysis because the stricture could not be traversed with the intraductal US probe. Of the 60 remaining patients (37 men, mean age 64 years, range 27-89 years), 31 had malignant strictures (12 cholangiocarcinoma, 8 pancreatic, 5 metastatic, 3 gallbladder, 3 papilla), and 29 had benign strictures. Sphincterotomy was not required in any case to facilitate intraductal US. Fourteen patients (23%) underwent subsequent surgery including 11 with a preoperative diagnosis of resectable tumor. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography/tissue sampling (atypia considered equivalent to benign) correctly identified 15 of 31 malignant strictures (p = 0.001) and all 29 benign strictures (p = 0.16) (accuracy 73%, sensitivity 48%, specificity 100%). The addition of intraductal US correctly identified 28 of 31 malignant strictures and 27 of 29 benign strictures (accuracy 92%, sensitivity 90%, specificity 93%). Of 11 patients with tumors who came to surgery, intraductal US correctly staged 4 (36%), understaged 5 (45%), missing metastatic lymph nodes in all cases and vascular invasion in 1 patient, and overstaged 2 (18%), with a false-positive diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes in 1 and tumor mass in 1 patient who had no cancer at surgery." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Biliary Tract Diseases", "Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde", "Endosonography", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies", "Sensitivity and Specificity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Human tumors are dependent on angiogenesis for growth, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major regulator of this process. We aimed to study clinical utility of a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody (rhu alpha VEGF) in the treatment of the CWR22R androgen-independent xenograft model of prostate cancer.", "rhu alpha VEGF has previously shown clinical activity in several xenograft cancer models. We administered 5 mg/kg rhu alpha VEGF i.p. twice weekly as a single agent and together with paclitaxel to established CWR22R xenografts.", "rhu alphaVEGF inhibited established tumor growth by 85% (P < 0.01 for trajectories of the average tumor volumes of the groups) at 3 weeks, but after cessation of rhu alpha VEGF treatment, tumor regrowth ensued. A paclitaxel dosage of 6.25 mg/kg s.c. five times/week slowed tumor growth (72% compared with controls at 3 weeks, P = 0.02). The combination of paclitaxel and rhu alpha VEGF resulted in greater inhibition of tumor growth than that observed with either agent alone (98% growth inhibition, P = 0.024 versus rhualpha VEGF alone and P = 0.02 versus paclitaxel alone). Paclitaxel alone had no antiangiogenic effects at the dosage studied, whereas rhu alpha VEGF had significant inhibition of angiogenesis, noted by microvessel density and CD34 staining." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Androgens", "Animals", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic", "Apoptosis", "Blotting, Western", "Disease Models, Animal", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Humans", "Immunoenzyme Techniques", "In Situ Nick-End Labeling", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Lymphokines", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Mice, Nude", "Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Paclitaxel", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound have a well-defined role in staging patients with pancreatic malignancy. The effect of the hypoxic pneumoperitoneum induction on tumor biology is unknown. The authors investigated whether an in vitro pneumoperitoneum augments the invasive capacity of pancreatic tumors and elucidate a mechanism by which this may occur.", "A pancreatic (PSN-1) adenocarcinoma cell line was exposed to an in vitro pneumoperitoneum (carbon dioxide (CO2) or helium) for a maximum of 2 h or left in normal growth conditions (control). Cells were nonenzymatically harvested and placed in invasion assays. These were performed over 72 h using Matrigel coated 8-mm Transwell filters and analyzed using MTS colorimetric assay. Gelatin zymography was employed to assess the level of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) 2 and 9 (gelatinase A and B) secretion. Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1 (TIMP-1) was assessed using ELISA (Biotrak). Inhibition of invasion assays was performed using a specific gelatinase inhibitor (MMPI; Calbiochem).", "The invasive capacity of pancreatic tumour cells is augmented versus control in both helium (p <0.05) and CO2 (p <0.001) groups. Concomitant significant upregulation of the gelatinase activity was demonstrated with both insufflants (p <0.05; 0.001, respectively). Enhanced invasion was attenuated by the addition of a specific gelatinase inhibitor (p <0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Carbon Dioxide", "Helium", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 2", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 9", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Staging", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial", "Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Up-Regulation" ] }