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{ "contexts": [ "Since its introduction in the field of cardiac surgery in 1997, computer-enhanced telemanipulation has been used in a number of different specialized areas. In cardiac surgery, various procedures have been successfully completed in totally endoscopic fashion ever since. Between June 1999 and January 2002, 75 closed-chest cardiac procedures have been performed at our institution using the da Vinci telemanipulation system.", "In 42 patients, a single-vessel totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass was performed on the arrested heart (left internal thoracic artery (LITA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD), n = 36; right internal thoracic artery (RITA) to right coronary artery (RCA), n = 6). 12 patients had different types of multivessel revascularization using both internal thoracic arteries. 8 patients underwent LITA-to-LAD grafting on the beating heart. 10 patients underwent closure of an atrial septal defect (9 direct, 1 patch). 3 patients received an epicardial left ventricular pacemaker lead, 2 of which were reoperations.", "Overall conversion rate to any kind of incision was 25 %. The last 26 LITA to LAD patients on the arrested heart had a conversion rate of 4 %. There were no mortalities, 3 patients required reexploration via a median sternotomy, and one patient suffered a hypoxemic brain damage. The first 22 TECAB patients demonstrated excellent graft patency in angiographic control upon discharge. None of the atrial septal defect (ASD) closures showed any residual shunt on the intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). Patients with end-stage heart failure had successful biventricular stimulation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Coronary Disease", "Endoscopy", "Female", "Heart Septal Defects, Atrial", "Humans", "Image Enhancement", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated the effects of OJ-R9545, a novel Sialyl Lewis x analogue, on lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury using an in vivo rabbit model.", "The left hilum of the lung was clamped for 110 minutes; the lung was then reperfused for 90 minutes. Either OJ-R9545 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle solution was administered from 10 minutes before reperfusion to 60 minutes after reperfusion in the OJ-R (+) and OJ-R (-) group (n = 6 in each group), respectively. The sham group (n = 3) underwent an identical procedure without ischemia.", "Arterial oxygen tensions in the OJ-R (+) group were superior to those in the OJ-R (-) group from 30 to 90 minutes after reperfusion (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Lung wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity after reperfusion in the OJ-R (+) group were both significantly lower than the corresponding figures in the OJ-R (-) group (p < 0.05). The intrapulmonary leukocytes were significantly reduced in the OJ-R (+) group compared with those in the OJ-R (-) group (p < 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Chemotaxis, Leukocyte", "Male", "Oligosaccharides", "Peroxidase", "Rabbits", "Random Allocation", "Reperfusion Injury" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Our goal was to identify independent early predictors of 30-day mortality in patients with medically treated primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH), and to assess the prognostic significance of hyperthermia in these cases", "We prospectively studied 152 patients with supratentorial PICH confirmed by CT on admission. We recorded gender, age, severity of neurological deficit on admission (Scandinavian Stroke Scale), level of consciousness at admission and one day later, and maximum body temperature for the first three days after onset. Hematoma size and midline shift were assessed by CT scans. Outcome was measured by either mortality or Barthel Index functional status 30 days after stroke.", "59 patients (38.8%) died within 30 days. Patients who died had greater neurological deficit on admission and higher maximum temperature within the first 24 hours after admission, and were more likely to have impaired consciousness on admission and after 24 hours, as well as large hematoma and midline shift (P<0.05 for all differences). However, statistically only severity of neurological deficit was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. The functional status of survivors who had hyperthermia was much worse than those who were normothermic on Day 1." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Body Temperature", "Cerebral Hemorrhage", "Data Interpretation, Statistical", "Fever", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Prospective Studies", "Survival Analysis", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inflammatory process induced by endotoxin is one of the causes of resistance to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in hemodialysis patients. Thus dialysate contaminated with endotoxin may diminish response to rHuEPO. We investigated whether dose of rHuEPO could be reduced with endotoxin-free ultrafiltered dialysate.", "Twenty-seven chronic hemodialysis patients receiving rHuEPO were studied. The patients did not have known causes of anemia other than chronic renal failure. An endotoxin-cut polyethylene ultrafilter was installed into the dialysate fluid circuit. Hematocrit and dose of rHuEPO were monitored before and after installation. Dose of rHuEPO was adjusted to keep hematocrit at about 30%. Endotoxin concentration of dialysate was measured by commercial limulus test (Endospecy.", "After installation of ultrafilter, dialysate endotoxin concentration decreased from >100 to <1.0 endotoxin units/liter (EU/l). Dose of rHuEPO decreased from 90.0 U/kg/week (median) to 57.3 U/kg/week (p < 0.05) and hematocrit increased from 30.3% (median) to 32.2% (p = 0.03) after 5 months of installation of ultrafilter. The running cost of the ultrafilter corresponded to only 4% of the cost of spared rHuEPO." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Anemia", "C-Reactive Protein", "Dialysis Solutions", "Endotoxins", "Erythropoietin", "Humans", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Middle Aged", "Polyethylene", "Recombinant Proteins", "Renal Dialysis", "Treatment Outcome", "Ultrafiltration" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cardiovascular events are the major determinant of the prognosis in patients with chronic hemodialysis. The present study was designed to investigate whether increased plasma levels of atrial or brain natriuretic peptides (ANP or BNP) predict future cardiac events in such patients.", "Fifty-three patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis without clinical symptoms suggestive of cardiac disorders were enrolled and their blood was sampled for ANP and BNP measurements. Electrocardiograms demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy in 28 patients but no other abnormal findings. We followed them up for 11.3 +/- 0.2 months. The endpoint was cardiac events.", "Cardiac events occurred in 13 patients (CE group). Both ANP and BNP levels were higher in CE group than in patients without cardiac events (ANP: 118 +/- 21 vs. 56 +/- 5 pg/ml, BNP: 769 +/- 204 vs. 193 +/- 25 pg/ml, respectively). Receiver operating characteristics curve revealed that the cut-off levels of ANP and BNP were 58 and 390 pg/ml, respectively. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, the incidence of cardiac events was significantly greater in patients with higher levels of ANP (50.0 vs. 0.0%) or BNP (72.7 vs. 11.9%) than in those with lower levels of the peptides." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Atrial Natriuretic Factor", "Biomarkers", "Female", "Humans", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Natriuretic Peptide, Brain", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Renal Dialysis", "Risk Factors", "Ventricular Dysfunction, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "T-cell activation, the key event in the development of acute allograft rejection, depends on co-stimulatory signals delivered by antigen-presenting cells (APC). APC-derived cytokines may provide co-stimulation and modulate alloimmune reaction. We have studied cytokine synthesis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) culture and we found significant differences for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, M-CSF and IL-1ra on comparing acute rejection versus stable kidney transplant patients. We report our findings on FNAB cultures synthesis of IL-7, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18 and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), all potential modulators of anti-graft reaction.", "Kidney transplants (KTX) treated with CsA-AZA-Pred from the beginning, were divided into four groups. Group I: day 7 post-KTX, stable; II: day 7 post-KTX, 6.5 +/- 5.5 days before acute rejection; III: first day of acute rejection; IV: day 14 post-KTX, stable. Patients from I and IV remained rejection-free for the first 6 months, at least. All rejection episodes were confirmed by classical core renal biopsy. FNAB samples were cultured according to our published methodology and culture supernatants were collected at 48 h and analysed by ELISA for IL-7, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18 and RANTES.", "Group III synthesized significantly higher amounts of IL-7, IL-16 and IL-18 than stable patients (groups I and IV). RANTES production did not show significant differences among the four groups. We did not find any trace of IL-15." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Biopsy, Needle", "Chemokine CCL5", "Female", "Graft Rejection", "Humans", "Interleukin-16", "Interleukin-18", "Interleukin-7", "Interleukins", "Kidney", "Kidney Transplantation", "Male", "Middle Aged", "T-Lymphocytes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ex vivo gene therapy with the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) genes provides a local supply of precursor cells and a supraphysiological dose of osteoinductive molecules that may promote bone formation in patients with inadequate hMSC populations because of age, osteoporosis, metastatic bone disease, iatrogenic depletion, or other metabolic derangements. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of ex vivo gene therapy with the use of hMSCs and the BMP-9 gene to promote spinal fusion in the rat.", "Sixteen athymic nude rats were treated with hMSCs transduced with recombinant, replication-defective Type 5 adenovirus containing the cytomegalovirus promoter and either the BMP-9 (Ad-BMP-9) or the beta-galactosidase (Ad-beta-gal) gene. Ad-beta-gal served as the control. Each animal received a percutaneous, paraspinal injection of 10(6) hMSCs transduced with 50 plaque-forming units/cell adenovirus in the lumbar region, with Ad-BMP-9 on the left and Ad-beta-gal on the right. At 8 weeks postinjection, computed tomographic scans of the lumbosacral spine were obtained, and the lumbosacral spine specimens were examined histologically.", "Both computed tomographic studies and histological analysis clearly demonstrated large volumes of ectopic bone at the Ad-BMP-9-transduced hMSC injection sites, resulting in successful spinal fusion and no evidence of nerve root compression or local or systemic toxicity. The contralateral regions that were treated with Ad-beta-gal-transduced hMSCs showed no evidence of osteogenesis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bone Morphogenetic Proteins", "Genetic Therapy", "Growth Differentiation Factor 2", "Growth Differentiation Factors", "Injections, Spinal", "Lumbar Vertebrae", "Mesoderm", "Rats", "Rats, Nude", "Spinal Fusion", "Stem Cell Transplantation", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) has been shown to have antiproliferative properties on normal and neoplastic prostatic cells. 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of vitamin D synthesis, converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), is expressed in the prostate.", "The human 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1-alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP27B1) was resequenced in a case/control panel consisting of 64 individuals (48 Caucasians and 16 African Americans), with equal numbers of hereditary prostate cancer cases, sporadic cases, and unaffected controls. Three frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 245 prostate cancer cases and 222 controls.", "Six noncoding SNPs were identified in the CYP27B1 gene. No significant difference was found in allele and genotype frequencies between sporadic cases and unaffected controls for the three genotyped SNPs." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase", "Alleles", "Case-Control Studies", "DNA, Neoplasm", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Sequence Analysis, DNA" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recent clinical and experimental data suggest that testosterone may protect males against the deleterious effects of repolarization-prolonging drugs. This study tests the hypothesis that 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) protects normal females against drug-induced excessive prolongation of repolarization.", "We used microelectrode techniques to study isolated preparations of rabbit ventricular endocardium from age-matched normal control female rabbits and female rabbits treated with DHT for 4 weeks. Serum 17beta-estradiol levels were identical in the control and DHT-treated animals, whereas DHT levels were high (equaling those in normal males) only in the DHT-treated animals. Basal action potential duration to 90% repolarization (APD90) was significantly shorter in DHT-treated (155+/-7.4 ms, n=32) than control females (178+/-6.7 ms, n=29; P<0.05) at cycle length=1000 ms. The increase in APD90 induced by 10(-8) mol/L dofetilide at cycle length=1000 ms was significantly less in DHT-treated females than normal females (DeltaAPD90=8+/-7 and 29+/-5 ms, respectively, P<0.05). At 10(-6) mol/L dofetilide, the incidence of early afterdepolarizations was 28% in DHT-treated and 55% in normal female rabbits (P<0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Action Potentials", "Adaptation, Physiological", "Animals", "Anti-Arrhythmia Agents", "Culture Techniques", "Dihydrotestosterone", "Electric Conductivity", "Endocardium", "Estradiol", "Female", "Heart Ventricles", "Kinetics", "Phenethylamines", "Potassium Channel Blockers", "Rabbits", "Sulfonamides", "Ventricular Function" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Increased rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis have been repeatedly observed in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Although these changes have been considered part of the fetal gene reactivation program, the functional significance of increased glucose utilization in hypertrophied and failing myocardium is poorly understood.", "We generated transgenic (TG) mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of insulin-independent glucose transporter GLUT1 to recapitulate the increases in basal glucose uptake rate observed in hypertrophied hearts. Isolated perfused TG hearts showed a greater rate of basal glucose uptake and glycolysis than hearts isolated from wild-type littermates, which persisted after pressure overload by ascending aortic constriction (AAC). The in vivo cardiac function in TG mice, assessed by echocardiography, was unaltered. When subjected to AAC, wild-type mice exhibited a progressive decline in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening accompanied by ventricular dilation and decreased phosphocreatine to ATP ratio and reached a mortality rate of 40% at 8 weeks. In contrast, TG-AAC mice maintained LV function and phosphocreatine to ATP ratio and had <10% mortality." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine Triphosphate", "Animals", "Aorta", "Biological Transport", "Constriction", "Echocardiography", "Glucose", "Glucose Transporter Type 1", "Heart Failure", "Humans", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Monosaccharide Transport Proteins", "Myocardial Contraction", "Myocardium", "Organ Culture Techniques", "Phosphocreatine", "Pressure", "Survival Analysis", "Ventricular Remodeling" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A decrease in ascorbic acid (AA) plasma concentration is well known during the postoperative period and postulated to be caused by increased radical scavenging activity in response to surgical trauma. This often affects postoperative patients and is associated with multiple organ failure. Therefore, substitution of AA could potentially decrease the risk of postoperative complications. This study examines the effect of preoperative oral administration of 1,000 mg AA on the postoperative AA plasma concentration.", "54 patients were randomly split into two groups; patients in group 1 received no AA preoperatively while group 2 received oral AA (1,000 mg). Plasma samples were obtained preoperatively and on the first postoperative day for AA analysis (HPLC).", "In both groups the AA concentration was normal preoperatively and reduced postoperatively." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Aged", "Antioxidants", "Ascorbic Acid", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Multiple Organ Failure", "Postoperative Complications", "Postoperative Period", "Preoperative Care", "Surgical Procedures, Operative" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of familial disease in a consecutive series of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D).", "Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of familial disease in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain.", "First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index patients underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria.", "Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had ventricular tachycardia (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or Holter abnormalities. Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for dilated cardiomyopathy without any features of right ventricular disease." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia", "Child", "Electrocardiography", "Exercise Test", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Customer satisfaction instruments are being used with increasing frequency to assess and monitor residents' assessments of quality of care in nursing facilities. There is no standard protocol, however, for how or by whom the instruments should be administered when anonymous, written responses are not feasible. Researchers often use outside interviewers to assess satisfaction, but cost considerations may limit the extent to which facilities are able to hire outside interviewers on a regular basis. This study was designed to investigate the existence and extent of any bias caused by staff administering customer satisfaction surveys.", "Customer satisfaction data were collected in 1998 from 265 residents in 21 nursing facilities in North Dakota. Half the residents in each facility were interviewed by staff members and the other half by outside consultants; scores were compared by interviewer type. In addition to a tabulation of raw scores, ordinary least-squares analysis with facility fixed effects was used to control for resident characteristics and unmeasured facility-level factors that could influence scores.", "Significant positive bias was found when staff members interviewed residents. The bias was not limited to questions directly affecting staff responsibilities but applied across all types of issues. The bias was robust under varying constructions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Activities of Daily Living", "Aged", "Bias", "Consultants", "Female", "Health Care Surveys", "Humans", "Interviews as Topic", "Least-Squares Analysis", "Male", "North Dakota", "Nurse-Patient Relations", "Nursing Homes", "Nursing Staff", "Patient Satisfaction", "Regression Analysis", "Skilled Nursing Facilities", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is an important endodermal morphogenetic signal during the development of the vertebrate gut. It controls gastrointestinal patterning in general, and gastric gland formation in particular. We have previously shown that Shh regulates gastric gland proliferation in the adult but detailed analysis of its expression along the adult gastrointestinal tract has never been undertaken. We therefore studied Shh expression along the normal human and rodent adult gastrointestinal tract as well as in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, gastric and intestinal metaplasia of the oesophagus, and gastric heterotopia in Meckel's diverticulum.", "The studies were performed with in situ hybridisation and by immunohistochemistry using an antibody that recognises the Shh precursor form.", "We found that in the normal gastrointestinal tract, high levels of Shh were expressed in the fundic glands of the stomach. Shh expression was also found in fundic gland metaplasia and heterotopia. However, Shh expression was lost in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cell Differentiation", "Esophagus", "Gastric Fundus", "Hedgehog Proteins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "In Situ Hybridization", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Intestines", "Meckel Diverticulum", "Metaplasia", "RNA, Messenger", "Trans-Activators" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gene therapy may offer a new tool for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We have tested a combination of cytotoxic and antiangiogenic gene therapy for wild-type orthotopic human RCC xenografts in nude mice using intratumoral adenovirus-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and endostatin (ES) gene therapy. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging, morphometry, immunocytochemistry, and survival were used to evaluate the treatment effect. Adenovirus-mediated marker gene transfers (GFP) were used as controls.", "In vivo transduction efficiency, measured using GFP gene transfer, was 27+/-7%. The combination gene therapy with HSV-tk and ES adenoviruses resulted in a significant antitumor effect (P<.01) compared to single HSV-tk (n.s.) or ES (n.s.). In the survival study, all tumors with single gene therapy using HSV-tk, ES, and marker gene adenoviruses showed progression in magnetic resonance imaging. In contrast, the majority of the tumors in the combination treatment group remained dormant or were eradicated (57%). Survival of these mice equaled healthy nude mice, and was significantly prolonged (P<.0001) compared to HSV-tk (P<.028) and ES (n.s.) groups." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amino Acid Sequence", "Animals", "Carcinoma, Renal Cell", "Collagen", "Disease-Free Survival", "Endostatins", "Genetic Therapy", "Glioma", "Green Fluorescent Proteins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Kidney Neoplasms", "Luminescent Proteins", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Peptide Fragments", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Simplexvirus", "Thymidine Kinase", "Time Factors", "Transplantation, Heterologous", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Propofol can scavenge free radicals because it has a chemical structure similar to antioxidants.", "We examined if free radical scavenging occurs with propofol during CABG operations. We studied 24 patients undergoing CABG surgery for triple vessel disease, randomized into two groups. After induction of anaesthesia with fentanyl 10 micrograms kg-1 and midazolam 0.1 mg kg-1, patients in the fentanyl group (n = 14) received fentanyl infusion 10-30 micrograms kg-1 h-1 and patients in the propofol group (n = 10) received propofol infusion 3-6 mg kg-1 h-1 for maintenance of anaesthesia. Atrial tissue biopsies were taken during cannulation for bypass, 45 min after cross-clamp insertion, 5 min after unclamping, and in the decannulation period. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the atrial tissue samples.", "Lipid peroxidation in the propofol group was less than in the fentanyl group (P < 0.05) in all sampling periods. Lipid peroxidation in the fentanyl group increased significantly during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (P < 0.05), but no increase was found in the propofol group (P > 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Anesthetics, Intravenous", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Heart", "Humans", "Infusions, Intravenous", "Lipid Peroxidation", "Middle Aged", "Myocardium", "Propofol" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is believed to play an important role in lipid metabolism and has been found to be related to diseases associated with ageing, the important characteristic of which is decline in circulating sex steroids, including androgen.", "To find the relationships of levels of serum testosterone and its precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), to ApoE polymorphism in 113 postmenopausal Caucasian women.", "The ApoE genotype was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and CfoI endonuclease digestion. ApoE genotype distribution was as follows: E2/3, 15%; E3/3, 71.7%; E2/4, 1.8%; E3/4, 10.6; and E4/4, 0.89%. The differences in serum androgen levels between genotypes were evaluated by ANCOVA and least significant difference (LSD) multiple comparisons test after adjustment for body mass index, age and/or years since menopause.", "Significant intergroup differences between the most frequent allele combination (2/3, 3/3 and 3/4) in serum DHEA levels were found (P<0.05, ANCOVA). DHEA levels were higher in women with the E3/4 allele combination than in the E3/3 genotype (P<0.01, LSD multiple comparisons). In serum testosterone levels, borderline intergroup differences were found (P<0.07, ANCOVA). Higher testosterone levels were found in the E3/4 allele combination as compared with E3/3 (P<0.05, LSD multiple comparisons). Dose effect of E4 allele analysis indicated higher serum DHEA and testosterone levels in women with the E4 allele present than in women with the E4 allele absent (P<0.003 for DHEA, P<0.007 for testosterone, ANCOVA)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aging", "Apolipoprotein E4", "Apolipoproteins E", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Dehydroepiandrosterone", "Female", "Genotype", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Postmenopause", "Testosterone" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Non-peptidic delta-opioid receptor agonists possess antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim assay in the rat. These compounds have also previously been shown to possess convulsant properties in mice.", "The aim of the present study was to examine whether such convulsions occurred in rats and to investigate if delta-mediated convulsant activity was necessary for the mediation of delta-opioid agonist-induced antidepressant-like activity.", "The peripheral administration of delta-opioid receptor agonists to male Sprague-Dawley rats was followed by a period of observation for convulsant activity. Following this period and 60 min after delta-opioid agonist administration, rats were tested in the forced swim assay.", "The non-peptidic delta-opioid receptor agonists (+)-4-[(R)-[(2S,5R)-2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-propenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC80) and (+)-4-[(R)-[(2S,5R)-2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-propenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide dihydrochloride [(+)BW373U86] both produced dose-dependent convulsant activity in rats and decreased immobility in the forced swim assay. The delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole prevented the convulsant activity of (+)BW373U86 and its effects in the forced swim assay. This suggested a delta-opioid mechanism for both effects. Midazolam prevented convulsions but did not prevent activity in the forced swim assay. Rats tolerant to the convulsive effects of (+)BW373U86 still displayed antidepressant-like effects." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antidepressive Agents", "Benzamides", "Convulsants", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Male", "Motor Activity", "Narcotics", "Organic Chemicals", "Piperazines", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Receptors, Opioid, delta" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the effects of melatonin on the colon immunological injury of rats and the role of macrophages in this process.", "The rats colitis was established by intrarectal injection with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and ethanol. The animals were randomized into 6 groups: normal group, model group, 5-aminosalicylic acid group (100 mg/kg), and melatonin group (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg), treated intrarectally with saline, saline, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and melatonin, respectively (once a day, from d 7 after colitis established to d 28). At the end of the experiment, the colon mucosa damage index (CMDI), the score of histology (HS), the level of myeloperoxidase(MPO), and the sore of occult blood test (OBT) were evaluated. Meanwhile, the activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide (NO) were also detected.", "After treated with TNBS and ethanol, the extents of CMDI, HS, OBT, and the level of MPO in model group were more higher than that in normal group. Melatonin could alleviate the colon injury, and reduce the level of MPO and the degree of OBT. The activity of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and NO which released mainly from macrophages was elevated remarkably. Melatonin could depress all this parameters." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Colitis", "Colon", "Ethanol", "Interleukin-1", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Macrophages", "Male", "Melatonin", "Nitric Oxide", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to introduce an intensive interventional maternity care program, called the Temple Infant and Parent Support Services (TIPSS) program, and to determine whether comprehensive maternal and infant care would reduce the high rate of infant morbidity and mortality.", "The TIPSS program was comprehensive, offering multidisciplinary services that were family focused and community based. Program services included community outreach, health education, as well as clinical care for the entire family. The effect of this program was evaluated among a very high-risk group of women who were recruited into care versus a control group of high-risk patients from the same neighborhood who voluntarily sought care at the Temple University School of Medicine. Outcome parameters evaluated included gestational age at delivery, birth weight, neonatal intensive care admission, infant death and cost of infant care.", "Among the TIPSS study group, 5.2% of infants were below 2500 g versus 11% in the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, preterm deliveries occurred in 4.2% and 12% of the study and control groups, respectively (p < 0.005). Other significant differences observed included the number of prenatal visits (p < 0.001), maternal weight gain (p < 0.05) and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (2% vs. 6.6%; p < 0.05). The reduced admission rate among neonates from the TIPSS program resulted in significant cost savings: $2849 for neonates in the study group versus $8499 for those in the control group. This corresponds to a $5560 savings per infant born to mothers cared for in the TIPSS study group." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Female", "Health Services Accessibility", "Hospital Costs", "Humans", "Infant Mortality", "Infant, Low Birth Weight", "Infant, Newborn", "Maternal Health Services", "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)", "Patient Care Team", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Outcome", "Pregnancy, High-Risk", "Socioeconomic Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recurrent fetal loss, defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions regardless of previous live birth, is a condition that affects about 2% of all reproductive-aged women. The role of gene mutations in recurrent pregnancy loss is not fully understood. The present research examined the relationship between factor V Leiden, factor V HR2, prothrombin G20210A and MTHFR and recurrent fetal loss in a case-control study.", "Women aged 22-45 with a history of three or more fetal losses, being seen at a perinatal medicine clinic in New Jersey or Georgia, were eligible as cases. Overall, the study consisted of 60 women with three or more fetal losses and 92 women with at least one successful pregnancy.", "Factor V HR2 and MTHFR were not related to recurrent fetal loss. The prothrombin G20210A mutation appeared to confer an elevation in risk but the association was based upon small numbers and was not statistically significant (OR 4.8, 95% CI 0.50-47.2). Cases were 90% less likely to have the factor V Leiden mutation than controls (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.81)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abortion, Habitual", "Adult", "Case-Control Studies", "Factor V", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Middle Aged", "Mutation", "Odds Ratio", "Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors", "Pregnancy", "Protein C", "Protein S", "Prothrombin", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to explore the use of the wavelet transform technique to extract and display simultaneously the time, frequency and amplitude information corresponding to electromyographic (EMG) activity of the uterus during labor recorded using abdominal electrodes.", "Uterine EMG signals were recorded from patients in labor using three pairs of electrodes placed across the maternal abdomen. In all the patients uterine activity was also recorded either from an intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC) or a tocodynamometer. The EMG signals were analyzed using spectral analysis and wavelet analysis.", "Uterine EMG bursts corresponded with uterine activity measured with either the IUPC or the tocodynamometer. Using wavelet analysis a time-frequency-amplitude plot was obtained to separate out the frequency components relating to uterine EMG activity." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Algorithms", "Electromyography", "Female", "Fourier Analysis", "Humans", "Labor, Obstetric", "Pregnancy", "Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Uterine Contraction", "Uterine Monitoring" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Few medications have been proved to be effective in preventing relapse in alcoholism. The mesolimbic dopamine system is known to play an important role in alcohol dependence. Amisulpride, a substituted benzamide, seems to facilitate dopaminergic neurotransmission at low doses.", "After short-term, inpatient detoxification, 71 patients participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of amisulpride in relapse prevention. Patients received amisulpride 50 mg/day or placebo for 6 months.", "There were no differences between the two groups of treatment for time to first drink, length of time before dropout, number of drinking days, and number of heavy drinking days. However, significantly more patients who were treated with amisulpride than those who were treated with placebo were nonabstinent and had relapsed at each visit. Craving for alcohol was significantly higher in the amisulpride than in the placebo group. Transaminases, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, and mean erythrocyte corpuscular volume were regularly higher in the amisulpride group than in the placebo group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alcoholism", "Amisulpride", "Analysis of Variance", "Chi-Square Distribution", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pilot Projects", "Secondary Prevention", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Sulpiride", "Temperance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate whether the increased interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secretion in hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome is due to the accumulation of mevalonate kinase (MK), the substrate of the deficient enzyme, or the lack of its products, the isoprenoid compounds.", "The effects of lovastatin and farnesol (FOH), geranylgeraniol (GGOH), and mevalonate on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 8 patients with MK deficiency and from 13 controls were studied. Lovastatin inhibits isoprenoid biosynthesis by reducing the production of mevalonate. FOH and GGOH restore isoprenoid biosynthesis downstream from MK. Culture supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis 48 hours after stimulation with monoclonal antibodies against CD2 + CD28.", "Lovastatin induced a 15-fold rise in IL-1beta secretion by normal anti-CD2 + CD28-stimulated cells (P < 0.001). This effect could be countered by mevalonate and, to a lesser extent, by FOH and GGOH. In the absence of lovastatin, mevalonate did not change IL-1beta secretion. Stimulated MK-deficient cells secreted 9-fold more IL-1beta than control PBMCs (P < 0.005), rising 2.4-fold in the presence of lovastatin. The effect of lovastatin on IL-1beta secretion was reduced by mevalonate, FOH, and GGOH. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in PBMCs from patients was impaired due to the endogenous MK deficiency. Bypassing this defect with FOH, in the absence of lovastatin, led to a 62% reduction (P < 0.02) in IL-1beta secretion by these cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antibodies", "CD2 Antigens", "CD28 Antigens", "Cell Division", "Cells, Cultured", "Child", "Diterpenes", "Familial Mediterranean Fever", "Farnesol", "Female", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Hypergammaglobulinemia", "Immunoglobulin D", "Interleukin-1", "Lovastatin", "Male", "Mevalonic Acid", "Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)", "Polyisoprenyl Phosphates", "T-Lymphocytes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lower limb perfusion following arterial occlusion depends on the recruitment of collateral vessels. Blood flow through these collateral vessels may be jeopardized by hypersensitivity to vasoconstriction by serotonin (5-HT), as has been reported during hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the benefits of chronic treatment with SL65.0472, a mixed 5-HT(1B)/5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, on lower limb ischemia in fatty fa/fa Zucker rats, a strain characterized by obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Comparison was made with lean control fa/+ Zucker rats.", "SL65.0472 (3 mg/kg/day, n=16) or its vehicle (n=20) were administered orally for 13 days to male fatty fa/fa Zucker rats submitted to lower limb ischemia. Hindlimb ischemia was induced unilaterally by resection of the left femoral and external iliac arteries and embolization of the left internal iliac artery with microspheres. Distal perfusion was measured under mild anesthesia by laser Doppler imaging of both feet. The perfusion deficit (Delta%) was calculated before and 3, 7 and 14 days after induction of hindlimb ischemia. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of SL65.0472, muscular partial oxygen pressure, iliac blood flows, maximal vasodilatory reserve and the vasoreactivity to 5-HT were measured in both limbs.", "Chronic administration of SL65.0472 improved the distal perfusion from day 3. At day 14, the deficit of perfusion was limited to -36+/-7% in SL65.0472-treated animals vs. -70+/-6% in the vehicle-treated group (P<0.001) and was accompanied by a significant improvement of partial oxygen pressure in the ischemic limb (SL65.0472: 10.4+/-3.9 mmHg vs. vehicle: 3.5+/-1.1 mmHg, P<0.05). Maximal vasodilatory reserve tended to increase from 2.2+/-0.4 ml/min in the vehicle-treated group to 3.8+/-0.6 ml/min after SL65.0472. SL65.0472 markedly reduced 5-HT-mediated vasoconstriction, which was enhanced in the hypoperfused limb, without altering arterial pressure. Induction of hindlimb ischemia led to the overexpression of both 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(2A) receptors only in the hypoperfused skeletal muscle as assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Body Weight", "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental", "Diabetic Angiopathies", "Hemodynamics", "Hindlimb", "Ilium", "Ischemia", "Obesity", "Oxygen", "Partial Pressure", "Piperazines", "Quinolines", "Rats", "Rats, Zucker", "Regional Blood Flow", "Serotonin", "Serotonin Antagonists", "Vasoconstriction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) remains unknown. In the rat model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the transfer of encephalitogenic cells (EAE cells) induces transient passive EAE, followed by resistance to subsequent disease induction through immunization with central nervous system antigens (active EAE).", "We tested whether ECP exerts its therapeutic effect by inducing an immune response targeted on circulating pathogenic T-lymphocytes, which results from their increased immunogenicity. We compared the potential of untreated versus ECP-treated encephalitogenic cells to transfer passive EAE and protect against active induction of the disease. The UVA irradiation conditions were derived from intensive ECP protocols used in human clinical studies.", "Animals receiving untreated cells showed clinical symptoms following cell transfer but not after subsequent immunisation, whereas those receiving ECP-treated cells remained healthy following cell transfer but experienced clinical symptoms after subsequent immunisation. However, these symptoms were less marked than in control naive rats." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental", "Interleukin-2", "Male", "Photopheresis", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred Lew", "T-Lymphocytes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The combination of cyclosporin-A (CS-A) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation is not recommended in the treatment of psoriasis, because risks of UV-B-induced skin cancer are increased. The recommendation, however, has not well been confirmed by basic researches.", "In this study, we investigated the effects of CS-A on UV-B-induced repair DNA synthesis, apoptosis and p53 expression.", "Following the short-term administration of CS-A (5 and 50 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (V) alone, female BALB/c mice, 8-10 weeks old, were treated with UV-B irradiation (100 and 500 mJ(2) cm) or tape stripping (TS). After the treatment, the effects of CS-A on the increased rate of epidermal DNA synthesis were examined by using 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse-labelling techniques. In separate experiments, the effects of CS-A on the number of sunburn cells, nick-end labelling+ cells and p53+ cells were examined 24 h after UV-B irradiation.", "Cyclosporin-A significantly suppressed the UV-B-induced increase in BrdU uptake, which occurs to repair DNA damage, while there were no significant effects on the stripping (S)-induced increase or the rate of normal epidermal proliferation, which is not associated with any DNA injuries. The number of sunburn cells, nick-end labelling+ cells and p53+ cells was significantly reduced by pretreatment with CS-A." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Bromodeoxyuridine", "Cell Count", "Cyclosporine", "DNA", "DNA Repair", "Epidermis", "Female", "Genes, p53", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "In Situ Nick-End Labeling", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Sunburn", "Tumor Suppressor Protein p53", "Ultraviolet Rays" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have previously shown that the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 secreted by neutrophils mediates the antinociceptive response in an acute inflammatory model induced by the intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in mice.", "In an attempt to broaden the concept that neutrophils and MRP-14 controls inflammatory pain induced by different type of irritants, in the present study, after demonstrating that carrageenan (Cg) also induces atinociception in mice, we investigated the participation of both neutrophils and MRP-14 in the phenomenon.", "Male Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with Cg and after different time intervals, the pattern of cell migration of the peritoneal exudate and the nociceptive response of animals submitted to the writhing test were evaluated. The participation of neutrophils and of the MRP-14 on the Cg effect was evaluated by systemic inoculation of monoclonal antibodies anti-granulocyte and anti-MRP-14.", "Our results demonstrate that the acute neutrophilic peritonitis evoked by Cg induced antinociception 2, 4 and 8 h after inoculation of the irritant. Monoclonal antibodies anti-granulocyte or anti-MRP-14 reverts the antinociceptive response only 2 and 8 h after Cg injection. The antibody anti-MRP-14 partially reverts the antinociception observed after 4 h of Cg injection while the anti-granulocyte antibody enhances this effect. This effect is reverted by simultaneous treatment of the animals with both antibodies. After 4 h of Cg injection in neutrophil-depleted mice a significant expression of the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 was detected in the cytoplasm of peritoneal macrophages. This suggests that the enhancement of the effect observed after treatment with the anti-neutrophil antibody may be due to secretion of MRP-14 by macrophages. It has also been demonstrated that endogenous opioids and glucocorticoids are not involved in the antinociception observed at the 4th hour after Cg injection." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analgesia", "Animals", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Calgranulin B", "Carrageenan", "Cell Movement", "Endorphins", "Glucocorticoids", "Male", "Mice", "Neutrophils" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objective was to evaluate the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on plasma homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to investigate associations of homocysteine to other cardiovascular risk factors.", "The women in this single-center, controlled, and randomized study were examined at baseline, and after 3 and 12 months, after they had been recruited consecutively from patients referred for investigational coronary angiography. All analyses were performed examiner blind. They were randomized to HRT consisting of transdermal application of continuous 17beta-estradiol with cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) tablets for 14 days every 3rd month, or to a control group.", "After 3 months of unopposed 17beta-estradiol, no significant effect on homocysteine was observed compared to the control group. The absolute decrease of 5% in median plasma homocysteine levels after 12-month HRT did not reach statistical significance. Plasma homocysteine seemed slightly higher in women with three- or four-vessel disease, but the difference was not significant. With increasing homocysteine levels, free tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) antigen increased, whereas E-selectin decreased. In women with diabetes or elevated blood glucose >6.0 mmol/l, plasma homocysteine was correlated to body mass index, C-peptide and insulin as well as age." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Cutaneous", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Biomarkers", "Body Mass Index", "C-Peptide", "Coronary Artery Disease", "E-Selectin", "Estradiol", "Estrogen Replacement Therapy", "Female", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1", "Lipoprotein(a)", "Medroxyprogesterone Acetate", "Middle Aged", "Postmenopause", "Progesterone Congeners", "Severity of Illness Index", "Time Factors", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transforming Growth Factor beta1", "Treatment Outcome", "Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1", "Women's Health" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "An increased number of circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates (PMAs) is present in patients with all clinical classes of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with CVI maintain elevated levels of PMAs following complete surgical correction of chronic venous insufficiency.", "Patients with superficial venous insufficiency and a normal deep venous system documented by duplex scan were included in the study. Venous blood was drawn from a superficial vein in the leg and an antecubital vein prior to vein stripping and again six weeks postoperatively. Control subjects without evidence of venous disease had blood drawn from an antecubital vein. Whole blood flow cytometry was used to analyze the samples for the presence of platelet-monocyte aggregates following incubation with buffer or 0.5 microM adenosine diphosphate (ADP).", "Postoperative duplex scanning demonstrated elimination of venous reflux in the superficial venous system and normal deep vein physiology in all nine patients. Preoperatively, patients with CVI had significantly elevated levels of circulating PMAs in both arm and leg samples without stimulation by an agonist compared to controls (15.2+/-1.1 and 14.3+/-1.3 vs 7.4+/-0.3 for controls, p<0.02 for each), and after stimulation by 0.5 microM ADP (33.7+/-4.7 and 34.3+/-5.2 vs 12.5+/-3.8 for controls, p<0.04 for each). There was no significant change in the number of PMAs in either patient arm or leg blood samples six weeks following correction of venous reflux by removal of the diseased veins." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cell Aggregation", "Chronic Disease", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Monocytes", "Platelet Aggregation", "Postoperative Period", "Varicose Veins", "Venous Insufficiency" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated cardiac and vascular remodeling in an unselected older population with either diastolic hypertension (HTN) or isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).", "Isolated systolic hypertension accounts for a substantial proportion of hypertension in individuals older than 65 years and is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular events. The exact mechanisms underlying the increased risk associated with ISH and elevated pulse pressure (PP), in comparison with HTN, have not been extensively investigated.", "Community-dwelling residents age >/=65 years in a small town in Italy (Dicomano) were enrolled. Untreated subjects considered in this study included 173 normotensive subjects (blood pressure [BP] <140/90 mm Hg), 95 subjects with HTN (diastolic BP >/=90 mm Hg), and 43 subjects with ISH (BP >/=160/<90 mm Hg). All subjects underwent extensive clinical examination, echocardiography, carotid ultrasonography, and carotid applanation tonometry.", "Subjects with ISH had higher left ventricular (LV) mass, which was independently related to PP but not to systolic or mean pressures. Both carotid wall cross-sectional area and vascular stiffness were greater in ISH patients than in HTN and normal subjects and were independently related to PP but not to systolic BP. In addition, ISH was associated with a higher prevalence of carotid plaque and more extensive carotid atherosclerosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Analysis of Variance", "Blood Pressure", "Carotid Artery Diseases", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Diastole", "Echocardiography", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Italy", "Male", "Population Surveillance", "Prevalence", "Risk Factors", "Systole", "Ventricular Remodeling" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "TRISS has reigned as the preeminent trauma outcome prediction model for 20 years. Despite this endorsement, the calibration of TRISS has been poor in most data sets where it has been examined. We hypothesized that the lack of calibration of TRISS was because of the inappropriate mathematical specification of the model that TRISS is based on, rather than the predictors in the model. In particular, we hypothesized that the nonlinearity of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in the log odds of death was responsible for the poor calibration of TRISS, and further, that this nonlinearity could be corrected by the simple addition of an ISS squared term to the TRISS model.", "We examined ISS in the log odds of mortality for linearity in one large trauma data set, the National Pediatric Trauma Registry (NPTR) (n = 53,113 from 1985-1996; mortality, 1.3%); and two small data sets, the University of New Mexico (UNM) (n = 3,142 from 1991-1995; mortality, 8.6%) and Portland, Oregon (PORT) (n = 2,916 from 1990-1994; mortality, 1.75%). In addition, in the NPTR we compared the calibration of TRISS models with and without linearity in the log odds of death.", "In the NPTR, ISS was profoundly nonlinear in the log odds of death for both blunt and penetrating trauma (p < 0.001). Moreover, the overall calibration of the TRISS model for the NPTR data was significantly improved when the nonlinearity of ISS was corrected by the addition of a quadratic ISS term as demonstrated by a 70% reduction (improvement) in the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. Interestingly, the addition of the ISS squared term did not affect the discrimination of the model. The log odds of survival in the UNM and PORT data sets were also better modeled when an ISS squared term was added (UNM, p = 0 0.052; PORT, p = 0.014), but improvements in the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic were smaller, possibly because of the small size of these data sets." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Child", "Humans", "Injury Severity Score", "Logistic Models", "Models, Statistical", "Odds Ratio", "Probability", "Registries", "Survival Analysis", "Trauma Severity Indices", "Wounds and Injuries" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Colonic cleansing with sodium phosphate causes intravascular volume contraction in some patients. This study tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate-electrolyte oral rehydration would attenuate the hypovolemic changes associated with administration of sodium phosphate.", "Adult outpatients were randomized to ingest either regular clear fluids or a carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration solution during precolonoscopy purgation by ingestion of aqueous sodium phosphate. Investigators were blinded to the treatment assignment of patients. Clinical hemodynamic measurements and biochemical tests were obtained at baseline and after bowel preparation. Tolerability and colonoscopic visualization were assessed with questionnaires.", "One hundred sixty-eight patients completed the study (81 clear fluids, 87 rehydration). By comparison with clear fluids, rehydration resulted in significantly less intravascular volume contraction. Changes in estimated central venous pressure and orthostatic pulse were significantly greater in the clear fluid group versus the rehydration group (p < 0.03). Changes in biochemical parameters after purgation also suggested a greater degree of volume contraction in the clear fluid versus rehydration group. Colonoscopic visualization was superior in the rehydration versus clear fluid group (p < 0.01); tolerability of the preparations was similar between groups (p = 0.2)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Aged", "Blood Volume", "Colonoscopy", "Dehydration", "Enema", "Female", "Fluid Therapy", "Humans", "Isotonic Solutions", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Phosphates", "Preoperative Care", "Prospective Studies", "Single-Blind Method", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Phocomelia, which is primarily due to a disruption in the proximodistal axis, is found in virtually all mouse embryos exposed to high doses of retinoic acid (RA) on 11 days post coitum (dpc).", "To identify genes that potentially mediate the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on limb development, we have examined the expression of 9,000 clones from the IMAGE consortium by microarray analysis of RNA isolated from 11 dpc mouse forelimbs exposed to RA or vehicle for 6 hr. Eight genes that demonstrated altered expression were chosen for further study of their mRNA levels using RT-PCR. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis.", "Of the 9,000 genes examined in the microarray, approximately 111 demonstrated altered expression (33 known genes and 78 ESTs). Of the eight known genes chosen for further study using RT-PCR, four mRNAs (PBX1a, PBX1b, IGF-Ia, and IGF-Ib) demonstrated consistent elevation ( approximately 3-fold) in their levels after RA treatment in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs as early as 3 hr after RA treatment. In addition to the two PBX1 isoforms, the mRNA level of the other two subtypes (PBX2 and PBX3) and the level of PBX1/2/3 protein were also found to be elevated in limb buds after RA treatment. Finally, we examined the expression of MEIS1, MEIS2, and MEIS3 because these proteins are necessary for PBX nuclear localization. The mRNA level of all three subtypes of MEIS were elevated approximately three- to four-fold in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs after RA treatment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abnormalities, Drug-Induced", "Animals", "Ectromelia", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental", "Homeodomain Proteins", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Limb Deformities, Congenital", "Maternal-Fetal Exchange", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred Strains", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Pregnancy", "Protein Isoforms", "RNA, Messenger", "Teratogens", "Transcription Factors", "Tretinoin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether patients with treated depression but no other risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) have abnormal arterial endothelial function, an abnormality that is common to other acquired risk factors for CHD.", "Case-control study.", "Secondary care departments of cardiology and psychiatry in a single centre and the surrounding community.", "Patients with treated depression and matched healthy controls, aged 18-55 years, without conventional acquired risk factors for CHD. These were recruited from local community mental health clinics, general practices, and patient support groups, and through posters placed in public areas of the hospital. Patients had major depression as defined in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Fifteen patients and 12 controls were recruited, and 12 patients and 10 controls completed the study.", "Brachial artery flow mediated dilatation and baroreflex sensitivity.", "Arterial endothelial function measured by flow mediated dilatation was impaired in depression (mean (SEM) -0.7% (1.7%)) compared with controls (5.7% (0.9%), p = 0.005 by non-paired t test). Baroreflex sensitivity did not differ significantly between the groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Baroreflex", "Blood Pressure", "Brachial Artery", "Case-Control Studies", "Coronary Disease", "Depressive Disorder", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Female", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Regional Blood Flow", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate associations between frequently used indicators for assessing nutritional status and health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients after controlling for demographics, comorbidity, and dialysis dose.", "Survey of 1,387 hemodialysis patients enrolled at baseline in the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study. Nutritional status indicators included dietary energy intake, equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rate (enPCR), serum creatinine (SCr), serum albumin (SAlb), body mass index (BMI), calf circumference, and appetite. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS-SF-36) summary measures: the Physical Component Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Scale (MCS).", "Fifteen clinical sites throughout the United States providing in-center hemodialysis.", "The mean PCS score was 36.1 +/- 10 SD, lower than normative data in healthy populations. PCS scores were lower among women, whites, and those with diabetes, severe comorbidities, and poor appetites. Appetite, dietary energy intake, SAlb, and SCr were strongly associated with PCS scores even after controlling for demographics and comorbidity. The sum of the parameter estimates for the effects of nutritional status on PCS was large, 7 points or more depending on the individual's nutritional status indicators. The mean MCS score was 49.7 +/- 10.1 SD, similar to scores in healthy populations, but lower among those with severe comorbidities, poor appetites, advanced age, and more years on dialysis. Appetite, age, and years on dialysis were significantly associated with MCS after controlling for other demographics and comorbidity. Dialysis dose did not significantly alter these relationships." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Appetite", "Biomarkers", "Body Mass Index", "Comorbidity", "Creatinine", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Energy Intake", "Female", "Health Status", "Health Surveys", "Humans", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Male", "Mental Health", "Middle Aged", "Nutritional Status", "Proteins", "Quality of Life", "Renal Dialysis", "Serum Albumin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this report was to show the feasibility of the combination of a minimally invasive endoscopic approach to the maxilla with transverse and sagittal distraction procedures.", "Four human cadavers were used for training of a minimally invasive access to the maxilla to perform a endoscopically assisted Le Fort I osteotomy, before this technique was applied in 3 patients with transverse and sagittal growth deficits of the maxilla. Access to the maxilla was gained through a small mucosa incision in the vestibule to create a visualization port to the maxillary sinus through a bur hole. Landmarks were identified through the endoscope before a Le Fort I osteotomy was performed using chisels of different shapes and angulations. In 2 patients the maxilla was split sagittally to perform a transverse maxillary expansion; in 1 patient, a buried distractor was applied close to the piriform aperture to correct a sagittal growth deficit in a hypoplastic maxilla.", "Endoscopic exposure of the maxillary sinus walls from within the sinus, the accurate identification of landmarks, and the creation of a Le Fort I osteotomy were achieved in all cases. Distractor application close to the piriform aperture rendered good stability." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Endoscopy", "Feasibility Studies", "Humans", "Malocclusion", "Maxilla", "Maxillary Sinus", "Osteogenesis, Distraction", "Osteotomy, Le Fort", "Palatal Expansion Technique", "Retrognathia", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Prone positioning in respiratory failure has been shown to be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe hypoxia. However, the prone position can result in dislodgment or malfunction of tubes and cannulae. Certain patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) may also benefit from positional therapy. The impact of cannula-related complications in these patients is potentially disastrous. The safety and efficacy of prone positioning of these patients has not been previously reported.", "A retrospective chart review evaluated ECMO or CRRT cannula location, and displacement or malfunction during positional change or while prone. The study was set in a General Surgery and Trauma Intensive Care Unit. The subjects were all patients at our institution who simultaneously underwent ECMO or CRRT and prone positioning from July 1996 to July 2001. There were no interventions.", "Ten patients underwent ECMO and 42 patients underwent CRRT during the study period. Seven patients underwent simultaneous prone positioning and either ECMO (4/10) or CRRT (4/42). A total of 68 turning events (prone to supine or supine to prone) were recorded, with each patient averaging 9.7 (range, 4-16) turning episodes. Turning was performed with sheets and extra nursing personnel; no special mechanical assist devices were used. No patients experienced inadvertent cannula removal during turning. Two patients had poor flow through their cannulae. In one patient, this occurred in the supine position and required repositioning of the cannula. In the second patient, cannulae were changed twice and flow was poor in both the supine and the prone positions. All ECMO and CRRT patients received venous cannulae. Cannula location (seven internal jugular and 11 femoral) did not the affect risk of malfunction." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation", "Female", "Humans", "Intensive Care Units", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prone Position", "Renal Replacement Therapy", "Respiratory Insufficiency", "Retrospective Studies", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In multiple sclerosis (MS), brain atrophy depicted by magnetic resonance imaging reflects overall tissue loss, including axonal loss.", "To determine the course of atrophy by studying the rate of development of brain atrophy in patients who have different subtypes of MS.", "Eighty-three patients with MS (42 with relapsing-remitting, 21 with secondary progressive, and 20 with primary progressive) were studied longitudinally, with an interval of 2 to 4 years. Magnetic resonance imaging included T1- and T2-weighted images to obtain 2 brain volume measurements: (1) the parenchymal fraction as a marker of global brain atrophy and (2) the ventricular fraction as a marker of central atrophy. The annualized rate of global and central brain atrophy was compared between those with different subtypes of MS and related to clinical characteristics, including sex, age, disease duration, and disability.", "There was a significant decrease of the parenchymal fraction (-0.7% per year; SEM, 0.11% per year) and a significant increase of ventricular fraction (3.7% per year; SEM, 0.54% per year) in the total group. Significant tissue loss was also seen in all 3 subtypes of MS; the decrease in parenchymal fraction was not different between subtypes, whereas the increase in ventricular fraction tended to be larger in patients with secondary progressive MS compared with patients with primary progressive MS. Marginal associations were found between clinical determinants and the rate of brain atrophy. Annualized increase in the ventricular fraction was correlated with age (r = -0.26) and duration of symptoms (r = -0.22): younger patients (mainly patients with relapsing-remitting MS who have a limited disability) displayed a larger increase in ventricular fraction compared with older patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anthropometry", "Atrophy", "Brain", "Disease Progression", "Female", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multiple Sclerosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Incidence rates of Alzheimer disease (AD) were higher in women than in men in several recent European and Asian studies. Cohort studies in the United States, on the other hand, have consistently reported no difference in incidence across sex.", "To measure age- and sex-specific incidence rates of dementia and AD for persons aged 50 years and older residing in Rochester, Minn, during 1985 to 1989.", "Cases were ascertained through the medical records linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, which encompasses the records of all medical care providers (including outpatient clinics, hospitals, general practitioners, and nursing homes) in Rochester. Computer indices of clinical diagnoses, histologic diagnoses, and medical procedures were screened for indications of dementia. All medical records of potential cases were reviewed and abstracted by a trained nurse abstractor. A neurologist (E.K.) confirmed the presence of dementia and established a differential diagnosis of AD using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and estimated the year of onset.", "A total of 482 incident cases of dementia were identified; 356 of them (73.9%) had AD. For both dementia and AD, incidence rates increased steeply with age, and there were no consistent differences between men and women. The sex pattern for AD did not change after removing cases with silent bilateral infarcts on imaging." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alzheimer Disease", "Dementia", "Female", "Humans", "Incidence", "Male", "Medical Records", "Middle Aged", "Minnesota", "Retrospective Studies", "Sex Factors", "Urban Population" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To identify the specific serine/threonine residues in the C-terminal tail of thromboxane receptor alpha (TPalpha) being phosphorylated and desensitized, and various alanine mutants of these serine/threonine residues were checked for their ability to serve as substrates.", "To facilitate the identification of the intracellular domains involved in phosphorylation, glutathione S-transferase (GST)-intracellular domain fusion proteins were used as substrates for the purified PKC, and then the cDNA of phosphorylated protein was mutagenized to localize the major site of receptor phosphorylation induced by protein kinase C. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the His-tagged wild type or mutant TPalpha were used to study the phosphorylation and desensitization.", "Only the C-terminal tail can be used as a substrate for the purified PKC. Ser-331 (mP4) was demonstrated to be heavily phosphorylated, Ser-324 (mP1) was shown to be slightly phosphorylated, Ser-329 was illustrated to be faintly phosphorylated, and other Ser/Thr residues were not found to be phosphorylated. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced receptor phosphorylation in HEK 293 cells expressing the wild type TPalpha. However, PMA did not significantly trigger receptor phosphorylation in HEK 293 cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor. Pretreatment of the cells expressing the wild type with PMA inhibited I-BOP induced Ca2+ release, however, pretreatment of the cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor with PMA did not abolish I-BOP induced Ca2+ release." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alanine", "Embryo, Mammalian", "Humans", "Kidney", "Mutagenesis, Site-Directed", "Mutation", "Phosphorylation", "Protein Kinase C", "Receptors, Thromboxane", "Serine", "Thromboxane A2" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the impact of meteorologic variables on the incidence of and case fatality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the subarctic area of Northern Sweden.", "The MONICA (multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants of CArdiovascular disease) database for northern Sweden was linked to weather report files. We then had information linking the weather condition at the time of each myocardial infarction with each patient. This database was analysed for whether the myocardial infarctions were fatal or nonfatal. We also analysed data on the daily number of myocardial infarctions in the area with day-to-day changes in the weather conditions.", "We found that no static weather conditions were linked to an increased risk of dying from a myocardial infarction. A temperature rise was associated with an increase in the number of nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions--a 1 degree Celsius rise was associated with a 1.5% increase in the number of AMI cases." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Air Pressure", "Humans", "Humidity", "Meteorological Concepts", "Myocardial Infarction", "Sweden", "Temperature" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The quantification of fetal cells in the maternal circulation remains an important goal to determine the amount of anti-D necessary to prevent active immunization of a D- mother giving birth to a D+ baby. Underestimation of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) results in inefficient anti-D prophylaxis and maternal immunization; overestimation of FMH results in higher doses of passively transferred anti-D, higher costs, and the risk of disease transmission. Thus, a reliable method to quantitatively assess FMH is necessary.", "Serial dilutions of artificial FMH were quantitatively measured by three different methods: flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy (each after anti-D staining), and by the Kleihauer-Betke test. The accuracy and precision of the three methods were compared by statistical analysis.", "Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were comparably accurate and precise in quantifying FMH. In contrast, the accuracy of the Kleihauer-Betke test was poor, resulting in substantial overestimation of FMH in the samples with lower fetal cell concentrations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Diagnostic Errors", "Female", "Fetal Blood", "Fetomaternal Transfusion", "Flow Cytometry", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Microscopy, Fluorescence", "Models, Biological", "Pregnancy", "Reproducibility of Results", "Rh-Hr Blood-Group System", "Rho(D) Immune Globulin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objective of this study was to investigate whether a gender difference exists in student performance on any component of the grading scheme in an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship.", "Evaluation of medical students' performance in the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship at our institution includes an Objective Standardized Clinical Examination with an interpersonal skills subsection, a written examination, and faculty evaluations. Performance data from 355 medical students enrolled in the clerkship between 1995 to 1998 were analyzed.", "Female students performed better than their male colleagues on the written examination (d = .56), the overall Objective Standardized Clinical Examination (d = .46) and its interpersonal skills subsection (d = .49), and the final clerkship score (d = .48). There were no differences between male and female students in faculty evaluation scores. Female students received better final scores for the clerkship." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Clinical Clerkship", "Educational Status", "Female", "Forecasting", "Gynecology", "Humans", "Male", "Obstetrics", "Sex Factors", "Students, Medical" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To measure the effects of a resistance training (RT) program over muscle function and body composition of adults with GH deficiency without replacement.", "11 GH-deficient patients (39 +/- 11 yr) were evaluated in four occasions (two pretraining and at 6 and 12-wk of training). We performed anthropometric measurements and physical tests. Muscle power was measured by a specific tensiometer (Fitro, Bratislava, Slovakia) in five different exercises: seated chest press, rear lat pull-down, knee extension, standing upright row, and triceps press down. Muscle endurance was assessed by maximum number of sit-ups and maximum static strength by measurement with a handgrip dynamometer. A 12-wk home-based RT program was individually prescribed and consisted of 13 exercises, performed each other day, using simple material.", "No significant differences occurred in body weight or limb circumferences ( > 0.05), although the sum of central skinfolds decreased with RT (111 +/- 9 vs 100 +/- 9 mm; < 0.05). RT induced significant gains in four of five exercises: rear lat pull-down (141 +/- 19 vs 198 +/- 20 W), standing upright row (134 +/- 22 vs 157 +/- 24 W), triceps press down (85 +/- 14 vs 123 +/- 21 W), and seated chest press (114 +/- 20 vs 143 +/- 21 W; < 0.05). Sit-up results also showed significant improvements, while handgrip did not ( > 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Exercise", "Female", "Growth Hormone", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Physical Education and Training", "Physical Fitness" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Previous studies indicate that energy expenditure related to physical activity is enhanced and that mechanical efficiency of leg exercise is reduced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is yet unclear whether an inefficient energy expenditure is also present during other activities in COPD. This study was carried out to examine arm efficiency and peak arm exercise performance relative to leg exercise in 33 (23 male) patients with COPD ((mean +/- SEM) age: 61 +/- 2 yr; FEV : 40 +/- 2% of predicted) and 20 sex- and age-matched healthy controls.", "Body composition, pulmonary function, resting energy expenditure (REE), and peak leg and arm exercise performance were determined. To calculate mechanical efficiency, subjects performed submaximal leg and arm ergometry at 50% of achieved peak loads. During exercise testing, metabolic and ventilatory parameters were measured.", "In contrast to a reduced leg mechanical efficiency in patients compared with controls (15.6 +/- 0.6% and 22.5 +/- 0.6%, respectively; < 0.001), arm mechanical efficiency was comparable in both groups (COPD: 18.3 +/- 0.9%, controls: 21.0 +/- 1.2%; NS). Arm efficiency was not related to leg efficiency, pulmonary function, work of breathing, or REE. Also, arm exercise capacity was relatively preserved in patients with COPD (ratio arm peak work rate/leg peak work rate in patients: 89% vs 53% in controls; < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Arm", "Biomechanical Phenomena", "Energy Metabolism", "Exercise Test", "Exercise Tolerance", "Female", "Humans", "Leg", "Lung", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Iatrogenic infection of immunosuppressed or immunocompromised hosts secondary to receipt of blood components containing bacteria may result in serious adverse outcomes. Measurement of pH and glucose by use of inexpensive reagent strips has been proposed as a practical means of screening for bacteria in platelet concentrate (PC) units.", "Glucose and pH were measured in 3093 PC units by use of reagent strips (Multistix, Bayer Corp.) to screen for bacterial content. Any PC classified by the reagent strip method as containing bacteria was subsequently cultured to confirm the presence and quantity of bacteria present.", "Thirty of 3093 PC units were classified as containing bacteria by the reagent strip method. Two of the 30 PC units positive by the reagent strip method were also positive by standard bacterial culture technique. Bacillus cereus was isolated from both units." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Bacillus cereus", "Bacteria", "Blood Glucose", "Blood Platelets", "Colony Count, Microbial", "Humans", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Reagent Strips" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the effect of dietary weight loss, postural change, and an oral glucose load on serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in obese adults.", "Sixteen obese adult men and women with a mean body mass index of 35.7 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2) were studied after 1 week on a maintenance energy lead-in diet and after 5 weeks on an identical but 40% reduced-energy diet provided by the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). ACE activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay.", "All subjects lost weight, with a mean decrease in body weight of 7.0 +/- 2.1 kg or 6 +/- 3% of initial body weight (p < 0.00001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, supine plasma renin activity, and serum aldosterone levels decreased with weight loss (p < 0.05). Supine ACE activity decreased 23 +/- 12% with weight loss (p < 0.00001). Standing ACE activity, which was significantly higher than supine ACE activity before and after weight loss (p < 0.05), also decreased 18 +/- 17% with weight loss (p = 0.0007). A 75-g oral glucose load had no effect on serum ACE activity over a 3-hour period." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aldosterone", "Basal Metabolism", "Blood Glucose", "Blood Pressure", "Body Mass Index", "Calorimetry", "Diet, Reducing", "Female", "Humans", "Insulin", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A", "Posture", "Renin", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Weight Loss" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement is related to the expression of mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). No information is available concerning the effect of age on the levels of these mediators in GCF. The purpose of this study was to quantify three mediators (prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) in GCF during orthodontic tooth movement in juveniles and adults.", "A total of 43 juvenile patients (mean age 11 +/- 0.7 year), and 41 adult patients (mean age 24 +/- 1.6 year) took part in the study. One of the lateral incisors of each patient was tipped labially, the other served as control. GCF samples were taken before force activation (t0) and 24 h later (t24). Mediator levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).", "PGE2 concentrations were significantly elevated at t24 in juveniles and adults, while concentrations of IL-6 and GM-CSF were significantly elevated only in juveniles. Total amounts of all three mediators in GCF significantly increased at t24 in both groups." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age Factors", "Bone Remodeling", "Child", "Cytokines", "Dental Stress Analysis", "Dinoprostone", "Gingival Crevicular Fluid", "Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor", "Humans", "Incisor", "Inflammation Mediators", "Interleukin-6", "Male", "Maxilla", "Orthodontic Brackets", "Tooth Movement Techniques" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There are two main ways to assess alcohol consumption in a population: per capita estimates, usually derived from data on taxable alcohol available for consumption, and population-based surveys. Population-based survey estimates of alcohol consumption are often compared with estimates based on taxable alcohol available for consumption as a measure of validity. Discrepancies between these two measures occur, with the majority of population-based surveys substantially underestimating taxable alcohol available for consumption.", "This article argues, however, that high proportions of taxable alcohol available for consumption can be accounted for by population-based surveys and reports a method of data collection for a national alcohol survey that has accounted for 94% of the taxable alcohol in New Zealand.", "The ability of the survey methodology to account for this proportion of taxable alcohol is likely due to the within-location beverage-specific alcohol consumption measures used in the survey, the process of recording the quantity of alcohol consumed, the use of a computer-assisted telephone interview system, and the population coverage achieved." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Alcohol Drinking", "Alcoholic Beverages", "Data Collection", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "New Zealand", "Seasons", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the influence of family history of alcoholism (FHA) on the response of saccadic eye movements to alcohol.", "Saccadic performance was evaluated in 54 healthy adult subjects with a FHA (family history-positive) and 49 controls (family history-negative). Alcohol and placebo sessions were presented in counterbalanced order. Alcohol was administered intravenously to achieve and maintain a target breath alcohol concentration of 60 mg/100 ml (60%) for 160 min in each subject. During each session, saccadic eye movement testing was performed at baseline (before infusion of alcohol) and twice during the steady-state target breath alcohol concentration. The saccadic testing elicited visually guided saccades (VGS) and antisaccades (AS). Saccadic latency and velocity and the percentage of AS errors were quantified and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.", "The family history-positive and family history-negative groups showed an overall difference at baseline in AS and VGS latencies and velocities in the alcohol and placebo sessions ( p= 0.006). Alcohol delayed saccades such that AS and VGS latencies increased (p = 0.0001) and slowed the execution of saccades such that peak velocities decreased ( p = 0.0002). The percentage of AS errors decreased after alcohol administration, but no significant effect of alcohol (alcohol versus placebo session) was observed (p = 0.1). Latency of AS saccades demonstrated a significant overall FHA effect (p = 0.02) and a significant interaction between FHA and response to alcohol over time (p = 0.02)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Alcoholism", "Analysis of Variance", "Ethanol", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Saccades" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Alcohol (EtOH) alters the plasma and tissue content of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, an important anabolic hormone. However, the bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF-I can also be modulated by changes in soluble proteins that bind IGF-I (IGFBPs). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether EtOH intoxication in rats alters the plasma concentration and tissue mRNA content of various IGFBPs. Based on initial results subsequent studies were performed to assess potential mechanisms by which EtOH increased IGFBP-1.", "Rats were administered EtOH (75 mmol/kg) and blood and tissues collected at various times thereafter. Separate groups of rats were also pretreated with 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP; alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor), cyanamide (inhibitor of acetaldehyde metabolism), RU486 (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) or the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist (TNF(BP)) prior to EtOH administration.", "Acute EtOH intoxication did not alter the mRNA content of IGFBP-3, -4 or -5 in liver or kidney. However, EtOH increased IGFBP-1 in blood (5-fold), which was associated with an up-regulation of IGFBP-1 mRNA content in liver and kidney (2- to 3-fold). Likewise, the injection of the nonmetabolizable alcohol -butanol also increased IGFBP-1 in plasma, liver, and kidney. The increased IGFBP-1 in blood and tissues was not prevented by inhibiting alcohol metabolism with 4-MP. However, pretreatment with cyanamide markedly accentuated the EtOH-induced increase in IGFBP-1 in blood (20-fold), liver (3.5-fold), and kidney (12-fold), indicating that accumulation of acetaldehyde can enhance IGFBP-1 synthesis. A time course study indicated that EtOH increased plasma IGFBP-1 levels as early as 0.5-1 hr, and that this response was associated with elevated IGFBP-1 mRNA in liver but not kidney. Pretreatment with RU486 did not prevent or attenuate the EtOH-induced increase in IGFBP-1. However, the alcohol-induced increase in IGFBP-1 was attenuated by TNF(BP)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alcoholic Intoxication", "Animals", "Ethanol", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1", "Male", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Growth deficits are among the cardinal features for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. Growth deficits have also been noted among those who were exposed to alcohol prenatally but who do not have fetal alcohol syndrome. Few studies have observed subjects past early and middle childhood, however, to evaluate the longer-term effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth in adolescence. This is a report of the effects of alcohol exposure during gestation on the size of the offspring at 14 years of age.", "Women were recruited in their fourth prenatal month. These women were interviewed in the fourth and seventh months of pregnancy and at delivery. The women and their children were seen when the offspring were 14 years of age.", "Growth deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure were identified among the offspring at 14 years of age. Weight, height, head circumference, and skinfold thickness continued to be significantly affected by prenatal alcohol exposure after controlling for other significant predictors of size. These effects exhibited a dose-response pattern, and significant effects were found at levels below one drink per day. For example, first trimester alcohol exposure predicted weights of 152 lbs for the offspring of abstainers, 149 lbs for the offspring of light drinkers (>0 and <0.2 drinks per day), 143 lbs for the offspring of moderate drinkers (>0.2 and <0.89 drinks per day), and 136 lbs for the offspring of heavy drinkers (>0.89 drinks per day)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Alcohol Drinking", "Analysis of Variance", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Forecasting", "Growth Disorders", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Pregnancy", "Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects", "Temperance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Memory for food words was used to investigate effects of hunger and satiety on information processing in acute and recovered anorectics.", "In Expt 1, recall of words related to food and unrelated to food was compared between anorectics and controls. In Expt 2, the same procedure was undertaken in recovered anorectics and controls.", "Tests were performed in each subject after starvation and after food intake.", "When hungry, recall of food words did not differ between anorectics and controls. During satiety, however, anorectics recalled significantly more food words than controls. Recall of food unrelated words did not differ between both groups. Recall in recovered anorectics was comparable with that in acute anorectics." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Anorexia Nervosa", "Body Mass Index", "Feeding Behavior", "Female", "Food Deprivation", "Humans", "Male", "Severity of Illness Index", "Thinking" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To demonstrate the usefulness of the spinal needle test at laparoscopy to correlate abdominal wall thickness at initial entry sites with body mass index (BMI).", "Prospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification).", "University-affiliated hospital.", "One hundred thirty-eight women.", "Diagnostic laparoscopy.", "After CO(2) insufflation, the spinal needle test was performed by inserting a spinal needle attached to a partially filled syringe and advancing it perpendicular to the skin until the gas pocket was reached. To improve precision, the distance was measured 3 times at two sites, the umbilicus and Palmer's point (left upper quadrant). Patients' mean BMI was 25.8 kg/m(2) (range 17.2-60.0 kg/m(2)), with 24 (17%) considered clinically obese (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)). A significant correlation was noted between BMI and abdominal wall thickness at the umbilicus (R = 0.69) and left upper quadrant (R = 0.81). Excellent correlation was also noted between body weight and thickness at the two points (R = 0.72 and R = 0.78, respectively). The mean thickness at the umbilicus differed significantly between obese (3.0 +/- 1.2 cm) and nonobese women (1.7 +/- 0.7 cm, p <0.001); as did mean thickness at the left upper quadrant (4.4 +/- 1.0 vs 2.0 +/- 0.7 cm, p <0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdominal Wall", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Body Mass Index", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Gynecologic Surgical Procedures", "Humans", "Laparoscopes", "Laparoscopy", "Middle Aged", "Needles", "Obesity", "Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial", "Preoperative Care", "Prospective Studies", "Sensitivity and Specificity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ingested protein increases circulating insulin concentrations. Several years ago it was also determined that an intravenously administered mixture of 10 essential amino acids stimulated insulin secretion. Of these, arginine was the most potent. The effect was synergistic with administered glucose.", "Because the amounts of amino acid administered intravenously were very large and because ingested arginine is partially metabolized in the intestinal mucosa, we were interested in determining whether orally administered arginine stimulates a rise in circulating insulin concentration and whether arginine affects the glucose-induced rise in insulin concentration.", "Nine healthy subjects (4 women and 5 men aged 21-52 y) ingested 1 mmol arginine/kg lean body mass, 1 mmol arginine/kg lean body mass + 25 g glucose, 25 g glucose alone, and water only, in random order on separate occasions, at 0800. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 10-min intervals over the next 2 h and were assayed for glucose, insulin, glucagon, and amino acid concentrations. The half-time for gastric emptying was determined by scintigraphy.", "Unlike with intravenous administration, ingested arginine did not stimulate a rise in insulin concentration. The glucagon concentration was increased. Arginine attenuated and prolonged the glucose rise when it was ingested with glucose. Gastric emptying time was similar after ingestion of glucose alone or arginine plus glucose." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Arginine", "Blood Glucose", "Drug Interactions", "Female", "Gastric Emptying", "Glucagon", "Glucose", "Humans", "Insulin", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osmolar Concentration", "Random Allocation", "Reference Values", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Prostaglandins inhibit the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and may decrease lower esophageal sphincter tone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex) could increase lower esophageal pressure (without affecting gastric emptying) compared to placebo and cisapride (Prepulsid), a compound previously used to treat reflux disease.", "Six mongrel dogs were assigned to receive celecoxib, cisapride, and placebo using a randomized cross-over design with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Prior to dosing, each dog underwent an esophagopexy to provide access to the esophagus and stomach. On the fourth day of dosing, sphincter tone was measured in awake unsedated dogs using radial manometry. In a different set of six dogs, liquid and solid gastric emptying rates were scintigraphically determined.", "Celecoxib significantly increased mean and average maximum lower esophageal pressures compared to placebo without affecting the gastric emptying rate. The magnitudes of these increases were similar to that produced by cisapride." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Celecoxib", "Cisapride", "Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors", "Dogs", "Esophagogastric Junction", "Female", "Gastrointestinal Agents", "Pressure", "Pyrazoles", "Sulfonamides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ischemia is known to be a potent stimulus for the upregulation of angiogenic growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). While previous investigations have shown that many angiogenic growth factors are upregulated in animal models of myocardial ischemia, the models used are limited in their ability to produce stable ischemia beyond a few weeks. Our laboratory uses a stable model of hibernating myocardium where later time points may be examined. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine bFGF protein levels in the myocardium at baseline and 3 or 6 months following the onset of myocardial ischemia.", "A total of 18 miniswine were studied. Basal endogenous levels of bFGF were measured in control animals (n = 6) immediately following sacrifice, while 12 other pigs underwent a 90% left circumflex artery occlusion with documented hibernating myocardium by positron emission tomography ((13)N-ammonia) and dobutamine stress echocardiography. These animals were studied at 3 (n = 7) and 6 months (n = 5) postoperatively. At sacrifice, six 3 x 3 mm samples were harvested from the left circumflex (hibernating) myocardium. Basic FGF levels (picograms per microgram of protein) were determined using ELISA kits.", "Basic FGF protein levels 3 months after the creation of hibernating myocardium were three times greater than in nonischemic control animals (P < 0.05), while levels at 6 months were increased sixfold compared to control animals (P < 0.05 versus both control and 3-month groups)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Fibroblast Growth Factor 2", "Male", "Myocardial Stunning", "Myocardium", "Reference Values", "Swine", "Swine, Miniature", "Time Factors", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The current trend toward ungated shock wave lithotripsy means that more patients are being treated with shock waves delivered at a rapid rate (120 shock waves per minute or greater). However, no benefit of an increased shock wave rate has been shown and in vitro studies indicate that slowing the shock wave rate actually improves stone fragmentation. We tested the effect of the shock wave rate on stone comminution in a new animal model.", "Gypsum model stones were inserted via upper pole percutaneous access into the lower pole calix of the kidneys of female pigs weighing approximately 100 pounds. Shock wave lithotripsy was performed (400 shock waves uninterrupted at 20 kV. and 30 or 120 shock waves per minute) 2 hours later using an unmodified HM3 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia). After en bloc excision of the urinary tract stone fragments were collected and sieved through 2 mm. mesh. The particles were weighed and surface area was determined.", "Stones treated at 30 shock waves per minute broke more completely than stones treated at 120 shock waves per minute. The percent of fragments greater than 2 mm. was significantly higher for stones treated at the fast rate of 120 versus the slow rate of 30 shock waves per minute (mean +/- SEM 81% +/- 14% versus 45% +/- 12%, p <0.005). When stone fragmentation was expressed as the percent increase in fragment surface area, significantly greater fragmentation occurred at the slower than at the more rapid rate (327% +/- 63% versus 135% +/- 136%, p <0.02)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Disease Models, Animal", "Female", "Kidney Calculi", "Kidney Calices", "Lithotripsy", "Swine", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It was assessed whether the contractility enhancing effect of the calcium sensitiser levosimendan is altered by carvedilol.", "Twelve healthy subjects received 2 mg levosimendan i.v. both alone and in addition to a 7-9-day treatment with 25 mg carvedilol orally, twice daily, in a cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study. Systolic time intervals, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and up to 2 h after drug administration.", "When levosimendan was administered in addition to carvedilol, the shortening of electromechanical systole QS2i (indicating increased contractility) was similar to that found with levosimendan alone ( P=0.475). Also, the maximum heart rate change was similar, although a statistically significant difference in heart rate was detected due to minor differences at two time points during the 2-h follow-up ( P=0.018). There were no differences in diastolic blood pressure response ( P=0.962), but the systolic blood pressure response was attenuated by about 4 mmHg with the combination ( P=0.013)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adrenergic beta-Antagonists", "Adult", "Blood Pressure", "Carbazoles", "Cardiotonic Agents", "Carvedilol", "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Drug Interactions", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Hydrazones", "Infusions, Intravenous", "Male", "Myocardial Contraction", "Propanolamines", "Pyridazines", "Reference Values", "Simendan", "Systole" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Angiogenesis and hemostatic activation are important factors in tumor progression and metastasis. Because surgical intervention induces tissue hypoxia and hemostatic activation, we analyzed the effect of gastric surgery on the plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and von Willebrand factor (vWf).", "Plasma VEGF, sP-selectin, and vWf concentrations were measured in 14 patients with gastric cancer before operation and on postoperative day 1 (POD 1). Correlations between disease stage and the effect of surgical intervention were analyzed.", "The plasma concentrations of these three factors did not correlate with the disease stage. Plasma levels of sP-selectin did not change after operation (before surgery, 87.6 +/- 34.1 ng/ml; on POD 1, 101.1 +/- 48.1 ng/ml; P = 0.123). Plasma VEGF and vWf concentrations were significantly elevated on POD 1 (VEGF, 33.3 +/- 20.5 pg/ml before surgery and 61.9 +/- 35.6 pg/ml on POD 1; P = 0.0013; vWf, 164 +/- 31.1% before surgery and 211.1 +/- 66.1% on POD 1; P = 0.027)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Endothelial Growth Factors", "Female", "Gastrectomy", "Humans", "Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Japan", "Lymphokines", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Neoplasm Staging", "P-Selectin", "Statistics as Topic", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Survival Analysis", "Treatment Outcome", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors", "von Willebrand Factor" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Retrospective patient identification and prospective data collection were performed.", "To evaluate the outcome of anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion for discogenic cervical headaches.", "Cervicogenic headaches affect up to 2.5% of the population. One cause is discogenic pain. Because anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion may improve neck pain, the effect of this procedure on discogenic cervical headaches was evaluated.", "Nine patients with severe refractory cervicogenic headaches who underwent anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion of the upper cervical discs were retrospectively identified on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and diskography findings. Pain was measured by a numerical rating scale, and function by the Oswestry Disability Index.", "The study involved six women and three men with a mean age of 52 (range, 35-72 years) and a mean follow-up period of 37 months (range, 24-49 months). Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion was performed at both C2-C3 and C3-C4 in seven patients, at C2-C3 in one patient, and at C2-C3, C3-C4, and C4-C5 in one patient. Associated symptoms included nausea, arm pain, dizziness, and visual disturbances. All the patients improved. All stated that they would have the same surgery again for the same outcome. The mean numerical rating score improved from 8 (range, 5-10) to 2.7 (range, 0-7) ( < 0.001), and five patients (56%) had total headache relief. The mean Oswestry Disability Index improved from 62 (range, 42-87) to 35 (range, 2-82) ( < 0.009). The associated symptoms resolved in all the patients. There was early moderate to severe dysphagia in three patients, and mild dysphagia in four patients. At the final follow-up assessment, five patients evidenced mild dysphagia." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Deglutition Disorders", "Disability Evaluation", "Diskectomy", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Headache", "Humans", "Intervertebral Disc Displacement", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neck", "Neck Pain", "Patient Selection", "Prospective Studies", "Retrospective Studies", "Spinal Fusion", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A birth-cohort phenomenon in the time trends of a disease indicates that exposure to relevant risk factors must have occurred during an early period of life. The aim of this study was to determine whether birth-cohort patterns are common features of ulcerative colitis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer in different countries.", "The number of deaths from ulcerative colitis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer in England, Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, United States, and Scotland were retrieved from the respective national statistics offices. The death rates from the six countries were plotted against the period of birth. Age-standardized cohort mortality ratios were calculated as a summary of the overall mortality associated with each consecutive birth-cohort.", "In all countries alike, mortality from ulcerative colitis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer increased among successive generations born during the 19th century and, after reaching a sharp peak around the turn of the 20th century, declined among generations born subsequently. The rise in mortality from gastric ulcer preceded a similar rise in mortality from duodenal ulcer by 10-20 yr, and the temporal changes of duodenal ulcer coincided with those of ulcerative colitis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Cohort Studies", "Colitis, Ulcerative", "Duodenal Ulcer", "Europe", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Stomach Ulcer", "Survival Rate", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We aimed to investigate the association of viral genotype and the development of icteric flare-up (IF) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.", "Twenty-one consecutive patients suffering from IF of chronic HBV infection, defined as elevation of ALT over five times the upper limit of normal, together with either bilirubin > 50 IU/L or elevated bilirubin plus PT > 3 s prolonged, were studied. Patients from three stages of HBV-related chronic liver disease were studied as controls: 1) asymptomatic carriers (31 patients), defined as persistent normal ALT for at least 2 yr; 2) active early cirrhosis (49 patients), defined as Child's A liver cirrhosis plus HBV DNA > 106 Eq/ml; and 3) decompensated cirrhosis (31 patients), defined as Child's B or C liver cirrhosis with complications. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping.", "Only genotype B and C HBV were identified in our studied cohort. Ninety-one percent of patients suffering from IF were infected by genotype B HBV (p < 0.001 vs asymptomatic carriers, early cirrhosis patients, and decompensated cirrhosis patients). On the contrary, genotype C HBV was the predominant strain at different stages of chronic liver disease; no statistical difference was found on the relative prevalence of genotype B/C HBV among asymptomatic carriers, early cirrhosis patients, and decompensated cirrhosis patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "DNA, Viral", "Female", "Genotype", "Hepatitis B e Antigens", "Hepatitis B virus", "Hepatitis B, Chronic", "Hong Kong", "Humans", "Jaundice", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aetiology and pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification (HO) are still obscure. We evaluated the impact of necrotic gluteus minimus muscle (GMM) debridement on the formation of HO after operative treatment of posterior wall (PW) and associated transverse-posterior wall acetabular fracture (Tr/PW) fixations utilizing a Kocher-Langenbeck surgical exposure.", "Thirty-one consecutive patients with displaced PW or associated Tr/PW acetabular fracture-dislocations were operatively treated by a single surgeon using a Kocher-Langenbeck surgical exposure. Strict soft tissue technique was observed and self-retaining retractors were not used. Necrotic GMM was debrided in an attempt to diminish ectopic bone formation.", "Twenty-nine patients were available for post-operative clinical and radiographic evaluations. HO occurred in 12 patients. Significant HO (Brooker class III or IV) was noted in only three patients (10%). There were no complications associated with debridement of necrotic GMM." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetabulum", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Buttocks", "Debridement", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Fracture Fixation", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Necrosis", "Ossification, Heterotopic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Rhinorrhea is a key symptom of allergic rhinitis and this disease feature is reduced by antihistamine treatment. The nasal output of fluid in allergic rhinitis is associated with luminal appearance of bioactive molecules emanating from the microcirculation as well as the secretory apparatus.", "In the present study, we examined the effects of antihistamine treatment on nasal symptoms and output of mucinous secretions and plasma.", "Desloratadine (5 mg) was administered orally once daily for 5 days in a placebo-controlled, crossover design to 24 patients with allergic rhinitis. Nasal challenges with diluent and allergen (100 to 10,000 SQ-U) were carried out on day 5 of the treatment. The nasal mucosa was lavaged with saline, and symptoms were scored 10 minutes after each allergen challenge and 1 to 4 hours after the challenge series. Nasal lavage fluid levels of fucose and alpha2-macroglobulin were determined as indices of mucinous secretion and plasma exudation, respectively.", "The allergen challenges produced nasal symptoms, including rhinorrhea, and increased nasal output of fucose and alpha2-macroglobulin. Desloratadine reduced the nasal symptoms (P < 0.05 to 0.001) and output of fucose (P < 0.05 at 100 and 1,000 SQ-U) and alpha2-macroglobulin (P < 0.05 at 1,000 SQ-U). In both treatment groups, symptoms and nasal lavage fluid levels of fucose and alpha2-macroglobulin returned toward prechallenge levels 1 to 4 hours after the allergen challenge series." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Allergens", "Betula", "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Fucose", "Histamine H1 Antagonists", "Humans", "Loratadine", "Male", "Nasal Lavage Fluid", "Nasal Mucosa", "Plasma", "Poaceae", "Pollen", "Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal", "alpha-Macroglobulins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the relation between cyclosporine (CSA) dosage and late renal function in pediatric heart transplant recipients.", "In this retrospective study, pediatric patients were observed for at least 3 years after transplantation, with serial measurement of renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Patient variables examined included pre-existing disease (cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease), age at transplantation, duration of follow-up, and CSA dosage and trough levels at 3 months after transplantation and yearly until the latest follow-up. For each patient, the least squares regression method was used to estimate the average rate of change per year (slope value) for GFR and CSA dosage during follow-up.", "Twenty-five patients who met the study criteria underwent transplantation at a median age of 11.7 years (interquartile range [IQR], 6.8-14.5 years) and were observed for a median of 6.0 years (IQR, 4-7). The median GFR at 1 year after transplantation was 73 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (IQR, 50-89) and at latest follow-up was 75 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (IQR, 57-98). The median CSA dosage and trough level at 1 year after transplantation were 6.1 mg/kg/day and 234 ng/ml, and at latest follow-up were 3.45 mg/kg/day and 141 ng/ml, respectively. The median rate of change in GFR was +1.6 ml/year of observation (95% confidence interval, -0.9, 4.7) and was inversely related to measured GFR at 1 year after transplantation. The rate of change of GFR was unrelated to any other patient variables including CSA dosages and levels at the specified time intervals and the rate of change of CSA dosage." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Child", "Cyclosporine", "Female", "Glomerular Filtration Rate", "Heart Transplantation", "Humans", "Immunosuppressive Agents", "Kidney", "Least-Squares Analysis", "Male", "Postoperative Period" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It appears that consistent changes in the levels of activity of a small cohort of genes (probably <1% of all active genes) occur in all mammalian cells during ageing. Identification of such genes could provide valuable insights into the ageing process.", "We have studied age-related changes in gene expression profiles in the rat liver. One of the genes which exhibited clear and consistent increases in expression is characterised.", "Analysis of the gene expression profile was carried out using a combination of an optimised form of differential display and single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) gel analysis. Gene expression levels were quantified by Northern blot analysis. The gene's identity was determined by comparing its nucleotide sequence to DNA databases.", "During this investigation we observed one gene which exhibited an increase in expression in livers from young adult (6 months) to old adult (24 months) rats. The differential expression of this gene was confirmed by SSCP gel analysis and Northern blotting. Densitometry of the latter indicated that expression increased by 165% with age. Characterisation of the isolated polymerase chain reaction fragment demonstrated it to code for the ribosomal protein S25 (RPS25)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aging", "Animals", "Blotting, Northern", "Densitometry", "Gene Expression", "Liver", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "RNA, Ribosomal", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Ribosomal Proteins", "Sequence Analysis, DNA" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It is known that the growth process is related to an individual's life-span, but the role of growth hormone (GH) secretion in human ageing remains unknown.", "This study has focussed on the influence of GH on ageing parameters and on its relationship with human longevity.", "To deal with the first issue, we compared ageing parameters of young (up to 39) and old (over 70) individuals having similar insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) blood levels. For the second one, the decline in IGF-1 levels was studied comparing its behaviour in the first half with that in the second half of adult life. The latter represents the period of life in which mortality progressively increases. Two hundred and five healthy individuals were chosen as subjects, well distributed by gender and age (between 19 and 93 years).", "Old males with IGF-1 levels similar to young ones do not show the age-dependent decrease in serum testosterone and lean body mass, nor the increase in fat body mass. Other hormone-metabolic and nutritional parameters do not reveal any change compared with the results of all individuals. In females, the results do not allow to assume any IGF-1 influence. The behaviour of the linear regression in the second half of adult life of males, which becomes flat because old men having low IGF-1 blood levels die earlier, is consistent with these results. This effect, which is supported by predictive analysis, is not observed in females, i.e. the IGF-1 level declines in the second half of the women's adult life are only a little flatter than in the first half. Finally, extrapolating the regressions obtained in the first half of adulthood, the age at which the curve crosses the x-axis is 110 years for males and 132 for females." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Aging", "Female", "Growth Hormone", "Humans", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Linear Models", "Longevity", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Sex Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pancreatic insulin secretion is regulated by the vagus nerve. Medullary thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) containing projections from the raphe pallidus (Rpa) neurons innervate vagal preganglionic motor neurons in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and are involved in vagal regulation of gastric functions.", "To investigate whether chemical stimulation of Rpa neurons influences circulating insulin levels through brain medullary TRH-vagal pathways.", "In fasted, pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, kainic acid (10 ng/50 nL) was microinjected into the Rpa, and serum insulin levels were measured. Gastric acid secretion was monitored as a control of vagally mediated visceral response.", "Chemical stimulation of Rpa neuronal cell bodies significantly increased serum insulin levels. Values before and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the microinjection of kainic acid were 0.34 +/- 0.02, 0.54 +/- 0.06, 0.60 +/- 0.06, and 0.99 +/- 0.13 ng/mL, respectively. In the same rats, gastric acid secretion was stimulated (basal, 2.3 +/- 0.6, versus 26.1 +/- 8.6 micromol/15 min at 30 minutes). Microinjections outside of the Rpa had no effect. The Rpa stimulation-induced increase in serum insulin could be mimicked by DVC microinjection of TRH analog, completely prevented by bilateral cervical vagotomy, and significantly reduced by bilateral microinjection of TRH antibody into the DVC." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Gastric Acid", "Immunoglobulin G", "Insulin", "Kainic Acid", "Male", "Medulla Oblongata", "Microinjections", "Neural Conduction", "Neurons", "Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid", "Raphe Nuclei", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone", "Vagotomy", "Vagus Nerve" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Calcium-activated chloride conductance has been identified in normal pancreatic duct cells. Recent in vitro evidence suggests that angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates pancreatic secretion in both cystic fibrosis (CFPAC) and transformed pancreatic cells.", "To investigate calcium-mediated stimulatory effects of AngII in both nontransformed dog pancreatic duct epithelial (DPDE) and CFPAC cells.", "Western blots were performed in both cells seeking AngII receptors. In additional studies, DPDE and CFPAC cells were grown on vitrogen-coated glass cover slips and loaded with Indo-1-AM dye. Cells were placed in a confocal microscope's perfusion chamber and perfused with 100 microM AngII or ATP (control). Cells were excited with UV light, and intracellular calcium ([Ca+2]i) was read using fluorescence emission at 405 and 530 nm. Finally, single channels in the DPDE cells were examined using cell-attached patch clamps. Current amplitude histograms provided estimates of the conductance and open probability of channels.", "Western blots demonstrated presence of both AT and AT AngII receptors in DPDE and CFPAC cells; the density of AT receptors appeared lower than that of AT receptors. Basal intracellular calcium concentrations did not differ between DPDE (109 +/- 11 nM) and CFPAC (103 +/- 8 nM) cells. AngII significantly increased measured intracellular calcium concentrations in both DPDE (909 +/- 98 nM) and CFPAC (879 +/- 207 nM) cells, as did ATP (DPDE = 1722 +/- 228 nM; CFPAC = 1522 +/- 245 nM). In the patch clamp studies, a variety of different channels were observed; they appeared to be an 11pS nonselective cation (NSC) channel, a 4.6pS Na+ channel, a 3pS anion channel, and an 8pS chloride channel. The latter channel had characteristics similar to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Apical or basolateral application of AngII activated both the 11pS NSC and the 3pS channels." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensin II", "Animals", "Blotting, Western", "Calcium Signaling", "Cell Line", "Cells, Cultured", "Chloride Channels", "Cystic Fibrosis", "Dogs", "Electric Conductivity", "Epithelial Cells", "Pancreatic Ducts", "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "Receptors, Angiotensin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Restenosis is a frequent problem after invasive treatment of atherosclerotic vessels and is associated with intimal hyperplasia, which is primarily a result of proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, leading to the formation of neointima. Because there is no effective conventional medication for restenosis, gene therapy is a potential new treatment to prevent neointima formation.", "In the present study, we analyzed the effects of adenovirus-mediated extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene transfer (3x10(9) pfu/kg AdEC-SOD versus AdLacZ control virus) on neointima formation in balloon-denuded rabbit aortas. Local catheter-mediated gene transfer to the arterial wall reduced restenosis (P<0.001) and decreased the number of macrophages in the transduced segment (P<0.001) 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the gene transfer compared with AdLacZ controls. Transgene expression was detected in the arterial wall by RT-PCR 2 weeks after the procedure, and the production of superoxide anion was reduced after the gene transfer. Recovery of the endothelial layer was enhanced in EC-SOD-transduced rabbits compared with LacZ controls (P<0.001) 2 weeks after the gene transfer. The therapeutic effect was found to be extended, affecting the gene transfer site and flanking aortic segments from the renal arteries to the bifurcation. However, systemic AdEC-SOD gene transfer to liver did not have any effects on restenosis." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoviridae", "Angioplasty, Balloon", "Animals", "Aorta", "Genetic Therapy", "Genetic Vectors", "Graft Occlusion, Vascular", "RNA, Messenger", "Rabbits", "Superoxide Dismutase", "Superoxides", "beta-Galactosidase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Human Rad51 protein (HsRad51) is a homologue of Escherichia coli RecA protein, and involved in homologous recombination. These eukaryotic and bacterial proteins catalyse strand exchange between two homologous DNA molecules, each forming a complex with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and ATP as the initial step. Both proteins hydrolyse ATP; however, the role of ATP hydrolysis appears to vary between the two proteins.", "Measurements using the fluorescence ssDNA analogue, poly(1,N6-etheno-deoxyadenosine), indicate that ATP affects the HsRad51-ssDNA complex, promoting two conformational states: one transient, rather rigid transition state and a final more flexible state. While ADP lowers the affinity of RecA protein to ssDNA, it is found to rather stabilize the HsRad51-ssDNA complex. ADP does not activate the strand exchange by HsRad51 but instead stimulates annealing between complementary ssDNAs." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine Diphosphate", "Adenosine Triphosphate", "DNA, Single-Stranded", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Humans", "Rad51 Recombinase", "Recombination, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inheritance of a particular apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, the epsilon4 allele, has been associated with elevated risk for Alzheimer's disease and a poor outcome following head injury. The neuronal injury associated with Alzheimer's disease and brain injury may have a number of similarities with the nerve cell changes associated with glaucoma. Thus, we have investigated the association of inheritance of apolipoprotein E allelic isoforms (epsilon2, [epsilon]3, and epsilon4) with relative risk for different forms of glaucoma.", "Apolipoprotein E genotype was examined in a Tasmanian population sample comprised of glaucoma sufferers with elevated or normal intraocular pressure and compared to a control sample of elderly Tasmanians without glaucoma.", "Approximately twice as many normal tension (38.0%) and high tension (34.2%) glaucoma cases possessed an epsilon4 allele compared to control cases (18.9%). The odds of epsilon4 carriers having normal tension glaucoma were significantly greater than for epsilon3 homozygotes (odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval [1.02-5.91]) even after adjusting for age and gender (odd ratio 2.87 [1.02-8.05]). The increased odds of high tension glaucoma among [epsilon]4 allele carriers were not significant (adjusted odds ratio 1.53 [0.64-3.68])." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alleles", "Apolipoprotein E4", "Apolipoproteins E", "Australia", "DNA", "Genotype", "Glaucoma, Open-Angle", "Humans", "Intraocular Pressure", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The influence of physical activity on body weight in children and adolescents is controversial.", "The objective was to test the hypothesis that the intensity and duration of physical activity differ between obese and normal-weight adolescents, with no difference in estimated energy expenditure.", "We compared physical activity in 18 (8 males, 10 females) obese [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) > 30] adolescents (14-19 y) with that in a matched, normal-weight (BMI < 27) control group. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured with the doubly labeled water method, and physical activity was measured simultaneously by accelerometry. The physical activity level was determined as the ratio of TEE to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and activity energy expenditure as 0.9 TEE minus RMR. Accelerometry data included total physical activity (counts x min(-1) x d(-1)), accumulated and continuous duration of activity, and continuous 10-min periods of physical activity of moderate intensity.", "There was no significant difference in adjusted (analysis of covariance) TEE, RMR, or AEE between groups. The physical activity level was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the obese group. No sex x group interaction was observed. Differences in total physical activity (P < 0.001), accumulated time (P < 0.05), continuous time (P < 0.01), and continuous 10-min periods of physical activity of moderate intensity (P < 0.01) were observed between groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Case-Control Studies", "Energy Metabolism", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Obesity", "Physical Exertion", "Reference Values", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) is in part responsible for the clinical syndrome of hypercalcaemia of malignancy and has been implicated as an important factor in the development of bone metastases. The aim of this study was to determine the coexpression of PTHRP and its receptor in early breast cancer (EBC) and bone metastases (BM), and correlate these findings to clinical outcome.", "Samples of surgically excised EBC (n = 176) and BM (n = 43) were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen. PTHRP protein was determined using immunohistochemistry and receptor mRNA using in situ hybridization (n = 107) or semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (n = 69).", "PTHRP protein was expressed in 115 of 170 (68%) EBC compared with 100% of BM (P < 0.001), whereas its receptor mRNA was expressed in 88 of 176 (50%) EBC compared with 35 of 43 (81%) BM (P < 0.001). Coexpression of both PTHRP and its receptor was present in 62 EBC samples (37%) and in 35 BM samples (81%; P < 0.001). The PTHRP receptor correlated well with increasing patient age, but not with tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or lymph node status. Individually PTHRP and PTHRP receptor both correlated well with a reduced disease-free survival (P < 0.004) and receptor alone with reduced overall survival (P < 0.003). Coexpression of both PTHRP and receptor predicted the worst clinical outcome at 5 years, with a mortality rate of 20 of 62 (32%) compared with the ligand and receptor-negative group with 2 of 32 (6%; P < 0.004)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Bone Neoplasms", "Breast Neoplasms", "DNA Primers", "DNA Probes", "DNA, Complementary", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Immunoenzyme Techniques", "In Situ Hybridization", "Ki-67 Antigen", "Middle Aged", "Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein", "Peptide Hormones", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1", "Receptors, Estrogen", "Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone", "Receptors, Progesterone", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Our objective was to examine the effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and cortisol-suppressant activity of budesonide administered by inhalation.", "In a randomized, double-blind, 2-phase crossover study, 10 healthy subjects took 200 mg itraconazole or placebo orally once a day for 5 days. On day 5, 1 hour after the last dose of itraconazole or placebo, 1000 microg budesonide was administered by inhalation. Plasma budesonide and cortisol concentrations were measured up to 23 hours.", "Itraconazole increased the mean total area under the plasma concentration-time curve of inhaled budesonide 4.2-fold (range, 1.7-fold to 9.8-fold; P <.01) and the peak plasma concentration 1.6-fold (P <.01) compared with placebo. The mean terminal half-life of budesonide was prolonged from 1.6 to 6.2 hours (ie, 3.7-fold; range, 1.5-fold to 9.3-fold; P <.001) by itraconazole. The suppression of cortisol production after inhalation of budesonide was significantly increased by itraconazole as compared with placebo, as shown by a 43% reduction in the area under the plasma cortisol concentration-time curve from 0.5 to 10 hours (P <.001) and a 12% decrease in the cortisol concentration measured 23 hours after administration of budesonide, at 8 am (P <.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Inhalation", "Adult", "Analysis of Variance", "Area Under Curve", "Budesonide", "Cross-Over Studies", "Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A", "Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors", "Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Synergism", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Female", "Humans", "Hydrocortisone", "Itraconazole", "Male", "Statistics, Nonparametric" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Dietary vitamin K is usually inadequate to maximize serum osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation. Phylloquinone supplementation increases osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation; however, the amount required to maximize carboxylation is not known.", "This study assessed the ability of various doses of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) to facilitate osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation.", "Healthy adults aged 19-36 y participated in 2 substudies. In an initial dose-finding study (substudy A), 6 women and 4 men received a placebo daily for 1 wk and then phylloquinone daily for 3 wk: 500, 1000, and 2000 micro g during weeks 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin were measured at baseline and after each week of supplementation. Subsequently, to further delineate the gamma-carboxylation response of osteocalcin to various doses of vitamin K, 58 women and 42 men were randomly assigned to receive placebo or phylloquinone supplementation (250, 375, 500, and 1000 micro g/d) for 2 wk (substudy B). The percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) was measured at baseline and weeks 1 and 2.", "In substudy A, %ucOC decreased with phylloquinone supplementation (P < 0.0001); a greater reduction was observed with 1000 and 2000 micro g than with 500 micro g (P < 0.05). In substudy B, %ucOC decreased in all supplemented groups by week 1 (P for the trend < 0.0001), which was sustained through week 2. Phylloquinone supplementation decreased %ucOC dose-dependently; %ucOC was significantly different between the 250- micro g and the placebo groups and between the 1000- and 500- micro g groups but not between the 250-, 375-, and 500- micro g groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Dietary Supplements", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Osteocalcin", "Vitamin K 1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of locally applied platelet-activating factor on cervical ripening and leukocyte infiltration.", "Timed-pregnant rats were treated vaginally twice each day on days 14 and 15 of gestation with platelet-activating factor 5 x 10(-8) mol/L (low-dose), 5 x 10(-7) mol/L (high-dose), or solvent and were killed on day 16. Cervical ripening was assessed by cervical resistance-to-stretch and light-induced autofluorescence of cross-linked collagen. Longitudinal sections of the cervix were hematoxylin and eosin stained, and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in eight high-power fields was determined.", "Cervical resistance-to-stretch and light-induced autofluorescence were decreased in rats that were treated with high-dose platelet-activating factor compared with controls (0.4375 +/- 0.0126 N/mm vs 0.5528 +/- 0.0294 N/mm, and 2.739 +/- 0.150 N/mm vs 3.475 +/- 0.236 N/mm; P <.05). High-dose platelet-activating factor led to infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes compared with control (22.1 +/- 5.2 vs 2.1 +/- 1.3 cells/8 high-power fields, P <.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Topical", "Animals", "Cervical Ripening", "Cervix Uteri", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Female", "Fluorescence", "Neutrophil Infiltration", "Platelet Activating Factor", "Pregnancy", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Reference Values" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The study was performed to explore the evidence for a noninfectious inflammatory cause for epidural fever.", "A secondary analysis of a prospective randomized trial was performed. At epidural placement, afebrile term nulliparous women were randomized to receive acetaminophen 650 mg or placebo every 4 hours. Maternal serum was collected every 4 hours until delivery. Cord blood samples were collected at delivery. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Student t tests, chi(2), repeated measure analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and linear regression modeling were used as appropriate.", "Twenty-one subjects received placebo, and 21 received acetaminophen. The rate of fever more than 100.4 degrees F was identical in the placebo and acetaminophen groups (23.8%). Maternal serum IL-6 levels before delivery were significantly higher in mothers who had a fever (596.0 vs 169.1 pg/mL, P <.001), as was the cord blood IL-6 levels of their infants (370.5 vs 99.0 pg/mL, P <.01). Linear regression modeling demonstrated that initial maternal serum IL-6, fever, and duration of epidural but not length of rupture of membranes or number of vaginal examinations were significantly associated with final maternal serum IL-6 levels. All neonatal blood cultures were negative." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetaminophen", "Analgesia, Epidural", "Analgesia, Obstetrical", "Analgesics, Non-Narcotic", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Fetal Blood", "Fever", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Pregnancy", "Prospective Studies", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inguinal herniorrhaphy (IH) is a common outpatient procedure, yet postoperative pain and anesthetic side effects remain a problem. Paravertebral somatic nerve blocks (PVB) have the potential to offer unilateral abdominal wall anesthesia and long-lasting pain relief with minimal side effects. We compared PVB with peripheral neural blocks for outpatient IH.", "Forty-six patients scheduled for IH were entered into this prospective, single-blind study. All patients underwent a standardized general anesthetic. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a PVB (levels T10-L2) preoperatively (n = 24) or an intraoperative peripheral block (PB) by the surgeon (n = 22), using 0.5% ropivacaine (40 mL). Opioid use, verbal analog pain scores, and side effects were documented for 72 hours.", "The use of opioids during surgery was less for the PVB group 162 +/- 70 mg than the PB group, 210 +/- 60 (P =.02). Need for opioids in PACU was less for the PVB group (39%) than the PB group (61%) (P =.002). Time until first pain after discharge was not different between groups, 312 +/- 446 minutes (PB) and 425 +/- 384 minutes (PVB) (P =.12). Of the PVB patients, 29% used no opioids at all compared with 18% of PB patients (P =.12). Mean time until first oxycodone use was similar between groups, 303 +/- 469 minutes (PB) and 295 +/- 225 minutes (PVB) (P =.18). Oxycodone use was also similar; 35 +/- 34 mg (PVB) versus 49 +/- 42 mg (PB) (P =.30). More patients in the PB group (50%) required antiemetic treatment in the postanesthesia care unit than the PVB group (21%) (P <.001). Side effects were similar at all other measurements." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdominal Wall", "Adult", "Aged", "Ambulatory Surgical Procedures", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Anesthesia, Spinal", "Digestive System Surgical Procedures", "Female", "Hernia, Inguinal", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nerve Block", "Oxycodone", "Pain Measurement", "Pain, Postoperative", "Peripheral Nerves", "Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting", "Prospective Studies", "Single-Blind Method" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the value of the addition of either cisplatin (CDDP) or lonidamine (LND) to epirubicin (EPI) in the first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "Three hundred seventy-one metastatic breast cancer patients with no prior systemic chemotherapy for advanced disease were randomized to receive either EPI alone (60 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 2 every 21 days), EPI and CDDP (30 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 2 every 21 days), EPI and LND (450 mg orally daily, given continuously), or EPI, CDDP, and LND. Time to progression, response rates, side effects, and survival were compared according to the 2 x 2 factorial design of this study.", "The groups were well balanced with respect to prognostic factors. Time to progression did not differ in the comparison between CDDP arms and non-CDDP arms (median, 10.9 months v 9.4 months, respectively; P =.10) or between that of LND arms and non-LND arms (median, 10.8 months v 9.9 months, respectively; P =.47), nor did overall survival. The response rate did not significantly differ in the comparison between LND arms and non-LND arms (62.9% v 54.0%, P =.08). No difference in treatment activity was observed between CDDP arms and non-CDDP arms. Toxicity was significantly higher in the CDDP arms, leading to CDDP dose adjustment in 40% of cases. The most frequent side effects were of a hematologic and gastrointestinal nature. The addition of LND produced more myalgias and fatigue." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Breast Neoplasms", "Cisplatin", "Disease Progression", "Epirubicin", "Female", "Humans", "Indazoles", "Logistic Models", "Middle Aged", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Many thrombotic angiopathies are known to originate from abnormalities in platelet-blood vessel interaction. The present study focuses on the platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregating mechanism and the arachidonate metabolic pathways activated by it in platelets from a male rabbit.", "Blood vessel contractility was examined using perfused arterial segments dissected from rabbit ear central arteries. Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) was infused into the perfusion system. Vascular contractilities were examined during infusion of PRP with a platelet agonist such as collagen or PAF. Platelet aggregation was measured with a platelet aggregometer.", "Vasocontractile response to noradrenaline (NA) during infusion of PRP with PAF was initially augmented but gradually became attenuated, whereas repetitive vasocontractile responses to NA in the presence of PRP with collagen gradually increased. Platelet aggregation in response to PAF was moderately inhibited by both nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and baicalein, 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors, was unaffected by indomethacin (IM), a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and was markedly diminished by EGTA, a calcium chelator." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase", "Arteries", "Blood Platelets", "Collagen", "Disease Models, Animal", "In Vitro Techniques", "Male", "Norepinephrine", "Platelet Activating Factor", "Platelet Aggregation", "Rabbits", "Signal Transduction", "Time Factors", "Vasoconstriction", "Vasoconstrictor Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Heme oxygenase (HO) is important in the defense against oxidative stress and as a factor in an antiatherogenic mechanism. Compared with long (GT)(n) repeats, short (GT)(n) repeats in the human HO-1 gene promoter were shown to have higher transcriptional activity in response to oxidative stress. There is a strong link between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD).", "We screened the allelic frequencies of (GT)(n) repeats in the HO-1 gene promoter in 577 patients who underwent coronary angiography. Because the distribution of numbers of (GT)(n) repeats was bimodal, we divided the alleles into 2 subclasses: class S included shorter (<27) repeats, and class L included longer (> or =27) repeats. Multivariate logistic regression models including standard coronary risk factors revealed that the genotypes were significantly related to CAD status in hypercholesterolemic, diabetic patients or in smokers. In this study, the patients with shorter GT repeats were less likely to have CAD." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Coronary Angiography", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Dinucleotide Repeats", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Gene Frequency", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Guanine", "Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)", "Heme Oxygenase-1", "Humans", "Japan", "Male", "Mass Screening", "Membrane Proteins", "Middle Aged", "Oxidative Stress", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Risk Factors", "Sex Factors", "Thymine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have previously shown that macrophages induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis in vitro by cell-cell proximity and Fas-L/Fas interactions. Because NO is a short-range mediator, we tested whether NO mediates macrophage-induced VSMC apoptosis.", "NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors markedly inhibited macrophage-induced apoptosis of carotid plaque VSMCs (apoptotic indices, 81+/-2.9% for control and 28.2+/-3.9% for N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME] treatment) and coronary medial VSMCs (apoptotic indices, 76+/-5.5% for control and 3.5+/-0.8% for L-NAME treatment). Inactive enantiomers were without effect (P>0.05). Cultured macrophages, but not VSMCs, expressed inducible NOS (but not neuronal NOS or endothelial NOS) concomitant with activation and secreted 1.51+/-0.3 fmol nitrite per cell, which was blocked by L-NAME (100 micro mol/L). Diethylene triamine nitric oxide (DETA/NO) and sodium nitroprusside (NO donors) induced VSMC cell-surface Fas and enhanced plaque VSMC apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody (apoptotic indices, 6.6+/-1.8% for control, 6.3+/-1.5% for DETA/NO, 26+/-1.8% for Fas, and 44+/-6.9% for Fas+DETA/NO). In isolated macrophages, NOS inhibitors reduced and NO donors increased surface Fas-L, indicating an NO-dependent autocrine enhancement of macrophage surface Fas-L." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Autocrine Communication", "Carotid Artery Diseases", "Cells, Cultured", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Fas Ligand Protein", "Golgi Apparatus", "Humans", "Ligands", "Macrophages", "Membrane Glycoproteins", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Donors", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II", "Nitroprusside", "Polyamines", "Protein Transport", "Up-Regulation", "fas Receptor", "omega-N-Methylarginine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cytokine-induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to the circulation facilitates efficient harvest of blood stem cells by leukapheresis. Up to 30% of autologous, and 10-20% of allogeneic blood stem-cell donors respond poorly to mobilizing cytokines and preliminary studies implicated a circulating inhibitor of mobilization.", "In this study, plasma from 11 allogeneic and 23 autologous stem cell donors was assayed for inhibition of mobilization in mice.", "There were significant correlations between CD34(+) cells collected/kg human donor weight and spleen weight, CD34(+) CD45(+) cells, GMCFC and HPP-CFC per spleen in murine recipients of these plasma samples. Overall, there was a positive association between transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) levels and CD34(+) cells per liter of blood processed (LBP). However, when arbitrarily segregated into good versus poor mobilizers, based on less or greater than 15 million CD34(+) cells collected per LBP, the majority (64%) of normal donors were good mobilizers. The majority of the poor mobilizers (83%) were patients. For a subset of 12 individuals whose plasma strongly inhibited mobilization in the mouse, a significant positive correlation of the extent of inhibition with TGF-beta levels was found. For 11 individuals whose plasma, based on colony assays, enhanced mobilization when injected into mice, no correlation with TGF-beta levels was evident." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antigens, CD34", "Cells, Cultured", "Cytokines", "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization", "Hematopoietic Stem Cells", "Humans", "Leukocytes, Mononuclear", "Mice", "Plasma", "Statistics as Topic", "Transforming Growth Factor beta", "Transplantation, Homologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To study the influences of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) on the responses of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in median eminence (ME) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus to acute hypoxia in conscious rats.", "Brain TRH, serum T3 and T4 were measured by radioimmunoassay. The male Wistar rats were exposed in a simulated hypobaric chamber at 7000 m altitude (8.2 % O2) for 2 h. beta-EP was given by intraventricular injection (icv) before hypoxia.", "beta-EP (0.1 or 1 micromol/L, icv) elevated TRH levels of ME by 12 % (P <0.05) and 15 % (P < 0.05) in treated groups comparing with saline control group (4.8+/-0.3) microg/g protein, and enhanced TRH of PVN by 24 % (P <0.05) and 44 % (P < 0.01) in treated groups comparing with control group (180+/-21) ng/g protein during hypoxia. Meanwhile, serum T3 and T4 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Naloxone 10 micromol/L abolished the effects of beta-EP (0.1 micromol/L) on TRH in ME (P <0.01) and PVN (P < 0.01) as well as T3 and T4. Naloxone (10 micromol/L, icv) alone reduced contents of TRH in ME and PVN (P <0.05 or P <0.01), but increased the levels of serum T3 and T4 (P <0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Depression, Chemical", "Hypoxia, Brain", "Injections, Intraventricular", "Male", "Median Eminence", "Oxygen", "Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone", "beta-Endorphin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Previous literature has identified prehospital pain management as an important emergency medical services (EMS) function, and few patients transported by EMS with musculoskeletal injuries receive prehospital analgesia (PA).", "1) To describe the frequency with which EMS patients with lower-extremity and hip fracture receive prehospital and emergency department (ED) analgesia; 2) to describe EMS and patient factors that may affect administration of PA to these patients; and 3) to describe the time interval between EMS and ED medication administrations.", "This was a four-month (April to July 2000) retrospective study of patients with a final hospital diagnosis of hip or lower-extremity fracture who were transported by EMS to a single suburban community hospital. Data including patient demographics, fracture type, EMS response, and treatment characteristics were abstracted from review of EMS and ED records. Patients who had ankle fractures, had multiple traumatic injuries, were under the age of 18 years, or did not have fractures were excluded.", "One hundred twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. A basic life support (BLS)-only response was provided to 20 (16.0%). Another 38 (38.4%) received an advanced life support (ALS) response and were triaged to BLS transport. Of all the patients, 22 (18.3%) received PA. Patients who received PA were younger (64.0 vs. 77.3 years, p < 0.001) and more likely to have a lower-extremity fracture other than a hip fracture (31.8% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.004). Of all patients, 113 (91.1%) received ED analgesia. Patients received analgesia from EMS almost 2.0 hours sooner that in the ED (mean 28.4 +/- 36 min vs. 146 +/- 74 min after EMS scene arrival, p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age Factors", "Aged", "Analgesics", "Drug Utilization Review", "Emergency Medical Services", "Female", "Femoral Fractures", "Hip Fractures", "Humans", "Lower Extremity", "Male", "Michigan", "Middle Aged", "Pain", "Practice Patterns, Physicians'" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The environmental triggers which control liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (PH) are not clear. With respect to haemodynamic changes, the model of rat portal branch ligation (PBL) provides the unique opportunity to discriminate transcriptional events, which selectively result from increased portal flow.", "The potential role of portal over-flow on early expression of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1), type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and phosphatase of regenerating liver-1 (PRL-1) was analysed by a comparative experimental study using PBL and PH.", "Operative procedures were carried out in male Wistar rats. Growth kinetics were measured by liver weight indices. S-phase-specific mRNA-levels of H2B-histone protein (H2B), as well as expression analysis of Egr-1, PAI-1 and PRL-1 were examined by Northern blot experiments.", "Growth patterns did not differ significantly between PBL and PH, whereas peak H2B expression occurred earlier after PH. Egr-1 and PAI-1 were specifically induced during the first few hours in the hyper-perfused lobes following PBL and PH. PRL-1-expression selectively peaked 3h after PH and PBL in the hyper-perfused lobes." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Cycle Proteins", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Early Growth Response Protein 1", "Gene Expression", "Genes, Immediate-Early", "Hepatectomy", "Histones", "Immediate-Early Proteins", "Liver", "Liver Circulation", "Liver Regeneration", "Male", "Membrane Proteins", "Models, Animal", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1", "Portal Vein", "Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1", "Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Transcription Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "High blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure (PP) are recognized as independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, whereas insulin resistance (IR) is often associated with hypertension. The purpose of the study was to verify whether PP, taken at the doctor's office and during laboratory stimuli, might be predictive of IR.", "Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA) was calculated in 75 grade 1 hypertensives (148 +/- 2/92 +/- 1 mm Hg). Then, patients underwent hemodynamic reactivity study, induced by color word stroop, cold pressor, and handgrip tests. Stress response was calculated as total area (value x time) - baseline area (baseline value x time).", "Patients with similar age, history of hypertension, blood lipids and office blood pressure, but different HOMA (IR-low: 36.3 +/- 1.7 v IR-medium: 62.6 +/- 1.6, P <.001; IR-high: 123.1 +/- 12.8, P <.001 v IR-low and IR-medium), were divided in tertiles. They demonstrated a significant reactivity of systolic BP (IR-low: 225 +/- 58 v IR-medium: 448 +/- 43, P <.01; IR-high: 625 +/- 55, P <.001 v IR-low and P <.01 v IR-medium), PP (IR-low: -8 +/- 19 v IR-medium: 83 +/- 13, P <.001; IR-high: 201 +/- 19, P <.001 v IR-low and IR-medium), and stroke volume (SV) (IR-low: -138 +/- 43 v IR-medium: 1 +/- 27, P <.01; IR-high: 28 +/- 24, P <.001 v IR-low), but similar arterial stiffness (PP/SV) response. Partial correlation between IR and hemodynamic measurements showed a significant association only for systolic BP (0.54, P <.001), PP (0.686, P <.001), and SV (0.384, P <.001) reactivity, but not for office and baseline values. Stepwise multiple regression showed that only PP (beta: 0.634, P <.001) and, among hemodynamic determinants, SV (beta: 0.401, P <.001) response entered into the equation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antihypertensive Agents", "Blood Pressure", "Body Mass Index", "Female", "Glucose Tolerance Test", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Insulin Resistance", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pulsatile Flow", "Stress, Physiological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We evaluated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as an indicator of gentamicin toxicity and compared it with N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and creatinine.", "20 bone fracture in-patients receiving gentamicin 80 mg TDS for 3 days. Subjects had normal kidney function and had no history or sign of hypertension. Serum and urine samples were collected before and 3 days after drug administration. Samples analyzed for ACE, NAG, BUN, creatinine, sodium, and potassium.", "Our results showed that urine NAG activity increased significantly at the 3rd day. Serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) while still at a normal range showed slight but significant changes at this time. This may indicate some renal damage. Serum ACE activity decreased significantly at the 3rd day." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylglucosaminidase", "Adult", "Biomarkers", "Creatinine", "Fractures, Bone", "Gentamicins", "Humans", "Kidney", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been suggested as a contributing factor to the development of intradialytic muscle cramps in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "To test this hypothesis, 122 patients from two dialysis centers were studied. The presence of PAD was determined by measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in the lower extremities of patients pre- and postdialysis. The experience of intradialytic cramps was assessed using patient history and review of medical records.", "PAD defined as a predialysis ABI < or =0.90 had an overall prevalence of 16.4% among patients studied. The prevalence of PAD was age-dependent, reaching 37.5% in patients 80-89 years old. Intradialytic muscle cramps were common, with 52.1% of patients reporting cramps within the previous two months, but there was no relationship between cramps during dialysis and PAD (p > 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Arterial Occlusive Diseases", "Female", "Humans", "Leg", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscle Cramp", "Renal Dialysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ischemic acute renal failure (iARF) is associated with increased nitric oxide (NO) production during the reperfusion period, as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is maximally activated, and renal tubular inducible NOS (iNOS) is stimulated. Increased NO production leads to augmented tubular injury, probably through the formation of peroxynitrite. l-Arginine (l-Arg), the only precursor for NO, is transported into cells by cationic amino acid transporters, CAT-1 and CAT-2. We hypothesized that the increased NO production observed in iARF may result from increased l-Arg uptake, which would be reflected in the augmented expression of l-Arg transporter(s).", "Ischemic acute renal failure was induced in rats by right nephrectomy + left renal artery clamping for 60 minutes. l-Arg uptake was examined in freshly harvested glomeruli and tubuli from control, sham operated, and animals subjected to 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and 24 hours of reperfusion, following 60 minutes of ischemia. Using RT-PCR, renal tissues were examined further for the expression of iNOS, CAT-1, CAT-2, arginase I and arginase II.", "Tubular expression of iNOS mRNA was initiated by ischemia, continued to increase after 60 minutes of reperfusion, and decreased after 24 hours. l-Arg transport into glomeruli was similar in all experimental groups. l-Arg uptake into tubuli was markedly augmented following the 60-minute reperfusion, while it moderately increased after 24 hours of reperfusion. This was accompanied by a parallel, preferential increase in tubular CAT-2 mRNA expression at 60 minutes of reperfusion. CAT-1 mRNA expression was unchanged, as detected by RT-PCR. In addition, the expression of arginase II and arginase I mRNA was attenuated by 30 minutes and one hour of reperfusion, and returned to baseline values after 24 hours of reperfusion." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Kidney Injury", "Animals", "Arginase", "Arginine", "Biological Transport", "Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1", "Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2", "Gene Expression", "Ischemia", "Kidney Tubules", "L-Lactate Dehydrogenase", "Male", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II", "RNA, Messenger", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Tritium", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Dialysis patients have accelerated atherosclerosis, with extensive calcification of both the intima and media. Cross-sectional studies have implicated hyperphosphatemia in this process, but the mechanism is unclear.", "To test the hypothesis that hyperphosphatemia and/or uremia induces vascular calcification, bovine vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) were treated with increasing concentrations of beta-glycerophosphate, a phosphate donor, in the presence or absence of inhibitors for sodium/phosphate (Na/Pi) co-transport (foscarnet) or alkaline phosphatase (levamisole) for 48 hours. BVSMC also were incubated for various times with DMEM plus 15% pooled uremic sera from patients with low (LP) or high serum phosphorus (HP), or from pooled healthy control serum. Calcification in BVSMC was examined by quantitation of calcium deposition. Osteopontin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed by Western blotting and a colorimetric assay.", "beta-glycerophosphate increased osteopontin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in BVSMC. Inhibition of either alkaline phosphatase activity or Na/Pi co-transport abolished this effect. Compared to incubation with control human serum, BVSMC cultured with uremic sera had increased mineral deposition. Uremic sera also increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin expression in BVSMC. The addition of beta-glycerophosphate to uremic HP or LP sera did not further augment osteopontin expression. Blocking Na/Pi co-transport or alkaline phosphatase activity only partially inhibited uremic sera-induced osteopontin expression, indicating that other non-Na/Pi co-transport dependent mechanisms also are involved." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alkaline Phosphatase", "Animals", "Blood Proteins", "Calcium", "Cattle", "Cells, Cultured", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Humans", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscle, Smooth, Vascular", "Osteopontin", "Phosphorus", "Sialoglycoproteins", "Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins", "Symporters", "Up-Regulation", "Uremia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A change in neural responsiveness may occur as the result of allergic inflammation in the lower airways as well as in the upper airways. In the lower airways, capsaicin cough sensitivity is known to reflect sensory neural reactivity.", "The aim of this study was to establish whether allergic inflammation changes airway neural sensory reactivity during prolonged allergen exposure.", "Ten nonsmoking patients with birch pollen-allergic asthma performed a capsaicin inhalation challenge twice, once in the off-pollen season and once during the pollen season. The number of coughs and symptoms induced by capsaicin were recorded and compared with those of healthy control subjects.", "The response to capsaicin, expressed as number of coughs, increased in a dose-dependent manner during both tests. Before the season, the response was similar to that of healthy control subjects, but during the pollen season, the reactivity was significantly increased. Variations in forced expiratory volume in 1 second were not significant before and after each challenge, and values did not change during the pollen season as compared with the winter season." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Allergens", "Asthma", "Betula", "Bronchial Provocation Tests", "Capsaicin", "Cough", "Female", "Humans", "Hypersensitivity", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pollen", "Seasons" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine risk factors for hysterectomy, pelvic pain, and continued menorrhagia after rollerball endometrial ablation.", "All women having rollerball endometrial ablations between 1990 and 2000 were sent standardized questionnaires on pre- and postablation symptoms, satisfaction with the ablation, and subsequent gynecologic surgery. Pathology reports from surgery after the ablation were reviewed when available.", "Two hundred forty women had a rollerball ablation during this period and 174 (72.5%) responded to the questionnaire. The average age of women at the time of the ablation was 43.1 years and the mean follow-up time since the ablation was 49 months. Seventy-four percent of women were satisfied with the ablation and 92% reported decreased or absent menstrual bleeding since the ablation. However, 13% of women reported new or worsening pelvic pain symptoms since the ablation and 21 women (12%) had a hysterectomy after the ablation for continued symptoms. A previous tubal ligation was a risk factor for having a hysterectomy (hazard ratio of 3.3, P =.03) and for having worsened pelvic pain (hazard ratio of 3.2, P =.05) after an ablation. Women who had a previous tubal ligation were more likely to use pain medications for pelvic pain after an ablation. Age over 35 at the time of the ablation was predictive of less bleeding after the ablation. Pathologic findings consistent with the postablation tubal sterilization syndrome were observed in five surgical specimens for an incidence of 6%." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age Factors", "Electrosurgery", "Endometrium", "Female", "Humans", "Hysterectomy", "Menorrhagia", "Patient Satisfaction", "Pelvic Pain", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Risk Factors", "Sterilization, Tubal", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are elevated in diabetic patients. We assessed the role of glucose in the regulation of circulating levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), as well as the effect of the antioxidant glutathione.", "Plasma glucose levels were acutely raised in 20 control and 15 IGT subjects and maintained at 15 mmol/L for 5 hours while endogenous insulin secretion was blocked with octreotide. In control subjects, plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-18 levels rose (P<0.01) within 2 hours of the clamp and returned to basal values at 3 hours. In another study, the same subjects received 3 consecutive pulses of intravenous glucose (0.33 g/kg) separated by a 2-hour interval. Plasma cytokine levels obtained at 3, 4, and 5 hours were higher (P<0.05) than the corresponding values obtained during the clamp. The IGT subjects had fasting plasma IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels higher (P<0.05) than those of control subjects. The increase in plasma cytokine levels during the clamping lasted longer (4 hours versus 2 hours, P<0.01) in the IGT subjects than in the control subjects, and the cytokine peaks of IGT subjects after the first glucose pulse were higher (P<0.05) than those of control subjects. On another occasion, 10 control and 8 IGT subjects received the same glucose pulses as above during an infusion of glutathione; plasma cytokine levels did not show any significant change from baseline after the 3 glucose pulses." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antioxidants", "Blood Glucose", "Cytokines", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Female", "Glucose Intolerance", "Glucose Tolerance Test", "Glutathione", "Humans", "Inflammation", "Interleukin-18", "Interleukin-6", "Kinetics", "Male", "Oxidative Stress", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We assessed the effect of cuff inflation of the laryngeal mask airway at removal on sore throat, pharyngeal morbidity and airway complications.", "In a prospective randomized trial, we used a standardized technique of anesthesia and of laryngeal mask insertion in 126 consecutive day-case patients. Postoperatively, on eye opening, the masks were removed either inflated (Group A) or deflated (Group B) and examined for blood by a blinded observer. Episodes of coughing, gagging, laryngospasm, hiccups and retching, and symptoms of sore throat and hoarseness were recorded by the same observer.", "Demographics were similar. Bloodstaining occurred in 21% of patients in Group A (n = 63) vs 13% in Group B (n = 63; P = 0.23); the incidence of sore throat was identical (19%). Group A experienced more hoarseness (22% vs 9%; P = 0.05). Overall airway complications did not differ between groups (19% vs 11%; P = 0.21)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Humans", "Laryngeal Diseases", "Laryngeal Masks", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pharyngeal Diseases", "Pharyngitis", "Postoperative Complications", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare LMA-ProSeal (LMA-PS) with endotracheal tube (ETT) with respect to pulmonary ventilation and gastric distension during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.", "We randomized 109 ASA I-III adults to LMA-PS or ETT after stratifying them as non-obese or obese (body mass index > 30 kg x m-2). After preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and rocuronium. An LMA-PS (women #4, men #5) or ETT (women 7 mm, men 8 mm) was inserted and the cuff inflated. A #14 gastric tube was passed into the stomach in every patient and connected to continuous suction. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and isoflurane. Ventilation was set at 10 mL x kg-1 and 10 breaths x min-1. The surgeon, blinded to the airway device, scored stomach size on an ordinal scale of 0-10 at insertion of the laparoscope and upon decompression of the pneumoperitoneum.", "There were no statistically significant differences in SpO2 or P(ET)CO2 between the two groups before or during peritoneal insufflation in either non-obese or obese patients. Median (range) airway pressure at which oropharyngeal leak occurred during a leak test with LMA-PS was 34 (18-45) cm water. Change in gastric distension during surgery was similar in both groups. Four of 16 obese LMA-PS patients crossed over to ETT because of respiratory obstruction or airway leak." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic", "Female", "Humans", "Intubation, Intratracheal", "Laryngeal Masks", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Propofol, by virtue of its favourable pharmacokinetic profile, is suitable for maintenance of anesthesia by continuous infusion during neurosurgical procedures in adults. It is gaining popularity for use in pediatric patients. To determine the effects of propofol on cerebral blood flow in children, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) was measured at different levels of propofol administration by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography.", "Twelve ASA I or II children, aged one to six years undergoing elective urological surgery were randomized to receive one of two propofol dosing regimens. Half of the patients received propofol in an escalating fashion, initially targeting an estimated steady-state serum concentration of 3 microg x mL-1, which was then doubled. The other half received propofol designed initially to target the high concentration followed by the lower one. In each child anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol according to the protocol, rocuronium was given to facilitate tracheal intubation, and a caudal epidural block was performed. A TCD probe was placed appropriately to measure Vmca. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded simultaneously at both levels of propofol administration.", "Twelve patients were studied. At the higher estimated target serum propofol concentration there were significant decreases in Vmca (17%, P < 0.001), MAP (6%, P < 0.002) and HR (8%, P < 0.05) when compared to the lower targeted concentration." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Anesthesia", "Anesthetics, Intravenous", "Blood Flow Velocity", "Blood Pressure", "Cerebrovascular Circulation", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Infant", "Propofol" ] }